Mobile Computing Paper Presentation y1d21

MOBILE COMPUTING

Hatim Mazhar Husain Nagarwala Department of Computer Science, Vishwabharati Academy’s College of Engineering, Ahmednagar. . large number of s. During the 1980's analogue technology was used. Among the ABSTRACT most well known systems were the The Paper Contains the knowledge about NMT900 and 450 (Nordic Mobile the Mobile Computing which includes its Telephone) and the AMPS (Advanced Definition its use and the common Mobile Phone Service). In the 1990's the information about its technologies. Next it digital cellular technology was introduced Summarizes the GSM technology and its with GSM (Global System Mobile) being technical Specifications & the required the most widely accepted system around knowledge about the GSM technology. It the world. Other such systems are the Moreover contains the Applications of DCS1800 (Digital Communication Mobile computing in general and also the System) and the PCS1900 (Personal Future of Mobile computing. Communication System). A cellular network consists of mobile units INTRODUCTION linked together to switching equipment, Mobile voice communication is widely which interconnect the different parts of established throughout the world and has the network and allow access to the fixed had a very rapid increase in the number of Public Switched Telephone Network subscribers to the various cellular (PSTN). The technology is hidden from networks over the last few years. An view; it's incorporated in a number of extension of this technology is the ability transceivers called Base Stations (BS). to send and receive data across these Every BS is located at a strategically cellular networks. This is the principle of selected place and covers a given area or mobile computing. cell, hence the name cellular Mobile computing is a generic describing communications. A number of adjacent one’s ability to use technology while cells grouped together form an area and moving, as opposed to portable computers, the corresponding BSs communicate which are only practical for use while through a so called Mobile Switching deployed in a stationary configuration. Centre (MSC). The MSC is the heart of a Mobile data communication has become a cellular radio system. It is responsible for very important and rapidly evolving routing, or switching, calls from the technology as it allows s to transmit originator to the destinator. It can be data from remote locations to other remote thought of managing the cell, being or fixed locations. This proves to be the responsible for set-up, routing control and solution to the biggest problem of business termination of the call, for management of people on the move - mobility. inter-MSC hand over and supplementary services, and for collecting charging and TAXONOMY ing information. The MSC may be Mobile telephony took off with the connected to other MSCs on the same introduction of cellular technology which network or to the PSTN. allowed the efficient utilization of The frequencies used vary according to the frequencies enabling the connection of a cellular network technology implemented.

For GSM, 890 - 915 MHz range is used for transmission and 935 -960 MHz for reception. The DCS technology uses frequencies in the 1800MHz range while PCS in the 1900MHz range. Each cell has a number of channels associated with it. These are assigned to subscribers on demand. When a Mobile Station (MS) becomes 'active' it s with the nearest BS. The corresponding MSC stores the information about that MS and its position. This information is used to direct incoming calls to the MS. If during a call the MS moves to an adjacent cell then a change of frequency will necessarily occur - since adjacent cells never use the same channels. This procedure is called hand over and is the key to Mobile communications. As the MS is approaching the edge of a cell, the BS monitors the decrease in signal power. The strength of the signal is compared with adjacent cells and the call is handed over to the cell with the strongest signal. During the switch, the line is lost for about 400ms. When the MS is going from one area to another it s itself to the new MSC. Its location information is updated, thus allowing MSs to be used outside their 'home' areas. GSM TECHNOLOGIES GSM communications is the most popular standard for mobile phone in the world. Its Promoter, the GSM Association, estimates that 80% of the global mobile market uses the standard. GSM differs from its predecessors in that both signaling and speech channels are digital, and thus is considered a second generation (2G) mobile phone system.

In 1982, the European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications istrations(CEPT) created the Groupe Special Mobile (GSM) to develop a standard for a mobile telephone system that could be used across Europe. In 1989, GSM responsibility was transferred to the Europeans Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI). By the End of 1993 over a million subscribers and GSM phone network was being operated by 70 carriers across 48 countries. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS OF GSM NETWORK GSM is a cellular Network, which means that mobile phones connect it by searching for cells in the immediate vicinity. There are five different cell sizes in GSM network, macro, micro, pico, femto and umbrella cells. The coverage area of each cell varies according to the implementation environment. Macro cells can be regarded as cells where the base station antenna is installed on a mast or a building above average roof top level. Micro cells are cells whose antenna height is under average roof top level; they are typically used in urban areas. Picocells are small cells whose coverage diameter is a few dozen meters; they are mainly used indoors. Femtocells are cells designed for use in residential or small business environments and connect to the service provider’s network via a broadband internet connection. Umbrella cells are used to cover shadowed regions of smaller cells and fill in gaps in coverage between those cells. Cell horizontal radius varies depending on antenna height, antenna gain and propagation conditions from a couple of hundred meters to several tens of kilometres. The longest distance the GSM specification s in practical use is 35 kilometres (22 mi). There are also several implementations of the concept of

an extended cell, where the cell radius could be double or even more, depending on the antenna system, the type of terrain and the timing advance. The modulation used in GSM is Gaussian minimum-shift keying (GMSK), a kind of continuous-phase frequency shift keying. In GMSK, the signal to be modulated onto the carrier is first smoothed with a Gaussian low- filter prior to being fed to a frequency modulator, which greatly reduces the interference to neighboring channels (adjacent channel interference).

multiplexing is used to allow eight fullrate or sixteen half-rate speech channels per radio frequency channel. There are eight radio timeslots (giving eight burst periods) grouped into what is called a TDMA frame. Half rate channels use alternate frames in the same timeslot. The channel data rate for all 8 channels is 270.833 kbit/s, and the frame duration is 4.615 ms. The transmission power in the handset is limited to a maximum of 2 watts in GSM850/900 and 1 watt in GSM1800/1900.

