Precis Manual (solution ) R.dhillon 3p6z56

Solution Manual Précis writing By R.Dhillon

[AA, I’ve tried solving exercises of R.Dhillon’s book of précis writing as a student. It’s a good book to prepare précis part of the composition paper. This book is available in soft copy form here on www.csspoint.com.In case where more there are more than one attempts or solutions 1st one is mine and the others were copied from cssforumcom.pk. Hope it will of some help in your preparation. Any sort of constructive criticism is more than welcome. Please communicate errors, omissions and suggestions @ [email protected].

Regards,

Exercise # 1, Page # 42, Understanding Human approach towards life through their eating behavior Human eating behavior is analogous to human’s approach towards life. Among humans, there are four observed eating behaviors. For some people eating food loses any kind of appeal & charm due to its abundance and lack of hunger. Then there are people who eat just as a part of medication under a compulsion missing any sort of taste. The 3rd category comprises of the people who miss the balance and eat rapaciously destroying their own health. The final class of people eat only with genuine appetite when they are hungry & don’t go beyond what’s required. Same is the case with humans approach towards life. Attempt # 2 Meal – as a blessing

By having meal in distinct ways determines the different ways of enthusiasm for it. Meal has become tasteless for the people who had enough variety of meal because they had not enjoyed the taste of hunger. Meal is as tiresome to have as other activities but contains nutrients. The attitude of disabled person of having meal is as similar as voracious and sound appetite person. Attempt # 3 Different Life Styles

Zest can be understood by analyzing people's approach to take a meal. Some don't value it until they are hungry. Taking meal may be a little hectic activity but not much. Some only take it to live - as a compulsion, whereas some live solely for it. Some adopt moderate approach towards it. People adopt similar attitudes towards life. Attempt # 4

Ways of Living Having meals in different ways determines distinct enthusiasm. Meal becomes tasteless to whom have had varieties, for they have not famish. Meal is tiresome as other activities but bear nutrients. Disabled having meal resembles sami voracious consumer. Exercise # 2, Page # 42 The reality of Life Life seems to have lost all colors and spirit for me. The fundamental question regarding the objectives & purpose of life still remains unanswered .Today, despite my long held belief to the contrary, life feels artificial & pretentious. Now, when I’m about to depart, Life is unfolding new realities negating all my previously held convictions about it.

Exercise # 3, page # 44 The Future of Human Race & Arms Race Without any doubt, the most horrendous threat to humanity, among many others, which needs to be deterred by all means, is ever increasing blind arms race among different nations of the world.it endangers the very existence of all of us. Despite a common desire and understanding among the masses, there are still many obstacles in the way of an unarmed world with insecurity and mistrust being the supreme. There is an imminent need to promote peace and friendship among different nations and to discourage the use of force/power to resolve mutual disputes for halting this threat of substantial devastation. Exercise # 4, Page # 45 Human welfare & Mechanization Mr. Gandhi was not altogether against mechanization, but he opposed imprudent reliance on machines at the cost of workers job and employment. He contended that machines should server all human beings indiscriminately rather serving the materialistic interests of a very limited industrialist class. Industries should be run under state control to oblige human beings rather exploiting them.

Attempt # 2 Ghandi: A great philanthropist

Ghandi was not opposed to machinery but of its unfettered pursuit. In his view, even if mechanization was economical yet it caused unemployment and catalyzed poverty. Since his focus was emancipation of a common man therefore Ghandi was a strong advocate of circulation of wealth and Nationalization of industries, for which he toiled laboriously. Attempt # 3

Popular Misconception about Ghandi Or Ghandi: A great Philanthropist Or Doctrine of Ghandi on Machinery Or Ghandi condemns Machinery

The importance of machinery does not defy by Ghandi, But conversion of human power to machinery work is criticized. Industrialist greed cut down the labor to earn more and; labor were left on streets to kick the bucket. Ghandi acknowledge the superiority of human over machinery and advices not let the machinery takeover the labor.

Attempt # 4 Title: Ghandi’s view about Machinery Ghandi realizes the importance of machine and appreciates it; but he discourages its preference over man. He visualizes the apathy of man’s labor for the so called saving of labor and time. In his opinion, machine is helping the wealthy class just in hoarding wealth; but depriving the poor. Ghandi heightens superbly the dignity of man and labor.

Attempt # 5

Title:Gandi‘s objections about machinery Gandi acknowledged the essence of the machinery but not that labor saving machinery which caused unemployment. It did save the time but resulted the wealth in few hands which leads the humanity to starvation. He struggled to give back the control of factories to labor rather than machines.

Exercise # 1, Page # 46 Role that games play Some people emphasize highly on mandatory games in educational institutions pointing towards their ability to amend human behavior positively and making them more conscious & responsible as a member of the society. But, observations confirm the failure of games to modify personal behavior and attitude significantly as a revolutionary procedure rather they are just platforms to express who you really are as a team player.so any decision must be taken with proper understanding. Exercise # 2, Page # 46 The words with variety of meanings The Faculty of speech is a double edged sword.it can both beautify & destroy relations. Utmost care is essential in selecting words as some words carry multiple meanings. Hence, while communicating with others, a judicious person must choose his words with respect to audience’s frame of mind. Exercise # 3, Page 47 Significance of a good Guide Sufficient relevant experience is a prerequisite to be a good guide. As a guide I can direct you to the right path to go on as I have checked all of them paying a heavily for want of proper guidance.

Attempt # 2 Qualities of a Good Mentor

Or A mentor - prerequisite for success or A Good Guide Only an experienced man can become a good mentor. The author had to learn this fact the hard way since there was no such mentor who could have directed him to the right course in his youth. For this reason, now the author wants to be one such mentor. Attempt # 3

Guidance from the expert should be followed rather novice. To becoming a good guide one should appreciates the advises from his/her colleague; have enough knowledge of pros and cons; and prevents from inconvenience and enigmatic situations.

Attempt # 4 Sincere Guide – a remedy for Youth dilemma At the crossroad of youth, victim is often betrayed in the absence of an earnest guide. Guide, who has faced the lashing winds of the path, crossed its impediments at the expense of his injured body and soul. Redemption from this youth-trauma only lies in following the guide. Exercise # 4, Page # 47

Liberty vs. restraint To talk about freedom in every domain of life is in vogue for some imprudent people. Man is honorably bound to observe certain boundaries as ordained by nature and every single creature in this universe is following certain prohibitions. So, in fact, the honor is in compliance with the natures’ master plan rather revolting against it.

Exercise # 4, Page 48 The Perils of Hydrogen Bomb The attainment of hydrogen bombing technology is not a triumph to celebrate. The blind race for having more & more such bombs to overtake the opponents is extremely lethal & if, someday, this bomb is tested out of uncontrolled belligerence, it would jeopardize all of us. Exercise # 6, Page # 48 Reality vs. False notions of Supremacy Surprisingly enough every country & nation, whether eastern or western, regards itself particularly, blessed and privileged over others without any substantial reason. But the abuse and disgrace of easterners at the hands of western powers in last three centuries has brought them to the light. Eastern nations have been shallowly proud of their spiritual supremacy while negating material and technological development of the western world as superficial. This delusional belief is just an attempt on their behalf to run away from the harsh realities while overlooking the real reasons of their devastation. Exercise # 7, Page # 49 An Evaluation of Mr. Gandhi’s Character & Services The ideas of Mr. Gandhi, mostly based on mysticism, might not be practically fit into a pragmatic developing country like India as is evident from the deviation being observed on diplomatic and industrial front. But Mr. Gandhi’s role in Indian freedom and his charisma can’t be negated at all. His services for Indian freedom, emancipation of Indian society from the clutches of caste system, preaching and practice of peace and tolerance for all won him global love and respect. He was a world hero of the 20 th century. Exercise # 8, Page # 50

What Differentiates Civilizations? Planning & preparedness for the future is the most striking feature of a civilization that offers a criterion to make a comparison among them. The planning depends upon the 3 major factors: the present state of affairs, the desired position or goals and the available time. For individuals, planning is a choice but for states it is a must. All the progress and development made by different nations is an outcome of proactive planning & thinking. Exercise # 9, Page 51 The creation of beauty The Purpose of education is to instill in people how to value different things in life. All wonders around us are the outcome of the efforts by those who knew the value of their work. Everyone is not fit for every job .Due to lack of acknowledgement and patronage, artistic beauty is diminishing in our society. People are becoming ignorant of aesthetic values. Beauty is not merely a commodity rather; it’s a priceless treasure to cherish. Exercise # 10, Page 51 Purpose of education Universities are not, primarily, responsible for producing geniuses, tycoons, literary icons or other sort of exemplary professionals.it is indeed among the inferior objectives of an institution. Actually, people who are endowed with exceptional faculties are rarely dependent on universities to flourish. The primary goal of a university is to raise the collective conscience of a society and nurturing good social values among the students to make them good (better) human beings. Education aims at polishing students’ intellect to make them able to differentiate right from wrong and express it vehemently before the world without any hesitation. It teaches and endorses social values like empathy, sympathy ,manners and behavioral standards.it trains humans in such a way that they become universally fit for any society to live in. Nevertheless, this path is difficult and abstract, but certainly more productive.

