Treasures Of Arabic Morphology c6ic

From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology



From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

NOTE : Treasures of Arabic morphology has been published by Zam zam Publishers of Pakistan. Unfortunately the quality of the print is poor and the publishers have retyped the contents pages with typing errors. If anyone is prepared to publish the book in a quality format, kindly the author at [email protected]. All comments and criticisms are welcome. Post your comments to the above email address.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Title

From the Treasures Morphology

Author

Moulānā Ebrāhīm Muhammad

First Edition

Safar 1427 A.H. March 2006 Academy for Islamic Research Madrasah In’āmiyyah P.O. Box 39 Camperdown 3720 South Africa

Published by

Tel

+27 031 785 1519

Fax

+27 031 785 1091

email

[email protected]

of

Arabic

Copyright © 2006 Madrasah In’āmiyyah All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Madrasah In’āmiyyah, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews.

Typeset on Times New Roman 12 and Traditional Arabic 18 by Academy for Islamic Research, Madrasah In’āmiyyah, Camperdown, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Contents Introduction Some Useful Arabic The Types of Words Transitive and Intransitive Verbs Positive and Negative Active and ive The Second Category of Verbs Exercise 1 Types of Nouns The Scales of Verbs Exercise 2 The Categories of Triliteral Verbs Exercise 3 The Perfect Active ( ) Exercise 4 The Perfect ive ( ) Exercise 5 The Imperfect () Exercise 6 The Imperfect ive ( ) Exercise 7 The ( !"# ) Exercise 8 The ( $ ) Exercise 9 The (%&) and ('#) of Emphasis Exercise 10 The Imperative (() Exercise 11

10 11 12 14 15 15 15 16 17 18 20 22 23 25 26 28 29 33 35 38 39 40 41 44 45 49 50 55 56 61

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology The Prohibition () Exercise 12 The Derived Nouns ( )*+ ,-.) The Active Participle (/01 2) Exercise 13 The ive Participle (1 2) Exercise 14 The Elative (/1* 2) Exercise 15 The ( !+ 1") The Noun of the Instrument ( 3 2) Exercise 16 The Adverb ( 4 2) Exercise 17 The Intensive Adjective ( 5! 5") Exercise 18 The Categories (6 () of Verbs

61 65 66 66 68 69 70 71 73 74 76 78 79 81 82 84 85

The (6 () of (78 9:9)

85

The First (6 )

85

The Second (6 )

86

The Third (6 )

86

The Fourth (6 )

87

The Fifth (6 )

88

The Sixth (6 ) Exercise 19 The (6 () of (;< =>? 9:9) Construction of the Derived Nouns The Abbreviated Paradigm of each (6 )

88

95 97

(<@ 6 )

97

90 91

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Exercise 20 (/1A 6 ) Exercise 21 ( B01 6 ) Exercise 22 (1#@ 6 ) Exercise 23 (*<@ 6 ) Exercise 24 (:<@ 6 ) Exercise 25 (/C1A 6 ) Exercise 26 (/01A 6 ) Exercise 27 (1*2@ 6 ) Exercise 28 (<@ 6 ) Exercise 29 (:<@ 6 ) Exercise 30 (C<@ 6 ) Exercise 31 Four Root-Letter Verbs Exercise 32 The Derived Forms Verbs (/BD1A 6 ) Exercise 33 (EB< 6 ) Exercise 34

99 99 101 101 103 103 105 105 110 110 112 112 114 114 117 117 119 119 121 121 123 123

of

Four

125 126 129 Root-Letter 130 130 132 132 134

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology (:< 6 ) Exercise 35 Other Derived Forms Exercise 36 The Seven Categories Exercise 37 The Rules of (F) Rule 1 Rule 2 Rule 3 Rule 4 Rule 5 Rule 6 Rule 7 Rule 8 Rule 9 Rule 10 Exercise 38 The Orthography of the Hamzah The Paradigms of (F) Exercise 39 Exercise 40 Exercise 41 Discussion of (G F) Discussion of (%: F) Exercise 42 The Rules of (/*) Rule 1 Rule 2 Rule 3 Rule 4 Rule 5 Rule 6

134 136 137 142 143 146 147 147 147 148 148 150 151 152 153 154 156 156 157 158 160 161 163 163 164 165 166 166 167 168 169 170 171

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Rule 7 Rule 8 Rule 9 Rule 10 Exercise 43 Rule 11 Rule 12 Rule 13 Rule 14 Rule 15 Rule 16 Rule 17 Rule 18 Rule 19 Rule 20 Rule 21 Rule 22 Rule 23 Rule 24 Rule 25 Rule 26 Exercise 44 The Paradigms of (H) Exercise 45 The Paradigms of ( $() Exercise 46 The Paradigm of (I> $() Exercise 47 The Paradigms of (JK#) and (L1) Exercise 48 Exercise 49 Exercise 50 Combination of (F) and (/*) Exercise 51

171 179 184 189 193 193 194 195 196 199 199 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 212 213 214 220 221 228 229 240 241 250 260 271 272 283

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology The Rules of (L0) Rule 1 Rule 2 Rule 3 Rule 4 Rule 5 Exercise 52 Exercise 53 A Combination of (L0) , (F) and (/*) Exercise 54 Special Meanings (N"M) of Each (6 )

284 284 286 287 288 289 290 297 301 303 304

The (N"M) of (# 6 )

304

The (N"M) of (6 6 )

304

The (N"M) of (O- 6 )

305

The (N"M) of (% 6 ) The Derived Categories The (N"M) of (<@ 6 )

305 306 306

The (N"M) of (/1A 6 )

309

The (N"M) of ( B01 6 )

311

The (N"M) of (*<@ 6 )

312

The (N"M) of (1#@ 6 )

314

The (N"M) of (:<@ 6 )

314

The (N"M) of (/1A 6 )

315

The (N"M) of (/01A 6 )

317

The (N"M) of (1*2@ 6 )

318

The (N"M) of (<@ 6 )

319

The (N"M) of (:<@ 6 )

320

The (N"M) of (C<@ 6 )

320

The (N"M) of ( BB< 6 )

321

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology The (N"M) of (/B1A 6 )

321

The (N"M) of (:<@ 6 )

322

The (N"M) of (E:<@ 6 ) Application of the Special Meanings Challenging Words Appendix A - Morphology or Etymology? Bibliography

322 323 325 352 356

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

Introduction Arabic Morphology ( P P

P PB0)

is a branch of Arabic

Grammar dealing with word-forms and patterns. It is highly essential for the incumbent student of Arabic to learn this science in order to be proficient in the language. Acquiring an understanding of word patterns is of prime importance in learning the language. This is a comprehensive book dealing with all the important aspects of the subject. If a student has to study this book thoroughly, he would develop a very good foundation in this science and it would absolve him of the need to study any further books on the subject. The Arabic names of morphologic have been adopted instead of the Urdu forms commonly found in the text books of Islamic seminaries. Thus I have used the

FBQ G0) instead of ( PFB GP0). Similarly, instead of writing (RP P), the correct Arabic form of ( P ) has been used while the term (P P) is used instead of (P P) which is incorrect. This will enable the student to term (

learn the correct Arabic from the initial stages of his learning. Included also is a collection of rules of word-changes which affect many Arabic verbs and nouns. The rules have been clearly explained with examples and a step by step

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology method as to how a word is changed from its original form to its present one. It is hoped that this book will be beneficial for the students of Arabic Grammar and Morphology and simplify the path to understanding the intricacies of the language. Āmīn. For a detailed discussion on the name of this subject, whether it is called Morphology or Etymology, refer to Appendix A at the end of this book. Some Useful Conjugation: A paradigm, class, or table of verb forms in such inflected languages as Latin and French, where elements are distinguished from each other by patterns of inflection relating to tense, person, number.1 Declension: A term used to describe the case system of nouns and other words.2 Inflection: The variation or change of form that words undergo to mark distinctions of case, gender, number, tense, person, mood, voice, comparison.3 Linguistics and Philology: The study of language. Paradigm: pronounced (pa-ra-dime), in grammar, a set of all the (especially inflected) forms of a word (write, writes, wrote, writing, written), especially when used as a model for all other words of the same type.4

1

The Oxford Companion to the English Language, p. 256, 1992. Ibid, p. 281. 3 Websters Third New International Dictionary, vol. 2, p. 1160. 4 The Oxford Companion to the English Language, p. 747, 1992. 2

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Arabic The following are some of the Arabic used frequently in this book. It would be advisable to learn them thoroughly as they are frequently used throughout the book. Term



Meaning A diacritical point

SP denoting the sound

of ‘a’.



A diacritical point - TP denoting the sound of ‘u’.



A diacritical point - UP denoting the sound of ‘i’.



A diacritical point -



purpose of ing pronunciation

VP

that serves the

two

letters



A letter having a fathah, e.g. ( W )



X ) A letter having a dammah, e.g. (Y



A letter having a kasrah, e.g. (Z U)



A letter having a sukûn or jazm, e.g. (\ [ )

in



The three diacritical points, fathah dammah and kasrah are each called a harakah



A letter having a harakah, e.g. ( W )

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

! "

The first root letter of a word, also referred to as consonant or radical, e.g. the ( ) of (] W *W<^)

! #$

The second root letter of a word, e.g. the

! %

The third root letter of a word, e.g. the (_)

(N) of (] W *W<^) of (] W *W<^)

&'(

Word-form denoting the number, gender and mood of the verb

)!*+

(6 () is the plural of (6 ) which refers to a category of verbs belonging to one class. The first verb of the perfect tense () and the imperfect tense (), are used to indicate the diacritical points of the alphabets of the verbs.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology The Types of Words Meaning word

Example

10 2 !-

noun

/a $X W

3/ 42 -

verb

/^ W <^

5 0 2 .

particle – it is dependent on either

[ U

Term

/ . - ,

6 ` W*U

an (P2) or (/P<) in conveying its meaning

With regards to meaning and tense, a verb is of three types: Term

67! 87! 9!

Meaning Indicates the occurrence of an action in the past tense. It is referred to as the perfect tense in English. Indicates the occurrence of an action in the present or future tense. It is referred to as the imperfect tense in English. a command

Example

/^ PPW<^

– He

did.

/D W 1b W> -

He is

doing or he will do.

/b PPW
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Transitive and Intransitive Verbs Term

:; !

Meaning Intransitive – does not require an object

Example

[ P PU+F[ W>

- He is

walking.

<=47!

Transitive - requires an object

6 W PW!b ]X *W1b W> – He is opening the door.

Positive and Negative Term

>?@A 6B

Meaning positive negative

Example

/D W 1b W> – He is doing. /D W 1b W> &^ – He is not doing.

The (R!H) and (1) are also used. Active and ive Term

5 4 CD

Meaning active tense – the doer of the action is known ive tense – the doer of the action is not known

Example

/D W 1b W> – He is doing. /D W 1b W>

– It is being

done.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology The Second Category of Verbs With regard to the root letters (

B". c) of a verb, they

are of two types: Term

9:9 0

Meaning 3 root letters or triliteral 4 root letters or quadriliteral

Example

W W #W W H^[ W

Each of these two types is further divided into two categories: (1) (78) – the () consists of root letters only, without any extra letters. (2) (;<

=>?) - the () has root letters plus extra letters.

This results in the following four categories: Term

78 9:9 ;< =>? 9:9 78 0 ;< =>? 0

Meaning 3 root letters only

Example

W W #W

3 root letters plus extra letters 4 root letters only

d W W*W$[ U

4 root letters plus extra letters

/^ W[ W AW

W H^[ W

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Exercise 1 (1) Determine whether the following verbs have 3 rootletters or 4 root-letters. (a) / ^ ^ (^ (b) e W W [ 7W (c) e W W MW (d) W 1^ 0 [ W (e) W f ^ [K^ (2) What do the following mean: Term

Meaning

. 9:9 0 78 ;< =>?

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Types of Nouns (1) There are three types of nouns - (,-): [a] = , [b] g*+ and [c] =$ . (2) The (=P – verbal noun) is a word that indicates the occurrence of an action and is free of tense e.g. (X P[h^) – to assist. (3) The (g*P+) is a word derived from a verb e.g. (` PU"W#) – helper is derived from (W W #W). (4) The (=P P$) is neither a (=P P) nor a (g*P+) e.g. (/ a $X W ) – man. (5) The (=PP) and the (g*PP+) also fall under the categories of (9:9), (0P ), (7P8) and (;P<

=P>?) like

the (/P P<). The categories mentioned under the verb like (]i") etc. also apply to an (2). (6) The noun (=P P$) with regard to its letters can either have three root letters (triliteral), four root letters (quadriliteral) or five root letters (quinquiliteral). It is therefore of six types: [1] (78

9:9) e.g. (/a $X W ) – a man [2] (;< =>? 9:9) e.g. (` WF U ) – a donkey

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology [3] (78

0 ) e.g. (6 ` W )b 0W ) – scorpion [4] (;< =>? 0 ) e.g. (\ ` ^j[ KU) - paper a $W [ 1^ 2W ) - quince [5] (78 2k) e.g. (/ [6] (;< =>? 2k) e.g. (N ` [ !XQ^ [0W ) – a

spider (7) The scholars of morphology generally deal with the (/P<) because most of the changes (N1>PA) occur in a (/P<) while few changes occur in an (P2) and none occur in a ( ).

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology The Scales of Verbs The Arabic verb is constructed from a root which usually consists of three letters called consonants or radicals. These consonants form a kind of skeleton which constitutes the verb-stem to which prefixes and suffixes may be added. Arabic verbs are mostly triliteral, that is, they are constructed of three root letters. The simplest form of the verb is the third person masculine singular of the perfect tense (P

/P1 P dPIl mP =P). In most

dictionaries, all the words derived from a triliteral root are entered under the third person masculine singular form of the verb. In Arabic, there are two main tenses, the perfect or past tense (P P), denoting actions completed at the time to which reference is made; and the imperfect (P P), for incompleted actions, referring to the present or future tenses. The present and future tenses are thus expressed by the imperfect form (P). The imperative (P.) may be considered a modification of the imperfect. To

indicate

patterns

or

type-forms

of

verbs,

the

grammarians use the three letters of the verb (/ ^ PW <^), where the ( ) represents the first radical of the verb, the () represents the second radical of the verb and the () represents the third radical of the verb. This is the scale

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology ('W?P[U ) or standard by which the root letters of a verb are determined. Accordingly, the word (d W P PW*^ ) is on the scale of

^ W <^), (d X PX*Qb W>) is on the scale of (/D PX1b W>) and (d [ PX*b (D) (/

is on the scale of (/ b X
,T P^<), that which corresponds to the () is called the (ِ P F W BUQ^ b X [P 0W ) while the letter corresponding to the () is called the (ِ F W BUQ^ b %X &^ ). Example: the word (d W *W^ ) is on the scale of (/^ W <^): C

8

5

)

>



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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Exercise 2 (1) Determine the scales of the following verbs and what each letter represents. The first one has been done for you. (a) (W W #W)

C

8

5



E

The (') is the (

FBQ ,<), the (n) is the ( PFBQ GP0), the () is the ( FBQ %X & ^ ). (b) (O [ FW 2[ @U) (c) (] X *W1b AW) (d) (6 X U [ #W) (e) (/ D W o [ W>) (f) (%W X ^) (g) (d X Ui [ W>) (h) (d X pW mb W>) (i) ( ^ q^2W ) (j) (r W W 2W ) Page 22 - http://www.al-inaam.com/ Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown

From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology The Categories of Triliteral Verbs (F G!

6@;H ! )!*+)

(1) The first and third letters of a simple triliteral verb in

PPi*<). The second letter or radical may be vowelled by a ( Pi*<), ( F) or (sP). The active perfect tense ( P /P1

P) of triliteral verbs (7P8 P9:9) is used on three the active tense is always vowelled with a fathah (

scales: [a] / ^ W <^ e.g. (]W *W<^) [b] / ^ U <^ e.g. (OW FU 2W ) [c] / ^ X <^ e.g. (%W X ^ ) (2) The conjugation of the (/ ^ PU<^) and (/^ PX<^) forms is similar

^ W <^). to the conjugation of (/ (3) The imperfect tense ( P P

P P) of (/^ P PW<^) is sometimes (/ D PW1b W>) e.g. (]X *WPb1W> ]W *WP^<) and sometimes (/D PX1b W>) e.g. (X PX[ W> W PW#W) and sometimes (/ D PU1b W>) e.g. ( 6 W W PW 6 X U [ W>). (4) The conjugation of the (/ D PX1b W>) and (/D PU1b W>) is similar to the conjugation of (/ D W 1b W>). Page 23 - http://www.al-inaam.com/ Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown

From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology (5) The ( P

) of (/^ PU<^) is sometimes (/D PW1b W>) e.g. (O X FW [ W> OW FU 2W ) and sometimes (/D U 1b W>) e.g. (d X Ui [ W> d W U W ). ^ PX<^) is only (/D PX1b W>) e.g. (6) The ( P P) of (/ (%X X Q b W> %W X ^ ). (7) The ( ) of all three scales is (/ ^ U ). (9) Based on the above-mentioned facts, there are six categories (6 () of (78

9:9) which are as follows: (X X [W> W W #W)(1) (6 X U [ W> 6 W W W ) (2) (] X *W1b W> ]W *W<^) (3) (O X FW [ W> OW FU 2W ) (4) (%X X Q b W> %W X ^ ) (5) (d X Ui [ W> d W U W ) (6)

(10) There is no rule to specify which verb belongs to which category (6P P ). It is based on (P P-) – as heard from the Arabs. One can also ascertain which category a verb belongs to from a dictionary. There are however certain guidelines which are as follows: [a] If the verb belongs to the category of (

]W *WPP^<

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

]X *WPb1W>) the second or third letter will be from the ( P )B)5, e.g. (d X pW mb W> d W pW v^ ), (D q^ [ W> ^ q^2W ), (OX FW o [ W> OW FW $W ). P /PP1) is of the form [b] If the perfect (P (/ ^ PU<^), the imperfect (P /P1) is generally from the category of (O X FW [ W> OW FU 2W ). [c] If the perfect (P /1) is of the form (/ ^ PX<^), the imperfect (PP /PP1) is generally from the category of (%X X Q b W> %W X ^ ). Exercise 3

P ) does each of the following verb To which category (6P belong:

D W ![W> (1) (w

w ^ W W) (2) (Z X X *[W> ZW W AW) (3) ( X W 1b W> W U <^) (4) (d X BDfb W> d W B^j^ ) (5) (r X U [ W> r W W 2W )

)B ) are the following six letters: (x y z y _ y y { y ,).

5

The (

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology The Perfect Active Tense (

(1) There are 14 word-forms ( (PP

/PP1).

)

5PP")

of the perfect tense

All three diacritical points or vowels

(NP) can be used on the (

PFBQ GP0) as is apparent from the above-mentioned six categories (6 (). (2) The Arab Grammarians usually begin the Perfect (

/P1

P) and Imperfect (P /P1) conjugations with the third person (dP PPIl), followed by the second person (dj|) and finally the first person (BQ*). (3) Unlike English, Arabic also has a dual form for the second and third persons. As for the first person, the plural form is used for both the dual and plural. (4) Hereunder follow the paradigms of the perfect tense. Note that the first three froms are for the masculine while the second three are for the feminine of the third person. The following six forms are for the second person, the first three being for the masculine and the second three for the feminine. The final two forms are for the first person.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

I?H7! 5 47! 67! 34 ! &'J ! (Word-form)

Verb

dIl m =

/^ W <^

dIl m HA

^BW <^

dIl m O}

[BDW <^

dIl w#~ =

R [ B^W <^

dIl w#~ HA

W*B^W <^

dIl w#~ O}

W Bb W <^

m =

R W Bb W <^

m HA

WF*XBb W <^

m O}

[ *XBb W <^

w#~ =

R U Bb W <^

w#~ HA

WF*XBb W <^

w#~ O}

h *XBb W <^

BQ* =

R X Bb W <^

BQ* O}

WBb W <^

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Exercise 4 Conjugate the following verbs in the perfect tense (

P

) in table form : X BU5[ W> d W B^l^ ) (a) (d (b) (] Xo W [W> ]W o W #W) (c) (/ D *X)b W> /^ *WK^) (d) (w D W ![W> w ^ W W) (e) (/ D MX =[ W> /^ MW 7W ) (f) (d X *XQb W> d W *W^ ) (g) ( X B^[ W> W BU0W ) (h) ( X U [W> W U #W) (i) (= Xi Wo [ W> =W i W $W ) (j) (/ D !W)b W> /^ !UK^)

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology The Perfect ive ( The (P P

PP)

)

is constructed from the (

PP

P) in all triliteral verbs ( 7P8 P9:9). If we take the first verb, namely the third person singular form, (/ ^ P W <^), a ( FP) is rendered to the first letter, a (sP) is rendered to the second letter while the third letter remains in its original condition. The result is (/ ^ PU
P P)

of the second letter in the active tense is, in the

ive tense it will always be (Q). Examples: Active – (5 4)

ive – (CD)

W W #W

W U #X

OW FU 2W

OW FU 2X

%W X ^

%W U D

Note that the intransitive verbs can be used in the ive tense if they are used with a particle ( ), e.g. (U;U

d W pU vD ) – It was taken.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

I?H7! CDG! 67! 34 ! Word-form

Verb

singular masculine 3rd person

/^ U

dual masculine 3rd person

: ^ U

rd

plural masculine 3 person rd

singular feminine 3 person rd

dual feminine 3 person

[BDU
plural feminine 3 person

W Bb U

singular masculine 2nd person

R W Bb U

dual masculine 2nd person

WF*XBb U

plural masculine 2nd person

[ *XBb U

singular feminine 2nd person

R U Bb U

dual feminine 2nd person

WF*XBb U

plural feminine 2nd person

h *XBb U

singular first person

R X Bb U

dual and plural first person

WBb U

rd

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

6K7! 5 47! 67! 34 ! Verb

Pronoun

/^ W <^ W

W pX

^BW <^ W

WFpX

[BDW <^ W

[ pX

R [ B^W <^ W

W pU

W*B^W <^ W

WFpX

W Bb W <^ W

h pX

R W Bb W <^ W

R W #[(^

WF*XBb W <^ W

WF*X#[(^

[ *XBb W <^ W

[ *X#[(^

R U Bb W <^ W

R U #[(^

WF*XBb W <^ W

WF*X#[(^

h *XBb W <^ W

h *X#[(^

R X Bb W <^ W

W#(^

WBb W <^ W

X i [ #W

The words (PW) or (& ^) are used for the negative sense. To use (& ^ ) with (P), the condition

is

that

the

(& ^ ) must be repeated eg. (B" W

&^ W r W =h " W : ^ <^).

The column on the right indicates how the pronouns (IFP P) are used with the verbs.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

6K7! CDG! 67! 34 ! Word-form

Verb

dI5

/^ U
'!I5

^BU
'!I5

[BDU
!I5

R [ B^U
'*!I5

W*B^U
N!I5

W Bb U
dj€

R W Bb U
'!j€

WF*XBb U
'!j€

[ *XBb U
!j€

R U Bb U
'*!j€

WF*XBb U
N!j€

h *XBb U
BQ*

R X Bb U
5 O BQ*

WBb U
Note the Arabic used for the different word-forms in this table.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Exercise 5 (a) Translate the following sentences:

'^ ‚[)D b ^W K^ W pX 'D ‚[)D b ,S U KD U [ W[ *XQb W W*!W*W^ WFpX W*!WBUjD 'U W*[!Ub ƒ1AX R W Bb ^ (^ R W #[(^ ^ Q W ^@U [ *XHbU X [ *X#[(^ W Bb U b R U ![B^j^ R U #[(^ ^1+ [ *W [ FX b ^@U h *XHbU X h *X#[(^ ƒ!W^ W [U „W X i [ #W [ QD ^[ K^ WF[ U <^ W (b) What is the ( [1] (

5") of the following verbs:

'v† sH …< I 2 ?., L, BBK …< )

[2] (ƒ1b #W

3, .M, )

[3] (N$

!2N . O. )

[4] ('= [5] (;

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)

. . O. ‡)

) . - P. F<)

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology [6] (;

!2 *R - Q - , )

[7] (%

QB0 S . -N )

[8] (I 2 , T-R

s7ˆ v@)

[9] (I 2 , -MN

d#v ‰ C q )

2 UR .KMV :. . [10] (1

‡)

(c) Are the following verbs ( ) or (8)? [1] (' ^ ?U W )

W Bb !UKD) [2] (R [3] ( h AX[ U ŠD ) [4] (= W X W) [5] (W#= [ U KD)

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology The Imperfect (

)

The Imperfect () is formed by adding prefixes and/or suffixes to the perfect tense. The prefixes can either be any of the

W [AW(^). The suffixes may either be ('), ('), (>) or just letters ( ('). After adding the prefix, the first radical or letter of the verb has ('Q2), e.g. the ( ) of (/ D W 1b W>) has a sukûn. The second letter can have any of the three harakât, depending on which category (6 ) the verb belongs to. In the indicative case (O<

), the final vowel of the third

FBQ %&) is ( F) in the singular form of the verb, e.g. (/ D W 1b W>), (/D W 1b AW), (/D W ), (/^ W 1b AW), (/ ^ W ), (/b W 1b AW), (/b W
changes in the singular and dual forms will be discussed later.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

I?H7! 5 47! 87! 34 ! Meaning

Verb

He is doing or he will do.

/D W 1b W>

They (2 males) are doing or they will do.

'U ^BW 1b W>

They (plural males) are doing or they will do.

'^ [ BDW 1b W>

She is doing or she will do.

/D W 1b AW

They (2 females) are doing or they will do.

'U ^BW 1b AW

They (plural females) are doing or they will do.

W Bb W 1b W>

You (1 male) are doing or you will do.

/D W 1b AW

You (2 males) are doing or you will do.

'U ^BW 1b AW

You (plural males) are doing or you will do.

'^ [ BDW 1b AW

You (1 female) are doing or you will do.

W [BUW 1b AW

You (2 females) are doing or you will do.

'U ^BW 1b AW

You (plural females) are doing or you will do.

W Bb W 1b AW

I am doing or will do.

/D W
We are doing or we will do.

/D W 1b #W

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology I?H7! CDG! 87! 34 !

6K7! 5 47! 87! 34 !

6K7! CDG! 87! 34 !

/D W 1b X>

/D W 1b W> &^

/D W 1b X> &^

'U ^BW 1b X>

'U ^BW 1b W> &^

'U ^BW 1b X> &^

'^ [ BDW 1b X>

'^ [ BDW 1b W> &^

'^ [ BDW 1b X> &^

/D W 1b AX

/D W 1b AW &^

/D W 1b AX &^

'U ^BW 1b AX

'U ^BW 1b AW &^

'U ^BW 1b AX &^

W Bb W 1b X>

W Bb W 1b W> &^

W Bb W 1b X> &^

/D W 1b AX

/D W 1b AW &^

/D W 1b AX &^

'U ^BW 1b AX

'U ^BW 1b AW &^

'U ^BW 1b AX &^

'^ [ BDW 1b AX

'^ [ BDW 1b AW &^

'^ [ BDW 1b AX &^

W [BUW 1b AX

W [BUW 1b AW &^

W [BUW 1b AX &^

'U ^BW 1b AX

'U ^BW 1b AW &^

'U ^BW 1b AX &^

W Bb W 1b AX

W Bb W 1b AW &^

W Bb W 1b AX &^

/D W
/D W
/D W
/D W 1b #X

/D W 1b #W &^

/D W 1b #X &^

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Exercise 6 (1) To which category (6PP ) do each of the following verbs belong: (a) (gDBŒ

g^BM) (b) (UB4> ^BŠ) (c) (=X!> =W!0) (d) (UBŽ ^B) (e) (D4> ^4#) (2) What is the ( 5") of the following words:

, 2 R , 42 W. %, G)< Q (1)

, 2 N . 42 O. ‡ > #( (2)

…„ \ 1R - XV W. %, '@ (3) [ U 1b WU [ R - 2 +, %, (4)

, 2 N N \V W. >m (5) f< ‰m =R ?R$2 +, %, (6) / ‘ ’@ , 2 R XN K2 W. ; , , +, (7) '0 , 2 4R K.2 W. (8)

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology The Imperfect ive Tense ( The (P P

P)

P P)

)

is constructed from the (

in all triliteral verbs (7P8

P9:9).

P P

If we take the

first verb, namely the third person singular form, (/ D PW1b W>), a

FP) is rendered to PP) – sign of

P:0 the imperfect tense. A ( PPi*<) is rendered to the ( PFBQ GP0) while the ( PFBQ %&) remains as it is. The result is (/ D P W 1b X>). No matter what the ( P) of the ( PFBQ GP0) in the active tense is, in the ive tense, it will always be (_*1). Examples: (

the first letter which is the (

Active – (5 4)

ive – (CD)

X X [W>

X W [X>

OX FW [ W>

OX FW [ X>

6 X U [ W>

6 X W [ X>

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Exercise 7 (a) Translate the following into English:

'^ [ BD…^ [ X> p /D W 1b W> hF0W /D …^ [ X> &^ X !WB 6 X W + [ X> “ X .S W  X FW h %W [ Wb /D ^ ~[ X> U WW WiFX b U< ‰ “ U Q^ [ W b /D *W)b X> ^ Q C [ /b pW

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

(b) Translate the following sentences into Arabic: [1] The door of the school is being opened. [2] He is being sent to Madînah. [3] The disbelievers will be defeated. [4] The car will be left on the road. [5] The book will be read today. (c) Conjugate the following verbs into the (

P PP

8): (5) _ X W 1b W>

(4) %X ?U [ W>

( 3) X QD + [ W>

( 2) r X X [ W>

( 1) OX $U [ W>

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology The (

!"# )

!"# ) are: ('b (^), ([ ^), ([ ^ ) and ('b v^ @U). When they precede the ( /<), they render (d#) to the following

The (

five words:

dIl m = y /D W 1b W> (1) dIl w#~ = y /D W 1b AW (2) m = y /D W 1b AW (3) BQ* = y /D W
'#) of the following seven words is deleted: dIl m HA y 'U ^BW 1b W> (1) dIl m O} y '^ [ BDW 1b W> (2) dIl w#~ HA y 'U ^BW 1b AW (3) m HA y 'U ^BW 1b AW (4) m O} y '^ [ BDW 1b AW (5) w#~ = y W [BUW 1b AW (6) w#~ HA y 'U ^BW 1b AW (7)

The following two words remain unchanged:

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

[ ^) changes the The word (

dIl w#~ O} y W Bb W 1b W> (1) w#~ O} y W Bb W 1b AW (2) positive imperfect tense (

R!H) to negative (1) with emphasis. The paradigms of ( ) – the active tense and (8) – the ive tense – when used with the other particles, (' b (^), ([ ^ ) and (' b v^ @U) will be the same as was in the case of ([ ^). Examples:

[BDW 1b W> 'b (^

: ^ W 1b W> 'b (^

/^ W 1b W> 'b (^

bDBW 1b W> [ ^

: ^ W 1b W> [ ^

/^ W 1b W> [ ^

[BDW 1b W> 'b v^ @U

: ^ W 1b W> 'b v^ @U

/^ W 1b W> 'b v^ @U

Hereunder follow the paradigms of (

/<) when used with

the particle ( [ ^).

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology 34 ! 6$ ] 6K ! ='\O

34 ! 6$ ] 6K ! ='\O

/^ W 1b W> [ ^

/^ W 1b X> [ ^

5 47! 3?^ 7!

^BW 1b W> [ ^ [BDW 1b W> [ ^ /^ W 1b AW [ ^ ^BW 1b AW [ ^ W Bb W 1b W> [ ^ /^ W 1b AW [ ^ ^BW 1b AW [ ^ [BDW 1b AW [ ^ [ BUW 1b AW [ ^ ^BW 1b AW [ ^ W Bb W 1b AW [ ^ /^ W
CDG! 3?^ 7!

^BW 1b X> [ ^ [BDW 1b X> [ ^ /^ W 1b AX [ ^ ^BW 1b AX [ ^ W Bb W 1b X> [ ^ /^ W 1b AX [ ^ ^BW 1b AX [ ^ [BDW 1b AX [ ^ [ BUW 1b AX [ ^ ^BW 1b AX [ ^ W Bb W 1b AX [ ^ /^ W
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Exercise 8

b (^): (1) Conjugate the following verbs using (' /D Xi [ W> (1) Y X W F[ W> (2) X QD + [ W> (3) d X W Bb W> (4) 6 X X )b W> (5) (2) Conjugate the following verbs using ( [ ^ ):

X fD 1b W> (1) OX <^[ W> (2) =X !X[ W> (3)  X BUF[ W> (4) /D FW [ W> (5)

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology The (

,T &^ U [ h). When they precede the ( /<), they render (%?$) The (

$ )

$ )

are (' b @U), ([ ^), (hF^), (U [ .S

%X &^ )

and (

to the following five words:

dIl m = y /D W 1b W> (1) dIl w#~ = y /D W 1b AW (2) m = y /D W 1b AW (3) BQ* = y /D W
'#) of the following seven words is deleted: dIl m HA y 'U B^W 1b W> (1) dIl m O} y '^ [ BDW 1b W> (2) dIl w#~ HA y 'U ^BW 1b AW (3) m HA y 'U ^BW 1b AW (4) m O} y '^ [ BDW 1b AW (5) w#~ = y W [BUW 1b AW (6) w#~ HA y 'U ^BW 1b AW (7)

The following two words remain unchanged:

dIl w#~ O} y W Bb W 1b W> (1) Page 45 - http://www.al-inaam.com/ Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown

From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

w#~ O} y W Bb W 1b AW (2) The word ( [ ^) changes the positive imperfect tense ( R!H) to the negative perfect tense (1 ). The paradigms of ( ) – the active voice and (8) – the ive voice – when used with (' b @U), (hF^), (U [ .S

%X &^ ) and ( ,T &^

U [ h), will be the same as was in the case of ([ ^). Examples:

[BDW 1b W> 'b @U

: ^ W 1b W> 'b @U

/b W 1b W> 'b @U

bDBW 1b W> hF^

: ^ W 1b W> hF^

/b W 1b W> hF^

[BDW 1b WU

: ^ W 1b WU

/b W 1b WU

[BDW 1b W> &^

: ^ W 1b W> &^

/b W 1b W> &^

The word (hF^) means ‘not as yet’. Thus (/ b W 1b W>

hF^) will mean ‘he

did not do as yet’. The (U [ . S

%X &^ )

enters all the word-forms of the ive tense

(8). In the active tense ( ), it is only used in the third person (dIl) and first person (BQ*) word-forms. If any of the (

$ ) precede a ( /<) whose ( %&

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

FBQ) is a ( B ), the ( B ) is deleted. Examples:

5

Example of

Example of

Example of

()

(<)

(!)

[ ^

X =[ W> [ ^

%U [ W> [ ^

– W € [ W> [ ^

hF^

X =[ W> hF^

%U [ W> hF^

– W € [ W> hF^

. %&

X =[ WU

%U [ WU

– W € [ WU

,&

X =[ W> &^

%U [ W> &^

– W € [ W> &^

(

:)

Hereunder follow the paradigms of (

/<) when used with

the particle ( [ ^).

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology 87! 6$ 12 , ] 6K !

87! 6$ 12 , ] 6K ! ='\O

/b W 1b W> [ ^

/b W 1b X> [ ^

^BW 1b W> [ ^

^BW 1b X> [ ^

[BDW 1b W> [ ^

[BDW 1b X> [ ^

/b W 1b AW [ ^

/b W 1b AX [ ^

^BW 1b AW [ ^

^BW 1b AX [ ^

W Bb W 1b W> [ ^

W Bb W 1b X> [ ^

/b W 1b AW [ ^

/b W 1b AX [ ^

^BW 1b AW [ ^

^BW 1b AX [ ^

[BDW 1b AW [ ^

[BDW 1b AX [ ^

[ BUW 1b AW [ ^

[ BUW 1b AX [ ^

^BW 1b AW [ ^

^BW 1b AX [ ^

W Bb W 1b AW [ ^

W Bb W 1b AX [ ^

/b W
/b W
/b W 1b #W [ ^

/b W 1b #X [ ^

5 47!

CDG!

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Exercise 9

[ ^): (1) Conjugate the following verbs using ( %X X Qb W> OX WF[ W> X QD + [ W> d X W Bb W> 6 X X )b W>

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

(2) Conjugate the following verbs using (.

X o X 1b W> OX ^ [ W> =X !X[ W>  X BUF[ W> /D FW [ W>

%&):

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology The (%&) and ('#) of Emphasis (;##

=[U qb *h %X &^ ) – The Energetic Forms

(1) To create emphasis in the meaning of (

/<), the ( %X &^ =[U qb *h) is prefixed to it and ( B)9 '#) or ( 11M '#) suffixed to it. The ( B)9 '#) is (7h=+ W X ) and is suffixed to all the word-forms (—W" U ). The ( 11M '#) is (2) and is not suffixed to the ( HA) and (w#~ O}) word-forms. (2) The letter prededing the ( B)9 '#) is (_*1) in the following word-forms:

h B^W 1b W^ P dIl m = y /D W 1b W> (1) h B^W 1b *W^ P dIl w#~ = y /D W 1b AW (2) h B^W 1b *W^ P m = y /D W 1b AW (3) h B^W
'#) is deleted in the following words before attaching the (=q* '#): '• ^BW 1b W^ P dIl m HA y 'U ^BW 1b W> (1)

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

h BDW 1b W^ P dIl m O} y '^ [ BDW 1b W> (2) '• ^BW 1b *W^ P dIl w#~ HA y 'U ^BW 1b AW (3) '• ^BW 1b *W^ P m HA y 'U ^BW 1b AW (4) h BDW 1b *W^ P m O} y '^ [ BDW 1b AW (5) h BUW 1b *W^ P w#~ = y W [BUW 1b AW (6) '• ^BW 1b *W^ _ w#~ HA y 'U ^BW 1b AW (7) (4) The (L) of the (

HA) is retained while the ( B)9 '#) itself becomes (Q), e.g. (' • ^BW 1b W^). (5) The () of (m O}) and the (‰) of (w#~ =) are also deleted. The ( F) before the () and the (s) before the (‰) are retained, e.g. ( h BDW 1b W^) and (h BUW 1b *W^). (6)In the (w#~ O}) word-forms, an (L) is inserted between the ('#) of (O}) and the ( B)9 '#) so that three nûns do not occur in one place. This will occur in the following two wordforms:

'• WBb W 1b W^ P dIl w#~ O} y W Bb W 1b W> (1) '• WBb W 1b *W^ P w#~ O} y W Bb W 1b AW (2) (7) The (

B)9 '#) itself is (Q) in these two words. In short,

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology the (

B)9 '#) is (Q) after (L) and (_*1) in the other

instances.

11M '#) is similar to the ( B)9 '#) except in the ( HA) and (w#~ O}) word-forms. The ( 11M '#) is only used in those words where there is no (L) before ( B)9 '#) and

(8) The (

these are eight word-forms. Once (

B)9 '#)

and (

11M '#)

enter a (

/<),

its

meaning changes to the future tense.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology 6$ '^H ! K ! ] ='\ ! %

6$ '^H ! K ! ] ='\ ! %

h B^W 1b W^

h B^W 1b X^

'• ^BW 1b W^

'• ^BW 1b X^

h BDW 1b W^

h BDW 1b X^

h B^W 1b *W^

h B^W 1b *X^

'• ^BW 1b *W^

'• ^BW 1b *X^

' WBb W 1b W^

' WBb W 1b X^

h B^W 1b *W^

h B^W 1b *X^

'• ^BW 1b *W^

'• ^BW 1b *X^

h BDW 1b *W^

h BDW 1b *X^

h BUW 1b *W^

h BUW 1b *X^

'• ^BW 1b *W^

'• ^BW 1b *X^

' WBb W 1b *W^

' WBb W 1b *X^

h B^W
h B^W
h B^W 1b W^

h B^W 1b X^

5 47! 87!

CDG! 87!

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology 6$ '_! K ! ] ='\ ! %

6$ '_! K ! ] ='\ ! %

[ B^W 1b W^

[ B^W 1b X^

◘

◘

[ BDW 1b W^

[ BDW 1b X^

[ B^W 1b *W^

[ B^W 1b *X^

◘ ◘

◘ ◘

[ B^W 1b *W^

[ B^W 1b *X^

◘

◘

[ BDW 1b *W^

[ BDW 1b *X^

[ BUW 1b *W^

[ BUW 1b *X^

◘ ◘

◘ ◘

[ B^W
[ B^W
[ B^W 1b W^

[ B^W 1b X^

5 47! 87!

CDG! 87!

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Exercise 10 (1) Conjugate the following verbs using (

PB)9 'P#) in the

active and ive tenses:

d X BDi [ W> OX WF[ W> X QD + [ W> d X W Bb W> 6 X X )b W>

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

(2) Conjugate the following verbs using (

P11M 'P#) in the

active and ive tenses:

 X BUF[ W> OX <^[ W> =X !X[ W> ™ X BUo [ W> /D FW [ W>

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology The Imperative (() The (P

P( – imperative second person) is constructed from the ( /<) in the following manner: (1) The (P P:0) – the sign of the imperfect tense is deleted. (2) If the following letter is (ZP Pi*), the final letter is rendered (2). Example: the verb (= X U AW) changes to (=[ 0U ). (3) If the following letter is (P2), a (/P"

s?Pš) is inserted at the beginning and the end is rendered (2). (4) If the ( PFBQ G0) has a ( FP), the (/P" s?Pš) is rendered a ( F). Example: (X X [AW) becomes ([ X #[(D). (5) If the ( FBQ G0) has a ( Pi*<) or (sP), the ( s?Pš /") is rendered a (s). Examples: (] X *W1b AW) becomes (][ *W
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

PPB PP) ( [ 0X =[ AW) becomes ( X 7[ (D). [ U [ AW) becomes (%U [ @U). ( (W+€ [ AW) becomes (– W M[ @U).

(7) The (

at the end is deleted. Examples:

(8) The imperative of the first and third persons (

PP(

BQ*PP dPPI5) is formed by adding a (%&) at the beginning of (P /P<). This (%&) has the same effect on the verbs as ( [ ^). (9) The (=Pq*

%&) and (=Pq* 'P#) can also be attached

to the (() word-forms. Hereunder follow the paradigms of

PP imperative active) and (P

P ( P

P PP. -

P P.

- the

the imperative

ive).

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

5 47! 9!

CDG! 9!

/b W 1b WU

/b W 1b XU

^BW 1b WU

^BW 1b XU

[BDW 1b WU

[BDW 1b XU

/b W 1b *WU

/b W 1b *XU

^BW 1b *WU

^BW 1b *XU

W Bb W 1b WU

W Bb W 1b XU

/b W
/b W 1b *XU

^BW
^BW 1b *XU

[BDW
[BDW 1b *XU

[ BUW
[ BUW 1b *XU

^BW
^BW 1b *XU

W Bb W
W Bb W 1b *XU

/b W
/b W
/b W 1b WU

/b W 1b XU

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology '^H ! K ! ] 5 47! 9!

'^H ! K ! ] CDG! 9!

h B^W 1b WU

h B^W 1b XU

'• : ^ W 1b WU

'• : ^ W 1b XU

h BDW 1b WU

h BDW 1b XU

h B^W 1b *WU

h B^W 1b *XU

'• : ^ W 1b *WU

'• : ^ W 1b *XU

'• WBb W 1b WU

'• WBb W 1b XU

h B^W
h B^W 1b *XU

'• : ^ W
'• : ^ W 1b *XU

h BDW
h BDW 1b *XU

h BUW
h BUW 1b *XU

' : ^ W
'• : ^ W 1b *XU

'•S WBb W
'• WBb W 1b *XU

h B^W
h B^W
h B^W 1b WU

h B^W 1b XU

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

'_! K ! ] 5 47! 9!

'_! K ! ] CDG! 9!

