Urban And Rural Transport System 55331z

Urban And Rural Transport System Abstract:  Transportation system plays an important role in shaping urban and rural communities, stimulating economic growth, creating healthy communities and ensuring respect for the environment.  The most basic means of transport is human transport: people walking between locations and carrying things themselves.  At the other end large-scale means of transport, including trucks, buses, automobiles, trains, airplanes, and ships. These are generally designed for moving people and goods quickly over long distances with large loads.  Rural - Poor access to transport constrains economic and social development and contributes to poverty. Better transport services can stimulate economic activity and social improvement, leading to easier access and a virtuous circle that reduces poverty and improves the lives of poor rural residents.  Urban - Cities play a vital role in generating economic growth and prosperity. The sustainable development of cities largely depends upon their physical, social and institutional infrastructure.  Though not all urban areas have major public transportation systems, they tend to have more options available than those found in rural areas. MAIN TRANSPORT SYSTEM: URBAN – Road, Rail, Air, Water transport systems RURAL – Only Road transport system (80% in india)

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Human settlements are classified as rural or urban depending on the density of human-created structures and resident people in a particular area. Urban areas can include town and cities, while rural areas include villages and hamlets.

TRANSPORT FROM THESE TWO SETTLEMENTS ALSO VARIES NOT IN MARGINALLY, IN HUGE…. 1) Rural transport system 2) Urban transport system

RURAL TRANSPORT SYSTEM:

 MAHATMA GANDHI, the father of our nation, declared in the beginning of the 20th century that the soul of India lives in its villages.  INDIA is a vast country extending over an area of 3.29 million square kilometers with an astounding strength of population of 843.93 million The census of 2001 state that 74% of Indians live in 6,38,365 villages throughout the country.  Some villages have a population of less than 500, while 3976 villages have a population of more than 10,000 people.  Villages are more spread out in hilly region of central, eastern and far northern India.  In such case to develop the country or to improve the living standards of the people, must begin with the development of villages.

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 Villages are physically spread throughout the length and breadth of the country, no mode of transport other than road transport can adequately and effectively meet the demand of transport. Rural India is not just plagued by bad roads but also far and infrequent transport services, not withstanding the importance of rural transport to economic and social development of the country. ROAD TRANSPORT SYSTEM AND THEIR VECHICLES:

 BICYCLES, BICYCLE TRAILERS, SIDECARS, AND TRICYCLES:

 Bicycles are the most available, affordable, and flexible means of transporting people and small loads over short distances, and they are increasingly common in rural areas.  In some countries bicycles have important functions for carrying other people (family, friends, hire) and small loads (up to 100 kg).  Bicycles do not need elaborate infrastructure but work best in flat areas with hard surfaces.  While long journeys are possible, bicycles are mainly used for distances of 1- 10 kilometers.  ANIMAL POWER  Animal transport is often appropriate and affordable in rural areas, where feed resources are available and the animals have multiple functions. 3

 Animal-drawn carts can carry significant loads between fields, farms, and villages even if tracks are poor.  Carts are mainly used in flat areas, while pack animals provide important mobility in hilly areas.  Many different animals can be used for riding, as pack animals, and for pulling sledges, carts, and wagons.  They include oxen (available and strong, but slow and expensive), cows (multipurpose), and buffalo (strong but sensitive to heat).  Horses (strong but delicate) are fast transport animals, most common in temperate, subtropical, and highland areas. Donkeys (small but cheap) are found mainly in semiarid areas. Animals can be used wide range of transport capacities, from 50 kg (single small pack animal) to 5,000 kg (wagon pulled by two or more oxen, horses, or mules).  Animals are most commonly used for trips of 1-10 kilometers, but longer journeys are possible.

BULLOCK CARTS ARE THE MAIN TRANSPORT VECHICLE

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Smaller the village, less the economic activity, and therefore, less the number of vehicles. Carts move only about 15% of the ton km of goods while trucks carry much more, ing for 83%.

