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CHRYSANTHEMUM Dendranthema grandiflorum

Kingdom Plantae Division Magnoliophyta Class Magnoliopsida Order Asterales Family Asteraceae Genus chrysanthemum Species morifolii

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Chrysanthemums sometimes called mums or chrysanths, are flowering plants of the genus Chrysanthemum in the family Asteraceae. They are native to Asia and northeastern Europe. Most species originate from East Asia and the center of diversity is in China. There are countless horticultural varieties and cultivars.

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The name "chrysanthemum" is derived from the Greek words chrysos (gold) and anthemon (flower).

Chrysanthemum comes from Greek word 'Chrys' meaning golden (the color of the original flowers), and 'anthemon', meaning flower. This name was given to it by Carolus Linnaeus, a Swedish naturalist who is also known as the father of modern taxonomy. Chrysanthemums are some of the most popular flowers in the world, next only to the Rose.

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Chrysanthemum flowers bloom in various forms, and can be daisy-like, decorative, pompons or buttons. Chrysanthemum blooms come in a huge variety of shapes and sizes and in a wide range of colors. In addition to the traditional yellow, other popular colors are white, purple, and red.  Chrysanthemums have a wealth of meaning associated with them and therefore they are very popular as florist flowers.

Dendranthema grandiflorum are perennial plants often grown as annuals. They are usually found in borders or pots. Flowers bloom in late summer or fall and vary in form, size, and color. Colors include red, pink, orange, yellow, purple, and white.

About the Flowers Each Chrysanthemum flower head is actually a cluster of many flowers, composed of a central group of short disk flowers surrounded by rings of longer ray flowers. Chrysanthemums are classified into nine categories according to the type and arrangement of disk and ray flowers - Incurved, Reflexed, Intermediate, Late Flowering Anemones, Singles, Pompons, Sprays, Spiders/Spoons/Quills, Charms and Cascades. For example, the 'reflexed' Chrysanthemum consists of ray flowers that curve downward into an umbrella shape; the 'quill' has tubular ray flowers that radiate from the center of the head.

Ornamental uses Modern cultivated chrysanthemums are showier than their wild relatives. The flower heads occur in various forms, and can be daisy-like or decorative, like pompons or buttons. This genus contains many hybrids and thousands of cultivars developed for horticultural purposes. In addition to the traditional yellow, other colors are available, such as white, purple, and red. The most important hybrid is Chrysanthemum × morifolium(syn. C. × grandiflor um), derived primarily from C. indicum, but also involving other species

Culinary uses Yellow or white chrysanthemum flowers of the species C. morifolium are boiled to make a sweet drink in some parts of Asia. The resulting beverage is known simply as chrysanthemum tea ( pinyin: júhuā chá, in Chinese). In Korea, a rice wine flavored with chrysanthemum flowers is called gukhwaju. Chrysanthemum leaves are steamed or boiled and used as greens, especially in Chinese cuisine. The flowers may be added to thick snakemeat to enhance the aroma. Small chrysanthemums are used in Japan as a sashimi garnish.

Insecticidal uses Pyrethrum (Chrysanthemum [or Tanacetum] cinerariaefolium) is economically important as a natural source of insecticide. The flowers are pulverized, and the active components, called pyrethrins, which occur in the achenes, are extracted and sold in the form of an oleoresin. This is applied as a suspension in water or oil, or as a powder. Pyrethrins attack the nervous systems of all insects, and inhibit female mosquitoes from biting. In sublethal doses they have an insect repellent effect. They are harmful to fish, but are far less toxic to mammals and birds than many synthetic insecticides. They are not persistent, being biodegradable, and also decompose easily on exposure to light. Pyrethroids such as permethrin are synthetic insecticides based on natural pyrethrum.

Environmental uses Chrysanthemum plants have been shown to reduce indoor air pollution by the NASA Clean Air Study.

The Chrysanthemum flower symbolizes fidelity, optimism, joy and long life.

A red chrysanthemum conveys love  A white chrysanthemum symbolizes truth and loyal love  A yellow chrysanthemum symbolizes slighted love 

SPECIES AND

VARIETIE S

VARIETIES

Scientific Name

Common Name

Common Uses

C Segetum

Corn Marigold or Corndaisy

Ideal plant for a wild flower meadow or natural planting scheme.

C Carinatum

Tricolor Daisy

Leaves are edible and flowers are cultivated as beds.

C Coronarium

Crown Daisy

Medicinal use, used in conjunction with black pepper for treatment of syphilis and gonorrhea.

C Maximum

Shasta Daisy

The Chrysanthemum is excellent as a ground cover or border plant since the foliage is attractive and remains green all year.

C Majus

Alecost

The Alecost Chrysanthemum flower petals are used for conserves and leaves are used as flavoring in soups.