[ B^W 1b WU

[ B^W 1b XU





[ BDW 1b WU

[ BDW 1b XU

[ B^W 1b *WU

[ B^W 1b *XU





[ B^W
[ BDW
[ B^W
X

[ B^W 1b *XU

[ BDW 1b *XU [ BUW 1b *XU

[ B^W
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Exercise 11

P() of the following verbs in Conjugate the imperative (P the active and ive forms first and then conjugate them using the (=q*

%&) and (=q* '#): /D U 5[ W> (1) /D MX =[ W> (2) d X Ui [ W> (3) /D W o [ W> (4) —D !W [ W> (5)

The Prohibition () (1) The particle (& ^ ) is used before (P

/P<) to denote

prohibition. It has the same effect as ( [ P ^) in changing the different word-forms.

PB)9 '#) and ( P11M 'P#) can be attached to all the forms of (). (2) The (

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology 5 47! 6DK !

CDG! 6DK !

/b W 1b W> &^

/b W 1b X> &^

: ^ W 1b W> &^

: ^ W 1b X> &^

[BDW 1b W> &^

[BDW 1b X> &^

/b W 1b AW &^

/b W 1b AX &^

: ^ W 1b AW &^

: ^ W 1b AX &^

W Bb W 1b W> &^

W Bb W 1b X> &^

/b W 1b AW &^

/b W 1b AX &^

: ^ W 1b AW &^

: ^ W 1b AX &^

[BDW 1b AW &^

[BDW 1b AX &^

[ BUW 1b AW &^

[ BUW 1b AX &^

: ^ W 1b AW &^

: ^ W 1b AX &^

W Bb W 1b AW &^

W Bb W 1b AX &^

/b W
/b W
/b W 1b #W &^

/b W 1b #X &^

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology '^H ! K ! ] 5 47! 6DK !

'^H ! K ! ] CDG! 6DK !

h B^W 1b W> &^

h B^W 1b X> &^

'• : ^ W 1b W> &^

'• : ^ W 1b X> &^

h BDW 1b W> &^

h BDW 1b X> &^

h B^W 1b AW &^

h B^W 1b AX &^

'• : ^ W 1b AW &^

'• : ^ W 1b AX &^

'• WBb W 1b W> &^

'• WBb W 1b X> &^

h B^W 1b AW &^

h B^W 1b AX &^

'• : ^ W 1b AW &^

'• : ^ W 1b AX &^

h BDW 1b AW &^

h BDW 1b AX &^

h BUW 1b AW &^

h BUW 1b AX &^

'• : ^ W 1b AW &^

'• : ^ W 1b AX &^

'• WBb W 1b AW &^

'• WBb W 1b AX &^

h B^W
h B^W
h B^W 1b #W &^

h B^W 1b #X &^

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

'_! K ! ] 5 47! 6DK !

'_! K ! ] CDG! 6DK !

[ B^W 1b W> &^

[ B^W 1b X> &^





[ BDW 1b W> &^

[ BDW 1b X> &^

[ B^W 1b AW &^

[ B^W 1b AX &^





[ B^W 1b AW &^

[ B^W 1b AX &^





[ BDW 1b AW &^

[ BDW 1b AX &^

[ BUW 1b AW &^

[ BUW 1b AX &^





[ B^W
[ B^W
[ B^W 1b #W &^

[ B^W 1b #X &^

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Exercise 12 (1) Conjugate the prohibition (PP) of the following verbs in the active and ive forms first and then conjugate them using the (=q*

OX FW o [ W> e X X € [ W> d X Ui [ W> /D W o [ W> —D !W [ W> (2) What is the (

%&) and (=q* '#): (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

5") of the following verbs? '• WBb MX =[ W> &^ [ *W!X9b(^ &^ ' =W X 1b #W &^ [ U WF[ AX &^ '• W[ W o [ AW &^ h XpW [ AW &^ '• W#=[ W + [ AW &^ h !X^ [ W> &^

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology THE DERIVED NOUNS (

)*+ ,-.)

The following six nouns are derived from the verb:

1 (4) /1* 2 (3) 1 2 (2) /01 2 (1)

4 2 (6) 3 2 (5) !+ The Active Participle (/01

2)

The active participle (/01 from whom the action

2) indicates the person or being emanates, e.g. (O ` U W2) – a person who

listens. In 3-root letter verbs (78

9:9), the (/01 2) is formed by adding an (L) after the first letter, rendering a (s) to the second letter and (>A) to the final letter. Thus, (/ ^ W <^) becomes a 0U ^<). In the dual forms ( HA), (L) and ('#) are attached to (/ the end, e.g. (' U: ^ 0U ^<). For the feminine form, a round (s) is inserted at the end. For the masculine plural (m O}), (') is inserted, e.g. (' ^ [ BD0U ^<), while for the feminine plural (w#~ O}), the syllable, (N) is attached, e.g. (N ` : ^ 0U ^<). There are three scales for the masculine form and three for the feminine form of the word.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

&'J !

3$ ! 1!

m =

/a 0U ^<

m HA

'U : ^ 0U ^<

m O}

'^ [ BD0U ^<

w#~ =

a B^0U ^<

w#~ HA

'U W*B^0U ^<

w#~ O}

N ` : ^ 0U ^<

In the indicative case (O<

), the ( HA) is used with an (L) while in the accusative and genative cases (‹ d ), it is used with a (‰) preceded by a ( i*<). The ('#) of the ( HA) is (Q), e.g. (' U: ^ 0U ^<) and (U [B^0U ^<). For the masculine plural in (O<

), a () is used while in (‹ d ), a (‰) preceded by a (s) is used. The ('#) of (O}) is (_*1), e.g. (' ^ [ BD0U ^<) and (W [ BU0U ^<).

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Exercise 13 Conjugate the (/01

2) of the following verbs: OX FW o [ W> e X X € [ W> d X Ui [ W> /D W o [ W> OX WF[ W> /D U 5[ W> /D MX =[ W> _ X W o [ W> =X X 1b W> —D !W [ W>

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology The ive Participle (1 The ive participle (1

2)

2) is that entity on which the

` [ *X1b W ) – the thing which is opened. It is action occurs, e.g. (_ formed by adding a (_*1 %) at the beginning, a () after the second letter and (>A) at the end. The first root letter (

B"() becomes (2) while the second one becomes (%F).

The additions for the dual and plural forms are the same as the (/01

2). Like the (/01 2), it also has six word-forms. &'J !

C47! 1!

m =

a [ X 1b W

m HA

'U & ^ [ X 1b W

m O}

'^ [ D[ X 1b W

w#~ =

a ^[ X 1b W

w#~ HA

'U W*^[ X 1b W

w#~ O}

N ` & ^ [ X 1b W

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Exercise 14 Conjugate the (1

2) of the following verbs: X BU4b W> 6 X mU Qb W> X B^[ W> =X W + [ W> —D !W [ W> /D U 5[ W> /D MX =[ W> d X Ui [ W> /D W o [ W> OX WF[ W>

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology The Elative (/1* The (/1*

2)

2) is a derived noun that indicates the comparative

D W
!+ 1) e.g. (X FW [ (^) – red, (›œF0[ (^) – blind. Tanwīn never enters the end of (/1* 2). The ( 2 /1*) generally renders the meaning of the doer (/0<) but sometimes it can render the meaning of the object (1), e.g. (X W „[ (^) - more famous.

Hereunder follows the paradigm of the (/1*

2):

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

&'J !

3' ! 1!

m =

/D W
m HA

'U :W S
m P2 O}

'^ [ BDW
m Q O}

/D 0U ^<(^

w#~ =

^B[

w#~ HA

'U WB^[

w#~ P2 O}

N ` WB^[

w#~ Q O}

/a W

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Exercise 15 Conjugate the (/1*

2) of the following verbs: %X X Qb W> /D FX o [ W> X Xi [ W> X X + [ W> —D !W [ W> /D U 5[ W> /D MX =[ W> d X Ui [ W> /D W o [ W> OX WF[ W>

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology The (

!+ 1")

The (

!+ 1")

is a derived noun referring to the permanent

a [FU $W ) – beautiful. The (/01 quality of an entity, e.g. (/ the other hand describes a temporary quality e.g.

2) on (O ` U W2) –

listening at the moment. A person will only be referred to as (6 ` U W) if the quality of (6[ W ) emanates from him whereas the attribute of (/ a [FU $W ) applies to a person all the time.The (

!+)

1"

is always intransitive (%&) even though it may be

constructed from a transitive verb (‰=*). Hence the difference between (O ` U W2) and (O` [FU 2W ) is that (O` U W2) indicates a being listening at the moment while (O ` [FU 2W ) indicates a being which permanently has the quality of listening even though there may

W W ^B^ be no object. Therefore one can say (

O` U W2), but to say

( W W ^B^

O` [FU 2W ) is incorrect. The ( !+ 1") has six word-forms like the (/01 2). For the dual and plural forms, changes are made to the end as in the (/01 2). Hereunder follows the paradigm of the (

!+ 1"):

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

&'J !

D?Q (

m =

` W W

m HA

'U W W W

m O}

'^ [ X W W

w#~ =

a W W W

w#~ HA

'U W*W W W

w#~ O}

N ` W W W

!+ 1") is used on many scales for which there is no rule. It is based on (-) – as heard from the Arabs. Sometimes a (), () or (‰) is inserted after the second alphabet, e.g. ( ` Wo„X ), (` [ KDW ), (L ` [>U „W ). Sometimes the root-form remains intact but a change occurs in the harakāt, e.g. (d ` [ " W ), (d ` X$X ), (` 1b " U ). Some of the more common scales are listed hereunder.

The (

Scale

Example

Meaning handsome

/a W <^

` W W

/a X

d ` X$X

impure

a W

` Wo„X

brave

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

a W<^

'a WW

chaste

/a [ <^

` € [ W

thick

/a [

` 1b " U

empty

/a [

 X

free

/a U <^

_ ` U <^

happy

/a 0U ^<

d ` U W"

companion

/a [U <^

` [>U ^

noble

/D W
X FW [ (^

red

'D ^B[ <^

'D + W fb 0W

thirsty

The Noun of the Instrument (

3 2)

3 2) is a derived noun that indicates the instrument used for the action. It is formed by adding a (Q %) at the

The (

beginning of the root letters. It has three scales.

Scales

/a W 1b U

a B^W 1b U

a W1b U

Examples

ž a W€ [ U

a W W [ U

_ ` W*1b U

Meanings

needle

fan

key

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology The paradigm including the dual and plural cases is as follows: Scales

Examples

/a W 1b U

` W [U

'U ^BW 1b U

'U W W [U

/D 0U ^1W

X " U WW

a B^W 1b U

sa W W [U

'U W*B^W 1b U

'U WAW W [U

/D 0U ^1W

X " U WW

a W1b U

` W[U

'U ^W1b U

'U WW[U

/D [0U ^1W

X [" U WW

Sometimes the underived noun (=$) is used to denote an instrument. Different scales are used for this purpose but there is no rule for arriving at a particular scale. Examples: (\ ` qb <^) - axe , (%` [ =X K^) – adze6, (` [Q• 2U ) - knife.

6

Adze: kind of axe with arched blade used for shaping wood.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Exercise 16 (a) Conjugate the (

3 2) of the following verbs:

W 4^ #W (5)

r W W j^ (4)

7W W W (3)

™ W W^ (2)

]W *W<^ (1)

/^ ^ (^ (10)

OW W" W (9 )

OW f^ K^(8)

/^ MW 7W (7)

/^ W l^ (6)

(b) Identify the derived nouns in the following sentences:

. NFB4 /0$ Y. NF gM (1) . F>=>( fK< K r (2) . 0 6( 0< 2 < >$ G0 < (3) . '? Q )A & (4) . 6+ O< < ” (5) . ]! p=0 'E @ (6)

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology The Adverb ( 4 The ( 4

2)

2) is a derived noun that indicates the place or

time of the action. If the word indicates the place of the action, it is called ('Q

Š) and if it indicates the time of the action, it is called ('? Š). It is made by adding a (_*1 %) at the beginning of the root letters. It has two scales, namely (/ a W 1b W ) and (/ a U 1b W ). If the () is (G _*1) or (G %F) or (JK#), the ( 4 2) will be on the scale of (/ a W 1b W ), e.g. (] ` *W1b W ), (` W [W ) and (ƒ[ W ). If the () is (G Q) or (H), the ( 4 2) will be on the scale of (/ a U 1b W ), e.g. (6 ` U [ W ) and (O` KU[ W ).

The paradigm including the dual and plural forms is as follows:

]`

'KHO

=!

/D 0U ^1W

'U : ^ W 1b W

/a W 1b W

scale

]X AU^1W

'U Wi*W1b W

]` *W1b W

example

The ( 4

2) is often constructed from the underived noun (=$) on the scale of (a B^W 1b W ) to indicate an excess of that object

in that place, e.g.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology (sa = W 2W b W ) – a place of many lions - derived from (=` 2W (^) – lion, (a W !W [ W )– a place of many predators - derived from (O` !X2W ) – predator,

W f^ ![W ) – a place of many ducks - derived from ( ` [f• U) – duck. (a € There are certain words, which according to the rule should have a(

i*<) on the ( FBQ G0), but have been used with a (s)

instead. These may be regarded as exceptions to the rule. The scholars have written that it is permissible to pronounce these words with a ( Word

=` o U [ W O` BUfb W

i*<) as well. These words are:

Meaning place of prostration place of rising

Word

` + Ui [ W

Meaning place of assembly

ž a )U [ W

place of falling

` QU [ W

place of staying

r ` U 1b W

intersection

 ` U [W

place of slaughtering place of germinating place of resting the elbow nostril

` ?U o [ W

place of slaughtering

r ` U + [ W

east

6 ` U 5[ W

west

a h4U W

place where one expects something

R ` !U[W g`
Sometimes the ( 4

2) is used on the scale of (a B^W 1b X ), e.g.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology (a B^i W Qb X ) – antimony bottle, from (/a i [ D ) - antimony. The scale of (a ^W
D ) – the water which falls during bathing, (a ^Wl (a 2 W WD ) – the dirt which falls off the broom when sweeping. Exercise 17 (a) Conjugate the ( 4

2) of the following verbs: ]W *W<^ ™ W W^ 7W W W r W W j^ W 4^ #W /^ W l^ /^ MW 7W OW f^ K^ OW W" W /^ ^ (^

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology The Intensive Adjective (

5! 5")

5! 5") is a noun that indicates excess in meaning of ` h W ) – one who hits a lot. The difference the verbal noun e.g. (6 between ( 5! 5") and (/1* 2) is that in ( 5! 5"), The (

the excess meaning is limited to itself without taking others into consideration whereas in the (/1*

2), the excess in meaning is in comparison to others. Hence (= ¡ Fh i W X [ U 6 X W [ (^) or (%U [ )^ b 6 X W [ (^) is in comparison to others while (6 ` h W ) is not in comparison to anyone.

5! 5"), there is no difference in gender. Sometimes W /a $X W ) – a very a (s) is added for excess in meaning, e.g. (a W B0 learned man, (a W B0 W sa (^W [ U) - a very learned woman. In the (

When (/ a [U <^) is in the meaning of (/a 0U ^<), or (a [ X <^) is in the meaning of ( a [ X 1b W ), a differentiation is made between the masculine and feminine forms. Examples: ( ` [BU0W

W pX ) , (a FW [BU0W W pU ) ( a [ FX W /a FW $W ) , (a ^[ FX W a K^W#). The following scales are the ones most frequently used for

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology (

5! 5"): Scale

Example

Meaning very cautious

/a U <^

` mU W

/a [U <^

` [BU0W

very knowledgeable

a [ ` <^

a [ D (^

big eater

a h<^

Z` 12W

shedder of blood

a h

` h!D

very great

/a [¢

g` [>=¢ " U

very truthful

/a W 1b U

%` ?W o [ U

one who cuts a lot

a W1b U

%` W[U

one who awards many prizes

/a [U 1b U

g` [fU [U

chatterbox

a W

6 ` Wo0X

very strange

a [ 0X ^<

r ` [ X ^<

very decisive

a B^[

a Q^ i [ X

one who habitually laughs

a [ “ <^

%` [ “K^

eternal

a [ “

\ ` [ =“ KD

most holy

/a h

d ` BKD

very agile

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Exercise 18 (A) Translate the following sentences into Arabic: (1) He is very agile. (2) This book is very strange. (3) The principal awards many prizes. (4) Abū Bakr is very truthful. (5) She is a big eater. (6) Allāh is very knowledgeable. (7) The king was a shedder of blood. (8) The student is very cautious. (9) His mother is very patient. (10) The mujāhid is extremely brave. (B) What is the scale of the following (

5! —"): ` h!$W a W1b U g` [>=¢ " U a W h<^ ` [QU [ U 6 ` [ X „X ` [BU0W ` mU W

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)

` h!D (9) \ ` [ =“ KD (10) Page 84 - http://www.al-inaam.com/ Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown

From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology The Categories ( The (6 () of (78

6 () of Verbs

9:9)

You have already learnt that the verbs of (78 letter verbs – have six

9:9) –three rootcategories (6 () – plural of (6 ).

The First (6 ): (X X [W> W W #W) (/ D X 1b W>

/^ W <^) – the ( FW BUQ^ b X [0W ) of the () has a ( i*<) while the () has a ( F), e.g. (X [ h) – to help. The abbreviated paradigm7 of this (6 ) is as follows: W X <^ ƒ [ #W X W [X> W U #XW ` " U W# W X <^ ƒ [ #W X X [W> W W #W ;X [U X [ 4 [ X [AW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW [ X #[(D ;X [U X [ q^b^ ` [ X [W /U [ U 1b *h /D W
7

The abbreviated paradigm is where the first (

5P P") of each paradigm

of the active and ive tenses is used.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology The Second (6 ) : ( 6 X U [ W> 6 W W W) (/ D U 1b W>

/^ W <^) – the ( FW BUQ^ b X [0W ) of the () has a ( i*<) while X [ h ) – to hit. The abbreviated the () has a (s), eg (6 paradigm of this (6 ) is as follows: ƒ [ W 6 X W [ X> 6 W U X 6 ` U W W X <^ ƒ [ W 6 X U [ W> 6 W W W 6 [ U [ AW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW 6 [ U [ @U ;X [U X [ q^b^ 6 ` [ X [ W W X <^ W a WW [ U W 6 ` W [ U ;X [U D ^£bW 6 ` U [ W ;X [U X [ 4 W [ X ;X [U w D #h~W FX bW 6 X W [ (^ ;X [U /U [ U 1b *h /D W
The Third (6 ) : (] X *W1b W> ]W *W<^)

D W 1b W> (/

/^ W <^) – the ( FW BUQ^ b X [0W ) of the () has a ( i*<) while the () also has a ( i*<), e.g. (] X *[1^ b) – to open. The condition for this (6 ) is that if the verb is (]i")8, the ( X [0W FW BUQ^ b) or ( FW BUQ^ b %X &^ ) must be from the ( )B ). This does not mean that every verb which is (]i") and whose ( X [0W

8

(]iP") is that word which has no (

PB P),

two letters of the

same type or (s?š) as its root letter.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

FW BUQ^ b) or ( FW BUQ^ b %X &^ ) is from the ( )B ), will be from (]*< 6 ). The abbreviated paradigm of this (6 ) and the remaining (6 () is similar to the above-mentioned examples. _ ` [ *X1b W W X <^ ƒi*[<^ ]X *W1b X> ]W *U ]W *W<^ ]` *W1b W ;X [U X [ 4 ][ *W1b AW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW ][ *W OW FU 2W ) (/ D W 1b W>

/^ U <^) – the ( FW BUQ^ b X [0W ) of the () has a (s) while X F[ h ) – to listen. the () has a ( i*<), e.g. (O W X <^ ƒF[ 2W OX FW [ X> OW FU 2X W O` U W2 W X <^ ƒF[ 2W OX F[W> OW FU 2W ;X [U X [ 4 O[ FW [ AW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW O[ FW 2[ @U ;X [U X [ q^b^ ` [ FX [ W /D W
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology The Fifth (6 ) : (%X X Q b W> %W X ^ ) (/ D X 1b W>

/^ X <^) – the ( FW BUQ^ b X [0W ) of the () has a ( F) while ^ b) – to be noble. The the () also has a ( F), e.g. (%X [ Q

verbs of this (6 ) are intransitive. In this (6 ), instead of the

(/01

2), the ( !+ 1") on the scale of (/a [U <^) has been used, e.g. ( ` [>U ^ ). W X <^ ƒW ^ %X W Qb X> %W U D W ` [>U ^ W X <^ ƒW ^ %X X Qb W> %W X ^ ;X [U X [ 4 %[ X Qb AW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW %[ X b (D ;X [U X [ q^b^ %` [ X Qb W /U [ U 1b *h /D W d W U W ) (/ D U 1b W>

/^ U <^) – the ( FW BUQ^ b X [0W ) of the () has a (s) while the () also has a (s), e.g. (d X [i W b^) – to ponder. Besides (d W U W ), no other (]i" /<) has been used in this (6 ). Acccording to some scholars, the verb ( X U [W> W U #W) is also

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology from this (6 ). However, verbs that are (H)9 or (L1)10 have been used, e.g. (¤ D U W>

¤ ^ U W ) and ([ BUW> W UW ). The verb (d W U W ) has W BUQ^ b X [0W ) of (), also been used with a ( i*<) on the ( F that is (d X Wi [ W>). d X Wi [ X> d W U X W d ` 2U W W X <^ ƒ! [ W d X Ui [ W> d W U W &^ ;X [0W X [ hW d [ U [ @U ;X [U X [ q^b^ 6 ` [ Xi [ W W X <^ ƒ! [ W W d ` Wi [ U ;X [U D ^£bW d ` Ui [ W ;X [U X [ 4 d [ Ui [ AW w D #h~W FX bW d X W [ (^ ;X [U /U [ U 1b *h /D W
9 10

A word having a () or (‰) as the ( A word having two (

FBQ ,<).

B ).

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Exercise 19 Conjugate the following verbs as done above:

d W *W^ (1) ]W !W2W (2) W BU0W (3) W U #W (4) /^ FW W (5) L W X W (6)

W X „W (7) d W B^l^ (8) OW WW (9) 6 W W pW (10)

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology The (

6 () of (;< =>? 9:9)

The Derived Forms of the Triliteral Verb Arabic is extremely rich and copious in derived forms which extend or modify the meaning of the root form of the verb, giving many exact shades of meaning. This is a common feature of Semitic languages and perhaps it reaches its pinnacle in Arabic. Derived forms are made by adding letters before or between the root letters of the simple verb. Accordingly, (W W #W), which is the root, means to help. From this verb the following verbs are derived with differing meanings: Verb

W " W W#

Meaning to

W h WAW

to try to help

W " W WAW

to render mutual assistance

W W *W#[(U

to come to someone’s aid

W W [*W2[ (U

to ask for assistance

Another example of derived verbs is (/ ^ *WK^) which means to kill. When extra letters are added to this root, the following meanings are achieved.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

Verb

Meaning to massacre

/^ *hK^ /^ AW^K

to combat, battle

/^ *W*WKb (U

to fight with one another

/^ *W)b *W2[ (U

to risk one’s life

Very few verb roots have all the other derived forms. Some have only one (like – 6 h v^ to drive away) or two (like L W W MW – to sink), while others have four or five as in the above examples. There is often a good deal of overlapping of meaning between the forms. Sometimes the root form is not in use while the derived forms are used, e.g. ( d W AhW - to arrange). The (6 () of (;<

=>? 9:9)

are twelve in total. They are

formed by adding extra letters to the (

/1) of ( 9:9

78). Upto a maximum of three extra letters can be added to a verb, thus bringing the maximum number of letters of a verb to six (root letters plus extra letters). Seven of these (6 () have (/"

s?š) at the beginning while five do not have. Besides (78 9:9), every letter with a ( ) will become (%F) in the ( ) except for the

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology penultimate letter which will be (Q). The (2) will remain as it is, e.g. (d W U*X$[ (D), (W U [*X2[ (D).

^ ) are used in the (1 When (W) or (&

), the (/" s?š) will not be pronounced as will the (L) of the (W) and (& ^ ), e.g. (d W W*W$[ W), (W fU 1D #[ &^ ).

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology The 12 (6 () of (;<

=>? 9:9) are as follows:

)*

Example

Extra Letters

3( ! a

C/ .4V A-

%W W b (^

(

Of) s?š

3/ '2 4- V O.

W h " W

C

no hamza

/ , $. ,R

/^ AW^K



no hamza

C/ .4-V A-

d W W*W$[ @U

Ny(

/" s?š

C/ .4- B2A-

W f^ 1^ #[@U

'y(

/" s?š

C/ ,4- V A-

h FW [ @U

E y (

/" s?š

3/ b4, O.

/^ !h)^ AW

C yN

no hamza

3/ $R ,O.

/^ W^)AW

yN

no hamza

C/ .4V -2 A-

W W [*W2[ @U

Ny\y(

/" s?š

C/ .4'2 4- V A-

W „W [ + W M[ @U

y(

/" s?š

C/ ,'2 4- V A-

%h Wp7[ @U

E y y (

/" s?š

C/ !c4- V A-

v^ h B^$[ @U

C y (

/" s?š

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Construction of the Derived Nouns To construct the (/01

2) of any (6 ) besides (78 9:9), the ( ) is modified by adding a (%F %) at the beginning and making the penultimate letter (Q) if it is not already (Q). Examples:

%X U Qb X>

X ¢ W X> /D AU^)X>

¥ ¥ ¥

The (1

2)

%` U Qb X

` ¢ W X /a AU^)X is like the (/01

2)

except that the

penultimate letter is (_*1). Examples:

%X U Qb X>

X ¢ W X> /D AU^)X>

¥ ¥ ¥

%` W Qb X

` h W X /a AW^)X

The ( 4

2) of these (6 () is used on the scale of the (1 2). There is neither ( 3 2) nor (/1* 2) in these (6 (). In ordert to express the meaning of the ( 3 2),

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology the words (;U UW) are added to the (=) for this purpose, e.g. (6 X W*U$[ †Ub

;U UW) – the means of refraining.

To express the (/1*

2), the word (=“ „W (^) is used before the (6 =), e.g. (ƒ W*U$ [ @U =“ „W (^) – more refraining. Words like (X H^ b (^), (/¦ K^(^) etc. can also be used.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology The Abbreviated Paradigm (5"

") of Each

(6 )

C4A )* X [ q^b^ %` W Qb X W X <^ ƒWb @U %X W Qb X> %W U b (DW `%U Qb X W X <^ ƒWb @U %X U Qb X> %W W b (^ %[ U Qb AX &^ ;X [0W X [ hW %[ U b (^ ;X [U The sign of (P P<@

6P P ) is a (OP Pf) s?P Pš) 11 in the (P /P1) and (P() while the (P P:0) is always (%FP P). The (OP Pf) s?P Pš) of the (P P) is deleted from the (P). Thus (%X U b q^PX>) becomes (%X U PbQX>).

The remaining word-forms follow the same pattern. The detailed hereunder.

paradigms

of

this

verb

are

provided

11

A hamzah that is not deleted in pronunciation when prefixed by any letter.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology 5 47! 6DK !

5 47! 9!

%[ U Qb X> &^

87!

67!

5 47!

5 47!

%[ U Qb XU

%X U Qb X>

%W W b (^

W U Qb X> &^

W U Qb XU

'U W U Qb X>

W W b (^

[ X U Qb X> &^

[ X U Qb XU

'^ [ X U Qb X> [X W b (^

%[ U Qb AX &^

%[ U Qb *XU

%X U Qb AX

R [ W W b (^

W U Qb AX &^

W U Qb *XU

'U W U Qb AX

W*W W b (^

W [ U Qb X> &^

W [ U Qb XU

W [ U Qb X>

W [ W b (^

%[ U Qb AX &^

%[ U b (^

%X U Qb AX

R W [ W b (^

W U Qb AX &^

W U b (^

'U W U Qb AX WF*X[ W b (^

[X U Qb AX &^

[ X U b (^

'^ [ X U Qb AX [ *X[ W b (^

[ U U Qb AX &^

[ U U b (^

W [U U Qb AX R U [ W b (^

WU Qb AX &^

W U b (^

'U W U Qb AX WF*X[ W b (^

W [ U Qb AX &^

W [ U b (^

W [ U Qb AX

h *X[ W b (^

%[ U b (DT &^

%[ U b qDTU

%X U b (DT

R X [ W b (^

%[ U Qb #X &^

%[ U Qb XU

%X U Qb #X

W[ W b (^

y a P W U Qb X y '^ [ P X U Qb X y 'U P PW U Qb X y %` U P Qb X :/P P01 P P2 . N ` WU Qb X y 'U W*W U Qb X Page 98 - http://www.al-inaam.com/ Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown

From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Exercise 20 Conjugate the following verbs:

W !WM[ (^ (5) /^ 2W [ (^ (4) W W [ (^ (3) =W W [(^ (2) ™ W B^$[ (^ (1) 3'4O )* W X <^ ¨1[>U [ AW X h W X> W ¢ " X W ` ¢ W X W X <^ ¨1[>U [ AW X ¢ W X> W h " W

[ ¢ W AX &^ ;X [0W X [ hW [ ¢ " W ;X [U X [ q^b^ ` h W X The sign of (/1A

6 ) is the tashdîd of the ( FBQ G0) in the () and ( () without a (N) preceding the ( ,< FBQ). The ( :0) of this (6 ) is also always (%F). The (=) of this (6 ) is also used on the following scales: ( a W<^) e.g. (%` ^B2W y %` ^B^ ); ( a h
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology 5 47! 6DK !

5 47! 9!

[ ¢ W X> &^

87!

67!

5 47!

5 47!

[ ¢ W XU

X ¢ W X>

W h " W

<^¢ W X> &^

<^¢ W XU

'U <^¢ W X>

<^h " W

[ &^

[
'^ [

[
[ ¢ W AX &^

[ ¢ W *XU

X ¢ W AX

R [ <^h " W

<^¢ W AX &^

<^¢ W *XU

'U <^¢ W AX

W*<^h " W

W &^

W
W

W
[ ¢ W AX &^

[ ¢ " W

X ¢ W AX

R W
<^¢ W AX &^

<^¢ " W

'U <^¢ W AX WF*X
[
[
'^ [
[
[
W [
<^¢ W AX &^

<^¢ " W

'U <^¢ W AX WF*X
W
W
W
h *X
[ ¢ " W (DT &^

[ ¢ " W qDTU

X ¢ " W (DT

R X
[ ¢ W #X &^

[ ¢ W XU

X ¢ W #X

W
y a <^¢ PWX y '^ [
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Exercise 21 Conjugate the following verbs:

r W =h " W (5) W =h K^ (4) W + h W (3) /^ !hK^ (2) W B2W (1) $ )* ;X [U X [ q^b^ /a AW^)X W X <^ ¨ B^AW^)X /D AW^)X> /^ AU[ KDW /a AU^)X W X <^ ¨ B^AW^)X /D AU^)X> /^ AW^K /b AU^)AX &^ ;X [0W X [ hW /b AU^K B01 6 ) is the (s=I L) after the ( FBQ ,<) in the ( /1) and (c . /<) without a (N) preceding it. The ( :0) of this (6 ) is always (%F). The (=) of ( B01 6 ) is also used on the following scales: ( a W
The sign of (

The detailed paradigms of this verb follow hereunder.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology 5 47! 6DK !

5 47! 9!

/b AU^)X> &^

87!

67!

5 47!

5 47!

/b AU^)XU

/D AU)^ X>

/^ AW^K

: ^ AU^)X> &^

: ^ AU^)XU

'U : ^ AU^)X>

: ^ AW^K

[BDAU^)X> &^

[ BDAU^)XU

'^ [ BDAU^)X>

[BDAW^K

/b AU^)AX &^

/b AU^)*XU

/D AU^)AX

R [ B^AW^K

: ^ AU^)AX &^

: ^ AU^)*XU

'U : ^ AU^)AX

W*B^AW^K

W Bb AU^)X> &^

W Bb AU^)XU

W Bb AU^)X>

W Bb AW^K

/b AU^)AX &^

/b AU^K

/D AU^)AX

R W Bb AW^K

: ^ AU^)AX &^

: ^ AU^K

'U : ^ AU^)AX

WF*XBb AW^K

[ BDAU^)AX &^

[ BDAU^K

'^ [ BDAU^)AX

[ *XBb AW^K

[ BUAU^)AX &^

[ BUAU^K

W [BUAU^)AX

R U Bb AW^K

: ^ AU^)AX &^

: ^ AU^K

'U : ^ AU^)AX

WF*XBb AW^K

W Bb AU^)AX &^

W Bb AU^K

W Bb AU^)AX

h *XBb AW^K

/b AU^K(D &^

/b AU^KqDU

/D AU^K(D

R X Bb AW^K

/b AU^)#X &^

/b AU^)XU

/D AU^)#X

WBb AW^K

'U PW*B^AU^)X y a P^BAU^)X y '^ [ BDAUP^)X y 'U : ^ AU^)X y /a AU^)X :/01 2 .N ` : ^ AU^)X y Page 102 - http://www.al-inaam.com/ Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown

From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Exercise 22 Conjugate the following verbs:

W $W Wp (5) W <^W2 (4) OW <^W7 (3) =W pW W„ (2) d W K^W (1) C4B! )* ` f^ 1^ [X W X <^ ƒ^f1U #[@U X f^ 1^ [X> W fU 1D #[(DW ` fU 1^ [X W X <^ ƒ^f1U #[@U X fU 1^ [W> W f^ 1^ #[@U [ fU 1^ [AW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW [ fU 1^ #[@U ;X [U X [ q^b^ The sign of (1#

6 ) is the (') before the ( FBQ ,<). This (6 ) is always intransitive (%&). The detailed paradigms of this verb follow hereunder.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology 5 47! 6DK !

5 47! 9!

[ fU 1^ [W> &^ W fU 1^ [W> &^

87!

67!

5 47!

5 47!

[ fU 1^ [WU

X fU 1^ [W>

W f^ 1^ #[@U

W fU 1^ [WU

'U W fU 1^ [W>

W f^ 1^ #[@U

[X fU 1^ [W> &^ [ X fU 1^ [WU '^ [ X fU 1^ [W> [X f^ 1^ #[@U [ fU 1^ [AW &^

[ fU 1^ [*WU

X fU 1^ [AW

N [ W f^ 1^ #[@U

WfU 1^ [AW &^

WfU 1^ [*WU

'U W fU 1^ [AW

WAW f^ 1^ #[@U

'^ [ fU 1^ [W> &^

'^ [ fU 1^ [WU

'^ [ fU 1^ [W>

'^ [ f^ 1^ #[@U

[ fU 1^ [AW &^

[ fU 1^ #[@U

X fU 1^ [AW

N W [ f^ 1^ #[@U

W fU 1^ [AW &^

W fU 1^ #[@U

'U W fU 1^ [AW WFAX[ f^ 1^ #[@U

[ X fU 1^ [AW &^

[ X fU 1^ #[@U

'^ [ X fU 1^ [AW [ AX[ f^ 1^ #[@U

‰ [ U fU 1^ [AW &^ ‰ [ U fU 1^ #[@U

W [>U fU 1^ [AW N U [ f^ 1^ #[@U

WfU 1^ [AW &^

W fU 1^ #[@U

'U W fU 1^ [AW WFAX[ f^ 1^ #[@U

'^ [ fU 1^ [AW &^

'^ [ fU 1^ #[@U

'^ [ fU 1^ [AW

h AX[ f^ 1^ #[@U

[ fU 1^ #[(^S &^

[ fU 1^ #[q^SU

X fU 1^ #[(^S

N X [ f^ 1^ #[@U

[ fU 1^ [#W &^

[ fU 1^ [WU

X fU 1^ [#W

W#[ f^ 1^ #[@U

y sa W PUf1^ [X y '^ [ X PUf1^ [X y 'U W PUf1^ [X y ` PUf1^ [X :/P01 2 .N ` W fU 1^ [X y 'U WAW fU 1^ [X Page 104 - http://www.al-inaam.com/ Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown

From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Exercise 23 Conjugate the following verbs:

W W W #[@U (5) =W )^ W #[@U (4) d W B^)^ #[@U (3) L W + W Q^ #[@U (2) W W Q^ #[@U (1) C4! )* W X <^ ƒ W*U$[ @U d X W*Wo [ X> d W U*X$[ (DW d ` U*Wo [ X W X <^ ƒ W*U$[ @U d X U*Wo [ W> d W W*W$[ @U d [ U*Wo [ AW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW d [ U*W$[ @U ;X [U X [ q^b^ d ` W*Wo [ X The sign of (*<

6 ) is the (N) after the ( FBQ ,<).

Rule 1 If the (

FBQ ,<) of (*< 6 ) is (7), (v), or (), the (N) of

(*<) is changed to (7). If the (

FBQ ,<) is a (7), then (%l7@ W W AW7[ @U) changes to (W07h @U). assimilation) is compulsory, e.g. ( FBQ ,<) of (*< 6 ) is (v), then after changing the (N) to (7), the following three changes are permissible: (1) The (v) is changed to (7) and the rule of (%l7@) is applied, e.g. (W Q ^ AWvb @U) changes to (W ^ 7h @U).

If the (

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology (2) Sometimes the (7) is changed to (v) and then the rule of (%l7@) is applied to the (

FBQ ,<),

e.g. (W Q ^ AWvb @U) changes to

^ v @U). (W (3) Sometimes the verb is left as it is without applying the rule of (%l7@), e.g. (W ^ 7W vb @U).

FBQ ,<) of (*< 6 ) is (), then after changing the (N) to (7), the following two changes are permissible: (1) the verb is left as it is without applying the rule of (%l7@), e.g. (W $ W 7W [ @U). (2) Sometimes the (7) is changed to () and then the rule of (%l7@) is applied to the ( FBQ ,<), e.g. (W o W AW[ @U) changes to (W $ W h @U). If the (

Rule 2

FBQ ,<) of (*< 6 ) is (n), (Y), (©), or (ª), the (N) of (*<) is changed to (©). If the ( FBQ ,<) is a (©), then it is compulsory to apply (%l7@) e.g. (d W B^*Wjb @U) changes to (d W B^j @U). If the ( FBQ ,<) of (*< 6 ) is (ª), then after changing the (N) to (©), the following three changes are permissible:

If the (

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology (1) The (ª) is changed to (©) and the rule of (%l7@) is applied, e.g. ( W B^*WŠb @U) changes to (W B^j @U). (2) the verb is left as it is without applying the rule of (%l7@), e.g. ( W B^f^ Šb @U). (3) The (©) is changed to (ª) and the rule of (%l7@) is applied, e.g. ( W B^*WŠb @U) changes to (W B^Š @U).

FBQ ,<) of (*< 6 ) is (n) or (Y), then after changing the (N) to (©), the following two possibilities are

If the (

permissible: (1) the verb is left as it is without applying the rule of (%l7@), e.g. (W !Wf ^" [ @U) and (6 W W f^ [ @U). (2) Sometimes the (©) is changed to (n) or (Y) and then the rule of (%l7@) is applied, e.g. (W !W*W" [ @U) changes to (W !W" h @U) and (6 W W *W [ @U) changes to (6 W W h @U). Rule 3

FBQ ,<) of (*< 6 ) is (¤), then it is permissible to change the (N) to (¤) and apply the rule of (%l7@), e.g. (W W*9b @U) changes to (W 9@U). If the (

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Rule 4

FBQ G0) of (*< 6 ) is (N), (¤), (e), (), (7), (v), (\), («), (n), (Y), (©), or (ª), then after changing the (N) to the same letter as the ( FBQ G0), the ( ) of the (N) is transferred to the preceding letter and the rule of (%l7@) is applied. The (/" s?š) is deleted, e.g. ( W W *WM[ @U) changes to ( W h MW ) and (‰W=*Wp[ @U) changes to (‰h=pW ).

If the (

(4.2) The () of these verbs - ( W h MW ) and (‰h=pW ) - will be ( X ¢€ W W>) and (‰ [ =¢ W W>). (4.3) It is permissible to have a (s) on the ( ( X ¢€ U W>

W h MU )

and (‰ [ =¢ U W>

‰h=pU ).

FBQ ,<), e.g.

The words (' ^ [ FX ¢€ U W>) and

(‰ [ =¢ U W>) which have appeared in the Qur’ân are from this (6 ). (4.4) It is permissible to read a (

F) on the ( FBQ ,<) of the

(/01

2). Therefore all three harakats are permissible, e.g. ` ¢€ W X ), (` ¢€ U X ), (` ¢€ X X ). (

Some of the detailed hereunder.

paradigms

of this verb follow

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology 5 47! 6DK !

5 47! 9!

d [ U*Wo [ W> &^

87!

67!

5 47!

5 47!

d [ U*Wo [ WU

d X U*Wo [ W>

d W W*W$[ @U

!WU*Wo [ W> &^

!WU*Wo [ WU

'U !WU*Wo [ W>

!WW*W$[ @U

[!XU*Wo [ W> &^

[!XU*Wo [ WU

'^ [ !XU*Wo [ W>

[ !XW*W$[ @U

d [ U*Wo [ AW &^

d [ U*Wo [ *WU

d X U*Wo [ AW

R [ !WW*W$[ @U

!WU*Wo [ AW &^

!WU*Wo [ *WU

'U !WU*Wo [ AW

W*!WW*W$[ @U

W ![U*Wo [ W> &^

W ![U*Wo [ WU

W ![U*Wo [ W>

W ![W*W$[ @U

d [ U*Wo [ AW &^

d [ U*W$[ @U

d X U*Wo [ AW

R W ![W*W$[ @U

!WU*Wo [ AW &^

!WU*W$[ @U

'U !WU*Wo [ AW

WF*X![W*W$[ @U

[ !XU*Wo [ AW &^

[ !XU*W$[ @U

'^ [ !XU*Wo [ AW

[ *X![W*W$[ @U

[ !UU*Wo [ AW &^

[ !UU*W$[ @U

W [!UU*Wo [ AW

R U ![W*W$[ @U

!WU*Wo [ AW &^

!WU*W$[ @U

'U !WU*Wo [ AW

WF*X![W*W$[ @U

W ![U*Wo [ AW &^

W ![U*W$[ @U

W ![U*Wo [ AW

h *X![W*W$[ @U

d [ U*W$[ (^ &^

d [ U*W$[ q^U

d X U*W$[ (^

R X ![W*W$[ @U

d [ U*Wo [ #W &^

d [ U*Wo [ WU

d X U*Wo [ #W

W![W*W$[ @U

y a PW!U*Wo [ X y '^ [ PX!U*Wo [ X y 'U PW!U*Wo [ X y d ` PU*Wo [ X :/P01 2 .N ` !WU*Wo [ X y 'U W*!WU*Wo [ X Page 109 - http://www.al-inaam.com/ Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown

From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Exercise 24 Conjugate the following verbs:

/^ 5W *W„[ @U (5) OW FW *W2[ @U (4) %W W *W[ @U (3) /^ FW *W[ @U (2) OW FW *W$[ @U (1) C/ ,4- V A- )* [ U FW [ @U ¢ FW [ @U h FW [ @U ;X [U X [ q^b^  WFi [ X W X <^ ƒWFU [ @U “ FW i [ W> h FW [ @U [ U FW i [ AW &^ ¢ FW i [ AW &^ h FW i [ AW &^ ;X W0 X [ hW The sign of (:<@

6 ) is the repetition of the ( FBQ %&) and four letters after the (/" s?š) in the ( /1). The ( %& FBQ) of this (6 ) is always (7C=+) except in (JK#).12

Some of the detailed hereunder.

12

paradigms

of this verb follow

The rules of (JK#) will be discussed later.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology 5 47! 6DK !

5 47! 9!

h FW i [ W> &^

87!

67!

5 47!

