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INTRODUCTION In the early days of railway operation, there was seldom need for more than one train to operate on a section of track at any given time. As traffic increased, it became necessary to operate trains in both directions over single track. To permit faster and superior trains to and provide for opposing trains to meet, it was necessary to construct sidings. It was then necessary to devise methods to affect opposing and ing movements without disaster and with a minimum of confusion and delay. This was achieved by introducing time schedules so that the meeting and ing of trains could be prearranged. The rails of a track circuit provide the path for the flow of current from the battery. Bond wires are applied to ensure a path of low and uniform resistance between ading rails.

Track Circuit Operation A battery is connected to one end of the track circuit, close to the insulated ts, with positive energy applied to the south rail .S. and negative to the north rail .N.. The relay is connected at the other end of the track circuit with one lead of the relay coils going to rail .S. and the other to rail .N.. With the battery and relay connected, current has a complete path in which to flow, as indicated by the arrows

The track circuit is designed as a series circuit, but because of ballast leakage, many high resistance paths exist from rail to rail. When an alternate path for current flow exists

from one rail to the other via the ballast, the track circuit becomes a parallel circuit. The current through each ballast resistance and the current through the relay coils adds up to the total current drain from the battery during normal conditions. When a train enters a track section, the wheels and axles place a shunt (short) on the track circuit. This creates a low resistance current path from one rail to the other and in parallel with the existing ballast resistance and relay coil. When maximum current from the battery is reached because of current flow through the relay coils, ballast resistance and low resistance path created by the train shunt, the relay armature drops. Most of the current flows through the low resistance shunt path. This reduces the current in the relay sufficiently to cause the armature to drop, thereby opening the front s. In Figure 7-15, the heavy dark arrows indicate the high current path through the shunt.

Railway zones:IR is divided into zones, which are further sub-divided into divisions. The number of zones in Indian Railways increased from six to eight in 1951, nine in 1952, and finally 16 in 2003. Each zonal railway is made up of a certain number of divisions, each having a divisional headquarters

NECESSITY Rail and track components are costly items of the Railway system. Their untimely decay is an avoidable incident that increases the overall cost of rail transport. Due to introduction of heavy axle loads their life cycle is going to be further shortened. In this scenario rail grinding is prescribed as on of the vital operation, which can extend the service life of rail in particular and other track and vehicle components in general. The aim of this topic is to give the history of rail life and the general defects in rail, which can be controlled by rail grinding.

ORGANIGATION

The Indian Railways is organised broadly by functional groups. This is traditionally how the cooperation is organised. The Indian Railways perhaps has been less adventurous in changing the structure; it has largely kept up what it got as a legacy since the British era.

Divisional organisation The Divisional Railway Manager (DRM) heads the organisation at the division level. There are currently 67 divisions on the system nationwide. The divisions are primarily involved with train running but may have loco sheds (repair shops for locomotives), coaching depots (repair home bases for enger trains) and wagon depots (repair and maintenance points for freight stock). Each division has all the functional (both line and staff) organisations. The heads of these functional groups report to the DRM for istrative purposes but rely on guidance from the railway board and the zonal headquarters for policy guidelines.

TRAINING WORK Voice logging or telephone recording, is the practice of regularly recording audio, usually in a business situation. Most commonly telephone lines or business radio channels are recorded. This allows businesses to keep records, improve customer service, increase security, and decrease errors. Although Voice logging is synonymous with telephone recording, or phone recording, it includes also recording the radio and VoIP conversations. In a call center environment it is often called "agent monitoring" or "call logging" The word "logging" comes from the log of calls or audio files that is generated as each recording is made.

