Waste Tyre In Malaysia 15333g

WASTE TYRE MANAGEMENT IN MALAYSIA

By SANDRA KUMAR A/L THIRUVANGODAN

Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies, Unversiti Putra Malaysia in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy March 2006

Abstract of thesis presented to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy

WASTE TYRE MANAGEMENT IN MALAYSIA

By SANDRA KUMAR A/L THIRUVANGODAN March 2006

Chairman

: Associate Professor Mohammad Ismail Bin Yaziz, PhD

Faculty

: Environmental Studies

The research aim and objectives of this study was fourfold as follows: Firstly, to evaluate the number of motorcar waste tyres generated annually in Malaysia. Secondly, to study the current disposal methods and their impacts on the environment. Thirdly to determine the various issues /problems pertaining to waste tyre management, and finally to evaluate the status of current policies and regulations in relation to waste tyre management

The methodology for the study consisted of desktop research, field observations, questionnaire surveys and discussions with relevant authorities and associations in the public and private sectors. The field `work was carried out from September 2002 to December 2003 in the Klang Valley (Kuala Lumpur and Selangor Darul Eshan). Three different sets of interview forms was pre-tested in September 2002, (for tyre

ii

dealers, related associations, tyre manufacturers and government agencies), improved and used to gather primary data beginning December 2002. A total of 109 tyre dealers, 13 government agencies, 3 tyre manufacturers, 3 landfill operators, 3 waste tyre s (recycling and res), 2 tyre related associations, 2 principal rubbish collectors, 2 related organizations and 50 tyre consumers were interviewed in the survey. All data were then analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively.

The results of the study indicated the following:

i.

There is a steady increase in the motorcar waste tyre generated annually in

the country. The number of motorcar waste tyres generated annually in the country was estimated to be 8.2 million or approximately 57,391 tonnes. About 60% of the waste tyres are disposed via unknown routes.

ii.

Waste tyres in Malaysia are neither categorized as solid waste or hazardous

waste. It is generally considered as business or trade waste; hence currently, there is no specific law or regulation, which govern waste tyre management.

iii.

Tyre dealers face considerable pressure when the waste tyres accumulates in

their premises, often resulting in improper storage of the wastes, which in turn invites penalties from the local authority. In light of the above situation, they usually employ private rubbish collectors to dispose their waste tyres. They do not have any guidance or assistance from their principals or authorities for proper management and disposal of waste tyres.

iii

iv.

Although private rubbish collectors charge a fee to collect waste tyres, it is

unknown to what extend these tyres are disposed off in an environmental friendly and legal way. There is no verifiable data on this issue. However, the private waste collectors complained that the gate fees at the landfill are not attractive for their business.

v.

Other industry s such as tyre shredders, recyclers and other physical

s also make use of waste tyres. Currently there is no institutional approach for managing waste tyre as a resource in Malaysia. Existing companies operate purely on business ethics, with profit being the bottom line. Without a policy and management structure in place, it is costly and difficult for the recycling companies to get a steady supply of waste tyres. Thus, these companies are now using alternative materials such as used and rejected gloves and tyre buffing, hence reducing the demand for waste tyres. This is a complex issue and highlights the need to examine the “tyre dumping” practices in Malaysia.

vi.

Although the landfill is the easiest and a legal avenue to dispose waste tyres,

the gate fee for waste tyres disposal is considered expensive by many private rubbish collectors. Private rubbish collectors collect waste tyres from the dealer’s premises together with other rubbish: thus they charge a minimum extra fee. On the other hand, a high gate fee at the landfill deters the private rubbish collectors from dumping waste tyres at the landfill. Left with little choice they have to find alternative places within their budget to dispose the tyres.

vii.

Other industry s collect waste tyres for retreading, rubber reclaim and

shredding. However, the demand for products made of recycled waste tyre materials

iv

is very limited and there is no regulatory as in some developed countries Although there are some beneficial applications of waste tyres, the controlling or hindering factors are a steady market demand for the end products and a continuous supply of waste tyres.

viii.