5 47!

h FW i [ WU

“ FW i [ W>

h FW [ @U

h FW i [ W> &^

h FW i [ WU

'U h FW i [ W>

h FW [ @U

[“ FW i [ W> &^

[“ FW i [ WU '^ [ “ FW i [ W>

[ “ FW [ @U

h FW i [ AW &^

h FW i [ *WU

“ FW i [ AW

N [ h FW [ @U

h FW i [ AW &^

h FW i [ *WU

'U h FW i [ AW

WAh FW [ @U

'^ [ U FW i [ W> &^ '^ [ U FW i [ WU '^ [ U FW i [ W> '^ [ W FW [ @U h FW i [ AW &^

h FW [ @U

“ FW i [ AW

h FW i [ AW &^

h FW [ @U

'U h FW i [ AW WFAX[ W FW [ @U

[“ FW i [ AW &^

[ “ FW [ @U

'^ [ “ FW i [ AW [ AX[ W FW [ @U

‰ [ ¢ FW i [ AW &^

‰ [ ¢ FW [ @U

W [>¢ FW i [ AW N U [ W FW [ @U

h FW i [ AW &^

h FW [ @U

'U h FW i [ AW WFAX[ W FW [ @U

'^ [ U FW i [ AW &^

N W [ W FW [ @U

'^ [ U FW [ @U '^ [ U FW i [ AW h AX[ W FW [ @U

h FW [ (^ &^

h FW [ q^U

“ FW [ (^

N X [ W FW [ @U

h FW i [ #W &^

h FW i [ WU

“ FW i [ #W

W#[ W FW [ @U

y sa hS PWFi [ X y '^ [ “T PWFi [ X y 'U h PWFi [ X y  PWFi [ X :/P01 2 .N ` h FW i [ X y 'U WAh FW i [ X Page 111 - http://www.al-inaam.com/ Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown

From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Exercise 25 Conjugate the following verbs:

¬ h W [@U (5) h 1^ " [ @U (4) h !Wlb @U (3) h W M[ @U (2) 7h W 2[ @U (1) 3/ b4, O. )* ;X [U X [ q^b^ /a !h)^ *WX W X <^ ¨B!“)^ AW /D !h)^ *WX> /^ !¢)D AXW /a !¢)^ *WX W X <^ ¨B!“)^ AW /D !h)^ *WW> /^ !h)^ AW /b !h)^ *WAW &^ ;X W0 X [ hW /b !h)^ AW The sign of (/C1A

6 ) is the tashdīd of the ( FBQ G0) and (N) precedes the ( FBQ ,<) in the ( /1). Some of the detailed hereunder.

paradigms

of this verb follow

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology 5 47! 6DK !

5 47! 9!

/b !h)^ *WW> &^

87!

67!

5 47!

5 47!

/b !h)^ *WWU

/D !h)^ *WW>

/^ !h)^ AW

: ^ !h)^ *WW> &^

: ^ !h)^ *WWU

'U : ^ !h)^ *WW>

: ^ !h)^ AW

[BD!h)^ *WW> &^

[BD!h)^ *WWU

'^ [ BD!h)^ *WW>

[ BD!h)^ AW

/b !h)^ *WAW &^

/b !h)^ *W*WU

/D !h)^ *WAW

R [ B^!h)^ AW

: ^ !h)^ *WAW &^

: ^ !h)^ *W*WU

'U : ^ !h)^ *WAW

W*B^!h)^ AW

W Bb !h)^ *WW> &^

W Bb !h)^ *WWU

W Bb !h)^ *WW>

W Bb !h)^ AW

/b !h)^ *WAW &^

/b !h)^ AW

/D !h)^ *WAW

R W Bb !h)^ AW

: ^ !h)^ *WAW &^

: ^ !h)^ AW

'U : ^ !h)^ *WAW

WF*XBb !h)^ AW

[BD!h)^ *WAW &^

[ BD!h)^ AW

'^ [ BD!h)^ *WAW

[ *XBb !h)^ AW

[ BU!h)^ *WAW &^

[ BU!h)^ AW

W [BU!h)^ *WAW

R U Bb !h)^ AW

: ^ !h)^ *WAW &^

: ^ !h)^ AW

'U : ^ !h)^ *WAW

WF*XBb !h)^ AW

W Bb !h)^ *WAW &^

W Bb !h)^ AW

W Bb !h)^ *WAW

h *XBb !h)^ AW

/b !h)^ AW(^ &^

/b !h)^ AWq^U

/D !h)^ AW(^

R X Bb !h)^ AW

/b !h)^ *W#W &^

/b !h)^ *WWU

/D !h)^ *W#W

WBb !h)^ AW

y 'U PW*B^!¢)^ *WX y a P^B!¢)^ *WX y '^ [ BD!¢)^ *WX y 'U : ^ !¢)^ *WX y /a !¢)^ *WX :/01 2 .N ` : ^ !¢)^ *WX Page 113 - http://www.al-inaam.com/ Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown

From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Exercise 26 Conjugate the following verbs:

W BW AW (5) d W o h W AW (4) W BQ^ AW (3) %W =h )^ AW (2) W B W AW (1) 3/ $R ,.O )* /a W^)W*X W X <^ : ¨ X^)WA /D W^)*WX> /^ U[ )D AXW /a U^)W*X W X <^ : ¨ X^)WA /D W^)*WW> /^ W^)WA /b W^)W*AW &^ ;X W0 X [ hW /b W^)WA ;X [U X [ q^b^ The sign of (/01A

6 ) is that the (N) precedes the ( FBQ ,<) in the ( /1) and there is an extra (L) after the ( ,< FBQ).

Rule 1 In (/C1A

6 ) and (/01A 6 ), when two (N)’s are adjacent to one another in the ( /<), it is permissible to delete one,

e.g.

D !h)^ *WAW) (/

(/ D !h)^ AW)

(' ^ [ X pW ^4*WAW)

(' ^ [ X pW ^4AW).

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Rule 2

FBQ ,<) of (/C1A 6 ) and (/01A 6 ) is (N), (¤), (e), (7) ,(v), (), (\), («), (n), (Y), (©) or (ª), it is permissible to change the (N) into the ( FBQ ,<) and apply the rule of (%l7@). In this case, the ( /1) and (() require a (/" s?š) at the beginning. The (/ a “ <@U 6 ) and (/a 0X <@U 6 )

If the (

have been created due to this rule. Examples:

h f^ AW) (W

(W h f^ j)

(W h j @U)

(/ ^ K^^HAW)

(/ ^ K^^H9)

(/ ^ K^9@U)

[ h j @U ; . ` ¢ f X < ƒ“ j @U Xh f W> W h j @U P 3/ b4dA- )* [ h f AW &^ ;0

/b K^9@U ; . /a KUHX < ¨BKD9@U /D K^HW> /^ K^9@U _ 3/ $R dA- )*

/b K^HWA &^ ;0 Some of the detailed hereunder.

paradigms

of this verb follow

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology 5 47! 6DK !

5 47! 9!

/b W^)*WW> &^

87!

67!

5 47!

5 47!

/b W^)*WWU

/D W^)*WW>

/^ W^)AW

: ^ W)^ *WW> &^

: ^ W^)*WWU

'U : ^ W^)*WW>

: ^ W^)AW

[BD W^)*WW> &^

[BD W^)*WWU

'^ [ BD W^)*WW>

[ BD W^)AW

/b W^)*WAW &^

/b W^)*W*WU

/D W^)*WAW

R [ B^ W^)AW

: ^ W^)*WAW &^

: ^ W^)*W*WU

'U : ^ W^)*WAW

W*B^ W^)AW

W Bb W^)*WW> &^

W Bb W^)*WWU

W Bb W^)*WW>

W Bb W^)AW

/b W^)*WAW &^

/b W^)AW

/D W^)*WAW

R W Bb !h)^ AW

: ^ W^)*WAW &^

: ^ W^)AW

'U : ^ W^)*WAW

WF*XBb W^)AW

[BD W^)*WAW &^

[ BD W^)AW

'^ [ BD W^)*WAW

[ *XBb W^)AW

[ BU W^)*WAW &^

[ BU W^)AW

W [BU W^)*WAW

R U Bb !h)^ AW

: ^ W^)*WAW &^

: ^ W^)AW

'U : ^ W^)*WAW

WF*XBb W^)AW

W Bb W^)*WAW &^

W Bb W^)AW

W Bb W^)*WAW

h *XBb W^)AW

/b W^)AW(^ &^

/b W^)AWq^U

/D W^)AW(^

R X Bb W^)AW

/b W^)*W#W &^

/b W^)*WWU

/D W^)*W#W

WBb W^)AW

y 'U W*B^ U^)*WX y a B^ U^)*WX y '^ [ BD U^)*WX y 'U : ^ U^)*WX y /a U^)*WX :/01 2 .N ` : ^ U^)*WX Page 116 - http://www.al-inaam.com/ Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown

From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Exercise 27 Conjugate the following verbs:

W " W W€AW (5) W pW ^4AW (4) r W W ^1AW (3) /^ AW^)AW (2) ¤ ^ 7W WiAW (1) C/ .4V -2 A- )* ƒW[*U2[ @U X W [*W [ X> W U [*X2[ (DW ` U [W* [ X W X <^ ƒW[*U2[ @U X U [*W [ W> W W [*W2[ @U [ U [*W [ AW &^ ;0 [ U [*W2[ @U ; . ` W [*W [ X W X <^ The sign of ( a W1b *U2[ @U (

6 ) is the extra (\) and (N) before the

FBQ ,<).

It is permissible to delete the (N) from the verb (

OX [fU *W [ W>). The verbs ([0X ^f2[ WF<^) and (O[ fU [ AW [ ^ W) in the Qur’ân are from this (6 ). Some of the detailed hereunder.

paradigms

W ^f*W2[ @U

mentioned

of this verb follow

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

5 47! 6DK !

5 47! 9!

5 47! 87!

5 47! 67!

[ U [*W [ W> &^

[ U [*W [ WU

X U [*W [ W>

W W [*W2[ @U

W U [*W [ W> &^

W U [*W [ WU

'U W U [*W [ W>

W W [*W2[ @U

[X U [*W [ W> &^ [ X U [*W [ WU '^ [ X U [*W [ W>

[ X W [*W2[ @U

[ U [*W [ AW &^

[ U [*W [ *WU

X U [*W [ AW

N [ W W [*W2[ @U

W U [*W [ AW &^

W U [*W [ *WU

'U W U [*W [ AW

WAW W [*W2[ @U

'^ [ U [*W [ W> &^

'^ [ U [*W [ WU

'^ [ U [*W [ W>

'^ [ W [*W2[ @U

[ U [*W [ AW &^

[ U [*W2[ @U

X U [*W [ AW

N W [ W [*W2[ @U

W U [*W [ AW &^

^U[*W2[ @U

'U W U [*W [ AW

WFAX[ W [*W2[ @U

[ X U [*W [ AW &^

[ X U [*W2[ @U

'^ [ X U [*W [ AW

[ AX[ W [*W2[ @U

‰ [ U U [*W [ AW &^ ‰ [ U[*W2[ @U

W [>U U [*W [ AW

N U [ W [*W2[ @U

W U [*W [ AW &^

^U[*W2[ @U

'U W U [*W [ AW

WFAX[ W [*W2[ @U

'^ [ U [*W [ AW &^

'^ [ U [*W2[ @U

'^ [ U [*W [ AW

h AX[ W [*W2[ @U

[ U [*W2[ (^ &^

[ U [*W2[ q^U

X U [*W2[ (^

N X [ W [*W2[ @U

[ U [*W [ #W &^

[ U [*W [ WU

X U [*W [ #W

W#[ W [*W2[ @U

y sa W U [*W [ X y '^ [ X U [*W [ X y 'U ^U[*W [ X y ` U [*W [ X :/01 2 .N ` ^U[*W [ X y 'U WAW U [*W [ X Page 118 - http://www.al-inaam.com/ Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown

From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Exercise 28 Conjugate the following verbs:

%W =W € [ *W2[ @U (5) =W W + [ *W2[ @U (4) W B^[ *W2[ @U (3) /^ !W)b *W2[ @U (2) W Wi [ *W2[ @U (1) C/ .4'2 4- V A- )* [ „U [ + W M[ @U ; . ` „U [ + W€ [ X W X <^ ƒ#W+[+ U M[ @U X „U [ + W€ [ W> W„W [ + W M[ @U [ „U [ + W€ [ AW &^ ;0 The sign of ( a W[U
6 ) is the repetition of the () and the appearance of a () between the two ()’s. This () has changed to a (‰) in the (=) due to the preceding (s). This (6 ) is mostly intransitive (%&). Some of the detailed hereunder.

paradigms

of this verb follow

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology 5 47! 6DK !

5 47! 9!

5 47! 87!

5 47! 67!

X „U [ + W€ [ W>

W „W [ + W M[ @U

W„U [ + W€ [ W> &^ W„U [ + W€ [ WU 'U W„U [ + W€ [ W>

W„W [ + W M[ @U

[X„U [ + W€ [ W> &^ [X„U [ + W€ [ WU '^ [ X„U [ + W€ [ W>

[ X„W [ + W M[ @U

[ „U [ + W€ [ AW &^ [ „U [ + W€ [ *WU

X „U [ + W€ [ AW

R [ W„W [ + W M[ @U

W„U [ + W€ [ AW &^ W„U [ + W€ [ *WU 'U W„U [ + W€ [ AW

W*W„W [ + W M[ @U

h „U [ + W€ [ W> &^ h „U [ + W€ [ WU

h „U [ + W€ [ W>

h „W [ + W M[ @U

[ „U [ + W€ [ AW &^ [ „U [ + W M[ @U

X „U [ + W€ [ AW

R W [„W [ + W M[ @U

^U„[ + W M[ @U 'U W„U [ + W€ [ AW

WF*X[„W [ + W M[ @U

[ X„U [ + W€ [ AW &^ [ X„U [ + W M[ @U '^ [ X„U [ + W€ [ AW

[ *X[„W [ + W M[ @U

[ U„U [ + W€ [ AW &^ [ U„U [ + W M[ @U W [U„U [ + W€ [ AW

R U [„W [ + W M[ @U

W„U [ + W€ [ AW &^

^U„[ + W M[ @U 'U W„U [ + W€ [ AW

WFAX[ W [*W2[ @U

h „U [ + W€ [ AW &^

h „U [ + W M[ @U

h „U [ + W€ [ AW

h *X[„W [ + W M[ @U

[ „U [ + W M[ (^ &^ [ „U [ + W M[ q^U

X „U [ + W M[ (^

R X [„W [ + W M[ @U

[ „U [ + W€ [ #W &^ [ „U [ + W€ [ WU

X „U [ + W€ [ #W

h„W [ + W M[ @U

[ „U [ + W€ [ W> &^ [ „U [ + W€ [ WU

W„U [ + W€ [ AW &^

a W„U [ + W€ [ X y '^ [ X„U [ + W€ [ X y 'U W„U [ + W€ [ X y ` „U [ + W€ [ X :/01 2 .N ` ^U„[ + W€ [ X y 'U W*W„U [ + W€ [ X y

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Exercise 29 Conjugate the following verbs:

gW ^[ B^M[ @U (3) ]W ^[ B^[ @U (2) 6 W 7W [ =W [ @U (1) C/ ,'2 4- V A- )* [ U Wp7[ @U %¢ Wp7[ @U %h Wp7[ @U ; . % Wp=[ X W X <^ ƒWF[pU 7[ @U %“ Wp=[ W> %h Wp7[ @U [ U Wp=[ AW &^ %¢ Wp=[ AW &^ %h Wp=[ AW &^ ;0 The sign of ( a ^B[U
6 ) is the repetition of the () and the appearance of an extra (L) before the first () in the ( /1 ). This (L) changes to a (‰) in the (=). The (%l7@) in this (6 ) is similar to the (%l7@) of (^BU
6 )

and ( a ^B[U
6 )

6 ).

mostly have the

meanings of colours and defects and they are intransitive (%&). Some of the detailed hereunder.

paradigms

of this verb follow

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology 5 47! 6DK !

5 47! 9!

5 47! 87!

5 47! 67!

%h Wp=[ W> &^

%h Wp=[ WU

%“ Wp=[ W>

%h Wp7[ @U

h Wp=[ W> &^

h Wp=[ WU

'U h Wp=[ W>

h Wp7[ @U

[“ Wp=[ W> &^

[“ Wp=[ WU

'^ [ “ Wp=[ W>

[ “ Wp7[ @U

%h Wp=[ AW &^

%h Wp=[ *WU

%“ Wp=[ AW

R [ h Wp7[ @U

h Wp=[ AW &^

h Wp=[ *WU

'U h Wp=[ AW

W*h Wp7[ @U

W F[ U Wp=[ W> &^

W F[ U Wp=[ WU

W F[ U Wp=[ W>

W F[ W Wp7[ @U

%h Wp=[ AW &^

%h Wp7[ @U

%“ Wp=[ AW

R W F[ W Wp7[ @U

h Wp=[ AW &^

hWp7[ @U

'U h Wp=[ AW

WF*XF[ W Wp7[ @U

[“ Wp=[ AW &^

[ “ Wp7[ @U

'^ [ “ Wp=[ AW

[ *XF[ W Wp7[ @U

[ ¢ Wp=[ AW &^

[ ¢ Wp7[ @U

W [¢ Wp=[ AW

R U F[ W Wp7[ @U

h Wp=[ AW &^

hWp7[ @U

'U h Wp=[ AW

WF*XF[ W Wp7[ @U

W F[ U Wp=[ AW &^

W F[ U Wp7[ @U

W F[ U Wp=[ AW

h *XF[ W Wp7[ @U

%h Wp7[ (^ &^

%h Wp7[ q^U

%“ Wp7[ (^

R X F[ W Wp7[ @U

%h Wp=[ #W &^

%h Wp=[ WU

%“ Wp=[ #W

WF[ W Wp7[ @U

y 'U W*h Wp=[ X y a h Wp=[ X y '^ [ “ Wp=[ X y 'U h Wp=[ X y % Wp=[ X :/01 2 .N ` h Wp=[ X

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Exercise 30 Conjugate the following verbs:

h WF[ @U (4) h WF2[ @U (3) N h WFb @U (2) 6 h W„[ @U (1)

C/ !c4- V A- )* &^ ;0 vb ¢ B^$[ @U ; . va ¢ B^8[ W X <^ ¨vhBU$[ @U vD ¢ B^o [ W> v^ h B^$[ @U vb ¢ B^o [ AW The sign of ( a hU
6 ) is the (C ) after the ( FBQ G0).

Some of the detailed hereunder.

paradigms

of this verb follow

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology 5 47! 6DK !

5 47! 9!

5 47! 87!

5 47! 67!

vb ¢ B^o [ W> &^

vb ¢ B^o [ WU

vD ¢ B^o [ W>

v^ h B^$[ @U

v^ ¢ B^o [ W> &^

v^ ¢ B^o [ WU

'U v^ ¢ B^o [ W>

v^ h B^$[ @U

[vD ¢ B^o [ W> &^

[ vD ¢ B^o [ WU

'^ [ vD ¢ B^o [ W>

[ vD h B^$[ @U

vb ¢ B^o [ AW &^

vb ¢ B^o [ *WU

vD ¢ B^o [ AW

N [ v^ h B^$[ @U

v^ ¢ B^o [ AW &^

v^ ¢ B^o [ *WU

'U v^ ¢ B^o [ AW

WAv^ h B^$[ @U

'^ vb ¢ B^o [ W> &^

'^ vb ¢ B^o [ WU

'^ vb ¢ B^o [ W>

'^ vb h B^$[ @U

vb ¢ B^o [ AW &^

vb ¢ B^$[ @U

vD ¢ B^o [ AW

N W vb h B^$[ @U

v^ ¢ B^o [ AW &^

^v¢B^$[ @U

'U v^ ¢ B^o [ AW

WFAXvb h B^$[ @U

[vD ¢ B^o [ AW &^

[ vD ¢ B^$[ @U

'^ [ vDT ¢ B^o [ AW

[ AXvb h B^$[ @U

‰ [ vU ¢ B^o [ AW &^

‰ [ vU ¢ B^$[ @U

W [>vU ¢ B^o [ AW

N U vb h B^$[ @U

v^ ¢ B^o [ AW &^

^v¢B^$[ @U

'U v^ ¢ B^o [ AW

WFAXvb h B^$[ @U

'^ vb ¢ B^o [ AW &^

'^ vb ¢ B^$[ @U

'^ vb ¢ B^o [ AW

h AXvb h B^$[ @U

vb ¢ B^$[ (^ &^

vb ¢ B^$[ q^U

vD ¢ B^$[ (^

N X vb h B^$[ @U

vb ¢ B^o [ #W &^

vb ¢ B^o [ WU

vD ¢ B^o [ #W

W#vb h B^$[ @U

'U WAv^ ¢ B^o [ X y sa v^ ¢ B^o [ X y '^ [ vD ¢ B^o [ X y 'U v^ ¢ B^o [ X y va ¢ B^o [ X :/01 2 .N ` ^v¢B^o [ X y

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Exercise 31 (A) Conjugate the following verbs:

© ^ h W M[ @U (1) © ^ h B^0[ @U (2) (B) What is the (

5") of the following words: '^ [ vD ¢ B^o [ X (1) ' v^ ¢ B^o [ WU (2) [ jU ¢ B^[ AW &^ (3) a j^ h W € [ X (4) ^v¢B^$[ @U (5) h *Xjb h W M[ @U (6) Wjb h B^0[ @U (7) N X [ W WF[ @U (8) 'U hAWFQb W> (9) '^ [ U WF [ AW &^ (10)

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Four-Root letter Verbs The (6 () of (0 )

/ , , 42 , )* e F 6$* ; . ` H^[ !WX W X <^ s¨ W H^[ W X H^[ !WX> W HU[ X W ` HU[ !WX W X <^ s¨ W H^[ W X HU[ !WX> W H^[ W [ HU[ !WAX &^ ;0 [ HU[ W The sign of (a B^B^[ <^

6 ) is the presence of four root letters in the ( /1). The ( :0) of this (6 ) is (%F). The rule for the (

) of the ( :0) is that if the ( /1

) has four letters, whether root letters or extra letters, the ( :0) will be (%F) even in the active tense ( ), e.g. (%X U Q b X>), ( X ¢ W X>), (/D AU^)X>), (X HU[ !WX>). If the ( /1 ) has less than or more than four letters, the ( :0 ) will be (_*1), e.g. (X X [W>), (d X U*Wo [ W>), (/D W^)*WW>). Four-root letter verbs are of three types:

W $W [ AW) – to translate. (1) those of genuine four-radical origin, e.g. ( (2) verbs formed by the doubling of a biliteral root, e.g. (W l ^ [ l^ ) –

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology to gargle, ( W *WF[ AW) – to stammer. (3) composite roots taken from a familiar phrase or combination of roots, e.g. ( ^ =W F[ W ) – to say Al-hamdulillāh, (/^ FW [ W) – to say Bismillāh. Some of the detailed hereunder.

paradigms

of this verb follow

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology 5 47! 6DK !

5 47! 9!

5 47! 87!

5 47! 67!

[ HU[ !WX> &^

[ HU[ !WXU

X HU[ !WX>

W H^[ W

W HU[ !WX> &^

W HU[ !WXU

'U W HU[ !WX>

W H^[ W

[X HU[ !WX> &^

[ X HU[ !WXU

'^ [ X HU[ !WX>

[ X H^[ W

[ HU[ !WAX &^

[ HU[ !W*X

X HU[ !WAX

N [ W H^[ W

W HU[ !WAX &^

W HU[ !W*XU

'U W HU[ !WAX

WAW H^[ W

'^ [ HU[ !WX> &^

'^ [ HU[ !WXU

'^ [ HU[ !WX>

'^ [ H^[ W

[ HU[ !WAX &^

[ HU[ W

X HU[ !WAX

N W [ H^[ W

W HU[ !WAX &^

^UH[ W

'U W HU[ !WAX

WFAX[ H^[ W

[ X HU[ !WAX &^

[ X HU[ W

'^ [ X HU[ !WAX

[ AX[ H^[ W

‰ [ U HU[ !WAX &^

‰ [ U HU[ W

W [>U HU[ !WAX

N U [ H^[ W

W HU[ !WAX &^

^UH[ W

'U W HU[ !WAX

WFAX[ H^[ W

'^ [ HU[ !WAX &^

'^ [ HU[ W

'^ [ HU[ !WAX

h AX[ H^[ W

[ HU[ W(D &^

[ HU[ WqDU

X HU[ W(D

N X [ H^[ W

[ HU[ !W#X &^

[ HU[ !WXU

X HU[ !W#X

W#[ H^[ W

y 'U WAW HU[ !WX y sa W HU[ !WX y '^ [ X HU[ !WX y 'U W HU[ !WX y ` HU[ !WX :/01 2 .N ` ^UH[ !WX

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Exercise 32 Conjugate the following verbs:

e W W [ 7W (1) W Q^ [ 0W (2)

W W M[ W (3) \ W =W [pW (4) W f^ [K^ (5) (B) What is the (

5") of the following words: e [ U [ =W AX &^ (1) ` Q^ [ W X (2) [ U =U [ =W AX &^ (3) b ?U bW (4) \ ` =U [W X (5) '^ [ X fU [)^ X> (6) [ *X[ K^[ <^ (7) [BD€ U Bb MW (8) a <^U
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology The Derived Forms of Four-Root Letter Verbs

f' =W 6$* 3/ N 42 , O. )* &^ ;0 /b W[ W AW ; . /a U[ W *WX W X<^ ¨B X[ W AW /D W[ W *WW> /^ W[ W AW /b W[ W *WAW The sign of (/ a BD[ 1^ AW

6 ) is the extra (N) before the four root

letters. Some of the detailed hereunder.

paradigms

of this verb follow

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology 5 47! 6DK !

5 47! 9!

5 47! 87!

5 47! 67!

/b W[ W *WW> &^

/b W[ W *WWU

/D W[ W *WW>

/^ W[ W AW

: ^ W[ W *WW> &^

: ^ W[ W *WWU

'U : ^ W[ W *WW>

: ^ W[ W AW

[BD W[ W *WW> &^

[BD W[ W *WWU

'^ [ BD W[ W *WW>

[ BD W[ W AW

/b W[ W *WAW &^

/b W[ W *W*WU

/D W[ W *WAW

R [ B^ W[ W AW

: ^ W[ W *WAW &^

: ^ W[ W *W*WU

'U : ^ W[ W *WAW

W*B^ W[ W AW

W Bb W[ W *WW> &^

W Bb W[ W *WWU

W Bb W[ W *WW>

W Bb W[ W AW

/b W[ W *WAW &^

/b W[ W AW

/D W[ W *WAW

R W Bb W[ W AW

: ^ W[ W *WAW &^

: ^ W[ W AW

'U : ^ W[ W *WAW

WF*XBb W[ W AW

[ BDT W[ W *WAW &^

[ BD W[ W AW

'^ [ BDT W[ W *WAW

[ *XBb W[ W AW

[ BU W[ W *WAW &^

[ BU W[ W AW

W [BU W[ W *WAW

R U Bb W[ W AW

: ^ W[ W *WAW &^

: ^ W[ W AW

'U : ^ W[ W *WAW

WF*XBb W[ W AW

W Bb W[ W *WAW &^

W Bb W[ W AW

W Bb W[ W *WAW

h *XBb W[ W AW

/b W[ W AW(^ &^

/b W[ W AWq^U

/DT W[ W AW(^

R X Bb W[ W AW

/b W[ W *W#W &^

/b W[ W *WWU

/D W[ W *W#W

WBb W[ W AW

y a B^ U[ W *WX y '^ [ BD U[ W *WX y 'U : ^ U[ W *WX y /a U[ W *WX :/01 2 .N ` : ^ U[ W *WX y 'U W*B^ U[ W *WX

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Exercise 33 Conjugate the following verbs:

W B^ [ FW AW (5) W *W€ [ !WAW (4) r W =W #[?W AW (3) /^ W[ W AW (2) d W pW mb FW AW (1) C/ d4- V A- )* [ U [ + W Kb @U ¢ U + W Kb @U h U + W Kb @U ; .  U + W )b X W X <^ ƒW[ + U Kb @U “ U + W )b W> h W + W Kb @U [ U [ + W )b AW &^ ¢ U + W )b AW &^ h U + W )b AW &^ ;0 The sign of ( a BU
6 ) is having four root letters, the repetition of the second () and the inclusion of (/" s?š) in the ( /1 ) and ((). Some of the detailed hereunder.

paradigms

of this verb follow

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology 5 47! 6DK !

5 47! 9!

5 47! 87!

5 47! 67!

h U + W )b W> &^

h U + W )b WU

“ U + W )b W>

h W + W Kb @U

hU + W )b W> &^

hU + W )b WU

'U hU + W )b W>

hW + W Kb @U

[“ U + W )b W> &^

[ “ U + W )b WU

'^ [ “ U + W )b W>

[ “ W + W Kb @U

h U + W )b AW &^

h U + W )b *WU

“ U + W )b AW

N [ h W + W Kb @U

h U + W )b AW &^

h U + W )b *WU

'U h U + W )b AW

WAh W + W Kb @U

'^ [ U [ + W )b W> &^

'^ [ U [ + W )b WU

'^ [ U [ + W )b W>

'^ [ W W + W Kb @U

h U + W )b AW &^

h U + W Kb @U

“ U + W )b AW

N W [ W W + W Kb @U

h U + W )b AW &^

h U + W Kb @U

'U h U + W )b AW

WFAX[ W W + W Kb @U

[ “ U + W )b AW &^

[ “ U + W Kb @U

'^ [ “ U + W )b AW

[ AX[ W W + W Kb @U

‰ [ ¢ U + W )b AW &^

‰ [ ¢ U + W Kb @U

W [>¢ U + W )b AW

N U [ W W + W Kb @U

h U + W )b AW &^

h U + W Kb @U

'U h U + W )b AW

WFAX[ W W + W Kb @U

'^ [ U [ + W )b AW &^

'^ [ U [ + W Kb @U

'^ [ U [ + W )b AW

h AX[ W W + W Kb @U

h U + W Kb (^ &^

h U + W Kb q^U

“ U + W Kb (^

N X [ W W + W Kb @U

h U + W )b #W &^

h U + W )b WU

“ U + W )b #W

W#[ W W + W Kb @U

'U WAh U + W )b X y sa h U + W )b X y '^ [ “ U + W )b X y 'U h U + W )b X y  U + W )b X :/01 2 .N ` h U + W )b X y

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Exercise 34 Conjugate the following verbs:

h W W [ @U (5) h *W1^ „[ @U (4) h f^ FW Kb @U (3) ' q^FW jb @U (2) / i W FW [ @U (1) C/ ,K2 4- V A- )* ;0 g[ + U #[W [@U ; . g` + U #[W ![X W X <^ ¨KW+#[U [@U gX + U #[W ![W> gW + W #[W [@U g[ + U #[W ![AW &^ The sign of ( a ^B[U
6 ) is the inclusion of (/" s?š) in the ( /1) and (() and the extra (') after the (). Some of the detailed hereunder.

paradigms

of this verb follow

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology 5 47! 6DK !

5 47! 9!

5 47! 87!

5 47! 67!

g[ + U #[W ![W> &^

g[ + U #[W ![WU

gX + U #[W ![W>

gW + W #[W [@U

^)+ U #[W ![W> &^

^)+ U #[W ![WU

'U )^ + U #[W ![W>

)^ + W #[W [@U

[)D + U #[W ![W> &^

[ )D + U #[W ![WU

'^ [ )D + U #[W ![W>

[ )^T + W #[W [@U

g[ + U #[W ![AW &^

g[ + U #[W ![*WU

gX + U #[W ![AW

R [ )^ + W #[W [@U

)^ + U #[W ![AW &^

)^ + U #[W ![*WU

'U )^ + U #[W ![AW

W*)^ + W #[W [@U

W )b + U #[W ![W> &^

W )b + U #[W ![WU

W )b + U #[W ![W>

W )b + W #[W [@U

g[ + U #[W ![AW &^

g[ + U #[W [@U

gX + U #[W ![AW

R W )b + W #[W [@U

)^ + U #[W ![AW &^

)^ + U #[W [@U

'U )^ + U #[W ![AW

WF*X)b + W #[W [@U

[ )D + U #[W ![AW &^

[ )D + U #[W [@U

'^ [ )D + U #[W ![AW

[ *X)b + W #[W [@U

[ )U + U #[W ![AW &^

[ )U + U #[W [@U

W [)U + U #[W ![AW

R U )b + W #[W [@U

)^ + U #[W ![AW &^

)^ + U #[W [@U

'U )^ + U #[W ![AW

WF*X)b + W #[W [@U

W )b + U #[W ![AW &^

W )b + U #[W [@U

W )b + U #[W ![AW

h *X)b + W #[W [@U

g[ + U #[W [(^ &^

g[ + U #[W [q^U

gX + U #[W [(^

R X )b + W #[W [@U

g[ + U #[W ![#W &^

g[ + U #[W ![WU

gX + U #[W ![#W

W)b + W #[W [@U

y a )^ + U #[W ![X y '^ [ )D + U #[W ![X y 'U )^ + U #[W ![X y g` + U #[W ![X :/01 2 .N ` )^ + U #[W ![X y 'U W*)^ + U #[W ![X

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Exercise 35 (A) Conjugate the following verbs:

W f^ #[W M[ @U (1) _ W =W [B^ [@U (2) ™ W Q^ #[W 0[ @U (3) ]W f^ [B^2[ @U (4) /^ W #[W [ @U (5) (B) What is the (

5") of the following words: /b U #[W i [ AW &^ (1) 'U WifU [B^ [ X (2) ™ [ QU #[W 0[ q^U (3) N ` W=W [B^![X (4) WF[ f^ #[W M[ U (5) [ U =U [B^ [@U (6) 'U W*B^ U #[W i [ X (7) [ X )^ #[W
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Other Derived Forms The ()!*+) of (g

f' =W 6@;@)

There are two categories of (6 () here: (1) (78

0 giB) (2) (=>? 0 giB) The first category (78

0 giB) has seven (6 ():

(1) (/ e,, 42 , ) – the () is repeated, e.g. (a PW!!WBb $ W ) – to don a shawl.

d [ !UBb $W ; . d ` !UBb o W X W X <^ ¨ !W!WbB$W d X !UBb o W X> d W !WBb $W : ;X 1D [>U [ AW d [ !UBb o W AX &^ ;0 . 42 , ) – there is an extra () after the (), e.g. (2) (/ ee, (a ^ W [ 2W ) – to don a tro.

b U [ 2W ; . a U [ W X W X <^ ¨ ^W [ 2W D U [ W X> ^ W [ 2W : ;X 1D [>U [ AW b U [ W AX &^ ;0 (3) (/ , 4. '2 , ) – there is an extra (‰) after the ( ), e.g. (sa W f ^ [" W ) – to command. This word can be used as (W f^ [2W ) as well. Page 137 - http://www.al-inaam.com/ Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown

From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

[ fU [" W ; . ` fU [ W X W X <^ s¨ W f^ [" W X fU [ W X> W f^ [" W : ;X 1D [>U [ AW [ fU [ W AX &^ ;0 (4) (/ , '.42 , ) – there is an extra (‰) after the (), e.g. (a 1^ W>[ „ W ) – to trim the extra leaves of a plant.

L [ U>[ „W ; . L ` U>[ + W X W X <^ ¨ 1^ W>[ „W L X U>[ + W X> L W W>[ „W : ;X 1D [>U [ AW L [ U>[ + W AX &^ ;0 (5) (/ , $ . 2 , )– there is an extra () after the ( ), e.g. (a WW [ $W ) – to make someone don socks.

6 [ U [ $W ; . 6 ` U [ o W X W X <^ ¨ WW [ $W 6 X U[ o W X> 6 W W [ $W : ;X 1D [>U [ AW 6 [ U [ o W AX &^ ;0 (6) (/ , K.42 , )– there is an extra (') after the (), e.g. (a W WBb K^) – to make someone don a hat.

™ [ UBb K^ ; . ™ ` UBb )^ X W X <^ ¨ W WbBK^ ™ X UBb )^ X> ™ W WBb K^ : ;X 1D [>U [ AW ™ [ UBb )^ AX &^ ;0 (7) (/ ,42 , )– there is an extra (‰) after the (), e.g. (sa WBb K^ ) – to

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology make someone don a hat.

W X <^ s¨ WBb K^ WBb )^ X> W U Bb KDW ™ ¡ Bb )^ X W X<^ s¨ WBb K^ [ U Bb )^ X> WBb K^ : ;X 1D [>U [ AW ™ U Bb )^ AX &^ ;0 ™ U Bb K^ ; . ƒBb )^ X (WBb K^ )

was

originally

( W W Bb K^).

( [ U Bb )^ X>)

was

originally

( X U Bb )^ X>). (s¨ WBb K^) was originally (¨ W W Bb K^). These changes will be discussed later. The second category - (=>?

0 giB) has three groups:

(1) (/ a BD[ 1W*

giB) (2) ( a ^B[U

giB) has 8 (6 ():

(1) (3 / N 42 .O) – the extra letters are (N) before the ( ) and the () is repeated, e.g. (d ` !XBb o W AW) – to don a shawl.

(2) (C / R 42 .O) – the extra letters are (N) before the ( ) and the () between the () and the (), e.g. ( a X [ W AW) – to don a tro. (3) (3 / 4R '2 , O.) – the extra letters are (N) before the ( ) and a (‰)

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology after the ( ), e.g. ( ` fD [+ W AW) – to be a satan. (4) (3 / $R 2 , O.) – the extra letters are (N) before the ( ) and a () after the ( ), e.g. (6 ` X [ o W AW) – to don socks. (5) (3 / KR42 , O.) – the extra letters are (N) before the ( ) and a (')

` XBb )^ AW) – to don a tro. after the (), e.g. (™ (6) (3 / 4R V . O.) – the extra letters are a (N) and a (%) before the ( ),

` QD [ FW AW) – to be poor. e.g. ( (7) (I 0 N 42 , O.) – the extra letters are a (N) before the ( ) and a (N) after the (), e.g. (N ` X 1b W AW) – to behave like a devil.

h 42 , O.) – the extra letters are a (N) before the ( ) and a (‰) (8) (3 after the (), e.g. (™ ¡ Bb )^ AW) – to don a hat. The conjugation of these (6 () should be done like (/ ^ W[ W AW), while the last one, namely, (/¡ [ 1^ AW) is like ([ U Bb )^ X> The second group, ( a ^B[U
›œBb K^).

giB) has two (6 ():

(1) (C / ,K2 4- V A-) – The second (), the (') after the () and the (

s?š

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

/") are extra, e.g. (\ ` W[U Kb @U) – to walk with the chest and neck protruding out.

; . ™ ` U [W )b X W X <^ ƒ2W[U Kb @U ™ X U [W )b W> ™ W W [W Kb @U : ;X 1D [>U [ AW ™ [ U [W )b AW &^ ;0 ™ [ U [W Kb @U (2) ("i ,K2 4- V A-) – The (‰) after the (), the (') after the () and the (/"

s?š) are extra, e.g. (,­ ^)[BU2[ @U) – to lie on one’s back.

gU [B^2[ @U ; . g¡ [B^ [ X W X <^ ,® ^)[BU2[ U@ [ )U [B^ [ W> ›œ)[B^2[ @U : ;X 1D [>U [ AW gU [B^ [ AW &^ ;0 [ @U) was originally The (=) of this (6 ) – (,­ ^)[ BU2 (‰ ` ^)[BU2[ @U). The (‰) was changed to a (s?š). The third group - ( a BU
giB) has one (6 ):

(C / ,$2 - V A-) – The () after the ( ) and one () is extra, e.g.

W p[ U b @U) – to strive. (7` = =h pU W b @U ; . = pU W Qb X W X <^ ƒ7W=p[ U b @U =“ pU W Qb W> =h pW W b @U : ;X 1D [>U [ AW 7[ =U p[ W Qb AW &^ =¢ pU W Qb AW &^ =h pU W Qb AW &^ ;0 7[ =U p[ W b @U =¢ pU W b @U Page 141 - http://www.al-inaam.com/ Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown

From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology In all the word-forms of this (6 ), (%l7@) has been applied and the changes are similar to those of (h W + W Kb @U).

Exercise 36 What is the word-form (

5") of the following words and which

(6 ) are they from:

'^ [ BD U[ W *WX (1) '^ 7[ =U p[ W Qb AW &^ (2) L X W>[ + W *WAW (3) W [U [ o W AX (4) X f^ [+ W *W#W (5) [ )U [B^2[ (^ (6) [ U U [W Kb @U (7) W A[W 1b W AW (8) [ W Bb )^ AW (9) R [ Wf^ [+ W AW (10)

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology The Seven Categories With regards to the letters of verbs, they fall into seven categories, namely:

L1 y L0 y F y JK# y $( y H y ]i" Definitions Term

]i"

Meaning Example A word whose root letters do not have a (s?š), (

PB P)13

W W #W

or two letters of the same type

PB P)

=W 0W W

PB P)

^ ^K

PB P)

W07W

F

A word having a (s?P Pš) as a

W W (^

L0

root letter – a hamzated verb A word having, as its root letters, two letters of the same type

=h W

P P

^KW

H

A word having a ( in the (

$(

A word having a ( in the (

JK#

13

FBQ G0)

A word having a ( in the (

L1

FBQ ,<)

FBQ %&)

A word having two

B) as the root letters

(

The ( B0 ) are (), (L) and (‰).

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology 1) The term (/PP*) refers to any verb that contains a (

B ).

PB ) in the ( PFBQ ,P<), it is called (^1b / ¦ *W[ X ) or (H), eg (=W 0W W ). 3) If there is a ( PB ) in the ( PFBQ GP0), it is called ([W b / ¦ *W[ X ) or ( $(), e.g. (^ ^K). 4) If there is a ( PB P) in the ( PFBQ %&), it is called (%U B / ¦ *W[ X ) or (JK#), e.g. (W07W ). 2) If there is a (

5) If the (

PFBQ ,P<) has a (), it is called (‰ PH) eg

(= W 0W W ). 6) If the (

PFBQ ,<) has a (‰), it is called (IP> PH). eg

(W W W>). 7) If the (

PFBQ GP0) has a (), it is called (‰ P$( )

eg ( ^ ^K). 8) If the (

PFBQ G0) has a (‰), it is called (IP> P$()

eg ( W W ). 9) If the (

PFBQ %&) has a (), it is called (‰ JKP#) eg

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology (W07W ). 10) If the (

FBQ %&) has a (‰), it is called (IP> JKP#) eg

(WW ). 11) If the (

FBQ ,<) has a (s?Pš), it is called (P1 PF)

eg (W W (^).

PFBQ GP0) has a (s?Pš), it is called ( PF G) eg (^ q^2W ). 13) If the ( FBQ %&) has a (s?š), it is called (%:P PF) eg ((^W K^ ). 12) If the (

14) (LP1) is of two types: (rP1

LP1) and ( LP1

')). 15) (rP P1 LP P1) is when the two ( PB P P) are separate, e.g. (^K W ). 16) ('P P) LP P1) is when the two ( P B P P) are adjacent to one another, e.g. (‰Wj ^ ). 17) If the ( PFBQ GP0) and ( PFBQ %&) are the same, it is called (9:9 L0) e.g. (= h W ).

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology 18) If the ( ) and the first () and the () and the second () are the same letters, it is called (0P

L0P)

e.g.

^ ?W bW ). ( Exercise 37 Classify the following verbs according to the seven categories:

X [ o X W> (1) W UW (2) h <^ (3) %W =W [ 7W (4) ‰Wj^ (5) X [>=U W> (6) m^ MW (^ (7) %W U W (8) W FX W> (9) W …U2W (10)

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology The Rules of (

F)

Rule 1: It is permissible to change a (s?PPš), that is alone and (2) to correspond to the previous (

).

That is, (a) after a (;i*<), change the (s?š) into an (L). Example (\ ` (VW )(head) becomes( \ ` W. ) (b) after a (

F), change the (s?š) into a ().

Example

\ ` ~[ X

(destitute) becomes (\ ` [ X).

(c) after a (s), change the (s?š) into a (‰). Example

d ` IbUv (wolf) becomes (d ` [>vU ). nnnnn Rule 2 If a hamzah mutaharrik (ZP Pi*

s?PPš)

appears before a

(s?Pš) that is (P2), it becomes necessary to change the (2) letter to the corresponding (

B ).