Voice logger is an important tool for recording interactions between center agents, supervisors, and managers on one hand and prospects, leads or customers on the other. A voice

logger is an integral part of any communication system and can store correspondence in multiple formats. For quality and training purposes, AMEYO is also equipped with an inbuilt voice logger that records all calls (as configured) to be scanned later for useful quality and performance data. AMEYO Voice Logger pre-compresses the voice logs to lower storage requirements, and also archives earmarked or old calls

Features of Drishti's Advanced Voice Logging Solution •

100%

Automatic

Interaction

•

Recording

on

both

agent

and

trunk

Multiple-Format

•Multimedia

Operations

•

Single

Unified

•



like

interface

recorded

to

Recording

rewind, search

conversations

side

forward, and

remotely

to via

and

listen a

Voice web

replay Logs browser

• Compression of a voice ternally by eliminating silence, pauses or DTMF inputs •

Automatic

archiving

and

Back-up



Low

storage

space

alerts

• Strong security features to curb unauthorized

Types of Voice Loggersrs in use: 1. The analog tape system: Some businesses still use older model reel-to-reel tape to record multiple phone lines, or hook up individual cassette or micro-cassette tape recorders up to each individual phone. Analog tape is usually more expensive to maintain and much less convenient to search than digital systems. 2. Digital systems: These are the most commonly used today. Either they consist of A proprietary box of hardware that hooks into the phone system or specialized hardware that plugs into a PC in a PCI slot or by a USB cable. Some systems allow s to remotely review telephone recordings with desktop screen capture and quality reporting. 3. Software only systems: These systems may be all-software running on industry-standard servers, or use hardware such as a sound card on a PC, to do the work of recording and monitoring telephone calls. Some are simple single- systems that typically only require a to install the software on their PC, and use some type of simple adapter to

connect the PC to a phone. However this type of software can usually only record a single line at a time, and is much more limited in features. Business-class recording and monitoring systems enable businesses of all sizes to deploy centralized call recording and monitoring for IP telephony systems. It is becoming easier and more affordable vs. TDMbased hardware systems. See advanced systems below. 4. Why use voice recording

5. More and more companies and individuals are recognising the benefits of recording calls. It provides an accurate record of what was said by whom and when, avoids the need for repetition or speaking slowly, creates voice files to attach to client records and provides a perfect aid to training, dispute resolution and compliance requirements. In short, call recording puts the individual and the company in control of their most prolific communication medium. 6. d s of telephone recording: 7. Most popular uses for telephone conversation recorders

•

note-taking

•

agreements

tele-marketing

•

/

tele-sales

recording

•

meetings

recording

• •

dictation

recording

•

•

/

clarification protection ideal

for

of

of litigation

staff purposes

instructions quantities

from as

and

abusive

recordings

/

can

be

specifications difficult

used

in

customers court

(UK)

•

monitoring

nuisance

callers

•

monitoring

customer

service

Data

Loggers

• monitoring staff performance Introduction What is a Data Logger?

to

Technically speaking, a data logger is any device that can be used to store data. This includes many data acquisition devices such as plug-in boards or serial communication systems which use a computer as a real time data recording system. However, most instrument manufacturers consider a data logger a stand alone device that can read various types of electrical signals and store

the

data

in

internal

memory

for

later



to

a

computer.

The advantage of data loggers is that they can operate independently of a computer, unlike many other types of data acquisition devices. Data loggers are available in various shapes and sizes. The range includes simple economical single channel fixed function loggers to more powerful programmable devices capable of handling hundreds of inputs. Choosing

a

Data

Logger

When choosing a data logger the following parameters should be considered. 

Input

Signal

OMEGA offers data loggers that are compatible with most types of signals. Some data loggers are dedicated to a certain input type while others are programmable for different types of inputs. OMEGA offers data loggers for the following types of signals. AC Voltage/Current

Light On/Off

Shock/Acceleration

Bridge/Strain/Load/Pressure Motor On/Off

Sound

Dew point

PH Pressure

Temperature

Event or State

Process Voltage/Current Thermistor

Frequency

Relative Humidity

Level

RTD

Thermocouple

 

Number

of

Inputs

Data Loggers are available in both single and multi-channel designs. Some data loggers are capable of handling hundreds of inputs. OMEGA's OMB-LOGBOOK-300 for example is expandable to over 400 channels.