Exercise # 11, Page 52

Tyranny vs. Education Despots are always obstructive in the way of free education because it could create problems for them by making people aware of their rights .Education makes people conscious and let them think and analyze things on rational ground while tyrants want complete obedience from them. Education is, in short, inversely proportional to authoritarian aims. So to secure their ends, they distort educational policies to shackle peoples’ minds instead of relieving them. Exercise #124, Page 53 Changing Life and nature The day light & the soil are embodiments of life. In contrast to old folks, todays’ man is compromising the real pleasures and treasures of life by losing with nature for the sake of materialistic accomplishments. This detachment between nature and human beings is resulting in costly deprivation of vitality and spirit of life. Exercise # 13, Page 53 The key to Indian development It is of paramount importance to provide a balanced playing field to all Indians.it is a journey towards eradicating any sort of human exploitation based on any criterion .it’s realization of the fact that all human beings are born equal & none is inherently inferior or superior to others. For any country to tread on the road to progress, all human groups need to work collaboratively & coherently. Therefor utmost consideration should be given to the people lagging behind in the development’s race. This can change India’s fate. Exercise # 14, Page 54 Worth of small things in life Life is a series of small, ostensibly worthless, interconnected time intervals that contly give meaning to it. A man’s attitude towards trivial things determines his altitude. The Success of a person, enterprise or even states is dependent on small principles. The mammoth of knowledge around us is the result of little contributions

from (of) millions of people. The new notion of Success, being directly proportional to consistency & hard work is swapping the old one being dependent on luck and chance. Exercise # 15, Page 54 Recipe for lasting happiness Man is destined for eternal peace & happiness. All great Sufis like guru Nanak & Shri Krishna implored human beings to avoid traps like envy, animosity, conceit, selfishness & discrimination to safely reach the destination. These mean desires are major impediments in our way to ecstasy & serenity. Exercise # 16, Page 55 Emancipation of mind Mechanization has been given undue precedence as a major determinant of progress & superiority of a nation. What differentiates a civilization from others is more of (about) intangible things than tangible. Freeing oneself from all prejudices & false prides by realizing one’s insignificance on a larger scale, one should strive for global development & peace. Exercise # 17, Page 56 Conquest to moon; a team effort For the second time, Americans have triumphantly set feet on the moon evading gravity of the earth. Indeed, it’s the result of advance scientific knowledge plus collective & concerted efforts of a dedicated team. Small but valuable contributions of different people made it all possible overcoming different sorts of threats in the way.

Exercise # 18, Page 56 Education; a prerequisite to democracy For many analysts, a dominant reason to prefer monarchy over democratic polity is that the former requires rulers, while latter demands voters to be well educated. Over increasing population is making it impossible to educate every child alike that is

resulting in privileged and underprivileged class. Humans are the real asset or liability of a nation. Giving every citizen a right to vote has not produced expected results due to illiterate voters. Exercise # 19, Page 57 Supremacy of Democracy over other forms of Governments Repeated coups have put in question the viability of democracy in the less developed Asian continent. Illiterate people, ignorant of their votes’ value, electing their representatives make the democratic system intrinsically flawed. An evaluation of democratic governments’ in Asia in the last decade vindicates this supposition. Contrary to this, other available modes of ruling masses are even more defective. The Voting process has built in ability mechanism & gives legitimate vent to people’s anger and disappointments. Antagonists of democracy should bear this in mind that it’s only democracy that welcomes criticism & allows freedom of speech , making it preferable over other systems. Exercise # 20, Page 58 Moral Deterioration Among children Diminishing moral & social values in general & disrespect towards females in specific, is an issue of grave concern that is being witnessed among new generation’s Boys globally. This issue points towards a bigger menace coming forth. There is a lesser hope for any betterment on of acute shortage of role models among parents and teachers for our children. Both parents and teachers are not doing justice with their duties towards their children. Overexposure to different type of media has had a detrimental effect on children’s character. Exercise # 21, Page 58 Miracles of telegraphy Cordless telecommunication is one of the greatest contributions of science to our lives.it has virtually connected the scattered areas around the globe shrinking distances among them. Travellers, both aerial and sea, can conveniently remain in touch with others

through this technology. This marvel of science is going to have a profound impact on our lives in the future by reducing the difficulties and enhancing pleasures. Exercise # 22, Page 59 Limitations of laboratorical results & Humans The findings of science in a laboratory are not generalizable to human beings as scientific world, comprising of elements and atoms, is confined to the laboratory and lacks the complexities of interpersonal relations & behavioral & psychological differences among them. The Individuality of each member makes human society divergent and multifarious. Treating human beings as laboratory element has made scientist mistakenly believe in Marxism. Exercise # 23, Page 60 10th century’s India. The book, named “Nitisara” by Shukracharya comprehensively put light on political system, istrative structure & operations, revenue collection department’s hierarchy & mechanism, judicial organization and social circumstances of 10 th century’s India.

Exercise # 24, Page 60 Importance of Gita in Indian society The Theoretical foundation of Hinduism, the Gita, has been written with a pluralistic & the inclusive approach towards religious & social differences in in Indian society. This has given it international applicability and importance. Mystical & Sufi approach of the book has a great appeal for (to) readers. Gita has been, until now, partially successful in eradicating inhuman religious practices Exercise # 25, Page 60

The Mysterious World & Life Cutting the long story short, I have relinquished believing in religious justifications about the creation and purpose of this world as, to me, this world with all its imperfections and complications, is still real & not fake. But all this disbelief has not certainly turned me into a hedonist because, for me, the real pleasures of life are way beyond sensual desire. Exercise # 26, Page 61 Rewards & motivation for extraordinary work The sense of accomplishment and bliss that follows an extraordinary valuable contribution to the society is the most precious, intangible reward that men of exceptional ability enjoy. The feeling of witnessing your efforts growing and bringing fruits is comparable to none. Amazing fulfillment may be derived from different sorts of endeavors ranging from drawing a masterpiece to establishing a successful business or estate .remarkably talented people in any field, either science or arts, earn people’s reverence and rule their minds through their hard work. There is some unique kind of restlessness found among artists that compels them to satisfy it through their creative work. Artists rarely enjoy serenity .contrary to this, scientists work with composure and contentment. Exercise # 27, Page 62 Press in modern society The urge to know about our surroundings is innate. Different events and actions that deserve our attention due to their impact on our lives have changed from local to global. Any event at some farthest point of (on) the globe has the ability to have a worldwide effect. We are more reliant on others than ever before. A newspaper is a great source of information on all relevant topics and areas. A Controlled press is not appreciable & Freedom of press is vital & essential for a democratic polity to thrive. But sometimes this freedom is exploited for material gains. Readers must be cautious in this regard & Press must follow media ethics and norms. Exercise # 29, Page 64

Knowledge comes, but wisdom lingers Today’s Western society appears to seriously suffering (suffer) from the disparity between material and moral development from last some decades. Science has served human beings by creating technology that assists them, but it also deteriorated moral roots of the society. Weaponization has turned into a visionless competition .All the scientific progress is the result of centuries old connected and concerted efforts .There is a sheer need to strike a balance between scientific and moral development of human society. Exercise # 28, Page 63 Begging, an Evil Contrary to the modern world mendicancy is in vogue as a recognized and rewarding profession in India. Religious traditions have considerable contribution in this regard.it needs to be promoted that a contributor is more virtuous than someone who is a burden on the society. Keeping those unfortunate people aside who resort to begging under a compulsion, there are people who have organized mendicancy as a business. Begging is a blemish and curse for any society and must be eliminated by proper planning and systematization. govt. & public both need to hands & play an active role to put an end to this. Exercise # 30, Page 65 Distinctive characteristics of Aryans in India From ancient times, In Indian society, we observe that the Aryan Hindus can never be alienated from their four hallmark affiliation cum ion i.e., religious book, fair skin, rivers & domestic animals. Conservative, as it may look in approach, but even the most sophisticated segment of the Indian society hold these traditions very dear. All modern developments needed to be approved religiously. The highest authorities and offices, even observe religious rituals and. Then there is a general iration and preference found for fair body color.it helps elites differentiate themselves as a superior segment of the society. People, coming from lower segments, gaining power and wealth try to follow these norms to represent them as a part of upper society.

