Earthquake Resistance Building Techniques By- Sneh Lata Soreng 14628

LOCATION Jammu and Kashmir covers the northern most extremity of india and lies between latitudes 32° to 36 ° north and longitude 73 ° to 80 ° east.It basically comprises of three districts: Jammu: mainly a plain area. Kashmir: mainly a valley area.

Ladakh: mainly a hilly area (hill desert).

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TERRIAN MAP The Himalayas divide the Kashmir valley from Ladakh while the Pir Panjal range, which encloses the valley from the west and the south, separates it from the Great Plains of northern India.

KASHMIR VALLEY

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CLIMATE  Srinagar has a humid subtropical climate.       

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It is much cooler than what is found in much of the rest of India, due to its moderately high elevation and northerly position. Winters are cool, with a January daily mean of 10.0 °C, and temperature remains below freezing at night. Moderate to heavy snowfall is expected in winters. Summers are warm with a July daily mean of 30.1 °C. The average annual rainfall is around 710 millimetres. Spring is the wettest season while autumn is the driest. Highest temperature: 37 °C Lowest:14 °C

According to Seismic Zoning Map of India there are the following seismic zones in Jammu & Kashmir: Zone V : MSK Intensity IX or higher is probable to occur.  Zone IV : MSK Intensity VIII is probable here 

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THE EARTHQUAKE  A strong earthquake of magnitude 7.4 occurred on 8th October 2005 with epicenter at

Region of POK. It caused massive destruction in Pakistan as well as Jammu & Kashmir.  Most damaged/destroyed buildings in J & K were constructed using random rubble masonry and bricks laid in clay mud mortar. Most of them had corrugated galvanized iron sheet roofing. No earthquake resisting measures were used.  Such buildings are destroyed in a severe earthquake on of weakness of the mortar used, absence of bond stones across the thickness of the stone wall resulting into delamination of the inner and outer walls, and separation of the walls at the corners. These finally result into the total collapse of the buildings.

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EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT CONSTRUCTION OF STONE BUILDINGS  The following wall types are normally used in stone-building construction. Type Of Wall (i) Dressed (Ashlar) stone masonry in cement mortar. (ii) Coursed rubble stone masonry in cement mortar (iii) Random rubble stone masonry in cement mortar (iv) Dressed stone (Ashlar) masonry in mud mortar (v) Courses rubble stone masonry in mud mortar. (vi) Random rubble stone masonry in mud mortar.

Relative Seismic Safety First (highest)

Second Third Fourth

Fifth Sixth (lowest)

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ROOF AND FLOOR TYPES

 The main type of roof and floors adopted in houses using stone masonry in Jammu &

Kashmir are:  Wood logs ing wooden planks.  Sawn wood rafters or trusses with sawn wood purlins covered with CGIsheets.  There is a tradition of using sloping roofs with light covering of corrugated galvanized sheet.  The roof should have adequate slope to deal with snow & rain.

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TYPICAL DWELLING  The buildings were generally three

to four storey high, with basements contained within the retaining walls along the river side.  The plans were generally square so that a minimum of external walls were exposed and heat was conserved in the cold winter.  Bay windows(dub) are present overlooking the river or main street.The dub is generally located on the southern side so that the sun was available in winter.

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ARCHITECTURE STYLE  The oldest surviving examples of traditional vernacular architecture in the city of Srinagar dates

back to early 19th Century.  This architectural style is solely represented by the residences of the city and broadly falls into

two distinct categories; based on the structural system involved. These two systems are:  

Taq Construction Dhajji-Dewari or Timber Braced (patch-quilt) System

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TAQ CONSTRUCTION

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In this system of construction 2-3 ft. thick brick masonry piers ing wooden floor beams formed the basic structural system of the building.

 The distance between two brick piers used to

be normally around 3-4 ft and was known as a taq.  The gap in between each taq would be filled in

with either a window opening or brick masonry.  The roof comprised a layer of earth covering

over birch bark and wooden planks resting on wooden rafters.

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DHAJJI-DEWARI CONSTRUCTION Timber frame

 The dhajji-dewari construction is

based on a braced timber framed structural system, in which normally 4-9 inch thick brick or stone masonry is used to infill the gaps.  Normally this system is limited to

upper floor levels or attics ( kani )

Timber bracings used in upper floors , ground floor is made of just stone masonary.

of the building.

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 Walls are plastered in mud mortar.  Dhajji buildings are typically 1-4

storeys tall and the roof may be a flat timber and mud roof, or a pitched roof with timber/metal sheeting.  The floors of these houses are made

with timber beams that span between walls.  Timber floor boards, which span over

the floor beams, would traditionally be overlain by a layer of clay (or

mud).

