Ten Lessons On Arabic 4r6p3s

TEN LESSONS OF ARABIC

TEN LESSONS OF ARABIC based on Das Sabaq of Mawlana ‘Abd al-Salam Kidwai Nadvi

Revised & Edited by ‘Aamir Bashir

Copyright © Dār al-Sa‘ādah Publications 2011 First Online Edition Dec 2011 Second Online Edition Jul 2012 ilmresources.wordpress.com “General  and  unrestricted  permission  is  granted  for  the  unaltered   duplication,  distribution,  and  transmission  of  this  text.” In Plain English: Make as many copies as you want.

TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents

i

List of Tables

ii

Acknowledgments

iii

Foreword LESSON 1 LESSON 2 LESSON 3 LESSON 4 LESSON 5 LESSON 6 LESSON 7

v

‫ – ُﻣْﺒﺘَ َﺪأٌ َو َﺧﺒَـٌﺮ‬Subject and Predicate ‫ﺎف إِﻟَْﻴ ِﻪ‬ ٌ ‫ﻀ‬ ٌ ‫ﻀ‬ َ ‫ﺎف َوُﻣ‬ َ ‫ُﻣ‬ ِ ‫ – اَﻟْ ِﻔﻌﻞ اﻟْﻤ‬Past Tense Verb ‫ﺎﺿ ْﻲ‬ َ ُْ ِ َ‫ ﻓ‬،٬‫ – ﻓِﻌﻞ‬Verb, Subject, Object ‫ َﻣ ْﻔ ُﻌ ْﻮٌل‬،٬‫ﺎﻋ ٌﻞ‬ ٌْ ْ ‫ف‬ ُ‫اﳉَﺎ ﱠرة‬ ُ ‫ – اَ ْﳊُُﺮْو‬Prepositions ‫ﻀ َﻤﺎﺋُِﺮ‬ ‫ – اَﻟ ﱠ‬Pronouns ِ ‫ِع‬ َ ‫ – اَﻟْﻔ ْﻌ ُﻞ اﻟْ ُﻤ‬Present and Future Tense Verb ُ ‫ﻀﺎر‬

1 7 11 19 25 31 39

LESSON 8

‫ف‬ ‫ – اَﻟ ﱢ‬Adjective ُ ‫ﺻ ْﻮ‬ ُ ‫ﺼ َﻔﺔُ َواﻟْ َﻤ ْﻮ‬

49

LESSON 9

‫ﱠﻬ ُﻲ‬ ْ ‫ – اَْﻷ َْﻣُﺮ َواﻟﻨـ‬Imperative & Prohibitive ِ ‫ – اَﻟْﻮ‬Singular, Dual, Plural ‫ اَ ْﳉَ ْﻤ ُﻊ‬،٬ُ‫ اَﻟﺘﱠﺜْﻨِﻴَﺔ‬،٬‫اﺣ ُﺪ‬ َ

57

LESSON 10

i

67

LIST OF TABLES 3.1 3.1a 3.2

ِ ‫)اَﻟْ ِﻔﻌﻞ اﻟْﻤ‬ Past Tense Verb Forms in Active Voice (‫ف‬ ُ ‫ﺎﺿﻲ اَﻟْ َﻤ ْﻌُﺮْو‬ َ ُْ ِ ‫اَﻟْ ِﻔﻌﻞ اﻟْﻤ‬ ‫ف‬ ُ ‫ﺎﺿ ْﻲ اَﻟْ َﻤ ْﻌُﺮْو‬ َ ُْ

ِ ‫اَﻟْ ِﻔﻌﻞ اﻟْﻤ‬ ‫ﺎﺿ ْﻲ اَﻟْ َﻤ ْﺠ ُﻬ ْﻮُل‬ َ ُْ

5.1

Prepositions (ُ‫اﳉَﺎ ﱠرة‬ ْ ‫ف‬ ُ ‫)اَ ْﳊُُﺮْو‬

6.2 7.1 7.1a 7.2 7.2a 9.1 9.2 9.2a 9.3 9.4

ْ

25 31

ِ Attached (‫ﻞ‬ ٌ ‫ ) ُﻣﺘﱠﺼ‬Pronouns

32

ِ Verb Forms of (‫ِع‬ ٌ ‫) َﻣ ْﻌُﺮْو‬ ٌ ‫ﻀﺎر‬ َ ‫ )ﻓ ْﻌ ٌﻞ ُﻣ‬in Active Voice (‫ف‬ ِ ‫ف‬ ُ ‫ع اﻟْ َﻤ ْﻌُﺮْو‬ َ ‫اَﻟْﻔ ْﻌ ُﻞ اﻟْ ُﻤ‬ ُ ‫ﻀﺎ ِر‬

ِ ‫ع اﻟْ َﻤ ْﺠ ُﻬ ْﻮُل‬ َ ‫اَﻟْﻔ ْﻌ ُﻞ اﻟْ ُﻤ‬ ُ ‫ﻀﺎ ِر‬

ِ ‫)أَﻣﺮ ﺣ‬ Second Person Imperative in Active Voice (‫ف‬ ٌ ‫ﺎﺿٌﺮ َﻣ ْﻌُﺮْو‬ َ ٌْ ِ ‫اﳊ‬ ‫ف‬ ُ ‫ﺎﺿُﺮ اﻟْ َﻤ ْﻌُﺮْو‬ َْ ‫اَْﻷ َْﻣُﺮ‬

58 58 59

ِ ‫ )ﻧَـﻬﻲ ﺣ‬in Active Voice Creating Second Person Prohibitive (‫ف‬ ٌ ‫ﺎﺿٌﺮ َﻣ ْﻌُﺮْو‬ َ ْ ٌ

ِ ‫ )ﻧَـﻬﻲ ﺣ‬in Active Voice Second Person Prohibitive (‫ف‬ ٌ ‫ﺎﺿٌﺮ َﻣ ْﻌُﺮْو‬ َ ْ Singular, Dual, and Plural

41 42

ِ ‫)أَﻣﺮ ﺣ‬ Creating Second Person Imperative In Active Voice (‫ف‬ ٌ ‫ﺎﺿٌﺮ َﻣ ْﻌُﺮْو‬ َ ٌْ

10.1

39 40

ِ Verb Forms of (‫ِع‬ ٌ ‫ﻀﺎر‬ َ ‫ )ﻓ ْﻌ ٌﻞ ُﻣ‬in ive Voice (‫) َْﳎ ُﻬ ْﻮٌل‬

ِ ‫اﳊ‬ ‫ف‬ ُ ‫ﺎﺿُﺮ اﻟْ َﻤ ْﻌُﺮْو‬ ْ ‫اَﻟﻨـ‬ َْ ‫ﱠﻬ ُﻲ‬

14 15

ِ ‫ )ﻣْﻨـ َﻔ‬ Pronouns Unattached (‫ﺼ ٌﻞ‬ ُ

9.4a

12 13

ِ ِ Past Tense Verb Forms in ive Voice (‫ﺠ ُﻬ ْﻮ ُل‬ ْ ‫)اَﻟْﻔ ْﻌ ُﻞ اﻟْ َﻤﺎﺿﻲ اَﻟْ َﻤ‬

3.2a

6.1

ْ

ٌ

60 60 61 68

ii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I owe a debt of gratitude to many people who helped in making this project a success. To begin with, I would like to thank Sr. A. Naviwala who, working on behalf of Darul Uloom al-Madania, prepared the first draft, which I edited. I would also like to thank Mawlana Ibrahim Memon for his valuable . I am also indebted to my First year students at Darul Uloom (2011–2012 academic year) who suggested important improvements and pointed out the many mistakes. My prepatory year students at Darul Uloom (2011–2012), including Ahmad Hatim who proof-read the draft for the second edition, have also given me valuable . I have greatly benefitted from their questions, comments and suggestions. May Allah reward them, and all others for their contributions and help.

iii

‫اﻟﺼﻠﻮة واﻟﺴﻼم ﻋﻠﻰ رﺳﻮﻟﻪ اﻟﻜﺮﱘ‬ ٰ ‫ﺑﺴﻢ اﷲ اﻟﺮﲪﻦ اﻟﺮﺣﻴﻢ و‬

FOREWORD

This is the second edition of the revised Ten Lessons of Arabic, which in turn was based on the famous Urdu language primer of Arabic grammar Das Sabaq [Ten Lessons] by Mawlana ‘Abd al-Salam Kidwai Nadvi. Das Sabaq in Urdu has been a part of the ‘Aalim course curriculum in Western madrasahs for a number of years. In 2011, I was commissioned by Darul Uloom al-Madania to edit a translation that they had prepared by revising an existing translation of the text that was available online. I completed the editing in a few months. During this process, I took liberty with the translation to make the content more accessible and beneficial to the student. The edited version was then used as a textbook for Darul Uloom’s eAlim program. At that time, I received a number of suggestions from eAlim instructors and students regarding improvement of the text. Later, I got the chance to teach the first four chapters myself during Ramadan 2011 to a sincere student. At that time, I realized the many flaws that had remained, especially in the first four chapters. I revised these chapters thoroughly to make them more student friendly. Later still, I got the chance to go over the whole text during the first term of 2011–2012 academic year, while teaching it to first year students at Darul Uloom. During this time, a number of issues came up and I made the changes accordingly. The first online edition was released at that time. Later, during the last two of 2011–2012 academic year, I got the chance to teach it again; this time, to the prepatory year students at Darul Uloom. More issues came up and I fixed them. Now, at the end of this academic year (2011– 2012), I have gone through the whole text again and revised it throughly. I have added more explanation and tables in many chapters. I have also revised the word lists and exercises, and reduced the overall number of vocabulary words. While teaching, I had felt that memorizing too many new words was taking the students’ attention away from the real thing, viz. grammar rules and construction of the language. In many cases, plurals of words are given, but they are merely for reference. Students should not be required to memorize these. The vocabulary lists still appear quite formidable. However, this is because of the many repeated words. If they were to be taken out, the overall count will be much less. This text has been revised multiple times. In the process, it has changed considerably and those looking for an exact translation of Das Sabaq will be disappointed. However, I believe it is now much more beneficial. I have tried my

v

best, with help from many of my students, to remove all of the errors in it. Nevertheless, as is the case with all human endeavors, there are bound to be some mistakes in it, and definitely, room for improvement. I hope that the readers, students and teachers, will apprise me of any such issues. Your (suggestions, constructive criticism, etc.) is valuable to me. You can me at the email address given at the end. This is a beginner-level text but notwithstanding its ease, it should be studied with a teacher. It is also expected that the student will be studying other Arabic books along with it as well. I would recommend Fundamentals of Classical Arabic vol. 1 (by Dr. Husain Abdul Sattar) and Durus al-Lughah al-‘Arabiyyah vol. 1 (by Dr. V. Abdur Rahim). I got the chance to teach both during this academic year. They are both excellent books. There is some overlap between them and Ten Lessons. However, this should not be seen as redundancy, but as re-inforcement. Of the three, Fundamentals is for Sarf, Ten Lessons and Durus al-Lughah are for general Arabic. The last one is probably the best in of its gradual and progressive introduction to Arabic language concepts. However, the former two provide concise information for Sarf and Nahw, which is spread out in Durus al-Lughah. I recommend that Ten lessons and Durus al-Lughah be started at the beginning of the semester, while Fundamentals be started in the second half. Since this is a beginner-level text; therefore, Arabic words have not been transliterated exactly, keeping in mind that most people at this stage will not be comfortable with Arabic transliteration schemes. Rather, their approximate equivalents have been used that are easier to read for the untrained. Nevertheless, non-English words have been italicized. As for duals and plurals of Arabic words, the original Arabic duals and plurals have not been used; rather, their plurals have been created the English way by adding an ‘s’ to the singular. Thus, two dammahs is used instead of dammahtain. The word still remains italicized to reflect its non-English origin. The following abbreviations appear in the text: S = Singular M = Masculine

D = Dual F = Feminine

P = Plural

Many times, these have been used in combination. Thus, we also have the following abbreviations: (S/M) (D/M) (P/M) (S/F) (D/F) (P/F)

= = = = = =

‘Singular masculine’ which means one male ‘Dual masculine’ which means two males ‘Plural masculine’ which means multiple males ‘Singular feminine’ which means one female ‘Dual feminine’ which means two females ‘Plural feminine’ which means multiple females

vi

I hope and pray that this revised translation will be of benefit to the students. I also pray that Allah Most High accepts this humble effort from all those who have contributed to it in any way, and gives us the power to continue with more. I also request the readers and all those who benefit from it in any way to us all in their prayers. And He alone gives success.

ٍ ِ ِِ ِ ِ ِِٰ ‫ﲔ‬ َ ْ ‫ﺻ َﺤﺎﺑِﻪ أَ ْﲨَﻌ‬ ْ َ‫ﺻﻠﱠﻰ اﷲُ ﺗَـ َﻌ ٰﺎﱃ َﻋ ٰﻠﻰ َﺧ ِْﲑ َﺧ ْﻠﻘﻪ َﺳﻴﱢﺪﻧَﺎ َوَﻣ ْﻮَﻻﻧَﺎَ ُﳏَ ﱠﻤﺪ ﱠو َﻋ ٰﻠﻰ أﻟﻪ َوأ‬ َ ‫َو‬ ‘Aamir Bashir Buffalo, NY 19th Shaʻban, 1433 (9th July, 2012) Email: [email protected]

vii

LESSON 1

‫ُﻣ ْﺒﺘَ َﺪأٌ َو َﺧﺒَـ ٌﺮ‬

Subject and Predicate Consider the following sentences: ‘Mahmood is knowledgeable,’ ‘Haamid is pious,’ ‘Khalid is a conqueror.’ These sentences and other sentences of the same pattern are called mubtada (ٌ‫ ) ُﻣْﺒﺘَ َﺪأ‬and khabar (‫)ﺧﺒَـٌﺮ‬ َ . The subject of the sentence is called mubtada and it comes at the beginning of the sentence. The predicate of the sentence is called khabar and it is the second part of the sentence. For example, in ‘Mahmood is knowledgeable,’ Mahmood is the subject and the information about him being knowledgeable is the predicate. Therefore, ‘Mahmood’ is mubtada and ‘knowledgeable’ is khabar. To translate a sentence of this type into Arabic, follow these steps: 1. Take out the “is”. 2. Translate the words into Arabic.

ِ ْ ‫ﺿ ﱠﻤﺘَـ‬ 3. Give two dammahs (‫ﲔ‬ َ ) to both words in the sentence.

Examples: 1. Mahmood is knowledgeable.

ِ ٌ‫َْﳏ ُﻤ ْﻮٌد َﻋﺎﱂ‬

2. Haamid is pious.

ِ ‫ﺻﺎﻟِ ٌﺢ‬ َ ‫َﺣﺎﻣ ٌﺪ‬

3. Khalid is a conqueror.

‫َﺧﺎﻟِ ٌﺪ ﻓَﺎﺗِ ٌﺢ‬

4. Muhammad (Allah bless him and give him peace) is a messenger.

‫ﺻﻠﱠﻰ اﷲُ َﻋﻠَْﻴ ِﻪ َو َﺳﻠﱠ َﻢ( َر ُﺳ ْﻮٌل‬ َ ) ‫ُﳏَ ﱠﻤ ٌﺪ‬

5. Naasir is a friend.

ِ ‫ﺻ ِﺪﻳْ ٌﻖ‬ َ ‫ﻧَﺎﺻٌﺮ‬

In the above examples, the mubtada is a definite noun.1 However, if it is a common noun, an alif-laam will be added to the beginning of the word. For example, if the first sentence was ‘the man is knowledgeable,’ it would be translated

ِ ‫اَﻟﺮﺟﻞ ﻋ‬. as ٌ‫ﺎﱂ‬ َ ُ ُ‫ﱠ‬ It is important to note here that whenever alif-laam comes before a word, the

tanween becomes a single fathah (ٌ‫ﺤﺔ‬ َ ) as the case َ ‫)ﻓَـْﺘ‬, kasrah (ٌ‫ ) َﻛ ْﺴَﺮة‬or dammah (ٌ‫ﺿ ﱠﻤﺔ‬ 1

ِ َ‫)ﻧ‬. In Arabic, a definite noun is called ma‘rifah (ٌ‫ ) َﻣ ْﻌ ِﺮﻓَﺔ‬and a common noun is called nakirah (‫ﻜَﺮٌة‬

1

Lesson 1

may be, eg. ‫ﻞ‬ ٌ ‫ َر ُﺟ‬becomes ‫اَ ﱠﻟﺮ ُﺟ ُﻞ‬. Alif-laam is mainly used in place of the definite article “the.” It gives distinction to a word. For example, ‘a man’ is any man and ‘the man’ is a specific man. Sometimes alif-laam is used for the meaning of ‘a whole

ِ category/class.’ For example, ‫ﺴﺎ ُن‬ َ ْ‫ اَْﻹﻧ‬means ‘mankind’ and ‫ اَ ْﳊَ ْﻤ ُﺪ‬means ‘all praise.’ If the mubtada is feminine, then the khabar will also have to be feminine. To change a word to its feminine form, add the round taa (‫ )ة‬to the end of the word.

ِ ‫اَﻟﱠﺮﺟﻞ‬. Now if you want to say ‘the For example, ‘the man is pious’ is written as ‫ﺢ‬ َ ُُ ٌ ‫ﺻﺎﻟ‬ ِ woman is pious,’ you will say ٌ‫ﺻﺎﳊَﺔ‬ َ ُ‫اَﻟْ َﻤ ْﺮأَة‬. Similarly, ‘the girl is knowledgeable’ will be written as ٌ‫ﺖ َﻋﺎﻟِ َﻤﺔ‬ ُ ‫اَﻟْﺒِْﻨ‬. Word List Arabic

English father mother son boy daughter, girl

Singular

Plural

‫ب‬ ٌ َ‫أ‬ ‫أُمﱞ‬ ‫اِﺑْ ٌﻦ‬ ‫َوﻟَ ٌﺪ‬ ‫ﺖ‬ ٌ ‫ﺑِْﻨ‬

‫أ َْوَﻻ ٌد‬ ‫ﺎت‬ ٌ َ‫ﺑَـﻨ‬

‫َﻋﻢﱞ‬ ٌ‫َﻋ ﱠﻤﺔ‬

paternal uncle paternal aunt

‫ﺎل‬ ٌ ‫َﺧ‬ ٌ‫َﺧﺎﻟَﺔ‬

maternal uncle maternal aunt

‫أَ ٌخ‬ ‫ﺖ‬ ٌ ‫أُ ْﺧ‬

brother sister

‫َﺟ ﱞﺪ‬

grandfather

ٌ‫َﺟ ﱠﺪة‬ ‫َﺣ ِﻔْﻴ ٌﺪ‬ ٌ‫َﺣ ِﻔْﻴ َﺪة‬ ‫َر ُﺟ ٌﻞ‬ ٌ‫اِ ْﻣَﺮأَة‬

grandmother grandson granddaughter man woman

2

ٰ ُ‫أﺑَﺎء‬ ‫ﺎت‬ ٌ ‫أُﱠﻣ َﻬ‬ ُ‫أَﺑْـﻨَﺎء‬

‫أَ ْﻋ َﻤ ٌﺎم‬ ‫ﺎت‬ ٌ ‫ َﻋ ﱠﻤ‬،٬ٌ‫َﻋ ﱠﻤﺎة‬ ‫أَ ْﺧ َﻮ ٌال‬ ‫ت‬ ٌ ‫َﺧ َﺎﻻ‬ ٌ‫ إِ ْﺧ َﻮة‬،٬‫إِ ْﺧ َﻮا ٌن‬ ‫ات‬ ٌ ‫أَ َﺧ َﻮ‬ ‫أَ ْﺟ َﺪ ٌاد‬ ‫ﱠات‬ ٌ ‫َﺟﺪ‬

‫ َﺣ َﻔ َﺪ ٌة‬،٬‫ﺎد‬ ٌ ‫أَ ْﺣ َﻔ‬ ‫ﺎل‬ ٌ ‫ِر َﺟ‬ ِ ٌ‫ﻧ َﺴﺎء‬

‫ُﻣْﺒﺘَ َﺪأٌ َو َﺧﺒَـٌﺮ‬ Arabic

English

Singular

‫ِﻃ ْﻔ ٌﻞ‬ ٌ‫ِﻃ ْﻔﻠَﺔ‬

male child, infant, toddler female male child, infant, toddler

‫ي‬ ‫ﻗَ ِﻮ ﱞ‬ ِ ‫ﻒ‬ ٌ ‫ﺿﻌْﻴ‬ َ ‫ﺛـَ ْﻠ ٌﺞ‬ ‫ﺑَﺎ ِرٌد‬

strong weak ice, snow cold

ٌ‫َﻣﺎء‬ ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫َﻋ ْﺬ‬ ‫ﺻﻐِْﻴـٌﺮ‬ َ ِ ‫ﲔ‬ ٌْ ‫َﲰ‬ ‫ﺻﺎﻟِ ٌﺢ‬ َ ِ ‫َﻋﺎﺑ ٌﺪ‬ ‫ذَﻛِ ﱞﻲ‬ ‫َﻋﺎﻗِ ٌﻞ‬ ‫ُْﳎﺘَ ِﻬ ٌﺪ‬ َِ ‫ﲨْﻴ ٌﻞ‬ ‫َﺷﺎﻛٌِﺮ‬ ‫ﺻ ِﺎد ٌق‬ َ

water sweet small fat pious worshipper intelligent, smart hard-working beautiful thankful, grateful truthful

‫ب‬ ‫َر ﱞ‬ ‫ﱯ‬ ‫ﻧَِ ﱞ‬

Lord prophet, messenger

‫َر ُﺳ ْﻮٌل‬ ‫ِﺻَﺮا ٌط‬ ‫ُﻣ ْﺴﺘَ ِﻘْﻴ ٌﻢ‬ ‫ُﻣ ْﺴﻠِ ٌﻢ‬ ‫اَِْﻹﻧْ َﺴﺎ ُن‬ ‫َﻋْﺒ ٌﺪ‬ ‫ﻗَﺎﺋِ ٌﺪ‬

messenger path straight Muslim man, mankind slave leader, commander

3

Plural

‫ﺎل‬ ٌ ‫أَﻃْ َﻔ‬ ُ‫أَﻗْ ِﻮﻳَﺎء‬ ُ ُ‫ﺿ َﻌ َﻔﺎء‬ ِ ٌ‫ﻣﻴَﺎﻩ‬

ُ ُ‫ﺻﻠَ َﺤﺎء‬ ‫ﺎد‬ ٌ ‫ُﻋﺒﱠ‬ ِ ُ‫أَذْﻛﻴَﺎء‬

ُ‫ُﻋ َﻘ َﻼء‬ ‫ُْﳎﺘَ ِﻬ ُﺪ ْو َن‬ ‫َﺷﺎﻛُِﺮْو َن‬ ‫ﺻ ِﺎدﻗُـ ْﻮ َن‬ َ ِ ُ‫أَﻧْﺒﻴَﺎء‬ ‫ُر ُﺳ ٌﻞ‬ ‫ُﻣ ْﺴﻠِ ُﻤ ْﻮ َن‬ ‫ﺎد‬ ٌ َ‫ِﻋﺒ‬ ٌ‫ ﻗَ َﺎدة‬،٬‫ﻗُـ ﱠﻮ ٌاد‬

Lesson 1

Arabic

English

Singular

‫ﺎع‬ ٌ ‫ُﺷ َﺠ‬ ٌ‫َﻛ ِﺮْﱘ‬ ُ‫ﺎﻋﺔ‬ َ ‫اَﻟ ﱠﺴ‬ ٌ‫أٰﺗِﻴَﺔ‬ ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫ُﻣ َﺆﱠد‬ ‫َو‬ ‫َرِﺣْﻴ ٌﻢ‬ ِ ‫ﺐ‬ ٌ ‫ذَاﻫ‬ ِ ٌ‫َﻋﺎﱂ‬

brave generous the hour; day of resurrection coming (F) respectful and merciful going (M) knowledgeable; scholar Exercise 1: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

Haamid is a father. Mahmood is a son. Khalid is an uncle (paternal). Zayd is an uncle (maternal). Bakr is a brother. Sa‘eed is a grandfather. Hameed is a grandson. The man is strong. The child (M) is weak. The ice is cold. The water is sweet. The son is small. Hamzah is fat. The brother is pious.

Exercise 2: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Translate into Arabic.

Translate into Arabic.

The woman is strong. The mother is beautiful. The daughter is a worshipper. The aunt (maternal) is intelligent. The aunt (paternal) is hard-working. The sister is beautiful. The grandmother is thankful.

4

Plural

‫ﻛَِﺮ ٌام‬

ُ‫ُﻋﻠَ َﻤﺎء‬

‫ُﻣْﺒﺘَ َﺪأٌ َو َﺧﺒَـٌﺮ‬ ‫‪‘Aishah is intelligent.‬‬ ‫‪Fatimah is small.‬‬ ‫‪Maimoonah is a grand daughter.‬‬ ‫‪The aunt (paternal) is pious.‬‬ ‫‪The girl is fat.‬‬ ‫‪The grandmother is pious.‬‬ ‫‪The aunt (maternal) is a worshipper.‬‬ ‫‪Translate into English.‬‬

‫‪8.‬‬ ‫‪9.‬‬ ‫‪10.‬‬ ‫‪11.‬‬ ‫‪12.‬‬ ‫‪13.‬‬ ‫‪14.‬‬

‫‪Exercise 3:‬‬

‫َخ َﻛ ِﺮْﱘٌ ‪11.‬‬ ‫اَْﻷ ُ‬ ‫ﺎﻋﺔُ اٰﺗِﻴَﺔٌ ‪12.‬‬ ‫اَﻟ ﱠﺴ َ‬

‫ب ‪1.‬‬ ‫اَﷲُ َر ﱞ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﱯ ‪2.‬‬ ‫ﺻﻠﱠﻰ اﷲُ َﻋﻠَْﻴﻪ َو َﺳﻠﱠ َﻢ( ﻧَِ ﱞ‬ ‫ُﳏَ ﱠﻤ ٌﺪ ) َ‬

‫ﺖ ُﻣ َﺆﱠدﺑَﺔٌ ‪15.‬‬ ‫اَﻟْﺒِْﻨ ُ‬ ‫اَﻟْ َﻌ ﱡﻢ ذَﻛِ ﱞﻲ ‪16.‬‬

‫ﺴﻠِ ٌﻢ ‪5.‬‬ ‫َْﳏ ُﻤ ْﻮٌد ُﻣ ْ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺴﺎ ُن َﻋْﺒ ٌﺪ ‪6.‬‬ ‫اَْﻹﻧْ َ‬

‫اَﻟﱠﺮﺳﻮُل ﺻ ِ‬ ‫ﺎد ٌق ‪3.‬‬ ‫ُْ َ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺴﺘَﻘْﻴ ٌﻢ ‪4.‬‬ ‫اَﻟ ﱢ‬ ‫ﺼَﺮا ُط ُﻣ ْ‬

‫ﳎﺘَ ِﻬ ٌﺪ ‪13.‬‬ ‫َﻋ ْﻤٌﺮو ُْ‬ ‫ب ‪14.‬‬ ‫ﻃَﺎ ِر ٌق ُﻣ َﺆﱠد ٌ‬

‫ﺧﺎﻟِ ٌﺪ ﻗَﺎﺋِ ٌﺪ ‪7.‬‬ ‫َ‬

‫ِ‬ ‫اﳉَ ﱡﺪ َرِﺣْﻴ ٌﻢ ‪17.‬‬ ‫ب َو ْ‬ ‫اَ ْﳊَﻔْﻴ ُﺪ ُﻣ َﺆﱠد ٌ‬ ‫ﺎﻃﻤﺔُ ذَ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫اﻫﺒَﺔٌ ‪18.‬‬ ‫ﻓَ َ‬

‫ﺎع ‪8.‬‬ ‫اَﻟْ َﻘﺎﺋِ ُﺪ ُﺷ َﺠ ٌ‬ ‫َخ ‪9.‬‬ ‫َﺳﻌِْﻴ ٌﺪ أ ٌ‬

‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ﺐ ‪19.‬‬ ‫َﺣﺎﻣ ٌﺪ ذَاﻫ ٌ‬ ‫ﳏﻤﻮد ﻋ ِ‬ ‫ﺎﱂٌ ‪20.‬‬ ‫َْ ُ ْ ٌ َ‬

‫ﺎل َﻋﺎﻗِ ٌﻞ ‪10.‬‬ ‫اَ ْﳋَ ُ‬

‫‪5‬‬

LESSON 2

‫ﺎف إِﻟ َْﻴ ِﻪ‬ ٌ ‫ﻀ‬ ٌ ‫ﻀ‬ َ ‫ﺎف َوُﻣ‬ َ ‫ُﻣ‬ Consider the following sentences: ‘slave of Allah,’ ‘messenger of Allah,’ ‘door of the house,’ ‘the Messenger’s order,’ ‘Mahmood’s pen,’ ‘Khalid’s book,’ ‘Hameed’s house.’ These phrases and those with a similar pattern are called mudaaf (‫ﺎف‬ ٌ ‫ﻀ‬ َ ‫) ُﻣ‬

and mudaaf ilayhi (‫ﺎف إِﻟَْﻴ ِﻪ‬ ٌ ‫ﻀ‬ َ ‫) ُﻣ‬. One thing (mudaaf) is attributed to the other (mudaaf ilayhi). Many times, the relationship is that of the possessed to its possessor. The possessed is called mudaaf and the possessor is called mudaaf ilayhi. For example, in the phrase ‘Mahmood’s pen,’ the pen is owned by Mahmood. Therefore, ‘pen’ is mudaaf and ‘Mahmood’ is mudaaf ilayhi. To translate a sentence of this type into Arabic, follow these steps: 1. Take out ‘of’ or the apostrophe and the ‘s,’ which show possession. 2. If you have taken out the apostrophe and the ‘s,’ reverse the sequence. Write the second word first and the first word second. If you took out ‘of,’ then there is no need to reverse the sequence. 3. Replace the English words with their Arabic equivalents. 4. Give the mudaaf a single dammah and the mudaaf ilayhi two kasrahs. For example, to translate the phrase ‘Mahmood’s pen’ to Arabic, first take out the apostrophe and ‘s.’ It becomes ‘Mahmood pen.’ Then, change the order of the words to ‘pen Mahmood.’ Next, replace the words with their Arabic equivalents. You get ‫ﻗﻠﻢ ﳏﻤﻮد‬. Now, give the mudaaf a single dammah and the mudaaf ilayhi two kasrahs. You get ‫ﳏ ُﻤ ْﻮٍد‬ َْ ‫ﻗَـﻠَ ُﻢ‬. Following the same method, ‘Khalid’s book’ becomes ِ ‫ﺎب َﺧﺎﻟِ ٍﺪ‬ ُ َ‫ﻛﺘ‬. For a sentence with ‘of,’ such as ‘ring of gold,’ first remove the ‘of.’ It becomes ‘ring gold.’ Now, replace the words with their Arabic equivalents. You get

‫ﺧﺎﰎ ذﻫﺐ‬. Now, give the mudaaf a single dammah and the mudaaf ilayhi two kasrahs. ٍ ‫ َﺧ َﺎﰎُ َذ َﻫ‬. You get ‫ﺐ‬ The rules concerning alif-laam have been mentioned in the first lesson. Those rules will apply here also. Thus, if there is an alif-laam at the beginning of the

ٍ ‫ َﺧ َﺎﰎُ ذَ َﻫ‬will become ُ‫َﺧ َﺎﰎ‬ mudaaf ilayhi, the two kasrahs will become one kasrah. ‫ﺐ‬ ِ ‫اﻟ ﱠﺬ َﻫ‬. It should be noted here that the mudaaf never accepts alif-laam or tanween. ‫ﺐ‬ For instance, in the above example, ُ‫ﺎﰎ‬ َ ‫ َﺧ‬will not accept alif-laam or tanween.