Exercise #31, Page 65 Land reforms in Asia Among other Asian nations, despite its immense importance for agriculture & economic development, India & Pakistan have failed to reap the fruits of the land Restructurings on of different reasons. Diplomatically Influential & wealthy landowner class has been a stumbling block in the way of reforms. Landowners use their tenants’ votes to get political powers and then use this power to thwart any sort of legislation against their vested interests. It’s a sort of vicious circle. To get rid of this, a considerable change in the present political system is essential. Exercise # 1, Page 69 The Future of power generation Power is

a prerequisite for business & economic progress. The usual sources that are

used to generate electricity, including Hydel & thermal are feared to extinguish in

the

near future on of growing demand and excessive consumption. Alternatively, Nuclear energy is an advanced source of power derived mainly through the fission process using abundantly available uranium and thorium as raw material. If the efficiency of the nuclear reactors is improved, it can produce much greater an amount of energy as compared to other sources in use now. Ultimately the reservoirs of uranium are limited and will, too, exhaust someday, but in that case we can harness untapped energy from solar radiations reaching the earth .So fears about the powerless world in the future are not pragmatic. Exercise # 2, Page 71 Job specialization Until the last century, we would see a craftsman doing himself all parts of his job. It was classy but time consuming and costly too. Machines and robots have now replaced human hands at most of the jobs. A job is now divided in (into) small segments which improves efficiency and reduces the cost, making products affordable for the masses.

Today’s manufacturing has become so complex that it is almost impossible for a man to get a hand on all the processes involved in a job.

Exercise # 3, Page 73 Human relations in large cities and Villages After spending my childhood in a small village, the city life was a whole new experience for me. The Population was small & all inhabitants of the village were well aware of each other and life was slow-moving there. Contrariwise the pace of the things in city life was frantic, but above all to my shock, people were cold & indifferent towards each other. Indeed, this modern metropolitan lifestyle demands human beings to settle in an interdependent web of social interactions to reap the benefits & comforts of urban life, but at the same time it takes too much time and energy that city dwellers rarely find some time to spend with their mates.

Exercise # 4, Page 75 Role of ment in Modern Society Human needs have been evolving with the material progress of the society and marketing has had a pivotal input in that. Marketers make the public conscious of their needs that can be fulfilled through their products. Things that were unknown a century ago are part and parcel of people’s lives today. Apparently there is no need of promotion for selling products of daily need , but as the competition intensifies, even in this segment, marketing is setting in to play the decisive role.

Exercise # 6, Page 76

Discovering the oceans The desire to know vigorously about marine life and treasures beneath smooth surface of oceanic water is increasing considerably. Aquatic Explorers are trying to get every bit of information about the oceans. Even the man of antiquity, connected with oceans for

the sake of food and traveling, were deeply influenced by the wonders of the sea they came into with. This desire actually stems from the curiosity in human nature to know about everything in his surroundings and his various needs which are directly dependent on marine. A great deal of knowledge has been gathered in this regard by small but connected efforts of great no of experts. Exploring seas has (have) been a daunting task because the depths of deep-seas present an insurmountable hurdle.

Exercise # 7, Page 78 Test of a book A great book is worth reading time and again and every time it reveals something new to its reader. An individual’s opinion, however eminent, does not establish the quality of a book rather opinions (opinion) of multiple experts in different times vindicate the substance of the book. If a book has stood the test of the time, it must possess something extraordinary. Even a poor person should have these great books at home.

Exercise # 1, Page 81 An analysis of English society There are some conspicuous characteristics, both positive and negative, of the British society that defines it .Englishmen lag behind their counterpart Europeans in all forms of artwork including music and sculpturing plus philosophical thinking. Contrary to the selfproclamation, they are poor at planning and design too , as is evident from their towns’ planning, unreasoned spellings and units’ system. Their actions are spontaneous , mostly dominated by whims. On the other side, their cunningness, patriotism and solidarity under certain crisis are exemplary qualities as a nation. Their love for flowers, as noticed by any foreigner setting foot into

(in) Britain for the first time, astonishes all. They

spend their leisure time in a positive way by engaging in one or another good pastime & never meddle in others’ personal affairs. Personal liberty is hallmark of English culture , but it doesn’t allow any sort of abuse in the name of the freedom.

Exercise # 2, Page 83 Looking at oneself through others lenses The author tries to explain the difference of observation and feelings that is found among diverse people of different origin against a single stimulus. Looking ourselves from others’ point of view is always a great experience. The things that go unnoticed for indigenous people might appear very bizarre & conspicuous to a foreigner coming into that country for the first time. The way an immigrant would interpret things, an incident or local culture can’t be at all compared with the observation of the inhabitants of that very country. To validate his point, the author narrates two different shocking experiences of African nationals in London who were taken aback with something which was part and parcel of English society.

Exercise # 3, Page 85 Perils of democracy in India Democracy is not new to the Indian society.it has been more prevalent in bit different forms than the modern democratic system. For some period of her history, off

(of)

course, there have been periods when monarchs and tyrants came to the scene, but for most of the time case has been opposite. There are fears that abuse of democratic norms might once again give way to the dictatorship in India. What can preserve democracy? There are some simple principles which are at the heart of a flourishing democratic system. For any sort of political struggle and objectives, utmost adherence to constitutional and nonviolent means must be held. Democracy should be developed and permeated as culture rather than just a political entity. Public’s confidence and belief should be strengthened in

the system rather in

personalities. Personal freedom, whether it’s freedom of speech or choice, along with equivalence before

the law and a sense of solidarity among citizens strengthen the

fortress of democracy. Excluding political system, Indian society has very noticeable & unreasonable social and economic tiers which endanger the whole system of democracy if left unattended. Grievances of a suppressed class must be listened and addressed impartially otherwise the system would be knocked down by them eventually.

Exercise # 4, Page 87 Adventure & life Despite our preparation, modern equipment, favorable weather & prayers and wellwishers of our ers, the success of our Mount Everest’s campaign is heavily indebted to all those who have done this before. This great mesmerizing experience of exploring magnificence & marvels of nature along with new long-lasting companionship was worth all this pain and exertion. Collective work and esprit de corps is (are) a must in these sorts of journeys. The quest for adventure and exploration is innate in human beings & it can be satisfied though any challenging activity or amusement you like not just climbing a mountain alone. The way we were applauded and honored all across the world shows the ion and sparkle for such a sports (sport) among people around the globe.

Exercise # 05, Page 89 Human thinking and scientific development Modern scientific knowledge has had a profound impact on our thinking and theoretical basis. Cosmological revelations challenged century’s old held beliefs about the centrality of the earth in this universe and placed the sun at its Centre. The exploration of the frantic enormity of this universe told us the worthlessness of human being as a part of this system.

Likewise, scientific development in the field of life & earth studies have (has) done remarkably & extraordinary job. The old concepts about the origin of life have been changed and Darvanism has given a new dimension to this debate. It tells us a stunning story about the transformation of life over a trillion of years to take on the present shape. The Old notion of man being master of the world is also being challenged through research & experiments. Exercise # 1, Page 91 Two contradictory types of thinking processes Any idea, plan or image that is ing through our minds at any time , is a part of the comprehensive thinking process. There are generally two types of thoughts.1 st: when we are sitting sluggish & doing nothing often bizarre, illogical ideas , visit our minds giving us strange unrealistic hopes with no concrete effects. These sorts of thoughts are worth nothing & most of the times are counterproductive.2nd:the other type of thinking carries practical implications resulting from a logical ,realistic, mutually connected and reinforcing thinking process.one step leads to another and this way something beneficial comes out as the final output of this process. Ideas & thinking that meets this criterion are bound to produce positive effects. Exercise # 2, Page 92 Man’s struggle against hostile weather The unfavorable climatic conditions are catastrophic for human beings in different respects. Extreme weather in any of its form is extremely hazardous for human development and existence. Man has been struggling against unfavorable weather conditions throughout the history for his survival. Eventually, Man would get control of weather by dint of research and technology. This would make North Pole livable for human beings. The development in medical science is expected to cure most of the prevalent diseases to make our lives more comfortable and pleasant. But, this respected dream can only be realized if precious world resources are channelized for scientific and educational development instead of wasting them in warfare. A global ed governing body can meet this end by penalizing the war mongers.

Exercise # 3, Page 93 The panacea for world’s (world) peace The notion that the unconditional and universal love among people and countries is the panacea for all of the world’s woes and worries is beyond reality and logic.it is not ed historically too. An approach of forbearance and patience towards mutual conflicts and disagreements can bear the fruits. Patience, quite contrary to its general appearance, is a very potent tool that has not been stressed and realized as per it (its) potential for attainment of world’s peace.in this ever expanding ocean of human beings, we come across many people whom we don’t like for different reasons. Understandably, we can’t love them at all.it is unnatural. Now we can either bear with them or annihilate them to bring peace. Obviously the better choice is to settle with them into a relationship of peaceful indifference to prevent conflict and aggression. This is what great Hindu Mystic Ashoka preached and practiced. Exercise # 1, Page 97 Difficulty in determining the quality of being loyal or disloyal Faithfulness is very desirable and appreciable quality in human beings. We expect other

(others) to be faithful with (to) us in a different sort of relations and situations. We try to be faithful to the people, ideas, ideals & countries we adhere to and care for. On the Contrary, being unfaithful means not caring for those whom you should. Be or not to be faithful is a subjective concept. Sometimes it becomes very difficult in certain intricate circumstances to declare a person patriot or traitor, & loyal or disloyal depending upon the complexity of the situation. The same person can be viewed oppositely from two different perspectives. Apparently actions may appear different from what they really are. Ultimately, it’s the intension; objectives, outcome, and commitment to the stated goals that determine the difficult question of being faithful or unfaithful. Questions: A) According to the writer, a loyal person always offers a helping hand to the needy & wishes good for them always.