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SPATIAL ORGANISATION AND PLANNING

Most of the buildings constructed on the above mentioned structural systems show a common spatial arrangement and decorative elements. The buildings can thus be subdivided into two

categories on the basis of plan form:  • Square Plan  • Linear Plan

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 Many of the traditional buildings are based on a

square plan with the main entrance opening into a centrally located staircase lobby.  The lobby is flanked by one or two rooms on

either side, in ground as well as first floor.  The space above entrance in first floor in some

cases also encloses a projecting wooden bay window (dub).  The second floor (kani) normally comprises a

single large hall which can be subdivided into three smaller rooms whenever required with the

help of partition screens.

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The entrance to these buildings was from a staircase lobby located near one of the corners of the house.

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Many of the larger and more aristocratic houses, also known as havelis comprise a linear, two or

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in certain cases three storey buildings. Lattice work screens and window shutters, profusely carved wooden brackets, eaves board

(morakh patt), pendants (dour) are some of the main architectural elements associated with them.

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ROOF  The second floor is

surmounted by a cruciform shaped attic

space.

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Earthquake Resistance Building Techniques By- Antara Sablok 14604

INTRODUCTION Kutch district (also spelled as kachchh) is a district of Gujarat state in Western India. Covering an area of 45,652 km², it is the largest district of India. The population of Kutch is 21 lakh. People of this region are of very low or low income class. Kutch district located in very high risk seismic zone – V.

HISTORY It was established by Rao Himirji in 1510 and was made the state capital by Rao Khengarji in 1549. Bhuj for decades, even centuries, has beckoned travelers and traders with the promise of release from the restrictions of civilization. In January 2001, the city was struck by a major earth quake which caused a great deal of damage to the city of Bhuj.

GEOGRAPHY Bhuj has an average elevation of 110 meters (360 feet). On the eastern side of the town is a hill known as Bhujiyo that separates Bhuj city and Madhapar town. It has one big lake named Hamirsar and several small lakes.

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CULTURE • • •

Bhuj is a famous destination for shopping of handicraft work. Artists of nearby villages bring their art work for sale in Bhuj. It is the Important landmarks for people wishing to study and know more about Kutchi embroidery.

Bhuj is famous for its various Silver crafts work

Aina Mahal (palace of Mirrors) in Bhuj,is famous for displaying the History of the region of Kutch

RELIGION • •

The dominant religions of Kutch are a form of Vaishnav Hinduism, Jainism and Islam The Swaminarayan Sampraday has a huge following in this region.

LANGUAGE •

Kutchi & Gujarati are the predominating languages spoken.

The historic Hamirsar lake is situated at the Heart of the city of Bhuj

Bhuj is Famous for its handy-crafts market

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ARCHITECTURE TYPES OF B

CHOWKS

STREETS

STREET PATTERN (Y SHAPED) AND HOUSING LAYOUT

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street

Internal courtyards

Cattles-shed

PLANNINGS OF HOUSINGS IN BHUJ

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The height –width proportions of courtyards and streets provide shade for most part of the day

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SCHEMATIC SECTIONS OF HOUSES

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TRADITIONAL RURAL HOUSE IN KUTCH REGION OF INDIA (BHONGA) •The Bhonga is a traditional construction type in the kutch district of the gujarat state in india, which has A very high earthquake risk. •A Bhonga consists of a single cylindrically shaped room.

•It has a conical roof ed by cylindrical walls. •This type of construction has existed for several hundred years. •This type of house is quite durable and appropriate for prevalent desert conditions.

•Due to its robustness against natural hazards as well as its pleasant aesthetics, this housing is also known as "architecture without architects.“

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Settlemen t design

LUDIA REGION,

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It performed very well in the recent M7.6 Bhuj earthquake in 2001. Very few Bhongas experienced significant damage in the epicentre region, and the damage that did occur can be mainly attributed to poor quality of the construction materials or improper maintenance of the structure. It has also been observed that the failure of Bhongas in the last earthquake caused very few injuries to the occupants due to the type of

collapse.

Gravity load Over vertical wooden Post outside

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Climate

Culture

Calamit ies

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Settlemen t design Contains – 1. Plinth 2. Circular closed space 3. Open gathering space

Room for men

Gathering space Kitchen

Veranda for men

Women and children

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Settlemen t design

Plinth(otla) – •

Define the domain of the home and the place for outdoor activities.

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Water does not enter in house in rainy season.

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About 500mm high.

Rooms are not attached to avoid cracks because cracks may cause serious damage during earthquake.

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SETTLEMENT DESIGN

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Construction Techniques generally used “COB”. In these methods a large Lump is roughly moulded into

the shape of a huge elongated egg. The usual size is anything between 12 to 18 inches. 3040cm long and 6 inches in diameter. A row of these cobs of mud are laid nearly side by side.

Preferably somewhat pressed together. Then another row of cobs is laid on top.

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When three or four courses have been laid, one above the other, the sides are smoothened over so that the holes and cracks disappear.

Placing wooden beam

Filling bamboo rafters

Setting kingpost on wooden joist

Setting the thatched roof

Placing the rafters

Securing the roof with rope

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Keeping building typology in mind people are using modern materials and construction techniques , making it more compact.

Local resorts are of same building typology.

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Providing multiple floors and function to it.