7

Lesson 2

Word List Arabic

English

Singular

‫ِﺟ َﺪ ٌار‬

wall

‫َد ٌار‬ ‫ﺖ‬ ٌ ‫ﺑَـْﻴ‬ ‫ﺎب‬ ٌ َ‫ﺑ‬

home, house door

‫ﺎك‬ ٌ ‫ُﺷﺒﱠ‬ ٌ‫ُﺣ ْﺠَﺮة‬

window room

ٌ‫ﻏُ ْﺮﻓَﺔ‬ ‫َﺳﻄْ ٌﺢ‬

roof

‫ﻒ‬ ٌ ‫َﺳ ْﻘ‬ ‫َﺳ ِﺮﻳْـٌﺮ‬

ceiling bed

‫ﻗَـﻠَ ٌﻢ‬ ‫َﺣﱞﺮ‬

pen heat

‫ﺲ‬ ٌ ْ‫َﴰ‬ ‫ﻳَـ ْﻮٌم‬ ‫ِدﻳْ ٌﻦ‬ ٌ‫إِﻗَ َﺎﻣﺔ‬

sun day judgment; religion to establish, establishing

Plural

‫ ُﺟ ْﺪ َرا ٌن‬،٬‫ُﺟ ُﺪٌر‬ ‫ ُد ْوٌر‬،٬‫ِدﻳَ ٌﺎر‬ ‫ت‬ ٌ ‫ﺑـُﻴُـ ْﻮ‬ ‫اب‬ ٌ ‫أَﺑْـ َﻮ‬ ‫ﻚ‬ ُ ‫َﺷﺒَﺎﺑِْﻴ‬ ‫ات‬ ٌ ‫ُﺣ ُﺠَﺮ‬ ‫ف‬ ٌ ‫ﻏَُﺮ‬

‫ أَ ْﺳﻄُ ٌﺢ‬،٬‫ُﺳﻄُْﻮ ٌح‬ ‫ف‬ ٌ ‫ُﺳ ُﻘ ْﻮ‬ ‫ُﺳُﺮٌر‬ ‫أَﻗْ َﻼ ٌم‬

‫س‬ ٌ ‫ُﴰُْﻮ‬ ‫أَﻳﱠ ٌﺎم‬

ٌ‫ﺻ ٰﻠﻮة‬ َ ،٬ٌ‫ﺻ َﻼة‬ َ ِ ٌ‫إﻳْـﺘَﺎء‬

ritual prayer (salah) to give, giving

ٌ‫ َزَﻛﺎة‬،٬ٌ‫ﻛﻮة‬ ٰ ‫َز‬ ٌ‫ﺑَـ ْﻠ َﺪة‬

poor due (zakah) city, town

‫ﺑَـﻠَ ٌﺪ‬ ٌ‫َﻣ ِﺪﻳْـﻨَﺔ‬

country; city, town city, town people

َ ٌ‫ﺿ ْﻮء‬ ِ ‫اج‬ ٌ ‫ﺳَﺮ‬

light lamp

ٌ‫ﻇُْﻠ َﻤﺔ‬

darkness

8

‫ ﺑـُْﻠ َﺪا ٌن‬،٬‫ﺑَِﻼ ٌد‬ ‫ُﻣ ُﺪ ٌن‬ ‫ﺎس‬ ٌ َ‫ﻧ‬ ْ َ‫أ‬ ُ‫ﺿ َﻮاء‬

‫ُﺳُﺮ ٌج‬ ‫ﺎت‬ ٌ ‫ﻇُﻠُ َﻤ‬

‫ﺎف إﻟَْﻴ ِﻪ‬ ٌ ‫ﻀ‬ ٌ ‫ﻀ‬ َ ‫ﺎف َوُﻣ‬ َ ‫ُﻣ‬ Arabic

English

Singular

‫ﻟَْﻴ ٌﻞ‬ ‫ﺻﺒَ ٌﻊ‬ ْ ِ‫إ‬ ‫ِر ْﺟ ٌﻞ‬ ‫ﻃَ ِﻮﻳْ ٌﻞ‬ ‫أ َِﻣْﻴـٌﺮ‬ ِ َ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﺼْﻴـٌﺮ‬ ِ ‫ﲔ‬ ٌْ ‫َﲦ‬ ‫َرﻓِْﻴ ٌﻊ‬ ِ ٌ‫ﺷﺘَﺎء‬ ‫ﻒ‬ ٌ ‫ﺻْﻴ‬ َ ِ ‫َرﺑْﻴ ٌﻊ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ ٌ ْ‫َﺧ ِﺮﻳ‬ ‫َﺟ ِﺪﻳْ ٌﺪ‬ ِ ٌ‫ﻗَﺪ ْﱘ‬ ِ ‫ﺎب‬ ٌ َ‫ﻛﺘ‬

night finger, toe foot; leg tall, long leader, governor short expensive high winter summer spring autumn, fall new old book

ٌ‫اﺳﺔ‬ َ ‫ُﻛﱠﺮ‬ ‫َﺳ َﻔٌﺮ‬

note-book jouney, travel

Exercise 1: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

Translate into Arabic.

Haamid’s son/son of Hameed Khalid’s mother/mother of Khalid Fatimah’s sister/sister of Fatimah The house’s wall/wall of the house The room’s door/door of the room The room’s window/window of the room The house’s roof/roof of the house The room’s ceiling/ceiling of the room Hameed’s bed/bed of Hameed The grandfather’s pen/pen of the grandfather The sun’s heat/heat of the sun

9

Plural

‫ﺻﺎﺑِ ُﻊ‬ َ َ‫أ‬ ‫أَْر ُﺟ ٌﻞ‬

Lesson 2

Exercise 2:

Translate into English.

1. ‫ﻳَـ ْﻮُم اﻟﺪﱢﻳْ ِﻦ‬ 2. ‫ﺼ َﻼ ِة‬ ‫إِﻗَ َﺎﻣﺔُ اﻟ ﱠ‬

6. ‫ﻇُْﻠ َﻤﺔُ اﻟﻠﱠْﻴ ِﻞ‬ 7. ‫َﺻﺎﺑِ ُﻊ ِر ْﺟ ٍﻞ‬ َ‫أ‬

5. ‫اج‬ ٍ ‫ﺿ ْﻮءُ ِﺳَﺮ‬ َ

10. ‫أ َِﻣْﻴـ ُﺮ اﻟْ َﻤ ِﺪﻳْـﻨَ ِﺔ‬

ِ ‫ﻗَـﻠَﻢ ﺣ‬ 8. ‫ﺎﻣ ٍﺪ‬ َ ُ ِ 9. ‫ﺧﺎﻟِ ٍﺪ‬ َ ‫اج‬ ُ ‫ﺳَﺮ‬

‫إِﻳْـﺘَﺎءُ ﱠ‬ 3. ِ‫اﻟﺰَﻛﺎة‬ 4. ‫ﺎس اﻟْﺒَـ ْﻠ َﺪ ِة‬ ُ َ‫ﻧ‬

Exercise 3: Translate into Arabic. 1. Mahmood’s pen is expensive. 2. The house’s wall is long. 3. The house’s roof is high. 4. Haamid’s son is tall. 5. Fatimah’s sister is short. 6. Days of Summer are long. 7. Days of Winter are short. 8. Door of the house is high. 9. Ceiling of the room is expensive. Exercise 4: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Translate into English.

‫اِﺑْ ُﻦ اﻟﱠﺮ ُﺟ ِﻞ َﻋﺎﻗِ ٌﻞ‬ ِْ ‫ﺑِْﻨﺖ‬ ٌ‫اﻻ ْﻣَﺮأَةِ ﻃَ ِﻮﻳْـﻠَﺔ‬ ُ ِ ِ ‫ﺎب اﻟْﺒَـْﻴﺖ َﺟﺪﻳْ ٌﺪ‬ ُ َ‫ﺑ‬ ِ َ‫أُﱡم َْﳏﻤﻮٍد ﻗ‬ ٌ‫ﺼْﻴـَﺮة‬ ُْ ِ ِ ِ ٌ‫ﺎب َﻋﺎﺋ َﺸﺔَ ﻗَﺪ ْﱘ‬ ُ َ‫ﻛﺘ‬ ٌ‫اﺳﺔُ ِآﻣﻨَﺔَ َﺟ ِﺪﻳْ َﺪة‬ َ ‫ُﻛﱠﺮ‬ ِ ٍ َِ ‫ﺑـﻴﺖ‬ ٌ‫ﲪْﻴﺪ ﻗَﺪ ْﱘ‬ ُ َْ ‫اِﺑْ ُﻦ َﺧﺎﻟِ َﺪ َة ذَﻛِ ﱞﻲ‬ ِ َ‫ﺻ َﻼةُ اﻟ ﱠﺴ َﻔ ِﺮ ﻗ‬ ‫ﺼْﻴـَﺮٌة‬ َ

10

LESSON 3

ِ ‫اَﻟ ِْﻔ ْﻌﻞ اﻟْﻤ‬ ‫ﺎﺿ ْﻲ‬ َ ُ

Past Tense Verb In this lesson, we will look at the various forms a past tense verb takes in accordance with the number and gender of the one(s) performing the action. To begin with, it should be noted that ‫ ﻓَـ َﻌﻞ‬means “he (S/M) did,” ‫ ﻓَـ َﻌ َﻼ‬means “they (D/M) did,” ‫ﻓَـ َﻌﻠُ ْﻮا‬ َ means “they (P/M) did,” ‫ﺖ‬ ْ َ‫ ﻓَـ َﻌﻠ‬means “she (S/F) did” and so on. These verbs are in active voice (‫ف‬ ٌ ‫)ﻓِ ْﻌ ٌﻞ َﻣ ْﻌُﺮْو‬.

ِ (seeghah). Looking at the table below, In Arabic, each verb form is called ٌ‫ﺻْﻴـﻐَﺔ‬ we can see that there are fourteen seeghahs in it. Each of these seeghahs has a name. This name identifies, whether it is singular, dual or plural, whether it is masculine or feminine, and whether it is first person, second person or third person. In Arabic,

ِ ‫و‬, ٌ‫ﺗَـﺜْﻨِﻴﺔ‬, and ‫ﲨﻊ‬, respectively; first the words for singular, dual and plural are ‫اﺣ ٌﺪ‬ ٌ َْ َ َ ِ ِ person is called ‫ ُﻣﺘَ َﻜﻠﱢ ٌﻢ‬, second person is called ‫ﺣﺎﺿٌﺮ‬ َ , and third person is called ‫ﺐ‬ ٌ ‫; َﻏﺎﺋ‬ and masculine is called ‫ ُﻣ َﺬ ﱠﻛٌﺮ‬, and feminine is called ‫ﱠﺚ‬ ٌ ‫ ُﻣ َﺆﻧ‬. Thus, singular masculine ِ ِ of the third person will be called ‫ﺐ‬ ٌ ‫ َواﺣ ٌﺪ ُﻣ َﺬ ﱠﻛٌﺮ َﻏﺎﺋ‬in Arabic. Dual masculine of the

ِ ِ third person will be called ‫ﺐ‬ ٌ ‫ﺗَـﺜْﻨﻴَﺔٌ ُﻣ َﺬ ﱠﻛٌﺮ َﻏﺎﺋ‬, and plural masculine of the third person ِ will be called ‫ﺐ‬ ٌ ‫ﲨَْ ٌﻊ ُﻣ َﺬ ﱠﻛٌﺮ َﻏﺎﺋ‬, and so on. In the case of the first person, because the gender is not identified, and there is no separate seeghah for dual, therefore, the two seeghahs, singular first person and ِ ‫ و‬and ‫ﲨﻊ ﻣﺘَ َﻜﻠﱢﻢ‬, respectively. plural first person will be called ‫اﺣ ٌﺪ ُﻣﺘَ َﻜﻠﱢ ٌﻢ‬ ٌ ُ ٌ َْ َ

11

Lesson 3

We are listing below the verb forms (also called conjugations) of the past tense verb in active voice. These should be memorized with their meanings.

Table 3.1

ِ ‫)اَﻟ ِْﻔ ْﻌﻞ اﻟْﻤ‬ Past Tense Verb Forms in Active Voice (‫ف‬ ُ ‫ﺎﺿﻰ اَﻟْ َﻤ ْﻌ ُﺮْو‬ َ ُ Person

Gender Masculine

Third Person

ِ (‫ﺐ‬ ٌ ‫) َﻏﺎﺋ‬

(‫) ُﻣ َﺬ ﱠﻛٌﺮ‬

Feminine (‫ﱠﺚ‬ ٌ ‫)ﻣ َﺆﻧ‬ ُ Masculine

Second Person

ِ ‫)ﺣ‬ (‫ﺎﺿٌﺮ‬ َ

First Person (‫) ُﻣﺘَ َﻜﻠﱢ ٌﻢ‬

(‫) ُﻣ َﺬ ﱠﻛٌﺮ‬ Feminine (‫ﱠﺚ‬ ٌ ‫)ﻣ َﺆﻧ‬ ُ Masculine/ Feminine Masculine/ Feminine

Plurality

English

Arabic

Singular

He did.

Dual

They did.

Plural

They did.

‫ﻓَـ َﻌ َﻞ‬ ‫ﻓَـ َﻌ َﻼ‬ ‫ﻓَـ َﻌﻠُ ْﻮا‬

Singular

She did.

Dual

They did.

Plural

They did.

Singular

You did.

Dual

You did.

Plural

You did.

Singular

You did.

Dual

You did.

Plural

You did.

Singular

I did.

‫ﺖ‬ ُ ‫ﻓَـ َﻌ ْﻠ‬

Dual/ Plural

We did.

‫ﻓَـ َﻌ ْﻠﻨَﺎ‬

12

‫ﺖ‬ ْ َ‫ﻓَـ َﻌﻠ‬ ‫ﻓَـ َﻌﻠَﺘَﺎ‬ ‫ﻓَـ َﻌ ْﻠ َﻦ‬

‫ﺖ‬ َ ‫ﻓَـ َﻌ ْﻠ‬ ‫ﻓَـ َﻌ ْﻠﺘُ َﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻓَـ َﻌ ْﻠﺘُ ْﻢ‬ ِ ‫ﻓَـﻌ ْﻠ‬ ‫ﺖ‬ َ ‫ﻓَـ َﻌ ْﻠﺘُ َﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﱳ‬ ‫ﻓَـ َﻌ ْﻠ ُ ﱠ‬

ِ ‫اَﻟْ ِﻔﻌﻞ اﻟْﻤ‬ ‫ﺎﺿ ْﻲ‬ َ ُْ Before we move on, it would be useful to see how Table 3.1 would be written in Arabic. This is as follows: Table 3.1a

ِ ‫اَﻟ ِْﻔ ْﻌﻞ اﻟْﻤ‬ ‫ف‬ ُ ‫ﺎﺿﻰ اَﻟ َْﻤ ْﻌ ُﺮْو‬ َ ُ ‫ﺼ ْﻴـﻐَ ِﺔ‬ ‫اِ ْﺳ ُﻢ اﻟ ﱢ‬

‫اَﻟ ﱢ‬ ُ‫ﺼ ْﻴـﻐَﺔ‬

ِ ِ ‫ﺐ‬ ٌ ‫َواﺣ ٌﺪ ُﻣ َﺬ ﱠﻛٌﺮ َﻏﺎﺋ‬ ِ ِ ‫ﺐ‬ ٌ ‫ﺗَـﺜْﻨﻴَﺔٌ ُﻣ َﺬ ﱠﻛٌﺮ َﻏﺎﺋ‬ ِ ‫ﺐ‬ ٌ ‫ﲨَْ ٌﻊ ُﻣ َﺬ ﱠﻛٌﺮ َﻏﺎﺋ‬ ِ ٌ ‫اﺣ ٌﺪ ﻣﺆﻧ‬ ِ ‫ﺐ‬ َ ُ ‫َو‬ ٌ ‫ﱠﺚ َﻏﺎﺋ‬ ِ ٌ ‫ﺗَـﺜْﻨِﻴﺔٌ ﻣﺆﻧ‬ ‫ﺐ‬ َُ َ ٌ ‫ﱠﺚ َﻏﺎﺋ‬ ِ ‫ﺐ‬ ٌ ‫ﲨَْ ٌﻊ ُﻣ َﺆﻧ‬ ٌ ‫ﱠﺚ َﻏﺎﺋ‬ ِ ِ ‫اﺣ ٌﺪ ﻣ َﺬ ﱠﻛﺮ ﺣ‬ ‫ﺎﺿٌﺮ‬ َ ٌ ُ ‫َو‬ ِ ‫ﺗَـﺜْﻨِﻴﺔٌ ﻣ َﺬ ﱠﻛﺮ ﺣ‬ ‫ﺎﺿٌﺮ‬ َ ٌ ُ َ ِ ‫ﲨَْ ٌﻊ ُﻣ َﺬ ﱠﻛٌﺮ َﺣﺎﺿٌﺮ‬ ِ ِ ‫ﱠﺚ ﺣ‬ ‫ﺎﺿٌﺮ‬ َ ٌ ‫َواﺣ ٌﺪ ُﻣ َﺆﻧ‬ ِ ِ ‫ﱠﺚ ﺣ‬ ‫ﺎﺿٌﺮ‬ َ ٌ ‫ﺗَـﺜْﻨﻴَﺔٌ ُﻣ َﺆﻧ‬ ِ ‫ﺚﺣ‬ ‫ﺎﺿٌﺮ‬ َ ٌ ‫ﲨَْ ٌﻊ ُﻣ َﺆﻧﱠ‬ ِ‫و‬ ‫اﺣ ٌﺪ ُﻣﺘَ َﻜﻠﱢ ٌﻢ‬ َ

‫ﻓَـ َﻌ َﻞ‬ ‫ﻓَـ َﻌ َﻼ‬ ‫ﻓَـ َﻌﻠُ ْﻮا‬

‫ﺖ‬ ْ َ‫ﻓَـ َﻌﻠ‬ ‫ﻓَـ َﻌﻠَﺘَﺎ‬ ‫ﻓَـ َﻌ ْﻠ َﻦ‬

‫ﺖ‬ َ ‫ﻓَـ َﻌ ْﻠ‬ ‫ﻓَـ َﻌ ْﻠﺘُ َﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻓَـ َﻌ ْﻠﺘُ ْﻢ‬ ِ ‫ﻓَـﻌ ْﻠ‬ ‫ﺖ‬ َ ‫ﻓَـ َﻌ ْﻠﺘُ َﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﱳ‬ ‫ﻓَـ َﻌ ْﻠ ُ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺖ‬ ُ ‫ﻓَـ َﻌ ْﻠ‬ ‫ﻓَـ َﻌ ْﻠﻨَﺎ‬

‫ﲨَْ ٌﻊ ُﻣﺘَ َﻜﻠﱢ ٌﻢ‬

Note: In the tables above, ‫ ﻓَـ َﻌ َﻞ‬has been translated as “he did” and ‫ﺖ‬ ْ َ‫ ﻓَـ َﻌﻠ‬as “she did.” It should be kept in mind that these forms could also mean “it (masculine) did” and “it (feminine) did,” respectively. The same is true of other forms. The masculine could be any masculine thing or person, and the feminine could be any feminine thing or person.

13

Lesson 3

Changing Active Voice to ive Voice Now, to change these verbs into ive voice, follow the following procedure. Put a dammah on the first letter (‫ )ف‬of ‫ﻓَـ َﻌﻞ‬, and a kasrah on its second letter (‫)ع‬. It will َ become ‫ﻓُﻌِ َﻞ‬. Its meaning will change to “he (S/M) was done upon.” This is ive

ِ voice (‫ﳎ ُﻬ ْﻮٌل‬ َْ ‫)ﻓ ْﻌ ٌﻞ‬. Similarly, ‫ ﻓَـ َﻌ َﻼ‬will become ‫ﻓُﻌِ َﻼ‬, ‫ ﻓَـ َﻌﻠُ ْﻮا‬will become ‫ﻓُﻌِﻠُ ْﻮا‬, ‫ﺖ‬ ْ َ‫ ﻓَـ َﻌﻠ‬will ِ become ‫ﺖ‬ ْ َ‫ﻓُﻌﻠ‬, and so on. We are listing below the verb forms (also called conjugations) of the past tense verb in ive voice. These should be memorized with their meanings. Table 3.2

ِ ‫)اَﻟ ِْﻔ ْﻌﻞ اﻟْﻤ‬ Past Tense Verb Forms in ive Voice (‫ﺠ ُﻬ ْﻮ ُل‬ ْ ‫ﺎﺿﻰ اَﻟْ َﻤ‬ َ ُ Person

Gender Masculine

Third Person

ِ (‫ﺐ‬ ٌ ‫) َﻏﺎﺋ‬

(‫) ُﻣ َﺬ ﱠﻛٌﺮ‬

Feminine (‫ﱠﺚ‬ ٌ ‫)ﻣ َﺆﻧ‬ ُ Masculine

Second Person

ِ ‫)ﺣ‬ (‫ﺎﺿٌﺮ‬ َ

First Person (‫) ُﻣﺘَ َﻜﻠﱢ ٌﻢ‬

(‫) ُﻣ َﺬ ﱠﻛٌﺮ‬ Feminine (‫ﱠﺚ‬ ٌ ‫)ﻣ َﺆﻧ‬ ُ Masculine/ Feminine Masculine/ Faminine

Plurality

English

Singular

He was done.

Dual

They were done.

Plural

They were done.

Singular

She was done.

Dual

They were done.

Plural

They were done.

Singular

You were done.

Dual

You were done.

Plural

You were done.

Singular

You were done.

Dual

You were done.

Plural

You were done.

Singular

I was done.

Dual/ Plural

We were done.

14

Arabic

‫ﻓُﻌِ َﻞ‬ ‫ﻓُﻌِ َﻼ‬

‫ﻓُﻌِﻠُ ْﻮا‬ ِ ‫ﺖ‬ ْ َ‫ﻓُﻌﻠ‬ ‫ﻓُﻌِﻠَﺘَﺎ‬ ‫ﻓُﻌِْﻠ َﻦ‬ ِ ‫ﺖ‬ َ ‫ﻓُﻌ ْﻠ‬ ‫ﻓُﻌِْﻠﺘُ َﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻓُﻌِْﻠﺘُ ْﻢ‬ ِ ‫ﻓُﻌِْﻠ‬ ‫ﺖ‬ ‫ﻓُﻌِْﻠﺘُ َﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﱳ‬ ‫ﻓُﻌِْﻠ ُ ﱠ‬ ِ ‫ﺖ‬ ُ ‫ﻓُﻌ ْﻠ‬ ‫ﻓُﻌِْﻠﻨَﺎ‬

ِ ‫اَﻟْ ِﻔﻌﻞ اﻟْﻤ‬ ‫ﺎﺿ ْﻲ‬ َ ُْ Again, before we move on, it would be useful to see how Table 3.2 would be written in Arabic. Table 3.2a

ِ ‫اَﻟ ِْﻔ ْﻌﻞ اﻟْﻤ‬ ‫ﺎﺿﻰ اَﻟْ َﻤ ْﺠ ُﻬ ْﻮ ُل‬ َ ُ ‫ﺼ ْﻴـﻐَ ِﺔ‬ ‫اِ ْﺳ ُﻢ اﻟ ﱢ‬

‫اَﻟ ﱢ‬ ُ‫ﺼ ْﻴـﻐَﺔ‬

‫ﻓُﻌِ َﻞ‬ ‫ﻓُﻌِ َﻼ‬

ِ ِ ‫ﺐ‬ ٌ ‫َواﺣ ٌﺪ ُﻣ َﺬ ﱠﻛٌﺮ َﻏﺎﺋ‬ ِ ِ ‫ﺐ‬ ٌ ‫ﺗَـﺜْﻨﻴَﺔٌ ُﻣ َﺬ ﱠﻛٌﺮ َﻏﺎﺋ‬ ِ ‫ﺐ‬ ٌ ‫ﲨَْ ٌﻊ ُﻣ َﺬ ﱠﻛٌﺮ َﻏﺎﺋ‬ ِ ٌ ‫اﺣ ٌﺪ ﻣﺆﻧ‬ ِ ‫ﺐ‬ َ ُ ‫َو‬ ٌ ‫ﱠﺚ َﻏﺎﺋ‬ ِ ٌ ‫ﺗَـﺜْﻨِﻴﺔٌ ﻣﺆﻧ‬ ‫ﺐ‬ َُ َ ٌ ‫ﱠﺚ َﻏﺎﺋ‬ ِ ‫ﺐ‬ ٌ ‫ﲨَْ ٌﻊ ُﻣ َﺆﻧ‬ ٌ ‫ﱠﺚ َﻏﺎﺋ‬ ِ ِ ‫اﺣ ٌﺪ ﻣ َﺬ ﱠﻛﺮ ﺣ‬ ‫ﺎﺿٌﺮ‬ َ ٌ ُ ‫َو‬ ِ ‫ﺗَـﺜْﻨِﻴﺔٌ ﻣ َﺬ ﱠﻛﺮ ﺣ‬ ‫ﺎﺿٌﺮ‬ َ ٌ ُ َ ِ ‫ﲨَْ ٌﻊ ُﻣ َﺬ ﱠﻛٌﺮ َﺣﺎﺿٌﺮ‬ ِ ِ ‫ﱠﺚ ﺣ‬ ‫ﺎﺿٌﺮ‬ َ ٌ ‫َواﺣ ٌﺪ ُﻣ َﺆﻧ‬ ِ ِ ‫ﱠﺚ ﺣ‬ ‫ﺎﺿٌﺮ‬ َ ٌ ‫ﺗَـﺜْﻨﻴَﺔٌ ُﻣ َﺆﻧ‬ ِ ‫ﱠﺚ ﺣ‬ ‫ﺎﺿٌﺮ‬ َ ٌ ‫ﲨَْ ٌﻊ ُﻣ َﺆﻧ‬ ِ‫و‬ ‫اﺣ ٌﺪ ُﻣﺘَ َﻜﻠﱢ ٌﻢ‬ َ

‫ﻓُﻌِﻠُ ْﻮا‬ ِ ‫ﺖ‬ ْ َ‫ﻓُﻌﻠ‬ ‫ﻓُﻌِﻠَﺘَﺎ‬ ‫ﻓُﻌِْﻠ َﻦ‬ ِ ‫ﺖ‬ َ ‫ﻓُﻌ ْﻠ‬ ‫ﻓُﻌِْﻠﺘُ َﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻓُﻌِْﻠﺘُ ْﻢ‬ ِ ‫ﻓُﻌِْﻠ‬ ‫ﺖ‬ ‫ﻓُﻌِْﻠﺘُ َﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﱳ‬ ‫ﻓُﻌِْﻠ ُ ﱠ‬ ِ ‫ﺖ‬ ُ ‫ﻓُﻌ ْﻠ‬ ‫ﻓُﻌِْﻠﻨَﺎ‬

‫ﲨَْ ٌﻊ ُﻣﺘَ َﻜﻠﱢ ٌﻢ‬

ِ Note: In these two tables, ‫ ﻓُﻌِ َﻞ‬has been translated as “he was done” and ‫ﺖ‬ ْ َ‫ ﻓُﻌﻠ‬as “she was done.” As mentioned above in the note after Tables 3.1 & 3.1a, these forms could also mean “it (masculine) was done” and “it (feminine) was done,” respectively. The same is true of other forms. The masculine could be any masculine thing or person, and the feminine could be any feminine thing or person.