B) Most of us would feel disapproval for (of) such people who are apathetic towards their loved ones when they are in need & who work against the interest of their own country. C) Unimaginative people may condemn a boy for not taking into consideration his real intention behind his denial to obey his parents order something good and positive in his mind. D) Patriotic rebels would not try to curb freedom of speech and preach for their fellow countrymen. E) If a boy resists his parents wish to stop studying for helping them as they are suffering a great deal at the hands of poverty and miseries and he surely is not doing a praiseworthy thing. Exercise # 2, Page 99 Combating the effects of malnutrition Unhygienic food and starvation can be extremely risky for human beings , especially if victims are children below 5 years of age.

The Faculty of thinking and human-mind

grows very rapidly in the initial years of development; therefor undernourishment among children makes cerebral capabilities the most vulnerable one. There has emerged a ray of hope in India as a result of continuous scientific research for the solution of this problem. Simple Solution recommends the use of iodized salt & green vegetation as part of our daily food, adding necessary diet ingredients in items of daily use and abandoning the use of table salt. Questions: 1. The most serious harm that can be caused by malnutrition in childhood is the improper development of the brain leading towards severe mental disorders. 2. Good nourishment is essential in first four years of

a child’s life as human brain

gets 90% of its total growth in four initial years. 3. Simple Solution to Goiter recommends the use of iodized salt & green vegetation as part of our daily food. 4. Other suggestions include Adding necessary diet ingredients in items of daily use and abandoning the use of table salt.

Exercise # 3, Page 100 Exercise # 3, Page # 100 Few Glimpses of future life Expectedly scientific and technological development in coming three or four decades would profoundly change our lives & lifestyle.it would alter most aspects of life. Man is getting more and more mastery over life. We would be able to control today’s common medical problems except aging and death. But this scientific development has nothing to do with the intellectual development of human society & on this façade our confusions and complex questions would continue haunting (to

haunt) us as always.

Our food, which has already changed considerably, will continue changing from natural to artificial. This progress will affect our means and modes of communication too. Soon we will have machines taking verbal input from human beings & converting it into text. Typewriters would only be found in museums. This sort of future’s depiction should neither be considered absurd nor frightening. Today’s dreams would ultimately be translated into tomorrow’s reality. Questions 1. “Logical absurdities “here point towards long, lingering unresolved intellectual confusions and questions of our lives whose answers are very difficult to find. 2. As the majority of our food would be synthesized in factories in the future, it would be just like a pill of multivitamins purchased from a chemist. 3. Prospect denotes proposal, plan, scheme or possibility here. 4. A striking prospect means something with higher possibility and exciting outcome & a gloomy prospect means something with slight chances of occurrence. Exercise #43, Page 102 Good bye Jam sahib Today the field of Lords has seen an end of one of the most astonishing and promising cricketer’s career of all times called Jam Sahib. He has called it a day. There are no two opinions about the fact that despite being an Indian he is the most shining star of a game that is English in its origin. His career statistics vindicate this claim. He is certainly incomparable to any other batsman in the game. His bat scored generously even against the wildest bowing attack. There are numerous examples of players who play simply

(simple) as doing a job with minimum involvement of emotions and ion in the game. But, just scoring runs does not make a batsman the King of the game instead it is the style, spirit, attitude & his behavior as a sportsman on the field that crowns him. Jam sahib was indeed the epitome of all these characteristics. Exercise # 5, Page 103 Character analysis of Hitler Himself a keen reader of history, Hitler emphasized greatly on the importance of studying history. His devotion and spirit and enthusiasm were mainly derived from his history’s knowledge. He premeditated ebb & flow of different civilization. He grew up in a disintegrating European society (which was) feared to be soon dominated by Fascist Jewish ideology if left unattended. This tilted foresight was so deeply embedded in him that held it too dear to pay heed to any counter argument. His study of the history was biased and selective. He discarded everything ruthlessly that dint fit into his thought. His approach as a leader and as a human being is not worth following. He was stubborn, bigot, arrogant and self-centered both in personal and public life. His views were immoderate and ultra conservative. He was devoid of the love for

(of) arts, literature

and other subtle beauties of life .this had turned him into an oppressor and callous subjugator. Exercise # 6, Page 104 Treasures of laziness More chaos than benefit is generated by persons who are overwhelmingly obsessed with doing something all the time without any clear direction and understanding of the merits and demerits of their job. Contrary to the general notion, relentlessly doing work affects the productivity negatively; there must be some breaks and peace in-between to strike a balance. One need (needs) to understand that pushing against the wall is not actually working hard rather wasting of energy. Many man-made calamities could have been averted if people at the helm of affairs were lying idle instead of doing their jobs improperly. People who remain busy all the time, like politicians and bureaucrats, can never hit the right chords due to absence of mental serenity and peace. So laziness is, no doubt, a boon in a unique way.

Exercise # 7, Page 105 India’s Track to Glory Academic world bears the responsibility to keep the torch of righteousness and optimism higher and lighting, even at times when other segments of society have shunned it under different pretexts. We must bear in mind that a wrong way can never lead to the destination. When struggling for an egalitarian Indian society, eradication of all those causes which create differences among its citizens is of paramount importance.

The State should operate freely without any pressure, prejudice, stereotype, & preference for any class of people. Indians have already borne the brunt of such blunders. This testing time demands from us to move on, as a nation, on the path of equality, fairness, justice, and impartiality with unswerving resolve and utmost selfcontrol. Exercise # 8, Page 106 Debated Position of Telephone in Modern Society Diamond jubilee of marvelous brainchild of Graham Bell i.e., telephone is being celebrated at a time when its status is changing from a boon to a bane in our society. Its violent power to encroach our privacy, suddenness, uncertainty, and urgency are some of the negative aspects of it. It removes the physical barriers and exposes us to the persons whom we don’t want to connect with in other situations. On the other side, despite all its demerits, it has become so inseparably embedded in our lives that it can be given the status of a necessary evil. It connects us to the world, even right from our bedroom and is still, surprisingly enough, more efficient and effective than rival means of communication. Exercise # 9, Page 107 The success of electric bulb Ideation, realization, & commercialization are 3 important stages of any successful innovation. Many of the extremely talented people could not see their brainchild growing on of their inability to encash their ideas on a commercial basis. Edison was not only a great inventor, but a successful marketer too. He spread a great deal of

suspense and word of mouth about the luminous bulb among the people even before its launching. Different unique tactics to introduce the product in the market made it a hot cake for the investors. Once he overpowered all the hurdles in his way to mass production of the bulbs, the beginning of the bulb was mesmerizingly superb. In result of the media coverage he got, Edison became the most celebrated person of

(in)

America. He was a big man with a pleasant personality, humanitarian heart & ingenious mind. Exercise # 10, Page 108 Life in Arabia and the Desert Geographically speaking, majority of the Arabian Peninsula is covered by hot and thick layer of sand with green patches, called oasis, found at some places owing to the availability of ground water. The Inhabitants of these sandy areas are nomads, moving from one place to another with their herds of animal in search of food and water. Arabian horse occupies an exceptionally important & cherished position in native Arab culture & ired globally for its qualities.

A Camel is a trustworthy companion of a

Bedouin on of its ability to share loads of his master and matchless speed in

the desert where nothing can run faster than it. Exercise # 11, Page 109 Gandhiji; Savior of Indians The arrival and participation of Gandhi infused a new spirit in Indian political and social life. Himself hailing from a humble background, he was well aware of the tactics and tools used by imperials to exploit common men. He was a staunch believer & preacher of the power of truth and bravery. According to him freedom of thought and an absence of any kind of fear is of paramount importance for individuals and nations. Fear was the most lethal weapons used by

the British to subjugate Indians. It was at the

heart of their different psychological complexes. Gandhi emancipated Indians from this fear by breaking the unseen shackles of despondency and cowardliness. As fear started disappearing, truth became clearer and brighter and struggle for became formidable.

the Indian freedom

Questions: 1. Courage to uphold the truth in all circumstances plus boldness and bravery are the central points of Gandhiji’s teachings. 2. Fearlessness means not only physical resolution and valor, but courage to speak the truth and absence of mental reservations as well. 3. The psychological reaction among the people was the sheer realization of the fact that they were under subjugation of a foreign power which was utterly disgraceful and demanded immediate great reaction for the freedom. Exercise # 12, Page 110 Printing & European Renaissance Coming into with Greek treasures of knowledge was the start of a European journey to (of) development. From Turkey Greek knowledge spread throughout the Europe. Greek books compiled the histories’ old treasures of knowledge and investigation. This knowledge laid down the base of our modern scientific world. Invention of

the printing press was instrumental in spreading these pearls of wisdom

across the globe. Writing and copying books was an arduous and exorbitant job before printing came to the scene in 15th century. Printing made it a lot more convenient and economical to publish books on a mass scale. Books on diverse topics started printing in Europe and anybody could afford to have all the books of his interest at a very affordable price. Thus printing proved an engine to Europe’s awakening. Exercise # 13, Page 112 Democratic approach The beauty of the democratic system is its belief in the power of argument and debate for resolving conflicts and minimizing mutual differences rather imposing your views forcefully. Force and torture are by no mean a solution to the problems. Economic and social plights of today’s man are even worse than slavery. Mere laws and constitution have not done any good to alleviate poverty and eradicate human exploitation due to starvation. We can’t claim to be a democratic nation until we provide every citizen with

the fundamentals of life. This dream can be realized through by bringing social harmony & justice in our society through the power of dialogue and persuasion.