Modern houses

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BHUNGA HOUSES

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CONSTRUCTION OF THE BHUNGA   

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Typical construction drawings and materials.Building materials Masonry wall is made of adobe blocks and plaster is also from mud covered by cow dunk, lime etc. Roof is made of bamboo/wooden framework covered with thatch. Bhonga is circular in plan, with cylindrically shaped walls and topped with conical roof. The inner diameter of the Bhonga is typically between 3m to 6m. A Bhonga generally has only three openings one door and two small windows.

DURING EARTHQUAKES  

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It performed very well in the recent M7.6 Bhuj earthquake in 2001. Very few Bhongas experienced significant damage in the epicentral region, and the damage that did occur can be mainly attributed to poor quality of the construction materials or improper maintenance of the structure. It has also been observed that the failure of Bhongas in the last earthquake caused very few injuries to the occupants due to the type of collapse.

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VIEW OF BHUNGA HOUSES ANTARA

ROOF CONSTRUCTION OF BHUNGA

HOUSES  The conical roof of a Bhonga is ed at its crest by a

vertical central wooden post, which rests on a wooden joist. 

The base of the roof and the wooden joist are generally

directly ed on Bhonga walls. 

Sometimes, the roof load on wooden joist is transferred to diametrically placed timber posts (vertical ) adjacent to the cylindrical wall.

 This reduces the roof-load on the walls. 

The Bhonga wall is usually extended below ground up to the required foundation depth, and separate foundation is not traditionally constructed.

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In newer constructions, proper strip footing is also used. ANTARA

BHUNGAS CONSTRUCTION DETAILS • In several Bhongas, the roof joist is not directly ed on the cylindrical walls, but is ed by two wooden vertical posts outside the Bhonga, which further improves seismic resistance of the inertia force generated in the roof. • In some instances, reinforcing bands at lintel level and collar level have been used to provide additional strength. • These bands are constructed from bamboo or from RCC. These increase the lateral load-carrying strength greatly and increase the seismic resistance of the Bhongas. •Even in situations where the roof collapses, its low weight ensures that the extent of injuries to occupants is very low. •Labours who constructs Bhungas and materials used •These constructions are carried out by local village masons. • The locally available soft stone can easily be cut or chiselled into rectangular blocks, which are used for wall masonry. •The local soil is used for mud mortar and to make adobe blocks. Locally available timber and bamboo are used for roof. • The entire construction process, which is carried out by the mason with very few unskilled laborers, can be completed within 30 days. • The construction of this type of housing takes place in a single phase. • Typically, the building is originally designed for its final constructed size. • Bhongas are never "designed" in the modern context. However, Bhonga architecture is a very unique aspect of traditional desert architecture of Kutch region in which the size, location and orientation of the Bhonga are planned for very good structural and functional results. ANTARA

WALL CONSTRUCTION OF BHUNGA    

Due to circular shape of wall in plan, inertial forces developed addition, the thick walls required for thermal insulation have high in-plane stiffness which provides excellent performance under lateral loads. The roofing in wall are resisted through shell action providing excellent resistance to lateral forces. In materials are generally very light weight, and develops low inertia forces. Since the roof is constructed from extremely ductile materials such as bamboo and straw, the performance of.these roofs is usually very robust

NEW TYPES OF BHUNGAS    

Recent Bhongas constructions have used wide variety of construction materials. These include the stone or burnt brick masonry either in mud mortar or in cement mortar. Traditional roof consists of light-weight conical roof, while some recent constructions have used heavy manglore tiles on roofs. Some recent constructions have used circular strip footing below the wall, while traditional construction simply extended the walls below ground level.

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The thick walls, made of mud, keep the interior cool when the temperature rises to 40+ degrees Celsius in summer and warm when it drops below 5 degrees in winter.

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TYPICAL CONSTRUCTION DRAWINGS

Structural variant for the roofed by a central pillar

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Bhungas are connected through plinths and circulation is also carried out in that way.. A cluster of bhunga is built on one plinthus ually the cluster contains settlements of one whole family ANTARA

INTERIORS AND DECORATION Rural art on walls

Windows decorated with mirrors

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INTERIORS OF BHUNGAS

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Culture is revealed in the decoration of the Bunga (outside as well as inside).

Painting on exterior walls

Glass deg on interior walls

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CONCLUSION  The architecture of kutch region relates to the socio-economic setup, the cultural identities and a

good climatic responsiveness. A good number of climate responsive design features are revealed during the study of the traditional architecture including temperature control, enhancing natural ventilation, protection from natural calamities such as flood, earthquake etc. Due to circular shape of wall in plan, inertial forces developed in wall are resisted through shell action providing excellent resistance to lateral forces.  Wall is extended below ground up to the required foundation depth, and separate foundation is not

traditionally constructed.  The construction technique is such a way that improves seismic resistance of the inertia force

generated in the roof  Circular design and the mesh of mud plaster and twigs make them resist any wind pressure and

quake. ANTARA