15

Lesson 3

ِ ِ Creating Conjugation Tables from ‫ﺐ‬ ٌ ‫َواﺣ ٌﺪ ُﻣ َﺬ ّﻛ ٌﺮ ﻏَﺎﺋ‬ Having memorized these two tables, the next stage is to identify the verb forms of

ِ‫و‬ other verbs by comparing them to these tables. For this, we need to know that ‫اﺣ ٌﺪ‬ َ ِ ‫ﺐ‬ ٌ ‫ ُﻣ َﺬ ّﻛٌﺮ َﻏﺎﺋ‬of any verb table is considered to be the basic verb form. Generally, it is composed of three letters. The first is called ٌ‫ﻓَﺎء َﻛﻠِ َﻤﺔ‬, the second is called ٌ‫ َﻋ ْﲔ َﻛﻠِ َﻤﺔ‬, and the third is called ٌ‫ َﻛﻠِ َﻤﺔ‬ ‫َﻻم‬. Now all that remains to be done is to identify which letter of the new verb matches which letter of the basic verb form of the tables given

above. Consider, the verb ‫ﺼَﺮ‬ َ َ‫( ﻧ‬he helped). Comparing this to ‫ ﻓَـ َﻌ َﻞ‬of Table 3.1 or Table 3.1a, we can see that in this verb, ‫ ن‬is the ٌ‫ﻓَﺎء َﻛﻠِ َﻤﺔ‬, ‫ ص‬is the ٌ‫ َﻋ ْﲔ َﻛﻠِ َﻤﺔ‬, and ‫ ر‬is the ٌ‫ َﻛﻠِ َﻤﺔ‬ ‫َﻻم‬. Once, this is established, it is easy to compare any of its forms with the rest of table.

ِ ِ Below, we are providing a list of the basic forms (‫ﺐ‬ ٌ ‫ ) َواﺣ ٌﺪ ُﻣ َﺬ ّﻛٌﺮ َﻏﺎﺋ‬of various verbs and their meanings. Their remaining forms can be created from them. Word List For Verbs English

Arabic

he wrote

‫ﺐ‬ َ َ‫َﻛﺘ‬ َ‫ﻗَـَﺮأ‬

he read

‫َو َﺟ َﺪ‬ ‫ﻃَﺒَ َﺦ‬ ‫ﻗَﻄَ َﻊ‬

he found he cooked he cut he filled he sought, he demanded

َ‫َﻣ َﻸ‬ ‫ﺐ‬ َ َ‫ﻃَﻠ‬ ‫َﺳﺄ ََل‬ ‫ﺻﻨَ َﻊ‬ َ

he asked he made

‫َﺧ َﺬ‬ َ‫أ‬ ‫أَ َﻛ َﻞ‬

he took he ate

‫ب‬ َ ‫َﻫَﺮ‬ ‫ﺐ‬ َ ‫َذ َﻫ‬ ‫ﻓَـﺘَ َﺢ‬

he ran, he fled he went he opened

16

ِ ‫اَﻟْ ِﻔﻌﻞ اﻟْﻤ‬ ‫ﺎﺿ ْﻲ‬ َ ُْ English

Arabic

he hit

‫ب‬ َ َ ‫ﺿَﺮ‬ ‫َد َﺧ َﻞ‬ ‫ﺿ َﻊ‬ َ ‫َو‬

he entered he put (something)

‫ﺼَﺮ‬ َ َ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺻ َﻞ‬ َ ‫َو‬ ‫َر َﺟ َﻊ‬

he helped he ed, he arrived he returned

‫ذَﺑَ َﺢ‬ ‫ﻇَﻠَ َﻢ‬

he slaughtered he oppressed he imprisoned, he detained Exercise 1: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Translate into Arabic.

I wrote. They (P/F) read. You (S/M) found. You (P/F) cooked. They (P/F) cut. We filled. You (P/M) demanded. They (D/M) asked. They (D/F) made. You (S/F) took.

Exercise 2: Translate into Arabic. 1. It (S/M) was eaten. 2. They (P/M) were cut. 3. They (P/F) were made. 4. They (P/F) ran. 5. You (S/M) went. 6. You (P/M) were found. 7. It (S/F) was opened. 8. He was hit. 9. They (P/F) entered. 10. It (S/F) was placed.

17

‫ﺲ‬ َ َ‫َﺣﺒ‬

‫‪Lesson 3‬‬

‫‪Translate into English and identify the seeghah.‬‬ ‫ذَ َﻫْﺒﺘُ َﻤﺎ ‪9.‬‬ ‫َﻛﺘَْﺒـﻨَﺎ ‪10.‬‬ ‫َت ‪11.‬‬ ‫ﻗَـَﺮأ ْ‬

‫ﺨﺎ ‪12.‬‬ ‫ﻃَﺒَ َ‬ ‫أَ َﻛ ْﻠ َﻦ ‪13.‬‬

‫ﺖ ‪14.‬‬ ‫ﺻ ْﻠ َ‬ ‫َو َ‬ ‫َﻫَﺮﺑـُ ْﻮا ‪15.‬‬ ‫ﺟ ْﻌﺘُ ْﻢ ‪16.‬‬ ‫َر َ‬

‫‪Translate into English and identify the seeghah.‬‬

‫‪Exercise 2:‬‬ ‫ﺼ ُﺮْوا ‪1.‬‬ ‫ﻧَ َ‬ ‫ﺖ ‪2.‬‬ ‫ﻓَـﺘَ َﺤ ْ‬

‫ﺿَﺮﺑْـﺘُ ْﻢ ‪3.‬‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ﺖ ‪4.‬‬ ‫َد َﺧ ْﻠ ُ‬

‫ﺿ َﻊ ‪5.‬‬ ‫َو َ‬ ‫ﺻﻨَـﻌ ِ‬ ‫ﺖ ‪6.‬‬ ‫َْ‬ ‫ذَ َﻫﺒَﺘَﺎ ‪7.‬‬ ‫ﺟ ْﺪﺗﱡ ﱠﻦ ‪8.‬‬ ‫َو َ‬ ‫‪Exercise 3:‬‬

‫ﺻﻨِ ُﻌ ْﻮا ‪7.‬‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ﺧﻠِ ْﻘﺘُ ْﻢ ‪8.‬‬ ‫ُ‬

‫ﺿ ِﺮﺑـُ ْﻮا ‪1.‬‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ت ‪2.‬‬ ‫ﻧُﺼ ْﺮ ُ‬

‫ِ‬ ‫ﺴﺘُ َﻤﺎ ‪10.‬‬ ‫ُﺣﺒ ْ‬ ‫ُوِﺟ َﺪﺗَﺎ ‪11.‬‬

‫ِ‬ ‫ﺖ ‪4.‬‬ ‫ﻇُﻠ َﻤ ْ‬ ‫ﻗُ ِﻄ َﻊ ‪5.‬‬

‫ﺧﻠِ ْﻘﻨَﺎ ‪9.‬‬ ‫ُ‬

‫ﱳ ‪12.‬‬ ‫ُﺳﺌِْﻠ ُ ﱠ‬

‫‪18‬‬

‫ِ‬ ‫ﺖ ‪3.‬‬ ‫ذُﲝَ ْ‬

‫ِ‬ ‫ﺖ ‪6.‬‬ ‫ُوﺿ َﻌ ْ‬

LESSON 4

ِ َ‫ ﻓ‬،٬‫ﻓِﻌﻞ‬ ‫ َﻣ ْﻔ ُﻌ ْﻮ ٌل‬،٬‫ﺎﻋ ٌﻞ‬ ٌْ

Verb, Subject, Object

ِ In Arabic, the word sequence in a verbal sentence is as follows: verb (‫ﻞ‬ ٌ ‫)ﻓ ْﻌ‬, then ِ subject (‫ﻞ‬ ٌ ‫)ﻓَﺎﻋ‬, and finally the object (‫) َﻣ ْﻔ ُﻌ ْﻮٌل‬. ‫( ﻓِ ْﻌ ٌﻞ‬verb) = the action being done. ِ َ‫( ﻓ‬subject) = the person doing the action. ‫ﺎﻋ ٌﻞ‬ ‫( َﻣ ْﻔ ُﻌ ْﻮٌل‬object) = the person or the thing to whom or to which the action is being done.

ِ Rule: The ‫ﻞ‬ ٌ ‫ ﻓَﺎﻋ‬gets a dammah (or two dammahs as the case may be), and the ‫َﻣ ْﻔ ُﻌ ْﻮٌل‬ gets a fathah (or two fathahs). Examples:

ِ 1. ‘Haamid helped Mahmood.’ In this sentence, the ‫ﻞ‬ ٌ ‫ ﻓ ْﻌ‬is ‘helped,’ Haamid is

ِ the ‫ﻞ‬ ٌ ‫ ﻓَﺎﻋ‬and Mahmood is the ‫ َﻣ ْﻔ ُﻌ ْﻮٌل‬. When translating this sentence into Arabic, the Arabic word for helped (‫ﺼَﺮ‬ َ َ‫ )ﻧ‬will come first followed by the ِ ‫ )ﺣ‬with two dammahs, and then the maf‘ool, Mahmood faa‘il, Hamid (‫ﺎﻣ ٌﺪ‬ َ (‫ﳏ ُﻤ ْﻮًدا‬ ) with two fathahs. The final sentence will be ‫ﳏ ُﻤ ْﻮًدا‬ َْ َْ ‫ﺼَﺮ َﺣ ِﺎﻣ ٌﺪ‬ َ َ‫ﻧ‬.

ِ ‫ )ﺧ‬opened (‫ )ﻓَـﺘﺢ‬a door (‫)ﺑﺎﺑﺎ‬.’ The same order used for the last 2. ‘A servant (‫ﺎد ٌم‬ َ ًَ ََ

ِ example (‫ ﻓِ ْﻌ ٌﻞ‬first, ‫ﻞ‬ ٌ ‫ ﻓَﺎﻋ‬second and ‫ َﻣ ْﻔ ُﻌ ْﻮٌل‬last) will apply here. , ِ َ‫ ﻓ‬will get two dammahs and the ‫ ﻣ ْﻔﻌﻮٌل‬will get two fathahs. The full the ‫ﺎﻋ ٌﻞ‬ ُْ َ ِ sentence will be ‫ﺧﺎد ٌم ﺑَﺎﺑًﺎ‬ َ ‫ﻓَـﺘَ َﺢ‬.

Notes:  If there is an alif-laam on any word, the tanween (double harakah) at the end will change to a single harakah (the two fathahs will change to a single fathah, the two kasrahs will change to a single kasrah, and the two dammahs will change to a single dammah). Thus, ‘the servant opened the door’ will

ِ ْ ‫ﻓَـﺘﺢ‬. Here, the alif-laam caused the double harakah be written as ‫ﺎب‬ َ َ‫اﳋَﺎد ُم اﻟْﺒ‬ ََ to be dropped, and only a single harakah remained.

19

Lesson 4



ِ Mudaaf and mudaaf ilayhi can combine to form a ‫ﻞ‬ ٌ ‫ ﻓَﺎﻋ‬or a ‫ َﻣ ْﻔ ُﻌ ْﻮٌل‬. For example: ٍ ِ ‫ﺎب‬ َ َ‫ﻓَـﺘَ َﺢ َﺧﺎد ُم َﻣ ْﺤ ُﻤ ْﻮد اَﻟْﺒ‬

Mahmood’s servant opened the door.

ِ ‫اﳋَ ِﺎدم ﺑﺎب اﻟْﺒـ ْﻴ‬ ‫ﺖ‬ َ َ َ ُ ْ ‫ﻓَـﺘَ َﺢ‬

The servant opened the door of the house.

ِ ِ ‫ﺎدم ﻣ ْﺤﻤﻮ ٍد ﺑﺎب اﻟْﺒـ ْﻴ‬ ‫ﺖ‬ َ َ َ ْ ُ َ ُ ‫ﻓَـﺘَ َﺢ َﺧ‬

Mahmood’s servant opened the door of the house. In this case, it is important to that the mudaaf does not accept an alif-laam or a tanween. However, the mudaaf ilayhi can accept both.

ِ Moreover, the effect of being a ‫ﻞ‬ ٌ ‫ ﻓَﺎﻋ‬or ‫ َﻣ ْﻔ ُﻌ ْﻮٌل‬will show on the mudaaf alone and not the mudaaf ilayhi. Word List for Verbs English

Arabic

he read

َ‫ﻗَـَﺮأ‬ ‫َﻣﻨَ َﻊ‬ ‫ﺐ‬ َ َ‫َﻛﺘ‬ ‫َﻫَﺰَم‬

he stopped (someone) he wrote he defeated

‫ﻃَﺒَ َﺦ‬ ‫أَ َﻛ َﻞ‬

he cooked he ate he hit; he beat he worshipped he broke (something physical) he tore he helped he cheated, he deceived he profited he heard he made (someone into someone or something into something)

20

‫ب‬ َ َ ‫ﺿَﺮ‬ ‫َﻋﺒَ َﺪ‬ ‫َﻛ َﺴَﺮ‬ ‫َﺧَﺮ َق‬ ‫ﺼَﺮ‬ َ َ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ع‬ َ ‫َﺧ َﺪ‬ ‫َرﺑِ َﺢ‬ ‫َِﲰ َﻊ‬ ‫َﺟ َﻌ َﻞ‬

ِ َ‫ ﻓ‬،٬‫ﻓِﻌﻞ‬ ‫ َﻣ ْﻔ ُﻌ ْﻮٌل‬،٬‫ﺎﻋ ٌﻞ‬ ٌْ English

Arabic

he understood he ed he looked (at/towards) he broke (something nonphysical) he gave an example he separated he created, he made; he originated he was ungrateful; disbelieved he killed he sat (down) he imposed; he made something obligatory

‫ﻓَ ِﻬ َﻢ‬ ‫ذَ َﻛَﺮ‬ (‫ﻧَﻈََﺮ )إِ ٰﱃ‬ ‫ﺾ‬ َ ‫ﻧَـ َﻘ‬

(‫ب ) َﻣﺜًَﻼ‬ َ َ ‫ﺿَﺮ‬ ‫ﻓَـَﺮ َق‬ ‫َﺧﻠَ َﻖ‬ ‫َﻛ َﻔَﺮ‬ ‫ﻗَـﺘَ َﻞ‬

‫ﺲ‬ َ َ‫َﺟﻠ‬ (‫ﺐ ) َﻋ ٰﻠﻰ‬ َ َ‫َﻛﺘ‬

Word List for Nouns & Particles English book letter army girl meat uncle (paternal) bread rice dog (drinking) glass garment, dress; cloth friend

Arabic Singular

ِ ‫ﺎب‬ ٌ َ‫ﻛﺘ‬ ٌ‫ِر َﺳﺎﻟَﺔ‬ ‫ُﺟْﻨ ٌﺪ‬ ‫ﺖ‬ ٌ ‫ﺑِْﻨ‬ ‫َﳊْ ٌﻢ‬ ‫َﻋﻢﱞ‬

‫ُﺧْﺒـٌﺰ‬ ‫أَُرﱞز‬

‫ﺐ‬ ٌ ‫َﻛ ْﻠ‬ ‫س‬ ٌ ْ‫َﻛﺄ‬

‫ب‬ ٌ ‫ﺛـَ ْﻮ‬ ‫ﺻ ِﺪﻳْ ٌﻖ‬ َ

21

Plural

‫ﺐ‬ ٌ ُ‫ُﻛﺘ‬ ‫َر َﺳﺎﺋِ ُﻞ‬ ‫ُﺟﻨُـ ْﻮٌد‬ ‫ُﳊُْﻮٌم‬ ‫َﺧﺒَ ٌﺎز‬ ْ‫أ‬ ِ ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫ﻛ َﻼ‬ ‫س‬ ٌ ‫ُﻛ ُﺆْو‬ ِ ‫ﺎب‬ ٌ َ‫ﺛﻴ‬ ِ ‫أ‬ ْ ُ‫َﺻﺪﻗَﺎء‬

Lesson 4

English mother messenger; prophet religion sky building; roof land, earth bed; spread; mattress Satan, the Devil not trade ear heart transgressor oath; pledge; promise Muslim speech man example blessing sea chicken, hen servant door Exercise 1:

Arabic Singular

Plural

‫أُمﱞ‬ ‫َر ُﺳ ْﻮٌل‬ ‫ِدﻳْ ٌﻦ‬ ٌ‫َﲰَﺎء‬ ِ ٌ‫ﺑﻨَﺎء‬

‫ﺎت‬ ٌ ‫أُﱠﻣ َﻬ‬ ‫ُر ُﺳ ٌﻞ‬

‫ض‬ ٌ ‫أ َْر‬ ِ ‫اش‬ ٌ ‫ﻓَﺮ‬

‫اَﻟﺸْﱠﻴﻄَﺎ ُن‬ ‫َﻣﺎ‬ ٌ‫ِﲡَ َﺎرة‬ ‫أُذُ ٌن‬ ‫ﺐ‬ ٌ ‫ﻗَـ ْﻠ‬ ِ َ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺎﺳ ٌﻖ‬ ‫َﻋ ْﻬ ٌﺪ‬ ‫ُﻣ ْﺴﻠِ ٌﻢ‬ ‫َﻛ َﻼ ٌم‬ ‫َر ُﺟ ٌﻞ‬ ‫َﻣﺜَ ٌﻞ‬ ٌ‫ﻧِ ْﻌ َﻤﺔ‬

‫َْﲝٌﺮ‬ ٌ‫ﺎﺟﺔ‬ َ ‫َد َﺟ‬ ‫َﺧ ِﺎد ٌم‬ ‫ﺎب‬ ٌ َ‫ﺑ‬

Translate into Arabic

1. Hameed read a book. 2. Naseer stopped Mahmood. 3. Khalid wrote a letter.

22

‫أ َْدﻳَﺎ ٌن‬ (‫ات‬ ٌ ‫ َﲰَ َﺎو‬،٬‫ات‬ ٌ ‫ت ) َﲰ َٰﻮ‬ ٌ ‫َﲰ ٰٰﻮ‬ ٌ‫أَﺑْﻨِﻴَﺔ‬ ِ ‫ اَْﻷَر‬،٬‫اض‬ ‫اﺿﻰ‬ َ ٍ ‫أ ََر‬ ٌ‫أَﻓْ ِﺮ َﺷﺔ‬

‫أٰذَا ٌن‬ ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫ﻗُـﻠُ ْﻮ‬

ِ َ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺎق‬ ٌ ‫ ﻓُ ﱠﺴ‬،٬‫ﺎﺳ ُﻘ ْﻮ َن‬ ‫ُﻋ ُﻬ ْﻮٌد‬ ‫ُﻣ ْﺴﻠِ ُﻤ ْﻮ َن‬

‫ﺎل‬ ٌ َ‫أ َْﻣﺜ‬ ‫ﻧِ َﻌ ٌﻢ‬ ‫ِﲝَ ٌﺎر‬ ‫ُد ُﺟ ٌﺞ‬

‫ﱠام‬ ٌ ‫ُﺧﺪ‬ ‫اب‬ ٌ ‫أَﺑْـ َﻮ‬

ِ َ‫ ﻓ‬،٬‫ﻓِﻌﻞ‬ ‫ َﻣ ْﻔ ُﻌ ْﻮٌل‬،٬‫ﺎﻋ ٌﻞ‬ ٌْ 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

Tariq defeated the army. The girl cooked the meat. The uncle (maternal) ate the bread. I ate the rice. I hit the dog. You (P/M) worshipped Allah. You (S/F) tore the cloth. Hameed’s friend helped Khalid’s grandson (son’s son). The girl’s mother broke the glass.

Exercise 2: applicable.

ِ ِ Translate into English and identify the ‫ﻞ‬ ٌ ‫ﻓ ْﻌ‬, ‫ﻓَﺎﻋ ٌﻞ‬, and ‫ َﻣ ْﻔ ُﻌ ْﻮٌل‬, where

ِ 1. ‫ﺳ ْﻮًﻻ‬ َ ) ‫َﺟ َﻌ َﻞ اﷲُ ُﳏَ ﱠﻤ ًﺪا‬ ُ ‫ﺻﻠﱠﻰ اﷲُ َﻋﻠَْﻴﻪ َو َﺳﻠﱠ َﻢ( ﱠر‬ ِ ِْ ُ‫َﺟ َﻌﻞ اﷲ‬ 2. ‫اﻹ ْﺳ َﻼ َم دﻳْـﻨًﺎ‬ َ

ِ ‫ﺟﻌﻞ اﷲ اﻟ ﱠﺴﻤﺂء ﺑِﻨﺎء ﱠو ْاﻷَر‬ 3. ‫اﺷﺎ‬ ً ‫ض ﻓَﺮ‬ َ ْ ً َ َ َ ُ َ ََ ِ 4. ‫ﺴﺎ َن‬ َ ‫َﺧ َﺪ‬ َ ْ‫ع اﻟﺸْﱠﻴﻄَﺎ ُن ْاﻹﻧ‬ 5. ‫ﺎرُة‬ ْ َ‫َﻣﺎ َرِﲝ‬ َ ‫ﺖ اَﻟﺘﱢ َﺠ‬ ِ 6. ‫ب‬ ْ َ‫ﺖ اَْ ٰﻷذَا ُن َو َﻋ َﻘﻠ‬ ْ ‫َﲰ َﻌ‬ ُ ‫ﺖ اَﻟْ ُﻘﻠُ ْﻮ‬

ِ ‫ﺎﺳﻖ ﻋﻬ َﺪ اﷲِ و َِﲰﻊ اﻟْﻤﺴﻠِﻢ َﻛ َﻼم‬ ِ 7. ‫اﷲ‬ ْ َ ُ ‫ﺾ اﻟْ َﻔ‬ َ ‫ﻧـَ َﻘ‬ َ ُ ُْ َ َ 8. ‫ﺟ ٌﻞ َﻣﺜًَﻼ‬ َ َ ‫ﺿَﺮ‬ ُ ‫ب َر‬ 9. ‫ذَ َﻛ ُﺮْوا ﻧِ ْﻌ َﻤ َﺔ اﷲِ َوَﻣﺎ َﻛ َﻔ ُﺮْوا‬

10. ‫ﺤَﺮ‬ ْ َ‫ﻓَـَﺮﻗْـﻨَﺎ اﻟْﺒ‬ 11. ‫ﺤ َﻢ‬ ْ ‫ﺎﺟﺔَ َوﻃَﺒَ ْﺨﺘُ ُﻢ اﻟﻠﱠ‬ َ ‫ﱠﺟ‬ َ ‫َذ َْﲝﺘُ ُﻢ اﻟﺪ‬

23

LESSON 5

ُ ‫اَﻟْ ُﺤ ُﺮْو‬ ُ‫ف اﻟْ َﺠﺎ ﱠرة‬ Prepositions

The following particles are used as prepositions in Arabic. They occur quite frequently. Table 5.1

Prepositions (ُ‫ﺠﺎ ﱠرة‬ ُ ‫)اَﻟْ ُﺤ ُﺮْو‬ َ ْ‫ف اﻟ‬ in; regarding from; than on; upon as, like about; from; regarding

‫ِ ْﰲ‬ ‫ِﻣ ْﻦ‬ ‫َﻋ ٰﻠﻰ‬ ‫َك‬ ‫َﻋ ْﻦ‬

with; at to; up to for; belongs to up to, until by (for oath)

ِ ‫ب‬ ‫إِ ٰﱃ‬ ‫ِل‬

‫َﺣ ّٰﱴ‬ ‫َو‬

The words that come after these prepositions end with a kasrah on the final letter. Below, we give examples of each of these.

‫َزﻳْ ٌﺪ ِﰲ اﻟﺪﱠا ِر‬ ‫ﺖ ﺑِﺎﻟْ َﻘﻠَ ِﻢ‬ ُ ‫َﻛﺘَْﺒ‬ ِ ‫ِﻣﻦ اﻟْﺒـﻴ‬ ‫ﺖ إِ َﱃ اﻟْ َﻤ ْﺴ ِﺠ ِﺪ‬ َْ َ ِ ‫ﺲ َزﻳْ ٌﺪ َﻋﻠَﻰ اﻟْ ُﻜ ْﺮﺳ ﱢﻲ‬ َ َ‫َﺟﻠ‬ ‫اَﻟ ﱠﺴﻴﱠ َﺎرةُ ﻟَِﺰﻳْ ٍﺪ‬ ‫َﺳ ٍﺪ‬ ْ‫أ‬ َ ‫َﲪَ ُﺪ َﻛﺄ‬ ِ ‫ﺼْﺒ ِﺢ‬ ‫ﺖ َﺣ ﱠﱴ اﻟ ﱡ‬ ُ ْ‫ﳕ‬ ِ َ‫ﺖ َﻋ ِﻦ اﻟْ ِﻜﺘ‬ ‫ﺎب‬ ْ َ‫َﺳﺄَﻟ‬ ِ‫واﷲ‬ َ

=

Zayd is in the house.

=

I wrote with the pen.

=

from the house to the mosque

=

Zayd sat on the chair.

=

The car belongs to Zayd.

=

Ahmad is like a lion.

=

I slept until the morning.

=

She asked about the book.

=

By Allah!

Besides the ten prepositions listed above, there are seven other prepositions that occur less frequently. Since they do occur; therefore, it is appropriate to mention them as well. They are as follows: 1.

ِ ‫ت‬ َ : by (for oath). This is specific with Allah, the Exalted. Example: ‫– ﺗَﺎاﷲ‬ By Allah!

25

Lesson 5

2 & 3. ‫ ُﻣْﻨ ُﺬ َو ُﻣ ْﺬ‬: since. These are used to define a time period. Example: ‫ﺖ إِ َﱃ‬ ُ ‫َﻣﺎ ذَ َﻫْﺒ‬ ‫اﳉُ ُﻤ َﻌ ِﺔ‬ ْ ‫ – اﻟْ َﻤ ْﺪ َر َﺳ ِﺔ ُﻣْﻨ ُﺬ ﻳَـ ْﻮِم‬I have not gone to the school since Friday. 4.

5.

‫ب‬ ‫ ُر ﱠ‬: many a, so many. The noun used after ‫ب‬ ‫ ُر ﱠ‬is always singular. Example: ‫ – ُر ﱠ‬I helped so many men. ُ‫ﺼ ْﺮﺗُﻪ‬ َ َ‫ب َر ُﺟ ٍﻞ ﻧ‬ ‫ َﺧ َﻼ‬: besides, except. Example: ‫ﺎل َﺧ َﻼ َزﻳْ ٍﺪ‬ َ ‫ﺖ ْاﻷَﻃْ َﻔ‬ ُ ‫ – َﻋﻠﱠ ْﻤ‬I taught the children except Zayd.

6.

‫ﺎﺷﺎ‬ َ ‫ﺖ اﻟﱢﺮ َﺟ‬ َ ‫ َﺣ‬: besides, except. Example: ‫ﺎﺷﺎ َﻋ ْﻤ ٍﺮو‬ َ ‫ﺎل َﺣ‬ ُ ‫ – َﻣﻨَـ ْﻌ‬I stopped the men except ‘Amr.

7.

‫ َﻋ َﺪا‬: besides, except. Example: ‫ – َﺟﺎءَ اﻟْ َﻘ ْﻮُم َﻋ َﺪا َﺧﺎﻟِ ٍﺪ‬The people came except Khalid.