GSM FREQUENCIES GSM networks operate in a number of different frequency ranges (separated into GSM frequency ranges for 2G and UMTS frequency bands for 3G). Most 2G GSM networks operate in the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz bands. Some countries in the Americas (including Canada and the United States) use the 850 MHz and 1900 MHz bands because the 900 and 1800 MHz frequency bands were already allocated. Most 3G GSM networks in Europe operate in the 2100 MHz frequency band The rarer 400 and 450 MHz frequency bands are assigned in some countries where these frequencies were previously used for first-generation systems.

THE STRUCTURE OF GSM NETWORK The network behind the GSM seen by the customer is large and complicated in order to provide all of the services which are required. It is divided into a number of sections and these are each covered in separate articles. • •

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GSM-900 uses 890–915 MHz to send information from the mobile station to the base station (uplink) and 935–960 MHz for the other direction (downlink), providing 124 RF channels (channel numbers 1 to 124) spaced at 200 kHz. Duplex spacing of 45 MHz is used. In some countries the GSM-900 band has been extended to cover a larger frequency range. This 'extended GSM', E-GSM, uses 880–915 MHz (uplink) and 925–960 MHz (downlink), adding 50 channels (channel numbers 975 to 1023 and 0) to the original GSM-900 band. Time division

the Base Station Subsystem (the base stations and their controllers). the Network and Switching Subsystem (the part of the network most similar to a fixed network). This is sometimes also just called the core network. the GPRS Core Network (the optional part which allows packet based Internet connections). all of the elements in the system combine to produce many GSM services such as voice calls and SMS.

APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTING

database services, where they can gather information on the case and related precedents. Therefore mobile computers allow immediate access to a wealth of information, making people better informed and prepared.

MOBILE

The question that always arises when a business is thinking of buying a mobile computer is "Will it be worth it?"

In Companies In many fields of work, the ability to keep on the move is vital in order to utilise time efficiently. Efficient utilisation of resources (ie: staff) can mean substantial savings in transportation costs and other non quantifyable costs such as increased customer attention, impact of on site maintenance and improved intercommunication within the business.

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The importance of Mobile Computers has been highlighted in many fields of which a few are described below. For Estate Agents •

Estate agents can work either at home or out in the field. With mobile computers they can be more productive. They can obtain current real estate information by accessing multiple listing services, which they can do from home, office or car when out with clients. They can provide clients with immediate regarding specific homes or neighborhoods, and with faster loan approvals, since applications can be submitted on the spot. Therefore, mobile computers allow them to devote more time to clients.

In Courts •

Defense counsels can take mobile computers in court. When the opposing counsel references a case which they are not familiar, they can use the computer to get direct, real-time access to on-line legal

Managers can use mobile computers in, say, critical presentations to major customers. They can access the latest market share information. At a small recess, they can revise the presentation to take advantage of this information. They can communicate with the office about possible new offers and call meetings for discussing responds to the new proposals. Therefore, mobile computers can leverage competitive advantages.

Stock Control •

Information

Collation/

In environments where access to stock is very limited ie: factory warehouses. The use of small portable electronic databases accessed via a mobile computer would be ideal.

Credit Card Verification At Point of Sale (POS) terminals in shops and supermarkets, when customers use credit cards for transactions, the intercommunication required between the bank central computer and the POS terminal, in order to effect verification of the card usage, can take place quickly and securely over cellular channels using a mobile computer unit. This can speed up the transaction process and relieve congestion at the POS terminals.

Electronic Mail/Paging •

Usage of a mobile unit to send and read emails is a very useful asset for any business individual, as it allows him/her to keep in touch with any colleagues as well as any urgent developments that may affect their work. Access to the Internet, using mobile computing technology, allows the individual to have vast arrays of knowledge at his/her fingertips. Paging is also achievable here, giving even more intercommunication capability between individuals, using a single mobile computer device.

that, even in social spheres, people will interact via mobile stations, eliminating the need to venture outside of the house. This scary concept of a world full of inanimate zombies sitting, locked to their mobile stations, accessing every sphere of their lives via the computer screen becomes ever more real as technology, especially in the field of mobile data communications, rapidly improves and, as shown below, trends are very much towards ubiquitous or mobile computing. The future of Mobile Computing is very promising indeed, although technology may go too far, causing detriment to society. REFERENCES

FUTURE OF MOBILE COMPUTING With the rapid technological advancements in Artificial Intelligence, Integrated Circuitry and increases in Computer Processor speeds, the future of mobile computing looks increasingly exciting. With the emphasis increasingly on compact, small mobile computers, it may also be possible to have all the practicality of a mobile computer in the size of a hand held organizer or even smaller. Use of Artificial Intelligence may allow mobile units to be the ultimate in personal secretaries, which can receive emails and paging messages, understand what they are about, and change the individuals personal schedule according to the message. This can then be checked by the individual to plan his/her day. The working lifestyle will change, with the majority of people working from home, rather than commuting. This may be beneficial to the environment as less transportation will be utilised. This mobility aspect may be carried further in

“GSM World Statistics” GSM Association 2007 retrived on 01-10-2008 “About GSM association

Association”

GSM

“DOMINO: Databases for Moving Objects Traking” by Ouri Wolfson, Bo Xu, Sam Chaamberlain, Liqin Jiang and Prasad Sistla “MobSQL, An SQL Like Query Language for Mobile Objets Databases” by Ahmed Lbath and Mourad Ouziri “Why Mobile Computing? Where can it be Used?” Article by Vasilis koudounas, 1996. Communication Systems, Third Edition 1994, By Simon Haykin. “Mobile Computing” By R.K.Ghosh, April 2005. WWW Links: http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~nd/surprise_96/j ournal/vol4/ vk5/report.html

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