Exercise # 14, Page 112 The answer for world’s (world) peace The notion that the unconditional and universal love among people and countries is an answer to all of the world’s woes and worries is beyond reality and illogical. History doesn’t bear testimony to this justification. An approach of forbearance and patience towards mutual conflicts and disagreements can bear the fruits. Patience, quite contrary to its general appearance, is a very potent tool that has not been stressed and realized as per its potential for attainment of world’s

(world) peace.in this ever expanding

ocean of human beings we come across many people whom we don’t like for different reasons. Understandably, we can’t love them at all.it is unnatural. Now we can either bear with them or annihilate them to bring peace. Obviously the better choice is to settle with them into a relationship of peaceful indifference to prevent conflict and aggression. This is what great Hindu Mystic Ashoka preached and practiced. Exercise # 15, Page 114 Evolution of life & Study of fossils The origin of earth dates back to hundreds of thousands of years. It endured Great physical transformations during this gigantic time period. When we study the present shape and composition of earth rigorously, it tells a great deal about the changes that it has undergone since its beginning. The residuals of animals and plants are found buried in

the earth’s crust in different conditions depending upon their corresponding

structure, features of the place where they are buried and the elapsed time; Some are found in almost original shape while others have become ashes. As our knowledge of the primitive eras is very little, we can study these remnants to discover the natural life & circumstances of that age. Evidence found through studying the remains of the animals in the earth makes it clearer that life evolved systematically from very primitive to complicated shape with the age of time.

Exercise # 16, Page 115 Classical vs. modern architect Disappointingly enough majorities of the buildings’ design are monotonous contrary to the past when there was a great deal of variety, beauty & magnificence found in constructions. Today, financial and time constraints inhibit an architect’s ability to dream of such monumental designs as we found around us as remnants of past glory. From small dwellings to large public buildings, a similar looking square shape pattern is prevalent. There are found some good designs too, but these constructions are done with an aim of convenience, usefulness and austerity thus missing luxurious aesthetic values. Ostensibly similar looking blocks are equipped with all amenities of life in a well arranged and well-organized manner, thus providing comfort and saving a lot of labor and time consumed otherwise. Exercise # 17, Page 116 Bounties of Playing Games If there is no physical incapability or health issue involved, everyone must play one or another game as games not only discipline our body and mind but provide entertainment and delight too. Americans and British are fond of Football and other games and this interest returns them in certain ways. Physically challenging sports enhance our bodily capabilities and strengths, thus bearing a positive effect on our lives collectively. There are innumerable activities, games and hobbies to engage with. E.g., fishing is an excellent adventurous amusement and great exercise. Its thrill and joy is unreachable, but definitely only for those who give it a try. Likewise horticultural carries a unique charm and feeling. It just captures you more and more once you get engage (engaged) with this hobby.

Exercise # 18, Page 117 Future of Current Civilization The contemporary civilization is greater and more potent than the previous civilizations in many aspects. Impartial, evenhanded & blind Law coupled with Safety and protection

of life and wealth are at the heart of any civilization. Equality before law and security to (of) life and belongings are conspicuous characteristics of this civilization.it guarantees smooth functioning of social systems. Another laudable achievement of our civilization is its effective health care system that is resulting in improved health of people, better control over diseases and enhanced life expectancy. Furthermore this civilization is not restricted to a limited geographical area instead it is always spreading at a frantic pace from one part to another, thus old fear of dying out of a civilization at the hands of an external invader is mitigating day by day. The world is moving towards a common world order and single civilization owing to the development and spread of information technology & mass media. Indeed, there are threats and challenges confronting this civilization’s progress, but it will overpower most of them with lethal tools of science and technology. Exercise # 1, Page 121 How UN be made Effective? There are different proposals available regarding diminishing the threat of armed aggression, destructive hostility and misuse of power by one nation against the other. If all the countries are equipped sufficiently & have the optimum capability of responding any aggression on the equal footing, it could surprisingly thwart wars. But this option may enkindle a blind race for amassing more and more destructive arms leading this world to the path of doom. The role of the UN in this regard is important .The UN has approved armed action as a viable plan of option against transgressors and violators of international law and covenants; but what limits its ability to be effective in this regard is the absence of any permanent Army at

the

disposal of the UN.it is solely dependent on the big

military powers of the world to actualize an armed action plan. This makes UN ineffective in regions where vested interests of these powers are involved. UN must have a force of its own if the decisions made by the UN are to be implemented impartially in true spirit. A failure to comply with the UN laws should be considered a serious violation and bring serious repercussions for the violating country. This can only be achieved through power and force. This way UN may be converted into an effective organization doing something concrete to avoid a disaster and trouble before time.

This notion has been vehemently ed by many veterans of international relations. UN must train its own Human Resource pertaining to the contingencies and circumstances that may arise in different areas from time to time. Mighty powers and major fund (funding) contributors will obviously dislike any such development that would make UN strong enough to even punish them if they violate its charter, but these obstacles can be dominated if the resolve is firm and unflinching.

Exercise # 2, Page 126 Pros & Cons of Scientific Chemicals The use of scientific chemicals in agriculture to curb the growth of unwanted plants and animals is increasing every year. The role of these chemicals is debatable on of their impact on human life. A careful estimate suggests that a great deal of grains & land are wasted owed to different plant and animal parasites. The scientific development and research has (have) enabled us to fight these enemies of crops effectively resulting in a significant increase in per acre yield every ing year. The importance of these chemicals increases all the more in a world where population is always increasing and cultivable land is decreasing. But there is also a darker side of this development. These chemicals are extremely hazardous for (to) human health and contaminate our environment. Some plants when sprayed or treated with these chemicals themselves become poisonous, thus resulting in loss of life if consumed by a living being. Unscrupulous and excessive use of such sensitive chemicals, ignoring the precautions and instructions may pose serious threats to our society as a whole. To avoid this misuse strict legislation and enforcement of respective laws coupled with firm check and balance is of paramount importance. Only trained and authorized persons should be allowed to deal and handle this sort of chemicals.US has done laudably good in this regard but

the UK needs to do more. Large scale producers and suppliers usually are

aware of the methodology and precautions involved in the use of Pesticides and insecticides, but Small scale farmers needs to be educated and made aware of the senility of the issue these chemicals can’t be banned altogether on of the threats arising out of their misuse as they are playing a great role for producing food for

us but their proper, careful and legitimate handling must be ensured at all costs to save a precious human life.

Exercise # 3, Page 131 Understanding Happiness There isn’t any agreed upon definition of happiness. The Notion of happiness varies from person to person and age to age. The things that give pleasure to a person might offend other (another). So its chemistry is difficult to understand. For some people happiness lies more in the struggle than in the reward. One’s age group also has a connection with happiness. Some say youth is the happiest period of one’s life while others claim old age as a golden age. Observation also reveals that bachelors are usually more frustrated than married people; but sometimes contradictory results are also seen, but marital bond for sure helps you lessen your fears and frustration. The gist of the issue is that a person who needs a particular reason to be happy will rarely find it. Ebb and flow are inseparable parts of life. A person cannot always remain happy; neither is it a sensible ambition. A study of Life histories of great men would divulge that despairs and disappointments had had a remarkable contribution in making them what they were.it is not strange that grieves and sorrows have always been considered

a curse to (of) human life ignoring the virtues they bring along them. Religious teachings are good in a sense that they help a person endure difficulties with optimism and resolution (resolve), but those who renounce the world altogether to escape the worries of life and find pleasures are the worst sort of cowards (cowardice). Fighting unfavorable circumstances is a mannish thing. In life of mystics and saints, we can find a great deal of inspiration to combat difficulties of life. Every kind of suffering and misfortune was unable to knock them down and after every such trial they emerged triumphant. Happiness lies in contributing & doing some meaningful job than sitting idle. Appraisal and acknowledgement received in result of your efforts and hard work is