Word List for Verbs English

Arabic

he went

‫ﺐ‬ َ ‫ذَ َﻫ‬ ‫ﻗَـﺘَ َﻞ‬ ‫ﻗَﻄَ َﻊ‬

he killed he cut

‫ﺐ‬ َ َ‫َﺣﻠ‬ ‫ﺐ‬ َ َ‫َﻛﺘ‬ ‫أَ َﻛ َﻞ‬

he milked he wrote he ate

‫َﺳﺄ ََل‬ ‫َﺟ َﻌ َﻞ‬ (‫ﻧَﻈََﺮ )إِ ٰﱃ‬ ‫ﻓَـﺘَ َﺢ‬ ‫ﺲ‬ َ َ‫َﺟﻠ‬

he asked he made he looked (at) he opened he sat he read it (M) fell it (M) was prescribed (upon) he broke

26

َ‫ﻗَـَﺮأ‬ ‫َوﻗَ َﻊ‬ ِ (‫ﺐ ) َﻋ ٰﻠﻰ‬ َ ‫ُﻛﺘ‬ ‫َﻛ َﺴَﺮ‬

‫ف ْ‬ ‫اﳉَﺎ ﱠرةُ‬ ‫اَ ْﳊُُﺮْو ُ‬ ‫‪Word List for Nouns‬‬ ‫‪Arabic‬‬ ‫‪Plural‬‬

‫‪Singular‬‬

‫ﻗُـًﺮى‬ ‫ُﻣ ُﺪ ٌن‬ ‫أُ ُﺳ ٌﺪ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ُﺳﻴُـ ْﻮ ٌ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺎب‬ ‫ﺛﻴَ ٌ‬ ‫ﺾ‬ ‫َﻣ َﻘﺎ ِرﻳْ ُ‬

‫ﻗَـ ْﺮﻳَﺔٌ‬ ‫َﻣ ِﺪﻳْـﻨَﺔٌ‬

‫أَﻟْﺒَﺎ ٌن‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺎت‬ ‫ﺼ َﻌ ٌ‬ ‫ﺼ ٌﻊ‪ ،٬‬ﻗَ َ‬ ‫ﻗَ‬ ‫ﺎت‬ ‫ﺑِﻄَﺎﻗَ ٌ‬ ‫َﻣَﺮ ِاﺳ ُﻢ‬ ‫ﻚ‬ ‫َﻛ ْﻌ ٌ‬

‫أَ َﺳﺎﺗِ َﺬةُ‬ ‫ﺗََﻼ ِﻣْﻴ ُﺬ‪ ،٬‬ﺗََﻼ ِﻣ َﺬةٌ‬ ‫س‬ ‫ُد ُرْو ٌ‬

‫أَﻧْـ ُﻬٌﺮ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺲ‬ ‫َﺟ َﻮاﻣْﻴ ُ‬

‫َﺣ َﺠ ٌﺎر‪ِ ،٬‬ﺣ َﺠ َﺎرةٌ‬ ‫أْ‬ ‫أَﻗْ َﻤ ٌﺎر‬

‫أَ َﺳ ٌﺪ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ ‫َﺳْﻴ ٌ‬

‫ب‬ ‫ﺛـَ ْﻮ ٌ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫اض‬ ‫ﻣ ْﻘَﺮ ٌ‬ ‫ﺑَـ َﻘَﺮةٌ‬ ‫ﱭ‬ ‫ﻟَ َ ٌ‬

‫‪English‬‬ ‫‪village‬‬ ‫‪city‬‬ ‫‪lion‬‬ ‫‪sword‬‬ ‫‪cloth; clothes‬‬ ‫‪scissors‬‬ ‫‪cow‬‬ ‫‪milk‬‬

‫ﺼ َﻌﺔٌ‬ ‫ﻗَ ْ‬ ‫ﺑِﻄَﺎﻗَﺔٌ‬ ‫ِﻣ ْﺮ َﺳ ٌﻢ‬ ‫َﻛ ْﻌ َﻜﺔٌ‬ ‫ُزﺑْ َﺪةٌ‬ ‫ﻗِ ْﺸﻄَﺔٌ‬ ‫أُ ْﺳﺘَﺎذٌ‬ ‫ﺗِْﻠ ِﻤْﻴ ٌﺬ‬ ‫س‬ ‫َد ْر ٌ‬ ‫ﻟَْﻴ ٌﻞ‬ ‫ﻧـَ ْﻮٌم‬ ‫ﻧـَ َﻬ ٌﺎر‬

‫‪large bowl‬‬ ‫‪card‬‬ ‫‪pencil‬‬ ‫‪biscuit‬‬ ‫‪butter‬‬ ‫‪cream‬‬ ‫‪teacher‬‬ ‫‪student‬‬ ‫‪lesson‬‬ ‫‪night-time‬‬ ‫‪sleep; sleeping‬‬ ‫‪day-time‬‬

‫س‬ ‫َﺟ ُﺎﻣ ْﻮ ٌ‬ ‫ﺾ‬ ‫أَﺑْـﻴَ ُ‬ ‫ﺐ‬ ‫ذَ َﻫ ٌ‬ ‫ﻓِ ﱠ‬ ‫ﻀﺔٌ‬ ‫َﺣ َﺠٌﺮ‬ ‫ﻗَ َﻤٌﺮ‬

‫‪27‬‬

‫‪buffalo‬‬ ‫‪white; whiter‬‬ ‫‪gold‬‬ ‫‪silver‬‬ ‫‪stone‬‬ ‫‪moon‬‬

Lesson 5

English star lock key garden grass praise right guidance

Arabic Singular

Plural

‫َْﳒ ٌﻢ‬ ‫ﻗُـ ْﻔ ٌﻞ‬ ِ ‫ﺎح‬ ٌ َ‫ﻣ ْﻔﺘ‬

‫ُﳒُ ْﻮٌم‬ ‫ﺎل‬ ٌ ‫أَﻗْـ َﻔ‬ ‫َﻣ َﻔﺎﺗِْﻴ ُﺢ‬ ِ ‫ﲔ‬ ُ ْ ‫ﺑَ َﺴﺎﺗ‬ ‫ﺎب‬ ٌ ‫أَ ْﻋ َﺸ‬

‫ﺑُ ْﺴﺘَﺎ ٌن‬ ‫ﺐ‬ ٌ ‫ُﻋ ْﺸ‬ ‫ﲪَْ ٌﺪ‬ ‫ُﻫ ًﺪى‬

people clouds (collective noun) something which is under control between; among, amidst sky land, earth Friday Saturday Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Jew; Jewish Christian part, portion good deed

‫ﺎب‬ ٌ ‫َﺳ َﺤ‬ ‫ُﻣ َﺴ ﱠﺨٌﺮ‬ ‫ﲔ‬ َ ْ ‫ﺑَـ‬

ٌ‫َﲰَﺎء‬ ‫ض‬ ٌ ‫أ َْر‬ ‫اﳉُ ُﻤ َﻌ ِﺔ‬ ْ ‫ﻳَـ ْﻮُم‬ ِ ‫ﻳـﻮم اﻟ ﱠﺴﺒ‬ ‫ﺖ‬ ْ ُ َْ ِ‫ﻳـﻮم ْاﻷَﺣﺪ‬ َ ُ َْ ِْ ‫ﻳـﻮم‬ ِ‫اﻻﺛْـﻨَـ ْﲔ‬ ُ َْ ِ‫ﻳـﻮم اﻟﺜﱠَﻼﺛَﺎء‬ ُ َْ ِ‫ﻳـﻮم ْاﻷَرﺑـﻌﺎء‬ َ َْ ُ ْ َ ِ‫ﻳـﻮم ْاﻷَرﺑِﻌﺎء‬ َ ْ ُ َْ ِ‫اﳋَ ِﻤْﻴﺲ‬ ْ ‫ﻳَـ ْﻮُم‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ﻳَـ ُﻬ ْﻮِد ﱞ‬ ‫ﺼَﺮِاﱐﱞ‬ ْ َ‫ﻧ‬ ٌ‫ُﺟ ْﺰء‬ ٌ‫َﺣ َﺴﻨَﺔ‬ ‫ُدﻧْـﻴَﺎ‬ ٌ‫آ ِﺧَﺮة‬

world hereafter

28

‫ﺎس‬ ٌ َ‫ﻧ‬

(‫ات‬ ٌ ‫ َﲰَ َﺎو‬،٬‫ات‬ ٌ ‫ت ) َﲰ َٰﻮ‬ ٌ ‫َﲰ ٰٰﻮ‬ ِ ‫ اَْﻷَر‬،٬‫اض‬ ‫اﺿﻰ‬ َ ٍ ‫أ ََر‬

‫اَﻟْﻴَـ ُﻬ ْﻮُد‬ ‫ﺼ ٰﺎرى‬ َ َ‫ﻧ‬

ُ‫أَ ْﺟَﺰاء‬ ‫ﺎت‬ ٌ َ‫َﺣ َﺴﻨ‬

ْ ‫ف‬ ُ‫اﳉَﺎ ﱠرة‬ ُ ‫اَ ْﳊُُﺮْو‬

English fly food ritual prayer (salah) door room bed

Arabic Singular

‫ﺎب‬ ٌ َ‫ذُﺑ‬ ‫ﻃَ َﻌ ٌﺎم‬ ‫ﺻ ٰﻠﻮٌة‬ َ ،٬ٌ‫ﺻ َﻼة‬ َ ‫ﺎب‬ ٌ َ‫ﺑ‬ ٌ‫ُﺣ ْﺠَﺮة‬ ٌ‫ﻏُ ْﺮﻓَﺔ‬ ‫َﺳ ِﺮﻳْـٌﺮ‬ ‫اَﻟْﻴَـ ْﻮَم‬ ‫َﻏ ًﺪا‬ ِ ‫أَْﻣ‬ ‫ﺲ‬

today tomorrow yesterday Exercise 1: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

Plural

ٌ‫أَ ِذﺑﱠﺔ‬

‫اب‬ ٌ ‫أَﺑْـ َﻮ‬ ‫ات‬ ٌ ‫ُﺣ ُﺠَﺮ‬ ‫ف‬ ٌ ‫ﻏَُﺮ‬ ٌ‫أَ ِﺳﱠﺮة‬

Translate into Arabic

Zayd went from the village to the city. Mahmood killed the lion with the sword. I cut the cloth with the scissors. She milked the cow’s milk in the bowl. You (S/M) put the shirt and the pants (one pair) in the box. You (P/M) wrote on the cards with pencils. They (P/F) ate biscuits with butter and cream. By Allah (oath). The teacher asked the students about the lesson. Allah made the night-time for sleeping and the day-time for working. Buffalo’s milk is whiter than cow’s milk. Gold and silver are like stones to Zahid. I looked towards the moon and the stars. They (P/M) opened the lock with the key. We went to the garden and we sat on the grass.

Exercise 2:

Translate into English

‫اَ ْﳊَ ْﻤ ُﺪ ﻟِٰﻠّ ِﻪ‬ ِ ‫ِﰱ اﻟْ ُﻘﺮ‬ ِ ‫آن ُﻫ ًﺪى ﻟﱢﻠﻨ‬ 2. ‫ﱠﺎس‬ ْ ِ ِ 3. ‫ﺴ َﻤﺂء َو ْاﻷَْرض‬ ‫ﲔ اﻟ ﱠ‬ َ ْ ‫ﺎب ُﻣ َﺴ ﱠﺨٌﺮ ﺑَـ‬ ُ ‫اَﻟ ﱠﺴ َﺤ‬ 1.

29

‫‪Lesson 5‬‬

‫ِِ‬ ‫ِ ِ ِ‬ ‫ﱠﺼ ٰﺎرى ‪4.‬‬ ‫ﻳَـ ْﻮُم اﻟ ﱠﺴْﺒﺖ ﻟ ْﻠﻴَـ ُﻬ ْﻮد َوﻳَـ ْﻮُم ْاﻷَ َﺣﺪ ﻟﻠﻨ َ‬ ‫ت ﺟﺰءا ﱢﻣﻦ اﻟْ ُﻘﺮ ِ‬ ‫اﳋَ ِﻤْﻴ ِ‬ ‫اﳉُ ُﻤ َﻌ ِﺔ ‪5.‬‬ ‫ﺲ َو ْ‬ ‫آن ِ ْﰱ ﻳَـ ْﻮِم ْ‬ ‫ﻗَـَﺮأَ ْ ُ ْ ً َ ْ‬ ‫ِ ِِ ِ‬ ‫ِ ِِ‬ ‫ﺴﻨَﺔٌ ‪6.‬‬ ‫ﻟ ْﻠ ُﻤ ْﺴﻠﻢ ﰱ اﻟ ﱡﺪﻧْـﻴَﺎ َﺣ َﺴﻨَﺔٌ ﱠوﰱ ْاﻵﺧَﺮة َﺣ َ‬ ‫ﺎب ِﰱ اﻟﻄﱠ َﻌ ِﺎم ‪7.‬‬ ‫َوﻗَ َﻊ اﻟ ﱡﺬﺑَ ُ‬

‫ُﻛﺘِﺒ ِ‬ ‫ﺴﻠِ ِﻢ ‪8.‬‬ ‫ﺖ اﻟ ﱠ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ﺼ ٰﻠﻮةُ َﻋﻠَﻰ اﻟْ ُﻤ ْ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﻓَـﺘَﺤﻮا ﺑﺎب ا ْﳊﺠﺮةِ ﻳـﻮم ِْ‬ ‫اﻻﺛْـﻨَـ ْ ِ‬ ‫ﺴ ِﺮﻳْ ِﺮ ﻳَـ ْﻮَم اﻟﺜﱠَﻼﺛَﺎء ‪9.‬‬ ‫ﲔ َو َﺟﻠَ ُﺴ ْﻮا َﻋﻠﻰ اﻟ ﱠ‬ ‫ُ ْ َ َ ُ ْ َ َْ َ‬ ‫َ‬

‫‪30‬‬

LESSON 6

‫اَﻟ ﱠ‬ ‫ﻀ َﻤﺎﺋُِﺮ‬

Pronouns

ِ . There are a number of A pronoun is called ‫ﺿ ِﻤْﻴـٌﺮ‬ َ in Arabic. Its plural is ‫ﺿ َﻤﺎﺋُﺮ‬ َ different types of pronouns in Arabic. We are listing below those pronouns that are ِ ‫)ﻣْﻨـ َﻔ‬. These dameers are not ed to any word but appear as unattached (‫ﺼ ٌﻞ‬ ُ separate words. They can appear as mubtada. These should be memorized. Table 6.1

ِ Unattached (‫ﻞ‬ ٌ ‫ ) ُﻣ ْﻨـ َﻔﺼ‬ Pronouns Person

Gender Masculine

Third Person

ِ (‫ﺐ‬ ٌ ‫) َﻏﺎﺋ‬

(‫) ُﻣ َﺬ ﱠﻛٌﺮ‬

Feminine (‫ﱠﺚ‬ ٌ ‫)ﻣ َﺆﻧ‬ ُ Masculine

Second Person

ِ ‫)ﺣ‬ (‫ﺎﺿٌﺮ‬ َ

First Person (‫) ُﻣﺘَ َﻜﻠﱢ ٌﻢ‬

(‫) ُﻣ َﺬ ﱠﻛٌﺮ‬ Feminine (‫ﱠﺚ‬ ٌ ‫)ﻣ َﺆﻧ‬ ُ Masculine/ Feminine Masculine/ Feminine

Plurality

Pronouns English Arabic

‫ُﻫ َﻮ‬ ‫ُﳘَﺎ‬ ‫ُﻫ ْﻢ‬ ‫ِﻫ َﻲ‬ ‫ُﳘَﺎ‬ ‫ُﻫ ﱠﻦ‬

Singular

he

Dual

they

Plural

they

Singular

she

Dual

they

Plural

they

Singular

you

Dual

you

Plural

you

Singular

you

Dual

you

Plural

you

‫ﱳ‬ ‫أَﻧْـ ُ ﱠ‬

Singular

I

‫أَﻧَﺎ‬

Dual/ Plural

we

‫َْﳓ ُﻦ‬

31

‫ﺖ‬ َ ْ‫أَﻧ‬ ‫أَﻧْـﺘُ َﻤﺎ‬ ‫أَﻧْـﺘُ ْﻢ‬ ِ ْ‫أَﻧ‬ ‫ﺖ‬

‫أَﻧْـﺘُ َﻤﺎ‬

Lesson 6

ِ ‫ )ﻣﺘ‬dameers. They are also called possessive (‫ﺎﰲ‬ Below, we list the attached (‫ﱠﺼ ٌﻞ‬ ‫ﺿ ِﱞ‬ َ ِ‫)إ‬ ُ and objective (‫ ) َﻣ ْﻔ ُﻌ ْﻮِﱄﱞ‬dameers. By possessive, we mean those pronouns, which indicate possession (ٌ‫ﺿﺎﻓَﺔ‬ َ ِ‫ ;)إ‬and by objective we mean those pronouns, which refer to the object (‫) َﻣ ْﻔ ُﻌ ْﻮٌل‬.

Table 6.2

ِ Attached (‫ﻞ‬ ٌ ‫ ) ُﻣﺘﱠﺼ‬Pronouns Person

Gender Masculine

Third Person

ِ (‫ﺐ‬ ٌ ‫) َﻏﺎﺋ‬

(‫) ُﻣ َﺬ ﱠﻛٌﺮ‬ Feminine (‫ﱠﺚ‬ ٌ ‫)ﻣ َﺆﻧ‬ ُ Masculine

Second Person

ِ ‫)ﺣ‬ (‫ﺎﺿٌﺮ‬ َ

First Person (‫) ُﻣﺘَ َﻜﻠﱢ ٌﻢ‬

(‫) ُﻣ َﺬ ﱠﻛٌﺮ‬ Feminine (‫ﱠﺚ‬ ٌ ‫)ﻣ َﺆﻧ‬ ُ Masculine/ Feminine Masculine/ Feminine

Plurality

Pronouns English Arabic

Singular

his, him

‫ُﻩ‬

Dual

their, them

Plural

their, them

‫ُﳘَﺎ‬ ‫ُﻫ ْﻢ‬

Singular

hers, her

Dual

their, them

Plural

their, them

Singular

your, you

Dual

your, you

Plural

your, you

Singular

your, you

Dual

your, you

Plural

your, you

‫ُﻛ ﱠﻦ‬

Singular

my, me

ِ ‫ﱐ‬ ْ ،٬ ‫ْي‬

Dual/ Plural

ours, us

‫ﻧَﺎ‬

32

‫َﻫﺎ‬

‫ُﳘَﺎ‬ ‫ُﻫ ﱠﻦ‬

‫َك‬ ‫ُﻛ َﻤﺎ‬ ‫ُﻛ ْﻢ‬ ‫ِك‬

‫ُﻛ َﻤﺎ‬

‫ﻀ َﻤﺎﺋُِﺮ‬ ‫اَﻟ ﱠ‬ Examples of Usage of Unattached Dameers

‫ُﻫ َﻮ َزﻳْ ٌﺪ‬ ِ ‫ﺐ‬ ٌ ‫أَﻧَﺎ ﻃَﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﺖ ُْﳎﺘَ ِﻬ ٌﺪ‬ َ ْ‫أَﻧ‬

–

He is Zayd.

–

I am a student.

–

You are hardworking.

Examples of Usage of Attached Dameers These pronouns can come after nouns, verbs and particles as shown in the examples below. 1. After a noun, showing attribution/possession (ٌ‫ﺿﺎﻓَﺔ‬ َ ِ‫)إ‬:

ُ‫ – ﻗَـﻠَ ُﻤﻪ‬his (S/M) pen ِ ‫ﻚ‬ َ ُ‫ – ﻛﺘَﺎﺑ‬your (S/M) book ِ ‫ﺎﰊ‬ ْ ِ َ‫ – ﻛﺘ‬my book ‫ – ﻛِﺘَﺎﺑـُ َﻬﺎ‬her (S/F) book.

2. After a verb, indicating the object (‫) َﻣ ْﻔ ُﻌ ْﻮٌل‬:

ُ‫ﺼ ْﺮﺗُﻪ‬ َ َ‫ – ﻧ‬I helped him ‫ﻚ‬ َ ُ‫ – أََﻣ ْﺮﺗ‬I commanded you ‫ﺼ ْﺮﺗَِ ْﲏ‬ َ َ‫ – ﻧ‬you (S/M) helped me.

3. After a particle:

‫ – ﻓِْﻴ ِﻪ‬in it ُ‫ – ﻟَﻪ‬for him ‫ﻚ‬ َ ‫ – ِﻣْﻨ‬from you (S/M) ‫ – إِﻟَْﻴـﻨَﺎ‬to/towards us ‫ – إِﻧﱠ ُﻜ ْﻢ‬indeed you (P/M) ‫ – َﻋﻠَْﻴ ِﻪ‬on him.

Word List for Verbs English

Arabic

he rode he broke he fell he stopped (someone)

33

ِ ‫ﺐ‬ َ ‫َرﻛ‬ ‫َﻛ َﺴَﺮ‬ ‫ﻂ‬ َ ‫َﺳ َﻘ‬ ‫َﻣﻨَ َﻊ‬

Lesson 6

English

Arabic

he raised (someone or something)

‫َرﻓَ َﻊ‬ ِ ‫ﺐ‬ َ ‫ﻟَﻌ‬ (‫ﻧَﻈََﺮ )إِ ٰﱃ‬ ‫َﻋﺒَ َﺪ‬

he played he looked he worshipped he ed he ate he provided livelihood/sustenance

‫ذَ َﻛَﺮ‬ ‫أَ َﻛ َﻞ‬ ‫َرَز َق‬

‫َﺧﺘَ َﻢ‬ ‫ع‬ َ ‫َﺧ َﺪ‬ ‫ﺗَـَﺮَك‬ ‫ﻒ‬ َ َ‫َﺧﻄ‬ ‫َﺧﻠَ َﻖ‬

he sealed, he put a seal he cheated, he deceived he left; he abandoned he snatched he created

‫ض‬ َ ‫َﻋَﺮ‬ ‫أَ َﺧ َﺬ‬

he presented he took

ِ ‫ﻋ ِﻤﻞ )ﺻ‬ (‫ﺎﳊًﺎ‬ َ َ َ

he did (good deeds); he acted (righteously) Word List for Nouns & Particles

Arabic

English

Singular

‫ب‬ ٌ َ‫أ‬ ‫أُمﱞ‬

father mother

‫ﻟِ َﺴﺎ ٌن‬ ‫س‬ ٌ ْ‫َرأ‬

tongue head

‫ﻒ‬ ٌ ْ‫أَﻧ‬ ‫ﻳَ ٌﺪ‬ (‫ِﺳ ٌﻦ ) ِﺳ ﱞﻦ‬ ‫ﺻ ْﺪٌر‬ َ

nose hand tooth chest

34

Plural

ٰ ُ‫أﺑَﺎء‬ ‫ﺎت‬ ٌ ‫أُﱠﻣ َﻬ‬ ٌ‫أَﻟْ ِﺴﻨَﺔ‬ ‫س‬ ٌ ‫ُرُؤْو‬

‫ف‬ ٌ ‫أُﻧـُ ْﻮ‬ ‫ اَﻷَﻳْ ِﺪ ْي‬،٬‫أَﻳْ ٍﺪ‬ ‫أَ ْﺳﻨَﺎ ٌن‬ ‫ﺻ ُﺪ ْوٌر‬ ُ

‫ﻀ َﻤﺎﺋُِﺮ‬ ‫اَﻟ ﱠ‬ Arabic

English

Singular

‫ِﻣْﻨ ِﺪﻳْ ٌﻞ‬

handkerchief

ٌ‫َﺳﻴﱠ َﺎرة‬ ٌ‫اﺟﺔ‬ َ ‫َد ﱠر‬ ِ ٌ‫ﺣ َﺬاء‬ ‫ ﻗَ َﺪ ٌم‬،٬ ‫ِر ْﺟ ٌﻞ‬ ٌ‫ُﻛَﺮة‬

car bicycle shoe foot ball

‫ َﻣْﻨ ُﺠ ْﻮ‬،٬‫اَﻧْـﺒَ ْﺞ‬ ٌ‫ﱠﺎﺣﺔ‬ َ ‫ﺗُـﻔ‬ ‫ﺑُ ْﺴﺘَﺎ ٌن‬ ‫ﺑِﻄﱢْﻴ ٌﺦ‬ ِ ٌ‫ﻗﺜﱠﺎء‬ ‫َﺣ ْﻘ ٌﻞ‬

mango apple garden melon, watermelon cucumber field; arable land

‫ﺐ‬ ٌ ‫ﻗَـ ْﻠ‬ ‫ﲰَْ ٌﻊ‬

heart hearing; also used for ears eyesight; glance; also used for eyes

‫ﺼٌﺮ‬ َ َ‫ﺑ‬ ٌ‫ِﻏ َﺸ َﺎوة‬ ‫أَﻧْـ ُﻔ ُﺴ ُﻬ ْﻢ‬ ٌ‫ﻇُْﻠ َﻤﺔ‬

veil, covering themselves darkness

‫ﺑَـ ْﺮ ٌق‬ ‫ب‬ ‫َر ﱞ‬

lightning Lord

‫َوﻗُـ ْﻮٌد‬

fuel people

‫َﺣ َﺠٌﺮ‬ ‫َزْو ٌج‬ ٌ‫ُﻣﻄَ ﱠﻬَﺮة‬

stone husband; wife; spouse clean, pure (F)

‫ﻚ‬ ٌ َ‫َﻣﻠ‬

angel

35

Plural

‫َﻣﻨَ ِﺎدﻳْ ُﻞ‬ ‫ات‬ ٌ ‫َﺳﻴﱠ َﺎر‬ ‫ﺎت‬ ٌ ‫اﺟ‬ َ ‫َد ﱠر‬ ٌ‫أَ ْﺣ ِﺬﻳَﺔ‬ ‫ات‬ ٌ ‫ُﻛَﺮ‬ ‫ﱠﺎح‬ ٌ ‫ﺗُـﻔ‬

‫ُﺣ ُﻘ ْﻮٌل‬ ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫ﻗُـﻠُ ْﻮ‬

‫ﺼ ٌﺎر‬ َ ْ‫أَﺑ‬

(‫ﺖ‬ ٌ ‫ﻇُﻠُ َﻤ‬ ٌ ‫ﺎت )ﻇُﻠُ ٰﻤ‬

‫ﺎس‬ ٌ َ‫ﻧ‬ ٌ‫ِﺣ َﺠ َﺎرة‬ ‫اج‬ ٌ ‫أَْزَو‬

ٌ‫َﻣ َﻼﺋِ َﻜﺔ‬

Lesson 6

Arabic

English

Singular

‫ﺎق‬ ٌ َ‫ِﻣْﻴﺜ‬

covenant

‫ﻓَـ ْﻮ َق‬ ‫ﻃُْﻮٌر‬

above Mount Sinai

‫ﻟَ ْﻮ ٌن‬ ‫ﻓَﺎﻗِ ٌﻊ‬ ‫َﻣ ْﻦ‬

color bright yellow whoever then; so; therefore; sometimes, it is not translated

‫أَ ْﺟٌﺮ‬ ‫ِﻋْﻨ َﺪ‬

with

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.

‫َﻣ َﻮاﺛِْﻴ ُﻖ‬

‫أَﻟْ َﻮا ٌن‬

‫ف‬ َ

compensation, reward

Exercise 1:

Plural

‫أُ ُﺟ ْﻮٌر‬

Translate into Arabic

My father His mother Her tongue Your (S/M) head Your (S/F) nose My hand Their (P/F) teeth His chest Our handkerchief I rode in your (S/M) car. She broke my bike. The shoe fell off your (S/M) foot. I stopped them (P/F). They (P/M) raised me. You (P/M) played with the ball. They (D/M) looked at me. You (D/F) worshipped Him. My mother ed me yesterday. You (S/M) ate a mango and an apple in your garden and you ate a watermelon and a cucumber in your field.