Size In many applications space is a limitation. In those cases the size of the data logger may be a critical selection parameter. OMEGA's OM- family of data loggers are extremely compact and include models for most input types.



Speed/Memory In comparison to real time data acquisition systems, data loggers generally have low sample rates. This is normally because they store data in internal memory which is limited. The higher the data rates the more memory required. Therefore when specifying a data logger it is important to determine the sample rate and the sample duration which can be used to calculate the required memory. For example. If an application requires sample rates of 1 per second and the test must last one hour, the data logger must be able to store 3600 samples(1 sample/sec x 1 hour x 3600 seconds/hour).



Real

Time

Operation

In some applications it may be desirable to display the data being collected in real time on a computer. Certain data loggers such as OMEGA's OM- family this feature. Miniature

Single

Input

Data

Loggers

Miniature single input data loggers are generally low cost loggers dedicated to a specific input type. These types of data loggers are often used in the transportation industry. A typical application would be to include a temperature data logger in a shipment of food products to insure that the food temperature does not exceed acceptable limits. In addition to temperature miniature data loggers are available for a large variety of input types. most input types.

Fixed

Mount

Multi-Channel

Data

Loggers

Fixed input loggers have a fixed number of input channels which are generally dedicated for a specific type of input. OMEGA offers fixed input data loggers ranging from one to 8 channels. Handheld

Multi-Channel

Data

Loggers

Handheld multi-channel loggers are commonly used in applications where the data logger is to be carried from one location to another. They are also commonly used in benchtop or laboratory environments. In addition to storing data internally some models even contain on board printers which can produce an immediate hardcopy of the data. Modular

Data

Loggers

A modular data logger is configurable and expandable through the use of plug-in modules. The modules are normally field configurable and the has the option of adding as many channels to satisfy the application requirement. Features 

Modular plugs allow easy deployment without solder or screw terminals



Cables can be made in the field for custom lengths



Access by defining list of devices in software

Applications Applications of data logging include: 

Unattended weather station recording (such as wind speed / direction, temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation).



Unattended hydrographic recording (such as water level, water depth, water flow, water pH, water conductivity).



Unattended soil moisture level recording.



Unattended gas pressure recording.



Offshore buoys for recording a variety of environmental conditions.



Road traffic counting.



Measure temperatures (humidity, etc) of perishables during shipments: Cold chain.[1]



Process monitoring for maintenance and troubleshooting applications.



Process monitoring to warranty conditions



Wildlife research with pop-up archival tags



Measure vibration and handling shock (drop height) environment of distribution packaging.[2]



Tank level monitoring.



Deformation monitoring of any object with geodetic or geotechnical sensors controlled by an automatic deformation monitoring system.



Environmental monitoring.



Vehicle Testing (including crash testing)



Motor Racing



Monitoring of relay status in railway signalling.



For science education enabling 'measurement', 'scientific investigation' and an appreciation of 'change'



Record trend data at regular intervals in veterinary vital signs monitoring.



Load profile recording for energy consumption management.

FREIGHT OPERATIONS INFORMATION SYSTEM (FOIS) Freight Operations Information System (FOIS) was implemented in Indian Railways as an initiative to leverage the use of Information Technology in the freight segment as an aid to decision making and to ultimately improve the freight services. After successful completion of trials and its implementation in Northern Railway, the system comprising two modules- Rake Management System and Terminal Management System- was rolled out to all the zones over Indian Railways. This was an ambitious project introduced, inter alia, to enhance the accuracy and reliability of operating data to provide a real time view of transactions and to serve as a decision making tool in allotment of rakes to customers and improved asset turnaround. The Information Technology Audit conducted to assess the comprehensiveness of system design, accuracy and timely availability of reliable data apart from the adequacy and effectiveness of IT security disclosed several deficiencies. Indian Railways has since incorporated several features and developed

additional software to strengthen the system and has addressed some of the issues pointed out by Audit. Indian Railways was of the view that the initial difficulties of field staff had considerably reduced and railway management responsible for planning and operation of trains was now maintaining checks at various activity points to ensure timely and sequential input of data