High waste tyre volume consuming options such as ‘artificial reef construction

’ and ‘rubberized asphalt road surfacing’ seems not to be favoured options today. The Department of Fisheries has stopped using waste tyres to construct artificial reefs, whereas the latter option never got started commercially in the country. Largescale operations that can remove this waste quickly and cheaply is needed. With these major options being discarded or less favoured the volume of waste tyres to be disposed would increase rapidly.

ix.

The adverse environmental impacts due to improper management of waste

tyres, was deduced from field observations and “ad-hoc” data from nterviews with municipal health inspectors and landfill operators. They include mosquito breeding , air pollution associated with open burning of tyres (particulates, odour, visual impacts, and other harmful contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, dioxin, furans and oxides of nitrogen), aesthetic pollution caused by waste tyre stockpiles and illegal waste tyre dumps (habitat for vermin such as rats and snakes), and other impacts such as alterations in hydrological regimes when gullies and watercourses become dumping sites. These environmentally related problems occur because of the lack of a formal, well-coordinated management system for waste tyres.

v

x.

There is a serious lack of producer responsibility for waste tyre management

in Malaysia. Tyre producers or manufacturers are not concerned about the final disposal of their product at the end of its life. They leave it solely to their dealers to tackle this issue. The lack of producer responsibility in managing the waste makes the management of waste tyres a more difficult task.

xi.

Generally there is a lack of awareness and concern among the industry and

the public on the environmental and health impacts due to improper management of waste tyres.

xii.

Lack of consistent and available information/data about waste tyre generation

and management hinders the understanding of current management scenarios, which is critical in order to formulate pragmatic solutions. There is a lot of uncertainty how an issue in one sector of the industry can influence a sustainable change in another sector.

xiii.

It is concluded from the study that the important factors for establishing an

effective waste tyre management system includes (a) the formulation of a national policy for waste tyre management, (b) the creation of incentives for the use of waste tyre recovered materials and to mandate the use of these materials in specified activities, (c) a single qualified concessionaire, (d) assistance to exploit value from waste tyres,(e) imposition of a levy, (f) extended producer responsibility, (g) a centralized istration and enforcement structure, and (h) public awareness programme.

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Abstrak tesis yang dikemukakan kepada Senat Universiti Putra Malaysia sebagai memenuhi keperluan untuk Ijazah Doktor Falsafah

PENGURUSAN TAYAR SISA DI MALAYSIA

Oleh SANDRA KUMAR A/L THIRUVANGODAN Mac 2006

Pengerusi

: Profesor Madya Mohammad Ismail Bin Yaziz, PhD

Fakulti

: Pengajian Alam Sekitar

Tujuan penyelidikan dan objektif kajian ini mengandungi empat perkara seperti berikut: Pertama, untuk mengira jumlah tayar terpakai kereta yang dihasilkan setiap tahun di Malaysia. Kedua, untuk mengkaji cara pelupusan tayar terpakai dan kesannya terhadap alam sekitar. Ketiga, untuk mengenalpasti masalah/isu yang dihadapi berkaitan pengurusan tayar terpakai, dan akhirnya untuk mengkaji status dasar dan undang-undang yang sedia ada terhadap pengurusan tayar sisa

Kaedah yang digunakan dalam kajian ini meliputi pemerhatian lapangan, tinjauan soal-selidik, perbincangan dengan pegawai kerajaan, agensi swasta dan persatuanpersatuan yang berkaitan. Kerja lapangan dimulakan dari bulan September 2002 hingga Disember 2003 di Lembah Kelang (Kuala Lumpur dan Selangor). Tiga set borang temuduga yang berlainan telah di pra uji pada bulan September 2002 ( untuk

vii

peniaga tayar, persatuan yang berkaitan, pengilang tayar dan agensi kerajaan) di tambahbaik dan digunakan untuk mengutip data mulai bulan Disember 2002. Sejumlah 109 peniaga tayar, 13 agensi kerajaan, 3 pengilang tayar, 3 penguna tayar sisa ( kitar semula dan guna semula), 3 operator tapak pelupusan sampah, 2 persatuan yang berkaitan dengan tayar, 2 syarikat kutipan sisa sampah, 2 organisasi berkaitan, dan 50 pengguna tayar telah di temuduga dalam kajian soal selidik ini. Semua data kemudiannya di analisakan secara kualitatif dan kuantitatif.