36

‫ﻀ َﻤﺎﺋُِﺮ‬ ‫اَﻟ ﱠ‬ ‫‪Translate into English‬‬

‫‪Exercise 2:‬‬

‫ﺎﻫ ْﻢ ‪1.‬‬ ‫َرَزﻗْـﻨَ ُ‬ ‫ﺧﺘَ َﻢ اﷲُ َﻋ ٰﻠﻰ ﻗُـﻠُ ْﻮِِ ْﻢ َو َﻋ ٰﻠﻰ ﲰَْﻌِ ِﻬ ْﻢ ‪2.‬‬ ‫َ‬

‫ﻋ ٰﻠﻰ أَﺑ ِِ ِ‬ ‫ﺎوٌة ‪3.‬‬ ‫َ َْ‬ ‫ﺼﺎرﻫ ْﻢ ﻏ َﺸ َ‬ ‫ﺴ ُﻬ ْﻢ ‪4.‬‬ ‫َﺧ َﺪ ُﻋ ْﻮا أَﻧْـ ُﻔ َ‬ ‫ﺗَـﺮَﻛﻬﻢ ِﰱ ﻇُﻠُ ٰﻤ ٍ‬ ‫ﺖ ‪5.‬‬ ‫َ ُْ ْ‬

‫ﺎرُﻫ ْﻢ ‪6.‬‬ ‫َﺧﻄَ َ‬ ‫ﻒ اﻟْﺒَـ ْﺮ ُق أَﺑْ َ‬ ‫ﺼَ‬ ‫ﻜ ْﻢ ‪7.‬‬ ‫اِ ﱠن َرﺑﱠ ُﻜ ْﻢ َﺧﻠَ َﻘ ُ‬

‫وﻗُـﻮدﻫﺎ اﻟﻨﱠﺎس و ِْ‬ ‫ﺎرةُ ‪8.‬‬ ‫َ َُْ‬ ‫اﳊ َﺠ َ‬ ‫َُ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫اج ﱡﻣﻄَ ﱠﻬَﺮةٌ ‪9.‬‬ ‫َﳍُ ْﻢ ﻓْﻴـ َﻬﺎ أَْزَو ٌ‬

‫ﺿ ُﻬ ْﻢ َﻋﻠﻰ اﻟْ َﻤ ٰﻠﺌِ َﻜ ِﺔ ‪10.‬‬ ‫َﻋَﺮ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ﻜ ُﻢ اﻟﻄﱡْﻮَر ‪11.‬‬ ‫أَ َﺧ ْﺬﻧَﺎ ِﻣْﻴﺜَﺎﻗَ ُﻜ ْﻢ َوَرﻓَـ ْﻌﻨَﺎ ﻓَـ ْﻮﻗَ ُ‬ ‫ﻟَ ْﻮﻧـُ َﻬﺎ ﻓَﺎﻗِ ٌﻊ ‪12.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻋ ِﻤﻞ ﺻ ِ‬ ‫ﺎﳊًﺎ ﻓَـﻠَﻪُ أَ ْﺟ ُﺮﻩُ ‪13.‬‬ ‫َْ َ َ َ‬

‫‪37‬‬

LESSON 7

َ ‫اَﻟْ ِﻔ ْﻌ ُﻞ اﻟْ ُﻤ‬ ُ‫ﻀﺎ ِرع‬

Present and Future Tense Verb We have already discussed the past tense verb and pronouns. In this lesson, we will

ِ ٍ ‫( ﻓِ ْﻌ ٌﻞ َﻣ‬past tense) discuss ‫ع‬ ٌ ‫ﻀﺎ ِر‬ َ ‫ ﻓ ْﻌ ٌﻞ ُﻣ‬which is equivalent to present and future tense. ‫ﺎض‬

ِ ِ   (pronouns) are the foundations and ‫ع‬ ٌ ‫ﻀﺎ ِر‬ َ ‫( ﻓ ْﻌ ٌﻞ ُﻣ‬present/future tense), as well as ‫ﺿ َﻤﺎﺋُﺮ‬ َ of the Arabic language. These should be memorized properly. This will make all future lessons much easier. We are listing below the conjugations (verb forms) of ِ ‫ع‬ ٌ ‫) َﻣ ْﻌُﺮْو‬. ٌ ‫ﻀﺎ ِر‬ َ ‫( ﻓ ْﻌ ٌﻞ ُﻣ‬present and future tense verb) in active voice (‫ف‬ Table 7.1

Verb Forms of (‫ع‬ ٌ ‫) َﻣ ْﻌ ُﺮْو‬ ٌ ‫ﻀﺎ ِر‬ َ ‫ )ﻓِ ْﻌ ٌﻞ ُﻣ‬in Active Voice (‫ف‬ Person

Gender

Plurality Singular

Masculine Third Person

ِ (‫ﺐ‬ ٌ ‫) َﻏﺎﺋ‬

(‫) ُﻣ َﺬ ﱠﻛٌﺮ‬

Dual Plural Singular

Feminine (‫ﱠﺚ‬ ٌ ‫)ﻣ َﺆﻧ‬ ُ

Dual Plural Singular

Second Person

ِ ‫)ﺣ‬ (‫ﺎﺿٌﺮ‬ َ

Masculine (‫) ُﻣ َﺬ ﱠﻛٌﺮ‬

Dual Plural

39

English

Arabic

He/It is doing or will do They are doing or will do They are doing or will do She/It is doing or will do They are doing or will do They are doing or will do You are doing or will do You are doing or will do You are doing or will do

‫ﻳَـ ْﻔ َﻌ ُﻞ‬ ‫ﻳَـ ْﻔ َﻌ َﻼ ِن‬ ‫ﻳَـ ْﻔ َﻌﻠُ ْﻮ َن‬ ‫ﺗَـ ْﻔ َﻌ ُﻞ‬ ‫ﺗَـ ْﻔ َﻌ َﻼ ِن‬ ‫ﻳَـ ْﻔ َﻌ ْﻠ َﻦ‬ ‫ﺗَـ ْﻔ َﻌ ُﻞ‬ ‫ﺗَـ ْﻔ َﻌ َﻼ ِن‬ ‫ﺗَـ ْﻔ َﻌﻠُ ْﻮ َن‬

‫‪Lesson 7‬‬

‫‪Table 7.1 Continued‬‬

‫ِ‬ ‫ﲔ‬ ‫ﺗَـ ْﻔ َﻌﻠ ْ َ‬ ‫ﺗَـ ْﻔ َﻌ َﻼ ِن‬ ‫ﺗَـ ْﻔ َﻌ ْﻠ َﻦ‬ ‫أَﻓْـ َﻌ ُﻞ‬ ‫ﻧـَ ْﻔ َﻌ ُﻞ‬

‫‪You are doing or‬‬ ‫‪will do‬‬ ‫‪You are doing or‬‬ ‫‪will do‬‬ ‫‪You are doing or‬‬ ‫‪will do‬‬ ‫‪I am doing or will‬‬ ‫‪do‬‬ ‫‪We are doing or‬‬ ‫‪will do‬‬

‫‪Singular‬‬ ‫‪Feminine‬‬

‫‪Dual‬‬

‫ﱠﺚ(‬ ‫)ﻣ َﺆﻧ ٌ‬ ‫ُ‬

‫)ﺣ ِ‬ ‫ﺎﺿٌﺮ(‬ ‫َ‬

‫‪Masculine/‬‬ ‫‪Feminine‬‬ ‫‪Masculine/‬‬ ‫‪Feminine‬‬

‫‪First‬‬ ‫‪Person‬‬

‫‪Plural‬‬ ‫‪Singular‬‬ ‫‪Dual/‬‬ ‫‪Plural‬‬

‫‪Second‬‬ ‫‪Person‬‬

‫) ُﻣﺘَ َﻜﻠﱢ ٌﻢ(‬

‫‪Before we move on, it would be useful to see how Table 7.1 would be written in‬‬ ‫‪Arabic. This is as follows:‬‬ ‫‪Table 7.1a‬‬

‫ف‬ ‫ِع اﻟ َْﻤ ْﻌ ُﺮْو ُ‬ ‫اَﻟ ِْﻔ ْﻌ ُﻞ اﻟْ ُﻤ َ‬ ‫ﻀﺎر ُ‬

‫ﺼ ْﻴـﻐَ ِﺔ‬ ‫اِ ْﺳ ُﻢ اﻟ ﱢ‬

‫اَﻟ ﱢ‬ ‫ﺼ ْﻴـﻐَﺔُ‬

‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺐ‬ ‫َواﺣ ٌﺪ ُﻣ َﺬ ﱠﻛٌﺮ َﻏﺎﺋ ٌ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺐ‬ ‫ﺗَـﺜْﻨﻴَﺔٌ ُﻣ َﺬ ﱠﻛٌﺮ َﻏﺎﺋ ٌ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺐ‬ ‫ﲨَْ ٌﻊ ُﻣ َﺬ ﱠﻛٌﺮ َﻏﺎﺋ ٌ‬ ‫اﺣ ٌﺪ ﻣﺆﻧ ٌ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺐ‬ ‫َو ُ َ‬ ‫ﱠﺚ َﻏﺎﺋ ٌ‬ ‫ﺗَـﺜْﻨِﻴﺔٌ ﻣﺆﻧ ٌ ِ‬ ‫ﺐ‬ ‫َ َُ‬ ‫ﱠﺚ َﻏﺎﺋ ٌ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺐ‬ ‫ﲨَْ ٌﻊ ُﻣ َﺆﻧ ٌ‬ ‫ﱠﺚ َﻏﺎﺋ ٌ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫اﺣ ٌﺪ ﻣ َﺬ ﱠﻛﺮ ﺣ ِ‬ ‫ﺎﺿٌﺮ‬ ‫َو ُ ٌ َ‬ ‫ﺗَـﺜْﻨِﻴﺔٌ ﻣ َﺬ ﱠﻛﺮ ﺣ ِ‬ ‫ﺎﺿٌﺮ‬ ‫َ ُ ٌ َ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﲨَْ ٌﻊ ُﻣ َﺬ ﱠﻛٌﺮ َﺣﺎﺿٌﺮ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﱠﺚ ﺣ ِ‬ ‫ﺎﺿٌﺮ‬ ‫َواﺣ ٌﺪ ُﻣ َﺆﻧ ٌ َ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﱠﺚ ﺣ ِ‬ ‫ﺎﺿٌﺮ‬ ‫ﺗَـﺜْﻨﻴَﺔٌ ُﻣ َﺆﻧ ٌ َ‬ ‫ﱠﺚ ﺣ ِ‬ ‫ﺎﺿٌﺮ‬ ‫ﲨَْ ٌﻊ ُﻣ َﺆﻧ ٌ َ‬ ‫وِ‬ ‫اﺣ ٌﺪ ُﻣﺘَ َﻜﻠﱢ ٌﻢ‬ ‫َ‬

‫ﻳَـ ْﻔ َﻌ ُﻞ‬ ‫ﻳَـ ْﻔ َﻌ َﻼ ِن‬ ‫ﻳَـ ْﻔ َﻌﻠُ ْﻮ َن‬ ‫ﺗَـ ْﻔ َﻌ ُﻞ‬ ‫ﺗَـ ْﻔ َﻌ َﻼ ِن‬ ‫ﻳَـ ْﻔ َﻌ ْﻠ َﻦ‬ ‫ﺗَـ ْﻔ َﻌ ُﻞ‬ ‫ﺗَـ ْﻔ َﻌ َﻼ ِن‬ ‫ﺗَـ ْﻔ َﻌﻠُ ْﻮ َن‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﲔ‬ ‫ﺗَـ ْﻔ َﻌﻠ ْ َ‬ ‫ﺗَـ ْﻔ َﻌ َﻼ ِن‬ ‫ﺗَـ ْﻔ َﻌ ْﻠ َﻦ‬ ‫أَﻓْـ َﻌ ُﻞ‬ ‫ﻧَـ ْﻔ َﻌ ُﻞ‬

‫ﲨَْ ٌﻊ ُﻣﺘَ َﻜﻠﱢ ٌﻢ‬

‫‪40‬‬

ِ َ ‫اَﻟْﻔ ْﻌ ُﻞ اﻟ ُْﻤ‬ ُ‫ﻀﺎ ِرع‬ Creating ive Voice ٌ‫ﻀﺎ ِرع‬ َ ‫ﻓِ ْﻌ ٌﻞ ُﻣ‬

ٍ ‫( ﻓِ ْﻌ ٌﻞ َﻣ‬past tense active In lesson 3, we discussed the method of converting ‫ف‬ ٌ ‫ﺎض َﻣ ْﻌُﺮْو‬ ٍ ‫( ﻓِ ْﻌ ٌﻞ َﻣ‬past tense ive voice). Now, we discuss the method of voice) to ‫ﳎ ُﻬ ْﻮٌل‬ َْ ‫ﺎض‬

ِ converting ‫ع‬ ٌ ‫ﻀﺎ ِر‬ َ ‫ ﻓ ْﻌ ٌﻞ ُﻣ‬from active to ive voice. ‫ﻳَـ ْﻔ َﻌ ُﻞ‬, which means “he does or will ِ ِ do,” is in active voice (‫ف‬ ٌ ‫) َﻣ ْﻌُﺮْو‬. To convert this ‫ف‬ ٌ ‫ع َﻣ ْﻌُﺮْو‬ ٌ ‫ﻀﺎ ِر‬ ٌ ‫ﻀﺎ ِر‬ َ ‫ ﻓ ْﻌ ٌﻞ ُﻣ‬to ‫ع َْﳎ ُﻬ ْﻮٌل‬ َ ‫ﻓ ْﻌ ٌﻞ ُﻣ‬, we give the first letter a dammah and the third letter a fathah. ‫ﻞ‬ ْ َ‫ﺗ‬ ُ ‫ﻀ ِﺮ‬ ُ ‫ ﻳَـ ْﻔ َﻌ‬becomes ‫ﻳـُ ْﻔ َﻌ ُﻞ‬, ‫ب‬ becomes ‫ب‬ ْ ُ‫ﺗ‬, ‫ ﻳَـ ْﻔﺘَ ُﺢ‬becomes ‫ﻳـُ ْﻔﺘَ ُﺢ‬, ‫ﺼُﺮ‬ ُ ْ‫ أَﻧ‬becomes ‫ﺼُﺮ‬ َ ْ‫أُﻧ‬, and so on. ُ ‫ﻀَﺮ‬ Table 7.2

Verb Forms of (‫ع‬ ٌ ‫ﻀﺎ ِر‬ َ ‫ )ﻓِ ْﻌ ٌﻞ ُﻣ‬in ive Voice (‫)ﻣ ْﺠ ُﻬ ْﻮ ٌل‬ َ Person

Gender

Plurality Singular

Masculine Third Person

ِ (‫ﺐ‬ ٌ ‫) َﻏﺎﺋ‬

(‫) ُﻣ َﺬ ﱠﻛٌﺮ‬

Dual Plural Singular

Feminine

(‫ﱠﺚ‬ ٌ ‫) ُﻣ َﺆﻧ‬

Dual Plural Singular

Masculine Second Person

ِ ‫)ﺣ‬ (‫ﺎﺿٌﺮ‬ َ

(‫) ُﻣ َﺬ ﱠﻛٌﺮ‬

Dual Plural Singular

Feminine

(‫ﱠﺚ‬ ٌ ‫) ُﻣ َﺆﻧ‬

Dual Plural

41

English

Arabic

He/It is being done or will be done They are being done or will be done They are being done or will be done She/It is being done or will be done They are being done or will be done They are being done or will be done You are being done or will be done You are being done or will be done You are being done or will be done You are being done or will be done You are being done or will be done You are being done or will be done

‫ﻳـُ ْﻔ َﻌ ُﻞ‬ ‫ﻳـُ ْﻔ َﻌ َﻼ ِن‬ ‫ﻳـُ ْﻔ َﻌﻠُ ْﻮ َن‬ ‫ﺗـُ ْﻔ َﻌ ُﻞ‬ ‫ﺗـُ ْﻔ َﻌ َﻼ ِن‬ ‫ﻳـُ ْﻔ َﻌ ْﻠ َﻦ‬ ‫ﺗُـ ْﻔ َﻌ ُﻞ‬ ‫ﺗُـ ْﻔ َﻌ َﻼ ِن‬ ‫ﺗُـ ْﻔ َﻌﻠُ ْﻮ َن‬ ِ ‫ﲔ‬ َ ْ ‫ﺗُـ ْﻔ َﻌﻠ‬ ‫ﺗُـ ْﻔ َﻌ َﻼ ِن‬ ‫ﺗـُ ْﻔ َﻌ ْﻠ َﻦ‬

‫‪Lesson 7‬‬

‫‪Table 7.2 continued‬‬

‫أُﻓْـ َﻌ ُﻞ‬ ‫ﻧـُ ْﻔ َﻌ ُﻞ‬

‫‪I am being done or‬‬ ‫‪will be done‬‬ ‫‪We are being done‬‬ ‫‪or will be done‬‬

‫‪Singular‬‬ ‫‪Dual/‬‬ ‫‪Plural‬‬

‫‪Masculine/‬‬ ‫‪Feminine‬‬ ‫‪Masculine/‬‬ ‫‪Feminine‬‬

‫‪First‬‬ ‫‪Person‬‬

‫) ُﻣﺘَ َﻜﻠﱢ ٌﻢ(‬

‫‪Before we move on, it would be useful to see how Table 7.2 would be written in‬‬ ‫‪Arabic. This is as follows:‬‬ ‫‪Table 7.2a‬‬

‫ِع اﻟْ َﻤ ْﺠ ُﻬ ْﻮ ُل‬ ‫اَﻟ ِْﻔ ْﻌ ُﻞ اﻟْ ُﻤ َ‬ ‫ﻀﺎر ُ‬ ‫ﺼ ْﻴـﻐَ ِﺔ‬ ‫اِ ْﺳ ُﻢ اﻟ ﱢ‬

‫اَﻟ ﱢ‬ ‫ﺼ ْﻴـﻐَﺔُ‬

‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺐ‬ ‫َواﺣ ٌﺪ ُﻣ َﺬ ﱠﻛٌﺮ َﻏﺎﺋ ٌ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺐ‬ ‫ﺗَـﺜْﻨﻴَﺔٌ ُﻣ َﺬ ﱠﻛٌﺮ َﻏﺎﺋ ٌ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺐ‬ ‫ﲨَْ ٌﻊ ُﻣ َﺬ ﱠﻛٌﺮ َﻏﺎﺋ ٌ‬ ‫اﺣ ٌﺪ ﻣﺆﻧ ٌ ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺐ‬ ‫َو ُ َ‬ ‫ﱠﺚ َﻏﺎﺋ ٌ‬ ‫ﺗَـﺜْﻨِﻴﺔٌ ﻣﺆﻧ ٌ ِ‬ ‫ﺐ‬ ‫َ َُ‬ ‫ﱠﺚ َﻏﺎﺋ ٌ‬ ‫ﲨﻊ ﻣﺆﻧ ٌ ِ‬ ‫ﺐ‬ ‫َْ ٌ ُ َ‬ ‫ﱠﺚ َﻏﺎﺋ ٌ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫اﺣ ٌﺪ ﻣ َﺬ ﱠﻛﺮ ﺣ ِ‬ ‫ﺎﺿٌﺮ‬ ‫َو ُ ٌ َ‬ ‫ﺗَـﺜْﻨِﻴﺔٌ ﻣ َﺬ ﱠﻛﺮ ﺣ ِ‬ ‫ﺎﺿٌﺮ‬ ‫َ ُ ٌ َ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﲨَْ ٌﻊ ُﻣ َﺬ ﱠﻛٌﺮ َﺣﺎﺿٌﺮ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﱠﺚ ﺣ ِ‬ ‫ﺎﺿٌﺮ‬ ‫َواﺣ ٌﺪ ُﻣ َﺆﻧ ٌ َ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﱠﺚ ﺣ ِ‬ ‫ﺎﺿٌﺮ‬ ‫ﺗَـﺜْﻨﻴَﺔٌ ُﻣ َﺆﻧ ٌ َ‬ ‫ﱠﺚ ﺣ ِ‬ ‫ﺎﺿٌﺮ‬ ‫ﲨَْ ٌﻊ ُﻣ َﺆﻧ ٌ َ‬ ‫وِ‬ ‫اﺣ ٌﺪ ُﻣﺘَ َﻜﻠﱢ ٌﻢ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ﲨَْ ٌﻊ ُﻣﺘَ َﻜﻠﱢ ٌﻢ‬

‫ﻳـُ ْﻔ َﻌ ُﻞ‬ ‫ﻳـُ ْﻔ َﻌ َﻼ ِن‬ ‫ﻳـُ ْﻔ َﻌﻠُ ْﻮ َن‬ ‫ﺗـُ ْﻔ َﻌ ُﻞ‬ ‫ﺗـُ ْﻔ َﻌ َﻼ ِن‬ ‫ﻳـُ ْﻔ َﻌ ْﻠ َﻦ‬ ‫ﺗـُ ْﻔ َﻌ ُﻞ‬ ‫ﺗـُ ْﻔ َﻌ َﻼ ِن‬ ‫ﺗـُ ْﻔ َﻌﻠُ ْﻮ َن‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﲔ‬ ‫ﺗـُ ْﻔ َﻌﻠ ْ َ‬ ‫ﺗـُ ْﻔ َﻌ َﻼ ِن‬ ‫ﺗُـ ْﻔ َﻌ ْﻠ َﻦ‬ ‫أُﻓْـ َﻌ ُﻞ‬ ‫ﻧـُ ْﻔ َﻌ ُﻞ‬

‫‪42‬‬

ِ َ ‫اَﻟْﻔ ْﻌ ُﻞ اﻟ ُْﻤ‬ ُ‫ﻀﺎ ِرع‬

ِ Note: When a ive verb is used, the ‫ﻞ‬ ٌ ‫( ﻓَﺎﻋ‬subject) is not mentioned. Rather, the

ِ َ‫( ﻓ‬subject) and is called ‫ﺎﻋ ٍﻞ‬ ِ َ‫( ﻧَﺎﺋِﺐ ﻓ‬subject of ‫( َﻣ ْﻔ ُﻌ ْﻮٌل‬object) takes the place of the ‫ﺎﻋ ٌﻞ‬ ُ ِ َ‫( ﻗَﺎﺋِﻢ ﻣ َﻘﺎم ﻓ‬substitute subject). Since it takes the place of the the ive verb) or ‫ﺎﻋ ٍﻞ‬ َ ٌَ ِ ‫ﻓَﺎﻋ ٌﻞ‬, it also gets a dammah. Examples:

ٍ ‫ﻓِ ْﻌ ٌﻞ َﻣ‬: ‫ﺎض َْﳎ ُﻬ ْﻮٌل‬

‫ب اﻟْ َﻮﻟَ ُﺪ‬ ُ – The boy was hit. َ ‫ﺿ ِﺮ‬ ِ ‫ – ﻣﻨِﻌ‬The woman was stopped. ُ‫ﺖ اﻟْ َﻤ ْﺮأَة‬ َُ

ِ ‫ع َْﳎ ُﻬ ْﻮٌل‬ ٌ ‫ﻀﺎ ِر‬ َ ‫ﻓ ْﻌ ٌﻞ ُﻣ‬:

‫ﺎب‬ ُ َ‫ – ﻳـُ ْﻔﺘَ ُﺢ اﻟْﺒ‬The door will be opened. ‫اﳉِ َﺪ ُار‬ ْ ‫ْﺴُﺮ‬ َ ‫ – ﻳُﻜ‬The wall will be broken.

ِ Note: In the tables above, the first letter of each seeghah of ‫ع‬ ٌ ‫ َﻣ ْﻌُﺮْو‬and ٌ ‫ﻀﺎ ِر‬ َ ‫ﻓ ْﻌ ٌﻞ ُﻣ‬, both ‫ف‬ ‫ َْﳎ ُﻬ ْﻮٌل‬, is called ‫ﻀﺎ ِرِع‬ ُ ‫( َﺣ ْﺮ‬plural: ‫ﻀﺎرِِع‬ ُ ‫) ُﺣُﺮْو‬. As can be seen in the table, these َ ‫ف اﻟْ ُﻤ‬ َ ‫ف اﻟْ ُﻤ‬ are ‫ي‬, ‫ت‬, ‫أ‬, and ‫ن‬.

ٍ ‫ ﻓِ ْﻌ ٌﻞ َﻣ‬and ‫ع‬ Relationship between the Seeghahs of ‫ﺎض‬ ٌ ‫ﻀﺎ ِر‬ َ ‫ﻓِ ْﻌ ٌﻞ ُﻣ‬ Before we move on, it will be useful to keep in mind that the ‘ayn  kalimah of the

ِ ِ ِ ٍ ‫ ﻓِ ْﻌ ٌﻞ َﻣ‬and ‫ع‬ ‫ﺐ‬ ٌ ‫ﻀﺎ ِر‬ َ ‫ ﻓ ْﻌ ٌﻞ ُﻣ‬can vary in a number of different ways. It ٌ ‫ َواﺣ ٌﺪ ُﻣ َﺬ ﱠﻛٌﺮ َﻏﺎﺋ‬of a ‫ﺎض‬ ِ ٍ ‫ ﻓِ ْﻌ ٌﻞ َﻣ‬and/or ‫ع‬ can have a fathah, kasrah or dammah in ‫ﺎض‬ ٌ ‫ﻀﺎ ِر‬ َ ‫ﻓ ْﻌ ٌﻞ ُﻣ‬. It is beyond the

scope of this book to discuss all of these combinations. However, at this stage, it is, nevertheless, important to take note of the harakah on the ‘ayn  kalimah of any given

ِ ٍ ‫ ﻓِ ْﻌ ٌﻞ َﻣ‬and its corresponding ‫ع‬ ‫ﺎض‬ ٌ ‫ﻀﺎ ِر‬ َ ‫ﻓ ْﻌ ٌﻞ ُﻣ‬. Word List for Verbs

Arabic

English (for past tense)

ٍ ‫َﻣ‬ ‫ﺎض‬

‫ع‬ ٌ ‫ﻀﺎ ِر‬ َ ‫ُﻣ‬

‫َﺟ َﻌ َﻞ‬ ‫َﻋﻠِ َﻢ‬

‫َْﳚ َﻌ ُﻞ‬ ‫ﻳَـ ْﻌﻠَ ُﻢ‬

‫ﺐ‬ َ ‫ذَ َﻫ‬ ِ َ‫َﻋﻤﻪ‬

he went he wandered about he made (someone into someone or something into something) he came to know

43

‫ﺐ‬ ُ ‫ﻳَ ْﺬ َﻫ‬ ُ‫ﻳَـ ْﻌ َﻤﻪ‬

Lesson 7

Arabic

English (for past tense)

ٍ ‫َﻣ‬ ‫ﺎض‬ ‫َﻋﺒَ َﺪ‬ ‫َﺷ َﻌَﺮ‬ ‫َِﲰ َﻊ‬ ِ ‫ﺐ‬ َ ‫ﻟَﻌ‬ ِ ‫ﺲ‬ َ ‫ﻟَﺒ‬ ‫َﺣ ِﺰ َن‬

he worshipped he realized; he became aware he heard he played he wore he became sad, he grieved

‫َذﺑَ َﺢ‬ ‫ب‬ َ ‫َﺷ ِﺮ‬

he slaughtered he drank

‫ﺾ‬ َ ‫ﻧَـ َﻘ‬

‫ﺾ‬ ُ ‫ﻳَـْﻨـ ُﻘ‬

he stopped (someone)

he was angry (with someone) he broke (something non-physical); he nullified

‫ﺲ‬ ُ َ‫ﻳَـ ْﻠﺒ‬ ‫َْﳛَﺰ ُن‬ ‫ﻳَ ْﺬﺑَ ُﺢ‬ ‫ب‬ ُ ‫ﻳَ ْﺸَﺮ‬

‫ﻓَـﺘَ َﺢ‬ ‫َﻏ َﺴ َﻞ‬ ‫ﻚ‬ َ ‫ﺿ ِﺤ‬ َ ٍ (‫ﻂ ) َﻋ ٰﻠﻰ ﻓَُﻼن‬ َ ‫َﺳ ِﺨ‬

he made (something)

he laughed

‫ﻳَ ْﺴ َﻤ ُﻊ‬ ‫ﺐ‬ ُ ‫ﻳَـ ْﻠ َﻌ‬

ُ‫ﻳَـ ْﻘَﺮأ‬ ‫ﻳَﻄْﺒَ ُﺦ‬ ‫ﺼﻨَ ُﻊ‬ ْ َ‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﳝَْﻨَ ُﻊ‬ ‫ﻳَـ ْﻔﺘَ ُﺢ‬ ‫ﻳَـ ْﻐ ِﺴ ُﻞ‬ ‫ﻚ‬ ْ َ‫ﻳ‬ ُ ‫ﻀ َﺤ‬ (‫ﻂ ) َﻋ ٰﻠﻰ ﻓَُﻼ ٍن‬ ُ ‫ﻳَ ْﺴ َﺨ‬

he cooked

he washed

‫ﻳَـ ْﻌﺒُ ُﺪ‬ ‫ﻳَ ْﺸ ُﻌُﺮ‬

َ‫ﻗَـَﺮأ‬ ‫ﻃَﺒَ َﺦ‬ ‫ﺻﻨَ َﻊ‬ َ ‫َﻣﻨَ َﻊ‬

he read

he opened

‫ع‬ ٌ ‫ﻀﺎ ِر‬ َ ‫ُﻣ‬

‫ﻗَﻄَ َﻊ‬ ‫ﺼَﺮ‬ َ َ‫ﻧ‬

‫ﻳَﺄْ ُﻣُﺮ‬ ‫ﻳَﻜْﺘُ ُﻢ‬ ‫ﺐ‬ ُ ُ‫ﻳَﻜْﺘ‬ ‫ﻳَـ ْﻘﻄَ ُﻊ‬ ‫ﺼُﺮ‬ ُ ‫ﻳَـْﻨ‬

‫َرﻓَ َﻊ‬ ‫ﺚ‬ َ ‫ﺑَـ َﻌ‬

‫ﻳَـ ْﺮﻓَ ُﻊ‬ ‫ﺚ‬ ُ ‫ﻳَـْﺒـ َﻌ‬

‫أ ََﻣَﺮ‬ ‫َﻛﺘَ َﻢ‬ ‫ﺐ‬ َ َ‫َﻛﺘ‬

he commanded, he ordered he concealed he wrote he cut he helped

‫ع‬ َ ‫َﺧ َﺪ‬ ‫ﺻﺒَ َﻎ‬ َ

he deceived, he cheated he colored, he dyed he raised he sent

44

‫ع‬ ُ ‫ﳜَْ َﺪ‬ ‫ﺼﺒَ ُﻎ‬ ْ َ‫ﻳ‬

ِ َ ‫اَﻟْﻔ ْﻌ ُﻞ اﻟ ُْﻤ‬ ُ‫ﻀﺎ ِرع‬ Arabic

English (for past tense)