Indian Railways have decided not only to perform the traditional tasks of carrying engers and goods efficiently, but also to change the mindset of working in a closed system. There has been a longstanding demand of the industry for transparency in sharing of information to give the customers an upto date businesslike environment. 1. Continuous cargo visibility has always been viewed as the most critical component of any physical distribution system. FOIS enables freight customers to have instant access to information regarding the current status of their consignments in transit, for just in time inventory. It is a system for management and control of freight movement that also assists managers to optimise asset utilisation.

2. FOIS comprises the Rake Management System (RMS) for handling the operating portion and Terminal Management System (TMS) pertaining to the commercial transactions. TMS has been installed at more than 300 locations and with the availability of infrastructure will cover all major handling points. As of June 2005, about 1500 reporting devices have been commissioned at more than 500 locations of Indian Railways. Railway owned digital microwave communication facilities complemented by channels hired from the Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd., (BSNL) have been used to establish the network. The network is continuously being expanded to meet the growing demand. 3. FOIS has been designed to give strategic advantages to both Indian Railways and its customers. The implementation of the system is envisaged to eventually achieve the following:

Extension of the current business practice of bulk movement in train load formation to piecemeal traffic to increase the market share by clubbing and moving together similar type of stock of "Hub & Spoke" arrangement.



Global tracking of consignments in real time whether in rakes or in individual wagons. The insight and pipeline of consignments would be seamlessly available for timely planning and just in time inventory management.



Facilitate acceptance of customer's orders, billing and cash al from identified nodal customer centres which, may not necessarily be the handling terminals. These facilities could even get extended to customer's premises and alongwith introduction of ecommerce benefit both by reducing the burden of logistics management.

4. The system as implemented upto now performs the following functions: 

Monitoring of all freight trains indicating their position in computerized territory and their expected time of arrival at destination.



Commodity wise flow of freight trains for customers like Power Houses, Refineries, Fertilizers and Cement Plants, Steel Depots and Public Freight Terminals enabling the recipients of consignments to have an accurate forecast of cargo arrivals giving them adequate time to complete preparatory arrangement to handle the cargo.



Out bound loaded rakes from the computerized territory are also monitored in the same manner Full particulars of detachments from block rakes are recorded and updated eliminating chances of wagons getting unconnected or missing.



Details of rakes/Wagons in various yards, their phase-wise detention in different terminals, eliminating the need for costly manual documentation and tedious retrieval systems and inaccuracies.



Managerial reports regarding availability of rolling stock, i.e. wagons and locomotives at any instant of time to plan for their most efficient utilization.

5. With the use of the system there has been a visible reduction in the anxiety levels mental stress and confusion amongst railway customers and its operating staff. The voluminous and repetitive exchange of data on telephones round the clock has now been reduced and is gradually being replaced by minimum data input. The improved work environment has significantly simplified planning and execution of assigned tasks. The system information is being used to club less than train load consignments from different loading stations. The words of appreciation from bulk customers who are being advised through e-mail the status of their consignments, is a clear indication that the anticipated benefits from FOIS have already begun to accrue to the customers. Interactive web based solutions to give customised reports to Railway Board, Zonal Railways and Divisions is in place 6. FOIS provides tremendous opportunities to both the Railways and their customers, to improve existing business practices and consequently reduce the operating costs while enhancing the quality of service. A full fledged Domestic Terminal Management System for CONCOR is already in place. 7. E-Payment of Freight: A pilot project has been implemented for electronic payment of freight for coal booked for Badarpur Power House from collieries on ECR. Originating point intimates electronically the freight charges due to the bank (SBI). After receipt of "Successful Transaction" message - electronic confirmation from the bank of this

transaction confirming the debit from BTPS , RR is printed at the originating point. It is a synchronous transaction and reply is received within 150 seconds.