(are) blissful indeed. It’s the pinnacle of happiness. Happiness can be summarized in three points: a clear and candid vision, serenity found at home, & acknowledgement of your work by others. We are living in a time where we are way more concerned with

happenings around us in the world than ever before. This adds considerably to our worries. Exercise # 4, Page 136 End of Experience Philosophy The Young are overtaking aged people and the old notion of being superior due to greater experience is dying out. The monopoly over experience claimed by our elders is over. New teachings, paradigms and approaches are taking place of the old ones. The beliefs about good and evil are transmuting. All of a group may experience one incident differently depending upon the personal dispositions & frame of mind so generalizability of one’s experiences is absurd. A novelist or writer writes most of the times on the things which he never experienced in his whole life rather just observed through eye or words. This strong power of observation and imagination enables him to describe something beautifully without having real exposure of it. The most famous love stories and thrillers have been written by the writers who didn’t feel love and thrill in reality but used their imagination only in a superb fashion. A writer is a writer due to his powers of mind and proficiency with pen. He doesn’t require particular experience to write about any topic. Many prominent artists & writers did their work with meager resources and minimum exposure and experience. This asserts that experience is not prerequisite to produce something extraordinary. But there are writers and creators who are helpless without some strong incentives and experience to work.to them definitions of beauty, wonder, & extraordinary are different from us all. They move against the collective mindset of the society and try to earn for them a unique position owing to their bizarre taste and absurd logics. They cherish every unnoticeable & weird thing to show the powers of their pens. They are myopic in approach. Antagonizing anything appealing general people is by no way a superb talent. This kind of people fails to realize that beauty of life is also worth appreciating and experiencing even in small tiny unnoticeable things. Only a devastation or an abstract idea thing is not only worth writing on (about). A writer or an artist should be able to recognize and appreciate extraordinary beauty and value found in ordinary things. The fortress of Experience philosophy is no collapsing owing to weaknesses and faults in it. Exercise # 5, Page 141

The Direction of Scientific Revolution The scientific development wiped away Many old traditions and customs from the surface. The dominance of science, reasoning and democratic values over centuries old dogmatic beliefs and a religious power is the most striking feature of the present era. This change was evolutional and gradual. At first priests lost their powers and then balance of power shifted in favor of traders and businessmen leaving behind landlords. Then systems based on democracy and Marxism captured the reins. Modern civilization has both downsides & upsides. Forsaking religious values completely was not a farsighted move, but accepting the power of science was a remarkable move forward. The scientific development was very slow owing to the dominant opposition of the church, but science stood victorious in the end. There is a plain difference between ecclesiastical and scientific power. There aren’t any compulsions, coercion or requisite adherence to some rules and principles in science. It is a very adaptive, dynamic, & a specific framework of knowledge, claiming only those realities which it has power to .Science keeps on evolving and doesn’t claim to be absolute & invariable opposite to the religious doctrines. Applied aspect of science has been far greater a boon than theoretical aspect. The practical power of science stunned everyone through development of superior and powerful weaponry for the army. Then science developed machines and tools that transformed life comprehensively. Diminishing religious values, even before the scientific revolution, resulted in devastation of family & social bonds and individuals were no more bound by any force. This was quite tragic in Italy and Spain after the transformation movement started. This boundless freedom created many social, cultural & economic problems in early times of Knowledge revolution. Then scientific progress gave birth to a new kind of man who was far different from his ancestors. He was able to take charge of his surroundings. Scientific enables a man to achieve much more than he could achieve 2 centuries ago. Modern development requires people to work collectively and no individual is able enough to achieve something valuable in isolation. All knowledge is based on sharing. But, Science left behind ethics and discarded notions of right or wrong as were given by religion. It encourages anything that is superior in technique which can lead this world to devastation in (at) the end. There should be direction and guidelines for scientific development provided by philosophy to curb this potent force.

Exercise # 6, Page 147 Amazing Power of Propaganda There are two types of propaganda: 1st in which symbols and message is (are) clearly understood in its proper context on factual grounds by the target audience and 2nd in which symbols are not properly interpreted leading to some skewed understanding of the message. This second type of propaganda is very useful for different sort of enterprises (enterprise). Simple people are easy targets rather victims of this type of propaganda due to their inability to analyze the contents in detail. Cosmetic products, contrary to reality, are projected as unbelievably powerful enough to transform every woman into an extremely beautiful supermodel. This kind of propaganda finds acceptance among target audience despite its falsified claims because the appeal is directed at formidable natural desire to look beautiful and attractive among others. Marketers sell fictional ideas. Through this type of appeal businesses earn heavy sums of profits. The recipe of success is simple; hit where it hurts more. Identification of a strong, unfulfilled desire and then promising to fulfill that is all an r needs to do well to earn money. Nobody buys a product. Everyone pays for some unsatisfied desire. Religious attachment and appeal is a very good example of the power of propaganda. Religion propagates its message through fascinating symbols of sacredness, purity and rewards in hereafter by focusing human emotions. On other hand unholy appeal is also strong due to its power to attract human beings towards the beauty and pleasures of this life. Religion and politics have blurred the concept of beauty in this world. rs embellish their ads through maximum visual beauty to attract attention and then liking of maximum no of audience successfully. This leads them to achieve their goal of winning a customer in the end. Kids are very easy targets of marketers to get the desired results. They can’t analyze propaganda in an ad on of their inability to analyze fact rationally. They force their parents to get anything they find interesting and tempting. ment has changed entire childhood. Today’s children are tomorrow’s potential buyers. So

marketers try to inculcate in them a strong affiliation and a desire for a particular product through well planned ads.

Exercise # 7, Page 153 Civil Services in Modern Time Job and career of a civil servant is (are) far different from other jobs.it is a very strict system of rules and policies in which a man with a vigorous person may find difficulties to adjust because of the fixed parameters and time bound promotions. Civil services offer some unique gainful features like job security, satisfactory financial reward and after service benefits. The promotional structure of civil services might be slow but one can reach his potential by working hard persistently. Not all powerful, indeed but still A civil servant has adequate powers with due indemnity of his actions. Over the time British Civil service has undergone considerable changes. A Civil servant is no longer an officer who works as per his own schedule and enjoys abundant leisure time. The job is hectic and demanding now. Workload has increased to a level where it becomes depressive and appalling frequently. The benefits and privileges enjoyed by civil servants demand a heavy toll from them. A Civil servant is expected to be strictly professional, cautious, calculated and adherent of rules and policies. His actions should be rationally derived from stipulated rules and modus operandi instead of his whims and caprices. He must perform his duties impartially, without allowing his personal preferences and disposition comes into (in) the way. National interest must be preferred on personal gains.it is a requisite for a good civil servant. They must avoid any blemish of corruption on their careers line between personal and official position is very subtle. Any secret of national importance must be dealt with utmost care. A civil servant is expected to be resolute enough to safeguard the collective interest by overlooking all temptations for (to) the contrary. There are some violators in the ranks, but the majority is true to their profession.

Exercise # 1, Page 158

Curious case of legal Theft Intruders who disturb the private life of others by trampling over the limits of decency and morality are some sort of mysterious offenders for whom there is no punishment or penalty available in law. This excessive interruption in other’s affairs is not recognized as a crime because of its subtle nature. Man is a social animal and he depends and interacts with others in different sort of situations all the time, but there are certain limits that must be observed while one is interfering in others’ matters. Beyond those limits any tresing is absolutely unendurable.in two types of society’s i.e., Rural and Urban attitude of people regarding this behavior is different. People in a rural setting are unduly interested in knowing everything about everyone around them. Any information got as a result is spread all around. This is very disturbing for cultured person (people). On the other hand, in Metropolises dwellers are indifferently uninterested even in their next door neighbors’ affairs. Undue Meddling in private affairs in not limited to only individuals, but even found at a very higher levels (level). Citizens are guaranteed certain rights by the state , but they are helpless in cases when

the beauties of their cities and surrounding are destroyed by erecting skyscrapers and likewise constructions that affect architectural loveliness of their surroundings. A man cannot even prevent his home from certain ugly effects of the construction around it. There are certain laws that protect intellectual property rights, but they do not sufficiently cover all such rights because in certain cases a violation or theft cannot be established before the law for want of concrete evidence. Theft of ideas, story, jokes, phrases and superior artistic design and arrangements is in vogue and hard to eliminate. But the positive side of the story is that a loser may imitate you or steal your ideas and designs, but can never deprive you off (of) the superior artistic and aesthetic faculty with which you can do wonders.