Kesimpulan yang didapati daripada kajian ini adalah:

i.

Penghasilan tayar sisa meningkat pada setiap tahun di negara ini. Jumlah

tayar sisa kereta yang dihasilkan di negara ini setiap tahun adalah dianggar sebanyak 8.2 juta atau lebih kurang 57,391 ton. Adalah di jangka sebanyak 60% daripada jumlah tayar sisa ini dilupuskan melalui cara yang tidak dapat di kenalpasti.

ii.

Di Malaysia, tayar sisa tidak dikategorikan sebagai sisa pepejal atau sisa

merbahaya. Ia dianggap sebagai sisa bisnes atau perdagangan; pada masakini tidak ada peraturan atau perundangan yang khusus berkaitan dengan pengurusan tayar sisa.

iii.

Peniaga tayar menghadapi tekanan apabila bilangan tayar sisa mula

terkumpul di premis mereka. Akibat keadaan seumpama ini adalah tayar sisa disimpan di merata tempat dan perbuatan ini menyalahi Akta Kerajaan Tempatan dan mereka disaman oleh pihak Majlis Tempatan. Bagi mengatasi isu ini, mereka menggunakan perkhidmatan pengutip sampah swasta atau melantik agen untuk

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mengutip tayar sisanya. Peniaga tayar tidak menerima apa-apa tunjuk ajar atau bantuan daripada pembekal atau pihak Majlis mengenai cara yang betul untuk menguruskan tayar sisa.

iv.

Walaupun pengutip sampah swasta mengenakan bayaran untuk mengutip

tayar sisa, tetapi cara mereka melupuskan sisa ini samada mengikut cara yang mesra alam atau yang mematuhi undang-undang tidak diketahui. Tiada data yang kukuh untuk menentukan hal ini. Walau bagaimanapun, pengutip tayar sisa sering mengadu bahawa caj yang dikenakan di tapak lupusan sampah untuk membuang tayar sisa adalah tidak mengalakan untuk bisnes mereka.

v.

Industri lain seperti syarikat carekkan tayar (shredding), kitar semula, dan

penguna fisikal juga mengunakan tayar sisa , tetapi tiada rekod disimpan mengenai akitiviti ini. Pada masakini tidak wujud suatu pendekatan institusi bagi menguruskan tayar sisa sebagai sumber di Malaysia. Syarikat yang beroperasi semasa menjalankan aktiviti mereka sebagai suatu entiti bisnes dengan tujuan untuk mendapatkan keuntungan. Tanpa sesuatu polisi dan struktur pengurusan, syarikat ini akan menghadapi kesulitan untuk mendapatakan bekalan tayar sisa secara berterusan. Maka syarikat ini kini menggunakan bahan alternatif seperti sisa sarung tangan getah atau terpakai dan ‘tyre buffing’ . Perbuatan ini mengurangkan permintaan untuk tayar sisa. Ini adalah satu isu yang kompleks dan menitikberatkan kajian terhadap amalan “ pembuangan tayar “ (tyre dumping) di Malaysia.

vi.

Walaupun tapak pelupusan sampah merupakan tempat yang paling senang

dan diterima dari segi undang-undang untuk membuang tayar sisa, tetapi caj yang

ix

dikenakan dianggap tinggi oleh kebanyakan pengutip tayar sisa. Pengutip sampah swasta mengutip tayar daripada premis penjual tayar bersama-sama dengan sampah lain maka mereka mengenakan bayaran lebihan yang rendah sahaja. Caj yang tinggi di tapak pelupusan sampah untuk membuang tayar sisa mengurangkan pengutip sampah swasta untuk menggunakan tapak ini untuk membuang tayar sisa. Dengan pemilihan yang terhad, pengutip sampah terpaksa menggunakan tapak pembuangan alternatif bersamaan dengan kemampuan mereka untuk membuang tayar sisa.

vii.