1.

TERMINAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (TMS) captures freight transactions at

individual terminals for computerized preparation of Commercial documents such as RRs, ODR etc. It helps in ing of Railway freight earnings. Non TMS freight terminals are also captured for FOIS by nearest TMS locations. 

2.

RAKE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (RMS) The system captures detail information of movement of Goods trains & Rolling stock (wagons & locos). It generates reports/outputs to facilitate immediate tracking of consignments and necessary freight operation decision making.

RMS was implemented in 18 locations since 2001 Two terminals each at Divisional Controls including RCs, One terminal each at NJP, NBQ and NGC Yards, One terminal each at Diesel sheds of MLDT, SGUJ & NGC and Two terminals Central Control, Maligaon. 3. CREW MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (CMS)

The System was introduced in this Railway in 2009 and 11 locations that were sanctioned have been commissioned at KIR, NJP, MLDT, NCB, APDJ, NBQ, GHY, NGC,LMG, MXN and NTSK.

3.1 Important features “Sign On & Sign off” of Crew and Guards Bio-data of Crew and Guards Calculation of Mileage Daily, Fortnightly & Monthly analysis of Crew & Guard. PME, Refresher courses done and due. CMS does not allow crew to be booked if they are due for PME and R/course or if not trained in particular Loco. CMS reports are also available in Web of FOIS internet and Internet http://www.203.176.113.112/CMSREPORT. All allowances eligible for Crew & Guards Availability of outstation Crew in different lobbies. Non-run particulars of Crew and Guards 4. CONTROL OFFICE APPLICATION (COA) Control Office Application started in the year 2008 and commissioned in five Divisional Controls (KIR, APDJ, RNY, LMG & TSK) and Area Control/BPB. 4.1 Important features

Computerized Control Charting. COA MIS reports through web. Monitoring of shift wise „live‟ Control charting through web Monitoring of back dated control charting through chart gallery Section wise block details Caution Order Day wise /Board wise Speed restriction Section wise. After integration with RMS & ICMS, COA also facilitates automatic generation of their reports. 5. INTEGRATED COACHING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (ICMS) The system has been provided in 12 Locations viz. KIR Control & Station, NJP Stn., APDJ Control, RNY Control, NBQ Stn., LMG Control, GHY Stn., TSK Control, DBRT Stn., Central Control and Punctuality Cell at Maligaon. 5.1 Features 

COIS (Coaching Operation Information System) includes performance in sick-line, pit-line, shop, rake formation/modification, attaching/detaching of power, arrival/ departure of trains, preparing vehicle guidance and receipt/dispatch of COIS-mail. COIS terminals are provided at DBRT, GHY, NBQ, NJP & KIR stations. Proxy feeding is done for other locations from respective Divisional controls.



DATA Module deals with station/yard lay out, train composition & schedules, stations with block sections, scheduled days, timings, link, modification & introduction of trains.



PAM: (Punctuality Analysis and Monitoring) – an on-line system manned by Punctuality controllers. Manual system has been done away with and with the help of Java version and Internet Explorer, viewing train movements have become much easier.



COA has been integrated with ICMS for uniform and efficient monitoring of trains. Efforts by CRIS are on to sort out the existing problems for total dependency on COA. 6. ENTERPRISE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (EMS) This is Monitoring System software based at Zonal Communication Centre, Maligaon. It furnishes Odd hours to Odd hours reports on daily, weekly and monthly basis in a customized manner for all FOIS locations in this Railway. 6.1 Features Topology of FOIS Network of NFR with current status of links, routers with name of locations. The link status – Green for Up, Red for Down and Yellow for one link. Reports Real time, Historical, Network availability viz. duration of down time and up time, frequency of events, % of up time with dates & up to Mins/Secs level. Top & Bottom Dashboard Graphical status for Routers, links, devices, switches et

EVALUTION OF TRAINING

Microwave communication

The objective of microwave communication systems is to transmit information from one place to another without interruption, and clear reproduction at the receiver. Fig. indicates how this is achieved in its simplest form.