Exercise # 2, Page 162 Hurdles in way of regionalizing Indian universities In a multicultural, multiethnic & multilingual country like India universities are subjected to a great deal of pressure from different circles of the society for securing varied nature of demands. Regionalization of universities is one of them. These demands, justified

though, need to be analyzed on a rational & the objective ground before accepting. Most emphatic of these demands is adopting regional languages as language of syllabus and medium of instruction. There are both merits and demerits of this. This needs to be assessed thoroughly before giving approval.it is justified in the sense that students can get maximum out of a lecture delivered in their native language.in case of India, contrary to the European model, it doesn’t seem plausible because there are more than 12 regional languages instead of one or two. Regionalization of universities would create different problems impeding the process of national harmony and assimilation. Not any of the regional language is powerful enough to survive on its own in the absence of other languages. Every single lingual group is a vehement er of its own language repelling all others. This is utterly counterproductive. So, adopting regional languages at universities would do more harm than good to our National objectives. A single language as a medium of communication and expression among topnotch segment

(segments) of the society is requisite for efficient istration and development of the state. Sanskrit played this role well and then English replaced it to some extent in

the colonial era. Right now there isn’t any agreed upon an alternative to English is available for us as a main language. Prospects for Hindi to become a single national language are not very promising because a large chunk of society can’t communicate in it.in this situation, any attempt to regionalize universities jeopardize the pace of national development making India lagging behind the developing world. Exercise # 3, Page 165 Enthusiasm towards Life Enthusiasm is an important attribute to judge human’s cheerfulness.it can be understood simply through eating behavior that is analogous to the human’s approach towards life. Among humans, there are four observed eating behaviors. For some people eating food hasn’t any kind of appeal & charm due to its abundance and lack of hunger. Then there are people who eat just as a part of medication under a compulsion missing any sort of taste. The 3rd category comprises of the people who miss the balance and eat rapaciously destroying their own health. The final class of people eat (eats) only with genuine appetite when they are hungry & don’t go beyond what’s required. Same is the case with humans approach towards life.in the same way people behave towards life for some it is colorless and dull while others enjoy every bit of it. There isn’t

any objective criteria (criterion) to measure happiness found in some activity or action but obviously the one who is doing something good and exciting has an edge over those who are busy condemning everything for nothing. A person, who enjoys reading, is indeed better than a person who doesn’t even read. Pleasures of life are directly proportional to utilize the available time to the fullest utility doing as many adventures as you can. Pleasure is not limited to be found in extra ordinary things; rather it may be found in very trivial things which are insignificant for (to) others .Sherlock Homes valued a simple hat as a precious treasure. During a leisure (leisurely) walk across the fields one may enjoy the extraordinary beauty of the nature at its best. Birds, fields, breeze, aroma of crops and panorama view of the grounds is fascinating in in its experience.so a man who enjoys all this is better adapted to the world than anyone else.

Exercise # 1, Page 169 Ingredients of wisdom Astuteness and sagacity in human beings is not a single trait rather it is a combination of no of characteristics, abilities and qualities. The most important thing in this regard is to estimate true value of different things in their right perspective. It is difficult to estimate the results and repercussions of some development before they are actuated and applied in true sense due to the involvement of many uncontrollable variables. The real impact of a new discovery or invention in the future can’t be known.so it becomes very difficult in some cases to analyze each and every factor involved in a development. The second important part of astuteness is the objective and motive of your work or quest. The objectives must be constructive and beneficial. Greatness demands from a person to keep his personal preferences, emotions and biases aside from his research and analysis & to use his talent and energies for the collective wellbeing of the society. Clarity of objectives and productivity of aims is not only required at macro scale, but at individual level too. Many researchers exhausted their energies and wasted their talent pursuing meaningless ends. Using ones’ endowments and energies for a productive pursuit and research that leads to the maximum benefit of the mankind is also part of the human greatness. Human beings are inherently biased and attracted towards certain ideas and ideals. It is actually not possible to get rid of emotional attachments

and ideas that have been inculcated since our childhood. Getting rid of this inflated ego is a daunting task. This could greatly accelerate the journey in the direction of wisdom and greatness & would help in understanding the problems and issues in the outer world. This greatness of thinking and action is not something that is god gifted and fixed.it can be learned. Educational intuitions can play a decisive role in this respect provided teachers are capable enough to mold students’ mind (minds) & thinking in a positive way. There is a sheer difference between what we preach and what we do. This difference needs to be brought down. Peace and prosperity would only come if we invest our energies for not only struggling against criminal’s nut also against those factors which lead to an offense and crime. This is the only way out for our generation. Exercise # 2, Page 172 The Secret of Happiness The most critical and daunting question confronting great intellectuals and philosophers has been the search of the true meaning of happiness. Many tried to explain it in their own ways. Aristotle dealt with this in quite a simple and pragmatic way. He dint preach something impractical and beyond human powers. He contends that all of our actions derive from a strong desire for getting contentment. But the unprincipled pursuit of happiness by trampling over noble human values is condemnable. Furthermore, the most distinguishing features of human beings are their cognitive faculty which helps them rule over this planet. The right use of this power would lead human beings to selffulfillment. Clear conscious, refined judgment & similar qualities are resultant of a long journey on the path of wisdom & knowledge. The simplest way of acquiring this quality is always choosing middle & an expedient way while making different choices. This middle way is not synonymous to mathematical average or middle; rather it is the refined ability to take on the best way possible between two opposite extremes. Careful and conscientious decision and choices result in greatness of personality. Thus, Greatness is not an attribute or a single trait in itself rather it is a manifestation of many dynamic traits and practices that are repeatedly performed by an individual. The Young are especially prone to the extremes due to recklessness that is an integral part of this stage of life thus missing the vital middle and judicious way most of the time costing a heavy toll on them. This middle way approach has been a conspicuous characteristic of Greek approach. For them desires can be both constructive and damaging. Practical

philosophy adds something more in this simple approach.it advocates that an optimum

(optimal) amount of material resources to lead a balanced life, coupled with amenities of life are necessary to secure happiness along with the middle way approach. Without any doubt, neither excess nor scarceness is advantageous for human beings. Along all this companionship adds beauty & colors to life. Quality friendship requires understanding, patience and long extent of time. A few friends with whom you can share your sorrows and pleasures & trust them completely are preferred. Despite all this happiness is an intangible transcendent quality that stems from our inner selves. Treasure of happiness is not found in mundane perishable objects & achievements rather it subsists in superior endeavor for truth, reality & excellence. Exercise # 3, Page 175 The Pursuit of Equality The concept, philosophy and the meaning of equality vary considerably from country to country as is evident from looking at American & French constitutions.US declaration faultily declares every individual equals in all respects, which is absurd in reality. There are differences found among human beings. In contrast the assertion of French constitution is more appropriate and near to logic.it identifies those domains in which equality among citizens must be ensured by the state. Equality is ensured in of the provision of the basic human rights. The Conservative approach is changing now; every individual deserves fair chances to formulate his own destiny. The Notion of equality stemmed from the teachings of Christianity that emphatically proclaimed that men are born equal and there isn’t any distinction among them in front of the creator. Despite a strong appeal in the message it could not be practically implemented on one pretext or the other. Tentacles of feudalism were strong enough to defy any movement subduing its powers. The Status of a man was determined by the accident of birth. After reforms’ movement in Europe feudalism was replaced by another curse named capitalism. Equality has been for long pursued in and in many aspects it is more important than freedom. The French revolution was spearheaded by people from humble backgrounds vindicating preference of talent over wealth. was successful enough to secure democratic rights for its citizens, but despite all the efforts social and economic tiers dint cease to exist. The question of equality and personal freedom has remained unresolved even in modern times and many eminent scholars and

intellectuals of the subject changed their views regarding equality watching the failure of their ideas and ideals. The meaning, application and nature of equality differs greatly political and economic domains. Giving each individual equal right to choose his representative encomes political equality that has been attained in most parts of the modern world, but this is not as simple a case in the economic domain. Economic equality cannot be attained in a controlled fashion rather it is a free phenomenon.it needs to be understood that equality cannot be attained in every field.it is an unthinkable option. The state should aim at guaranteeing provision of equal opportunities & rights to every citizen for making his life up to his struggle and talent. Exercise # 4, Page 178 Wars & Struggle for Freedom Armed combats and social upheavals shaped the outlook of 20th century’s world. Most of the old ideologies and systems were swept away by modern forces, but invasions, hegemony & public discontent remained intact .Oppression and injustice give birth to the desire for bringing in a new social system through mass awakening and collective efforts which ensures liberty and justice to all. Shockingly enough, despite all the development of modern time the shackles of bondage still exist inflicting pains and sufferings to (of) the masses. Any movement aiming at freedom was disappointedly neglected by most of the revolutionaries themselves. The Concept of freedom has been unduly relegated into the debate for avoiding wars and confrontations. There isn’t any direct link between armed conflicts and struggle for freedom and social justice. There is a plain difference of objectives between war and a movement for social reforms. Invasions and justice had only been justified with the aim of eradicating injustice and tyranny as we can see in Greek society. But the Greeks were concerned with the happening within the bounds of their polity. They were aloof to the circumstances of the rest of the world. In old roman society we find another rationale for inflicting wars and subjugating others and that is to secure your interests no matter material or nonmaterial. Romans regarded arms as sacred tools to decide intricate questions and conflicts among nations. Securing an interest was enough provocation for inflicting a war on others.it might seems (seem) illogical and absurd today, but was a reality just a century ago freedom as a motivation for war is not found in Roman history. First World War changed altogether the conception of wars and destruction. Demanding freedom at

the cost of scarifying millions of human lives and destruction of property is not an acceptable choice. But it should not be considered a license to subjugate and oppress the whole world on the dint of power. Both proponent (proponents) and opponent of freedom and war have not ascertained the repercussions and options astutely. They need to develop a better insight before promulgating war or freedom.