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

W W (^ becomes W W ‚ W U bD becomes W U [ D ƒ#WbU becomes ƒ#WF[>U .

nnnnn

Rule 3 (3.1) It is permissible to change a (s?Pš) that is (_P*1) and is preceded by a (

F) to a ().

Example

'a ~W $X becomes 'a W $X 'a ~W $X is the plural of a #W~W $X which means a perfume holder. (3.2) It is permissible to change a (s?Pš) that is (_P*1) and is preceded by a (s) into a (‰). Example

` …^U becomes ` WU

. nnnnn

Rule 4 (4.1) If two (s?P Pš)’s are (ZPPi*) and one of them is (PQ), then it is permissible to change the second (s?Pš) into a (‰). Example

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

a h @U^ can also be read as a Fh U>^ . If there are two (s?Pš)'s which are (ZPi*) and none of them are (PPQ), then it is necessary to change the second (s?š) into a (). Examples i) ii)

%X 7U (^(^ will be read as %X 7U W^ /D ¢ (^(D will be read as /D ¢ W (D

(,¡ W$) originally was ( a PU>$W ) (/P0<

P2 of ,S PW$). The (‰) which comes after (=PI LP) will change into a (s?Pš). It becomes ( a PPUIW$). Now there are two ( s?Pš ZPi*) and one of them is (PQ) . The second (s?Pš) ` IUPPW$) (according to the changes into a (‰) becoming ( rule of a P ¢ U^ - rule 4.1). ( ` IUP P$W ) can also be written as [ X>,U PPW$. The ( FPP) on the (‰) is /PP)9 (difficult to pronounce). Therefore it is removed and ( [ [PP PUIW$) remains. Now due to (GPP2 PPF*$@) (the coming together of two [P2] letters), the (P2 ‰) is deleted.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology We are left with [ PIUW$ which can also be read as

,¡ W$ .

Step by Step

a PU>$W

a IUW$ ( [ [> ,U W$)

( ` IUW$) ([ X>

,U W$)

[ IU W$ (,¡ W$) nnnnn

Rule 5 If a (s?Pš) comes after the () or (‰) that are

s=P and s=I or if a (s?Pš) comes after the (‰) of (5PA P2), it is permissible to change the (s?P PPš) into the letter that precedes it and then (%PPl7@) (incorporation of one letter into another) is made. Example of () s=I

s=

a I^[ X )b X

sa W [ X )b X

The word (a I^ [ X )b X ) is the (1 Example (‰)

a …^[fU MW

sa h X )b X 2) of ((DW )b W> (^W K^).

s=I s= a W[fU MW

a hfU MW .

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Example of 5A

™ ` …U[<^(D

2 ™ ` U[<^(D

™ ` ¢<^(D .

` …UP[<^(D) is the (5PA The word (™

P2) of (\ ` X Pb<(^) which is

the (O}) of (\ ` qb <^) - meaning axe. nnnnn Rule 6 If there occurs a (s?Pš) after the (LP) of /P01 and before a (¯), the (s?P Pš) changes to (

P*1 P P> )

and the (‰)

changes to (L). Example The word (W>^fM W ) is the plural of (a …^[fU MW ). The word (PW>^fM W ) was originally (a U>P^fMW ). The (‰) which comes after the (LP P) of (OP P}) as the second last letter, changes into a (s?P Pš).14

It becomes (,­ ,U P Pf^ MW ).

Now we

have two (ZPi* The rule of changes into

14

s?Pš)’s and one of them is (PQ). (a P PhFU>^) applies, whereby the second (s?PPš) a (‰) and becomes ` IUP^fMW . Now there is a

This refers to rule no. 18 which you will read under the rules of /* .

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology (s?Pš) after the (LP) of

/P01 and it is before a (‰). It changes to ( P*1 P>) and the (‰) changes to (LP). The W ). word becomes (W>^fM

NOTE: This law is compulsory (ƒ $). Step by Step

a U>f^ MW

,­ ,U ^fMW

` IU^fMW nnnnn

W>^fMW

Rule 7 If a (s?Pš) is (ZPi*) and it comes after a (P2) that is not a ({=PI

{=) nor is it (5PA ‰) , then the ( P) of

the (s?š) is given to the letter preceding it. This law is permissible (ƒ$). Examples 1) In the word (/ D …^P[W>), the (

P) of the (s?Pš) is given to

the (\) and the (s?š) is then deleted. It becomes (/ D W W>). 2) In the words ] W P^B
=[ K^ the ( P) of the (s?Pš) is given to

the (7) and the (s?š) is then deleted. It becomes Page 152 - http://www.al-inaam.com/ Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown

From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology (] W B^

=W K^ ).

{X PWM(^ [ PU[ W> the ( P) of the (s?Pš) is Pš) is then deleted. It transferred to the (‰) and the (s?P becomes ({X WM W U [ W>). 3) In the words

nnnnn Rule 8 The rule of (/ D …^PP[W>) is compulsorily applied to all the (P<() (verbs) of (¯W PW>) and (¯W PX>) (

P P

8). Example In (‰ X (^[ W>) the (

Pi*<) of the (s?Pš) is given to the () and the (s?š) is deleted. It becomes (¯W W>).

NOTE:

P+ It is permissible to apply this rule to the (N)*P

,P-)

(derived nouns) too. The (›F

=) can be read as (‰ ƒ [ W ) or (‰ ƒ W).

‚ 2) can be read as (sa ‚[U ) or (sa W U ). The ( Pi*<) of the (s?Pš) of (sa ^([ PU) is given to the () and

The (

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology then the (s?š) is removed leaving (sa W U ). The (1

2) can be read as ( IU[ W ) or (‰  U W ). nnnnn

Rule 9 If a (ZPi* both

s?Pš) is preceded by a (ZPi*) letter, then (dP >K GP P GP P ) and (=P P GP P GP P ) are both

permissible. 9.1 (dP>K

G G ) is to read the (s?Pš) between its (eP|) and the (e|) of the ( B ) corresponding to its (hamza’s) . 9.2 (=P GP G ) is to read a letter between its (eP|) and P|) of the ( PPB PP) corresponding to the the (eP preceding ( ). (G G ) is also known as /A. Examples When (G

G ) is made on the word (^ q^2W ), then in both (d>K G G ) and (=P ) the (eP|) will be that of (s?Pš) and (L). In the word ( W …UPW2) if (dP>K GP GP ) is made, then the Page 154 - http://www.al-inaam.com/ Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown

From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology (e|) will be between (s?š) and (‰). If (=P

GP GP ) is

made, then the (e|) will be between (s?š) and (L). In the word (%W ~ X ^) if (d>K

G G ) is made, then the (e|) will be between (s?š) and (). If (=P GP GP ) is made then the (e|) will be between (s?š) and (L).

PPi* s?PPš) after (LPP), it is permissible to apply (d>K G G ) only. (=P GP GP ) is (9.3) If there is a (

not permissible in this case. Examples [1] In the word (,S hKD ), the (s?š) is (_*1). Therefore the (s?š) will be read between the (e|) of the (s?š) and the (L). [2] If (,T hKD ) is read with a (

F), the (s?š) will be read between the (e|) of the (s?š) and (). [3] If (,U hKD ) is read with a (s), the (s?š) will be read between the (e|) of the (s?š) and (‰).

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Rule 10 If a (%1*2@

s?š) comes before a (s?š) as in the word

( [ *X#[(^(^), then it is permissible to apply the rule of

[ *X#[(^(^) will be read as ([ *X#[W (^) . (%X 7U W(^) (Rule 4). Thus, ( It is also permissible to make (/PA), whether (dP>K) or (= ). It is also permissible to bring an (L) between the two (s?š)’s and read it as ( [ *X#[(^‚). nnnnn Exercise 38 (1) Apply rule no.1 to the following words:

` ~[ 2X (3) ` …b
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology The Orthography15 of the Hamzah The following rules are general guidelines with regards to how a hamzah is written: (a) Hamzah is invariably written over or under an alif at the beginning of a word, e.g. (W W (^), (W U (D) and (' a W#[@U). (b) When the initial hamzah is followed by an alif of

LP ), the latter madd over the initial alif, e.g. (` U ‚) for (` U ^(). prolongation (long vowel

is replaced by a

(c) The hamzah tends to be written over the semiconsonant ( (

PPB PP)

corresponding to the vowel

) of the preceding letter.

Examples: (X X qb W>), (X W ~ [ X>), (~W fD W), (R X …bfU MW ) (d) Where the previous consonant has a ('QPP2), the hamzah (

tends

to

be

written

over

the

semi-consonant

B ) coinciding with its own vowel ( ).

Examples: ( a [ ~X [ W ), (a B^…U2[ (^), (%W q^„W ) This rule is applied for (P Thus, (\ W ~X PW ) is written with

/P1) instead of (c) above. a () and ( W …UPW2) with a (¯)

without dots.

15

the correct spelling

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology The Paradigms of (

F)

jN k2 \,V! e . J . B. )* " ! :D vD [ MX qb PW W PX<^ ¨mP[M(^ mD PWM~[ X> m^ MU (DW ma MU ‚ W X <^ ¨mM[ (^ mD MX qb W> m^ MW (^ 'U ^mPWMqb W ma PWMqb W ;X P[U X [ 4 mb MX qb AW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW mb MX ;X [U X [ q^b^ 'U WAm^ PW€[U sa m^ PW€[U W mD PUM£W 'U ^mPW€[U ma € W [U ;X [U D ^£bW mD MU £W mD PWM‚ ;X P[U /U [PU1b *h /D PWm^ P[M(D ‰^mM[ (D ;X [U w D #h~W FX bW mD MU W(^W '^ [ mD MW ‚ 'U ^mMW ‚ N ` W>m^ M[ (D Analysis of the changes (1) The (P() of this (6P ) is (m b PXM) which is an exception

b PXM) from the normal method of constructing the (P(). (m was originally (m b MX [ (D). (2) Similarly, the (P P() of (/D PD b W>

/^ P ^ (^)

is (/ b PD ). It is

necessary to delete the (s?š) from both (m b MX ) and (/b D ). (3) In the verb, (X X qb PW>

W PW(^),

it is permissible to delete the

hamzas and to retain them. Therefore, both ([ PPX) and ([ PPX [ (D) are correct to use. If the verb is used at the beginning of the sentence, it is more eloquent to delete the

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology (s?š), e.g. it is stated in a hadîth, (sU ^B h U

[ D 7W ^[ (^ [X X ).

(4) If the verb is used in the middle of the sentence, then most often the hamzah is retained, e.g. The Qur’ânic verse, (sU ^B h U

 W B^p[ (^ [ X (bW ).

(5) In the word-forms of ( P

P) of this (6P ), besides the singular first person (BQ*P =P), the rule of (\ ` (bW ) has been applied. The same rule applies to the (1 2) and ( 4 2). (6) The rule of (` …b U) applies in the ( 3 2). (7) The rule of (\ ` ~[ P X) applies in the (P P P P) except for the singular first person (BQ* =). (8) In the singular first person (BQ*P =P) of ( P

) and the (/1* 2), the rule of (‚) applies. (9) In the plural (OP}) of (/P1* P2), the rule of (%X 7U W(^) applies. (10) In the singular first person of the (P P

P P),

the rule of ( W U [ (D) applies.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Exercise 39 (a) Conjugate the following verbs:

/^ ^ (^ (1) W W (^ (2) (b) What is the paradigm of the (PP8

PP)

of

(6 W 7W (^)? (c) What is the paradigm of the ( PP

PP()

of

PP)

of

(W W (^)? (d) What is the paradigm of the ( PP (/ ^S ^ (^)?

U W(^) changed from its original? (e) How has the word (X 2 R 2 \,V! e ) . . . )* " ! :D X [ q^Pb^ ` [ PX2qb W W PX<^ ƒ2[ (^ X 2W ~[ X> W 2U (DW ` 2U ‚ W X <^ ƒ 2[ (^ X 2U qb W> W 2W (^ X PU2£W 'U WPU2qb W ` 2U qb W ;X [U X [ 4 [ 2U qb AW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW [ U [>@U ;X [U ` PW[U X PU2£W 'U WAW PU[U sa W W [U X 2U £W 'U W U [U ` W [U ;X [U D ^£bW '^ [ X PW2‚ 'U WPW2‚ X PW2‚ ;X P[U /U [PU1b *h /D W W 2[ (D W ` 2W (D W 'U W>W 2[ (D ‰W2[ (D ;X [U w D #h~W FX bW X 2U W(^W Page 160 - http://www.al-inaam.com/ Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown

From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Analysis of the changes (1) The changes of this (6P ) are similar to those of (

mPM(

mPMq>) except for the imperative (P() – ([ PU[>@U) – where the a WF[>@U) applies. rule of (' (2) The other (6P P () of (7P P8 P P9:9) follow the same pattern.

Exercise 40 Conjugate the following verbs:

W 9^(^ (1) W U (^ (2) (b) What is the paradigm of the (P P

PP)

of

W U (^)? ( (c) What is the paradigm of the (8

() of (;W ^(^)? (d) What is the paradigm of the ( ) of ( W U (^)? (e) How has the word ([X U [>@U) changed from its original?

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

R .-W2l-V!, e C4A )* " ! :D X [ q^b^ ` FW AW[ X W X <^ ƒWF*U[>@U X FW AW[ X> W FU AX[ (DW ` FU AW[ X W X <^ ƒWF*U[>@U X FU AWqb W> W FW *W[>@U ` FW AW[ X ;X [U X [ 4 [ FU AWqb AW &^ ;X [0W X [hW [ FU *W[>@U ;X [U Analysis of the changes

a PWF[>@U) applies in the ( P (1) The rule of ('

P),

(

() and (=). (2) The rule of ( W U [ (D) applies in the ( ). (3) The rule of (\ ` (bW ) applies in the ( ). (4) The rule of (\ ` ~[ P X) applies in the (P P P P), (/01 2), (1 2) and ( 4 2).

N !,j'2 -2 lV!, e C4A )* " ! :D W X <^ ƒ#^m[*U2[ @ 'D v^ qb *W [ X> '^ vU qb *X2[ (DW a'vU qb *W [ X W X <^ ƒ#^m[*U2[ @ 'D vU qb *W [ W> '^ v^ bq*W2[ @U 'a v^ qb *W [ X ;X [U X [ 4 'b vU qb *W [ AW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW 'b vU qb *W2[ @U ;X [U X [q^b^ 'a v^ qb *W [ X Analysis of the changes (1) Conjugate all the verbs of (;P<

=P>? P9:9 6 () like

the conjugations of (m ^ MW (^) and (W FW *W[>@U).

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Exercise 41 Conjugate the following verbs:

L W #Wqb *W2[ @U (1) W FW *WIb@U (2) W j^ q^#[@U (3) (b) What is the paradigm of the (P P

PP)

of

( W U (^)? (c) What is the paradigm of the (8

() of (;W ^(^)? W U (^)? (d) What is the paradigm of the ( ) of ( (e) How has the word ([X U [>@U) changed from its original?

Discussion of (G F) (1) The rule of (GP

GP ) or (/PA) applies to all the verbs of () of (7P8 P9:9 GP F). Note that this rule is optional. (2) The rule of (/ D …^P[W>) applies to the (P) and (P() of (78

9:9 G F). (3) (X IU?[ W> W (^W ) is from (6P 6P ), (/ D …^P[W> ^ q^PW2) is from Page 163 - http://www.al-inaam.com/ Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown

From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology (]*< 6 ), ( X …^ [ W>

W …U2W ) is from (O- 6 ), (%X ~X PbBW> %W ~X P^) is from

(% 6 ). (4) In the imperative (PP(), after applying the rule of (/ D …^P [ W>), the (/P P"

s?P Pš)

is deleted. Therefore ([ P IU[ @U)

becomes ([ U ), (/ b …^P P[2@U) becomes (/b P PW2), (W …^P P[2(U) becomes ( [ 2W ) and ([ …Db(D) becomes ([ D). The conjugation of the imperative second person (

PP(

) form is as follows: '^ [ U

WU

‰ [ U U

[X U

WU

[ U

W Bb 2W

^B2W

[ BU2W

[BD2W

^B2W

/b 2W

W F[ 2W

WF2W

[ FU 2W

[ FX 2W

WF2W

[ 2W

W F[ D

WFD

[ FU D

[FX D

WFD

[ D

Discussion of (%: F) (1) In most of the word-forms of (%:P

PF), the rule of

(G

G ) or (/A) applies, e.g. ((DW )b W> (^W K^). (2) The rule of (` WU ) applies to (P P =P), e.g.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology (,S U KD).

P2 s7P1 s?Pš), that is the rule of ` (bW ) applies to all the word-forms of (P() and ( P (\ %?8). Accordingly, in the words ((bW PbK@U) and ((bW Pb)W> [ P^), the hamzah can become (LP P), in the words (,V 7X [ (D) and ( [ P^ ,V 7X [ PW>), the hamzah can become () and in the words (b PU!#[(^) and ( b !U[W> [ ^), the hamzah can become (‰). (3) The rule of (

Exercise 42 Conjugate the following verbs:

/^ ph q^AW (6) q^j^ W€AW (7) q^1^ Q^ #[@U (8) (^=W *W [@U (9) L W #Wqb *W2[ @U (10)

qDX[ W> q^WpW (1) \ X @U[ W> \ W (^W (2) W h (^ (3) m^ MW ‚ (4) \ W q^ [(^ (5)

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology The Rules Of (

/*)

Rule 1 (1.1) The () which appears between (

N:0) which is (_*1) and the ( PFBQ GP0) which is (PQ), 16

falls off. Example The word = X 0U [ W> becomes =X U W> . Every () that comes between the (_*1

N:0) and the ( FB ) which is (_PP*1), the () falls off, on condition that either ( FB ) or the ( FB ) is from the ()B ) .

the

17

Example The word d X pW [ W> becomes d X W W>. Note: Every (¯

P PH)

on the scale of (6P P) follows this

rule. nnnnn

16

17

N:0 are the following letters ' ‰ N L The

›)B are the following letters: x z _ { ,

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Rule 2 If a (=) is on the scale of (/ a [
FBQ ,<) is a

FB ) is given a

(s). A (s) is then added at the end of the word. Step by Step Example

=` 0[ W

=` 0[

=` 0U

sa =W 0U

Note: If the (P) has a (

Pi*<) on its ( PFB ), for example in the word (O X W W>), the ( PFBQ ,P<) of the (=P) can also be given a ( i*<). Step by Step Example The word (

O` 2[ U

a W 2W ) the (=) of (OX W W> OW 2U W ). O` 2[ O` 2W a W 2W

Note:

W ) as (a W 2U ). It is also permissible to read (a W 2 nnnnn

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Rule 3 (3.1) If a (2 ) is not (7C=+) and is preceded by a (s), it changes into a (‰). Example The word 7` W0 [ U changes to 7` W[U . Exception The word (` hPBU$ [ @U) will remain unchanged, because the () is l= (7C=+). (3.2) If (P2

‰) is not (l=P) and it is preceded by a ( F), the (‰) changes into a (). Example The word (` U [X ) changes to (` 2U [ X ). Exceptions The word (?` ¢X ) remains unchanged because the (‰) is (l=). (3.3) If an (LP) is preceded by a (

FP),

it will change

into a ().

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Step by Step Example

/^ AW^K

/^ AUDK

/^ AU[ KD (3.4) If an (LP) is preceded by a (sP), it will change into a (‰). Example The plural of (6 ` Wi [ U ) is (6 X UWiW ). This changes to (d X [>U WiW ) because the (L) is preceded by a (s). nnnnn Rule 4

FBQ ,<) of (*< 6 ) is a (›B"( ) or (›B"( ‰), the () or (‰) will change into a (N) and (%PPl7) will be made, that is, both the (N)’s

If the (

will be

assimilated. Step by Step Example of (‰

=W )^ AW[ @U

=W )^ *WPA[@U

Step by Step Example of (I>

W W *WP[>U

H)

W W *WPA[U

=W )^ PAh@U

H) W W AhU

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology nnnnn Rule 5 (5.1) If at the beginning of a word there is a (%FP ), it is permissible to change it into a (s?š). Examples

[ PX$X – plural of ({`

;` P[$W )

changes to ({` [ PX$D). (This is an

example of an 2). (R [ *WPK•X – the [

] of R ` KA) changes to (R [ *WPK•D). (This is an example of a /<). PQ ) appears at the beginning of a word, it (5.2) If (P is permissible to change it to a (s?š). Example (_ ` W„U – swordbelt) can be read as (_ ` W„@U). (5.3) If a (P< ) appears in the middle of a word, it is permissible to change it into a (s?š). Example (` X 7[ ^) can be read as (` ˆX 7[ ^).

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Rarely is a (_*1 ) changed into a (s?š). Examples (= ` W W - one) can be read as (=` W ^). (sa W# W – a lazy woman) can be read as (sa W#^). nnnnn Rule 6 When two (ZP Pi*

ˆ)

come together at the beginning of

P$) to change the first () a word, it is compulsory (dP into a (s?š). Example (/ D" U WW ) is read as (/D " U W^) (This is the plural of a B^" U W). (/ a U [>W X ) is read as (/a PU[>W (D). This is the (PP5A

a" U W). (/

P2@) of

nnnnn

Rule 7 (7.1) If () or (‰) (ZPi*) is preceded by a

Pi*<, the ()

or (‰) is changed into an (L).

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Examples Example of a (Zi* ) in the middle of a (/<): ( ^ W K^) changes to (^ ^K). Example of a (Zi*

‰)

in the middle of a (/<):

(O W W W) changes to ( W W ). Example of a (Zi*) at the end of a (/<): ( W 0W 7W ) changes to (W07W ). Example of a (Zi*

‰) at the end of a (/<):

( W W W ) changes to (WW ). Example of a (Zi*) in an (2): (6 ` W W) changes to (6 ` W ). Example of a (Zi*

‰)

in an (2):

(d ` W#W) changes to (6 ` W#). Conditions for the above rule This rule only applies if the following conditions are met: [1] The () or (Zi* (

PFBQ ,P<).

‰) must not be in the place of the

Therefore this rule will not apply to the word

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

=W 0W W <^ - the () is in the place of the ( FBQ ,<) and the ( ) is a (Lf0 ). It will also not apply to (›< W AW) because the () is in the place of the ( PFBQ ,P<) of ( 6P /“1A). It will also not apply to W h WAW - (‰) is in the place of the ( FBQ ,<) of (/“1A 6 ). [2] The () or (‰) must not be in place of the (

PFB ) of

a word which is (LP1). (LP1 is that word which has two

PB P). Therefore this law will not apply to the word (¯WP^j) . Here () is in the place of the ( PFB ). The law will also not apply in the word ( W PUW ). Here (‰) is in the place of the ( FB ). [3] The () or (‰) must not come before the (LP P) of

PP PHPA). Therefore this law will not apply to the word (WPW07W ), since there is a () before the (LP) of ( PPHPA) and in the word (P PWW), since there is a (‰) before the (L) of ( PHPA).

(

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology [4] The () or (‰) must not come before a ({=P PI

{C=P). Therefore this law will not apply to the word (/ a PP[>U j^ ) P because the () is before a (‰) which is not a ( P BP"(). It will also not apply in the word (` [ PXl^ ) because the () after the (‰) is not a (BP" P). Also in the word (a P WWl ^ ), the (‰) is before an (LP P) which is not a (B" ). Objection In the words ([0 W 7W ), ('^ [ PW+€ [ W>), ('^ [ PW+€ [ AW) and (W [PW+€ [ AW), the () and (‰) were not supposed to be changed to (LP P) because they came before a ({=PI

{C=P),

but yet this rule

has been applied. Answer The (‰) in these words is a separate word and it is the (/0<) of the (/P<), while the ({=P) is not (=PI), therefore the () or (‰) changes to (L) and then falls off due to (G2

F*$@).

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Step by Step Examples

[X 0W 7W ([BDW <^)

[W07W

[0W 7W

'^ [ X+ W€ [ W> ('^ [ BDW 1b W>)

'^ [ W+€ [ W>

'^ [ + W€ [ W>

'^ [ X+ W€ [ AW ('^ [ BDW 1b AW)

'^ [ W+€ [ AW

'^ [ + W€ [ AW

W [U+ W€ [ AW (W [BUW 1b AW)

W [>W+€ [ AW

W [+ W€ [ AW

[5] The (ZPi*

‰) or (ZPi*) must not be before ( ‰ 7C=PP+), for example, the word (‰  U PP^B0W ). The (‰) or (ZPi*) must also not be before (=PA '), for example, the word ( h U+ W M[ @U). [6] The word must not have the meaning of a colour or defect, for example,

U 0W ) (to be one-eyed), (W (= W U" W ) (to have a crooked neck).

a P^BW <^), (›P^BW <^) or [7] The word must not be on the scale of (' (a B^W <^ ), for example (' a WW 7W ) – ('a ^BW <^) – example of (). [meaning – rotation]

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology (' a ^BW2W ) – ('a ^BW <^) example of (‰). [meaning – flowing] (¯W W PW") – (›P^BW <^) example of (). [meaning – name of a spring of water]

WP PWW ) – (›P P^BW <^) example of (‰). [meaning – to walk (¯= arrogantly – from =°

7] and (a P^ W W ) – (a P^BW <^) example of (). [meaning – weaver – plural of  ` IUW] [8] The word must not be from (P P*<@

6P P ) having the meaning of (/01A 6P ). For example, the word W W PW*$[ @U (in the meaning of W W PPWoAW ) and W W PPW*0[ @U (in the meaning of W W WAW). Both words mean to take in turns. (7.2) If after such an (LP) (which has been changed from a or ‰), there is a (2) letter, the (L) falls off. Examples [1] In the word ([ X PW07W ), the first () changes to (LP). It becomes ([W07W ). Here (LP) has come before a (P2 ). The (L) falls off and it becomes ([0 W 7W ).

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology [2] In the word ( W [UPW[ AW), the first (‰) changes to an (LP). Due to the (LP) coming before a (P2), it is deleted. It

W [ W [ AW). becomes ( (7.3) If such an (LP P) has come before a (wP P#A

N) of (›P /P<), even if the (N) is (ZPi*), the (LP) is

deleted. Examples

[ W PW07W ) changes to (N [ PW07W ). Now we have an 1. The word (N (LP) before (wP#A deleted.

N) of (›P /P<). Therefore it is It becomes (R [ 0W 7W ).

2. The word (WA W 0W 7W ) changes to (WAW07W ). There is a (

wP#WA PA

ZPi*) after the (LP). Therefore the (LP) is deleted. It becomes *W0 W 7W . 5" ) of ( ), from ( wP#~ OP} dPIl) until the end, if the word is (‰ P$), whether the ( PFBQ G0) has a ( FP) or ( Pi*<), after deleting the (L), the ( FBQ ,<) is given a ( F). (7.4) In the (

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Example in which (

FB )

has a (

i*<)

( W bW P^K) changes to (W bP^K). The (LP) is now deleted because

W PbBK^). The (r) is it is followed by a (P2). It becomes (

PP$). becomes ( W Bb KD). The word (W Bb KD) is from the (6 ) of (#). now given a (

FPP)

Example in which (

W bX j^

because it is (‰

FB )

W b^j

has a (

It

F)

W Bb j^

W Bb jD

The word ( W Bb jD ) is from the (6 ) of (%X).

5P" P P), from ( wP#~ OP} dPIl) till the end, after deleting the (LP), if it is ( P$ IP>) or there is a (sP) on the ( PFB ) in ( P$ ‰), the ( FBQ ,<) is given a (s). (7.5) In the (

Example in which (

FB )

has a (

s)

In the word ( W [ WPW ), the (ZPi* Therefore the (‰) changes to

‰) is preceded by a ( Pi*<). (LP P). It becomes (W 0[ P P W).

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology The (LP) is deleted. It becomes ( W P[ W). Now the (6) is given a (s). It becomes ( W [ U). Step by Step Example of (‰

W
W
$) with (s) W 1b MW W 1b MU

W 1b MU ) is from the (6 ) of (O-). nnnnn

Rule 8 (8.1) If the letter before () or (‰) is (P2), the (

P)

of the () or (‰) is transferred to the preceding letter. Example

D X Pb)W>), the ( [1] In the word (

P) of the () which is a ( FP) in this case, is given to the (r). It becomes ( D [ PD)W>). (This is an example of ‰ $(). [2] In the word (O X PU![W>), the (sP) of the (‰) is given to the (6). It becomes (O X P[!UW>). (This is an example of

P$(

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

¯>). (8.2) If the (

P) is a ( Pi*<), the () or (‰) is changed

into an (L). Examples [1] In the word ( D W Pb)X>), the (

Pi*<) of the () is given to the (r). It becomes ( D [ P^)X>). Now due to the ( Pi*<), the () is changed into an (L) becoming ( D ^)X>). D W )b X>

D [ )^ X>

D ^)X>

[2] In the word (O X PW![X>), the (

Pi*<) of the (‰) is given to the (6) becoming (O X P[!WX>). Now due to the ( Pi*<) of the (6) X W!X>). the (‰) changes into an (L), thus becoming ( OX W![X> OX [!WX> X W!X> The conditions applicable to Rule 7 apply to Rule 8 as well. (8.3) If such a () or (‰) is followed by a (P2), in the

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology case of (

F) and (s), the () or (‰) will be deleted.

Example of (¯

$()

b [ PD)W> In the word ( is deleted.

[ ^) because of (GP2 PF*$@) It becomes (/ b )D W> [ ^).

Example of ›I>

the ()

$(

In the word (O [ P[!UW>

[ P^), the (‰) is followed by a (P2), [ !UW> [ ^). therefore the (‰) is deleted. It becomes (O (8.4) If a () or (‰) is followed by a (P2) and preceded by a (

Pi*<),

the (LP) (which was originally



or

‰)

is

deleted. Examples ( b W )b X>

[ ^) changes to (b P^)X> [ P^).

it becomes (/ b )^ X>

After the (LP) is deleted,

[ ^).

(O [ WP[!X>

[ ^) changes to ( [ PW!X> [ P^). After the (LP) is deleted, it becomes (O [ !WX> [ ^). Important

Page 181

From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology This rule (Rule 8) does not apply to the words (= W PW0W

[ PW)

because condition number one has not been fulfilled. In the words (¯UPbfW>) and (›PWi [ W>), the rule is not applied because of condition number 2 - (L1

G0).

The words ( a W)b U ), (a Wi [ AU) and (?` [PPUF[ AW) remain unchanged because of the fourth condition - ({=I However, the () of the (P1

{= /!K).

P2)

is an exception to

condition number 4. Despite there being a ({=PI (

{=P), the

) of the () or (‰) will still be given to the previous letter.

Example of (‰

$)

In the word ( a [ X )b W ) which is the (P1

2) of (PK), the ( FP) of the () is still transferred to the (r). It becomes ( a [ [ PD)W ). Due to (GP2 PF*$@), the first () is deleted. It becomes ( a [ )D W ).

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Example of (›I>

$()

In the word ( ` [ X![W ) which is the (P1

2) of (W ^P ), the

P ) of the (‰) is transferred to the (6). It becomes ( ` [ P[!XW ). Due to (GP2 PF*$@), the () is deleted and it becomes (O ` P[!XW ). Since the corresponding ( P) of (‰) is a (s), the (6) is given a (s). It becomes (O ` [!UW ).

(

Exception

X W PP[W> (to be one-eyed), =X WPP[W> (to have a neck), 7X W P 2[ (^ (black), ¬ X WP [(^ (white) and sa 7h W P [ X

In the words crooked

(black), due to condition number 6 (i.e. meaning of a colour or defect), no change occurs.

having

the

P P2@ ( D W PPbK(^); or

The aforementioned rule (Rule 8) does not apply to (

/PP1A), that is those words on the scale of (do* <(), like (;X P^ W Kb (^ W and ;U PU b U PbK(^); and words that are (›0 giB), like (L W W>[ „W and W W [ $W ). nnnnn

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Rule 9 (9.1) If there is a () in the (

PFB ) of (P P), the preceding letter is made (P2) and the ( P) of the () is transferred to the preceding letter. Then the () changes to (‰). Example 1

^ U KD

^ [ KU

/^ [KU.

Example 2

7W U )D #[(D

7W [ )U #[(D

(9.2) If there is a (‰) in (P

=W [)U #[(D P) in the place of the is made (P P2) and the

P FB ), the preceding letter P) of the (‰) is transferred ( P (

to the preceding letter.

No other changes are made. Example 1 In the word (O W P U X) the (6) is made (P P2). It becomes (O W U [). Now the (

) of the (‰) is transferred to the

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology (6), thus becoming (O W [ U).

OW U X

OW U [

OW [ U

Example 2 In the word (W U*XPP[M(D) the (N) is made (P2). It becomes (W U*[ PP M [ (D).

P ) (N). It becomes (W [ *UPM [ (D). The (

W U*XM[ (D

of the (‰) is transferred to the

W U*[M[ (D

W [*UPM[ (D

PP) of the preceding letter and to make the () or the (‰) (P2). In this case the (‰) changes to (). (9.3) It is also permissable to retain the (

Examples

^ U KD OW U X W U*XM[ (D 7W U )D #[(D

^ [ KD OW [ X W [*XM[ (D 7W [ )D #[(D

W [ X W [ *XM[ (D

(9.4) It is also permissible to pronounce these words with

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology (%P±@). (%P±@) means to pronounce a (

P) in such a way that it has the effect of another ( P ). For example in ^ P[KU), the (sP P) of the (r) is pronounced in the word (/ such a way that it has the fragrance of a ( F).

Similar is the case with the (6) of (O W P[ U). The (sP) of the (6) will have the effect of a (

FP).

The condition for

this rule is that changes must have taken place in the ( P) form of the verb. Therefore, the word (W U PX*0[ (D) will remain unchanged because the ( P P) form of this word, namely (W W *W0[ @U) was unaffected by any change. (9.5) In (‰

$(), if the ( FB ) is (_*1) in ( ), after the (‰) is deleted in the ( ), the ( FBQ ,<) is given a ( F) from the ( 5") of (dPIl w#~ O}) until the end (i.e. OP} PHA BQ* w#~ m).

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Step by Step Example

R X bU KD

R X bU Kb

R X b[ KU

R X Bb [KU

R X Bb KD (9.6) In (›IP>

$(), whatever the ( P) may be, or that (¯ P P$() where the ( P FB ) is (P PQ) in the ( P ), after deleting the (‰), the ( PFBQ ,P<) is given a (s) from the ( 5") of (dPIl wP#~ O}) until the end, that is, (BQ* w#~ m O} HA). Example of (›I>

R X [ U X

$() R X [ U [ R X [ [ U

Example of such a (¯

R X [ U

$() wherein the ( FBQ G0)

is (Q)

W
W
W
W 1b MU

Note that the forms of ( P) and (P8) are now the same. However the (/P"() - original form of each one will be different:

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

( (

)

( (

)

)

( (

)

)

)

Original Form

Changed Form

R X bW K^

R X Bb KD

R X bU KD

R X Bb KD

R X [ W W

R X [ U

R X [ U X

R X [ U

R X
R X 1b MU

R X
R X 1b MU

Note: In the (P8) of (1*P2(

6P ),

the transferring of the

P) is not according to this rule i.e. rule number 9, but D [ PD)W>). Therefore the is due to rule number 8 (the rule of rule of ( ^ [ P PDK) and (%P P±@) will not apply. For example (W U€ [ *X2[ (D) becomes (W [€ U *X2[ (D). (

nnnnn

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Rule 10

PPFBQ %&) of the following word form’s ( 5P") is () or (‰), it becomes (P2) if it is preceded by a ( F) or a (s):

(10.1) If the (

1.

/D W 1b W>

2.

/D W 1b AW

/D W
Examples ( X 0X =[ W>) becomes ([ 0X =[ W>) – example of (‰

JK#) ( X U [ W>) becomes (›[ U [ W>) – example of (I> JK#)

If the () or (‰) of the (

PFBQ %&) is preceded by a ( Pi*<), it becomes (L) in accordance with the rule of ( ^ ^K).

Examples ( X+ W€ [ W>) becomes (›W+€ [ W>) – example of (I>

JK#) ( X W [ W>) becomes (›W[ W>) – example of (‰ JK#)

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology (10.2) If a word has a () preceded by a (

FPP)

and

followed by another (), that () falls off. Example of ()

'^ [ X 0X =[ PW> (dPIl mP OP}), before the () there is a ( FP P) and after the () there is another (). Therefore, the first () is made (P2) and the second one falls off due to (G2 F*$@). It becomes (' ^ [ 0X =[ W>). In the word

If a (‰) is preceded by a (sP) and followed by another (‰), the first (‰) becomes (P P2) and the other (‰) is deleted because of (G2 F*$@). Example of (‰)

W [UU [ AW (P wP#~ =) there is a (sP) before the (‰) and it is followed by a second (‰). Therefore the first (‰) becomes (P P2) and the second (‰) falls off. It becomes ( W [U [ AW).

In the word

(10.3) If a () is preceded by a (

FP P)

and followed by a

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology (‰), the preceding letter is made (P2) and the (

P)

of the () is transferred to the preceding letter. Then the () changes into a (‰) and falls off due to (

PPF*$@

G2). Example In the word ( W [>U 0X =[ PWA) the () is preceded by a (

FP) and followed by a (‰), therefore the preceding letter () is made (P2) and the ( P) of the () which is a (sP) is transferred to the preceding letter, the (). It therefore becomes ( W [>[ 0U =[ PWA). Due to the preceding (sP), the () changes into a (‰). Now due to (GP2 PF*$@) the (‰) W [0U =[ AW). is deleted. It becomes (

(10.4) If a (‰) is preceded by a (sP) and followed by a (), the preceding letter is made (P2) and the (

P) of the (‰) is given to the preceding letter. Then the (‰) changes into a () and falls off due to (G2 F*$@).

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Example In the word (' ^ [ PXU [ W>), the (‰) is preceded by a (sP) and followed by a (). Therefore, the preceding letter (%) is made (2) and the (

P) of the (‰) which is a ( FP), is transferred to the preceding letter (%). It becomes (' ^ [ P[X [ W>). Due to the preceding ( FP), the (‰) changes to (). It becomes (' ^ [ [ PX[ W>). Now due to (GP2 PF*$@), the () is deleted. It becomes (' ^ [ X [ W>). Further Examples

[X)U ^ ([BDU <^ – ) becomes [)D ^ . [XU X ([BDU
[X)U ^

[X)b ^ [)D ^

[[)D ^

[[ )D ^

[XU X

[ X[ X

[[X X

[[ X X

[X X

nnnnn

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Exercise 43 (a) Identify the rules or changes of (/P*) in the following words:

'^ ?W Ah@U (6)

` [ KDX (7) [ X W (8) W [ X (9) X [>=U W> (10)

R X [ 7X (1) ¤ D U W> (2) a W W ( 3) ¤ a W[U (4) ² a KU[ X (5)

Rule 11 If a () appears in the place of the (

PPFBQ %&)

after a

(s), the () changes into a (‰). Example

W PU07X ) the () appears in the place of the ( In the word ( PFBQ) after a (sP P). (‰). It becomes ( W 0U 7X ).

%&

Therefore the () changes into a

The same change occurs in (W0 U 7X ), ('U W0U W7) and (a W0U W7).

W 0U 7X

W 0U 7X

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

W0U 7X 'U W 0U W7 sa W 0U W7

W0U 7X 'U W0U W7 a W0U W7

Rule 12 If a (‰) is in the place of the (

FBQ %&), preceded by a ( F), the (‰) changes into a (). Example

W X #W , which is (dPIl mP =) of ( 6P %W X P^) from the masdar (sa W PW#W), meaning intellect, the (‰) is In the word

in the place of the (

‰



PFBQ %&), preceded by a ( FP).

( ) changes into a ( ). It becomes (

The

W X #W).

nnnnn

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Rule 13 (13.1) If a () comes in the place of the (

PFB ) preceded by a (sP P) in the (=P P), it changes into a (‰), on condition that (/BA – a change) occurred in the (/<).

Examples 1. The word

ƒWKU (which is the =P of %W P^K) was originally

ƒWKU. ƒWP " U originally ƒW" U.

2. The word

(which is the

=P P

of

%W P P" W)

was

However, the word (ƒWKU ) which is the (=) of (%W W ^K) of

PPB01 6PP ) remains unchanged, occurred in the (/<). The (/<) is (%W W ^K).

(

because no (/P PBA)

(13.2) The same (/P PBA) occurs if a () comes in place of

PFB ) of a word that is (OP}), on condition that () is (2) in the ( 5P" =P) or (/PBA) took place in the () of the ( 5" =). the (

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Examples

Y ` WPU (the OP} of the word Y ` [ PW) changes to Y ` PWU . This is an example of a (OP}) in which the () is (2). 2. The word 7` WPU$ (the OP} of the word = ` P¢$W ) changes to 7` PW$U . This is an example of a (OP}) in which the () is changed in the original (from 7` U [$W to =` ¢$W ). 1. The word

nnnnn

Rule 14 (14.1) If a () or (‰) which are are not changed from any other letter, come together in one word, which is not (›0P

gPiB) (on the scale of e W W P[7W ) and the first of the two, namely the () or (‰) is (P2), then the () changes into a (‰). Then (%Pl7@) is made and the preceding ( FP) is changed into (s). Examples 1. In the word

7` U [PW2

, () and (‰) come together, and the

first of the two i.e. the (‰) is (P P2). Therefore the () changes into a (‰), thereby becoming (= ` U[PPW2).

After

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology (

%l7@) is made, it becomes (=` ¢2W ).

2. In the word (‰ ` [ P PX[ W ), () and (‰) come together, and the first of the two i.e. the () is (P2). Therefore the () changes into a (‰), thereby becoming ( ` PP[X [ W ). After (%Pl7@) is made, it becomes (  PX[ W ). The (

FP) of the (%) is changed to a (s), thereby becoming (  U [ W ).

3. In the word (‰ ` [ PXX ), (which is the

=P

of

›PWW

›[ PUF[ W>), the () and (‰) come together, and the first of the two i.e. the () is (P2). Therefore the () changes into a (‰) becoming ` [P X X . After (%P Pl7@) is made, it becomes (  P X X ). The ( FP P) of the (%) is changed to (sP P)  PUX ). It is also permissible to read the thereby becoming ( (%) with (sP P) corresponding with the ( P P) of the (Y), that is (  U U ). (14.2) The (P refuge) is

() of (P³>U (D P ¯ [ U qb PW> P ‰W(^ – to take ( U (b@U). The (,) changes to a (‰). It becomes U P[>@U, .

Because this (‰) has changed from a (s?Pš), rule 14.1 will

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology not apply. Another example where this rule will not apply is the word (' a W [ W ). No change occurs because it is (›0

giB).

If the () and (‰) are in different words, no change will occur. Example

U W (1)

‰ [ @U – the () will not change into a (‰).

(2) U U PWFW b the () of

U P[>U W [ PUIW - the (‰) of the word ([ PUIW) and the word (U P[>U W ) are in different words and will

therefore remain unchanged. nnnnn

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Rule 15 If a word is on the scale of ( a [ PX
FP) of the preceding letter PFBQ GPP0) is changed into (sPP) and it is also ( P permissible to give the ( FBQ ,<) a (s). Example The word ( ` [ PD7X ) - (OP} of ` Pb7W ) is on the scale of (a [ PX

Therefore, according to the above rule, both the ()’s are

` P[D7X ). Then (%Pl7@) is made changed into (‰). It becomes ( thereby becoming (  PD7X ). After changing the ( preceding letter into (sP), it becomes

FP) of the  PU7X . It is also

permissible to read it as  U7U . nnnnn

Rule 16 (16.1) If there is a () in the ( preceded by a (

FP P),

the

P FBQ %&) of an (P P2) ( FP P) will be changed into a

(sP P) and the () into a (‰).