Above 100 MHz the waves travel in straight lines and can therefore be narrowly focused. Concentrating all the energy into a small beam using a parabolic antenna (like the satellite TV dish) gives a much higher signal to noise ratio, but the transmitting and receiving antennas must be accurately aligned with each other. Before the advent of fiber optics, these microwaves formed the heart of the long distance telephone transmission system. In its simplest form the microwave link can be one hop, consisting of one pair of antennas spaced as little as one or two kilometers apart, or can be a backbone, including multiple hops, spanning several thousand kilometers. A single hop is typically 30 to 60 km in relatively flat regions for frequencies in the 2 to 8 GHz bands. When antennas are placed between mountain peaks, a very long hop length can be achieved. Hop distances in excess of 200 km are in existence.

The "line-of-sight" nature of microwaves has some very attractive advantages over cable systems. Line of sight is a term which is only partially correct when describing microwave paths. Atmospheric conditions and certain effects modify the propagation of microwaves so that even if the designer can see from point A to point B (true line of sight), it may not be possible to place antennas at those two points and achieve a satisfactory communication performance. In order to overcome the problems of line-of-sight and power amplification of weak signals, microwave systems use repeaters at intervals of about 25 to 30 km in between the transmitting

receiving stations. The first repeater is placed in line-of-sight of the transmitting station and the last repeater is placed in line-of-sight of the receiving station. Two consecutive repeaters are also placed in line-of-sight of each other. The data signals are received, amplified, and re-transmitted by each of these stations. Microwave Transmitter and Receiver Fig. below shows block diagram of microwave link transmitter and receiver section The voice, video, or data channels are combined by a technique known as multiplexing to produce a BB signal. This signal is frequency modulated to an IF and then up converted (heterodyned) to the RF for transmission through the atmosphere. The reverse process occurs at the receiver. The microwave transmission frequencies are within the approximate range 2 to 24 GHz.

The frequency bands used for digital microwave radio are recommended by the CCIR. Each recommendation clearly defines the frequency range, the number of channels that can be used within that range, the channel spacing the bit rate and the polarization possibilities.

26 RAILNET The Indian Railways is Asia's largest and the world's second largest rail network. Adopting e-Governance in right earnest and to reap the benefit of IT explosion, Indian Railways have established a 'Corporate Wide Information System' (CWIS) called RAILNET, abbreviated as RN henceforth. It provides smooth flow of information on demand for istrative purposes, which would enable taking quicker and better decisions. Realising the important role that information plays in customer services and in railways operations, IR had embarked on its computerisation program. IR developed a dedicated skeletal communication network, as a basic requirement for train operation . RN was established in Kota Division in '99 . After the early introduction of basic computer applications e.g. Pay rolls, Inventory Control and Operating Statistics, Railways went for deployment of computers for productivity improvement through building up operational databases.

HOW DOES RAILNET WORK? Railnet is similar to internet. All the computers and communication cables that make up the thousands of smaller networks at various railway offices are connected together to form the railnet.

It follows a simple rule, T/IP. Here packet switching, where a computer message is broken into small packets , is used . Each packet consists of a destination address , a source

Different servers of railways are connected to each other via its own microwave stations to form a nationwide network of Indian Railways. Four wires are coming from microwave station and they are terminated on the lease line modem. This modem is connected to router through a cable. Router is connected to the switch. Switch is an interface between server and router.