 MOTORCYCLES AND THREE-WHEELERS:  Motorcycles, mopeds, and scooters are expensive relative to rural incomes but provide convenient, fast, and flexible transport for engers and small amounts of freight.  They can also be adapted to make three-wheelers for carrying engers and goods.  In the Philippines motorcycle sidecars commonly carry six or more people.  In Cambodia motorcycle trailers may carry more than 10 people, or over 500 kg, without safety devices.  These have basic covers to protect engers and goods from the weather. Although motorcycles can be used on poor tracks, motorcycle trailers and three- wheelers require good roads without steep slopes.

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 TRACTORS, POWER TILLERS, AND UTILITY VEHICLES:

 Four-wheel agricultural tractors are complicated machines, specialized for traction in poor terrain. They can pull trailers with more than five metric tons on very poor tracks.  Tractors are expensive but may benefit from preferential agricultural duties. Tractors are most important for short distance (1-5 kilometer) transport in agriculture, road maintenance, and forestry.  Due to the scarcity of other transport options in rural areas, tractors may be used on roads as multipurpose vehicles for longer distances. In South and Southeast Asia trailers pulled by two-wheel agricultural tractors (power tillers) are becoming increasing important for rural transport (1-10 kilometers).

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 CARS, PICKUPS, AND MINIBUSES

 Cars (bush taxis) and minibuses fill similar niches in periurban and rural areas but do not have the same ability to cope with bad roads.  Minibuses are becoming increasingly common for transporting engers and small loads in areas where roads are well maintained.

 LARGE BUSES AND TRUCKS  Large trucks (5-30 metric tons) and buses (30-60 engers) are most cost-effective when carrying full loads over long distances (20-200 kilometers).  They are not always as suitable for rural transport. 7

PEOPLE WITHOUT TRANSPORT and RURAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

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Conclusion: THOUGH THE LACK OF TRANSPORT SYSTEM in villages, bullock carts play a significant role for freight transport in road transport system. Most state and private undertakings are using large size buses and they complain that load factor is low in rural transport system. Gandhiji’s dream of a prosperous rural India and the pledges given by successive leaders can be realized only if transport and communications are improved. Other physical and social infrastructure would follow automatically, paving the way for business. 9

Urban transport system:  The urban population in India has increased significantly from 62 million in 1951 to 285 million in 2001 and is estimated to grow to around 540 million by the year 2021. In of percentage of total population, the urban population has gone up from 17% in 1951 to 29% in 2001 and is expected to increase up to around 37% by the year 2021  Although less than one-third of India’s people live in cities and towns, these areas generate over two-third of the country’s income and for 90% of government revenues.  City transportation is an essential part of daily urban life wherein the volume of traffic is increasing constantly. To ensure tomorrow's mobility, we need innovative solutions.  The level of urban travel demand in India is increasing substantially over the years. Two factors contribute to this. The first is the increase in population. The second factor is the mobility rate, that is, the average number of trips per person per day.

2. Tram Cars: Convenient, commuter-friendly and cost-effective mass transit system forms the highlight of a well-connected city and its successful urban transportation network.

3. Light Rail Vehicles: Light Rail Vehicles (LRVs) are leading examples of a common product platform being evolved from crossborder market experience.

4. Metro Vehicles: Metro Vehicle represent the changing face of urban transportation vehicles and the speedy evolution of cutting-edge Technology. 10

A peak of rush hour commuters at Churchgate, a terminus for one of Mumbai’s main suburban train lines contributing to the nearly 6.5 million people feeding in and out of the city daily.

Delhi metro and Bangalore metro rail systems

Tram system: 11

 The advent of the British saw trams being introduced in many cities including Mumbai and Kolkata. The Kolkata tram is currently the only tram system in the country and provides an emission-free means of transport in Kolkata while the other tram systems in India were phased out.