Industri lain juga mengutip tayar sisa untuk aktiviti seperti celup tayar, kitar

semula dan mencarekan. Walau bagaimanapun, permintaan untuk produk yang dibuat daripada bahan kitar semula adalah terhad dan tidak wujud peraturan atau perundagan tertentu untuk menggalakannya seperti di negara maju. Walaupun terdapat aplikasi yang bermanfaat bagi tayar sisa, factor penghalang termasuk tiada permintaan pasaran yang kekal bagi produk yang dibuat daripada bahan kitar semula dan ketidakstabilan bekalan tayar sisa.

viii.

Aktiviti yang mengunakan kuantiti tayar sisa dengan banyak seperti tukun

tiruan dan ‘rubberized asphalt road surfacing’ kini tidak lagi menjadi opsyen yang dipilih. Kegunaan tayar sisa oleh Jabatan Perikanan untuk membina tukun tiruan telah diberhentikan, manakala kegunaan tayar untuk ‘rubberized asphalt road surfacing’ tidak pernah dimulakan secara komersial. Aktiviti besar-besaran ini diperlukan untuk mengunakan tayar sisa secara cepat dan murah. Memandangkan aktiviti-aktiviti yang tersebut diatas diberhentikan atau tidak digalakan, kuantiti tayar sisa yang terhasil dan perlu diurus akan betambah dengan cepat.

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ix.

Kesan buruk alam sekitar akibat pengurusan tayar sisa yang kurang

memuaskan telah di simpulkan melalui pemerhatian di lapangan dan maklumat “adhoc” hasil temubual dengan pegawai kesihatan Majlis dan operator tapak pelupusan sampah. Ini termasuk pengwujudan tapak pembiakan nyamuk, pencemaran udara berkaitan dengan pembakaran terbuka, pandaganan yang kurang memuaskan akibat simpanan stok tayar sisa dan pembuangan secara haram ( tapak pembiakan tikus dan ular), dan impak yang lain seperti gangguan aliran air apabila tayar di buang di dalam sungai atau gaung. Masalah-masalah berkaitan alam sekitar ini ujud kerana tidak ada satu system pengurusan tayar sisa yang formal dan berkodinasi.

x.

Adalah nyata terdapat kekurangan tanggungjawab oleh pengilang tayar

mengenai pengurusan tayar sisa di Malaysia. Pengilang tayar tidak mengambiltahu tentang cara manakah tayar yang dikeluarkan oleh mereka di uruskan selepas usia kegunaannya luput dan menjadi tayar sisa. Mereka melepaskan tanggungjawab ini kepada peniaga tayar. Kekurangan tanggungjawab oleh pengilang tayar menjadikan pengurusan tayar sisa lebih rumit.

xi.

Secara amnya terdapat kekurangan kesedaran dan sikap ketidakpedulian

dikalangan industri dan umum mengenai kesan alam sekitar dan kesihatan akibat pengurusan tayar sisa yang kurang baik.

xii.

Kekurangan maklumat yang konsistan dan benar tentang pengurusan tayar

sisa menjadi satu punca penghalang untuk memahami isu-isu semasa dan ini merupakan satu faktor kritikal dalam penggubalan dasar baru yang effektif.

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Selanjutnya, terdapat juga kekurangan pengetahuan mengenai bagaimana satu perubahan dalam sesuatu sektor industri akan mempengaruhi sektor lain.

xiii.

Adalah dirumuskan daripada kajian ini bahawa faktor-faktor penting untuk

mengwujudkan satu sistem pengurusan tayar sisa yang efektif termasuk (a) mengadakan satu polisi kebangsaan untuk menguruskan tayar sisa,(b) menyediakan galakan untuk mengguna bahan kitar semula yang dikeluarkan daripada tayar sisa dan untuk mandatkan kegunaan bahan ini di dalam aktiviti tertentu, (c) satu operator konsesi yang berkemampuan, (d) menyediakan bantuan supaya nilai dari tayar sisa digunakan sepenuhnya, (e) mengenakan levi, (f) melanjutkan tanggungjawab pengilang tayar, (g) struktur pentadbiran dan penguatkuasaan pusat, dan (h) mengadakan program kesedaran untuk orang awam.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all I would like to extend my sincere appreciation to my beloved wife K.Theruchelvi for her encouragement and and my sons Yuvanes Kumar, Heerman Kumar and Jivianth Kumar for their patience during my tenure of this study.