The (‰) is then made

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology (2). Due to (G2 F*$@), the (‰) is deleted. Example In the word ( ` PD7[ (^) - (OP} of

` Pb7W ), the () is on the ( %& PFBQ) of an (P2) preceded by a ( FP). Therefore the ( FP) will be changed into a (sP) becoming ( ` PU7[ (^). Then the () changes into a (‰), thereby becoming ( ` PU7[ (^), which can also be written as ( [ XPPU7[ (^). After (‰) is made (P2), due to (GP2 PF*$@), the (‰) is deleted. It becomes ( [ U7[ (^) which can also be written as (¡ 7[ (^).

Step by Step Example

` D7[ (^

` U7[ (^ ¡ 7[ (^

` U7[ (^ ([ XU7[ (^)

(16.2) The law of (16.1) will also occur on a is from (/C1A

[ U7[ (^ =P, which

6 ) and is (‰ JK#).

Example The word ( ` PPP¦BW AW) undergoes the following changes, eventually becoming (/ ´ W AW).

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

` B¦W AW

` B•W AW /´ W AW

[ XB•W AW

[ [B•W AW

[ B•W AW

(16.3) The law of 16.1 will also occur on a (=P), which is from (/01A

6 ) and is (‰ JK#).

Example The word ( ` DPPPWAW) undergoes the following changes, eventually becoming ( ¡ WAW).

` DWAW

` UWAW ¡ WAW

[ XUWAW

[ [UWAW

[ UWAW

(16.4) If a (‰) comes in the ( preceded by a letter which

PFBQ %&) of an P2 and is has a ( FP P), the ( FPP) is

changed into a (s). Example The word ( ` !XŠb (^) - (O} of

` P[!Š^ ) changes to (` PU!Šb (^) , which can also be written as ( [ XPU!Šb (^). The (‰) is made (P2) so it becomes ( [ [PU!Šb (^). Due to (GP2 PF*$@), the (‰) is deleted. It becomes ( [ !UPPbŠ(^), which can also be written as

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology (d ¡ Šb (^). Step by Step Example

` !XŠb (^

` !UŠb (^ [ !UŠb (^

[ X!UŠb (^ d ¡ Šb (^

[ [!UŠb (^

nnnnn

Rule 17 (17.1) If a () or (‰) comes in the place of the (

PFB ) of

a word which is (/P0<

P2), the () or (‰) changes into a (,), on condition that change took places in the (/<). Examples 1. The word ( a U P^K) changes to (/a PUI^K). (Changes took place

^ W K^ to ^ ^K). in its /< from 2. The word (O ` U>PW ) changes to (O` IUPW ). (Changes took place in its /< from O W W W to W W ).

PB P) is deleted as in the case of (` PWp) which was originally (` IUPWp). This word is used in (17.2) Sometimes the (

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology the Qur’ân: (¡ Wp

¡ X $X ^1„W ^B0W )

Exception In the word (

‰ [ U h) the () will not change into a (s?š) because no

change took place in the

/< (‰ [ U [ W> ¯WW ). nnnnn

Rule 18

=I ) or (=I ‰) or (=I L) appears after the (LP) of (/ D 0U ^1W ), it changes into a (s?š).

If a (

Examples 1. The word (X U PWo0W ) changes to (?X IUPWo0W ) - (OP} of the word ` [o X 0W ). This is an example of (). 2. The word ( X U WPW„) changes to (L X IUWPW„) - (OP} of the word a 1^ [>U „ W ). This is an example of (‰). 3. The word ( D UW2W ) changes to (/D IUPW2W ) - (OP} of the word

a ^W2U ). This is an example of (=I L). Exception The (OP}) of the word (a !W[ PUX ) is (d X IUPWW ). Although the (‰) is original, it changed into (s?Pš). This is an exception Page 203 - http://www.al-inaam.com/ Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown

From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology to the rule. nnnnn

Rule 19 If a () or (‰) comes at the end of a word after (=PI

LP),

they change into a (s?Pš). This rule applies to all kinds of words, namely

=, 71, O}, g*+ and =$.

Examples of = i.

` W07X

,­ W07X

(example of

,­ WX

(example of

)

– (

,­ PPW07X

means

,­ WX

means

supplication). ii.

‰ ` WX

‰)

- (

pleasing appearance).

Examples of O} i. ii.

` W07U ` WF2[ (^

` F[ 2U ). ` W[ (^ i. ‰

,­ W07U (O} of ¡ W7) ,­ WF2[ (^ (O} of ` P[2@U, which was originally ,­ W[ (^ (O} of  W ).

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Examples of =$

2

i.

` WU

,­ WU

(example of )



ii.

‰ ` W7U

,­ W7U

(example of

‰)

nnnnn

Rule 20 (20.1) If a () comes in the fourth position or later in a word and it is not preceded by a (

FP) or a (P2 ), it

changes into a (‰). Examples

U W0W =[ PX>) was originally ('U W0W =[ PX>). The () is 1. The word (' in the fourth position of the (/P P<), thus it changes into a (‰). 2. The word (R X P[B^0[ (^) was originally (N X [ P^B0[ (^). The () is in the 4th position of the (/<), thus it changes into a (‰).

X [B^[ *WP[2@U) was originally (N X [ B^[ *WP[2@U). The () 3. The word (R is in the sixth position of the (/P<), thus it changes into a (‰).

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology (20.2) The plural of (,­ W0= [ PU) is ( 0U W=PW), which originally was ( X [0U W=PW). In this word, the () is in the sixth position. It changes into a (‰) and (%PPl7@) is made. It becomes ( “ 0U W=PW). The rule of (=` ¢PW2) (Rule number 14, example 2) is not applicable here because the (‰) has changed from an (LP). The (7P1) of this word is (,­ W0= [ PU). In Rule 14, the condition was that the () or (‰) must not be changed from another letter. nnnnn

Rule 21 (21.1) The (LP) that comes after a (

FP) changes into a

(). Examples 1. The word (6 W U [ PPX) was originally (6 W U PPX) - (the [8

›] of 6 X U PWX> 6WPW). The (LP) is preceded by a ( F), thus it changes into a (). 2. The word 6 ` U [>W P X - (5P PA P P2) of (6 ` U P P W ) was originally (6 ` U [>PX). The (LP) is preceded by a ( FP), thus it changes into a ().

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology (21.2) The (LP) that comes after a (sP) changes into a

‰

( ).

Example

d X PP[>U WiW (plural of 6 ` WPP[iU ) was originally 6 X UP Pi W W . The (LP P) is preceded by a (sP P), thus it changes into a (‰). It becomes (d X [>U WiW ) . The word

nnnnn

Rule 22 If there is an (=I

LP) before the (LP) of ( PPHPA) or (µ2 w#~ O}), it changes into a (‰).

Example

HA) of (›P^B![X ) is ('U PWB^![X ). The end of the word (›^B![ X ) has an (LP) which does not accept a ( P). Therefore, the (L) is changed into (‰). ii. The (O}) of (›^B![ X ) is (N ` WB^![X ). Here also the the (L) of (›^B![ X ) is changed into (‰). i.

The (

nnnnn

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Rule 23 If (‰) appears as the (

P FB )

of either a plural on the

scale of (/ a P[
¬ ` [PPX .

,T PPW[ W

The (‰) appears

(/ a PP[
¬ X WPP[ (^) was as the ( P PFB ) of made (P PQ). It and

becomes (¬ ` [ U). 2. The word (›P PQ^ [U – meaning ‘to walk arrogantly’) was originally (›P^Q[ X ). The (‰) appears as the (

PFB ) of the

feminine (›P PP^B[
U ). (Q). It becomes (›^Q[ Note: This rule is like an exception to Rule 3 where the (‰) changes to (). Instead of changing the (‰) to (), the (‰)

FPP) ( ), is changed to (s).

is maintained and the (

which is the preceding

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology The (/P1A

P2) falls in the category of (Nv P2), that

is, a noun not having any descriptive qualities. Examples (W [P PDj) -

the (wP P#~) of (dP Pj( ). It was originally

(W![ j D ) - purer. The (‰) is changed to (). (P PW2[ D ) – the (wPP#~) of (™ X WPPb(^). It was originally (W[ D ) - (more intelligent). The (‰) is changed to (). Step by Step Examples

›!W[jD

› W[ jD

› W [D

›2W [ D nnnnn

Rule 24

[ BD[ <^) and the ( If a (=P) comes on the scale of (a P^

PFB

) is a (), the () will change into a (‰). Example

a #W[ X[^ ) was originally (a #W[ #X[ ^ ), the ( PFB ) is a (), thus it changes into a (‰) thereby becoming (a #W [ X[^ ).

The word (

nnnnn

Rule 25 Page 209 - http://www.al-inaam.com/ Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown

From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology The rule for words on the scale of (/ D 0U ^<(^) or (/D PU0^1W ), is that if they end in (‰), and are (sQ#), [that is, they are neither (

%& ) nor ( )],

then in (P‹



OP< ), the (‰) is

FB ) is now read with tanwīn. In (d ), the word will remain (_*1). Example of (sQ#), that is, they are neither (%&P ) nor ` U W$W ) changes to (¡ W$W ). ( ): (‰

deleted. The (

m!

SJK !

m! ] !

¡ Wo W U N X [ W W

ƒ>U W$W R X [>(^W

¡ W$W {U mU pW

<), the (‰) becomes (2) in (P‹ O< ) and in (dP P), the (‰) will be (_*1). Examples: (¯ X U W‹ ^ ) changes to (¯ [ U W‹ ^ ) or (¯ W U W‹ ^ ).

If they are (

m!

SJK !

¯ [ U W‹ ^ U N X [ W W ¯ W U W‹ ^ R X [>(^W

m! ] ! ¯ [ U W‹ ^ {U mU pW

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology All words having (Zi* rule.

‰) preceded by a (s) follow this Such words are called (n) 2@).

Examples:

sQ# ƒ>7U WF*WX '^ ^ 'b @U W 6

n ¡ W0 /• QD U 7¡ Wp 8

< ¯ W 7U WF*WD '^ ^ 'b @U W 6

W pX

<

›[ " U W /• QD U ¯ [ 7U ^” W pX 8

<

Step by Step

sQ# ` U W

[ XU W

[ U W

%¡ W

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

< X U h^

›[ U h^ nnnnn

Rule 26 (26.1) If a () comes in place of the (

FBQ %&)of (›P^B[
The word (W#[ 7X ) was originally (W#[ 7X ). A () comes in place

FBQ %&) of (›^B[ W#7W ) – to be near, [# 6 ]. ii. The word (PWBb 0 X ) was originally (WPbB0X ). A () comes in place of the ( FBQ %&) of (›P^B[ )- to be high, [# 6 ]. of the (

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Exception If this word is a (

1P"), it remains unchanged e.g. ¯W?[ PTlD (a

female warrior). (26.2) If a (‰) comes in place of the (

PFBQ %&) of a word on

the scale of (›^B[ <^ ), it changes into a (). Example

The word (¯W)b AW) was originally (W)b AW). A (‰) comes in place of the (

FBQ %&) of this word.

Thus it changes into a ().

Exercise 44 (a) Apply the rules of (/*) to the following words:

,­ WF2W (6) 'U WFW [ X> (7) O` FU [>W 2X (8) =W pU [ $X (9) 'U WW [ X (10)

‰ W U 2X (1)  U [ W (2) ¡ W=AW (3) ` IUW (4) ` IUW7 (5)

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology The Paradigms of (

H)

N =. 4- V!. =R $2 . V! e ) . . . )* <! CH 7` [ PX0[ W W PX<^ ƒ=P[0W =X PW0[ X> =W 0U X W =` 0U W W X <^ ƒ=0[ W =X U W> =W 0W W 'U W=PU0[ W =` PU0[ W ;X P[U X [ P4 =[ U AW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW =[ 0U ;X [U X [ q^b^ 7` PW[U 'U WA=W PW[U sa =W PW[U =X PU0WW 'U W=W [U =` W [U ;X [U D ^£bW X=0U WW '^ [ =X PW0[ (^ 'U W=PW0[ (^ =X PW0[ (^ ;X P[U /U [ U 1b *h /D W =W 0[ X W =` 0W X 'U W>=W 0[ X ‰W=0[ X ;X [U w D #h~W FX bW =X 0U W(^W Analysis of the changes (1) The verbs of (‰

PH)

are used in all the (6P ()

except (#

6 ). (2) The () of ( P P) has been deleted due to X U W>). rule no.1 – the rule of (= (3) The () of the (=P P) has been deleted due to rule no.2 – the rule of (sa = W 0U ). (4) In (P P), the () can be changed to (s?Pš) according to rule no. 5 – the rule of ({` [ P $X (D). Accordingly, (= W PU0X ) can be pronounced as (=W PU0(D). The same applies to the Page 214 - http://www.al-inaam.com/ Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown

From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology feminine of the (/PP1*

PP2)

– (‰W=PP[0 X ) can be

pronounced as (‰W=0 [ (D). (5) The broken plural - (PQ

OP}) of the ( /P01 P2 wP#~) which is (=X PU0W(^) was originally (=X PU0WW ). The first () is changed to a (s?Pš) according to rule no. 6 - the rule of (/ D" U W(^). (6) The () of the ( P3 P2) has changed to (‰) according to rule no. 3 – the rule of (7` W[ U ). (7) However, the () is unchanged in the dimunitive ( P2 5P*) of the ( P3 P2) – (=` P[U [>W X ) and in the ( OP} PQ) – (=X P[0U WW ), because the reason for the change is not found, namely the ( [ ) and a preceding (s).

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

R

- '2 . V! e ) . . . )* 6nW CH ;X [U X [ q^b^ ` [ X [W W X <^ ƒ U [W X 2W [ X> W U X>W ` 2U > W X <^ ƒ U [W X U [W> W W W> [ U [AW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW [ U [>@U Analysis of the changes

P ), the only change that has occurred is in (1) In this (6P the (P

P)

where the (‰) has changed to a ()

according to rule no. 3 – the rule of (` 2 U [ X ).

3N 2 . V! e ]. - . )* <! CH X [ q^b^ a [ $X [ W W X <^ ¨B$[ W /D $W [ X> /^ $U X W /a $U W W X <^ ¨B$[ W /D $W [ W> /^ $U W /b $W [ AW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW /b o W [>@U ;X [U Analysis of the changes (1) In the imperative (P

P()

- (6P ) , the () has

changed to a (‰) according to rule no. 3 – the rule of (7` W[ U ). The same rule applies to the (

P3 2) – ( W /a PWo[U

a Wo[U W a B^o W [U ). (2) In the word (/ D PU$W(^), the () has changed to a (s?Pš) according to rule no. 6 – the rule of (/ D" U W(^).

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology (3) It is permissible to change the () to a (s?Pš) in (/ ^ PU$X ) – the (P

P dPIl m =) and in (/a PW$X ) – the broken plural of the (w#~ /1* 2). There is no other change in this (6 ). N 4. c !. ]2. V! e ]. - . )* ko <! CH W X <^ ¨ W 2W W ƒ2[ W OX 2W [ X> OW 2U X W O` 2U W W X <^ ¨ W 2W W ƒ2[ W OX W W> OW 2U W O[ W AW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW O[ 2W ;X [U X [ q^b^ ` [ 2X [ W N ?.D- V! e p . ., )* <! CH X [ q^b^ 6 ` [ pX [ W W X <^ ¨ !WpU d X pW [ X> d W pU XW d ` pU W W X <^ ¨ !WpU d X W W> d W pW W d [ W AW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW d [ pW ;X [U Analysis of the changes (1) In both the above-mentioned (6P P (), the () of the (P P) has been deleted due to rule no.1 – the rule of (= X PUW>). The changes in the other words are similar to (

=W PW0W

=X U W>).

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

N ^, 7- !. gR . . V! e S .

- . )* <! CH W X <^ ¨ )^ U W ¨)W W gX W [ X> gW U X W g` U W W X <^ ¨ )^ U W ¨)W W V gX FU W> gW W W g[ FU AW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW g[ U ;X [U X [ q^b^ r ` [ X [ W Analysis of the changes (1) The changes in this (6P ) are similar to those of (

=W PW0W

=X U W>). FR ,^qOl-V! e C4A )* <! CH =[ )U Ah@U ;X [U X [ q^b^ =` )^ *hX W X <^ ƒ7^)¢A@UV =X )^ *hX> =W )U A“(D W =` )U *hX W X <^ ƒ7^)A¢U@V =X )U *hW> =W )^ Ah@U =[ )U *hAW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW R . qOl-V! e C4A )* 6nW CH X [ q^b^ ` W *hX W X <^ ƒWA¢@UV X W *hX> W U A“(D W ` U *hX W X <^ ƒWA¢@UV X U *hW> W W Ah@U [ U *hAW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW [ U Ah@U ;X [U Analysis of the changes (1) According to rule no. 4 – the rule of (= W P^)Ah@U), the () and (‰) have changed into (N) and have been assimilated into the (N).

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

FR ,^W2l-V! e C4A )* <! CH ;X [U X [ q^b^ =` K^[ X W X <^ ƒ7^)[>@U =X K^[ X> =W KU[ (D W =` KU[ X W X <^ ƒ7^)[>@U =X KU[ X> =W K^[ (^ =[ KU[ AX &^ ;X [0W X [ hW =[ KU[ (^ FR ,^'2 -2 l-V! e C4A )* <! CH ƒ7^)[*U2[ @U =X K^[ *W [ X> =W KU[ *X2[ (D W =` KU[ *W [ X W X <^ ƒ7^)[*U2[ @U =X KU[ *W [ W> =W K^[ *W[2@U =[ KU[ *W [ AW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW =[ KU[ *W2[ @U ;X [U X [ q^b^ =` K^[ *W [ X W X <^ Analysis of the changes (1) In both the paradigms, the () has changed into (‰) according to rule no. 3 – the rule of (7` W[ U ).

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Exercise 45 (a) Conjugate the following verbs:

OW W W (1) W *WW> (2) W W Ah@U (3) ² ^ )^ [>(^ (4) ² ^ )^ [*W2[ @U (5) W 2W W> (6) 6 W W W$ (7) 7W ^)#[@U (9) =W h W (10)

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology The Paradigms of (

$()

CN 2 ^, V! e . J . B. )* <! 5+ /b KD ;X [U X [ q^b^ a [ )D W W X <^ &¨ [ K^ D ^)X> /^ [KU W /a IU^K W X <^ &¨ [ K^ D [ )D W> ^ ^K a W )b U ;X [U D ^£bW D U ^) 'U ^^)W a ^)W ;X [U X [ 4 /b )D AW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW /D W U ^)W 'U ^W)b U a W)b U D U^) 'U W*^W )b U a ^W )b U D U ^) 'U ^W )b U 'U W^[ KD ^[ KD ;X [U w D #h~W FX bW D U ^K(^W '^ [ DW bK(^ 'U ^W Kb (^ D W Kb (^ ;X [U /U [ U 1b *h N ` W^[ KDW a W KD There is no change in the words ( a W PPb)U ) and (a PP^W )b U ) because they were originally ( a WP Pb)U ). No change occurred

a WP )b U ) because of the exception in rule no. 8, namely in ( that the () should not be followed by an (L).

PP) and Hereunder follow the paradigms of the (P (P P). All other verbs which are (‰

P PH)

from this

(6 ) follow the same pattern.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology ] 6K ! ='\O

] 6K ! ='\O

CD

5 4

^ ^)X> [ ^

87!

87!

67!

67!

CDG!

5 47!

CDG!

5 47!

^ [ )D W> [ ^

D ^)X>

D [ )D W>

/^ [KU

^ ^K

^^)X> [ ^

^[ )D W> [ ^

'U ^^)X>

'U ^[ )D W>

^B[KU

^^K

[D^)X> [ ^

[D[ )D W> [ ^

'^ [ D^)X>

'^ [ D[ )D W>

[BD[KU

[D^K

^ ^)AX [ ^

^ [ )D AW [ ^

D )^ AX

D [ )D AW

R [ B^[KU

R [ ^^K

^^)PXA [ ^

^[ )D PWA [ ^

W*B^[KU

W*^^K

W Bb )^ X> [ ^

W Bb )D W> [ ^

W Bb )^ X>

W Bb )D W>

W Bb KD

W Bb KD

^ ^)AX [ ^

^ [ )D AW [ ^

D ^)AX

D [ )D AW

R W Bb KD

R W Bb KD

^^)PXA [ ^

^[ )D PWA [ ^

'U ^^)PXA 'U ^[ )D PWA

WF*XBb KD

WF*XBb KD

[D^)AX [ ^

[D[ )D AW [ ^

'^ [ D^)AX

'^ [ D[ )D AW

[ *XBb KD

[ *XBb KD

[ U^)PXA [ ^

[ U[ )D PWA [ ^

U [U^)PXA U [U[ )D PWA

R U Bb KD

R U Bb KD

^^)PXA [ ^

^[ )D PWA [ ^

'U ^^)PXA

'U ^[ )D PWA

WF*XBb KD

WF*XBb KD

W Bb )^ AX [ ^

W Bb )D AW [ ^

W Bb )^ AX

W Bb )D AW

h *XBb KD

h *XBb KD

^ ^KD [ ^

^ [ KD^ [ ^

D ^KD

D [ KD^

R X Bb KD

R X Bb KD

^ ^)PX# [ ^

^ [ )D PW# [ ^

D ^)PX#

D [ )D PW#

WBb KD

WBb KD

'U ^^)PXA 'U ^[ )D PWA

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology CDG! 87!

5 47! 87!

r ] 6K !

r ] 6K !

h ^^)X^

h ^[ )D W^

/b )^ X> [ ^

/b )D W> [ ^

'• ^^)X^

'• ^[ )D W^

^^)X> [ ^

^[ )D W> [ ^

h D^)X^

h D[ )D W^

[D^)X> [ ^

[D[ )D W> [ ^

h ^^)*X^

h ^[ )D *W^

/b )^ AX [ ^

/b )D AW [ ^

'• ^^)PX*^

'• ^[ )D PW*^

^^)PXA [ ^

^[ )D PWA [ ^

'• WBb )D X^

'• WBb )D W^

W Bb )^ X> [ ^

W Bb )D W> [ ^

h ^^)*X^

h ^[ )D *W^

/b )^ AX [ ^

/b )D AW [ ^

' ^^)PX*^

' ^[ )D PW*^

^^)PXA [ ^

^[ )D PWA [ ^

h D^)*X^

h D[ )D *W^

[D^)AX [ ^

[D[ )D WA [ ^

h U^)PX*^

h U[ )D PW*^

[ U^)PXA [ ^

[ U[ )D PWA [ ^

'• ^^)PX*^

'• ^[ )D PW*^

^^)PXA [ ^

^[ )D PWA [ ^

'• WBb )^ *X^

'• WBb )D *W^

W Bb )^ AX [ ^

W Bb )D AW [ ^

h ^^KD^

h ^[ KD^^

/b K^D [ ^

/b KD^ [ ^

h ^^)PX^

h ^[ )D PW^

/b )^ PX# [ ^

/b )D PW# [ ^

'^H ! K ! ]

'^H ! K ! ]

CD

5 4

y [ ^[ )D *W^ y [ D[ )D W^ y [ ^[ )D W^ : 11· ' O ^[ )D W^ y [ ^[ KDq^^ y [ U[ )D *W^ y [ D[ )D *W^ y [^[ )D *W^ [ ^^)*X^ y [ ^^)*X^ y [ D^)X^ y [ ^^)X^ : 11· ' O [ ^^)X^ y [ ^^KqD^ y [ U^)*X^ y [ D^)X*^ y

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology ] CDG! 9!

] 5 47! 9!

CDG! 9!

5 47! 9!

h ^^)XU

h ^[ )D WU

/b )^ XU

/b )D WU

'• ^^)XU

'• ^[ )D WU

^^)XU

^[ )D WU

h D^)XU

h D[ )D WU

[D^)XU

[D[ )D WU

h ^^)*XU

h ^[ )D *WU

/b )^ *XU

/b )D *WU

'• ^^)PX*U

'• ^[ )D PW*U

^^)PX*U

^[ )D PW*U

'• WBb )D XU

'• WBb )D WU

W Bb )^ XU

W Bb )D WU

h ^^)*XU

h ^[ KD

/b )^ *XU

/b KD

'• ^^)PX*U

'• ^[ KD

^^)*XU

^[ KD

h D^)*XU

h D[ KD

[D^)*XU

[D[ KD

h U^)PX*U

h U[ KD

›[ U^)*XU

[ U[ KD

'• ^^)PX*U

'• ^[ KD

^^)*XU

^[ KD

'• WBb )^ *XU

'• WBb KD

W Bb )^ *XU

W Bb KD

h ^^KDU

h ^[ KD^U

/b K^DU

/b KD^U

h ^^)PXU

h ^[ )D PWU

/b )^ XU

/b )D WU

'^H ! K !

'^H ! K !

[ ^[ KD y [ ^[ )D *WU y [ D[ )D WU y [ ^[ )D WU : 11· ' O . [ ^[ )D WU y [ ^[ KDq^U y [ U[ KD y [ D[ KD y y [ ^^)*XU y [ ^^)*XU y [ D^)XU y [ ^^)XU : 11· ' O . [ ^^)XU y [ ^^KqDU y [ U^)*XU y [ D^)*XU

Page 224 - http://www.al-inaam.com/ Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown

From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology ] CDG! 6DK !

] 5 47! 6DK !

CDG! 6DK !

5 47! 6DK !

h ^^)X> &^

h ^[ )D W> &^

/b )^ X> &^

/b )D W> &^

'• ^^)X> &^

'• ^[ )D W> &^

^^)X> &^

^[ )D W> &^

h D^)X> &^

h D[ )D W> &^

[D^)X> &^

[D[ )D W> &^

h ^^)AX &^

h ^[ )D AW &^

/b )^ AX &^

/b )D AW &^

'• ^^)PXA &^

'• ^[ )D PWA &^

^^)PXA &^

^[ )D PWA &^

'• WBb )D X> &^

'• WBb )D W> &^

W Bb )^ X> &^

W Bb )D W> &^

h ^^)AX &^

h ^[ )D AW &^

/b )^ AX &^

/b )D AW &^

'• ^^)PXA &^

'• ^[ )D PWA &^

^^)PXA &^

^[ )D PWA &^

h D^)AX &^

h D[ )D AW &^

[D^)AX &^

[D[ )D AW &^

h U^)PXA &^

h U[ )D PWA &^

[ U^)PXA &^

[ U[ )D PWA &^

'• ^^)PXA &^

'• ^[ )D PWA &^

^^)PXA &^

^[ )D PWA &^

'• WBb )^ AX &^

'• WBb )D AW &^

W Bb )^ AX &^

W Bb )D AW &^

h ^^KD &^

h ^[ KD^ &^

/b K^D &^

/b KD^ &^

h ^^)PX# &^

h ^[ )D PW# &^

/b )^ PX# &^

/b )D PW# &^

'^H ! K !

'^H ! K !

y [ ^[ )D AW &^ y [ D[ )D W> &^ y [ ^[ )D W> &^ : 11· ' O [ ^[ )D #W &^ y [ ^[ KD(^ &^ y [ U[ )D AW &^ y [ D[ )D AW &^ y [ ^[ )D AW &^ &^ y [ ^^)AX &^ y [ D^)X> &^ y [ ^^)X> &^ : 11· ' O [ ^^)#X &^ y [ ^^K(D &^ y [ U^)AX &^ y [ D^)AX &^ y [ ^^)AX

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

s! 1!

5 X ! 1!

1!

3$ ! 1!

C47! a W )b U

a ^)W

a [ )D W

/a IU^K

'U ^W )b U

'U ^^)W

'U ^[ )D W

'U ^BIU^K

D U ^)W

D U ^)W

'^ [ D[ )D W

'^ [ BDIU^K

a ^W )b U

a ^[ )D W

a B^IU^K

'U W*^W )b U

'U W*^[ )D W

'U W*B^IU^K

D U ^)W

N ` ^[ )D W

N ` ^BIU^K

a W)b U 'U ^W)b U /D [>U ^)W Analysis (1) Rule no. 7.1 applies to the words from ( ^ ^K) till (W*^^K). (2) Rule no. 7.4 applies to the words from ( W PbBKD) till (PWBb KD) in the (

).

(3) Rule no. 9 applies to the words from (/ ^ [KU) till (W*B^[KU). (4) Rule no. 9.5 applies to the words from ( W PbBKD) till (PWBb KD) in the (

).

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology (5) In the paradigm of ( D [ PD)W>), rule no. 8.1 applies to all the words, while rule no. 8.2 applies to all the words of ( D W )b X>).

P() is made from (D [ PPD)AW). After (6) The imperative (P deleting the (P P

PP:0),

the last letter is rendered

(2). The () is deleted due to (GP

PF*$@) – two

sâkins coming together. (7) Where the (GP P

PPF*$@)

no more remains, the

deleted letter returns as in the paradigms of (

PB)H 'P#),

e.g. ( h ^[ KD). (8) Rule no. 17 applies to the paradigm of (/P01

P2),

e.g. (/ a IU^K). (9) Rule no. 8 applies to the paradigm of (P P1

P P2),

e.g. ( a [ )D W ).

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Exercise 46

PQ (a) List the detailed paradigms (!P

PP)

of the

following verbs:

r X [ X W> r W W (1) X [ o X W> W W$ (2) r X [ mD W> r W ^v (3) D [ o X W> ^ W$ (4) %X [ X W> %W W (5) (b) Name the word-forms (—W" U ) of the following verbs:

W € [ 2X (1) '^ [ (2) ‰ [ U [ o X AW [ ^ (3) ' X [ HD*W^ (4) [X [ D (5)

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology The Paradigm of (I> $()

]R '2 ?.V! e ) . . . )* 6nW 5+ O[ U ;X [U X [ q^b^ O` [!UW W X <^ ¨[ W X W!X> OW [ U W O` IUW W X <^ ¨[ W OX [!UW> W W O` W![U ;X [U D ^£bW OX U>W! 'U W[!UW O` [!UW ;X [U X [ 4 O[ !UAW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW /D W ^!W 'U W0W![U ` W![U OX U>W! 'U W*W W![U a W W![U OX U>W! 'U W W![U 'U W0W [ X W W0[ X ;X [U w D #h~W FX bW OX U>W (^ W '^ [ X W [(^ 'U WW [(^ OX W [(^ ;X [U /U [ U 1b *h N ` W0W [ XW O` W XW Analysis The (P1

2) and ( P4 P2) have become similar

after changes were made. However, the original form of

PP2 P1) was ( ` [ PX![W ) while the original form of the ( P2

4) was (O` U![W ). each word is different. The original form of the (

Hereunder follow the paradigms of this (6 ).

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology ] 6K ! ='\O

] 6K ! ='\O

CD

5 4

W W!X> [ ^

OW [!UW> [ ^

0W W!X> [ ^

87!

87!

67!

67!

CDG!

5 47!

CDG!

5 47!

X W!X>

OX [!UW>

OW [ U

W W

W[!UW> [ ^ 'U 0W W!X> 'U W [!UW>

W [ U

W0W

[ 0X W!X> [ ^ [ X [!UW> [ ^ '^ [ 0X W!X> '^ [ X [!UW> [X [ U

[0X W

W W!AX [ ^

OW [!UAW [ ^

X W!AX

OX [!UAW

R [ W [ U R [ 0W W

0W W!AX [ ^

W [!UAW [ ^ 'U 0W W!AX 'U W [!UAW

W*W [ U

W*0W W

W [ !WX> [ ^

W [ !UW> [ ^

W [ !WX>

W [ !UW>

W [ U

W [ U

W W!AX [ ^

OW [!UAW [ ^

X W!AX

OX [!UAW

R W [ U

R W [ U

0W W!AX [ ^

W [!UAW [ ^ 'U 0W W!AX 'U W [!UAW WF*X[ U

WF*X[ U

[ 0X W!AX [ ^ [ X [!UAW [ ^ '^ [ 0X W!AX '^ [ X [!UAW

[ *X[ U

[ *X[ U

[ 0U W!AX [ ^ [ U [!UAW [ ^ U [0U W!AX U [U [!UAW

R U [ U

R U [ U

0W W!AX [ ^

W [!UAW [ ^ 'U 0W W!AX 'U W [!UAW WF*X[ U

WF*X[ U

W [ !WAX [ ^

W [ !UAW [ ^

W [ !WAX

W [ !UAW

h *X[ U

h *X[ U

W W D [ ^

OW [ U(^ [ ^

X W D

OX [ U(^

R X [ U

R X [ U

W W!#X [ ^

OW [!U#W [ ^

X W!#X

OX [!U#W

W[ U

W[ U

Page 230 - http://www.al-inaam.com/ Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown

From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology CDG! 87!

5 47! 87!

r ] 6K !

r ] 6K !

h 0W W!X^

h W [!UW^

O[ !WX> [ ^

O[ !UW> [ ^

'U¸ 0W W!X^

'U¸ W [!UW^

0W !WX> [ ^

W[!UW> [ ^

h 0X W!X^

h X [!UW^

[0X W!X> [ ^

[ X [!UW> [ ^

h 0W W!*X^

h W [!U*W^

O[ !WAX [ ^

O[ !UAW [ ^

'U¸ 0W W!*X^

'U¸ W [!U*W^

0W W!AX [ ^

W [!UAW [ ^

'• W[ !WX^

'• W[ !UW^

W [ !WX> [ ^

W [ !UW> [ ^

h 0W W!*X^

h W [!U*W^

O[ !WAX [ ^

O[ !UAW [ ^

'U¸ 0W W!*X^

'U¸ W [!U*W^

0W W!AX [ ^

W [!UAW [ ^

h 0X W!*X^

h X [!U*W^

[0X W!AX [ ^

[ X [!UAW [ ^

h 0U W!*X^

h U [!U*W^

[ 0U W!AX [ ^

[ U [!UAW [ ^

'U¸ 0W W!*X^

'U¸ W [!U*W^

0W W!AX [ ^

W [!UAW [ ^

'• W[ !W*X^

'• W[ !U*W^

W [ !WAX [ ^

W [ !UAW [ ^

h 0W W D^

h W [ Uq^U

O[ WD [ ^

O[ U(^ [ ^

h 0W W!X^

h W [!UWU

O[ !W#X [ ^

O[ !U#W [ ^

'^H ! K ! ]

'^H ! K ! ]

CD

5 4

y [ W [!U*W^ y [ W [!U*W^ y [ X [!UW^ y [ W [!UW^ : 11· ' O [ W [!UW^ y [ W [ Uq^^ y [ U [!U*W^ y [ X [!U*W^ y [ 0W W!*X^ y [ 0W W!*X^ y [ 0X W!X^ y [ 0W W!X^ : 11· ' O [ 0W W!X^ y [ 0W W qD^ y [ 0U W!*X^ y [ 0X W!*X^ Page 231 - http://www.al-inaam.com/ Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown

From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology ] CDG! 9!

] 5 47! 9!

CDG! 9!

5 47! 9!

h 0W W!XU

h W [!UWU

O[ !WXU

O[ !UWU

'• 0W W!XU

'• W[!UWU

0W W!XU

W[!UWU

h 0X W!XU

h X [!UWU

[0X W!XU

[ X [!UWU

h 0W W!*XU

h W [!U*WU

O[ !W*XU

O[ !U*WU

'• 0W W!*XU

'• W[!U*WU

0W W!*XU

W [!U*WU

'• W[ !WXU

'• W[ !UWU

W [ !WXU

W [ !UWU

h 0W W!*XU

h [ U

O[ !W*XU

O[ U

'• 0W W!*XU

'• W [ U

0W W!*XU

W [ U

h 0X W!*XU

h X [ U

[0X W!*XU

[ X [ U

h 0U !W*XU

h U [ U

[ 0U W!*XU

[ U [ U

'• 0W W!*XU

'• W [ U

0W W!*XU

W [ U

'• W[ !W*XU

'• W[ U

W [ !W*XU

W [ U

h 0W W DU

h W [ Uq^U

O[ WDU

O[ Uq^U

h 0W W!XU

h W [!UWU

O[ !WXU

O[ !UWU

'^H ! K !

'^H ! K !

y [ U [ U y [ X [ U y [ W [ U y [ W [!U*WU y [ X [!UWU y [ W [!UWU : 11· ' O . [ W [!UWU y [ W [ Uq^U [ 0W W!XU y [ 0W W qDU y [ 0U W!*XU y [ 0X W!*XU y [ 0W W!*XU y [ 0W W!*XU y [ 0X W!XU y [ 0W W!XU : 11· ' O .

Page 232 - http://www.al-inaam.com/ Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown

From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology ] CDG! 6DK !

] 5 47! 6DK !

CDG! 6DK !

5 47! 6DK !

h 0W W!X> &^

h W [!UW> &^

O[ !WX> &^

O[ !UW> &^

'• 0W W!X> &^

'U¸ W [!UW> &^

0W W!X> &^

W[!UW> &^

h 0X W!X> &^

h X [!UW> &^

[0X W!X> &^

[ X [!UW> &^

h 0W W!AX &^

h W [!UAW &^

O[ !WAX &^

O[ !UAW &^

'• 0W W!AX &^

'U¸ W [!UAW &^

0W W!AX &^

W [!UAW &^

'• W[ !WX> &^

'• W[ !UW> &^

W [ !WX> &^

W [ !UW> &^

h 0W W!AX &^

h W [!UAW &^

O[ !WAX &^

O[ !UAW &^

'• 0W W!AX &^

'U¸ W [!UAW &^

0W W!AX &^

W [!UAW &^

h 0X W!AX &^

h X [!UAW &^

[0X W!AX &^

[ X [!UAW &^

h 0U W!AX &^

h U [!UAW &^

[ 0U W!AX &^

[ U [!UAW &^

'• 0W W!AX &^

'U¸ W [!UAW &^

0W W!AX &^

W [!UAW &^

'• W[ !WAX &^

'• W[ !UAW &^

W [ !WAX &^

W [ !UAW &^

h 0W W D &^

h W [ U(^ &^

O[ WD &^

O[ U(^ &^

h 0W W!#X &^

h W [!U#W &^

O[ !W#X &^

O[ !U#W &^

'^H ! K !

'^H ! K !

[ W [!UAW &^ y [ W [!UAW &^ y [ X [!UW> &^ y [ W [!UW> &^ : 11· ' O [ W [!U#W &^ y [ W [ U(^ &^ y [ U [!UAW &^ y [ X [!UAW &^ y [ 0W W!AX &^ y [ 0W W!AX &^ y [ 0X W!X> &^ y [ 0W W!X> &^ : 11· ' O [ 0W W!#X&^ y [ 0W W (DT &^ y [ 0U W!AX &^ y [ 0X W!AX &^ y Page 233 - http://www.al-inaam.com/ Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown

From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

s! 1!

5 X ! 1!

1!

3$ ! 1!

C47! O` W![U

O` [!UW

O` [!UW

O` IUW

'U WW![U

'U W [!UW

'U W [!UW

'U W IUW

OX U>W!W

OX U>W!W

'^ [ X [!UW

'^ [ X IUW

a W W![U

a W [!UW

a W IUW

'U W*W W![U

'U W*W [!UW

'U W*W IUW

OX U>W!W

N ` W [!UW

N ` W IUW

` W![U 'U W0W![U OX [U>W!W Analysis (1) Rule no. 7.1 applies to all the words from ( W PPW ) till (W[ U). (2) Rule no. 9 applies to all the words of (

).

(3) In the (

), rule no. 8 has been applied. (4) Rule no. 17 applies to the (/01 2).

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

5 R 2 t . V!, e ]. - . )* <! 5+

` [ € X W W X <^ ¨<[MW X W€X> L W [MU W L ` IUWM W X <^ ¨<[MW X W€W> W WM

` W€W ;X [U X [ 4 L [ € W AW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW L [ MW ;X [U X [ q^b^ 3N '2 cK !, e ]. - . )* 6nW 5+

/b #W ;X [U X [ q^b^ /a [UW W X <^ : ¨ [#W D WX> /^ [#U W /a IUW# W X <^ : ¨ [#W D WW> ^ W# a WW ;X [U X [ 4 /b WAW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW To distinguish between the (P() of (PF) in which the (s?Pš) is deleted and the (P() of ( P$(), one will notice that in ( $(), besides the (m

=) and (wP#~ OP}),

FBQ G0) remains in all the words. Examples: [
from all the words. Examples: ( SC B^2 W

y [ BU2W [BD2W ^B2W y ' W U y ‰ [ U U [X U WU )

Hereunder follow the detailed paradigms of ( W WM).

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology 5 47! 9!

9!

87!

87!

67!

67!

K ! ]

5 47!

h <W€WU

L [ € W WU

X W€X> X W€W>

'• ^<W€WU

^<W€WU

'U <^W€X> 'U <^W€W> 1^ [MU

h

[

'^ [ '^ [ [1D [MU [

h <^W€*WU

L [ € W *WU

X W€AX X W€AW R [ 1^ [MU R [ <^SWM

'U¸ <^W€*WU

<^W€*WU

'U <^W€AX 'U <^W€AW W*1^ [MU

W*<^WM

'• W1b € W WU

W 1b € W WU

W 1b € W X>

W 1bV MU

h <^MW

L [ MW

X W€AX X W€AW R W 1bV MU R W 1bV MU

'• <^WM

<^WM

'U <^W€AX 'U <^W€AW WF*X1bV MU WF*X1bV MU

h

[

'^ [
h

[

U [
'• <^WM

<^WM

'U <^W€AX 'U <^W€AW WF*X1bV MU WF*X1bV MU

'• W1b MW

W 1b MW

W 1b € W AX

h <^WMq^U

L [ MW q^U

X WM(D X WM(^ R X 1bV MU R X 1bV MU

h <^W€WU

L [ € W WU

X W€#X X W€#W

'^H !

CDG!

5 47!

W 1b € W W>

CDG!

5 47!

L W [MU W WM

W 1bV MU

<^WM

[ *X1bV MU

W 1b € W AW h *X1bV MU h *X1bV MU W1bV MU

W1bV MU

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

FR .'-MV l-V!, e C4A )* <! 5+ X [ q^b^ 7` W*)b X W X <^ ¨7W*UKb @U 7X W*)b X> =W [*UKb (D W 7` W*)b X W X <^ ¨7W*UKb @U 7X W*)b W> 7W W*Kb @U 7` W*)b X ;X [U X [ 4 =[ *W)b AW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW =[ *WKb @U ;X [U Analysis (1) The forms of the (/P01

2) and (P1 P2) have become the same, namely (7` P PW*)b X ). However, the original form of each word is different. The (/P P01 PP2) was (7` U *W)b X ) while the (P1 P2) was (7` W PW*)b X ). Note that the ( P4 2) is also the same as the (P1 P2) as in all other (6 () of (78 9:9 l). P) in the form of (2) The verbs of the perfect tense (P (dIl m HA) and (dPIl mP OP}) are the same as the (P mP HA) and (P mP OP}) of the imperative (P(), that is (7W PW*Kb @U) and ([7X PW*Kb @U). However, the originals of the (P) were (W7 W PW*Kb @U) and ([7X W PW*Kb @U) while U PW*Kb @U) and ([7X U PW*Kb @U). The the originals of the (P() were (W7 (P() is constructed from the (P) which is (' U W7U PW*)b AW). Therefore the () is (Q).

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

R .'-k2 l-V!, e C4A )* 6nW 5+ ` W*€ [ X W X <^ ¨W*UM[ @U X W*€ [ X> W [*UM[ D( W ` W*€ [ X W X <^ ¨W*UM[ @U X W*€ [ W> W W*M[ @U ` W*€ [ X ;X [U X [ 4 [ *W€ [ AW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW [ *WM[ @U ;X [U X [ q^b^ This (6 ) is similar to (7W W*Kb @U) – (‰

$().