Exercise # 5, Page 181 Rediscovering Our Educational System

The Flawed educational system is giving birth to a no of grave problems in our society. World resources are being wasted absurdly for establishing supremacy and hegemony over other nations. The role of academia is very important in this sense. Educational institutions train students on a fixed pattern ignoring their individuality and creativity. The most sensitive period of students’ lives is spent at (in) schools. Our schools have become mere pawns at the disposal of the privileged class to secure their vested interests through controlled training and syllabi & they help maintaining status quo in the society. Children are held under strict control and given limited & precise exposure at a juncture of life when their cognitive faculties start developing. This results in winning conformity and obedience for (to) the system from them. The productivity and creativity is (are) badly tarnished by these schools. This kind of schooling is more destructive than productive. But there is no immediate solution available to this problem. Obliviousness can’t be chosen in any case over lopsided learning. But this class based educational system must be replaced by a more just and egalitarian training system aiming at polishing students’ abilities and thinking dimensions rather just enslaving them to the current system at any cost.to design one such system is a Herculean task.it needs a lot of contemplation & understanding. This new system should ensure the liberty of thinking, acknowledgement and appreciation for creativity, selflearning, adequate amusement and entertainment and off (of) course teaching how to read and write. This kind of schooling can not only produce good politicians and business tycoons, but above them good human beings & citizens. A school should be designed in a way that it becomes a good alternative of home for a child & relationship between a teacher and student is more of like a parent and a child than of a master and

slave.as a child grows older his affection , bond and interests should increase at school. This way we can protect this noble talent from going (to lose) lost. Exercise # 6, Page 183 Blind Chase of Pleasures The most alarming threat to our civilization is neither armed hostilities nor lust of power rather it lies in psychological and moral deterioration of nations. Hedonism & profligacy are defining features of our time. This shallow hedonism is extremely lethal for any society of the world. Glory lies in contributing & labor instead of squandering valuable resources for momentary pleasures and vanishing desires. A pleasure that is derived from a lifeless activity is temporary & pursuit of one after another desire to procure happiness is never fruitful enough to last long. This was not the case 2 centuries ago. People would enjoy and cherish music, dancing, literature, festivals, rural festivities, poetry and other such artistic activities which involved much of mental exertion and effort. It was not limited to elites, but all segments of the society were actively involved in that. It required a lot of effort and involvement. These ions were enthralling, energetic & gratifying in true sense. It all changed with the age of time & now we are mere sluggish buyers of entertainment missing any sort of personal involvement and effort. Our cinemas show movies in which there isn’t any emotional & psychological connection established between screen and spectators. Most of the artistic professions have been commercialized compromising quality to a great extent. The mass provision of information and entertainment stuff has turned readers and spectators into unintelligent beings just ively reading and watching habitually without giving their cognitive ability a little bit trouble. Instead of playing in the field people watch a live broadcast of games over television screens. Dance also wants in individuality and delight. This kind of entertainment which lacks any sort of physical or mental exertion is jeopardizing the mental and physical health of the citizens. Even our jobs have become monotonous and phlegmatic missing any movement or creativity. The modern lifestyle is unnatural & resultantly people are becoming dumb & dull having no fascination and vigor in their lives. It points towards an approaching time when lack of interest and monotony will become a serious nuisance for our civilization. The uninterested and detached system of entertainment inspires energetic youth to use their energies in illegal activities. This unfair pursuit of pleasure and desires would lead our civilization to the verge of destruction just like Roman civilization.

Exercise # 7, Page 187 The Way of Truth in Scientific Age Every era has its own features and requirements. The present era is identified by a unique scientific development and pervasiveness in which knowledge is the most powerful tool. Due to the fast pace of development and changing fast and dynamic findings; it has become all the more important to be honest and truthful defeating all temptations and provocations. Misuse of facts & maneuvering of truth can harvest disastrous penalties. The Truth is not just a choice; it’s a must in modern information society. Contrary to the pure sciences which are backed by experimental results and findings, truth is not an integral part of all the segments of research and knowledge especially when it comes to politics and social sciences. Truth is still not patronized at state level in many countries. Still opinions are checked and facts censored. Different sorts of bars are imposed to hinder truth. In this context, it is important to comprehend that freedom is not the same as truth but required for truth to thrive. When we look at politics and social sciences, there are many writers trying their best to protect the truth , but it is less common when it comes to the real scenario and truth still remains a rare commodity. Truth is a bitter pill to swallow for many at the helm of affairs. No one is spared of this infection but as in some professions people’s lives are more publically exposed they seem more corrupt to us. Even the writers and intelligentsias whom we consider above suspicion are bound by certain limitations and make compromises at various places.in personal matters; sometimes it is desirable to conceal some facts or manipulate them to save some damage but in public affairs any such attempt is a crime and may harvest disastrous penalties.it can’t be justified on any pretext. The tempering of truth impede (impedes) pace of national development and progress. Honesty is a requisite quality in national affairs. When trying to identify the roots of this problem, a close investigation will make it clear that political rivalry among different parties in a democratic system give (gives) vent to falsehood and erroneous propaganda against political opponents. This is an inherent flaw found in a democratic political system. Its alternative available in the form of dictatorship or the single party system doesn’t provide a rosy picture either.it becomes even tougher to guard the truth in tyrannical polity .The solution lies in equipping democracies with stringent check and balance system coupled with fair ability for all and sundry without any distinction.

Exercise # 8, Page 190 The Fringe Benefits of Free Speech There are two major types of people as far as expression of emotions is concerned. The first type comprises of the people who are emotionally charged and short tempered. Any attempt to sprees their voice may flare them up resulting in extremely devastating reaction. The second type comprises (is comprised) of the people who are mild, receptive, democratic, civilized and watchful in their approach towards dissention

(dissenting) & they express their grievances & protest through the power of pen and words they speak. Any policy of suppressing this type of voice will lead to even more dangerous consequences than that of the first scenario. No force in this world can control and suppress speech & truth. Any ruler trying to have a control over critic’s speech and nonconforming opinions, calls for his own doom and destruction.it is a symbol of political sagacity and acumen to let the opposition’s voice float freely. Just this approach declared Walpole a great statesman in the history. Even among nations , there are many political, economic and social problems that give birth to hostility and lead to intolerance towards each other. These (this) needs to be curtailed through a dogged will. There has been a visible shift in British policy of acceptance & permissiveness towards other nations on one or the other. Obviously some people exploited British friendly policy of acceptance & leniency but this policy also won Britain many brilliant relationships and human resource. Suspicion and mistrust towards all emigrants is not a healthy trend. Ill-treatment of a female writer at the hands of British forces just because of her unorthodox voice is not something to be proud of. Being vigilant is not bad, but being obsessed with national security makes a country unjust. Letting the free speech prevail without any hindrance is paradoxically more fruitful for any government.it gives a nonviolent vent to public’s (public) grievances and frustration thus avoiding bang of accumulated and suppressed emotions in a destructive way. This policy of forbearance, indifference, liberty & free speech is so powerful that it can even protect a dictator’s rule. Political opponents should not only be given freedom of expression, but they must be officially facilitated in this regard to have their say. Another tactic involves sponsoring comical newspapers and witty writers. They have a wonderful impact on public’s opinion due to the unique position of humor in our lives. These tactics would not allow opposition to make their agenda successful by

portraying ruler as a tyrant and heartless & would not let the opposition win an edge over the ruler. This is the most simple and effective recipe for securing a regime from demise. Exercise # 9, Page 193 Role of Literature in Modern Society The writers’ friend has written him a letter claiming that science has been victorious over literature. Debate regarding the supremacy of science over literature has been in vogue both in scientific and literary circles. The assertion that the science has defeated literature and taken-over the throne from it is absurd, illogical, and biased in its essence because there isn’t any common ground between these two for doing a sensible comparison. Literature and science are utterly different with respect to their objectives, roles & contributions in the society. Literature, without any doubt, has undergone considerable changes over the centuries owing to numerous elements & science being one of them. Todays’ literature is far different than that of the classical era , but its role, importance, & contribution is not too subtle to ignore. Literature and science do not converge mutually at a point rather moving in parallel, but it doesn’t imply that there is any competitiveness among them. They carry unique positions in their respective domains. Those who try to establish a rivalry between them fail to comprehend that both are inevitable in any society. Indeed, literature is going through a tougher phase and scientific progress is attracting more and more talented people due to great acknowledgement and substantial paybacks but it does not indicate the altogether demise of literary activity in the society. We can easily identify the impact of scientific research and marvelous developments on (in) post 19th century literature. But the noteworthy point is that these scientific developments and theories may diminish and lose their importance with the age of time, but the life and value of literature is timeless. Science affects human mind as an external force and opens new avenues of thought and hopefulness. But its effects are temporary & bound to diminish with the age of time .Contrary to that literature emanates from human life and thrives in a human environment with miseries and hopes alike. Science lacks behind literature in this regard for its inability to have lasting impacts on human mind and thoughts. Science can only invent and produce things, but the spirit, romance, beauty and color in our lives is added by literature .So despite all dazzle of scientific development, suffice is to

say that the existence of literature is not in danger at the hands of science and literature enjoys an unmatched and unrivaled position in our society.