ٍ ‫َﻣ‬ ‫ﺎض‬

‫ع‬ ٌ ‫ﻀﺎ ِر‬ َ ‫ُﻣ‬ ‫ﻳَﺄْ ُﻛ ُﻞ‬

‫أَ َﻛ َﻞ‬ ‫ذَ َﻛَﺮ‬

he ate he ed; he mentioned

‫ﻳَ ْﺬ ُﻛُﺮ‬

Word List for Nouns & Particles Arabic

English food newspaper potato tea spoon lock key washerman cloth; clothes pond, pool laughter friend house prayer leader; leader

Singular

Plural

‫ﻃَ َﻌ ٌﺎم‬ ٌ‫َﺟ ِﺮﻳْ َﺪة‬

‫َﺟَﺮاﺋِ ُﺪ‬

‫ﺑَﻄَﺎﻃَﺎ‬ ‫ﺎي‬ ٌ ‫َﺷ‬ ٌ‫ِﻣ ْﻠ َﻌ َﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻗُـ ْﻔ ٌﻞ‬ ِ ‫ﺎح‬ ٌ َ‫ﻣ ْﻔﺘ‬ ‫ﺼ ٌﺎر‬ ‫ﻗَ ﱠ‬ ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫ﺛَـ ْﻮ‬ ‫َﻏ ِﺪﻳْـٌﺮ‬ ‫ﻚ‬ ٌ ‫ ِﺿ ْﺤ‬،٬‫ﻚ‬ ٌ ‫ﺿ ْﺤ‬ َ ِ ‫ﺻﺪﻳْ ٌﻖ‬ َ ‫ﺖ‬ ٌ ‫ﺑَـْﻴ‬ ‫إِ َﻣ ٌﺎم‬

people what?; do…?; will…?; etc. (depending on the context)

‫ َﻫ ْﻞ‬،٬ َ‫أ‬ ‫ﻓِ ْﺴ ٌﻖ‬

sinfulness

‫ُﻛ ْﻔٌﺮ‬ ‫اَﻟْﻴَـ ْﻮَم‬ ‫َﻏ ًﺪا‬

disbelief, infidelity today tommorrow

45

‫َﻣ َﻼ ِﻋ ُﻖ‬

ِ ‫ﺎب‬ ٌ َ‫ﺛﻴ‬ ‫ُﻏ ُﺪٌر‬

ٌ‫أَﺋِ ﱠﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺎس‬ ٌ َ‫ﻧ‬

Lesson 7

Arabic

English

Singular

‫ﺑَـ ْﻌ َﺪ َﻏ ٍﺪ‬ ‫ﻗَـْﺒ َﻞ َﺳﻨَ ٍﺔ‬ ِ ‫ﻗَـْﺒﻞ ْاﻷ َْﻣ‬ ‫ﺲ‬ َ ٌ‫ِر َﺳﺎﻟَﺔ‬

day after tomorrow a year ago day before yesterday letter

‫َﻋ ﱞﻢ‬ ‫ف‬ ٌ ‫َﺧ ْﻮ‬

paternal uncle fear

‫َﻋ ْﻬ ٌﺪ‬ ‫َﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺑِﱞﺮ‬

promise; pledge that, which piety, righteousness

‫أَ ْن‬ ٌ‫ﺑَـ َﻘَﺮة‬

that; to cow speech rope remembrance prophet fruit library magazine article; essay Exercise 1:

‫َﻛ َﻼ ٌم‬ ‫َﺣْﺒ ٌﻞ‬ ‫ِذ ْﻛٌﺮ‬ ‫ﱯ‬ ‫ ﻧَِ ﱞ‬،٬ ‫َر ُﺳ ْﻮٌل‬ ٌ‫ﻓَﺎﻛِ َﻬﺔ‬ ِ ُ‫ َﺧَﺰاﻧَﺔُ اﻟْ ُﻜﺘ‬،٬ٌ‫َﻣﻜْﺘَﺒَﺔ‬ ‫ﺐ‬ ٌ‫َﳎَﻠﱠﺔ‬ ٌ‫َﻣ َﻘﺎﻟَﺔ‬

Translate into English

1. ‫ﺐ‬ ُ ‫أَ ْذ َﻫ‬ 2. ‫ﻳَـ ْﻌ َﻤ ُﻬ ْﻮ َن‬

ِ 7. ‫ﲔ‬ َ ْ ‫ﺗَ ْﺴ َﻤﻌ‬ 8. ‫ﲔ‬ َ ْ ِ‫ﺗَـ ْﻠ َﻌﺒ‬

5. ‫ﻧَـ ْﻌﺒُ ُﺪ‬ 6. ‫ﺸ ُﻌ ُﺮْو َن‬ ْ َ‫ﺗ‬

ِ ‫ﻳ ْﺬ َﲝ‬ 11. ‫ﺎن‬ َ َ 12. ‫ب‬ ُ ‫أَ ْﺷَﺮ‬

3. ‫ﻞ‬ ُ ‫َْﳚ َﻌ‬ 4. ‫َﻋﻠَ ُﻢ‬ ْ‫أ‬

Plural

9. ‫ﺴ َﻦ‬ ْ َ‫ﻳَـ ْﻠﺒ‬ ِ َ‫َْﲢﺰﻧ‬ 10. ‫ﺎن‬ َ

46

‫ﺎل‬ ٌ َ‫ِﺣﺒ‬

ِ ُ‫ﻓَـ َﻮاﻛﻪ‬ ِ ‫ﺐ‬ ٌ َ‫َﻣﻜْﺘَﺒ‬ ُ ‫ َﻣ َﻜﺎﺗ‬،٬‫ﺎت‬ ‫ت‬ ٌ ‫َﳎَ ﱠﻼ‬ ‫ت‬ ٌ ‫َﻣ َﻘ َﺎﻻ‬

ِ َ ‫اَﻟْﻔ ْﻌ ُﻞ اﻟ ُْﻤ‬ ُ‫ﻀﺎ ِرع‬

Exercise 2: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

They (P/M) came to know. You (P/F) are reading. She is cooking. He is grieving. They (P/F) are cooking. I am making food. We will drink. You (S/F) will go. You (S/M) will stop. They (D/M) will go.

Exercise 3: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

Translate into Arabic

Translate into Arabic

I will read your (S/M) newspaper. They (P/F) will cook a potato for you (P/M). You (P/M) are drinking tea with a spoon. Your (P/M) uncle (paternal) will open the lock with his key. The washerman is washing the clothes in the pond. Haamid is laughing in his house. I am hearing his laughter in my house. Khalid’s friend will go to your (S/M) house. We will make you (S/M) a leader for the people. Are you (P/F) stopping them (P/M) from sinfulness and disbelief? Today I read your (S/F) letter. Tomorrow I will go to her uncle’s (paternal) house. Are you (S/F) angry with him?

Exercise 4:

Translate into English

1. ‫ﳛَﺰﻧـُ ْﻮ َن‬ ٌ ‫َﻻ َﺧ ْﻮ‬ َْ ‫ف َﻋﻠَْﻴ ِﻬ ْﻢ َوَﻻ ُﻫ ْﻢ‬ ِ ‫ﻳـْﻨـ ُﻘﻀﻮ َن ﻋﻬ َﺪ‬ 2. ‫اﷲ‬ َْ ُْ َ

ِ 3. ‫ﱏ أَ ْﻋﻠَ ُﻢ َﻣﺎ َﻻ ﺗَـ ْﻌﻠَ ُﻤ ْﻮ َن‬ ْ‫إ ﱢ‬ 4. ‫ﱪ‬ ‫ﱠﺎس ﺑِﺎﻟِْ ﱢ‬ َ ‫أَﺗَﺄْ ُﻣُﺮْو َن اﻟﻨ‬

5. ُ‫ﳓ ُﻦ َﻻ ﻧَﻜْﺘُ ُﻢ َﻣﺎ أََﻣَﺮﻧَﺎ اﷲ‬ َْ 6. ‫اَﷲُ ﻳَﺄْ ُﻣﺮُﻛ ْﻢ أَ ْن ﺗَ ْﺬ َﲝُ ْﻮا ﺑَـ َﻘَﺮًة‬

ُ

ِ ‫ﻳﺴﻤﻌﻮ َن َﻛ َﻼم‬ 7. ‫اﷲ‬ َ ُْ َ ْ َ

47

Lesson 7

Exercise 5: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Translate into Arabic

Is being read (S/M, third person) Is being written (S/M, third person) Will be broken (S/M, third person) Will be cut (S/M, third person) She is being helped. You are being stopped (S/M) I am being stopped. We are being helped. You (S/F) will be stopped. You (S/M) are being cheated.

Exercise 6:

Translate into Arabic

1. The rope is being cut. 2. The cloth will be dyed. 3. Remembrance of the Prophet (Allah bless him and give him peace) is being raised. 4. The prophets are being sent. 5. Fruits are being eaten. 6. Allah is being ed. 7. Tomorrow, the newspaper will be read in the library. 8. An article will be written for your (S/F) magazine the day after tomorrow. 9. The promise was broken a year ago.

48

LESSON 8

‫ف‬ ُ ‫ﺻ ْﻮ‬ ‫اَﻟ ﱢ‬ ُ ‫ﺼ َﻔﺔُ َو اﻟ َْﻤ ْﻮ‬ Adjective

Consider the following phrases: ‘truthful Muslim,’ ‘pious man,’ ‘large mosque,’ ‘small book,’ ‘trustworthy servant.’ These phrases and other phrases of similar

ِ (adjective) and ‫ف‬ pattern are called ٌ‫ﺻ َﻔﺔ‬ ٌ ‫ﺻ ْﻮ‬ ُ ‫( َﻣ ْﻮ‬the described). In the phrase ‘small

ِ (adjective), and ‘book’ book, ‘small’ describes the ‘book.’ Thus, ‘small’ is ٌ‫ﺻ َﻔﺔ‬ is ‫ف‬ ٌ ‫ﺻ ْﻮ‬ ُ ‫( َﻣ ْﻮ‬the described).

To convert such a phrase into Arabic, follow the following steps: 1. Translate the individual words into Arabic. 2. Reverse the order of the words so that the first word comes second and the second word comes first. 3. Give both words one or two dammah(s) (depending on the situation). Example: We want to convert the phrase, ‘truthful Muslim’ into Arabic. First, we

ِ . Next, we reverse the translate the individual words into Arabic. We get ‫ﺴﻠِﻢ‬ َ ْ ‫ﺻﺎدق ُﻣ‬

ِ ‫ﻣﺴﻠِﻢ ﺻ‬. Then, we give two dammahs to both the words. We get order to get ‫ﺎدق‬ َ ُْ ِ ِ ‫ﺻﺎد ٌق‬ َ ‫ ُﻣ ْﺴﻠ ٌﻢ‬. Similarly, if we want to convert ‘pious man’ into Arabic, we will first ِ . Next, we will reverse the translate the individual words into Arabic – ‫ﺟﻞ‬ َ ُ ‫ﺻﺎﻟﺢ َر‬ order of the words – ‫ﺻﺎﻟِﺢ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ر‬ . Lastly, we will give two dammahs to both words – َ َُ ‫ﺻﺎﻟِ ٌﺢ‬ َ ‫ َر ُﺟ ٌﻞ‬.

States of Nouns: Before we move on, it will be useful to keep in mind that each noun is always in a certain state. There are three states in total for nouns. These are as follows: 1. ‫ َرﻓْ ٌﻊ‬: This is the state when a noun has one or two dammahs at the end. Such a noun is called ‫ع‬ ٌ ‫ َﻣ ْﺮﻓُـ ْﻮ‬. For example, ‫ﺖ‬ ٌ ‫ ﺑَـْﻴ‬or ‫ﺖ‬ ُ ‫اَﻟْﺒَـْﻴ‬. 2. ‫ﺐ‬ ْ َ‫ﻧ‬: This is the state when a noun has one or two fathahs at the end. Such a ٌ‫ﺼ‬ noun is called ‫ب‬ َ ‫اَﻟْﺒَـْﻴ‬. ٌ ‫ﺼ ْﻮ‬ ُ ‫ َﻣْﻨ‬. For example, ‫ ﺑَـْﻴﺘًﺎ‬or ‫ﺖ‬

3. ‫ﺟﱞﺮ‬ َ : This is the state when a noun has one or two kasrahs at the end. Such a noun

ٍ ‫ ﺑـﻴ‬or ‫ﺖ‬ ِ ‫اَﻟْﺒـﻴ‬. is called ‫ﳎ ُﺮْوٌر‬ َْ . For example, ‫ﺖ‬ َْ َْ

49

Lesson 8

Note: There is another state which is specific to verbs. This is ‫ﺟ ْﺰٌم‬ َ . This is the condition in which a ‫ﻜ ْﻮ ٌن‬ ُ ‫ ُﺳ‬appears at the end of a word or its substitute (‫ ن‬in the

ِ ٌ‫ﻀﺎ ِرع‬ َ ‫ )ﻓ ْﻌ ٌﻞ ُﻣ‬is dropped from the end. example, ‫ب‬ ْ َ‫( َﱂْ ﻳ‬he did not hit). ْ ‫ﻀ ِﺮ‬ case of

Such a word is said to be ‫وم‬ ٌ ‫ َْﳎُﺰ‬. For

ِ and ‫ف‬ Additional Rules for ٌ‫ﺻ َﻔﺔ‬ ٌ ‫ﺻ ْﻮ‬ ُ ‫ َﻣ ْﻮ‬:

ِ and the ‫ف‬ 1. Both the ٌ‫ﺻ َﻔﺔ‬ ٌ ‫ﺻ ْﻮ‬ ٌ ‫ َﻣ ْﺮﻓُـ ْﻮ‬, ُ ‫ َﻣ ْﻮ‬have to be in the same state, i.e., if one is ‫ع‬

then the other should also be ‫ع‬ ٌ ‫ َﻣ ْﺮﻓُـ ْﻮ‬. Similarly, if one is ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫ﺼ ْﻮ‬ ُ ‫ َﻣْﻨ‬, the other ِ ‫رﺟﻞ‬. Since ‫ رﺟﻞ‬has two should also be ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫ﺼ ْﻮ‬ ُ ‫ َﻣْﻨ‬. For example, consider ‫ﺻﺎﻟ ٌﺢ‬ َ ٌ َُ ٌ َُ ِ dammahs at the end, it is ‫ع‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ; therefore, ‫ﺢ‬ ‫ﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﺻ‬ will also be given two ٌ َُْْ ٌ َ

ِ dammahs to make it ‫ع‬ ٌ ‫ َﻣ ْﺮﻓُـ ْﻮ‬. Similarly, if for some reason ‫ َر ُﺟﻞ‬was ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫ﺼ ْﻮ‬ ُ ‫ َﻣْﻨ‬, ‫ﺻﺎﻟﺢ‬ َ ِ ‫رﺟ ًﻼ‬ would also have to be ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫ﺼ ْﻮ‬ ُ ‫ َﻣْﻨ‬. The phrase would then have been ‫ﺻﺎﳊًﺎ‬ َ َُ ِ ِ such as in ‫ﺻﺎﳊًﺎ‬ ُ ‫ﺼ ْﺮ‬ َ ‫ت َر ُﺟ ًﻼ‬ َ َ‫( ﻧ‬I helped a pious man). If ‫ َر ُﺟﻞ‬had been ‫ َْﳎُﺮْوٌر‬, ‫ﺻﺎﻟﺢ‬ َ

ِ ‫ رﺟ ٍﻞ‬such would also have been ‫ﳎ ُﺮْوٌر‬ َْ . The phrase would then have been ‫ﺻﺎﻟ ٍﺢ‬ َ َُ as in ‫ﺻﺎﻟِ ٍﺢ‬ ُ ‫( ذَ َﻫْﺒ‬I went to a pious man). َ ‫ﺖ إِ ٰﱃ َر ُﺟ ٍﻞ‬

ِ and the ‫ف‬ 2. Both the ٌ‫ﺻ َﻔﺔ‬ ٌ ‫ﺻ ْﻮ‬ ُ ‫ َﻣ ْﻮ‬should either be maʻrifah or nakirah. Thus, if ِ the ‫ف‬ ٌ ‫ﺻ ْﻮ‬ ُ ‫ َﻣ ْﻮ‬has an alif-laam, the ٌ‫ ﺻ َﻔﺔ‬should also have an alif-laam. For ِ would also change to example, if ‫ﺟﻞ‬ َ ُ ‫ َر‬were to be changed to ‫اَﻟﱠﺮ ُﺟﻞ‬, ‫ﺻﺎﻟﺢ‬ ‫ﺼﺎﻟِﺢ‬ ‫اَﻟ ﱠ‬.

ِ and the ‫ف‬ 3. The gender of the ٌ‫ﺻ َﻔﺔ‬ ٌ ‫ﺻ ْﻮ‬ ُ ‫ َﻣ ْﻮ‬should be the same. Thus, if the ِ ‫ف‬ ٌ ‫ﺻ ْﻮ‬ ُ ‫ َﻣ ْﻮ‬is feminine, the ٌ‫ ﺻ َﻔﺔ‬should also be feminine. To change a word to its feminine form, just add a round taa (‫ )ة‬at the end of the word. For ِ ‫ أُﺳﺘﺎذَةٌ ﺻ‬and ‘the pious teacher (F)’ example, ‘a pious teacher (F)’ will be ٌ‫ﺎﳊَﺔ‬ َ َْ ِ‫ﺼ‬ will be ُ‫ﺎﳊَﺔ‬ ‫ُﺳﺘَﺎ َذةُ اﻟ ﱠ‬ ْ ‫اَْﻷ‬. 4. If the ‫ف‬ ٌ ‫ﺻ ْﻮ‬ ُ ‫ َﻣ ْﻮ‬is a proper noun, it will not accept alif-laam. For non-proper

nouns alif-laam is used to change nakirah into maʻrifah. However, all proper nouns are considered maʻrifah by default even without an alif-laam.

ِ Since, the ‫ف‬ ٌ ‫ﺻ ْﻮ‬ ُ ‫ َﻣ ْﻮ‬is a proper noun; therefore, the ٌ‫ ﺻ َﻔﺔ‬will require an aliflaam to make it maʻrifah. For example, when converting ‘the conqueror Khalid’ into Arabic, we will not add alif-laam to ‫ﺧﺎﻟِ ٌﺪ‬ َ because it is already a

50

‫ف‬ ‫اَﻟ ﱢ‬ ُ ‫ﺻ ْﻮ‬ ُ ‫ﺼ َﻔﺔُ َواﻟ َْﻤ ْﻮ‬

ِ (‫ )ﻓَﺎﺗِﺢ‬because it proper noun. However, we will add an alif-laam to the ٌ‫ﺻ َﻔﺔ‬ ٌ ِ ِ is not a proper noun. The sentence will be ‫ﺢ‬ ُ ‫ َﺧﺎﻟ ٌﺪ اﻟْ َﻔﺎﺗ‬. The following examples illustrate this point:

ِ ‘The king Mahmood’ will be ‫ﻚ‬ ُ ‫ َْﳏ ُﻤ ْﻮٌد اَﻟْ َﻤﻠ‬.

‘The commander Taariq’ will be ‫ﻃَﺎ ِر ٌق اَﻟْ َﻘﺎﺋِ ُﺪ‬.

ِ ‫ َﻏﺎﻟِﺐ اَﻟﺸ‬. ‘The poet Ghalib’ will be ‫ﱠﺎﻋ ُﺮ‬ ٌ

ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ These sentences can also be read (not written) as ‫ﺢ‬ ُ ‫ َْﳏ ُﻤ ْﻮُد ﻧﺎﻟْ َﻤﻠ‬, ُ ‫ َﺧﺎﻟ ُﺪ ﻧﺎﻟْ َﻔﺎﺗ‬, ‫ﻚ‬ ِ ‫ َﻏﺎﻟِﺐ ﻧِﺎﻟﺸ‬. ‫ ﻃَﺎ ِر ُق ﻧِﺎﻟْ َﻘﺎﺋِ ُﺪ‬and ‫ﱠﺎﻋُﺮ‬ ُ Word List for Verbs English

Arabic

‫ب‬ َ ‫َﺷ ِﺮ‬ ‫َﻫَﺰَم‬ ‫َد َﺧ َﻞ‬

he drank he defeated he entered he touched, he felt (by hand); he examined

‫ﺲ‬ ‫َﺟ ﱠ‬ ‫َرَز َق‬ ‫ﻓَـﺘَ َﺢ‬

he provided he conquered

‫َﺧ َﺬ‬ َ‫أ‬

he took

Word List for Nouns Arabic

English

Singular

Plural

‫َﻏ ُﻔ ْﻮٌر‬ ‫ب‬ ‫َر ﱞ‬ ‫َﻛﺒِْﻴـٌﺮ‬

‫ﻛِﺒَ ٌﺎر‬

‫ﺻﺎﻟِ ٌﺢ‬ َ ‫َب‬ ٌ‫أ‬ ‫اِﺑْ ٌﻦ‬

pious, righteous father son most-forgiving Lord big, large

51

Lesson 8

Arabic

English door old mat

Singular

Plural

‫ﺎب‬ ٌ َ‫ﺑ‬ ِ ٌ‫ﻗَﺪ ْﱘ‬ ِ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺼْﻴـٌﺮ‬ َ

‫ﺼٌﺮ‬ ُ ‫ُﺣ‬

‫َﺟﻴﱢ ٌﺪ‬ ٌ‫َﻣ َﻘﺎﻟَﺔ‬ ٌ‫َﳎَﻠﱠﺔ‬

good; excellent article; essay magazine

‫ع‬ ٌ ‫َﺷﺎ ِر‬ ‫ﺻﻐِْﻴـٌﺮ‬ َ ِ ٌ‫َﺳﻔْﻴـﻨَﺔ‬ ‫َﻋ ِﻤْﻴ ٌﻖ‬

street small, little ship, boat deep

‫َْﲝٌﺮ‬ ‫َﻋ ِﻈْﻴ ٌﻢ‬ ‫َﺟﺒَ ٌﻞ‬ ‫ﻃَ ِﻮﻳْ ٌﻞ‬ ‫ﻗِﻄَ ٌﺎر‬ ِ َ‫ﻗ‬ ٌ‫ﺎﻃَﺮة‬ ٌ‫َﳏَﻄﱠﺔ‬ ِ َ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺎﺟٌﺮ‬ ِ َ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺎﺳ ٌﻖ‬ ‫َر ُﺟ ٌﻞ‬

sea great; powerful mountain long train train engine station immoral person man

‫َﺣ َﺴ ٌﻦ‬ ٌ‫ِﻣ ْﺮَو َﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﺾ‬ ٌ ْ‫َﻣ ِﺮﻳ‬ ٌ‫اِ ْﻣَﺮأَة‬ ‫ُﻣﱞﺮ‬

beautiful, handsome; good fan sick, ill woman bitter

ٌ‫َد َواء‬ ‫ﻚ‬ ٌ ِ‫َﻣﻠ‬

medicine king

52

‫ع‬ ُ ‫َﺷ َﻮا ِر‬ ‫ِﺻﻐَ ٌﺎر‬ ‫ُﺳ ُﻔ ٌﻦ‬ ‫ِﲝَ ٌﺎر‬ ُ‫ُﻋﻈَ َﻤﺎء‬ ‫ﺎل‬ ٌ َ‫ِﺟﺒ‬ ‫ﻗُﻄٌُﺮ‬ ِ ‫ت‬ ٌ ‫ﻗَﺎﻃَﺮا‬ ‫ﺎت‬ ٌ ‫َﳏَﻄﱠ‬ ‫ﻓُ ﱠﺠ ٌﺎر‬ ‫ﺎق‬ ٌ ‫ﻓُ ﱠﺴ‬

‫ِﺣ َﺴﺎ ٌن‬ ‫َﻣ ْﺮ ٰﺿﻰ‬

ٌ‫أَ ْد ِوﻳَﺔ‬ ‫ُﻣﻠُ ْﻮ ٌك‬

‫ف‬ ‫اَﻟ ﱢ‬ ُ ‫ﺻ ْﻮ‬ ُ ‫ﺼ َﻔﺔُ َواﻟ َْﻤ ْﻮ‬ Arabic

English army capital city

Singular

Plural

‫ُﺟْﻨ ٌﺪ‬ ِ ‫ﻋ‬ ٌ‫ﺎﺻ َﻤﺔ‬ َ

‫ُﺟﻨُـ ْﻮٌد‬ ِ ‫ﻋﻮ‬ ‫اﺻ ُﻢ‬ ََ

‫َﺷْﻴ ٌﺦ‬ ‫َﺷ ِﺮﻳْـٌﺮ‬

ِ ‫ﲔ‬ ُ ْ ‫َد َﻛﺎﻛ‬ ‫ُﺷﻴُـ ْﻮ ٌخ‬ ِ ُ‫أَﺷﱠﺮاء‬

‫اَﻟْﻴَـ ْﻮَم‬ ِ ‫ ﻣ‬،٬‫ﺑﺎ ِرع‬ ‫ﺎﻫٌﺮ‬ َ ٌ َ ‫َﺣ ﱠﻼ ٌق‬ ‫ُد ﱠﻛﺎ ٌن‬

today skillful; outstanding barber store, shop old man; scholar mischievous

‫َوﻟَ ٌﺪ‬ ‫َد ِﻣْﻴ ٌﻢ‬ (‫ﺐ ) ِﻣ ْﻦ‬ ٌ ْ‫ﻗَ ِﺮﻳ‬

boy ugly near, close

‫ﺖ‬ ٌ ‫ﺑَـْﻴ‬ ‫ﺐ‬ ٌ ‫ﻃَﺒِْﻴ‬

house doctor

ٌ‫ﺻ َﻔﺔ‬ ْ ‫َو‬ ‫ِﺻَﺮا ٌط‬ ‫ُﻣ ْﺴﺘَ ِﻘْﻴ ٌﻢ‬

medical prescription path straight

‫ِد َﻣ ٌﺎم‬

ِ ُ‫أَﻃﺒﱠﺎء‬

‫اب‬ ٌ ‫َﻋ َﺬ‬ ‫أَﻟِْﻴ ٌﻢ‬

torment; punishment painful

ٌ‫ﺿﺔ‬ َ ‫ﺑَـ ُﻌ ْﻮ‬ ‫ِرْز ٌق‬

mosquito livelihood

ٌ‫ﺑََﻼء‬ ٌ‫ﻟَْﻴـﻠَﺔ‬ ٌ‫ُﻣﻈْﻠِ َﻤﺔ‬ ‫َﻣﺜَ ٌﻞ‬ ٌ‫َﻛﻠِ َﻤﺔ‬ ٌ‫َﺷ َﺠَﺮة‬ ٌ‫ﻃَﻴﱢﺒَﺔ‬

trial, tribulation night dark example word tree good; pleasant (F)

53

‫اق‬ ٌ ‫أَْرَز‬ (‫ﻟَﻴَ ٍﺎل )اَﻟﻠﱠﻴَ ِﺎﱃ‬ ِ ‫ﺎت‬ ٌ ‫َﻛﻠ َﻤ‬ ‫ات‬ ٌ ‫َﺷ َﺠَﺮ‬ ‫ﺎت‬ ٌ َ‫ﻃَﻴﱢﺒ‬

Lesson 8

Arabic

English root firm, established branch sky commander, leader

fort, fortress, castle

conqueror Romans

‫ﺻ ْﻮٌل‬ ُ ُ‫أ‬ ‫ع‬ ٌ ‫ﻓُـُﺮْو‬

‫ﺼ ْﻮ ٌن‬ ُ ‫ُﺣ‬

Translate into Arabic

Pious father The son Sa‘eed Most-forgiving Lord Big door The old mat Good article Good magazine Big street Small boat Deep sea Great mountain Long train Big engine Small station

Exercise 2: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

‫ﺻ ٌﻞ‬ ْ َ‫أ‬ ‫ﺖ‬ ٌ ِ‫ﺛَﺎﺑ‬ ‫ع‬ ٌ ‫ﻓَـ ْﺮ‬ ٌ‫َﲰَﺎء‬ ‫ﻗَﺎﺋِ ٌﺪ‬

‫ﻳَ ٌﺪ‬ ‫ﻓَﺎﺗِ ٌﺢ‬ ‫اَﻟﱡﺮْوُم‬

hand; possession

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

Plural

ٌ‫َﻣ ِﺪﻳْـﻨَﺔ‬ ِ ‫ﺼ ٌﻦ‬ ْ‫ﺣ‬

city

Exercise 1:

Singular

Translate into Arabic

I hit an immoral man. You (P/M) took a beautiful fan. The sick woman drank bitter medicine. Brave Tariq defeated a big king’s army and he entered his capital. Today I will go to a skilled barber’s shop.