Nu . v^, 2l-V!, e C4A )* <! 5+ W X <^ ¨ W S)^ *U2[ @U %X S)U *W [ X> W [)U *X2[ (D W ` [)U *W [ X W X <^ ¨ W S)^ *U2[ @U X [)U *W [ W> %W ^)*W2[ @U %` ^)*W [ X ;X [U X [ 4 [ )U *W [ AW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW [ U)*W2[ @U ;X [U X [ q^b^ %` ^)*W [ X Analysis (1) The word (%W ^)*WP[2@U) was originally (%W W )b *WP[2@U). Rule no. 8

[ @U). is applied and it changes to (%W ^)*W2 (2) Rule no.8 and rule no. 3 have been applied to ( X [)U *WP[W>) which was originally (%X U )b *W [ W>). (3) The word (ƒW)b *UP[2@U) has been changed due to rule no. 8 to (¨ W S)^ *U2 [ @U). (4) The change in ( ` [)U *W [ X ) is similar to that of (X [)U *W [ W>).

PFBQ GP0) is deleted from the (P(), (P¹) and (%?8 ), e.g. ( [ )U *W [ W> [ ^ y [ )U *W [ AW &^ y [ )U *W2[ @U). (5) The (

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology (6) When (

B)9 '#) or ( P11M '#) is attached to the (P()

or (¹), the deleted letter returns, e.g.

h FW [)U *W [ AW (

&^ y h FW [)U *W2[ @U). Nu . .t-2 l-V!, e C4A )* 6nW 5+

s¨ W W€*U2[ @U X W€*W [ X> W [€ U *X2[ (D W ` [€ U *W [ X W X <^ s¨ W W€*U2[ @U X [€ U *W [ W> W W€*W2[ @U ;X [U X [ 4 [ € U *W [ AW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW [ € U *W2[ @U ;X [U X [ q^b^ ` W€*W [ X W X <^ ` W€*W [ X [ @U). This (6 ) is similar to (%W ^)*W2 Nu . ,Ml-V!, e C4A )* <! 5+ [ KU(^ ;X [U X [ q^b^ %` ^)X W X <^ ¨ W ^K@U %X ^)X> W [KU(D W ` [)U X W X <^ ¨ W ^K@U X [ )U X> %W ^K(^ %` ^)X ;X [U X [ 4 [ )U AX &^ ;X [0W X [ hW The changes of this (6 ) are similar to those of (%W ^)*W2 [ @U).

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Exercise 47

PQ (a) List the detailed paradigms (!P

PP)

of the

following verbs:

X [>=U W> '^ W7 (1) —D [>?U W> z ^ W (2) d X [>U W> 6 W W (3) – X [o U W> « W W$ (4) ¬ X [1U W> Y W ^< (5) (b) Name the word-forms (—W" U ) of the following verbs:

[?X hFW AW (1) W [ W>^)*WW> [ ^ (2) [ X [1U *WWA [ ^ (3) h + U [o U *W^ (4) [ !U[>U (5)

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology The Paradigms of (

JK#) and (L1)

N . $2 c=V!. "u .$b= !, e . J . B. )* <! wMB X 7[ (D ;X [U X [ q^b^  0X =[ W W X <^ ,® W07X W0=[ X> W 0U 7X W ¡ W7 W X <^ ,® W07X [ 0X =[ W> ^0W7 ;X [U D ^£bW ¡ W=W 'U W0W =[ W ƒ0=[ W ;X [U X [ 4 X =[ AW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW “ 0U W=W 'U W>^0[=U ,­ W0=[ U ¡ W=W 'U W0W =[ U sa W0=[ U ¡ W=W 'U W0W =[ U ƒ0=[ U ›W0[ 7X ;X [U w D #h~W FX bW '^ [ 0W 7[ (^W ¡ W7(^ 'U W0W 7[ (^ W07[ ^( ;X [U /U [ U 1b *h /D W

JKP#) and (IP> P$() do not come on the (6 ) of (#). (2) The () in the ( P4 2) – (ƒ0= [ PW) and in the ( P2 P3) – (ƒ0=[ PU) is deleted due to rule no. 7. If these words are used with ( b (^) or as a ( P), the (LP) is retained, e.g. ( [ D W0=[ U W [ D W0=[ W W W0=[ FU bW W0=[ FW b^). (3) The () in the word (,­ W0= [ PU) has changed to (s?Pš) as in the (=). (4) In the plural of the ( P4 P2) – ( ¡ W=PW) and the Page 241 - http://www.al-inaam.com/ Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown

From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology plural of the (/P1*

P2) – ( ¡ W7(^), rule no. 25 has been

applied. (5) In the word ( “ 0U W=PW) which is the plural of the (

P2

3), the () has changed to a (‰) due to rule no. 20. (6) Rule no. 26 has been applied to (›W0 [ 7X ). (7) In the words (' U P PWW0[ 7X ) and (N ` P PWW0[ 7X ), the (LP P) has changed to a (‰) due to rule no. 22. This applies to all the words which are (wP#~ HA) of the (/P1* P2) and the (µP2 w#~ O}) of the (/P1* P2), whether the words are (]i"), (JK#) or (/ E *).

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology ] 6K ! ='\O

] 6K ! ='\O

CD

5 4

W0=[ X> [ ^

W 0X =[ W> [ ^

87!

87!

67!

67!

CDG!

5 47!

CDG!

5 47!

W0=[ X>

[ 0X =[ W>

W 0U 7X

W07W

W0W =[ X> [ ^

W 0X =[ W> [ ^ 'U W0W =[ X> 'U W 0X =[ W> W0U 7X

W0W 7W

[ 0W =[ X> [ ^

[ 0X =[ W> [ ^

'^ [ 0W =[ X> '^ [ 0X =[ W> [0X 7X

[0W 7W

W0=[ AX [ ^

W 0X =[ AW [ ^

W0=[ AX

R [ W0U 7X

R [ 0W 7W

W0W =[ AX [ ^

W 0X =[ AW [ ^ 'U W0W =[ AX 'U W 0X =[ AW W*W0U 7X

W*0W 7W

W [0W =[ X> [ ^ '^ [ 0X =[ W> [ ^ W [0W =[ X> '^ [ 0X =[ W> W [0U 7X

'^ [ 0W 7W

W0=[ AX

[ 0X =[ AW

W0=[ AX [ ^

W 0X =[ AW [ ^

[ 0X =[ AW

R W [0U 7X N W [ 0W 7W

W0W =[ AX [ ^

W 0X =[ AW [ ^ 'U W0W =[ AX 'U W 0X =[ AW WF*X[0U 7X WFAX[ 0W 7W

[ 0W =[ AX [ ^

[ 0X =[ AW [ ^

'^ [ 0W =[ AX '^ [ 0X =[ AW [ *X[0U 7X

[ 0W =[ AX [ ^

[ 0U =[ AW [ ^

W [0W =[ AX

W0W =[ AX [ ^

W 0X =[ AW [ ^ 'U W0W =[ AX 'U W 0X =[ AW WF*X[0U 7X WFAX[ 0W 7W

[ AX[ 0W 7W

W [0U =[ AW R U [0U 7X N U [ 0W 7W

W [0W =[ AX [ ^ '^ [ 0X =[ AW [ ^ W [0W =[ AX '^ [ 0X =[ AW h *X[0U 7X h AX[ 0W 7W W07[ (D [ ^

W 0X 7[ (^ [ ^

W07[ (D

[ 0X 7[ (^

R X [0U 7X N X [ 0W 7W

W0=[ #X [ ^

W 0X =[ #W [ ^

W0=[ #X

[ 0X =[ #W

W[0U 7X

W#[ 0W 7W

Page 243 - http://www.al-inaam.com/ Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown

From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology CDG! 87!

5 47! 87!

r ] 6K !

r ] 6K !

h W0W =[ X^

' W 0X =[ W^

W =[ X> [ ^

X =[ W> [ ^

'• W0W =[ X^

'• W 0X =[ W^

W0W =[ X> [ ^

W 0X =[ W> [ ^

' X 0W =[ X^

h 0X =[ W^

[ 0W =[ X> [ ^

[ 0X =[ W> [ ^

h W0W =[ *X^

' W 0X =[ *W^

W =[ AX [ ^

X =[ AW [ ^

'• W0W =[ *X^

'• W 0X =[ *W^

W0W =[ AX [ ^

W 0X =[ AW [ ^

'• W[0W =[ X^

'• #W[ 0X =[ W^

W [0W =[ X> [ ^

'^ [ 0X =[ W> [ ^

h W0W =[ *X^

' W 0X =[ *W^

W =[ AX [ ^

X =[ AW [ ^

'• W0W =[ *X^

'• W 0X =[ *W^

W0W =[ AX [ ^

W 0X =[ AW [ ^

' X 0W =[ *X^

h 0X =[ *W^

[ 0W =[ AX [ ^

[ 0X =[ AW [ ^

h U0W =[ *X^

h 0U =[ *W^

[ 0W =[ AX [ ^

[ 0U =[ AW [ ^

'• W0W =[ *X^

'• W 0X =[ *W^

W0W =[ AX [ ^

W 0X =[ AW [ ^

'• W[0W =[ *XU

'• W#[ 0X =[ *W^

W [0W =[ AX [ ^

'^ [ 0X =[ AW [ ^

h W0W 7[ qD^

' W 0X 7[ q^^

W 7[ (D [ ^

X 7[ (^ [ ^

h W0W =[ X^

' W 0X =[ W^

W =[ #X [ ^

X =[ #W [ ^

'^H ! K ! ]

'^H ! K ! ]

CDG!

5 47!

y 'b W 0X =[ *W^ y 'b W 0X =[ *W^ y [ 0X =[ W^ y 'b W X0=[ W^ : 11· ' O 'W0X =[ W^ y 'b W 0X 7[ q^^ y [ 0U =[ *W^ y [ 0X =[ *W^ y [ W0W =[ *X^ y [ W0W =[ *X^ y 'b X 0W =[ X^ y [ W0W =[ X^ : 11· ' O [ W0W =[ X^ y [ W0W 7[ qD^ y [ U0W =[ *X^ y 'b X 0W =[ *X^ Page 244 - http://www.al-inaam.com/ Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown

From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology ] CDG! 9!

] 5 47! 9!

CDG! 9!

5 47! 9!

h W0W =[ XU

' W 0X =[ WU

W =[ XU

X =[ WU

'• W0W =[ XU

'• W 0X =[ WU

W0W =[ XU

W 0X =[ WU

' X 0W =[ XU

h 0X =[ WU

[ 0W =[ XU

[ 0X =[ WU

h W0W =[ *XU

' W 0X =[ *WU

W =[ *XU

X =[ *WU

'• W0W =[ *XU

'• W 0X =[ *WU

W0W =[ *XU

W 0X =[ *WU

'• W[0W =[ XU

'• #W[ 0X =[ WU

W [0W =[ XU

'^ [ 0X =[ WU

h W0W =[ *XU

' W 0X 7[ (DS

W =[ *XU

X 7[ (DS

'• W0W =[ *XU

'• W 0X 7[ (DS

W0W =[ *XU

W 0X 7[ (DS

' X 0W =[ *XU

h 0X 7[ (DS

[ 0W =[ *XU

[ 0X 7[ (DS

h U0W =[ *XU

h 0U 7[ (DS

[ 0W =[ *XU

[ 0U 7[ (DS

'• W0W =[ *XU

'• W 0X 7[ (DS

W0W =[ *XU

W 0X 7[ (DS

'• W[0W =[ *XU

'• #W[ 0X 7[ (DS

W [0W =[ *XU

'^ [ 0X 7[ (DS

h W0W 7[ qDU

' W 0X 7[ q^U

W 7[ qaU

X 7[ q^U

h W0W =[ XU

' W 0X =[ WU

W =[ `U

X =[ WU

'^H ! K !

'^H ! K !

y 'b W 0X 7[ (DS y 'b W 0X =[ *WU y [ 0X =[ WU y 'b W 0X =[ WU : 11· ' O . 'W0X =[ WU y 'b W 0X 7[ q^U y [ 0U 7[ (D y [ 0X 7[ (DS y [ W0W =[ *XU y [ W0W =[ *XU y 'b X 0W =[ XU y [ W0W =[ XU : 11· ' O . [ W0W =[ XU y [ W0W 7[ qDU y [ U0W =[ *XU y 'b X 0W =[ *XU Page 245 - http://www.al-inaam.com/ Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown

From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology ] CDG! 6DK !

] 5 47! 6DK !

CDG! 6DK !

5 47! 6DK !

h W0W =[ X> &^

' W 0X =[ W> &^

W =[ X> &^

X =[ W> &^

'• W0W =[ X> &^

'• W 0X =[ W> &^

W0W =[ X> &^

W 0X =[ W> &^

' X 0W =[ X> &^

h 0X =[ W> &^

[ 0W =[ X> &^

[ 0X =[ W> &^

h W0W =[ AX &^

' W 0X =[ AW &^

W =[ AX &^

X =[ AW &^

'• W0W =[ AX &^

'• W 0X =[ AW &^

W0W =[ AX &^

W 0X =[ AW &^

'• W[0W =[ X> &^

'• #W[ 0X =[ W> &^

W [0W =[ X> &^

'^ [ 0X =[ W> &^

h W0W =[ AX &^

' W 0X =[ AW &^

W =[ AX &^

X =[ AW &^

'• W0W =[ AX &^

'• W 0X =[ AW &^

W0W =[ AX &^

W 0X =[ AW &^

' X 0W =[ AX &^

h 0X =[ AW &^

[ 0W =[ AX &^

[ 0X =[ AW &^

h U0W =[ AX &^

h 0U =[ AW &^

[ 0W =[ AX &^

[ 0U =[ AW &^

'• W0W =[ AX &^

'• W 0X =[ AW &^

W0W =[ AX &^

W 0X =[ AW &^

'• W[0W =[ AX &^

'• W#[ 0X =[ AW &^

W [0W =[ AX &^

'^ [ 0X =[ AW &^

h W0W 7[ (D &^

' W 0X 7[ (^ &^

W 7[ (D &^

X 7[ (^ &^

h W0W =[ #X &^

' W 0X =[ #W &^

W =[ #X &^

X =[ #W &^

'^H ! K !

'^H ! K !

&^ y 'b W 0X =[ AW &^ y [ 0X =[ W> &^ y 'b W 0X =[ W> &^ : 11· ' O 'W0X =[ #W &^ y 'b W 0X 7[ (^ &^ y [ 0U =[ AW &^ y [ 0X =[ AW &^ y 'b W 0X =[ AW &^ y [ W0W =[ AX &^ y 'b X 0W =[ X> &^ y [ W0W =[ X> &^ : 11· ' O [ W0W =[ #X &^ y [ W0W 7[ (D &^ y [ U0W =[ AX &^ y 'b X 0W =[ AX &^ y [ W0W =[ AX Page 246 - http://www.al-inaam.com/ Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown

From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

s! 1!

5 X ! 1!

1!

3$ ! 1!

C47! ƒ0=[ U

ƒ0=[ W

 0X =[ W

¡ W7

'U W0W =[ U

'U W0W =[ W

'U h 0X =[ W

'U W0U W7

¡ W=W

¡ W=W

'^ [ “ 0X =[ W

'^ [ 0X W7

sa W0=[ U

sa h 0X =[ W

a W0U W7

'U WAW0=[ U

'U WAh 0X =[ W

'U W*W0U W7

¡ W=W

N ` h 0X =[ W

N ` W0U W7

,­ W0=[ U 'U S,W0=[ U “ 0U W=W Analysis (1) Rule no. 7 has been applied to (W07W ). (2) If an (LP) is changed from a (), it is written in the form of an (LP), e.g. (PW07W ). If the (LP) is changed from a (‰),it is written in the form of an (‰), e.g. (œW ). (3) If an (LP) is deleted due to (GP (>P PA), if (b ^) is attached or the word is

PF*$@) or ( P P), the

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology (LP) will be written in the form of a (‰) in all three cases – (P‹

dP O< ), e.g. If the word (ƒ0=[ PW) has b ^) attached to it or it is ( PP), the (LPP) will be ( written in the form of a (‰) e.g. ( [ QD œ0=[ PW W W0=[ PWFb mPp), ( [ QD œ0=[ P PW W œ0=[ P PWFb R X P P[>(^W ) and ( W œ0=[ P PWFbU N X [ W P PW [ QD œ0=[ PPW). According to the grammarian, Sībawayh, in (dP P), the (sP) LP) will be written in the form of an (L), e.g. ( [ D W0=[ W R X [>(^W ). PW07W ), the () remains unchanged (4) In the dual form (WP because it appears before the (L) of ( HA). (5) From (' ^ [ PPW07W ) till the end, all the words are in their original form. (6) In the (P all the words

P), rule no. 11 has been applied to whereby the () changes to (‰). In the word

( [ 0X 7X ), the (‰) is deleted. (7) In words like ( [ 0X =[ PW>), the () has become (P2) due to rule no. 10.1. In (' ^ [ 0X =[ PW>), ('^ [ 0X =[ PWA) and (W [0U =[ PWA), the () is deleted due to rule no. 10.2 and 10.3. Besides the (

OP}

wP#~) and all the forms of ( PHA), all the remaining words Page 248 - http://www.al-inaam.com/ Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown

From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology are unchanged. (8) The plural masculine word-forms are the same for the masculine and feminine, namely (' ^ [ 0X =[ W>) and ('^ [ 0X =[ AW). (9) In the (P

P), the () has changed to (‰) due [ X>). to rule no. 20, e.g. (W0= (10) The ( w#~ =) and (P wP#~ O}) have the same word-forms, namely ( W [0W =[ P PXA). However, the original form of the (P PP wP PP#~ =P PP) was ( W [>U 0W =[ AX) while the original form of the (P wP#~ OP}) was (' ^ [ 0W =[ AX). (11) In words like (›œ0= [ PX> [ P^), due to the (LP) at the end, the effect of the ( [ ^) is not visible. (12) If at the time of (GP P P PF*$@), the first sâkin letter is a (s=P), it is deleted. If it is not a (s=P), the () is rendered a ( FP) and the (‰) a (sP), e.g. ('  X 0W =[ PX^) and ( h U0W =[ *X^). (13) Rule no. 11 has been applied to all the words of (/P01

P2). Rule no. 10 applies to ( ¡ W7). The (n) 2‘) mentioned previously apply to it. (14) Only (%l7@) has been applied to the (1 2).

rules of

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Exercise 48

PQ (a) List the detailed paradigms (!P

PP)

of the

following verbs:

[ FX [ W> WF2W (1) [ X [ W> W X 2W (2) [ 1D [ W> ^10W (3) [ BD![W> : ^ W (4) [ BD€ [ W> : ^ MW (5) (b) Name the word-forms (—W" U ) of the following verbs:

›œWAW (1) W 1U [ *W2[ (^ [ ^ (2) /• € W AX [ ^ (3) h WBU*W![W^ (4) W F[ KU(^ (5)

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

6R 2 c !, e ) . . . )* 6nW wMB %U [ @U ;X [U X [ q^b^  U [ W W X <^ ƒ[ W ›œ[ X> W U X W %¡ W W X <^ ƒ[ W [ U [ W> ›œW ›ƒ[ U ;X [U D ^£bW %¡ WW 'U WW [ W ›ƒ[ W ;X [U X [ 4 %U [ AW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW /D W ^[U ,­ W[ U W %¡ WW 'U WAW[ U sa W[ U %¡ WW 'U WW [ U 'U WW[ X ›œ[ X ;X [U w D #h~W FX bW '^ [ X [ (^ W %¡ W(^ 'U WW [ (^ ›œ[ (^ ;X [U /U [ U 1b *h N ` WW[ X W ›ƒX Hereunder follow the detailed paradigms of this verb.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology ] 6K ! ='\O

] 6K ! ='\O

CD

5 4

87!

87!

67!

67!

CDG!

5 47!

CDG!

5 47!

›œ[ X>

[ U [ W>

W U X

›œW

WW [ X> [ ^

WU [ W> [ ^ 'U WW [ X> 'U WU [ W>

WU X

WW W

[ W [ X> [ ^

[ W [ X> [ ^ '^ [ W [ X> '^ [ X [ W> [X X

[W W

›œ[ X> [ ^ W U [ W> [ ^

›œ[ AX [ ^ W U [ AW [ ^ WW [ AX [ ^

›œ[ AX

[ U [ AW R [ WU X R [ W W

WU [ AW [ ^ 'U WW [ AX 'U WU [ AW W*WU X

W [W [ X> [ ^ W [U [ W> [ ^ W [W [ X>

W [U [ W>

›œ[ AX [ ^ W U [ AW [ ^

[ U [ AW R W [U X R W [W W

WW [ AX [ ^

›œ[ AX

W [U X

W*W W W [W W

WU [ AW [ ^ 'U WW [ AX 'U WU [ AW WF*X[U X WF*X[W W

[ W [ AX [ ^ [ X [ AW [ ^ '^ [ W [ AX '^ [ X [ AW [ *X[U X [ *X[W W [ W [ AX [ ^ [ U [ AW [ ^ W [W [ AX WW [ AX [ ^

W [U [ AW R U [U X R U [W W

WU [ AW [ ^ 'U WW [ AX 'U WU [ AW WF*X[U X WF*X[W W

W [W [ AX [ ^ W [U [ AW [ ^ W [W [ AX

W [U [ AW h *X[U X h *X[W W

›œ[ (D [ ^ W U [ (^ [ ^

›œ[ (D

[ U [ (^ R X [U X R X [W W

›œ[ #X [ ^ W U [ #W [ ^

›œ[ #X

[ U [ #W

W[U X

W[W W

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology CDG! 87!

5 47! 87!

r ] 6K !

r ] 6K !

h WW [ X^

h WU [ W^

%W [ X> [ ^

%U [ W> [ ^

'• WW [ X^

'• WU [ W^

WW [ X> [ ^

WU [ W> [ ^

' X W [ X^

h X [ W^

[ W [ X> [ ^

[ X [ W> [ ^

h WW [ *X^

h WU [ *W^

%W [ AX [ ^

%U [ AW [ ^

'• WW [ *X^

'• WU [ *W^

WW [ AX [ ^

WU [ AW [ ^

'• W[W [ X^

'• W[U [ W^

W [W [ X> [ ^

W [U [ W> [ ^

h WW [ *X^

h U [ *W^

%W [ AX [ ^

%U [ AW [ ^

'• WW [ *X^

'• WU [ *W^

WW [ AX [ ^

WU [ AW [ ^

' X W [ *X^

h X [ *W^

[ W [ AX [ ^

[ X [ AW [ ^

h UW [ *X^

h U [ *W^

[ W [ AX [ ^

[ U [ AW [ ^

'• WW [ *X^

'• WU [ *W^

WW [ AX [ ^

WU [ AW [ ^

'• W[W [ *X^

'• W[U [ *W^

W [W [ AX [ ^

W [U [ AW [ ^

h WW [ qD^

h WU [ q^^

%W [ (D [ ^

%U [ (^ [ ^

h WW [ X^

h WU [ W^

%W [ #X [ ^

%U [ #W [ ^

'^H ! K ! ]

'^H ! K ! ]

CDG!

5 47!

y [ WU [ *W^ y [ WU [ *W^ y [ X [ W^ y [ WU[ W^ : 11· ' O [ WU [ W^ y [ WU [ q^^ y [ U [ *W^ y [ X [ *W^ y [ WW [ *X^ y [ WW [ *X^ y 'b X W [ X^ y [ WW [ X^ : 11· ' O [ WW [ X^ y [ WW [ qD^ y [ UW [ *X^ y 'b X W [ *X^ Page 253 - http://www.al-inaam.com/ Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown

From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology ] CDG! 9!

] 5 47! 9!

CDG! 9!

5 47! 9!

h WW [ XU

h WU [ WU

%W [ XU

%U [ WU

'• WW [ XU

'• WU [ WU

WW [ XU

WU [ WU

' X W [ XU

h X [ WU

[ W [ XU

[ X [ WU

h WW [ *XU

h WU [ *WU

%W [ *XU

%U [ *WU

'• WW [ *XU

'• WU [ *WU

WW [ *XU

WU [ *WU

'• W[W [ XU

'• W[U [ WU

W [W [ XU

W [U [ WU

h WW [ *XU

h WU [ @U

%W [ *XU

%U [ @U

'• WW [ *XU

'• WU [ @U

WW [ *XU

WU [ @U

' X W [ *XU

h X [ @U

[ W [ *XU

[ X [ @U

h UW [ *XU

h U [ @U

[ W [ *XU

[ U [ @U

'• WW [ *XU

'• WU [ @U

WW [ *XU

WU [ @U

'• W[W [ *XU

'• W[U [ @U

W [W [ *XU

W [U [ @U

h WW [ qDU

h WU [ q^U

%W [ qaU

%U [ q^U

h WW [ XU

h WU [ WU

%W [ XU

%U [ WU

'^H ! K !

'^H ! K !

y [ X [ @U y [ WU [ @U y [ WU [ *WU y [ X [ WU y [ WU [ WU : 11· ' O . [ WU [ WU y [ WU [ q^U y [ U [ @U y [ X [ *XU y [ WW [ *XU y [ WW [ *XU y [ X [XU y [ WW [ XU : 11· ' O . [ WW [ XU y [ WW [ qDU y [ UW [ *XU Page 254 - http://www.al-inaam.com/ Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown

From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology ] CDG! 6DK !

] 5 47! 6DK !

CDG! 6DK !

5 47! 6DK !

h WW [ X> &^

h WU [ W> &^

%W [ X> &^

%U [ W> &^

'• WW [ X> &^

'• WU [ W> &^

WW [ X> &^

WU [ W> &^

' X W [ X> &^

h X [ W> &^

[ W [ X> &^

[ X [ W> &^

h WW [ AX &^

h WU [ AW &^

%W [ AX &^

%U [ AW &^

'• WW [ AX &^

'• WU [ AW &^

WW [ AX &^

WU [ AW &^

'• W[W [ X> &^

'• W[U [ W> &^

W [W [ X> &^

W [U [ W> &^

h WW [ AX &^

h U [ AW &^

%W [ AX &^

%U [ AW &^

'• WW [ AX &^

'• WU [ AW &^

WW [ AX &^

WU [ AW &^

' X W [ AX &^

h X [ AW &^

[ W [ AX &^

[ X [ AW &^

h UW [ AX &^

h U [ AW &^

[ W [ AX &^

[ U [ AW &^

'• WW [ AX &^

'• WU [ AW &^

WW [ AX &^

WU [ AW &^

'• W[W [ AX &^

'• W[U [ AW &^

W [W [ AX &^

W [U [ AW &^

h WW [ (D &^

h WU [ (^ &^

%W [ (D &^

%U [ (^ &^

h WW [ #X &^

h WU [ #W &^

%W [ #X &^

%U [ #W &^

'^H ! K !

'^H ! K !

[ WU [ AW &^ y [ WU [ AW &^ y [ X [ W> &^ y [ WU [ W> &^ : 11· ' O [ WU [ #W &^ y [ WU [ (^ &^ y [ U [ AW &^ y [ X [ AW &^ y [ WW [ AX &^ y [ WW [ AX &^ y 'b X W [ X> &^ y [ WW [ X> &^ : 11· ' O [ WW [ #X &^ y [ WW [ (D &^ y [ UW [ AX &^ y 'b XW [ AX &^ y Page 255 - http://www.al-inaam.com/ Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown

From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

s! 1!

5 X ! 1!

1!

3$ ! 1!

C47! ›ƒ[ U

›ƒ [ W

 U [ W

%¡ W

'U WW [ U

'U WW [ W

'U hU [ W

'U WU W

%¡ WW

%¡ WW

'^ [ “U [ W

'^ [ X W

sa W[ U

a hU [ W

a WU W

'U WAW[ U

'U *WhU [ W

'U W*WU W

%¡ WW

N ` hU [ W

N ` WU W

,­ W[ U 'U S,W[ U “ U WW Analysis (1) The ( 4

2) – (›Pƒ[ W ) is (GP _P*1) if the verb

is (JK#). (2) When the word (›PPƒ[ W ) is used with ( b ^) or as a ( ), the (L) reverts, e.g. (›œ[ F W b^) , ([ QD œ[ W ). (3) Rule no. 25 applies to (%¡ WW ) and (%¡ W(^).

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology (4) Rule no. 7 has been applied to (›P Pœ[ (^) whereby the (‰) has changed to an (L). (5) In the broken plural (›PƒX ), the (‰) was changed to an (LPP) and was thereafter deleted due to

(

PPF*$@

G). (6) In the words (›PœW ) and ([PWW ), the (‰) was changed to an (L) due to rule no. 7. (7) In the words (R [ PWW ) and (PW*W W ), the (LP) was deleted due to (G

F*$@).

(8) Rule no. 10 has been applied to ([X X ). (9) Rule no. 10 has also been applied to ( [ PU[ W>), ([ PU[ AW), ( [ U [ (^), ([ PU[ #W), ('^ [ PX[ W>), ('^ [ PX[ AW), (W [U [ PWA). After changes were made in the singular feminine second person -

W [U [ AW) – it became like the plural feminine second person. ( (10) Rule no. 7 has been applied to the ive tense verbs like (›œ[ X>) etc. (11) In the word (%¡ W), the (‰) was made sâkin and then deleted due to (G (12) In the word

F*$@). (' ^ [ PPXW), the

harakah of the (‰) was

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology transferred to the preceding letter, the (‰) was changed to () and then deleted. (13) Rule no. 14 has been applied to all the words of (1

2), e.g. ( U [ W ).

N !. 2 q !. 6.q !, e ]. - . )* <! wMB

X [ q^b^  U [ W W X <^ ƒU ›œ[ X> W U X W Y ¡ W W X <^ ƒU ›œ[ W> W U W Y ¡ WW 'U W W [ W › ƒ [ W ;X [U X [ 4 Y W [ AW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW Y W [ @U ;X [U ,­ W[ U Y ¡ WW 'U WAW[ U sa W[ U Y ¡ WW U'W W [ U › ƒ [ U ;X [U D ^£bW W '^ [ W [ (^ 'U W W [ (^ ›œ[ (^ ;X [U /U [ U 1b *h /D W ^[U N ` WW [ X W › ƒ X 'U WW [ X ›œ [ X ;X [U w D #h~W FX bW Y ¡ W(^ Analysis (1) The same changes as (›œ0= [ PX>

W PU07X ) have occurred in the

active tense of this verb. The other words are affected in the same way as (VX0= [ W>

W07W ).

(2) As an exception to the rule, the rule of (  PU7U ) has been

 U [ W ). applied to the word (

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

N '.Q 2t . V!, e ]. - . )* 6nW wMB  + U€ [ W W X <^ ¨ W+ [ MW ›œ+€ [ X> W + U MX W « ¡ WM W X <^ ¨ W+ [ MW ›œ+€ [ W> W + U MW 'U W+ W€ [ W ›+ ƒ€ [ W ;X [U X [ 4 – W € [ AW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW – W M[ @U ;X [U X [ q^b^ « ¡ W€W 'U WAW+€ [ U sa W+€ [ U « ¡ W€W 'U W+ W€ [ U ›+ ƒ€ [ U ;X [U D ^£bW « ¡ W€W 'U W+ W M[ (^ ›œ+M[ (^ ;X [U /U [ U 1b *h /D W ^+[€U ,­ W+€ [ U W N ` WW+ [ MX W ›+ ƒ MX 'U WW+ [ MX ›œ+ [ MX ;X [U w D #h~W FX bW « ¡ WM(^ W '^ [ + W M[ (^ The verbs of this category are very similar to those of ( [ U [ W>

›œW ).

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Exercise 49

PQ (a) List the detailed paradigms (!P

PP)

of the

following verbs:

[ QU ![W> ›œQ W (1) ‰ [ U =[ W> ¯œ7W (2) ›œ)![W> W )U W (3) [ )U [ W> ›œ)2W (4) [ 5U ![W> ›œ5 W (5) (b) Name the word-forms (—W" U ) of the following verbs:

›œ)Bb AW (1) W U![AW [ ^ (2) [ 1U Qb AW [ ^ (3) '• W[W [ *W^ (4) [+ X [ @U (5)

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

N W.,M- V!, e ) . . . )* x y' r U ;X [U X [ q^b^  KU[ W W X <^ ¨ W>^KU ›œK[ X> W KUX W r ¡ W W X <^ ¨ W>^KU [ )U W> ›œKW ›¨)[U ;X [U D ^£bW r ¡ WW 'U WK^S[ W ›¨K[ W ;X [U X [ 4 gU AW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW /D W ^)[U ,­ ^)[U W r ¡ WW 'U WAS)^ [U sa^)[U r ¡ WW 'U W)^S [U 'U WWKb X ›œKb X ;X [U w D #h~W FX bW r ¡ W(^ W '^ [ K^S[ (^ 'U WK^[ (^ ›œK[ (^ ;X [U /U [ U 1b *h N ` WWKb X W ›K¨X In this category of verbs, the rules of (P PH) have been

PFBQ ,P<) while the rules of (JKP#) have been applied to the ( PFBQ GP P0). Most of the paradigms [ U [ W> ›œW ). are similar to those of ( applied to the (

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology ] 6K ! ='\O

] 6K ! ='\O

CDG!

5 47!

›œK[ X> [ ^

87!

87!

67!

67!

CDG!

5 47!

CDG!

5 47!

W )U W> [ ^

›œK[ X>

[ )U W>

W KUX

›œKW

WK^[ X> [ ^

W)U W> [ ^

'U WK^[ X> 'U W)U W>

WKUX

WK^W

[ K^[ X> [ ^

[)D W> [ ^

'^ [ K^[ X> '^ [ )D W>

[KDX

[K^W

›œK[ AX [ ^

W )U AW [ ^

›œK[ AX

R [ WKUX R [ K^W

WK^[ AX [ ^

W)U AW [ ^

'U WK^[ AX 'U W)U AW

W*WKUX

W*K^W

W [K^[ X> [ ^

W [)U W> [ ^

W [K^[ X>

W [)U W>

W [KUX

W [K^W

›œK[ AX [ ^

W )U AW [ ^

›œK[ AX

[ )U AW

R W [KUX R W [K^W

WK^[ AX [ ^

W)U AW [ ^

'U WK^[ AX 'U W)U AW WF*X[KUX WF*X[K^W

[ K^[ AX [ ^

[)D AW [ ^

'^ [ K^[ AX '^ [ )D AW

[ *X[KUX

[ K^[ AX [ ^

[ )U AW [ ^

W [K^[ AX

R U [KUX R U [K^W

WK^[ AX [ ^

W)U AW [ ^ 'U WK^[ AX 'U W)U AW WF*X[KUX WF*X[K^W

W [K^[ AX [ ^

W [)U AW [ ^

W [K^[ AX

W [)U AW

h *X[KUX h *X[K^W

›œK[ (D [ ^

W KU(^ [ ^

›œK[ (D

[ KU(^

R X [KUX R X [K^W

›œK[ #X [ ^

W )U #W [ ^

›œK[ #X

[ )U #W

W[KUX

[ )U AW

W [)U AW

[ *X[K^W

W[K^W

Page 262 - http://www.al-inaam.com/ Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown

From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology CDG! 87!

5 47! 87!

r ] 6K !

r ] 6K !

h WK^[ X^

h W)U W^

r W [ X> [ ^

gU W> [ ^

'• WK^[ X^

'• W)U W^

WK^[ X> [ ^

W)U W> [ ^

' X K^[ X^

h )D W^

[K^[ X> [ ^

[ )D W> [ ^

h WK^[ *X^

h W)U *W^

r W [ AX [ ^

gU AW [ ^

'• WK^[ *X^

' W)U *W^

WK^[ AX [ ^

W)U AW [ ^

'• W[K^[ X^

'• W[)U W^

W [K^[ X> [ ^

W [)U W> [ ^

h WK^[ *X^

h W)U *W^

r W [ AX [ ^

gU AW [ ^

'• WK^[ *X^

'• W)U *W^

WK^[ AX [ ^

W)U AW [ ^

' X K^[ *X^

h )D *W^

[ K^[ AX [ ^

[ )D AW [ ^

h UK^[ *X^

h )U *W^

[ K^[ AX [ ^

[ )U AW [ ^

'• WK^[ *X^

'• W)U *W^

WK^[ AX [ ^

W)U AW [ ^

'• W[K^[ *X^

'• W[)U *W^

W [K^[ AX [ ^

W [)U AW [ ^

h WK^[ qD^

h WKUq^^

r W [ (a [ ^

r U (^ [ ^

h WK^[ X^

h W)U W^

r W [ #X [ ^

gU #W [ ^

'^H ! K ! ]

'^H ! K ! ]

CDG!

5 47!

y [ )D *W^ y [ W)U *W^ y [ W)U *W^ y [ )D W^ y [ W)U W^ : 11· ' O [ W)U W^ y [ WKUq^^ y [ )U *W^ y [ WK^[ *X^ y [ WK^[ *X^ y [ KD[ X^ y [ W^K[ X^ : 11· ' O [ WK^[ X^ y [ WK^[ qD^ y [ KU[ *X^ y [ KD[ *X^ Page 263 - http://www.al-inaam.com/ Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown

From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology ] CDG! 9!

] 5 47! 9!

CDG! 9!

5 47! 9!

h WK^[ XU

h W)U WU

r W [ XU

gU WU

'• WK^[ XU

'• W)U WU

WK^[ XU

W)U WU

' X K^[ XU

h )D WU

[K^[ XU

[)D WU

h WK^[ *XU

h W)U *WU

r W [ *XU

gU *WU

'• WK^[ *XU

'• W)U *WU

WK^[ *XU

W)U *WU

'• W[K^[ XU

'• W[)U WU

W [K^[ XU

W [)U WU

h WK^[ *XU

h WKU

r W [ *XU

r U

'• WK^[ *XU

'• WKU

WK^[ *XU

WKU

' X K^[ *XU

h KD

[ K^[ *XU

[ KD

h UK^[ *XU

h KU

[ K^[ *XU

[ KU

'• WK^[ *XU

'• WKU

WK^[ *XU

WKU

'• W[K^[ *XU

'• W[KU

W [K^[ *XU

W [KU

h WK^[ qDU

h WKUq^U

r W [ qaU

r U q^U

h WK^[ XU

h W)U WU

r W [ XU

gU WU

'^H ! K !

'^H ! K !

y [ KU y [ KD y [ WKU y [ W)U *WU y [ )D WU y [W)U WU : 11· ' O . [ W)U WU y [ WKUq^U 'b X K^[ *XU y [ WK^[ *XU y [ WK^[ *XU y 'b X ^K[ XU y [ WK^[ XU : 11· ' O . [ WK^[ XU y [ WK^[ qDU y [ UK^[ *XU y Page 264 - http://www.al-inaam.com/ Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown

From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology ] CDG! 6DK !

] 5 47! 6DK !

CDG! 6DK !

5 47! 6DK !

h WK^[ X> &^

h W)U W> &^

r W [ X> &^

gU W> &^

'• WK^[ X> &^

'• W)U W> &^

WK^[ X> &^

W)U W> &^

' X K^[ X> &^

h )D W> &^

[ K^[ X> &^

[)D W> &^

h WK^[ AX &^

h W)U AW &^

r W [ AX &^

gU AW &^

'• WK^[ AX &^

'• W)U AW &^

WK^[ AX &^

W)U AW &^

'• W[K^[ X> &^

'• W[)U W> &^

W [K^[ X> &^

W [)U W> &^

h WK^[ AX &^

h W)U AW &^

r W [ AX &^

gU AW &^

'• WK^[ AX &^

'• W)U AW &^

WK^[ AX &^

W)U AW &^

' X K^[ AX &^

h )D AW &^

[ K^[ AX &^

[)D AW &^

h UK^[ AX &^

h )U AW &^

[ K^[ AX &^

gU AW &^

'• WK^[ AX &^

'• W)U AW &^

WK^[ AX &^

W)U AW &^

'• W[K^[ AX &^

'• W[)U AW &^

W [K^[ AX &^

W [)U AW &^

h WK^[ (D &^

h WKU(^ &^

r W [ (a &^

r U (^ &^

h WK^[ #X &^

h W)U #W &^

r W [ #X &^

gU #W &^

'^H ! K !

'^H ! K !

&^ y [ W)U AW &^ y [ W)U AW &^ y [ )D W> &^ y [ W)U W> &^ : 11· ' O [ W)U #W &^ y [ WKU(^ &^ y [ )U AW &^ y [ )D AW [ WK^[ AX &^ y [ WK^[ AX &^ y 'b X K^[ X> &^ y [ WK^[ X> &^ : 11· ' O [ WK^[ #X &^ y [ WK^[ (D &^ y [ UK^[ AX &^ y 'b X K^[ AX &^ y Page 265 - http://www.al-inaam.com/ Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown

From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

s! 1!

5 X ! 1!

1!

3$ ! 1!

C47! ›)¨ [U

›K¨[ W

 KU[ W

r ¡ W

'U W)^ [U

'U WK^[ W

'U hKU[ W

'U WKUW

r ¡ WW

r ¡ WW

'^ [ “KU[ W

'^ [ KDW

sa ^)[U

a hKU[ W

a WKUW

'U WA^)[U

'U *WhKU[ W

'U W*WKUW

r ¡ WW

N ` hKU[ W

N ` WKUW

,­ ^)[U 'U S,^)[U “ KUWW Analysis (1) The () of ( [ PPU)W>) and all the other verbs has been deleted due to the rule of (= X U W>). (2) The rule of ( [ PPU[ W>) has been applied to the (‰) of ( [ )U W>). (3) The imperative (r U ) was constructed from ([ P )U AW). After

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology deleting the (P P (

PP:0),

the last letter which is a

B ) was deleted. It became (r U ). N W.%, - V!, e S .