I am immensely grateful to Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mohammad Ismail Bin Yaziz, Chairman of the Supervisory Committee, Prof. Dr. Mohd. Ibrahim Hj. Mohamed and Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ramdzani Abdullah, of my Supervisory Committee for their guidance, invaluable comments and suggestions in execution of the research work and preparation of this thesis.

I wish to sincerely thank all Government Departments / Agencies, Local Authorities , tyre manufacturers and tyre dealers ( namely Dunlop, Goodyear and Silverstone), related associations (MATMIG & MATRDS), waste tyre recycling industries, waste collectors (namely Alam Flora Sdn.Bhd.), landfill operators and consumers who agreed to be interviewed and for making this research viable.

I am grateful to my mother who, inspite being ill, gave me the morale and encouragement throughout my studies.

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I certify that an Examination Committee has met on 7th March 2006 to conduct the final examination of Sandra Kumar s/o Thiruvangodan on his Doctor of Philosophy thesis entitled "Waste Tyre Management in Malaysia", in accordance with Universiti Pertanian Malaysia (Higher Degree) Act 1980 and Universiti Pertanian Malaysia (Higher Degree) Regulations 1981. The Committee recommends that the candidate be awarded the relevant degree. of the Examination Committee are as follows: AHMAD MAKMON ABDULLAH, PhD Associate Professor Faculty of Environmental Studies Universiti Putra Malaysia (Chairman) AZIZI B. HJ MUDA , PhD Associate Professor Faculty of Environmental Studies Universiti Putra Malaysia. (Internal Examiner) MOHAMAD PAUZI ZAKARIA , PhD Associate Professor Faculty of Environmental Studies Universiti Putra Malaysia (Internal Examiner) JAMALUDDIN MD. JAHI , PhD Professor Environmental Management Programme Centre for Graduate Studies University Kebangsaan Malaysia (External Examiner)

______________________________ HASANAH MOHD. GHAZALI, PhD Professor/Deputy Dean School of Graduate Studies Universiti Putra Malaysia. Date :

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This thesis submitted to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia and has been accepted as fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy . The of the Supervisory Committee are as follows:

MOHAMMAD ISMAIL BIN YAZIZ, PhD Associate Professor Faculty of Environmental Studies Universiti Putra Malaysia (Chairman)

MOHD. IBRAHIM HJ.MOHAMED, PhD Professor Faculty of Environmental Studies Universiti Putra Malaysia (Member)

RAMDZANI ABDULLAH, PhD Associate Professor Faculty of Environmental Studies Universiti Putra Malaysia (Member)

______________________ AINI IDERIS, PhD Professor / Dean School of Graduate Studies Universiti Putra Malaysia Date:

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DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the thesis is based on my original work except for quotations and citations, which have been duly acknowledged. I also declare that it has not been previously or concurrently submitted for any other degree at UPM or other institutions.

___________________________________ SANDRA KUMAR A/L THIRUVANGODAN Date:

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

ABSTRACT ABSTRAK ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS APPROVAL DECLARATION LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF PLATES LIST OF ABBREVIATION

ii viii xv xvi xviii xxiii xxvi xxviii xxix

CHAPTER

1

2

INTRODUCTION

1

1.2

Problem Statement

9

1.3

Hypothesis

11

1.4

Scope of Research

11

1.5

Objectives of the Study

12

LITERATURE REVIEW

13

2.1

Definition of a Pneumatic Car Tyre

13

2.2

Historical Tyre Development

13

2.3

Car Tyre Construction

14

2.4

Raw Materials in a Tyre

15

2.5

Waste Tyre 2.5.1 Factors Influencing The Life of Tyres 2.5.2 Number of Waste Tyres Generated

18 18 20

xvii

2.6

Current Used Tyres Disposal Options And Its Limitation 2.6.1 Recycling 2.6.1.1 Rubber reclaiming 2.6.1.2 Crumbing (Granulated Rubber) / Shredding 2.6.1.3 Pyrolysis 38 2.6.1.4 Incineration for Recovery of Energy

2.6.2 2.6.2.1 2.6.2.2 2.6.2.3 2.6.2.4 2.6.2.5

3

Physical Reuse of Waste Tyres Retreading Landfill Artificial Reefs And Floating Breakwaters Erosion Control And Landfill Engineering Illegal Dumping

26 26 27 31 42

53 54 60 64 68 69

2.7

Management of Waste Tyres .