C Multicaule

Yellow Daisy

Grown in small pots or combined with other plants in larger containers.

C Parthenium

Fever Few

A popular, though dubious headache remedy

C Morifolium

Florist´s Chrysanthemum

The Chrysanthemum is ideal for growing in beds and pots

Garden Varieties

Corn Marigold or Corndaisy

Crown Daisy

Yellow Daisy

Shasta Daisy

Tricolor Daisy

Fever Few

Alecost

Yellow Daisy

Fever Few

Florist´s Chrysanthemum

Florist Varieties

Pyrethum Daisy

The Chrysanthemum is used as an insecticide, especially against bookworms

C Frutescens

Marguerite

The Chrysanthemum is ideal for decoration and cultivation

C Sizzle Salmon

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Ideal for flower exhibitions

C Coccineum

Pyrethum Daisy

Marguerite

Growing Chrysanthemums  

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Chrysanthemums are not specific to any season. Chrysanthemum plants can be grown in any kind of soil, but they require a sunny weather for best performance. Chrysanthemum seeds are sown in those areas which experience low rainfall during the rainy season. Chrysanthemums are easy to be grown and are propagated by the division of roots, cuttings and seeds. Usually, the Chrysanthemum seedlings are transplanted after about a month of sowing. But sometimes seeds can also be sown directly in site and seedlings thin out after germination. Chrysanthemum plants flower in about three months after sowing. Chrysanthemums have a long flowering period

Do not grow mums in the same spot for more than three consecutive years to help prevent associated disease and pest problems. The plants should be spaced 18-30 inches apart for best results. Feed lightly every 2 weeks with a good balanced all purpose fertilizer. When the plants are 6 inches tall, pinch about 3/4 of an inch from each branch to promote more blooms and bushier plants. When they reach a foot tall, pinch them again. On the largest flowering types it is best to remove all buds except for the one on top.

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After the transplants, the Chrysanthemum beds should be weeded, hoed and watered regularly. In some cases staking of Chrysanthemum plants is necessary. After a few weeks, the Chrysanthemum seedlings are pinched to make them bushy. Fertilizing the plant is an important step in caring for chrysanthemums. Fertilize when the plants are ready for blooming and discontinue fertilizing after flower buds are formed. A careful check should be made to detect diseases or insect/pests and prompt control measures should be adopted to control them. The faded Chrysanthemum blooms should be removed regularly as it helps prolong flowering. Chrysanthemums are susceptible to aphids and plant bugs, leafspot and stunt, and foliar nematodes. However, Chrysanthemums benefit from winter protection

Dividing and Transplanting Chrysanthemums should be divided every three to five years to avoid overcrowding and promote maximum flowering. They should be divided in the spring when new growth appears. Dig entire clumps and separate the plants with a sharp, clean knife or spade. Remove all dead and diseased plant parts. Replant the divisions as soon as possible in a loose, well drained, rich organic soil. Chrysanthemums should periodically be moved to a new location, but if this is not feasible, the soil should be sterilized chemically to reduce danger of disease and insect problems. Young divisions will grow much faster and provide a better plant than crowded old clumps. When the new shoots are 1-3 inches tall in early spring, dig up your old clumps and carefully pull them apart. plant the healthy divisions into newly prepared fertile soil and discard the half dead woody parts.

Propagating and Growing Them from Seed Remove the lower half of the leaves from a 4-6 inch healthy, fresh cutting using a sharp clean knife! Dip about 3/4 inch of the cut end into a rooting hormone such as Roottone® or Hormonex®. Insert the cutting about one inch deep into sterile moist sand, vermiculite or sphagnum moss. Create a mini-greenhouse over the container with poly film over a wire frame and place it in a bright spot (NOT full sun) until the roots form.  Chrysanthemum seeds should be sown into the prepared soil where they are to bloom at least 2 months prior to the first frost. Seeds may also be started indoors in very cold for later transplanting into the garden.

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Aphids Chrysanthemum aphid, Green peach aphid, Leaf curl plum aphid, Melon aphid, Pea aphid, Potato aphid Broad mite Cyclamen mite Foliage-feeding caterpillars Beet armyworm, Cabbage looper, Corn earworm, Greenhouse leaftier, Omnivorous leaftier, Tobacco budworm, Variegated cutworm Gall midges Chrysanthemum gall midge Leafhoppers Leafminers Chrysanthemum leafminer, Pea leafminer, Serpentine leafminer Mealybugs Root knot nematode

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Soft scales Black scale, Hemispherical scale Spider mites Twospotted spider mite Thrips Banded greenhouse thrips, Chrysanthemum thrips, Greenhouse thrips, Western flower thrips True bugs Plant bugs,Lygus spp. Weevils Black vine weevil, Fuller rose beetle Whiteflies Silverleaf whitefly, Sweetpotato whitefly