- . )* x y'

U ;X [U X [ q^b^  U[ W W X <^ ¨ W>&^ U ›œ[ X> W UX W ¡ W W X <^ ¨ W>&^ U [ BUW> UW ›B¨[U ;X [U D ^£bW ¡ WW 'U W^[ W ›¨[ W ;X [U X [ 4 /U AW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW /U [ U 1b *h /D W ^B[U ,­ ^B[U W ¡ WW 'U WASB^[U sa ^B[U ¡ WW 'U WB^S[U ›¨X 'U WWbX ›œbX ;X [U w D #h~W FX bW ¡ W (^ W '^ [ ^[ (^ 'U W^[ (^ ›œ[ (^ ;X [U N ` WWbX W The paradigms of this category is similar to ( [ )U W>

›œKW ).

b6dz !, e ) . . . )* ^ y' ;X [U X [ q^b^ ‰  U fb W W X <^ ¶j^ ¯œfb X> ‰ W U jD W ¡ ^j W X <^ ¶j^ ‰ [ U fb W> ¯œj^ ;X [U D ^£bW ¡ ^fW 'U W>W fb W ¯ƒ fb W ;X [U X [ 4 U fb AW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW U jb @U 'U W>Wfb U ,­ Wfb U W ¡ ^fW 'U WAWfb U sa Wfb U ¡ ^fW 'U W>W fb U ¯ƒ fb U w D #h~W FX bW ¡ ^j(^ W '^ [ W jb (^ 'U W>W jb (^ ¯œjb (^ ;X [ U /U [ U 1b *h /D W [ jD W ¯ƒ jD 'U WW>[ jD ›œ>[ jD ;X [U

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

"u ."u ,$2 l-V!, e C4A )* <! wMB ;X [U X [ q^b^ ›B¨[ X W X <^ ®,: ^ 0[ @U ›B^[ X> W BU0[ (D W /¡ [ X W X <^ ®,: ^ 0[ @U [ BU[ X> ›^B0[ (^ ›B¨[ X ;X [U X [ 4 ^ /U [ AX &^ ;X [0W X [ hW /U 0[ (^ N '.-

2 c !, e 3'4O )* <! wMB ›F¶ W X W X <^ ¨ WFU [ AW ›œFC W X> W F¢ 2X W ³ W X W X <^ ¨ WFU [ AW [ F¢ W X> ›œFC 2W ›F¶ W X ;X [U X [ 4 ^ ¢ W AX &^ ;X [0W X [ hW ¢ 2W ;X [U X [ q^b^

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

N '.^- V c !, e 3'4O )* 6nW wMB g¢ ^ ;X [U X [ q^b^ ›)º B^X W X <^ ¨ W)U Bb AW ›) B^X> W )• D W g³ B^X W X <^ ¨ W)U Bb AW [ )• B^X> ›)^ ›)º B^X ;X [U X [ 4 ^ g¢ B^AX &^ ;X [0W X [ hW N W.- ^V c !, e 3'4O )* ^ y' ;X [U X [ q^b^ ¯¶ )^ X W X <^ ¨ W>U )b AW ¯h )^ X> ‰ W ¢ KD W ³ )^ X W X <^ ¨ W>U )b AW ‰ [ ¢ )^ X> ¯hK^ ¯¶ )^ X ;X [U X [ 4 ^ ¢ )^ AX &^ ;X [0W X [ hW ¢ K^ N %, .&R V!, e $ )* <! wMB X [ q^b^ ›¨W5X W X <^ s¨ &^ W5X ›^W5X> W U[ lD W ¡ W5X W X <^ s¨ &^ W5X [ UW5X> ›^^l ›¨W5X ;X [U X [ 4 ^ U W5AX &^ ;X [0W X [ hW U ^l ;X [U N ,!. R V!, e $ )* 6nW wMB X [ q^b^ ›ƒ WX W X <^ s¨ ^WX ›W WX> W U [ X W %¡ WX W X <^ s¨ ^WX [ U WX> ›W W ›ƒ WX ;X [U X [ 4 ^ %U WAX &^ ;X [0W X [ hW %U W ;X [U

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

62 {4. c !, e 3|4O )* <! wMB ;X [U X [ q^b^ ›BºW *WX W X <^ ƒB•W AW ›BW *WX> W B•X AX W /´ W *WX W X <^ ƒB•W AW [ BW *WW> ›BW AW ›BºW *WX ;X [U X [ 4 ^ /• W AW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW /• W AW The () of the verbal noun (=P) changed to (‰) due to rule no. 16. In (P P‹ (G

OP P< P )

it is deleted due to

F*$). 62 ,,4c !, e 3R$O )* <! wMB

^ W*WAW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW ^ ^WA ;X [U X [ q^b^ ¡ W*WX W X <^ ƒU^WA ›^S^W*W> ›^WAW ›¨W*WX ;X [U X [ 4 ^

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Exercise 50

PQ (a) List the detailed paradigms (!P

PP)

of the

following verbs:

[ 1U W> ›œ<W (1) ›œi [ W> W UW (2) ›œW> W #UW (3) ‰ [ U W> ‰ W U W (4) [ " U [ X> ›œ"[ (^ (5) U ) of the following verbs: (b) Name the word-forms (—W" ‰ [ 7¢ W #X (1) ‰ W U WAX [ ^ (2)

h W *WAW [ ^ (3) h W>W W=*W*W^ (4) ‰ [ U ?W #[@U (5)

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

F) and (/*)

Combination of (

JB )* <! 5+ ! :D b D ; & a [ ~X W < &¨ [ (^ D £X> /^ [>@U /a IU‚ < &¨ [ (^ D [ ~X W> ^ ‚ b ~X AW&^ ;0 The paradigms of this verb are similar to those of ( D [ )D W>

^ ^K).

The rules of (F) have to be applied to the (s?š) while the rules of (/*) apply to the (). Wherever there is a conflict of the two, the rules of (/*) will be given preference. For example, ( D [ ~X W>) was originally (D X qb W>). It required the rule of

` (bW ) to change the (s?š) to (L), whereas the rules of (/*) (\ required the transferring of the harakah to the preceding letter. Preference was awarded to the latter. Similarly, ( D [ ˆX (^) was originally (D X ,V (^). The rule of (W W ‚) required changing the (s?š) to (L). However, the rule of (/*) of transferring the harakah was preferred. It became ( D [ ˆX (^). Thereafter, the second hamzah was changed to () due to the rule of (%X 7U W(^). It became ( D [ X (^).

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

) )* 6nW 5+ ! :D ;0 7[ @U ; & =` […UW < ¨=[>(^ 7X £X> =W [>@U W =` IU‚ < ¨=[>(^ =X […UW> 7W ‚ =[ …UAW &^ X [!UW> This (6 ) is similar to (O

W W ). The above-mentioned rule has to be considered here as well. Consequently, in the word (= X […UW>), the rule of (O X [!UW>) is given preference to the rule of (\ ` bW ). The rule of (a F h IU(^) applies to (=X [IU(^). JB )* <! wMB ! :D D [ (D ; &  Dqb W < ƒb(^ ›^qb X> W U(D W ¡ ‚ < ƒb(^ [ Dqb W> &^ (^ D qb AW &^ ;0 The rules of (F) apply to the hamzah while the rules of (JK#) apply to the ().

) )* 6nW wMB ! :D R U [>@U ; &  AUqb W < ƒ#WA[@U ›œAqb X> W AU(D W N ¡ ‚ < ƒ#WA[@U [ AUqb W> ›œA(^ N U qb AW &^ ;0

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology This paradigm is similar to ( [ U [ W>

›œW ).

p )* 6nW wMB ! :D d U [>@U ; &  Uqb W < ®,W @U ›œ qb X> W U(D W 6 ¡ ‚ < ,® W @U ›œ qb W> ›œ (^ 6 U qb AW &^ ;0 ) )* ^ y' ! :D U [>@U ; & ‰  U qb W < ¶>(^ ¯œqb X> ‰ W U (D W ¡ ‚ < ¶>(^ ‰ [ U qb W> ¯œ(^ U qb AW &^ ;0 ) )* CH #4 ! :D 7[ @U ; & 7` [ ˆX [ W < ƒ7(bW 7X (^[ X> =W IUX W =` IUW < ƒ7(bW =X …UW> 7W (^W =[ …UAW &^ ;0 p )* 6nW wMB #4 ! :D W ; &  IU[ W < ¨ W>ˆ[ X ¯œX> W IUX W ,¡ W < ¨ W>ˆ[ X ¯œW> ¯^(W ¯(¨[ U ; 3 ,¡ WW 'U W>(^[ W ¯(¨[ W ; 4 W AW &^ ;0 ,¡ W(^ 'U W>,S [ (^ ¯œ,[ (^ ; /1* /<( “ IUW W 'U W>(^[ U ,­ ‚[U sa ‚[U

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

N ` WW>ˆ[ X ¯(¨X 'U WW>ˆ[ X œ¯ˆ[ X ; w#~ '^ [ (^[ (^ As mentioned previously, the rule of (/ D …^ [ W>) is compulsory in the verbs of this (6 ). Hereunder follow the detailed paradigms of this verb. Since it is a very common verb and many rules have been applied to it, it should be thoroughly learnt.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology 6K ! ='\O ]

6K ! ='\O 87! 87!

67!

67!

CDG!

]

5 47!

CDG!

5 47!

CDG!

5 47!

¯œX> [ ^

¯œW> [ ^

¯œX>

¯œW>

W IUX

¯(^W

W>W X> [ ^

W>W W> [ ^

'U W>W X>

'U W>W W>

WIUX

W>(^SW

[ W X> [ ^

[ W W> [ ^

'^ [ W X>

'^ [ W W>

[ˆX X

[(^SW

¯œAX [ ^

¯œAW [ ^

¯œAX

¯œAW

R [ WIUX

N [ (^SW

W>W AX [ ^

W>W AW [ ^

'U W>W AX

'U W>W AW

W*WIUX

WA(^SW

W [>W X> [ ^

W [>W W> [ ^

W [>W X>

W [>W W>

W [IUX

W [>(^SW

¯œAX [ ^

¯œAW [ ^

¯œAX

¯œAW

R W [IUX R W [>(^SW

W>W AX [ ^

W>W AW [ ^

'U W>W AX

'U W>W AW WF*X[IUX WF*X[>(^SW

[ W AX [ ^

[ W AW [ ^

'^ [ W AX

'^ [ W AW

[ *X[IUX

‰ [ W AX [ ^

‰ [ W AW [ ^

W [>W AX

W [>W AW

R U [IUX R U [>(^SW

W>W AX [ ^

W>W AW [ ^

'U W>W AX

'U W>W AW WF*X[IUX WF*X[>(^SW

W [>W AX [ ^

W [>W AW [ ^

W [>W AX

W [>W AW

h *X[IUX

¯œ(D [ ^

¯œ(^ [ ^

¯œ(D

¯œ(^

R X [IUX R X [>(^SW

¯œ#X [ ^

¯œ#W [ ^

¯œ#X

¯œ#W

W[IUX

[ *X[>(^SW

h *X[>(^SW W[>(^SW

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology CDG! 87! 5 47! 87!

r ] 6K !

r ] 6K !

'^H ! K ! ]

'^H ! K ! ]

CDG!

5 47!

h W>W X^

h W>W W^

W X> [ ^

W W> [ ^

'• W>W X^

'• W>W W^

W>W X> [ ^

W>W W> [ ^

' X W X^

' X W W^

[ W X> [ ^

[W W> [ ^

h W>W *X^

h W>W *W^

W AX [ ^

W AW [ ^

'• W>W *X^

' W>W *W^

W>W AX [ ^

W>W AW [ ^

'• W[>W X^

'• W[>W W^

W [>W X> [ ^

W [>W W> [ ^

h W>W *X^

h W>W *W^

W AX [ ^

W AW [ ^

'• W>W *X^

'• W>W *W^

W>W AX [ ^

W>W AW [ ^

' X W *X^

' X W *W^

[ W AX [ ^

[ W AW [ ^

h U>W *X^

h U>W *W^

‰ [ W AX [ ^

‰ [ W AW [ ^

'• W>W *X^

'• W>W *^

W>W AX [ ^

W>W AW [ ^

'• W[>W *X^

'• W[>W *W^

W [>W AX [ ^

W [>W AW [ ^

h W>W qD^

h W>W q^^

W (D [ ^

W (^ [ ^

h W>W X^

h W>W W^

W #X [ ^

W #W [ ^

'b X W *W^ y [ W>W *W^ y [ W>W *W^ y 'b X W W^ y [ W>W W^ : 11· ' O [ W>W W^ y [ W>W q^^ y [ U>W *W^ y y 'b X W *X^ y [ W>W *X^ y [ W>W *X^ y 'b X W X^ y [ W>W X^ : 11· ' O [ W>W X^ y [ W>W qD^ y [ U>W *X^ Page 277 - http://www.al-inaam.com/ Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown

From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

CDG! 9!

5 47! 9!

CDG! 9!

5 47! 9!

h W>W XU

h W>W WU

W XU

W WU

'• W>W XU

'• W>W WU

W>W XU

W>W WU

' X W XU

' X W WU

[ W XU

[ W WU

h W>W *XU

h W>W *WU

W *XU

W *WU

'• W>W *XU

'• W>W *WU

W>W *XU

W>W *WU

'• W[>W XU

'• W[>W WU

W [>W XU

W [>W WU

h W>W *XU

h W>W

W *XU

W

'• W>W *XU

'• W>W

W>W *XU

W>W

' X W *XU

' X W

[ W *XU

[ W

h U>W *XU

h U>W

‰ [ W *XU

‰ [ W

'• W>W *XU

'• W>W

W>W *XU

W>W

'• W[>W *XU

'• W[>W

W [>W *XU

W [>W

h W>W qDU

h W>W q^U

W qDU

W q^U

h W>W XU

h W>W WU

W XU

W WU

'^H ! K ! ] '^H ! K ! ]

[ U>W y 'b X W y [ W>W y [ W>W *WU y 'b X W WU y [ W>W WU : 11· ' O . [ W>W WU y [ W>W q^U y y 'b X W *XU y [ W>W *XU y [ W>W *XU y 'b X W XU y [ W>W XU : 11· ' O . [ W>W XU y [ W>W qDU y [ U>W *XU Page 278 - http://www.al-inaam.com/ Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown

From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology CDG! 6DK !

5 47! 6DK !

CDG! 6DK !

5 47! 6DK !

h W>W X> &^

h W>W W> &^

W X> &^

W W> &^

'• W>W X> &^

'• W>W W> &^

W>W X> &^

W>W W> &^

' X W X> &^

' X W W> &^

[ W X> &^

[ W W> &^

h W>W AX &^

h W>W AW &^

W AX &^

W AW &^

'• W>W AX &^

' W>W AW &^

W>W AX &^

W>W AW &^

'• W[>W X> &^

'• W[>W W> &^

W [>W X> &^

W [>W W> &^

h W>W AX &^

h W>W AW &^

W AX &^

W AW &^

'• W>W AX &^

'• W>W AW &^

W>W AX &^

W>W AW &^

' X W AX &^

' X W AW &^

[ W AX &^

[ W AW &^

h U>W AX &^

h U>W AW &^

‰ [ W AX &^

‰ [ W AW &^

' W>W AX &^

'• W>W AW &^

W>W AX &^

W>W AW &^

'• W[>W AX &^

'• W[>W AW &^

W [>W AX &^

W [>W AW &^

h W>W (D &^

h W>W (^ &^

W (D &^

W (^ &^

h W>W #X &^

h W>W #W &^

W #X &^

W #W &^

'^H ! K ! ] '^H ! K ! ]

y [ W>W AW &^ y [ W>W AW &^ y 'b X W W> &^ y [ W>W W> &^ : 11· ' O [ W>W #W &^ y [ W>W (^ &^ y [ U>W AW &^ y 'b X W AW &^ &^ y [ W>W AX &^ y [ W>W AX &^ y 'b X W X> &^ y [ W>W X> &^ : 11· ' O [ W>W #X &^ y [ W>W (D &^ y [ U>W AX &^ y 'b X W AX Page 279 - http://www.al-inaam.com/ Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown

From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology s! 1!

5 X ! 1!

C47! 1!

3$ ! 1!

¯(¨[ U

¯(¨[ W

 IU[ W

,¡ W

'U WI^[ U

'U W>(^[ W

'U hIU[ W

'U WIUW

,¡ WW

,¡ WW

'^ [ “IU[ W

'^ [ ˆX W

sa ‚[U

a hIU[ W

a WIUW

'U WA‚[U

'U *WhIU[ W

'U W*WIUW

,¡ WW

N ` hIU[ W

N ` WIUW

,­ ‚[U 'U (^‚[U “ IUWW Analysis (1) The verb (¯œW>) was originally (‰ X (^[ W>). The rule of (/D …^ [ W>) is first applied after which the (‰) is changed to (L) due to rule no. 7. This change applies to all the word-forms except the dual

D …^ [ W>) applies. In the plural form in which only the rule of (/ masculine forms and the singular second person feminine, the (L) is deleted due to (G (2) In words like (¯œW>

F*$).

[ ^), no visible change has taken place

because the (L) does not accept any harakah. (3) The (L) is deleted from words like (W W>

[ ^) because of the

( [ ^). Page 280 - http://www.al-inaam.com/ Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown

From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology (4) In words like ( h W>W W^), the (‰) reverts in place of the (L) because the latter cannot accept a harakah. The (

B)9 '#)

i*<) before it. (5) In ('  X W W^), due to (G F*$) between the () and the ('), and the () is not a (s=). Therefore a ( F) is rendered to it to indicate the deletion of the (). (6) The imperative (W ) is constructed from (¯œAW). After deleting the ( :0), the (L) is deleted from the end. It becomes (W ). (7) The imperative ( h W>W ) was originally (W ). The ( B ) which was deleted due to a (LK) now reverts. However, the (L) was not capable of upholding a harakah. Hence, the (‰) which changed into (L) reverts so that it can carry the ( i*<) which the ( B)9 '#) requires before it. It becomes ( h W>W ). In (' X W ) and ( h U>W ), the () and (‰) are rendered a dammah and kasrah respectively because they are not (s=). A harakah is not permissible on a (s=). The dammah indicates the deletion of the requires a (

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology () from the original while the kasrah indicates the deletion of a (‰).

) )* 6nW 5+ ; ! :D ; & a [o U W < ¨…[o U W ,T WoX> ^ [$U W ,¡ W$ < ¨…[o U W D [o U W> ,S W$ a [o U W ; 4 b o U AW &^ ;0 b $U (1) The remainder of the paradigm is similar to (TO[!UW>

W W ).

(2) The verb (,T W+W>

,S W„) which is (I> $( %: F) can be from (O- 6 ) or (]*< 6 ). A letter from the ( )B ) is present in the ( FBQ %&). The (s) of the ( /1) is not visible. In the verbs before ( W …b„U ), the (‰) was changed to (L). The original of the (L) could therefore be either ( ‰ sQ) or ( *1 ‰). The question arises as to why the verbs from ( W …b„U ) till (W…b„U ) have been rendered a kasrah. The answer to this is that if this verb is from (O- 6 ), the kasrah of the ( ,< FBQ) indicates the kasrah of the ( FBQ G0). If this verb is from (]*< 6 ), the kasrah of the ( FBQ ,<) indicates the deleted (‰) as in ( W [ U). Page 282 - http://www.al-inaam.com/ Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown

From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology (3) In the imperative ( b $U ) and the words affected by (%?$) like ( bo U W>

[ ^), the hamzah can be changed to (‰). In (qb „W ) and ( [ ^ qb + W W>), the hamzah can be read as an (L). The ( B ) will however remain and not be deleted because the hamzah is a root letter. In (%:

F) the ( FBQ %&) is not deleted. (4) The hamzah of ( a [ o U W ) and (a …^[+ U W ) cannot be changed to (‰) and then (%l7@) be applied because the (‰) is an original letter. Therefore the rule of ( …fM) cannot be applied here as this is not a (s=I s=). (5) The (‰) of ( D U>WoW ) and similar words is not changed to a

hamzah because it is a root letter. The rule of (?X IUWo0W ) only applies to a (s=I ) or (s=I

‰).

Exercise 51

PQ (a) List the detailed paradigms (!P

PP)

of the

following verbs:

[ IU[ X> ¯(^[ (^ (4) ¯œvqb W> ‰ W vU (^ (5)

›œ qb W> ›œ (^ (1) ‰ [ †UW> ¯^(W (2) qDf^ W> ^ jU W (3)

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology The Rules of (L0) Rule 1 If there are two letters of the same type (™#Po*) or they

P)*) and the first is (P P2), it will be are similar (6P assimilated into the second letter.

That is, (%P Pl7@) will be

applied. This rule applies whether the letters are in the same word or in two separate words. Examples of (%l7@) in the same word i. ii. iii.

7` =[ W 7` =[ „W [ P T A[=!W0W

= W (Example of [G#o*] letters, that is “7”) = „W (Example of [G#o*] letters, that is “7”) [ A“=W!0W (Example of [G PPPP)*] letters, that is “7” and “N”)

G P)*), the first letter is changed into the second letter before (%l7@) is applied. In the above example, (7) is changed to (N) first, and then the two (N)’s are assimilated. However, the (7) In the case of (

is still written, although not pronounced.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Examples of (%l7@) in two words

W U d [ pW vb @U [#X^ W [ W 0W

W ¢ d [ pW vb @U [#X^ h [ W 0W

Exception In two words, if the first word is a ({C=)1, the letters will not be assimilated, that is, (%l7@) will not be applied. Example

%¡ [ W> ›[
` [>U 7W

‰  U 7W nnnnn

1

A ({W=P) is either a () preceded by a ( FC P), a (‰) preceded by a (sP) or

a (L) preceded by a ( i*<)

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Rule 2 If two letters of the same type are (ZPi*), and the letter preceding the first (C(

/!K ) is also (ZPi*), the first letter

will be made (2) and then the two letters will be assimilated, that is, (%l7@) will be applied.

Example

7W =W PW

7W =[ PW

=h W

C( /!K

Zi*

Zi* 1st letter

nd

2 letter

W W <^

W [ <^

h <^

C( /!K Zi*

Zi*

Zi* 1st letter

2nd letter

2@) has a ( ) on the ( PFBQ G0), the letters will not be assimilated. In this case, (%l7@) will not apply.

However, if a noun (

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Example

` W „W ` X 2X

nnnnn

Rule 3 If the letter preceding the first (

C( /P!K ) is (P2) and not a

{C=), the ( ) of the first letter will be given to its preceding letter and then (%l7@) will be applied. (

Example

7X =X F[ W>

7X =[ FX W>

=“ FX W>

(C( /!K ) preceding letter

(W() first letter

C( /!K

(»9) second letter

X U 1b W> ¬ X W [ W>

X [ 1U W> ¬ X [ W W>

“ 1U W> (6 6 ) ¬ “ W W> (O- 6 )

Exception This rule does not apply to the words of (giB).

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Example

d W !WBb $W

(No change is made.)

nnnnn

Rule 4 If the preceding letter is a ({C=P P), without transferring the

P), the first letter will be made (P2) and both will be assimilated, that is, (%l7@) will be applied. (

Examples

¼W PW$W ( › /<) of ( B01 6 ) 1st 2nd

{C=

¼W $W W ¼W $[ W e h W 7W 7U [ X (8 › /<) of ( B01 6 ) 7W 7U [ X

7W 7[ [ X

7h [ X

nnnnn

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Rule 5 If after applying (%P Pl7@), there is a (LP PK-pause) due to (P(), or there is a (%?P$), the following are permissible in the second letter:

i*< – because it is the lightest letter (Nc LM(). ii. s – whenever any (2) letter is rendered a harakah, it is

i.

rendered a kasrah. The rule is ( iii.

U [ Q^ bU ZW ¢ X ZW ¢ X v@ X ).

%l7@  “ <^ – (no %l7@ takes place).

Example The (

5" () of (“ 1U W> h <^) is: [ U
If the preceding letter (C(

/P!K ) is (%FP), then ( FP)

is also permissible. Example

7[ =X F[ W> [ ^ y =“ FX W> [ ^ y =h FX W> [ ^ y =¢ FX W> [ ^ When the final letter has ('Q2), either because of a suffix, or because it is in the jussive case (%?‹

) or it is the imperative

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology (.), the two letters must be written separately, e.g. (W#7[ = W W ) and (7[ = X [ (D). When the final letter is (Zi*) – it is vowelled – the two are coalesced.18 This does not apply to the (=) – verbal noun, where the (L) interposes between the two final letters, e.g. (7` W=[ @U). Exercise 52 (1) Which rule has been applied to the word ( h PP^Š) and how? (2) Explain the rule applied in the word (' ^ [ QD #h

[ ^).

“ X W>). (3) Analyse the rule applied in the word (d (4) Apply rule no. 4 to the word (7W 7W W). (5) What are the different ways of reading the imperative singular form of the following words?

h Š^ (1) ¬ h <^ (2) =h „W (3)

18

ed and made into one.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

JB )* y$ =“ X =¢ X =h X ; & 7` [ =X F[ W < ¶=W =“ FW X> =h X W 7 W < ¶=W =“ FX W> =h W = FW W ; 4 7[ =X F[ AW &^ =“ FX AW &^ =¢ FX AW &^ h=FX AW &^ ;0 7[ =X [ (D 7` W=F[ U 7“ WFW 'U WA=h FW U sa =h FW U 7“ WFW 'U h=FW U = FW U ; 3 7“ WFW 'U h=FW W 7“ W(^ '^ [ =“ W (^ 'U h=W (^ =“ W (^ ; /1* /<( =X [>7U WFW 'U W7W=F[ U N ` W>=h X 7` =W X 'U W>=h X ¯œ=C X ; w#~ Analysis (1) Rule no. 2 has been applied to (= h W ).

h X ), (=“ FX W>) and (=“ FW X>), rule no. 3 has been (2) In the words (= applied. (3) Rule no. 4 has been applied to (7 W), (7“ WFW ) and (7“ W(^). (4) In the imperative and prohibition (

.), rule no. 5 has

been applied. Hereunder follows the detailed paradigms of this verb.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology 6K ! ='\O

6K ! ='\O

CDG!

5 47!

=h FW X> [ ^

]

87!

67!

67!

CDG!

5 47!

CDG!

5 47!

=h FX W> [ ^

=“ FW X>

=“ FX W>

=h X

=h W

h=FW X> [ ^

h=FX W> [ ^

'U h=FW X> 'U h=FX W>

=h X

h=W

[ =“ FW X> [ ^

[ =“ FX W> [ ^

'^ [ =“ FW X> '^ [ =“ FX W>

[=“ X

[=“ W

=h FW AX [ ^

=h FX AW [ ^

=“ FW AX

=“ FX AW

N [ =h X

N [ =h W

h=FW AX [ ^

h=FX AW [ ^

'U h=FW AX 'U h=FX AW

WA=h X

WA=h W

'^ 7[ =X F[ W> [ ^ '^ 7[ =W F[ X> '^ 7[ =X F[ W> '^ 7[ =U X

'^ 7[ =W W

'^ 7[ =W F[ X> [ ^

]

87!

=h FW AX [ ^

=h FX AW [ ^

=“ FW AX

h=FW AX [ ^

h=FX AW [ ^

'U h=FW AX 'U h=FX AW WFAX7[ =U X WFAX7[ =W W

[ =“ FW AX [ ^

[ =“ FX AW [ ^

'^ [ =“ FW AX '^ [ =“ FX AW [ AX7[ =U X [ AX7[ =W W

‰ [ =¢ FW AX [ ^

‰ [ =¢ FX AW [ ^

W [>=¢ FW AX W [>=¢ FX AW N U 7[ =U X N U 7[ =W W

h=FW AX [ ^

h=FX AW [ ^

'U h=FW AX 'U h=FX AW WFAX7[ =U X WFAX7[ =W W

'^ 7[ =W F[ AX [ ^

=“ FX AW

N W 7[ =U X N W 7[ =W W

'^ 7[ =X F[ AW [ ^ '^ 7[ =W F[ AX '^ 7[ =X F[ AW h AX7[ =U X h AX7[ =W W

=h W (D [ ^

=h X (^ [ ^

=“ W (D

=“ X (^

N X 7[ =U X N X 7[ =W W

=h FW #X [ ^

=h FX #W [ ^

=“ FW #X

=“ FX #W

W#7[ =U X

W#7[ =W W

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology CDG! 87! 5 47! 87!

r ] 6K !

r ] 6K !

'^H ! K ! ]

'^H ! K ! ]

CDG!

5 47!

' =h FW X^

' =h FX W^

=h FW X> [ ^

=h FX W> [ ^

'• h=FW X^

'• h=FX W^

h=FW X> [ ^

h=FX W> [ ^

' =“ FW X^

' =“ FX W^

[ =“ FW X> [ ^

[ =“ FX W> [ ^

' =h FW *X^

' =h FX *W^

=h FW AX [ ^

=h FX AW [ ^

'• h=FW *X^

'• h=FX *W^

h=FW AX [ ^

h=FX AW [ ^

'• W#7[ =W F[ X^

'• W#7[ =X F[ W^

'^ 7[ =W F[ X> [ ^

'^ 7[ =X F[ W> [ ^

' =h FW *X^

' =h FX *W^

=h FW AX [ ^

=h FX AW [ ^

'• h=FW *X^

'• h=FX *W^

h=FW AX [ ^

h=FX AW [ ^

' =“ FW *X^

' =“ FX *W^

[ =“ FW AX [ ^

[ =“ FX AW [ ^

' =¢ FW *X^

' =¢ FX *W^

‰ [ =¢ FW AX [ ^

‰ [ =¢ FX AW [ ^

'• h=FW *X^

'• h=FX *W^

h=FW AX [ ^

h=FX AW [ ^

'• W#7[ =W F[ *X^

'• W#7[ =X F[ *W^

'^ 7[ =W F[ AX [ ^

'^ 7[ =X F[ AW [ ^

' =W W qD^

' =h X q^^

=h W (D [ ^

=h X (^ [ ^

' =h FW X^

' =h FX W^

=h FW #X [ ^

=h FX #W [ ^

y 'b =h FX *W^ y 'b =h FX *W^ y 'b =“ FX W^ y 'b =h FX W^ : 11· ' O 'b =h FX W^ y 'b =h X q^^ y 'b =¢ FX *W^ y 'b =“ FX *W^ y 'b =h FW *X^ y 'b =h FW *X^ y 'b =“ FW X^ y 'b =h FW X^ : 11· ' O 'b =h FW X^ y 'b =h W qD^ y 'b =¢ FW *X^ y 'b =“ FW *X^ Page 293 - http://www.al-inaam.com/ Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown

From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology CDG! 9!

5 47! 9!

CDG! 9!

5 47! 9!

' =h FW XU

' =h FX WU

=h FW XU

=h FX WU

'• h=FW XU

'• h=FX WU

h=FW XU

h=FX WU

' =“ FW XU

' =“ FX WU

[ =“ FW XU

[ =“ FX WU

' =h FW *XU

' =h FX *WU

=h FW *XU

=h FX *WU

'• h=FW *XU

'• h=FX *WU

h=FW *XU

h=FX *WU

'• W#7[ =W F[ XU

'• W#7[ =X F[ WU

'^ 7[ =W F[ XU

'^ 7[ =X F[ WU

' =h FW *XU

' =h X

=h FW *XU

=h X

'• h=FW *XU

'• h=X

h=FW *XU

h=X

' =“ FW *XU

' =“ X

[ =“ FW *XU

[ =“ X

' =¢ FW *XU

' =¢ X

‰ [ =¢ FW *XU

‰ [ =¢ X

'• =h FW *XU

'• h=X

h=FW *XU

h=X

'• W#7[ =W F[ *XU

'• W#7[ =X [ (D

'^ 7[ =W F[ *XU

'^ 7[ =X [ (D

' =W W qDU

' =h X q^U

=h W qDU

=h X q^U

' =h FW XU

' =h FX WU

=h FW XU

=h FX WU

'^H ! K ! ] '^H ! K ! ]

y 'b =“ X y 'b =h X y 'b =h FX *WU y 'b =“ FX WU y 'b =h FX WU : 11· ' O . 'b =h FX WU y 'b =h X q^U y 'b =¢ X 'b =“ FW *XU y 'b =h FW *XU y 'b =h FW *XU y 'b =“ FW XU y 'b =h FW XU : 11· ' O . 'b =h FW XU y 'b =h W qDU y 'b =¢ FW *XU y Page 294 - http://www.al-inaam.com/ Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown

From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology CDG! 6DK !

5 47! 6DK !

CDG! 6DK !

5 47! 6DK !

' =h FW X> &^

' =h FX W> &^

=h FW X> &^

=h FX W> &^

'• h=FW X> &^

'• h=FX W> &^

h=FW X> &^

h=FX W> &^

' =“ FW X> &^

' =“ FX W> &^

[ =“ FW X> &^

[ =“ FX W> &^

' =h FW AX &^

' =h FX AW &^

=h FW AX &^

=h FX AW &^

'• h=FW AX &^

'• h=FX AW &^

h=FW AX &^

h=FX AW &^

'• W#7[ =W F[ X> &^

'• W#7[ =X F[ W> &^

'^ 7[ =W F[ X> &^

'^ 7[ =X F[ W> &^

' =h FW AX &^

' =h FX AW &^

=h FW AX &^

=h FX AW &^

'• h=FW AX &^

'• h=FX AW &^

h=FW AX &^

h=FX AW &^

' =“ FW AX &^

' =“ FX AW &^

[ =“ FW AX &^

[ =“ FX AW &^

' =¢ FW AX &^

' =¢ FX AW &^

‰ [ =¢ FW AX &^

‰ [ =¢ FX AW &^

'• h=FW AX &^

'• h=FX AW &^

h=FW AX &^

h=FX AW &^

'• W#7[ =W F[ AX &^

'• W#7[ =X F[ AW &^

'^ 7[ =W F[ AX &^

'^ 7[ =X F[ AW &^

' =W W (D &^

' =h X (^ &^

=h W (D &^

=h X (^ &^

' =h FW #X &^

' =h FX #W &^

=h FW #X &^

=h FX #W &^

'^H ! K ! ] '^H ! K ! ]

'b =h FX AW &^ y 'b =h FX AW &^ y 'b =“ FX W> &^ y 'b =h FX W> &^ : 11· ' O 'b =h FX #W &^ y 'b =h X (^ &^ y 'b =¢ FX AW &^ y 'b =“ FX AW &^ y 'b =h FW AX &^ y 'b =h FW AX &^ y 'b =“ FW X> &^ y 'b =h FW X> &^ : 11· ' O 'b =h FW #X &^ y 'b =h W (D &^ y 'b =¢ FW AX &^ y 'b =“ FW AX &^ y Page 295 - http://www.al-inaam.com/ Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown

From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology s! 1!

5 X ! 1!

C47! 1!

3$ ! 1!

= FW U

= FW W

7` [ =X F[ W

7 W

'U h=FW U

'U =h FW W

'U 7W [ =X F[ W

'U h7W

7“ WFW

7“ WFW

'^ [ 7X [ =X F[ W

'^ [ 7“ W

sa =h FW U

sa 7W [ =X F[ W

sa 7h W

'U WA=h FW U

'U AW7W [ =X F[ W

'U WA7h W

7“ WFW

N ` 7W [ =X F[ W

N ` h7W

7` W=F[ U 'U W7W=F[ U =X [>7U WFW Analysis

^ 7[ =W W ) till the end, no (%l7@) of the first (7) applies (1) From (' because the second radical is (2). (2) However, from (N h 7[ =W W ) onwards, (%l7@) applies because the (7) and (N) are (e€

d>K)

– close in source of

pronunciation. (3) Rule no. 5 has been applied to (= h FX W>

[ ^) etc.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Exercise 53 (1) Conjugate the following verbs in detail:

d “ X W> d h 2W (1) “ 4D W> h Š^ (2) d “ X W> d h pW (3) d “ BDW> d h ^ (4) d “ QD W> d h ^ (5) (2) What is the word-form (

5") of the following words: '^ [ 1¦ BDW> (1) '^ 7[ =X [ AW [ ^ (2) [ ¢mD AW [ ^ (3) h F“ + X W^ (4) h 7X (5)

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

) )* y$ ¢ 1U AW &^ h 1U AW &^ ;0 [ U h <^  1U W ; 4 [ U 1b AW &^ ]} )* y$ ; & \ ` XF[ W < ¶W ™ “ FW X> ™ h X \  W < ¶W ™ “ FW W> ™ h W

4 ™ [ W F[ AW &^ ™ ¢ FW AW &^ ™ h FW AW &^ ;0 [™ W [ @U ™ ¢ W ™ h W ™  FW W ; C4A )* y$ < ƒWfU [ @U “ f^ [ X> h fD [ (D  f^ [ X < ƒWfU [ @U “ f^ [ W> h f^ [ @U &^ h f^ [ AW &^ ;0 [ U f^ [ @U ¢ f^ [ @U h f^ [ @U ; &  f^ [ X  f^ [ X ; 4 [ U f^ [ AW &^ ¢ f^ [ AW In this (6 ), the (/P01

2), (P1 P2) and ( P2

PP4) have become similar in form but the original of the (/P01 P2) was (GP PQ) while the ( P2 1) and ( 4 2) was (G _*1).

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

C4BA )* y$ 7[ =U W #[@U =¢ W #[@U =h W #[@U ; & = W [X < ƒ7W= U #[@U =“ W [W> =h W #[@U = W [X ; 4 7[ =U W [AW &^ =¢ W [AW &^ =h W [AW &^ ;0 C4A )* y$ [ U )b *W2[ @U ¢ )U *W2[ @U h )U *W2[ @U ; &  )U *W [ X < ƒW)b *U2[ @U “ )U *W [ W> h )^ *W2[ @U  )^ *W [ X ; 4 [ U )b *W [ AW &^ ¢ )U *W [ AW &^ h )U *W [ AW &^ ;0 C4A )* y$ =h U (^ ; & = FW X < ƒ7W=[ @U =“ FW X> =h U D( = FU X < ƒ7W=[ @U =“ FU X> =h W (^ = FW X ; 4 7[ =U F[ AX &^ =¢ FU AX &^ =h FU AX &^ ;0 7[ =U [ (^ =¢ U (^ 3'4O )* y$ 7` =h o W X < ƒ=[>=U o [ AW 7X =h o W X> 7W =¢ $X 7` =¢ o W X < ƒ=[>=U o [ AW 7X =¢ o W X> 7W =h $W 7` =h o W X ; 4 7[ =¢ o W AX &^ ;0 7[ =¢ $W ; & 3b4O )* y$ < ¨11¦ € W AW L X 1 € W *WX> L W 1• € X AX L ` 1U¸ € W *WX < ¨11¦ € W AW L X 1 € W *WW> L W 1 € W AW Page 299 - http://www.al-inaam.com/ Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown

From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

; 4 L [ 1 € W *WAW &^ ;0 L [ 1 € W AW ; & L ` 1 € W *WX L ` 1 € W *WX Pl7@) have not been applied in these two The rules of (%P paradigms.

$ )* y$ e  WiX < ¨ $h WiX e “ WiX> e h [ X e  WiX < ¨ $h WiX e “ WiX> e h W &^ e ¢ WiAX &^ e h WiAX &^ ;0 ¼[ $U W e ¢ W e h W ; & e  WiX ; 4 ¼[ $U WiAX Wherever (%Pl7@) has been applied in this (6P ), it is due to rule no. 4.

3$O )* y$ 7 W*WX < ƒ77X WAW 7“ W*WX> 7h [ X AX 7 W*WX < ƒ77X WAW 7“ W*WW> 7h WAW &^ 7¢ W*WAW &^ 7h W*WAW &^ ;0 7[ 7W WAW 7¢ WAW 7h WAW ; & 7 W*WX ; 4 7[ 7W W*WAW

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

L0), (F) and (/*)

A Combination of (

JB )* y$ ! :D %“ (D %¢ (D %h (D ; & %` [ X qb W < ¨ W W@U “%q^X> %h (D % ‚ < ¨ W W@U %“ ~X W> %h (^ % q^W ; 4 [ X qb AW &^ %“ qDAW &^ %¢ qDAW &^ %h qDAW &^ ;0 [ X [ (D Analysis (1) The rules of (P PF) apply to the hamzah while the rules of (L0P) apply to the doubled letters (GP#o*). At the time of conflict, the rules of (L0P) will be given preference. (2) In the word (%“ ~ X P W>), the rule of (\ ` (bW ) was not applied. Rather the rule of (= “ FX W>) was given preference. (3) After applying (%P Pl7@) to the word (%“ ˆX (^), the rule of (%X 7U W(^) was applied whereby the hamzah changed to (). It becomes (%“ X (^).

]} )* y$ CH 7[ =W [>@U 7¢ W 7h W ; & 7` [ 7X [ W < ¶7X “7W X> 7h X 7 W < ¶7X 7“ W W> 7h W 7“ WW 'U h7W W 7 W W ; 4 7[ 7W [ AW &^ 7¢ WAW &^ 7h W AW &^ ;0 =X [>7U WW 'U W7W=[U 7` W=[U 7“ WW 'U WA7h W U sa 7h W U 7“ WW 'U h7W U 7 W U ; 3 Page 301 - http://www.al-inaam.com/ Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown

From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

¯7h X ; w#~ 7“ W(^ '^ [ 7“ W (^ 'U h7W (^ 7“ W (^ ; /1* /<( N ` W>7h X 7` 7W X 'U W>7h X Analysis (1) The rules of (L0PP) apply to the doubled letters (GP#o*) while the rules of (/ E P*) apply to the (). At the time of conflict, the rules of (L0PP) will be given preference. (2) In the word (7 W U ), the rule of (/E *) required the () to be changed to (‰) while the rule of (L0) requires the transferring of the harakah of the first (7) to the (). The latter has been given preference.

]} )* y$ CH ; &  AW~[ X < ƒWF*U[>@U “ AW~[ X> h AX[ (D  AW~[ X < ƒWF*U[>@U “ AWqb W> h *W[>@U  AW~[ X ; 4 [ FU AWqb AW &^ ¢ AWqb AW &^ h AWqb AW &^ ;0 [ FU *W[>@U ¢ *W[>@U h *W[>@U If there is a (P2

'P#) in one word followed any of the letters of ('PB>) in another word, (%Pl7@) will be applied to the (2 '#).

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Examples ( W ¢h

[ U ), (h#=X ^), (d X l^ [ h> [ W ), (` [U h ` [ ,T W ) and (¡ ^ v^ [ ¢ ƒiUW"). (The tanwīn is a nūn sākin in reality). Pl7@) will not apply, If the letters are in one word, (%P (W#[ 7X ), (' a W[" U ).

e.g.

The () of the definite article () becomes assimilated in

± ), e.g. (™ U F[ + h W). The ( ± ) are: (' ª © Y n « \ v 7 ¤ N) the (

It is not assimilated in the remaining letters of the

W )^ bW) alphabet, e.g. (U F The remaining letters are called (

>FK ).

Exercise 54 (1) Conjugate the following verbs in detail:

¬ “ W W> ¬ h 0W (1) /¦ 4^ W> / Š^ (2) h Š @U (3) ¯h W [ @U (4) W h K^ (5) Page 303 - http://www.al-inaam.com/ Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown

From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Special Meanings of Each (6 )

6 . N"M "M) refers to the extra meaning of a verb besides its literal meaning, e.g. (e W W M[ (^) means to expel. The verb is transitive. Here ( "M) refers to the latter meaning, namely that

The (

of being transitive. The vastness of the Arabic language can be estimated from the (N"M) due to the fact that one verb can have so many different shades of meaning merely by using the verb in different categories (6 (). The ('(k) of ( JB

)*)

(a !W^W5X ) – to mention a verb after (

B01 6 ) to show that one object overpowers another, e.g. (;X *XF [ W€ W <^ /D $X h [ UFW " W WM) – The

man disputed with me and I overcame him in the dispute. The ('(k) of ()

)*)

"M) of this category is also (a !W^W5X ) on condition it is either (H), (I> $() or (I> JK#). The (

Example:

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology (;X A“= [ 0W W <^

=` [„U W [ #U=W 0W W) – I and Rashīd made a mutual promise

and I was predominant in the promise. The ('(k) of (]}

)*)

This (6 ) most often has verbs which have the meaning of illnesses, grief, joy, colours, defects or physical forms, e.g. ( W )U 2W ) – to become ill. (' ^ ?U W ) – to be grieved. (_ W U <^) – to become happy. (W = U ^ ) – to be blackish. (W U 0W ) – to be one-eyed. (¼ W BU W) – to have broad eyebrows. This (6 ) is mostly intransitive. The ('(k) of (

)*)

This (6 ) is always intransitive. It refers to the natural qualities of a person that are of a permanent nature or a temporary nature achieved by experience. Examples: ( W X W ) – to be handsome, (]W !XK^) – to be ugly, (;W )D <^ ) – to have understanding,

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology The Derived Categories The (

"M) of (< 6 )

(1) (/ W.= - 42 O.) – to make an intransitive verb transitive and if it is already transitive, to make it doubly transitive, e.g. ( ^ ?W #W) – to descend, (^ ?W #[(^) – to send down;

W FU 2W ) – to hear, (OW FW 2[ (^) – to make someone hear. (O (2) (­ 2''-J 2 O.) – to make the doer (/0<) or the object (1) obtain the root (mMq) of the verbal noun (=) from which the verb is formed, e.g. (/ ^ [ h

R X b W „[ (^) – I provided the shoe with shoelaces. The (mMq - root) is (Z ` W„U ) meaning shoelaces. W 9b(^) - to bear fruit. The (mMq) is (` FW 9^) meaning fruit. (W F (3) (~ 0 W2 - 42 O.) – to take the object to the place of the noun (mMq), e.g. (;X *X[ W(^) – I took it to the place of selling, that is the market. The (mMq) is (O ). (4) ( / !.=2 - ) – to find something described with the (mMq), e.g. (;X *XBb € W [(^) – I found him to be stingy; (;X *X[ W b (^) - I found him to be noble; (;X A“= [ FW [ (^) – I found him to be praiseworthy.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology (5) (Uj.k\V . V!

S R V . ) – to remove the (mMq) from something. This

is of two types: [1] if the verb is intransitive, the (mMq) will be removed from the doer e.g. (/ D $X h

ž ^ W Kb (^) – the man removed oppression from

himself, that is, he was just. [2] if the verb is transitive, the (mMq) will be removed from the object e.g. (/ U $X h

W [0W R X [>m^ Kb (^) –I removed dirt from the eye of

the man. (6) (Uj.k\V . V! (d W Bb Q^ b

"u ,z$2 A-) – the doer gives the object the (mMq), e.g.

R X F[ 4^ 0[ (^) – I gave the dog a bone.