75

2.8

Collection And Disposal of Waste Tyres

79

2.9

Government Role in Waste Tyre Management

84

2.10

Regulation of Waste Tyre Disposal 2.10.1 Waste Management 2.10.2 Energy Recovery 2.10.3 Landfill 2.10.4 Retreading 2.10.5 Rubber Crumbs 2.10.6 Imports

93 93 95 95 96 98 99

2.11

Environmental And Health Impacts of Waste Tyres 2.11.1 Environmental Impacts 2.11.2 Health Impacts 2.11.3 Aesthetic Pollution 2.11.4 Potential Risks to The Environment

100 100 101 101 102

2.12

Environmental Risk Mitigation 2.12.1 Mitigation for Tyre Fires 2.12.2 Mitigation for Tyre Leachate

104 104 105

METHODOLOGY

106

3.1

111 114

Study Area and Methodology 3.1.1 Survey Respondents (Tyre Dealers)

xviii

4

5

6

3.2

Waste Tyre Generation

115

3.3 3.4

Disposal Options Environmental Impacts

117 117

3.5

Questionnaire Survey

118

RESULTS

119

4.1

Motorcar Waste Tyre Arising 4.1.1 Total Quantity of Tyres 4.1.2 enger Car Waste Tyre Arising

119 119 123

4.2

Results of Field Surveys

124

4.3

Estimation Of Annual Generation of Waste Motorcar Tyres in Malaysia

127

DISPOSAL OPTIONS FOR WASTE TYRES

136

5.1

Physical Reuse 5.1.1 Artificial Reefs 5.1.2 Retreading 5.1.3 Other Uses

137 137 140 143

5.2

Recycling 5.2.1 Rubber Reclaiming 5.2.2 Tyre Shredding/Crumbing

145 145 146

5.3

Landfill

149

5.4 I

llegal Dumping

153

ISSUES AND PROBLEMS OF TYRE DEALERS IN DISPOSING WASTE TYRES 6.1

7

Waste Tyre Management Problems 6.1.1 Waste Tyre Storage 6.1.2 Issues Pertaining to Waste Tyre Management 6.1.3 Problems Encountered in Disposing Waste Tyres 6.1.4 Current Disposal Options 6.1.5 Guidance And Assistance For Tyre Dealers

CURRENT REGULATIONS AND POLICIES ON WASTE TYRE MANAGEMENT

xix

162 162 162 165 167 168 172

176

7.1 8

9

185

IMPACT OF WASTE TYRES ON ENVIRONMENT

189

8.1

Physical Reuse of Waste Tyres

189

8.2

Landfill

192

8.3

Illegal Dumping or Stockpiling

194

ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS AND OPINION OF WASTE TYRE GENERATORS

200

9.1

Tyre Dealers

200

9.2

Tyre Manufacturers

205

9.3

Tyre Retreaders

207

9.4

Malaysian Automotive Tyre Manufacturers Industry Group. (MATMIG)

208

9.5

10

Malaysian Standard on Tyres

Malaysian Association of Tyre Retreaders & Dealers Societies. (MATRDS)

209

9.6

Tyre s (Consumer)

211

9.7

Private Rubbish Collectors

213

A CAMPARISON OF WASTE TYRE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

215

10.1

Australia

215

10.2

Japan

218

10.3

Singapore

221

10.4

United Kingdom

225

10.5

United States of America

229

10.6

Waste Tyre Management Practices The Canadian Experience

233

Waste Tyre Management Model

236

10.7

xx

11

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

238

11.1

Conclusions

238

11.2

Recommendations

248

REFERENCES

259

APPENDICES A Interview Forms B List of Respondents Used in the Survey

269 270 289

BIODATA OF THE AUTHOR

297

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