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A figure of speech is a rhetorical device that achieves a special effect by using words in distinctive ways. Though there are hundreds of figures of speech (many of them included in our Tool Kit for Rhetorical Analysis), here we'll focus on just 20 of the most common figures. You will probably many of these from your English classes. Figurative language is often associated with literature--and with poetry in particular. But the fact is, whether we're conscious of it or not, we use figures of speech every day in our own writing and conversations. For example, common expressions such as "falling in love," "racking our brains," "hitting a sales target," and "climbing the ladder of success" are all metaphors--the most pervasive figure of all. Likewise, we rely on similes when making explicit comparisons ("light as a feather") and hyperbole to emphasize a point ("I'm Sponsored Links starving!"). Confidence For A Best Man Free Confidence Tips & Tools eBook Free Confidence Help Here... www.freeconfidencebook.com Top MBA School in India Industry Oriented Syllabi. Great Placement-Build a Rewarding Career www.amity.edu/mba
Using original figures of speech in our writing is a way to convey meanings in fresh, unexpected ways. Figures can help our readers
understand and stay interested in what we have to say. For advice on creating figures of speech, see Using Similes and Metaphors to Enrich Our Writing. How to Review the Top 20 Figures of Speech Click on each of the following to visit a glossary page. There you will find the definition and several examples of the figure as well as its etymology (which shows where the term came from) and a pronunciation guide. For each figure of speech, try to come up with an example of your own. After studying these figures, test your knowledge at: Review Quiz: Top 20 Figures of Speech Review Quiz: Rhetorical Quiz on Figures of Speech in Advertising Slogans
The Top 20 Figures 1. Alliteration Repetition of an initial consonant sound.
2. Anaphora Repetition of the same word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses or verses. (Contrast with epiphora and
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http://grammar.about.com/od/rhetoricstyle/a/20figures.htm
epistrophe.)
3. Antithesis The juxtaposition of contrasting ideas in balanced phrases.
4. Apostrophe Breaking off discourse to address some absent person or thing, some abstract quality, an inanimate object, or a nonexistent character.
5. Assonance Identity or similarity in sound between internal vowels in neighboring words.
6. Chiasmus A verbal pattern in which the second half of an expression is balanced against the first but with the parts reversed.
7. Euphemism The substitution of an inoffensive term for one considered offensively explicit.
8. Hyperbole An extravagant statement; the use of exaggerated for the purpose of emphasis or heightened effect.
9. Irony The use of words to convey the opposite of their literal meaning. A statement or situation where the meaning is contradicted by the appearance or presentation of the idea.
10. Litotes A figure of speech consisting of an understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by negating its opposite.
11. Metaphor An implied comparison between two unlike things that actually have something important in common.
12. Metonymy A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated; also, the rhetorical strategy of describing something indirectly by referring to things around it.
13. Onomatopoeia
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The use of words that imitate the sounds associated with the objects or actions they refer to.
14. Oxymoron A figure of speech in which incongruous or contradictory appear side by side.
15. Paradox A statement that appears to contradict itself.
16. Personification A figure of speech in which an inanimate object or abstraction is endowed with human qualities or abilities.
17. Pun A play on words, sometimes on different senses of the same word and sometimes on the similar sense or sound of different words.
18. Simile A stated comparison (usually formed with "like" or "as") between two fundamentally dissimilar things that have certain qualities in common.
19. Synecdoche A figure of speech in which a part is used to represent the whole (for example, ABCs for alphabet) or the whole for a part ("England won the World Cup in 1966").
20. Understatement A figure of speech in which a writer or a speaker deliberately makes a situation seem less important or serious than it is. WHAT'S NEXT? After studying each of these figures, test your knowledge at: Review Quiz: Top 20 Figures of Speech Quiz on Figures of Speech in Advertising Slogans Review Quiz: Rhetorical When you're ready to move beyond the Top 20, check out these pages: Tool Kit for Rhetorical Analysis Top 20 Rhetorical That We Never Learned in School And finally, if you're in the mood to study these figures in
9/12/2010 10:59 PM
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the context of essays, speeches, poems, short stories, and novels, visit: Discussion Questions for Rhetorical Analysis: Ten Topics for Review Success in College From studying to socializing, we have the tips to help make your first year of a college a great one. Read More Figuratively Speaking Rhetorical Analysis of E. B. White's "The Ring of Time" Homer Simpson's Figures of Speech Who or What Is Personification? More Figures What Is a Metaphor? Figures, Tropes, and Other Rhetorical What Is Irony? Writing with Figures of Speech Writing with Lists Tricolons: Writing with the Magic Number Three Bdelygmia: The Perfect Rant Related Articles Rhetorical by Type Glossary of Rhetorical - Figures of Speech... trope - definition and examples of tropes figures of speech - definition and examples of figures of speech - figurati... Figure of Speech AP English Language and Composition Exam (page two) - Glossary of Important...