54

‫ف‬ ‫اَﻟ ﱢ‬ ُ ‫ﺻ ْﻮ‬ ُ ‫ﺼ َﻔﺔُ َواﻟ َْﻤ ْﻮ‬ 6. 7. 8. 9.

This is a pious old man and that is a mischievous child. This is a handsome man and that is an ugly boy. You (S/M) went to a shop close to your house. Doctor Mahmood examined a sick woman and wrote a good prescription for her.

Exercise 3:

Translate into English.

1. ‫ﺴﺘَ ِﻘْﻴ ُﻢ‬ ‫اَﻟ ﱢ‬ ْ ‫ﺼَﺮا ُط اﻟْ ُﻤ‬ 2. ‫اب أَﻟِْﻴ ٌﻢ‬ ٌ ‫َﻋ َﺬ‬

3. ‫ﺻﻐِْﻴـَﺮٌة‬ َ ‫ﺑَـ ُﻌ ْﻮ‬ َ ٌ‫ﺿﺔ‬ ِ 4. ‫ﺴﻨًﺎ‬ َ ‫َرَزﻗَـ ُﻬ ُﻢ اﷲُ رْزﻗًﺎ َﺣ‬ 5. ‫ﺑََﻼءٌ َﻋ ِﻈْﻴ ٌﻢ‬ 6. ٌ‫ﻟَْﻴـﻠَﺔٌ ُﻣﻈْﻠِ َﻤﺔ‬

ٍ ٍ ِ 7. ‫ﺠَﺮةٍ ﻃَﻴﱢﺒَ ٍﺔ‬ َ ‫َﻣﺜَ ُﻞ َﻛﻠ َﻤﺔ ﻃَﻴﱢﺒَﺔ َﻛ َﺸ‬

ِ ‫أَﺻﻠُﻬﺎ ﺛَﺎﺑِﺖ ﱠوﻓَـﺮﻋﻬﺎ ِﰱ اﻟ ﱠﺴﻤ‬ 8. ‫ﺂء‬ َُ ْ ٌ َ ْ َ

ٍ ِ‫ﻓَـﺘَﺢ ﻃَﺎ ِر ُق ِن اﻟْ َﻘﺎﺋِ ُﺪ ﻣ ِﺪﻳـﻨَﺔً َﻋ ِﻈﻴﻤﺔً وأَﺧ َﺬ ِﺣﺼﻨَـﻬﺎ ِﻣﻦ ﻳ ِﺪ ﻣﻠ‬ 9. ‫ﻚ َﻋ ِﻈْﻴ ٍﻢ‬ َ َ َْ ْ َ َ َْ َ ْ َ ِ ‫دﺧﻞ ُﳏ ﱠﻤ ُﺪ ِن اﻟْ َﻔﺎﺗِﺢ ﻋ‬ 10. ‫ﺎﺻ َﻤ َﺔ اﻟﱡﺮْوِم‬ َ َََ َ ُ

55

LESSON 9

‫اَْﻷَ ْﻣ ُﺮ َواﻟﻨﱠـ ْﻬ ُﻲ‬

Imperative (Positive Command) & Prohibitive (Negative Command) The command is used to demand an action.  That verb which contains a command to do something is called ‫أَْﻣٌﺮ‬, for example, ‘read!’ and ‘write!;’ while that verb which contains a command to not do something is called ‫ﻧَـ ْﻬﻲ‬, as in ‘do not go’ and ‘do not

ٌ

fear.’

Creating ‫ أ َْﻣ ٌﺮ‬for the Second Person

ِ ‫ أَْﻣٌﺮ‬of any verb is created from its respective ‫ع‬ ٌ ‫ﻀﺎ ِر‬ َ ‫ﻓ ْﻌ ٌﻞ ُﻣ‬. In this lesson, we will study the method of making ‫ أَْﻣٌﺮ‬for the second person. This is as follows. ِ 1. First, give a jazm to that seeghah of ‫ع‬ ٌ ‫ﻀﺎ ِر‬ َ ‫ﻓ ْﻌ ٌﻞ ُﻣ‬, whose ‫ أَْﻣٌﺮ‬you wish to create. This

means that that seeghah which ends with a dammah, should have its dammah replaced with a sukoon, while the noon should be dropped from that seeghah which

ِ for ‫ﺎﺿﺮ‬ ِ ٌ ‫ ﲨَْﻊ ﻣﺆﻧ‬is an exception to this.2 Also, in the ends with a noon. The ٌ‫ﺻْﻴـﻐَﺔ‬ َُ ٌ ٌ ‫ﱠﺚ َﺣ‬ ِ case of ‫ﺣﺎﺿٌﺮ‬ َ ‫ﲨَْ ٌﻊ ُﻣ َﺬ ﱠﻛٌﺮ‬, an alif should be added at the end, after dropping the noon.

2. Now, remove the ‫ﻀﺎ ِرِع‬ ُ ‫ َﺣ ْﺮ‬, which in this case is ‫ت‬. The seeghah should be َ ‫ف اﻟْ ُﻤ‬ unreadable. 3 3. Now, add a ‫ﺻ ِﻞ‬ ْ ‫ َﳘَْﺰةُ اﻟْ َﻮ‬at the beginning and give it a kasrah.

This process is illustrated in the following table.

2

ِ is one of those words whose ends do not accept any vowel change. Such In fact, this ٌ‫ﺻْﻴـﻐَﺔ‬

words are called ‫ﲏ‬ ‫ َﻣﺒْ ِ ﱞ‬. 3 Hamzat al-wasl appears at the beginning of a word. It is not pronounced when there is a word before the word with a hamzat al-wasl. Giving it a kasrah is the basic principle. There is more detail to it, and is mentioned later in the lesson.

57

Lesson 9

Table 9.1

ِ ‫)أ َْﻣﺮ ﺣ‬ Creating Second Person Imperative In Active Voice (‫ف‬ ٌ ‫ﺎﺿ ٌﺮ َﻣ ْﻌ ُﺮْو‬ َ ٌ [From Left To Right]

Original seeghahs of Second Person

ِ ‫ِع‬ ٌ ‫ﻀﺎر‬ َ ‫ﻓ ْﻌ ٌﻞ ُﻣ‬ ‫ﺗَـ ْﻔ َﻌ ُﻞ‬ ‫ﺗَـ ْﻔ َﻌ َﻼ ِن‬ ‫ﺗَـ ْﻔ َﻌﻠُ ْﻮ َن‬ ِ ‫ﲔ‬ َ ْ ‫ﺗَـ ْﻔ َﻌﻠ‬ ‫ﺗَـ ْﻔ َﻌ َﻼ ِن‬ ‫ﺗَـ ْﻔ َﻌ ْﻠ َﻦ‬

Give jazm to the seeghahs

Drop the harf al-mudari‘

Add a hamzat alwasl at the beginning

‫ﺗَـ ْﻔ َﻌ ْﻞ‬ ‫ﺗَـ ْﻔ َﻌ َﻼ‬ ‫ﺗَـ ْﻔ َﻌﻠُ ْﻮا‬ ‫ﺗَـ ْﻔ َﻌﻠِ ْﻲ‬

‫ﻓْـ َﻌ ْﻞ‬ ‫ﻓْـ َﻌ َﻼ‬ ‫ﻓْـ َﻌﻠُ ْﻮا‬ ‫ﻓْـ َﻌﻠِ ْﻲ‬ ‫ﻓْـ َﻌ َﻼ‬ ‫ﻓْـ َﻌ ْﻠ َﻦ‬

‫اِﻓْـ َﻌ ْﻞ‬ ‫اِﻓْـ َﻌ َﻼ‬ ‫اِﻓْـ َﻌﻠُ ْﻮا‬ ‫اِﻓْـ َﻌﻠِ ْﻲ‬ ‫اِﻓْـ َﻌ َﻼ‬ ‫اِﻓْـ َﻌ ْﻠ َﻦ‬

‫ﺗَـ ْﻔ َﻌ َﻼ‬ ‫ﺗَـ ْﻔ َﻌ ْﻠ َﻦ‬

Based upon the above procedure, we get the following seeghahs of second person imperative in active voice. These must be memorized. Table 9.2

ِ ‫)أ َْﻣﺮ ﺣ‬ Second Person Imperative In Active Voice (‫ف‬ ٌ ‫ﺎﺿ ٌﺮ َﻣ ْﻌ ُﺮْو‬ َ ٌ Person

Gender Masculine

Second Person

ِ ‫)ﺣ‬ (‫ﺎﺿٌﺮ‬ َ

(‫) ُﻣ َﺬ ﱠﻛٌﺮ‬

Feminine (‫ﱠﺚ‬ ٌ ‫)ﻣ َﺆﻧ‬ ُ

Plurality

English

Singular

(You) Do!

Dual

(You) Do!

Plural

(You) Do!

Singular

(You) Do!

Dual

(You) Do!

Plural

(You) Do!

58

Arabic

‫اِﻓْـ َﻌ ْﻞ‬ ‫اِﻓْـ َﻌ َﻼ‬ ‫اِﻓْـ َﻌﻠُ ْﻮا‬ ‫اِﻓْـ َﻌﻠِ ْﻲ‬ ‫اِﻓْـ َﻌ َﻼ‬ ‫اِﻓْـ َﻌ ْﻠ َﻦ‬

‫ﱠﻬ ُﻲ‬ ْ ‫اَْﻷ َْﻣُﺮ َواﻟﻨـ‬ Before we move on, it would be useful to see how Table 9.2 would be written in Arabic. This is as follows: Table 9.2a

ِ ‫اَْﻷَﻣﺮ اﻟْﺤ‬ ‫ف‬ ُ ‫ﺎﺿ ُﺮ اﻟْ َﻤ ْﻌ ُﺮْو‬ َ ُْ ‫اَﻟ ﱢ‬ ُ‫ﺼ ْﻴـﻐَﺔ‬

‫اِﻓْـ َﻌ ْﻞ‬ ‫اِﻓْـ َﻌ َﻼ‬ ‫اِﻓْـ َﻌﻠُ ْﻮا‬ ‫اِﻓْـ َﻌﻠِ ْﻲ‬ ‫اِﻓْـ َﻌ َﻼ‬ ‫اِﻓْـ َﻌ ْﻠ َﻦ‬

‫ﺼ ْﻴـﻐَ ِﺔ‬ ‫اِ ْﺳ ُﻢ اﻟ ﱢ‬

ِ ِ ‫اﺣ ٌﺪ ﻣ َﺬ ﱠﻛﺮ ﺣ‬ ‫ﺎﺿٌﺮ‬ َ ٌ ُ ‫َو‬ ِ ‫ﺗَـﺜْﻨِﻴﺔٌ ﻣ َﺬ ﱠﻛﺮ ﺣ‬ ‫ﺎﺿٌﺮ‬ َ ٌ ُ َ ِ ‫ﲨَْ ٌﻊ ُﻣ َﺬ ﱠﻛٌﺮ َﺣﺎﺿٌﺮ‬ ِ ِ ‫ﱠﺚ ﺣ‬ ‫ﺎﺿٌﺮ‬ َ ٌ ‫َواﺣ ٌﺪ ُﻣ َﺆﻧ‬ ِ ِ ‫ﱠﺚ ﺣ‬ ‫ﺎﺿٌﺮ‬ َ ٌ ‫ﺗَـﺜْﻨﻴَﺔٌ ُﻣ َﺆﻧ‬ ِ ‫ﱠﺚ ﺣ‬ ‫ﺎﺿٌﺮ‬ َ ٌ ‫ﲨَْ ٌﻊ ُﻣ َﺆﻧ‬

Examples:

ِ 1. From ‫ﺢ‬ ُ َ‫( ﺗَـ ْﻔﺘ‬you are opening/will open), we get ‫( اﻓْـﺘَ ْﺢ‬open!). ِ ِ 2. From ‫ﲡﻠِﺲ‬ َْ (you are sitting/will sit), we get ‫ﺲ‬ ْ ‫( ا ْﺟﻠ‬sit!). ُ

ِ 3. From ‫ﺴ َﻤ ُﻊ‬ ْ َ‫( ﺗ‬you are hearing/will hear), we get ‫( ا ْﲰَ ْﻊ‬hear!). ِ 4. From ‫ب‬ ْ َ‫( ﺗ‬you are hitting/will hit), we get ‫ب‬ ْ ‫( ا‬hit!). ْ ‫ﺿ ِﺮ‬ ُ ‫ﻀ ِﺮ‬ ِ 5. From ‫ﺐ‬ ْ ‫( ا ْذ َﻫ‬go!). ُ ‫( ﺗَ ْﺬ َﻫ‬you are going/will go), we get ‫ﺐ‬ Creating ‫ ﻧَـ ْﻬ ٌﻲ‬for the Second Person

ِ Like ‫أَْﻣٌﺮ‬, the ‫ ﻧَـ ْﻬ ٌﻲ‬of any verb is also created from its respective ‫ع‬ ٌ ‫ﻀﺎ ِر‬ َ ‫ﻓ ْﻌ ٌﻞ ُﻣ‬. In this

lesson, we will study the method of making ‫ ﻧَـ ْﻬﻲ‬for the second person. It is partially

ٌ

similar to the method given above for ‫أَْﻣٌﺮ‬, but there are also differences. The process is as follows.

ِ 1. Like in the case of ‫أَْﻣٌﺮ‬, give a jazm to the ‫ع‬ ٌ ‫ﻀﺎ ِر‬ َ ‫ﻓ ْﻌ ٌﻞ ُﻣ‬. This means that that seeghah which ends with a dammah, should have its dammah replaced with a sukoon, while the noon should be dropped from that seeghah which ends with a noon. As before, ِ for ‫ﺎﺿﺮ‬ ِ ٌ ‫ ﲨَْﻊ ﻣﺆﻧ‬will be an exception to this. Also, in the case of ‫ﲨَْﻊ ﻣ َﺬ ﱠﻛﺮ‬ the ٌ‫ﺻْﻴـﻐَﺔ‬ َُ ٌ ٌ ‫ﱠﺚ َﺣ‬ ٌ ٌُ ِ ‫ َﺣﺎﺿٌﺮ‬, an alif should be added at the end, after dropping the noon.

59

Lesson 9

2. Now, instead of removing the ‫ﻀﺎ ِرِع‬ ُ ‫ َﺣ ْﺮ‬, just place a ‫ َﻻ‬before it. This ‫ َﻻ‬is a َ ‫ف اﻟْ ُﻤ‬ ِ ‫َﻻ اﻟﻨﱠ‬. ‫ﱠﻬ ِﻲ‬ ُ ‫ َﺣ ْﺮ‬, and is called ُ‫ﺎﻫﻴَﺔ‬ ْ ‫ف اﻟﻨـ‬ This process is illustrated in the following table. Table 9.3

ِ ‫)ﻧَـ ْﻬﻲ ﺣ‬ Creating Second Person Prohibitive In Active Voice (‫ف‬ ٌ ‫ﺎﺿ ٌﺮ َﻣ ْﻌ ُﺮْو‬ َ ٌ [From Left To Right]

Original seeghahs of

ِ Second Person ‫ع‬ ٌ ‫ﻀﺎ ِر‬ َ ‫ﻓ ْﻌ ٌﻞ ُﻣ‬ ‫ﺗَـ ْﻔ َﻌ ُﻞ‬ ‫ﺗَـ ْﻔ َﻌ َﻼ ِن‬ ‫ﺗَـ ْﻔ َﻌﻠُ ْﻮ َن‬ ِ ‫ﲔ‬ َ ْ ‫ﺗَـ ْﻔ َﻌﻠ‬ ‫ﺗَـ ْﻔ َﻌ َﻼ ِن‬ ‫ﺗَـ ْﻔ َﻌ ْﻠ َﻦ‬

Give jazm to the seeghahs

Add a laa al-nahiyah at the beginning

‫ﺗَـ ْﻔ َﻌ ْﻞ‬ ‫ﺗَـ ْﻔ َﻌ َﻼ‬ ‫ﺗَـ ْﻔ َﻌﻠُ ْﻮا‬ ‫ﺗَـ ْﻔ َﻌﻠِ ْﻲ‬

‫َﻻ ﺗَـ ْﻔ َﻌ ْﻞ‬ ‫َﻻ ﺗَـ ْﻔ َﻌ َﻼ‬ ‫َﻻ ﺗَـ ْﻔ َﻌﻠُ ْﻮا‬ ‫َﻻ ﺗَـ ْﻔ َﻌﻠِ ْﻲ‬ ‫َﻻ ﺗَـ ْﻔ َﻌ َﻼ‬

‫ﺗَـ ْﻔ َﻌ َﻼ‬ ‫ﺗَـ ْﻔ َﻌ ْﻠ َﻦ‬

‫َﻻ ﺗَـ ْﻔ َﻌ ْﻠ َﻦ‬

Based upon the above procedure, we get the following seeghahs of second person prohibitive in active voice. These must be memorized.

Table 9.4

ِ ‫)ﻧَـ ْﻬﻲ ﺣ‬ Second Person Prohibitive In Active Voice (‫ف‬ ٌ ‫ﺎﺿ ٌﺮ َﻣ ْﻌ ُﺮْو‬ َ ٌ Person

Gender Masculine

Second Person

ِ ‫)ﺣ‬ (‫ﺎﺿٌﺮ‬ َ

(‫) ُﻣ َﺬ ﱠﻛٌﺮ‬

Feminine (‫ﱠﺚ‬ ٌ ‫)ﻣ َﺆﻧ‬ ُ

Plurality

English

Arabic

Singular

(You) Don’t do!

Dual

(You) Don’t do!

Plural

(You) Don’t do!

Singular

(You) Don’t do!

Dual

(You) Don’t do!

‫َﻻ ﺗَـ ْﻔ َﻌ ْﻞ‬ ‫َﻻ ﺗَـ ْﻔ َﻌ َﻼ‬ ‫َﻻ ﺗَـ ْﻔ َﻌﻠُ ْﻮا‬ ‫َﻻ ﺗَـ ْﻔ َﻌﻠِ ْﻲ‬ ‫َﻻ ﺗَـ ْﻔ َﻌ َﻼ‬

Plural

(You) Don’t do!

60

‫َﻻ ﺗَـ ْﻔ َﻌ ْﻠ َﻦ‬

‫ﱠﻬ ُﻲ‬ ْ ‫اَْﻷ َْﻣُﺮ َواﻟﻨـ‬ Again, before we move on, it would be useful to see how Table 9.4 would be written in Arabic. This is as follows: Table 9.4a

ِ ‫اَﻟﻨّـ ْﻬﻲ اﻟْﺤ‬ ‫ف‬ ُ ‫ﺎﺿ ُﺮ اﻟْ َﻤ ْﻌ ُﺮْو‬ َ ُ ‫اَﻟ ﱢ‬ ُ‫ﺼ ْﻴـﻐَﺔ‬

‫َﻻ ﺗَـ ْﻔ َﻌ ْﻞ‬ ‫َﻻ ﺗَـ ْﻔ َﻌ َﻼ‬ ‫َﻻ ﺗَـ ْﻔ َﻌﻠُ ْﻮا‬ ‫َﻻ ﺗَـ ْﻔ َﻌﻠِ ْﻲ‬ ‫َﻻ ﺗَـ ْﻔ َﻌ َﻼ‬ ‫َﻻ ﺗَـ ْﻔ َﻌ ْﻠ َﻦ‬

‫ﺼ ْﻴـﻐَ ِﺔ‬ ‫اِ ْﺳ ُﻢ اﻟ ﱢ‬

ِ ِ ‫اﺣ ٌﺪ ﻣ َﺬ ﱠﻛﺮ ﺣ‬ ‫ﺎﺿٌﺮ‬ َ ٌ ُ ‫َو‬ ِ ‫ﺗَـﺜْﻨِﻴﺔٌ ﻣ َﺬ ﱠﻛﺮ ﺣ‬ ‫ﺎﺿٌﺮ‬ َ ٌ ُ َ ِ ‫ﲨﻊ ﻣ َﺬ ﱠﻛﺮ ﺣ‬ ‫ﺎﺿٌﺮ‬ َ ٌ ُ ٌ َْ ِ ِ ‫ﱠﺚ ﺣ‬ ‫ﺎﺿٌﺮ‬ َ ٌ ‫َواﺣ ٌﺪ ُﻣ َﺆﻧ‬ ِ ِ ‫ﱠﺚ ﺣ‬ ‫ﺎﺿٌﺮ‬ َ ٌ ‫ﺗَـﺜْﻨﻴَﺔٌ ُﻣ َﺆﻧ‬ ِ ‫ﱠﺚ ﺣ‬ ‫ﺎﺿٌﺮ‬ َ ٌ ‫ﲨَْ ٌﻊ ُﻣ َﺆﻧ‬

Examples: 1. From ‫ﺢ‬ ُ َ‫( ﺗَـ ْﻔﺘ‬you are opening/will open), we get ‫( َﻻ ﺗَـ ْﻔﺘَ ْﺢ‬do not open!).

ِ 2. From ‫ﲡﻠِﺲ‬ َْ (you are sitting/will sit), we get ‫ﺲ‬ ْ ‫( َﻻ َْﲡﻠ‬do not sit!). ُ

3. From ‫ﺴ َﻤ ُﻊ‬ ْ َ‫( ﺗ‬you are hearing/will hear), we get ‫( َﻻ ﺗَ ْﺴ َﻤ ْﻊ‬do not hear!). 4. From ‫ب‬ ْ َ‫( ﺗ‬you are hitting/will hit), we get ‫ب‬ ْ َ‫( َﻻ ﺗ‬do not hit!). ْ ‫ﻀ ِﺮ‬ ُ ‫ﻀ ِﺮ‬ 5. From ‫ﺐ‬ ْ ‫( َﻻ ﺗَ ْﺬ َﻫ‬do not go!). ُ ‫( ﺗَ ْﺬ َﻫ‬you are going/will go), we get ‫ﺐ‬ The vowels (harakah) of ‫ أ َْﻣ ٌﺮ‬and ‫ﻧَـ ْﻬ ٌﻲ‬

Many times we find ‫ أَْﻣٌﺮ‬to be on the pattern of ‫ اِﻓْـ َﻌ ْﻞ‬as in ‫اِ ْﲰَ ْﻊ‬. However, this is not always the case. Sometimes, it follows the ‫ اُﻓْـ ُﻌ ْﻞ‬pattern as in ‫ﺼ ْﺮ‬ ُ ْ‫اُﻧ‬, and sometimes the

ِ ‫ اِﻓْﻌِ ْﻞ‬pattern as in ‫ب‬ ْ ‫ا‬.  The reason behind this difference is that the particular vowel ْ ‫ﺿ ِﺮ‬ ِ ِ pattern of ‫ أَْﻣٌﺮ‬and ‫ ﻧَـ ْﻬﻲ‬is dependent on the (‫ )ع‬letter of the ‫ﺐ‬ ٌ ‫ َواﺣ ٌﺪ ُﻣ َﺬ ﱠﻛٌﺮ َﻏﺎﺋ‬seeghah of ٌ ِ ِ ِ ٌ ‫ ﻓِﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎ ِر‬governs the ‫ أَﻣﺮ‬in two ways, ‫ع‬ ٌ ‫ﻀﺎ ِر‬ َ ‫ﻓ ْﻌ ٌﻞ ُﻣ‬. The (‫ )ع‬letter of this ‫ﺐ‬ َ ُ ٌْ ٌ ‫ع َواﺣ ٌﺪ ُﻣ َﺬ ﱠﻛٌﺮ َﻏﺎﺋ‬ ٌْ and ‫ ﻧـَ ْﻬﻲ‬in one way. ٌ The one way where it governs both ‫ أَْﻣٌﺮ‬and ‫ ﻧـَ ْﻬﻲ‬is the harakah of the (‫ )ع‬letter ٌ of ‫ أَْﻣٌﺮ‬and ‫ﻧَـ ْﻬﻲ‬.  Here, the harakah has to correspond exactly.  Thus, when the (‫)ع‬ ٌ ِ‫اﺣ ٌﺪ ﻣ َﺬ ﱠﻛﺮ َﻏﺎﺋ‬ ِ ٌ ‫ ﻓِﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎ ِر‬has a fathah, or kasrah, or dammah, the (‫ )ع‬letter letter of ‫ﺐ‬ َ ُ ٌْ ٌ ٌ ُ ‫ع َو‬

61

Lesson 9

of ‫ أَْﻣٌﺮ‬and ‫ ﻧـَ ْﻬﻲ‬will have the same vowel.  For example, in ‫ﺴ َﻤ ُﻊ‬ ْ َ‫ ﻳ‬the (‫ )ع‬letter is (‫ )م‬and

ٌ

has a fathah. Therefore, in its ‫ أَْﻣٌﺮ‬and ‫ ﻧـَ ْﻬﻲ‬forms, the (‫ )م‬will also get a fathah.  Its ‫أَْﻣٌﺮ‬

ٌ

will be ‫ اِ ْﲰَ ْﻊ‬and its ‫ ﻧَـ ْﻬﻲ‬will be ‫ﺴ َﻤ ْﻊ‬ ْ َ‫ ﻳ‬there is a kasrah under (‫ ;)ر‬therefore, ُ ‫ﻀ ِﺮ‬ ْ َ‫َﻻ ﺗ‬.  In ‫ب‬

ٌ

ِ its ‫ أَْﻣٌﺮ‬and ‫ ﻧَـ ْﻬﻲ‬forms will be ‫ب‬ ْ ‫ ا‬and ‫ب‬ ْ َ‫ َﻻ ﺗ‬respectively.   In ‫ﺼُﺮ‬ ْ ‫ﺿ ِﺮ‬ ْ ‫ﻀ ِﺮ‬ ُ ‫ﻳَـْﻨ‬, there is a ٌ dammah on (‫ ;)ص‬therefore, its ‫ أَْﻣٌﺮ‬and ‫ ﻧَـ ْﻬﻲ‬forms will be ‫ﺼ ْﺮ‬ ُ ْ‫ اُﻧ‬and ‫ﺼ ْﺮ‬ ُ ‫ َﻻ ﺗَـْﻨ‬respectively. ٌ

ِ The other way in which (‫ )ع‬letter of ‫ع‬ ٌ ‫ﻀﺎ ِر‬ َ ‫ ﻓ ْﻌ ٌﻞ ُﻣ‬governs ‫ أَْﻣٌﺮ‬is with respect to the hamzat al-wasl of ‫أَْﻣٌﺮ‬. This hamzat al-wasl either gets a kasrah or a dammah. It ِ cannot have a fathah. If the (‫ )ع‬letter of ‫ع‬ ٌ ‫ﻀﺎ ِر‬ َ ‫ ﻓ ْﻌ ٌﻞ ُﻣ‬has a dammah, the hamzat al-wasl of ‫ أَْﻣٌﺮ‬will also have a dammah. For example, the ‫ أَْﻣٌﺮ‬of ‫ﺼ ُﺮ‬ ُ ‫ ﻳَـْﻨ‬will be ‫ﺼ ْﺮ‬ ُ ْ‫ اُﻧ‬because (‫)ص‬

ِ ِ is the (‫ )ع‬letter of ‫ِع‬ ٌ ‫ﻀﺎر‬ ٌ ‫ﻀﺎ ِر‬ َ ‫ ﻓ ْﻌ ٌﻞ ُﻣ‬and it has a dammah. And if the (‫ )ع‬letter of ‫ع‬ َ ‫ﻓ ْﻌ ٌﻞ ُﻣ‬ has a fathah or a kasrah, then in both cases the hamzat al-wasl of ‫ أَْﻣٌﺮ‬will get a kasrah. ِ ِ For example, the ‫ أَْﻣٌﺮ‬of ‫ﺴ َﻤ ُﻊ‬ ْ َ‫ ﻳ‬is ‫ب‬ ْ ‫ا‬. ْ ‫ﺿ ِﺮ‬ ُ ‫ﻀ ِﺮ‬ ْ َ‫ ﻳ‬is ‫ا ْﲰَ ْﻊ‬, and the ‫ أَْﻣٌﺮ‬of ‫ب‬

It should be noted that there is no hamzat al-wasl in ‫ﻧَـ ْﻬﻲ‬. It is only ٌ ِ dependent on the (‫ )ع‬letter of ‫ع‬ ٌ ‫ﻀﺎ ِر‬ َ ‫ ﻓ ْﻌ ٌﻞ ُﻣ‬for the harakah on its own (‫ )ع‬letter. Word List For Verbs Arabic