Hubs along with computers within the distance of 50 meter are terminated on the switch. In this manner all the computers in the LAN can share the data and can access the internet through server. Router also provides the facility of Dial Up Networking . It can accommodate 8 dial tone modems which provide internet facility on distant computers. Railnet Genral Arrangment

32 handles requests and distributes the network resources such as data files and printer time both the machine and its software are tly referred as the server. Server has following characteristics : 1) Hardware including motherboard of the server is entirely different from a normal P.C. 2) It can be used with two processors of 500MHz. 3) It contains 3 hard disks having capacity of 9GB.These are connected to the motherboard through RAD controller card . 4) A server should be able to implement security for its data. 5) It contains Microsoft Back Office Server 4.01 software which comprises followi ROUTER

A router translates information from one network to another; it is similar to a super intelligent bridge. Routers select the best path to route a message, based on the destination address and origin. The router can direct traffic to prevent head-on collisions, and is smart enough to know when to direct traffic along back roads and shortcuts. Routers know the addresses of computers, bridges, and other routers on each side of the network. Routers can even "listen" to the entire network to determine which sections are busiest, they can then redirect data around those sections until they clear up. Routers can: Direct

signal

Route Route

messages messages

traffic between

between

linear

bus,

star,

efficiently.

any

two

and

star-wired

protocols. ring

topologies.

Route messages across fiber optics, coaxial, and twist SWITCH The switch is used to interconnect the Nodes. But it is more complex and versatile, and

also

there

is

no

division

of

bandwidth

among

the

nodes.

They are active device with following points Congestion control, which means that the switch should have enough buffers to take (3)

care Segmentation

of

the of

traffic local

peaks. network

(4) Speed up the local network. They are of 8,16 or 48 ports active terminal. D. FIREWALL It is security purpose software, which is used to secure the server contents, so the outside could not temper the information. The can read the information but can not write anything.

HUB It is active junction box, which is used to connect the nodes and all the servers using any type of cable (UTP, Coaxial etc). It contains a division of network bandwidth. The important parameters to be considered whole selecting are: Number

for and

types

dual-speed of

ports,

operations. UTP

and

Auto

BNC. switching.

a

built-in

segment

switch.

Ease of configuration. It can have a capacity of 8, 16 or 24 nodes and the maximum distance between Hub and nodes is 100 Mt. If distance is more, then additional HUB must be used (but not more than 3). Speeding the communication with Optical Fibers Today's general demands to railway istrations all over the world are:

improved traffic regularity,

more frequent departures and,

shorter travelling times. In order to meet above demands it is paramount to expand the existing transmission capacity for tele-communication and to implement more flexible signal interlocking systems. The telecommunication network has to operate with more subscribers as well as to carry a number of new services, such as automatic

train

numbering,

electronic

reporting and enger information, freight control and voice channels to radio base stations for

Communication Media: The communication links making up the data network may be over a combination of any of the following media :

OFC,

Digital MW,

IP Radio links,

VSAT, Analog MW,

Twisted pair copper, for last mile connectivit

Optical fiber Telecommunication for Railway Utility A modern telecommunication network for railway utility must be able to handle the emerging of advanced remote control centres, digi tal telephone exchanges , train radio systems and the extensive development of central and local data systems. T herefore, it is recommended to apply digital PCM transmission equipment, using optical fibers as transmission media. The advantages of this kind of telecommunication networks are the low establishing costs compared to its enormous capacity. For ex., an 8 or 12 fiber cable is able to handle all to- day known railway transmission requirements and even more. Furthermore, the transmission network is immune to electromagnetic disturbances in connection with electric railway

Techniques for ting of optic fibre cable: (a) Mechanical Splice This align the axis of the two fibres to be ed and physically hold them together. (b) Fusion Splicing This is done by applying localized heating (i.e. by electric arc or flame) at the interface between the butted, pre-aligned fibre end, causing them to soften and fuse together. Following steps are involved for ting of the cable

: 38 iv)

negligible

cross-talk

between

channels.

v) insufficient commercial value of bits of cable and hence less prone to theft. vi) multiple ts does not significantly degrade BER and therefore speech quality. IR have commissioned their first optical fiber communication system, in the busy suburban area of Mumbai over a distance of 60 km connecting 30 suburban stations during 1989. This was followed by installation of another 900 km fiber in connection with railway electrification projects . TING AND TERMINATION OF OPTIC FIBRE CABLE Techniques for ting of optic fibre cable: -