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Sponsored Links Free Grammar Exercises All About Free Grammar Exercises Free Grammar Exercises and Much More! Peeplo.com/Top_Results English Study Cards English Composition, Grammar, ESL, Vocabulary, and Punctuation Cards www.vis-ed.com Scholarship for IT Career Get Started on an IT career with NIIT BhavishyaJyoti Scholarship. NiitCareers.com/BJS2010 Interested in Finland? follow Finnish life, people culture and more at thisisFinland finland.fi
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Must Reads English Language Timeline 200 Expressions That Tick You Off What Is Grammar? 400 Writing Topics Top 20 Figures of Speech Most Popular metaphor Top 20 Figures of Speech imperative sentence simile Descriptive Paragraphs
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Home
Education
http://grammar.about.com/od/rhetoricstyle/a/20figures.htm
Grammar & Composition
Grammar & Composition figure of speech Grammar & Composition
Words & Sentences
Top 20 Figures of Speech By Richard Nordquist, About.com Guide
Paragraphs & Essays
Style & Figures of Speech Share
Free Grammar & Composition Newsletter! Enter email address Discuss in my Forum
See More About:
rhetoric & style
figures of speech ment
Sponsored Links CELTA Chiang Mai CELTA and TESOL teacher training in Chiang Mai www.eccthai.com Publish Your Book-Free Publish Your Book Quickly & Easily Control the Rights & Your Profits! I-Proclaim.com Professional TESOL Dip Gain an international licence to Teach English Worldwide www.globalelt.org Grammar Ads
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9/12/2010 10:59 PM
Top 20 Figures of Speech - Figurative Language - Definitions and Exampl...
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http://grammar.about.com/od/rhetoricstyle/a/20figures.htm
A figure of speech is a rhetorical device that achieves a special effect by using words in distinctive ways. Though there are hundreds of figures of speech (many of them included in our Tool Kit for Rhetorical Analysis), here we'll focus on just 20 of the most common figures. You will probably many of these from your English classes. Figurative language is often associated with literature--and with poetry in particular. But the fact is, whether we're conscious of it or not, we use figures of speech every day in our own writing and conversations. For example, common expressions such as "falling in love," "racking our brains," "hitting a sales target," and "climbing the ladder of success" are all metaphors--the most pervasive figure of all. Likewise, we rely on similes when making explicit comparisons ("light as a feather") and hyperbole to emphasize a point ("I'm Sponsored Links starving!"). Confidence For A Best Man Free Confidence Tips & Tools eBook Free Confidence Help Here... www.freeconfidencebook.com Top MBA School in India Industry Oriented Syllabi. Great Placement-Build a Rewarding Career www.amity.edu/mba
Using original figures of speech in our writing is a way to convey meanings in fresh, unexpected ways. Figures can help our readers
understand and stay interested in what we have to say. For advice on creating figures of speech, see Using Similes and Metaphors to Enrich Our Writing. How to Review the Top 20 Figures of Speech Click on each of the following to visit a glossary page. There you will find the definition and several examples of the figure as well as its etymology (which shows where the term came from) and a pronunciation guide. For each figure of speech, try to come up with an example of your own. After studying these figures, test your knowledge at: Review Quiz: Top 20 Figures of Speech Review Quiz: Rhetorical Quiz on Figures of Speech in Advertising Slogans
The Top 20 Figures 1. Alliteration Repetition of an initial consonant sound.
2. Anaphora Repetition of the same word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses or verses. (Contrast with epiphora and
9/12/2010 10:59 PM
Top 20 Figures of Speech - Figurative Language - Definitions and Exampl...
3 of 7
http://grammar.about.com/od/rhetoricstyle/a/20figures.htm
epistrophe.)
3. Antithesis The juxtaposition of contrasting ideas in balanced phrases.
4. Apostrophe Breaking off discourse to address some absent person or thing, some abstract quality, an inanimate object, or a nonexistent character.
5. Assonance Identity or similarity in sound between internal vowels in neighboring words.
6. Chiasmus A verbal pattern in which the second half of an expression is balanced against the first but with the parts reversed.
7. Euphemism The substitution of an inoffensive term for one considered offensively explicit.
8. Hyperbole An extravagant statement; the use of exaggerated for the purpose of emphasis or heightened effect.
9. Irony The use of words to convey the opposite of their literal meaning. A statement or situation where the meaning is contradicted by the appearance or presentation of the idea.
10. Litotes A figure of speech consisting of an understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by negating its opposite.
11. Metaphor An implied comparison between two unlike things that actually have something important in common.
12. Metonymy A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated; also, the rhetorical strategy of describing something indirectly by referring to things around it.