(7) ( / 2 N *R) – the doer reaches the (mMq) or enters it, e.g. (

]W !W" [ (^

/D $X h ) – the man reached in the morning; (/D $X h r W W 0[ (^) – the man reached Iraq.

2 R '2 ( . ) – It has three meanings: (8) (/ . [1] to become the possessor of the (mMq), e.g. (sD W )^ !Wb

R U W!Wb(^) –

the cow became one with milk. [2] the doer becomes the possessor of something that is described by the (mMq), that is, it has the quality of the (mMq), e.g. (

6 W W $[ (^

/D $X h ) – the man became the owner of mangy19 camels. 19

A skin disease affecting hairy animals that causes an itch.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology [3] the doer becomes the possessor of something in the place or time of the (mMq), e.g. (sD h+

R U <^W M[ (^) – the goat bore offspring

in the autumn season. (9) (x 0 ,^ 2 -2 A-) – the doer becomes entitled to the (mMq), e.g. (= ` [pU

R [ $W W [ (^) – Hind was entitled to be married.

2 KR'2 . ) – the doer reaches at the time of the (mMq), e.g. (10) (/ B. ( X [ ?h

=W W [ (^) –the crop was ready to be harvested.

(11) (/ &. ,.?R ) – the meaning of the (mMq) is strengthened, either by making the act more final or making it more intense and wider in application, e.g. (/ D€ [ h (] X ![ “

W FW 9b(^) – the date palm bore much fruit;

W 1^ 2[ (^) – the morning became very bright.

(12) ("i !.=-*2 A-) – the verb is initially used from (<@

6 ). This

can be of two types: either the verb is not used in its root form (78), e.g. (/ ^ K^[ (^) - to hasten; or the verb is used in the root form but for another meaning, e.g. (g W 1^ „[ (^) – to fear while the root form (g W 1^ „W ) means to be comionate. (13) (/ ^, , !.R ) – to be synonymous with another verb, e.g. (W$7[ (^

W /D [B W$7W ) – both mean: the night spread.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology (14) (/ $ . . ,zR ) – to mention a verb after another verb to indicate the fact that the object has accepted the effect of the doer, e.g. (W + W [q^S<^

;X AX[ + h W) – I gave him glad tidings so he became happy.

2 B-) - making a relationship of something to the (mMq), (15) (/ ?.

e.g. (/ ^ $X h

N X [ 1^ b (^) – I made a relationship of disbelief to the

man. (16) (0 !.V A-) – to make a transitive verb intransitive, e.g. (

S

` UW2 =W FU W ) – Sālim praised Allâh. (` UW2 =W FW [ (^) – Sālim was

praiseworthy. The (>'(k) of (3'4O

)*)

(1) (W=4O) – Example: (/ ^ $X h

N “ =[ h K^) - I made the man sit.

(2) (S) – Example: (^ W U ^1

N X [ + h K^) - I removed the peel of

the fruit.

[ )U (3) (€'JO) – Example: (W =

hi<^) – He placed spices in the

pot. (4) (€() – Example: (X o W+ h

W h #W) – The tree bloomed.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology (5) (*) – Example: ( U Bb U b

U< d X Uf gW Fh 0W ) – The students

reached the depths of knowledge. ( W hMW ) – He came into the tent. (6) (& ?) – This is of three types: Intensity in the verb, e.g. (m D [FU Bb *¢

^ h $W ) – The student roamed a

lot.

D U†Ub Intensity in the doer, e.g. (/

R U AWh W ) – Many camels died. Intensity in the object, e.g. (6 W W [q^b R U )U Bl^ ) – She locked many doors. (7) (? B) – Example: (/ ^ $X h

R X )b h <^) – I made a relationship of

transgression to the man. (8) ( 0 .?VA-) – to make something don the (mMq), e.g. (\ W W 1^ b

R X Bb B$W ) – I draped the horse with a horse cloth.20

(9) (‚ / '2 - t 2 O.) – to the (mMq) to something, e.g. (

R X ![ph v^

L W [ h ) – I applied gold to the sword. (10) (3 / W2- 2 O.) – to make something into the (mMq) or similar to the (mMq), e.g. (/ ^ $X h 20

W h #W)

– He converted the man into a

A cloth used to cover animals to protect them from the cold.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Christian; (,S W7¢

R X F[ hMW ) – I made the sheet like a tent.

(11) ( 0J 2 M, ) – to abbreviate a sentence and express it by means of a single verb, e.g. (/ ^ BpW ) – to say ‘Lâ ilâha illallâh’; (]W !h2W ) - to say ‘Subhānallâh’. (12) (/ ^, , !.R ) – to have a similar meaning as (78), (<@

6 )

and (/C1A

6 ). Examples: (;X AX[ F W AW ;X AX[ Fh AW) – I gave him a date. (W F W A[(^ W Fh AW) – The date dried out. (\ W h *WAW \ W h AW) – He used the shield. (13) ("!=*A) – Example: (;X *XF [ B^ ) – I spoke to him. This meaning is new in (/1A

6 ) because the (78) of the verb means to

injure. The (>'(k) of ($

)*)

(1) (/ , . .QR ) – the relation or application of the act to another person, e.g. (d W *W^ ) – to write; (d W AW^) – to write to someone, that is, to correspond. (2) (/ ^, , !.R ) – to have the same meaning as (78), (<@

6 ),

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology (/01A

6 ) and (/1A 6 ). Examples: (W 1^ 2 W W <^W2) – He travelled. [ W [(^W ;X A“=[ 0W W ) – I distanced him. (;X A“= (WFAWW+AW ½¾ ' U ^B$X h W AWW„) – The two men abused one another. (;X *X1b h W ^S [+ h R X 1b 0W W) – I doubled the thing.

(3) ( 0 '2 '-J 2 O.) – e.g. (

<0 v B$ ‰(

T ZW ^<W0) – May Allâh

grant you well-being. (4) ("i !.=-*2 !-) – e.g. (s^ = h+ ¢

{U mU pW W2^K) – He bore this hardship. The

(78) which is (sa W [ K^) means to be hard-hearted. The (>'(k) of (C4A

)*)

/ .tqOA-) – This is of four types. (1) (ƒ (a) to make the (mMq), e.g. (W i W *W$[ @U) – He made a hole. (b) to hold, take or choose the (mMq), e.g. (d W W*W$[ @U) – He held the side. (c) to make the object into the (mMq), e.g. (s^ h+

‰^m*Wlb @U) –

He made the sheep into food. (d) to hold the object in the (mMq), e.g. ({X = W W *W0[ @U) – He held it in his armpit.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology (2) (5 0 b J . O.) – to attempt to achieve an act, e.g. (d W W *Wb @U) – He attempted to earn wealth. (3) ( 0 '2 '-t 2 O.) – to do an act for oneself, e.g. (W [U + W

^ W*b @U) – He

measured the barley for himself. (4) (/ $ . . ,zR ) – Example: (h *Wlb ^<

;X *XF[ FW l^ ) – I made him grieve, so

he began grieving. (5) (/ ^, , !.R ) – Examples: (¼ W B^ W

¼W B^*W [@U) – It became bright.

(?W o W [ (^

?W o W *W[ (U) – He entered Hijāz. (‰h7W AW ‰W=AW[ @U) – He donned the sheet. (WF" W W€AW 'U ^B$X h W W *WM[ @) – The two

men disputed among

themselves. (W $ W qb *W2[ @U

W o W *W[>@U) – He sought a rental.

(6) ("i !.=-*2 A-) – This is of two types. (a) there is no (78), e.g. (%W W* [ @U) – to slaughter a hungry goat. (b) the (78) has a different meaning, e.g. ( W B^*W2[ @U) – He kissed the stone, ( W BU2W ) – He was safe.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology The (>'(k) of (C4BA

)*)

(1) (0 2 R N) – to be intransitive, e.g. (W W Q^ #[@U) – It broke. (2) („ 0; , $- ) – to perceive something with the senses, that is, the acts are related to the external limbs. (3) (/ $ . . ,zR ) – Examples: (W W Q^ #[^<

;X AX[ W ^ )

– I broke it, so it

broke. (g W B^5W #[^<

6 W W!b R X )b B^lb (^) – I locked the door and so it was locked.

W [ (^ (4) (/ ^, , !.R ) – Example: (?W o

¿¾ ?W o Wi W #[@U) - He reached Hijâz.

This meaning is seldom used. (5) ("i !.=-*2 A-) – Example: (g W B^f^ #[@U) – He went away. (gW B^j^ ) – to be cheerful. The (>'(k) of (C;4A

)*)

(1) (0 2 R N) , (/ &. ,.?R ), ( / 2 ,) - colours and (S 0 '2 $. ) – defects. Examples: (h F W [ @U) – It became very red. (  W [ @U) – He became one-eyed.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology The (>'(k) of (3|4O

)*)

(1) (/ $ . . ,zR ) – Example: (OW f )^ *W<^

;X *X[ f K^) – I cut it into pieces and

so it became pieces.

0 … , O.) – to think or to represent oneself to have a certain (2) (y quality or status, e.g. (W !h W AW) – He represented himself as having patience. (3) (S 0 bK† . O.) – to refrain from the (mMq), e.g. (6 W h i W AW) – He refrained from sin. (4) (‡ 0 ?2 ,) – to don the (mMq), e.g. (W *h€ W AW) – He wore a ring. (5) (3 / b4. O.) – Example: (W ph =W AW) – He used the oil.

/ .tqOA-) – This is of four types. (6) (ƒ (a) to make the (mMq), e.g. (R X F[ h€ W AW) – I made the tent. (b) to hold, take or choose the (mMq), e.g. (d W ho W AW) – He held the side.

Wi W b (c) To make the object into the (mMq), e.g. (W o

=W 2h W AW) –

He used the stone as a pillow. (d) To hold the object in the (mMq), e.g. (U! h

ž ^ hq^AW) – He

held the child in his armpit.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology (7) (ˆ 0 W2- =2 O.) – to do an act slowly and several times. This is then of two types. (a) It is possible to achieve the act once but the doer does it slowly, e.g. ( W h o W AW) – He drank in sips. (b) It is not generally possible to achieve the act once, e.g. (' ^ ‚[)D b

² ^ 1 i W AW) – He memorized the Qur’ân a little at a

time. (8) (C / b . O.) – to become the (mMq) or similar to the

(mMq),

e.g. (W h WAW) – He became a Christian; (W i h !WAW) – He became like the ocean. (9) (/ . 2 R '2 ( . ) – Example: (^ h FW AW) – He became wealthy. (10) (/ ^, , !.R ) – to have the same meaning as the (7C8), (

6

<@) and (1*2 6 ). Examples: (/^ !UK^ /^ !h)^ A) – He accepted. (= W W $[ (^ =W o h W AW) – He remained awake. (e W W i [ *W2[ e W h i W AW) – He sought a need. (11) ("i !.=-*2 A-) – This is of two types. Either there is no (78) or there is a (78) but it has a different meaning.

Examples: (™ W Fh + W AW) – He stood in the sun. ( W BQ^ AW) – He spoke. (W BU^ ) – to injure. Page 316 - http://www.al-inaam.com/ Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown

From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology The (>'(k) of (3R$O

)*)

(1) ( 0 R .QO.) – This is similar to (

+)

of (

B01 6 ).

However, the difference between the two is that in (

B01 6 ),

one is mentioned as the doer (/0<) while the other is mentioned as the object (1) while in (/01A

6 ), both are mentioned

as doers but in reality each one is the doer as well as the object, e.g. (' D W[ <^

W 'D Wi[>W W AWW+AW) – Rayhân and Farhân abused each

other. (2) (3 / '2 '-t 2 O.) – to simulate a state or status or representing oneself to have it, e.g. (Y W W WFAW) – He pretended to be sick. (3) (/ $ . . ,zR ) – Example: (=W 0W W!*W<^

;X A“=[ 0W W ) – I distanced him so he

was at a distance. (4) (/ ^, , !.R ) – Examples: (: ^ 0W ( W FW [>(^

½¾ W ^WAW) – to be high;

½¾ W W WAW) – to enter the right side.

(5) ("i !.=-*2 A-) – Example: (Z W W W!AW) – Allâh is most blessed. (Z W W W) – The camel sat.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology The (>'(k) of (C4A

)*)

(1) (S 0 , ‰, ) – To seek the (mMq), e.g. ( S

N X [ 1^ 5[ *W2[ @U)

– I sought

forgiveness from Allâh. (2) (/ M, .'-

+ x 0 ,^ 2 -2 A-) – to be entitled to the (mMq), e.g. ( OW K^[ *W2[ @U

6 X [ H) – The clothing was entitled to a patch. (3) (/ $ . . ,zR ) – (/ $. . ,zR ) – Example: (%W ^)*W2[ ^<

;X *XF[ K^(^) – I made him

stand, so he stood up. (4) ( / !.=2 - ) – Example: (;X *X[ W Qb *W2[ @U) – I found him to be noble. (5) ( / .?

2 - ) – to regard something as being described by the (mMq), e.g. (;X *X[ Wi [ *W2[ @U) – I thought him to be good. The difference between (' a W=$[ U ) and ('a W! [ U ) is that there is certainty in the former and doubt in the latter.

/ b . O.) – to become the (mMq) or to become similar to the (6) (C (mMq), e.g. ( X [f•

W o Wi [ *W2[ @U) – The mud became a stone.

(7) (ƒ / .tqOA-) – Example: (=W [”U

W j^ [ *W2[ @U)

– He made India his

homeland.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology (8) ( 0J 2 M, ) – to abbreviate a phrase, e.g. (OW $W [ *W2[ @U) – to say (

;U BEU h#@U

'^ [ X $U W ;U [^@U h#@UW ). (9) (C4A

3|4O C4! F N ^, , !.R ) – Examples:

(

h )^ *W2[ @U

h K^) – to settle down, (6 W W$(^ 6 W Wo*W2[ @U) – to reply, ( W !WQb *W2[ @U W !hQ^ AW) – to be arrogant, (SW*W0[ @U W W [ *W2[ @U) – to resist a temptation. (10) ("i !.=-*2 A-) – Example: (sU 7W W2 U b

^B0W ?W $W qb *W2[ @U) – He leaned over

the pillow. The (>'(k) of (C4'4A

)*)

(1) (0 2 R N) – This verb is mostly intransitive. Sometimes it can be transitive, e.g. (;X *X[ ^[ B^ [ @U) – I regarded it as sweet. (2) (/ &. ,.?R ) – Example: (Y X [ q^b

d W „W [ + W 0[ @U) – The land became

full of grass. (3) (/ $ . . ,zR ) – Example: (W#[ W9b^<

;X *X[W9^) – I wrapped it so it was

wrapped. (4) (/ ^, , !.R ) – Example: (;X *X[ B^i [ *W2[ @U

;X *X[^[ B^[ @U) – I thought it to be

sweet.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology The (>'(k) of (C;'4A Like (:<@

6 ),

)*)

this category also has the following four

meaning patterns:

2 R N) , (/ &. ,.?R ), ( / 2 ,) and (S 0 '2 $. ) (0 Examples: (6 h W„[ @U) – It became very white.

 W[ @U) – He became one-eyed. ( The (>'(k) of (C!|4A

)*)

(1) (/ &. ,."() origin nor something similar to the origin. There are two differences between (6*K@) and (,=* @). It is a condition for (6*K@) that it must not be used in (78

9:9).

For (,=* @), this is not a condition. Secondly, it is a condition for (6*K@) to be free of letters of (rc@) and extra letters brought for a particular meaning (½FB

=I ). An example of a letter of (rc@) is the () of the verb

(/ ^ B^F[ „W )

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology which was increased to bring this verb onto the scale of (e W W [ 7W ). An example of a letter of (½FB

=I ) is the hamzah of

b (^) which was added to the verb to render it transitive. (%W W The (>'(k) of (/ , , 42 ,

)*)

This category has many meaning patterns some of which are: (1) ( 0J 2 M, ) – Example: (/^ FW [ W) – He recited ‘Bismillâh…’. (2) ( 0 .?VA-) – Example: (;X *X[ K^[ W) – I made him don a burqa’. (3) (/ $ . . ,zR ) – Example: (« W W fb 5W <^

/D [B « W W fb l^ ) – The night hid

his sight so it became hidden. This category is used mostly as (]i") and (L0) and sometimes as (F), e.g. ( ^ ?W bW ), (\ W W 2[ W ). The (>'(k) of (3 / N 42 , O.

)*)

(1) (/ $ . . ,zR ) – Example: (e W W [ =W *W<^

;X *X$[ W [ 7W ) – I rolled it so it

began rolling. (2) ()MA) – Example: (\ W W ![W AW) – He walked conceitedly.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology (3) (/ ^, , !.R ) – Example: (W W = [ l^ The (>'(k) of (C;K4A

½¾ W W =[ 5W AW) – He screamed.

)*)

(1) (0 2 R N) – Example: (W o W #[W [ @U) – to gather. (2) (/ $ . . ,zR ) – Example: (W o W [W 9b^<

;X AX[ o W [ 9^) – I made his blood

flow and so it began flowing. The (>'(k) of (CŠ4A

)*)

(1) (0 2 R N) – Example: (h W + W Kb @U) – to shudder. (2) (/ $ . . ,zR ) – Example: (' q^FW jb ^<

;X *X#[q^F[ j^ ) – I pacified him so he

was calmed. (3) ()MA) – Example: ( Xo [ h

h W 1^ b @U) – The star shone.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Application of the Special Meanings Quote 1: ( W [UU ~[ FX b

^ ^?U [W ^B0[ (^ ‰ [ mU  ;U BEU =X F[ i W b^)

– excerpt from (

"(

„+) Translation: “All praises are due to Allâh who raised the status of all the believers.” Teacher: What special meaning of (<@

6 ) is found in the

verb (^B0 [ (^)?

>=A) – to be transitive is found in this verb because the (78) of this verb is (: ^ 0W ) which means to be high. This is intransitive. When it was taken to (<@ 6 ), it Student: The meaning of (

became transitive, having the meaning of ‘raising’.

Quote 2: (U [ !UQ b *h

OW W ;U [>=W W> OW <^W W /^ BpW W W !h^ R W [!Wb W W>W0 ^v†U<^) – excerpt from (‰=)) Translation: “When he sees the Ka’bah, he should say ‘Allâhu Akbar’ and ‘Lâ-ilâha illallâh’...” Teacher: What special meaning of (/1A

6 ) is found in the

verb (W !h ^ ) and (/^ BpW )? Student: The meaning of (K) – to abbreviate - is found in this verb.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Quote 3: ( W [U WW

U *h2U ^B0W r W =h W AW ,S W„ 'b @W) – excerpt from (‰=))

Translation: “If he wants, he can give charity to six poor persons...” Teacher: What special meaning of (/C1A

6 ) is found in the

W =h W AW)? verb (r Student: The meaning of (,=* @) is found in this verb because the (78) is (r W =W " W ) which means ‘to speak the truth’.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Challenging Words A few difficult verbs of the Holy Qur’ân and other verbs will be mentioned here because the purpose of learning morphology and syntax is to understand the meaning of the glorious Qur’ân. An explanation of these verbs generally refreshes one’s knowledge of morphology. The verbs will be written according to their pronunciation and not according to their Qur’ânic script so that the student can exercise his mind in trying to figure out the original word. In the analysis, the correct written form of the word will be provided.

'[)D *h<^ Analysis: This is the imperative (() of the verb (K), the

5") being ( m O}). The original word was ( W [ #U[ )D AhU), from the (6 ) of (*<@). It was constructed from the word (' ^ [ )D *hAW) which was originally ('^ [ X)U *hAW). The ( F) of the (‰) was transferred to the preceding letter after deleting its harakah. Due to (G F*$), the (‰) which was then changed to () was deleted. Due to the entry of the ( ), the ( s?š /") of ([)D Ah@U) was deleted. The final (') is not (60‘ '#) but ( >K '#) which enters the end of a verb between the verb and the (BQ* ‰) to protect it from receiving a (s). It was (

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology originally ( [ #U[ )D Ah^<). The (BQ*

‰) was deleted and the (s)

>K '#) was sufficed upon. This occurs very often. Due to a (LK), the (s) is also not pronounced. It becomes (' U [ )D Ah^<). of the (

'[!XpW [ <^ Analysis: This is similar to (' U [ )D AhPP^<). The original word was ( [ #U[ PX!pW [ U W ). It is the imperative of the verb (d W PUpW ),

U [ !XpW [ ^<). the (6 ) being (O-). It is written as (' Most often confusion arises in verbs where (LK) or (%?$)

>K '#) is added to the end of the word and (LK) is made on the ('#) after deleting the (BQ* ‰). The student is perplexed to find a (60‘ '#) in spite of (LK) or (%?$) whereas the ('#) is ( >K '#). occurs, a (

Similarly, a verb can sound confusing when the (/"

s?š) is

deleted from the middle of a sentence, especially when a student is asked to identify the verb by ing the words and reading them to him, e.g. in the verse ( [ U $U [

D h…UFW fb FX b ™ X 1b h W*Xh>(^W>) to

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology read it as ( [ U $U [ AX), in ([=X !X0[

\ X h W“>(^W>), to read the verb as ( [ =X !X[ 2X ), in ([ X $U [ /^ [KU), to read the verb as ([ X $U [ ^) and in ( 6 ¢ W 'U [ X $U [ ), to read the verb as ('U [ X $U [ U). When (W) or (& ^ ) enter the perfect tense of those verbs having (/"

s?š), the alifs of the (W) and (&^ ) are also not pronounced just as the (/" s?š) is not pronounced. The verbs therefore sound confusing when read as (d W W*Wo [ W ), (W f^ 1^ [W ), (W o W 1^ [^) and (7W U [ *X [ W ). This confusion is intensified in (1# 6 ) because the entry of (&) creates the word ( [ ^) while the entry of () creates the word ( [ W ). The same rule applies to the word ( W [U[ BDi [ W ). Besides being the (m O}) of (1 2) from ( a [ BDX ), it can also be (dIl w#~ O}), the tense being ( 1# JK# 8 ) from (<@ 6 ). Similarly, the word ( W ![ U[ X [ W ) is from (<@ 6 ). [ AX(bW h=<^ Analysis: It was originally ( [ AX(bW h7U<^), the word-form being (

m), the tense (R!H ).

It is (

O} F

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

%:) from (/0<@ 6 ). It was ([ AX(bW h7U). Due to the entry of the ( ), the (/" s?š) is deleted. [ “ 1^ [^ Analysis: This verb is (dIl

m O}), the tense being ( R!H ) from (1# 6 ). The () of emphasis entered the verb, thereby deleting the (/" s?š). N W [ 1^ 5[ *W2[ (^ Analysis: Due to the entry of (%1*P2‘

/PP") was deleted. from (1*2@ 6 ).

The original

s?Pš), the ( s?Pš word was (N W [ 1^ 5[ *WPP[2@U)

'^ [ X pW ^4AW Analysis: This was originally (' ^ [ X pW ^4*WAW). It is (

mP OP} P), the tense being ( P P). One (N) was deleted according to the rule of (/01A 6 ). Page 328 - http://www.al-inaam.com/ Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown

From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

N U qb *WbW Analysis: This is from the verb ( [ AUqb P PWA), (

wP P#~ =P P dPIl), the tense being ( P P(). It is ( P1 PF I> JK#). Due to the (), the () became (2). After (), it is compulsory (Pƒ $) to make the (P.

%&)

sâkin. The compulsion is due to excessive usage. After ( ), it is permissible to do so (ƒ$).

;U )b *hW>W Analysis: This verb is from (*<

6 ). It is ( m = dIl), the tense being (R!H ). It was originally [ )U *hW>). Due to the jussive mood (%?‹ ), the (‰) at the end is ( deleted. A pronoun (F) was then attached to the verb which created the scale of (/ U U <^) – (;U )U AW). Therefore the (r) became (2) as the Arabs tend to make the scale of (/ a U <^) into (/a [ <^) as

in (L ` *U^ ). It is pronounced (L ` *[^ ).

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

;[ $U [ (^ Analysis: This is the imperative (e U [ (^) of (<

6 ), the word-

form being (

m =). The pronoun was added to the U [ (^). In the Qur’ân, after this word, end of the verb making it (;U $ the words ({X WM(^ W ) appear. Therefore the form of (/^ U
m O}) of the verb (W0W ). The tense is (

). It was succeeded by a (Lf ). The rule of assimilation (%l7) was applied. Therefore it became ([#X^ h [ W 0W ). h FX #h(^ Analysis: The verb is ( “ FX #W) with ('b (^) attached to it. The word-

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology form is (BQ*

O}) while the tense is ( ). Because of (' b (^) it is in the accusative case (d ). It is from ( 6 #) like (=“ FX #W). Assimilation of both the nûns has taken place. [ Uh*XF[ D

Analysis: The verb is ( h *XF[ D), the word-from being (

w#~ O} ), the tense being (R!H ). It is from ( 6 #) like (h *XBb KD). The ( >K '#) and (BQ* ‰) have been

attached to the end.

h U>W AW h@U Analysis: From the verb (‰‚W), this is the (

w#~ =) word-form with the tense being (R!H ). It is (I> JK# G F). It was originally ( W [>W AW). Due to the ( B)9 '#), the (6 '#) was deleted. The (‰), not being a

(s=), was rendered a (s).

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

W AW [ ^(^ Analysis: From the verb (‰WPWA), this is the (

mP =P ) word-form while the tense is ( P /!)*P 1# µ OP P). A (%1*P P2& s?P Pš) and (µ) have been attached before the verb, changing it into the jussive mood ( P P %?‹). W [U^K

Analysis: This is the (/01

2) of the verb (^BK^), from the W [UU^K). Changes occurred in the (6 6 ). It was originally ( word just as in ( W [U W).

A second possibility is that it could be the imperative of ( [ U^)X>

^^K) from ( PB01 6P ), the word-form being ( OP} w#~).

It could also be (

w#~ =) of the same (6 ). A ( '#

>K) and (BQ* ‰) are attached to the end of the word. The (BQ* ‰) was deleted and the (s) of the ( >K '#) was

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology deleted due to (LK). The verb is not difficult to distinguish but sometimes when a word has a similar form in another language, confusion can arise. This word means carpet in Urdu and Persian and could perhaps cause confusion.

‰ [ =¢ U W> Analysis: This verb was originally (‰ [ =U *W[ W>) from (*<

6 ), the word-form being (dIl m =) and the tense ( JK# ). The rule of (*< 6 ) has been applied to it. '^ [ FX ¢€ U W> Analysis: From (*<

6 ), it was originally ('^ [ FX U *W€ [ W>), the word-form being (dIl m O}) and the tense (

). The rule of (*< 6 ) has been applied to it.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

W ^ 7h W Analysis: It is (dIl

m =) from (*< 6 ), the tense being ( ). It was originally (W Q ^ AWvb @U). The rule of (*< 6 ) has been applied to it. '^ [ 0X =h AW

Analysis: From (*<

6 ), it is (P mP OP}), the tense being ( ). It was originally (' ^ [ XU AW=[ AW). ` $W 7W ?[ X Analysis: This is the verbal noun (PF

=P) of ( 6P P*<), originally being (` PWoAW?[ X ). It can also be the ( P2 1) or ( 4 2).

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

h fD [ UFW <^ Analysis: From (*<

6 ),

this is the (dIl

m =) word-form, the tense being (L0 ). It was originally (h f D [ (D [ FW <^). The (/" s?š) was deleted because of the precedence of the ( ). The ('#) of the word ( [ W ) was rendered a (s) according to the rule ( Z W ¢ X ZW ¢ X v@ Q ). The (N) of (*<) was changed to (©). [ AX[ U fD [ W Analysis: This was ( [ AX[ U fD [ DW). From (*<

6 ), this is the ( m O}) word-form, the tense being ( L0). The (/" s?š) was deleted because of the precedence of the (). The (L) of the () is not pronounced due to (G

F*$).

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

[0X ^f [ FW <^ Analysis: It was originally ([0 X ^f*W2[ @UWF<^). It is (dIl from the (1*2

6 ),

the tense being

m O}) ( ).The

(N) of (1*2) was deleted.

O[ fU [ AW [ ^ Analysis: It was originally (O [ fU *W [ AW) from (1*2

6 ).

The

(N) of (1*2) was deleted.

ƒ1^ [ W^ Analysis: It was originally ( [ W 1^ [ W^) on the scale of ([ B^W 1b W^) with

11M '#). It is (BQ* O}) from (]*< 6 ). Sometimes the ( 11M '#) is written in the form of tanwîn. (

—U ![#W Analysis: It was originally ( [ PU5![#W) like ([ PU[ #W), from (

6P

6P). It is permissible to delete the (‰) from the end of a Page 336 - http://www.al-inaam.com/ Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown

From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology word that is (JK#).

[ pX [ FX *X[>(^W =[ )^ <^ Analysis: This was originally ( [ *X[>(^W ) like ([ *XBb W <^). When a pronoun is added to ( [ AX), an extra () is first added to the verb after the (%). This rule applies to ( [ AX), ([ pX ) and ([ D ) when suffixed by a (F). Sometimes a (;2

)

‰) is suffixed to a verb that is ( w#~ =

when a pronoun is attached to it, e.g. the words of a

hadîth, (;U [ A¢= [ $W W ^

;U [AU(bW K^ [ ^).

Wp[ FX QD X ?U Bb #X(^ Analysis: The verb is (%X ?U Bb #X) from (< is prefixed to the verb and

6 ). A (%1*2& s?š) the pronoun (p) is suffixed to it.

Subsequently a second pronoun ( [ D ) is attached to the verb, thereby requiring a () and making the (%F %).

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

W*[U Analysis: This is like the verb (W1b M U ), the word-form being (

O}

BQ*) and the tense ( ). The question that arises here is that the () of this verb is used (G %F) in the Qur’ân. Consequently, the () supposed to be (W*[ X ) like (WBb KD) because the word-form is (> #). The scholars of tafsîr have answered this objection by stating that this verb is used both on the scale of (OF>

O-) and (> #). In the Qur’ân, the () is used from (O- 6 ) and the () from (#). R [ Wo W !WF[ <^

[ Wo W !W#[^<) from (1# Analysis: The verb is (R form being (dIl

6 ), the wordtense (

w#~ =) and the

).The (/" s?š) was deleted because of the precedence of the ( ). Because the (') is succeeded by a (6), it is pronounced as a (%).

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

Wh27W Analysis: This verb was originally (™ W 2h 7W ) from (/1A The final doubled letter was changed to a (

6 ).

B ).

The

Arabs often do this.

[ *XBb 4^ <^ [ *XBb BU4^ <^) from (OAnalysis: It was originally ( form is (

m O})

and the tense is

6 ). The word( ).

Sometimes the Arabs delete one of the doubled letters. In this case, the first () was deleted. Sometimes it is pronounced ( [ *XBb 4U <^) after transferring the harakah of the first () to the (ª).

'^ [ K^ Analysis: According to some scholars, this verb was originally (' ^ [ W Kb @U). According to the previously mentioned rule, the first () was deleted after transferring its harakah. No need remained for the (/"

s?š).

Therefore it was deleted. The word (' ^ [ K^)

remains. Page 339 - http://www.al-inaam.com/ Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown

From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

[ B• U Analysis: This is the (

w#~ =) of (/¦ !UW> / W) from the (6 6 ). It is (L0). It was originally ( [ BUBU [@U). The rule of assimilation applies. Similar to this is the word ( [ •7U ). '^ [ QD W>

Analysis: First Possibility: It is the () of (') in the accusative case (d

).

L1 dIl m O} r1) of (6 6 ). It was originally ('^ [ XU [ W>). The rule of (= X U W>) first applies to delete the (). Then the rules of ([ 0X =[ W>) and (X 2 W [ X>) apply to change it to ('^ [ QD W>). Second Possibility: It is (

Third Possibility: It is (

L1 dIl w#~ O}

r1) from (%X). Its paradigm of the perfect tense (

) is as follows:

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology (À

'^ W QD W> WAW QD W> N [ W QD W> [ QD W> WQD W> W QD W>)

[D^KW Analysis: First Possibility: Besides the common verb ([D^K) from (#

6 ), this is made up of two words (›œKW ) and ([D). The former is (r1 L1 dIl m =) from (6) while the latter is ( L1 . m O} ')) from (O- 6 ). Second Possibility: The verb is ( ^ W Kb W ). It is (

dIl m O} ( BB< 6 ). It was

r1 L1 ) from the originally ([D W Kb W ). The rule of ()>) was applied whereby the harakah of the () was transferred to the (r) and the () was changed to (L). It became ([D^K W ). ^^^ Analysis: From (:<@

),

the verbal

6 ), this is ( dIl m HA noun being (Z ` Wb U b @U). It was originally

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology (^ W b W b @U) like (^)+ W #[W [@U). The rule of ()>) was applied. The (/"

s?š) was subsequently deleted due letter being (Zi*). It became (^^^).

to the subsequent

W [U Analysis: This is from the verb ( [ FU W> It is

WW ) from the (6 6 ). (r1 L1 w#~ O}). The paradigm of the

imperative is as follows: ( W [U

WU [ U [X WU %U )

[ X [ #W [ X [ W> Analysis: This is from the verb (

‰W" W ). It is ( BQ* O} I> JK# ). It was originally (‰ X X [ #W). The rule of (0=>) was applied and the (‰) was changed to (). Wp[ X W7 Analysis: This is from the verb (‰ [ U =[ W>

‰W7W ). It is ( m O}

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

/01 2). It was originally ('^ [ X>U W7). The rule of (0=>) was applied and the (‰) was changed to (). One () was then ^ [ X W7). When ( <@) was applied to the deleted. It became (' pronoun (Wp), the (') was deleted. ¶>W Analysis: From the verb (‰ [ U [ W>

‰WW ), this is the verbal noun in the singular form. It is (') L1) from the (6 6 ). It was originally (ƒ> [ W ). The () was changed to (‰) and assimilated. It became (¶>W ). W#[ BD2W ^ q^2W ), the Analysis: First Possibility: It is the imperative (() of ( word-form being (

m O}) with a pronoun (W#) attached

to it. Second Possibility: It is from the verb ( X BD [ W>

W BD2W ). It is ( O}

‰ JK# BQ*).

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

[ ¢W" Analysis: This is the imperative (() of (6 h W"), the word-form being (

w#~ =) of ( B01 6 ). ( [ !U UW"). The rule of (%l7@) was applied.

It was originally

6 h W W Analysis: From the (E:<@

6 ), this is the (dIl m =). It was originally (6 h W W [ @U) like (h W + W Kb @U).The rule of ()>) was applied. It becomes (6 h W W@U). The (/" s?š) is deleted. It becomes (6 h W W). W FW ^ Analysis: This was ( X I^[ (^

[ ^), from the (]*< 6 ). It is ( = I> JK# G F µ O 1 BQ*). The rule of (K) was applied. Due to the ( $ µ), the ( B ) is deleted from the end. It becomes (,S [ (^

[ ^).

Subsequently, the rule of

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology ()>) is applied and the hamzas are deleted. It becomes (W F W ^).

^ WB^[>@U Analysis: From the (:<@), this is (

dIl m = r1 L1 ). It was originally (^ W [^[ @U) like (g+# @). The rule of ()>) is first applied whereby the () changes to (L) and then the rule of (7) to change the () to (‰). {[ †Up[ (^ BB< 6 ), this is ( ( m = L0 78 0 ). It is like (b ?U bW ). Analysis: From the (

U [l^ 78 0 ( m = ') L1) from the ( BB< 6 ). It was originally (‰ X U [5W AX) like (e X U [ =W AX). The rule of (0=>) was first applied, followed by Analysis: This is the (

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology deleting the (N) when constructing the imperative ((). The (

B ) was finally deleted from the end. It becomes (U [l^ ). &^

Analysis: From the (O-

6 ), this is the ( ( m = ') L1 ), the verb being (‰WBb W> ‰ W U ^). It was originally ( W b@U) like (– W M[ @U). The harakah of the () is transferred to the () and the () is changed to (L). The (/" s?š) is no more required. It becomes (& ^ ). ' @U Analysis: From the (6

6 ), this is the ( dIl w#~ O} I> $( 1 F ), the verb being ( X [>†UW> '^ ‚ ƒ[>(^). It was originally (W #[@U) like (W [ U). The rule of (%l7@) is applied. It becomes ('  @U). The paradigm of (

) is as

follows: (h#@U R X #[ @U h *X#[@U WF*X#[@U R U #[@U [ *X#[@U WF*X#[@U R W #[@U ' @U W*#W‚

R [ #W‚ [#X‚ W#‚ '^ ‚)

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

' @U ' @U Analysis: From the (6

6 ), this is the ( BQ* O} L0 ), the verb being ('¦ †UW> ' (^). It was originally X #Uqb #W) like (6 X U [ #W). The rule of (%l7@) is applied to the ('). It ( becomes (' ¦ †U#W). Then ( j„ 'b @U) is inserted before the verb ( 'b @U '¦ †U#W). The rule of (%l7@) is again applied because the two nûns are adjacent to each other while the final nûn becomes (6). It becomes ('  @U ' @U). 6 h W W =>? 0 dIl m = G F) from (:U
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

'WF2W ‚ Analysis: This is the (1 (O-

6 ).

It was

F /1* 2 m HA) from originally (' U WF2W ,V (^). The rule of (‚) is

applied and the end is read as sākin due to (LK).

Wh27W Analysis: This word was originally (™ W 2h 7W ). There were three sîns together which caused the word to become heavy in pronunciation. Therefore the third (\) was changed to (‰)

which then changed to (L). The same rule applies to the word (h)^ AW) which was originally (¬ W h )^ AW).

;[ h W *WW> [ ^ Analysis: This word was originally ( X h W *WW>). The third (\) was changed to (‰) which then changed to (L) due to the rule of ( ^ ^K). When (

$ µ) entered the verb, the ( B ) was deleted from the end. A ({) was added for (LK). Page 348 - http://www.al-inaam.com/ Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown

From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

W=W [$W G F dIl m HA) W […^$[ @U) like (WFo W #[W [ @U). The (^:[ U
Analysis: It is ( from

harakah of the hamzah is transferred to the preceding letter while the (/"

s?š) is deleted. It becomes (W=W [$W ).

[ o U [D G F dIl m = I> JK#) from (^:[U
›^WA Analysis: It is ( from (

‰ JK# dIl m =)

B01 6 ). The verb was (W ^WA). The rule of (W0=[ X>) was

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology applied to change it to (›^WA).

‰ W [ 7W I> JK# dIl m = 0 giB) from ( BB< 6 ). The verb was (W W>[ 7W ). The rule of (K) was applied to change it to (‰ W [ 7W ). Analysis: It is (

[ U[ X ‰ $( ( w#~ =) from (# 6 ). The paradigm of this verb is (& ¨ [ W D [ FX W> ^ W). The paradigm of the (() is as follows: ( W Bb X &^ [ X [ U[ X [D[ X &^ [ X /b X ) Analysis: It is (

N X [ FX W> Analysis: Besides the common verb (N X W FX W>

N W W), there is a second possibility. It could be ( L1 BQ* = Page 350 - http://www.al-inaam.com/ Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown

From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

r1) from (% 6 ). The paradigm of this verb is ( [ FX [W> W FX W> ƒF[ W>). The paradigm of the ( ) is as follows: U [ FX W> [ AX[ FX W> WFAX[ FX W> N W [ FX W> '^ [ FX W> WAW FX W> N [ W FX W> [FX W> WFX W> W FX W> (N W#[ FX W> N X [ FX W> h AX[ FX W> WFAX[ FX W>) gX [>U [ X>

$( dIl m = ‰) from the (<@ 6 ). It was originally (gX [>U X>). A ({) was added between the first and second letter against the rule ( :M \)).

Analysis: This is the (

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Appendix A Morphology or Etymology? What is the subject of ( P

PB0) called in English? Is it

Morphology or Etymology? Firstly, let us examine the definitions of both these in the light of contemporary works. The following definition of Morphology appears in “The Oxford Companion to the English Language”. “In linguistics, the study of the structure of words as opposed to syntax, the study of the arrangement of words in the higher units of phrases, clauses, and sentences. The two major branches are inflectional morphology (the study of inflections) and lexical morphology (the study of wordformation).” 21 The following has been mentioned under the term, ‘syntax’: “The ways in which components of words are combined into words are studied in morphology, and syntax and morphology together are generally regarded as the major constituents of grammar, although in one of its uses, grammar is strictly synonymous with syntax and excludes morphology.”22 We find the following definition in Websters Dictionary: “2 a: a study and description of word-formation in a language including inflection, derivation, and compounding – distinguished from syntax. B: the system of word-forming elements and processes in 21 22

The Oxford Companion to the English Language, p. 670, 1992. Ibid, p. 1016.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology a language.” 23 Encyclopaedia Britannica has the following definition: “In philology, morphology is that branch of grammar which examines the forms of words as well as the principles of word-formation and inflection.” 24 The following definition is found in the World Book: “Morphology: the study of the formation and structure of words.” 25 As for Etymology, the following definitions one may come across:

are

some

of

the

“Etymology: Both the study of the history of words and a statement of the origin and history of a word, including changes in its form and meaning.” 26 “…that branch of linguistic science which is devoted to determining the origin of words.” 27 Websters Dictionary provides the following definition: “The history, often including the pre-history of a linguistic form (as a word or morpheme) as shown by tracing its phonetic graphic, and semantic development since its earliest recorded occurrence in the language where it is found, by tracing the course of its transmission from one language to another by analysing it into the component parts from which it was put together, by identifying its cognates in other languages or by tracing it and its 23

Websters Third New International Dictionary, vol. 2, p. 1470,. Encyclopaedia Britannica vol. 15 p. 818. 25 World Book vol.18, p. 518, 1992. 26 The Oxford Companion to the English Language, p. 384, 1992. 27 Colliers Encyclopedia vol. 9 p. 378, 1971; Encyclopaedia Britannica vol. 8 p. 804. 24

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology cognates back to a common ancestral form in a recorded or assumed ancestral language.28 The World Book states: “Etymology is the study of the origins and development of words.” 29 In Encyclopaedia Britannica, we find the following definition: “…that part of linguistics which is concerned with the origin or derivation of words.” 30 The Students Encyclopedia states: “… the study of the origins and history of words.”31 The Universal Standard Encyclopedia has the following: “… that branch of philology which deals with the origin and derivation of words, and with the comparison of words in different of the same language group.”32 Under the word, ‘morphology’ in Al-Mughni-Al-Akbar, an English to Arabic dictionary, the meaning is given as (

PP)

PB0

while under the entry ‘etymology’, the meaning

provided is (r)*„‘

B0).33

In the An-Nafees English to Arabic Dictionary, under 28 29 30 31 32 33

Websters Third New International Dictionary, vol. 1, p. 782. World Book, vol. 18 p. 518. Encyclopaedia Britannica, vol. 8 p. 804. Students Encyclopaedia, vol. 6 p. 456, 1970. Universal Standard Encyclopedia, vol. 8 p. 2930, 1956. Al-Mughni Al-Akbar, Hasan S. Karmi, p. 826 & p. 402, 1997.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology morphology, we find the term ( P P

P PB0) while etymology, we find the term (NFBQ /"qA B0).34

under

In the Hans Wehr Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic,

P under the entry ( P “morphology (gram.).” 35

PPB0),

we find the following:

These definitions clearly indicate that Etymology deals with the history of words whereas Morphology deals with the subject of word-formation. Hence the most appropriate term for

( P

PB0) would be Morphology and not

Etymology as has been erroneously used in some books.

34

An-Nafees, Madgi Wahbah, p. 868 & p. 381, 2000. Hans Wehr Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic P.513, Third Edition 1976. 35

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology Bibliography

'F 1 Á( % L>* à 7) _„ 6Bf ÃQ R 9 ‰ ›0 v*2Ä _+ _

>= Å B0  =FÅ >= >"( =FÅ ‰)B 5 B0 _„ à /A ‰p: =FÅ #& ?>? 'M * =!0 #& •B Á0 = ( r*+ #& B0

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

‰A =!0 ²<iB 6* -) %) =!0 #& 7„@ _„

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology





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