(a) Mechanical Splice This align the axis of the two fibres to be ed and physically hold them together. (b) Fusion Splicing This is done by applying localized heating (i.e. by electric arc or flame) at the interface between the butted, pre-aligned fibre end, causing them to soften and fuse together. Following steps are involved for ting of the cable :-

Preparation of cable for ting

Stripping/cutting the cable

Preparation of cable and t closure for splicing

Stripping and cleaving of fibres

Sealing of t closure and

Placing t in pit

METHOD USED IN TRAINING What is a Signal Anything which carries information is a signal. In this course we will learn some of the mathematical representations of the signals, which has been found very useful in making information processing

systems. Examples of signals are human voice, chirping of birds, smoke signals, gestures (sign language), fragrances of the flowers. A signal is a real (or complex) valued function of one or more real variable(s). When the function depends on a single variable, the signal is said to be onedimensional. A speech signal, daily maximum temperature, annual rainfall at a place, are all examples of a one dimensional signal There are basically two purposes achieved by railway signaling : To safety receive and dispatch trains at a station. To control the movements of trains from one station to another after ensuring that the track on which this train will move to reach the next station is free from movement of another train either in the same or opposite direction. Apart from meeting the basic requirement of necessary safety in train operation, modern railway signaling plays an important role in determining the capacity of a section .The capacity decides the number of trains that can run on a single day. By proper signaling the capacity can be increased to a considerable extent without resorting to costlier alternatives. The essential components of railway signaling: The fixed signals provided by the side of the railway track with indication in the form of colour lights are the actual authority to a driver to get in to the portion of the track beyond the signal. At stations the trains may be received on any one of the platform lines. To take the train to any specific track, points are provided. The purpose of the point on the track is to divert the train from one track to adjacent one. Hence the signal has to be connected to the points in an arrangement called interlocking. This Interlocking arrangement only ensures that a point is correctly set for the particular route or a track and the signal conveys this information to the driver

Types of Signals:

Signal: Signal is a medium to convey a particular pre-determined meaning in non-verbal form. Multiple Aspect Color Light Signal (MACLS): Multiple means more than 2 indications .They may have 3 or 4 different aspects or indications to be given to the driver. These signals have longer range of visibility and Improved reliability. COMPUTERIZED ENGER RESERVATION SYSTEM INTRODUCTION: ➔ The IR carries about 5.5 lakh engers in Reservation reserved accommodation every day. ➔ The computerized enger Reservation System (PRS) facilitates booking and Cancelling of tickets from any of the 4000Terminals(i.e. PRS booking windows)all over the country. ➔ These tickets can be booked or cancelled for journeys commencing in any party of India and ending in any other part ,with travels times as long as 72 hour and distances up to several thousands kilometre. ➔ There are mainly 5 servers in INDIA. These are New Delhi , Kolkata, Channai.

EQUIPMENTS: The equipment used in PRS are -➔ Modem ➔ Multiplexing Equipment ➔ End terminal. MODEM Modem are used for communication various computer or between Computer & terminals over ordinary or leased(dedicated ) telephone lines. We can use modems to log on to micro, mini, main frame computer for line processing. We can use them to connect two remote computers for data Multiplexing Equipment: -

There

are

two

type

multiplexing

equipments

for

each

channel.

The multiplexer used may be of 8-ports or 16-port .The data is get multiplexed at the rate of the 96KBps. The multiplexing generally of analog type. End Terminal:The end terminals of system is the station where the tickets to be Printed out . The terminal consists of a computer system with a dot matrix printer. The number of the total end terminal at the station can be increased or decreased according to the multiplexing used.

The terminal consists of a computer system with a dot matrix printer. The number of the total end terminal at the station can be increased or decreased acc