13. Onomatopoeia
9/12/2010 10:59 PM
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http://grammar.about.com/od/rhetoricstyle/a/20figures.htm
The use of words that imitate the sounds associated with the objects or actions they refer to.
14. Oxymoron A figure of speech in which incongruous or contradictory appear side by side.
15. Paradox A statement that appears to contradict itself.
16. Personification A figure of speech in which an inanimate object or abstraction is endowed with human qualities or abilities.
17. Pun A play on words, sometimes on different senses of the same word and sometimes on the similar sense or sound of different words.
18. Simile A stated comparison (usually formed with "like" or "as") between two fundamentally dissimilar things that have certain qualities in common.
19. Synecdoche A figure of speech in which a part is used to represent the whole (for example, ABCs for alphabet) or the whole for a part ("England won the World Cup in 1966").
20. Understatement A figure of speech in which a writer or a speaker deliberately makes a situation seem less important or serious than it is. WHAT'S NEXT? After studying each of these figures, test your knowledge at: Review Quiz: Top 20 Figures of Speech Quiz on Figures of Speech in Advertising Slogans Review Quiz: Rhetorical When you're ready to move beyond the Top 20, check out these pages: Tool Kit for Rhetorical Analysis Top 20 Rhetorical That We Never Learned in School And finally, if you're in the mood to study these figures in
9/12/2010 10:59 PM
Top 20 Figures of Speech - Figurative Language - Definitions and Exampl...
5 of 7
http://grammar.about.com/od/rhetoricstyle/a/20figures.htm
the context of essays, speeches, poems, short stories, and novels, visit: Discussion Questions for Rhetorical Analysis: Ten Topics for Review Success in College From studying to socializing, we have the tips to help make your first year of a college a great one. Read More Figuratively Speaking Rhetorical Analysis of E. B. White's "The Ring of Time" Homer Simpson's Figures of Speech Who or What Is Personification? More Figures What Is a Metaphor? Figures, Tropes, and Other Rhetorical What Is Irony? Writing with Figures of Speech Writing with Lists Tricolons: Writing with the Magic Number Three Bdelygmia: The Perfect Rant Related Articles Rhetorical by Type Glossary of Rhetorical - Figures of Speech... trope - definition and examples of tropes figures of speech - definition and examples of figures of speech - figurati... Figure of Speech AP English Language and Composition Exam (page two) - Glossary of Important...
Richard Nordquist Grammar & Composition Guide Sign up for my Newsletter My Blog My Forum
9/12/2010 10:59 PM
Top 20 Figures of Speech - Figurative Language - Definitions and Exampl...
6 of 7
http://grammar.about.com/od/rhetoricstyle/a/20figures.htm
Sponsored Links Free Grammar Exercises All About Free Grammar Exercises Free Grammar Exercises and Much More! Peeplo.com/Top_Results English Study Cards English Composition, Grammar, ESL, Vocabulary, and Punctuation Cards www.vis-ed.com Scholarship for IT Career Get Started on an IT career with NIIT BhavishyaJyoti Scholarship. NiitCareers.com/BJS2010 Interested in Finland? follow Finnish life, people culture and more at thisisFinland finland.fi
Explore Grammar & Composition See More About: rhetoric & style
figures of speech
By Category Writing Tips Business Writing Correcting Errors English Grammar Punctuation & Mechanics Composing Sentences Words
Composing Paragraphs Composing Essays Rhetoric & Style Readings & Resources Exercises & Quizzes Grammar & Rhetoric Glossary
Must Reads English Language Timeline 200 Expressions That Tick You Off What Is Grammar? 400 Writing Topics Top 20 Figures of Speech Most Popular metaphor Top 20 Figures of Speech imperative sentence simile Descriptive Paragraphs
About.com Special Features Back to School From saving money on school supply shopping to getting the perfect back-toschool outfit, we've got you covered with the best tips. More
Fun Science Projects Explore scientific wonder with your kids using these easy and exciting experiments. More
Grammar & Composition Home
Education
Grammar & Composition
Rhetoric & Style
Top 20 Figures of Speech - Figurative
Add to: iGoogle
Language - Definitions and Examples of Figures of Speech>
Advertising Info
News & Events
Work at About
Most Popular
SiteMap
All Topics
Reprints
Latest Articles
My Yahoo!
RSS
Help
9/12/2010 10:59 PM
Top 20 Figures of Speech - Figurative Language - Definitions and Exampl...
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Agreement
Ethics Policy
Patent Info.
http://grammar.about.com/od/rhetoricstyle/a/20figures.htm
Our Story
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©2010 About.com, a part of The New York Times Company. All rights reserved.
9/12/2010 10:59 PM
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