English (for past tense)

ٍ ‫َﻣ‬ ‫ﺎض‬

‫ع‬ ٌ ‫ﻀﺎ ِر‬ َ ‫ُﻣ‬

‫ﻓَـﺘَ َﺢ‬ ‫ﺚ‬ َ َ‫َﲝ‬ ‫َِﲰ َﻊ‬ ‫ﻚ‬ َ ‫ﺿ ِﺤ‬ َ ‫َﻋ ِﻤ َﻞ‬ ‫َﻋﻠِ َﻢ‬ ِ ‫ﺐ‬ َ ‫ﻟَﻌ‬ ‫ﻗَﺒِ َﻞ‬

‫ﻳَـ ْﻔﺘَ ُﺢ‬ ‫ﺚ‬ ُ ‫ﻳَـْﺒ َﺤ‬

‫ﺐ‬ َ ‫ذَ َﻫ‬ ‫َﻣﻨَ َﻊ‬ َ‫ﺑَ َﺪأ‬

he went he stopped (someone) he started he opened he searched he heard he laughed he did, he acted, he worked he came to know he played he accepted

62

‫ﺐ‬ ُ ‫ﻳَ ْﺬ َﻫ‬ ‫ﳝَْﻨَ ُﻊ‬ ُ‫ﻳَـْﺒ َﺪأ‬

‫ﻳَ ْﺴ َﻤ ُﻊ‬ ‫ﻚ‬ ْ َ‫ﻳ‬ ُ ‫ﻀ َﺤ‬ ‫ﻳَـ ْﻌ َﻤ ُﻞ‬ ‫ﻳَـ ْﻌﻠَ ُﻢ‬ ‫ﺐ‬ ُ ‫ﻳَـ ْﻠ َﻌ‬ ‫ﺒَ ُﻞﻳَـ ْﻘ‬

‫ﱠﻬ ُﻲ‬ ْ ‫اَْﻷ َْﻣُﺮ َواﻟﻨـ‬ Arabic

English (for past tense)

ٍ ‫َﻣ‬ ‫ﺎض‬

‫ع‬ ٌ ‫ﻀﺎ ِر‬ َ ‫ُﻣ‬

‫َﺣَﺰ َن‬ َ‫َﻫَﺰأ‬

‫َْﳛَﺰ ُن‬ ُ‫ﻳَـ ْﻬَﺰأ‬

‫ﻃَﺒَ َﺦ‬ ‫َﺣ ِﺬ َر‬ ‫ب‬ َ ‫ﻗَـُﺮ‬

he cooked he was cautious he went near, he came near he became sad he mocked

‫ﻳَﻄْﺒَ ُﺦ‬ ‫َْﳛ َﺬ ُر‬ ‫ب‬ ُ ‫ﻳَـ ْﻘُﺮ‬

‫ﻓَـ َﻌ َﻞ‬ َ‫ﻗَـَﺮأ‬ ‫َد َﺧ َﻞ‬ ‫ب‬ َ ‫َﺷ ِﺮ‬

he did he read he entered he drank

‫ﻳَـ ْﻔ َﻌ ُﻞ‬ ُ‫ﻳَـ ْﻘَﺮأ‬ ‫ﻳَ ْﺪ ُﺧ ُﻞ‬ ‫ب‬ ُ ‫ﻳَ ْﺸَﺮ‬

Word List for Nouns & Particles Arabic

English

Singular

‫إِ ٰﱃ‬

to

Plural

‫ُﺳ ْﻮ ٌق‬ ‫َﻣ ْﺴ ِﺠ ٌﺪ‬ ‫ﺑَ ْﻞ‬

market mosque but, rather, however

‫ﺻْﻨ ُﺪ ْو ٌق‬ ُ ِ‫ل‬

box for

‫ﻚ‬ َ ‫ﻧـَ ْﻔ ُﺴ‬ ‫َﻛﺜِْﻴـًﺮا‬ ِ َ‫ﻧ‬ ٌ‫ﺼْﻴ َﺤﺔ‬

yourself a lot advice

‫أُمﱞ‬ ‫َﻣ َﻊ‬

mother with

ٌ‫ُد ْﻣﻴَﺔ‬ ٌ‫ُﻛَﺮة‬

doll ball

‫َﻛ َﻼ ٌم‬

speech

63

‫أَﻧْـ ُﻔ ُﺴ ُﻜ ْﻢ‬

‫ﺎت‬ ٌ ‫أُﱠﻣ َﻬ‬

Lesson 9

Arabic

English

comb meat snake scorpion cat

‫ب‬ ٌ ‫َﻋ ْﻘَﺮ‬ ٌ‫ﻗِﻄﱠﺔ‬

‫ﺎت‬ ٌ ‫َﺣﻴﱠ‬ ‫ب‬ ُ ‫َﻋ َﻘﺎ ِر‬ ‫ﻂ‬ ٌ َ‫ﻗِﻄ‬

‫َﻋ ٰﻠﻰ‬ ‫ِﺻَﺮا ٌط‬ ‫ُﻣ ْﺴﺘَ ِﻘْﻴ ٌﻢ‬ ‫َﺧْﻴـٌﺮ‬ ‫أَ ﱠن‬

upon, on path straight good that

‫ُﻛﻞﱞ‬ ٌ‫َﺷﻲء‬ ‫ﻗَ ِﺪﻳْـٌﺮ‬ ٌ‫ﺎﻋﺔ‬ َ ‫َﺷ َﻔ‬ ٌ‫ﻗَـ ْﺮﻳَﺔ‬ ‫ﺻ ِﺪﻳْ ٌﻖ‬ َ ‫ﻓُـْﻨ ُﺪ ٌق‬

all, each thing powerful intercession village friend hotel

‫ﱭ‬ ٌ َ َ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺎب‬ ٌ َ‫ﺑ‬

milk door

‫ﺖ‬ ٌ ‫ﺑَـْﻴ‬ ‫ُﻣ ِﺪﻳْـٌﺮ‬ ٌ‫َﺟ ِﺮﻳْ َﺪة‬

house manager; editor newspaper

ِ 1. ‫ﺐ‬ ْ ‫ا ْذ َﻫ‬ 2. ‫ﺐ‬ ْ ‫َﻻ ﺗَ ْﺬ َﻫ‬

Plural

ٌ‫ِﻣ ْﺮأٰة‬ ‫ﻂ‬ ٌ ‫ِﻣ ْﺸ‬ ‫َﳊْ ٌﻢ‬ ٌ‫َﺣﻴﱠﺔ‬

mirror

Exercise 1:

Singular

Translate into English 7. ‫ﺴ َﻤ ُﻌ ْﻮا‬ ْ َ‫َﻻ ﺗ‬ ِ 8. ‫ﻜ ْﻮا‬ ُ ‫ﺿ َﺤ‬ ْ‫ا‬

64

‫ﻗُـًﺮى‬ ‫ﻓَـﻨَ ِﺎد ُق‬

‫ﱠﻬ ُﻲ‬ ْ ‫اَْﻷ َْﻣُﺮ َواﻟﻨـ‬ 9. ‫اِ ْﻋ َﻤﻠُ ْﻮا‬ 10. ‫اِ ْﲰَ َﻌﺎ‬

3. ‫َﻻ ﲤَْﻨَـ ُﻌ ْﻮا‬ 4. ‫َﻻ ﺗَـْﺒ َﺪﺋِﻲ‬

ْ

5. ‫اِﻓْـﺘَ ِﺤﻲ‬ ْ 6. ‫ﺤﺜْ َﻦ‬ َ ‫َﻻ ﺗَـْﺒ‬ Exercise 2: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

11. ‫اِ ْﻋﻠَ َﻤﺎ‬

12. ‫َﻻ ﺗَـ ْﻠ َﻌﺒَﺎ‬ Translate into Arabic

Don’t go (P/M) to the market, but go to the mosque. Open (S/M) the box. Work (D/M) for yourselves. Don’t laugh (P/M) a lot. Accept (P/F) the advice of your mothers. Don’t (P/M) play with the doll; play (P/M) with the ball. Listen (S/M) to the speech of Allah. Don’t (S/F) play with the mirror and the comb; cook (S/F) the meat. Be cautious (P/F) of the snake and the scorpion. Don’t (D/F) go near the ball; play (D/F) with this cat.

Exercise 3:

Translate into English.

1. ‫ﲢَﺰ ْن َﻋﻠَْﻴ ِﻬ ْﻢ‬ َْ ‫َﻻ‬ 2. ‫ﻜ ْﻮا‬ ُ ‫ﻀ َﺤ‬ ْ َ‫َﻻ ﺗَـ ْﻬَﺰءُ ْوا َوَﻻ ﺗ‬ 3. ‫اﳋَْﻴـَﺮ‬ ْ ‫اِﻓْـ َﻌﻠُﻮا‬ ِ ِ 4. ‫ي َوَﻻ ﺗَـ ْﻠ َﻌﺒﲕ‬ ْ ‫اﻗْـَﺮء‬

ْ

5. ‫اِ ْﻋﻠَ ُﻤ ْﻮا أَ ﱠن اﷲَ َﻋ ٰﻠﻰ ُﻛ ﱢﻞ َﺷﻲ ٍء ﻗَ ِﺪﻳْـٌﺮ‬ ْ ِ 6. ‫ﺎﻋ َﺔ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺸ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ َ َ ‫اﻗْـﺒَـﻠُﻮا‬

7. ‫ﺧﻠُ ْﻮا ٰﻫ ِﺬﻩِ اﻟْ َﻘ ْﺮﻳَ َﺔ‬ ُ ‫اُْد‬ ِ ِ ‫اِ ْذﻫﺒـﻮا ﻣﻊ‬ ِ 8. ُ‫ﱭ َﻣ َﻌﻪ‬ ََ ‫ﺻﺪﻳْﻘ ُﻜ ْﻢ إِ َﱃ اﻟْ ُﻔْﻨ ُﺪق َوا ْﺷَﺮﺑُـ ْﻮا اﻟﻠﱠ‬ َ َ َ ْ َُ

ِ ‫اِﻓْـﺘَﺤﻮا ﺑﺎب اﻟْﺒـﻴ‬ 9. ِ‫اﳉَ ِﺮﻳْ َﺪة‬ ْ ‫ﺖ َوا ْذ َﻫﺒُـ ْﻮا إِ ٰﱃ ُﻣ ِﺪﻳْ ِﺮ‬ َْ َ َ ْ ُ

65

LESSON 10

ِ ‫اَﻟْﻮ‬ ‫ اَﻟْ َﺠ ْﻤ ُﻊ‬،٬ُ‫ اَﻟﺘﱠﺜْﻨِﻴَﺔ‬،٬‫اﺣ ُﺪ‬ َ

Singular, Dual, Plural We have seen in the previous lessons that verb forms are sometimes single, sometimes dual, and sometimes plural.4 Similarly, nouns can also be single, dual

ِ َ‫ ﻣ ْﺆِﻣﻨ‬means ‘two believers,’ and and plural. For example, ‫ ُﻣ ْﺆِﻣ ٌﻦ‬means ‘one believer,’ ‫ﺎن‬ ُ ‫ ُﻣ ْﺆِﻣﻨُـ ْﻮ َن‬means ‘three or more believers.’ Below, we give the rules for duals and plurals of nouns.

ِ ‫ )و‬one of the ٌ‫ – ﺗَـﺜْﻨِﻴَﺔ‬Dual: It is formed by placing at the end of a singular (‫اﺣ ٌﺪ‬ َ following: 

ِ An ‫ﻒ‬ ٌ ‫ أَﻟ‬preceded by a fathah and followed by a ‫ ﻧـُ ْﻮ ٌن‬with a kasrah i.e. [‫]ﹷ ِان‬ for the state of ‫ َرﻓْ ٌﻊ‬. e.g.



‫َر ُﺟ َﻼ ِن‬

two men

A ٌ‫ ﻳَﺎء‬preceded by a fathah and a ‫ ﻧـُ ْﻮ ٌن‬with a kasrah i.e. [‫ ]ﹷﻳْ ِﻦ‬for the states of

‫ﺐ‬ ْ َ‫ ﻧ‬and ‫ َﺟﱞﺮ‬. ٌ‫ﺼ‬ ِ ْ َ‫ر ُﺟﻠ‬ e.g. ‫ﲔ‬ َ

two men

ِ ‫ )و‬one of the ‫ – َﺟ ْﻤ ٌﻊ‬Plural: It is formed by placing at the end of a singular (‫اﺣ ٌﺪ‬ َ following:5 

A ‫ َو ٌاو‬preceded by a dammah and followed by a ‫ ﻧـُ ْﻮ ٌن‬with a fathah i.e. [‫]ﹹ ْو َن‬ for the state of ‫ َرﻓْ ٌﻊ‬. e.g.



‫ ُﻣ ْﺴﻠِ ُﻤ ْﻮ َن‬Muslims

A ٌ‫ ﻳَﺎء‬preceded by a kasrah and followed by a ‫ ﻧـُ ْﻮ ٌن‬with a fathah i.e. [‫ ]ﹻﻳْ َﻦ‬for the states of ‫ﺐ‬ ْ َ‫ ﻧ‬and ‫ َﺟﱞﺮ‬. ٌ‫ﺼ‬ e.g.

ِِ ‫ﲔ‬ َ ْ ‫ ُﻣ ْﺴﻠﻤ‬Muslims

4

It should be ed that when the verb forms are dual or plural, it is not the action that is dual or plural. The action taking place is only one. It is only the doers of the action who are two or more. 5 There is more detail to it, which can be studied in more advanced books.

67

Lesson 10

For the ease of the students, a chart showing ‫ﺴﻠِ ٌﻢ‬ ْ ‫ ُﻣ‬and its dual and plural forms in each of the different states is given below. Table 10.1 Singular, Dual, and Plural

In the state of ‫َرﻓْ ٌﻊ‬

ِ ‫)اَﻟْﻮ‬ Singular (‫اﺣ ُﺪ‬ َ

In the state of ‫ﺐ‬ ْ َ‫ﻧ‬ ٌ‫ﺼ‬ In the state of ‫ﺟﱞﺮ‬ َ

‫ُﻣ ْﺴﻠِ ٌﻢ‬ ‫ُﻣ ْﺴﻠِ ًﻤﺎ‬ ‫ُﻣ ْﺴﻠِ ٍﻢ‬

Dual (ُ‫)اَﻟﺘﱠﺜْﻨِﻴَﺔ‬

ِ ‫ﻣﺴﻠِﻤ‬ ‫ﺎن‬ َ ُْ ِ ْ ‫ُﻣﺴﻠِﻤ‬ ‫ﲔ‬ َ ْ ِ ْ ‫ُﻣﺴﻠِﻤ‬ ‫ﲔ‬ َ ْ

Plural (‫)اَ ْﳉَ ْﻤ ُﻊ‬

‫ُﻣ ْﺴﻠِ ُﻤ ْﻮ َن‬ ِِ ‫ﲔ‬ َ ْ ‫ُﻣ ْﺴﻠﻤ‬ ِِ ‫ﲔ‬ َ ْ ‫ُﻣ ْﺴﻠﻤ‬

Examples: 1. Two men went to the market.

‫ﺐ َر ُﺟ َﻼ ِن إِ َﱃ اﻟ ﱡﺴ ْﻮ ِق‬ َ ‫َذ َﻫ‬

2. The scholars gave a speech in the mosque.

‫ﺐ اﻟْ َﻌﺎﻟِ ُﻤ ْﻮ َن ِﰱ اﻟْ َﻤ ْﺴ ِﺠ ِﺪ‬ َ َ‫َﺧﻄ‬

3. Khalid helped two oppressed persons.

ِ ْ ‫ﺼﺮ َﺧﺎﻟِ ٌﺪ َﻣﻈْﻠُﻮَﻣ‬ ‫ﲔ‬ ْ َ َ َ‫ﻧ‬

4. Naseer hit the oppressors.

ِِ ِ ‫ﺿﺮ‬ ‫ﲔ‬ َ ْ ‫ب ﻧَﺼْﻴـٌﺮ اَﻟﻈﱠﺎﻟﻤ‬ َ ََ

5. I wrote with two pens.

ِ ْ ‫ﺖ ﺑَِﻘﻠَﻤ‬ ‫ﲔ‬ َ ُ ‫َﻛﺘَْﺒ‬

6. A man from amongst the believers came.

ِِ ‫ﲔ‬ َ ْ ‫َﺟﺂءَ َر ُﺟ ٌﻞ ﱢﻣ َﻦ اﻟْ ُﻤ ْﺆﻣﻨ‬

Note: The ‫ ﻧـُ ْﻮ ٌن‬of dual and plural is dropped when it appears at the end of mudaaf. For example, 1. ‫ﻗَـﻠَ َﻤﺎ َزﻳْ ٍﺪ‬ (Zayd’s two pens) ِ ‫ ﻗَـﻠَﻤ‬but the ‫ ﻧـُﻮ ٌن‬was dropped because it appeared at the This was originally ‫ﺎن َزﻳْ ٍﺪ‬ ْ َ end of mudaaf. 2. ‫ﺟ ٍﻞ‬ (a man’s two horses) ُ ‫ﻓَـَﺮ َﺳﺎ َر‬ ِ This was originally ‫ﺟ ٍﻞ‬ ُ ‫ ﻓَـَﺮ َﺳﺎن َر‬but the ‫ ﻧـُ ْﻮ ٌن‬was dropped because it appeared at the end of mudaaf.

68

ِ ‫اَﻟْﻮ‬ ‫ اَ ْﳉَ ْﻤ ُﻊ‬،٬ُ‫ اَﻟﺘﱠﺜْﻨِﻴَﺔ‬،٬‫اﺣ ُﺪ‬ َ

ِ ِ 3. ‫ﺼَﺮ‬ ْ ‫( ُﻣ ْﺴﻠ ُﻤ ْﻮ ﻣ‬Muslims of Egypt) ِ ِ This was originally ‫ﺼَﺮ‬ ْ ‫ ُﻣ ْﺴﻠ ُﻤ ْﻮ َن ﻣ‬but the ‫ ﻧـُ ْﻮ ٌن‬was dropped because it appeared at the end of mudaaf.

4. ‫ﻃَﺎﻟِﺒُـ ْﻮ ِﻋ ْﻠ ٍﻢ‬ (seekers of knowledge) This was originally ‫ ﻃَﺎﻟِﺒُـ ْﻮ َن ِﻋ ْﻠ ٍﻢ‬but the ‫ ﻧـُ ْﻮ ٌن‬was dropped because it appeared at the end of mudaaf.

Word List for Verbs Arabic

English (for past tense)

ٍ ‫َﻣ‬ ‫ﺎض‬

‫ع‬ ٌ ‫ﻀﺎ ِر‬ َ ‫ُﻣ‬ ‫ﻳَﺄْ ُﻣُﺮ‬

‫أ ََﻣَﺮ‬ ‫ﺐ‬ َ َ‫َﻛﺘ‬ ‫أَ َﻛ َﻞ‬

he ordered he wrote he ate

‫ﺐ‬ ُ ُ‫ﻳَﻜْﺘ‬ ‫ﻳَﺄْ ُﻛ ُﻞ‬ ‫ﻳَـ ْﻘﻄَ ُﻊ‬ ‫ب‬ ْ َ‫ﻳ‬ ُ ‫ﻀ ِﺮ‬ ‫ﻳَﺄْ ُﺧ ُﺬ‬

‫ﻗَﻄَ َﻊ‬ ‫ب‬ َ َ ‫ﺿَﺮ‬ ‫َﺧ َﺬ‬ َ‫أ‬ ‫س‬ َ ‫َد َر‬

he cut he hit he took he studied

‫س‬ ُ ‫ﻳَ ْﺪ ُر‬ ‫ﻳَﻄْﺒَ ُﺦ‬ ُ‫ﻳَـ ْﻘَﺮأ‬ ُ‫ﳝََْﻸ‬ ِ ‫ﺲ‬ ُ ‫َْﳛﺒ‬ ‫ﻳَـ ْﻐ ِﻔُﺮ‬

‫ﻃَﺒَ َﺦ‬ َ‫ﻗَـَﺮأ‬

he cooked he read

َ‫َﻣ َﻸ‬ ‫ﺲ‬ َ َ‫َﺣﺒ‬

he filled he imprisoned

‫َﻏ َﻔَﺮ‬

he forgave Word List for Nouns English

Arabic Singular

ِ‫و‬ ‫ﻆ‬ ٌ ‫اﻋ‬ َ ِ ‫ﺎب‬ ٌ َ‫ﻛﺘ‬ ‫ُﻣ ْﺆِﻣ ٌﻦ‬ ‫ُﺧْﺒـٌﺰ‬

preacher book believer bread

69

Plural

ِ‫و‬ ‫اﻋﻈُْﻮ َن‬ َ ‫ﺐ‬ ٌ ُ‫ُﻛﺘ‬ ‫ُﻣ ْﺆِﻣﻨُـ ْﻮ َن‬ ‫َﺧﺒَ ٌﺎز‬ ْ‫أ‬

Lesson 10

English

Arabic Singular

ٌ‫َﺷ َﺠَﺮة‬ ‫َوﻟَ ٌﺪ‬ ٌ‫ِﻣﻈَﻠﱠﺔ‬

tree boy umbrella year worshipper a fish

‫ َﻋ ٌﺎم‬،٬ٌ‫َﺳﻨَﺔ‬ ‫َﻋﺎﺑِ ٌﺪ‬ ٌ‫َﲰَ َﻜﺔ‬

house female servant, maid jar

thief jail, prison guidance pious, God-fearing successful; prosperous corrupt

‫ أَ ْﻋ َﻮ ٌام‬،٬‫ِﺳﻨُـ ْﻮ َن‬ ِ ‫ﺎد‬ ٌ َ‫ﻋﺒ‬

ٌ‫اﺳﺔ‬ َ ‫ُﻛﱠﺮ‬ ‫ﺖ‬ ٌ ‫ﺑَـْﻴ‬ ٌ‫َﺧ ِﺎد َﻣﺔ‬ ٌ‫َﺟﱠﺮة‬

notebook

uncle (maternal)

Plural

‫ﺎل‬ ٌ ‫َﺧ‬ ‫َﺳﺎ ِر ٌق‬ ‫ِﺳ ْﺠ ٌﻦ‬ ‫ُﻫ ًﺪى‬ (‫ُﻣﺘ ٍﱠﻖ )اَﻟْ ُﻤﺘ ِﱠﻘ ْﻲ‬ ‫ُﻣ ْﻔﻠِ ٌﺢ‬ ‫ُﻣ ْﻔ ِﺴ ٌﺪ‬ ‫َْﳓ ُﻦ‬ ‫ﺼﻠِ ٌﺢ‬ ْ ‫ُﻣ‬ ِ ٌ‫ﻇَﺎﱂ‬

we peacemaker oppressor

‫اب‬ ٌ ‫َﻋ َﺬ‬ ‫أَﻟِْﻴ ٌﻢ‬ ‫َﻛﺎﻓٌِﺮ‬ ‫ﲔ‬ ٌْ ‫ُﻣ ِﻬ‬

punishment painful disbeliever, infidel humiliating, disgraceful

‫َﻣ َﻊ‬ ‫ﺻﺎﺑٌِﺮ‬ َ ‫اَ ْﳊَ ْﻤ ُﺪ‬

with patient all praise

70

‫َﺳﺎ ِرﻗُـ ْﻮ َن‬

(‫ُﻣﺘﱠـ ُﻘ ْﻮ َن )اَﻟْ ُﻤﺘﱠـ ُﻘ ْﻮ َن‬ ‫ُﻣ ْﻔﻠِ ُﺤ ْﻮ َن‬ ‫ُﻣ ْﻔ ِﺴ ُﺪ ْو َن‬ ‫ﺼﻠِ ُﺤ ْﻮ َن‬ ْ ‫ُﻣ‬ ‫ﻇَﺎﻟِ ُﻤ ْﻮ َن‬ ‫َﻛﺎﻓُِﺮْو َن‬

‫ﺻﺎﺑُِﺮْو َن‬ َ

ِ ‫اَﻟْﻮ‬ ‫ اَ ْﳉَ ْﻤ ُﻊ‬،٬ُ‫ اَﻟﺘﱠﺜْﻨِﻴَﺔ‬،٬‫اﺣ ُﺪ‬ َ

English

Arabic Singular

Plural

‫ب‬ ‫َر ﱞ‬ ٌ‫َﻋﺎ َﱂ‬ ٌ‫ﺻ ٰﻠﻮة‬ َ

‫َﻋﺎﻟَ ُﻤ ْﻮ َن‬

Lord world blessing, grace (of Allah Most High)

‫َﺳ َﻼ ٌم‬ ‫َﻋ ٰﻠﻰ‬

peace upon, on

‫َﺳﻴﱢ ٌﺪ‬ ‫ُﻣ ْﺮ َﺳ ٌﻞ‬

master; chief messenger seal; ring prophet family companion all Exercise 1: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

ٌ‫َﺧ َﺎﰎ‬ ‫ﱯ‬ ‫ﻧَِ ﱞ‬ ‫أٰ ٌل‬ ِ ‫ﺐ‬ َ ٌ ‫ﺻﺎﺣ‬ ‫أَ ْﲨَ ُﻊ‬

Translate into English

I ordered the preachers. They (P/M) wrote a book for the believers. They (P/F) ate the bread. You (P/M) cut the tree. She hit two boys and she took the umbrellas. You (P/F) will study for two years. You (S/F) will cook for the worshippers. You (S/M) ate a fish, but I ate two fish. She wrote two notebooks and you (P/M) read two books. The house’s maid cooked bread and she filled two jars. Khalid’s uncle (maternal) imprisoned the thieves in the jail.

Exercise 2:

Translate into English

ِ 1. ‫ﲔ‬ َ ْ ‫اَﻟْ ُﻘ ْﺮآ ُن ُﻫ ًﺪى ﻟﱢْﻠ ُﻤﺘﱠﻘ‬ ِ ِ 2. ‫ﺤ ْﻮ َن‬ ُ ‫اَﻟْ ُﻤ ْﺆﻣﻨُـ ْﻮ َن ُﻣ ْﻔﻠ‬

ِ ‫ َﳓﻦ ﻣ‬:‫ﺎل اﻟْﻤ ْﻔ ِﺴﺪو َن‬ 3. ‫ﺤ ْﻮ َن‬ ْ ُ ُ ْ ْ ُ ُ َ َ‫ﻗ‬ ُ ‫ﺼﻠ‬

71

‫ُﻣ ْﺮ َﺳﻠُ ْﻮ َن‬ ِ ُ‫َﺧ َﻮاﰎ‬ ‫ﻧَﺒِﻴﱡـ ْﻮ َن‬ ‫ﺎب‬ ْ َ‫أ‬ ٌ ‫ﺻ َﺤ‬ ‫أَ ْﲨَ ُﻌ ْﻮ َن‬

‫‪Lesson 10‬‬

‫ِ ِٰ ِ‬ ‫اب أَﻟِْﻴ ٌﻢ ‪4.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻈّﻠﻤ ْ َ‬ ‫ﲔ َﻋ َﺬ ٌ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ﲔ ‪5.‬‬ ‫اب ﱡﻣ ِﻬ ٌْ‬ ‫ﻟ ْﻠ َﻜﺎﻓ ِﺮﻳْ َﻦ َﻋ َﺬ ٌ‬ ‫ﺼﺎﺑِ ِﺮﻳْ َﻦ ‪6.‬‬ ‫اَﷲُ َﻣ َﻊ اﻟ ﱠ‬

‫ِ ِ ِِ‬ ‫ﲔ ‪7.‬‬ ‫اَﷲُ ﻳَـ ْﻐﻔُﺮ ﻟ ْﻠ ُﻤ ْﺆﻣﻨ ْ َ‬ ‫اَ ْﳊﻤ ُﺪ ﻟِٰﻠّ ِﻪ ر ﱢ ِ‬ ‫ﲔ ‪8.‬‬ ‫ب اﻟْ ٰﻌﻠَﻤ ْ َ‬ ‫َْ‬ ‫َ‬

‫ٍ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ ِ‬ ‫ٰ ِِ‬ ‫ﲔ َﺧ َِ‬ ‫ﲔ ‪9.‬‬ ‫اَﻟ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺻ َﺤﺎﺑِﻪ أَ ْﲨَﻌ ْ َ‬ ‫ﺎﰎ اﻟﻨﱠﺒِﻴﱢـ ْ َ‬ ‫ﺼ َﻼةُ َواﻟ ﱠﺴ َﻼ ُم َﻋﻠ ٰﻰ َﺳﻴﱢﺪ اﻟْ ُﻤ ْﺮ َﺳﻠ ْ َ‬ ‫ﲔ ُﳏَ ﱠﻤﺪ ﱠو َﻋ ٰﻠﻰ أﻟﻪ َوأَ ْ‬

‫‪72‬‬