India’s oldest tram system in kolkatta

Air system: 

As of 2013, there are 346 civilian airports in India - 253 with paved runways and 93 with unpaved runways. Of these, 66 are licensed by the DGCA in the public use category while 21 are licensed for private use. Most of these are managed by the AAI while the rest are owned by State Governments and private entities. There are more than 20 international airports in India. Indira Gandhi International Airport, Delhi and Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport, Mumbai handle more than a half of the air traffic in the country.

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India's busiest airport in of enger traffic – delhi

Ports and shipping system: 

The ports are the main centres of trade. In India about 95% of the foreign trade by quantity and 70% by value takes place through the ports.. Mumbai Port & JNPT(Navi Mumbai) handles 70% of maritime trade in India. There are twelve major ports: NaviMumbai, Mumbai, Kochi, Kolkata (including Haldia), Pa radip, Visakhapatnam, Ennore, Chennai, Tuticorin, New Mangalore, Mormugao andKandla. Other than these, there are 187 minor and intermediate ports, 43 of which handle cargo.

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Vishakapattinam seaport is one of the busiest ports on the East Coast of India.

Waterways system:  India has an extensive network of inland waterways in the form of rivers, canals, backwaters and creeks. The total navigable length is 14,500 kilometers (9,000 mi), out of which about 5,200 km (3,231 mi) of river and 485 km (301 mi) of canals can be used by mechanised crafts.

BOAT RIDE IN KOLKATTA HOOGLY RIVER 14

Bus Rapid Transit System (BRTS) 

Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) systems and air conditioned buses have been taken by the various state government to improve the bus public transport systems in cities. Bus Rapid Transit systems already exist in Pune, Delhi, Ahmedabad, Mumbai and Jaipur. High Capacity buses can be found in cities like Mumbai, Bengaluru, Nagpur and Chennai.

An air conditioned public bus in Bangalore

Vehicular Emission, Congestion, and Road Safety Issues:

 The transport sector is the major contributor to air pollution in urban India. Growing traffic and limited road space have reduced peak-hour speeds to 5 to 10 kms per hour in the central areas of many major cities.  For example, at a speed of 75 kmph, emission of CO is 6.4 gm/veh.-km, which increases by five times to 33.0 gm/ veh.-km at 15

a speed of 10 kmph. Similarly, emission of hydrocarbons, at the same speeds, increases by 4.8 times from 0.93 to 4.47 gm/veh.km.

Environmental issues and impact system:

 The National capital New Delhi has one of the largest CNG based transport systems as a part of the drive to bring down pollution. In spite of these efforts it remains the largest contributor to the greenhouse gas emissions in the city. The CNG Bus manufacturers in India are Ashok Leyland, Tata Motors, Swaraj Mazda and Hindustan Motors.  In 1998, the Supreme Court of India published a Directive that specified the date of April 2001 as deadline to replace or convert all buses, three-wheelers and taxis in Delhi to compressed natural gas.  The Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation was the first State Transport Undertaking in India to utilise bio-fuels and ethanol-blended fuels. KSRTC took an initiative to do research in alternative fuel forms by experimenting with various alternatives— blending diesel with biofuels such as honge, palm, sunflower, groundnut, coconut and sesame. In 2009, the corporation decided to promote the use of biofuel buses.

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Delhi was one of the first cities in the World to introduce CNG powered buses

URBAN EFFECT IN INDIA 2011

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URBAN TRANSPORT SYSTEM

Conclusions:  Transport systems are among the various factors affecting the quality of life and safety in a city. The urban transport situation in large cities in India is deteriorating. The deterioration is more prevalent in metropolitan cities where there is an exces- sive concentration of vehicles.  Commuters in these cities are faced with acute road congestion, rising air pollution, and a high level of accident risk. These problems cannot be solved without a concise and cogent urban transport strategy.  The main objective of such a strategy should be to provide and promote sustainable high-quality links for people by improving the efficiency and effectiveness of the city’s transport systems. 18

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