The Speeches In Vergil's Aeneid h1y46

The Speeches in Vergil's Aeneid

THE SPEECHES I N VERGIL'S

AENEID GILBERT

HIGHET

PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS

Copyright © 1972 by Gilbert Highet ALL RIGHTS RESERVED L.C. CARD: 73-39787 ISBN: 0-691-06234-x

Publication of this book has been aided by a grant from the Louis A. Robb Fund of Princeton University Press. This book has been composed in Linotype Granjon

Printed in the United States of America by Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey

CONTENTS ix

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

2

TYPOGRAPHICAL NOTE

3

I. INTRODUCTION

Importance of the speeches in the Aeneid Views of Roman critics Discussions by modern scholars II. THE SPEECHES AND THEIR SPEAKERS

Definition Length Numbers Distribution by books Grouping The characters and their speeches Aeneas Aeneas and his interlocutors Other characters III. FORMAL SPEECHES

3 3 8 15 15 18 19 20 22 25 29 36 43 47

Introduction Political and legalistic speeches Ilioneus Debate of the Latins and their allies Debate in heaven Aeneas to Dido Aeneas to Evander Anna to Dido Latinus to Turnus Commanders' speeches Praise and blame ν

47 50 52 55 65 72 79 80 81 82 89

CONTENTS IV. INFORMAL SPEECHES

97 97 97 105 107 113 114 114 115 116 117 121 124 139 153 157

Factual speeches Prophecies Descriptions Narratives Questions Emotional speeches Greetings Farewells Threats and challenges Prayers Commands Persuasions Responses to persuasion Apostrophes Soliloquies

V . THE SPEECHES AND THEIR MODELS Introduction Aeneas Turnus Dido Anchises Minor characters The Sibyl Sinon Drances Latinus Evander Helenus Numanus Ilioneus The gods Jupiter Neptune

vi

185 185 187 210 218 231 244 244 247 248 251 253 256 257 259 259 259 263

FORMAL SPEECHES

Antonius, observes, "Quis est qui nesciat quae sint in homine laudanda ?" (De Or. 2.45). Furthermore, there is one important central thought which it is unlikely that Augustus would voice on this occasion, and which looks like an idea of Vergil's own. Anchises says with great emphasis that no Roman youth will ever equal Marcellus (6.875-877): nec puer Iliaca quisquam de gente Latinos in tantum spe toilet auos, nec Romula quondam ullo se tantum tellus iactabit alumno. This is a weighty comment on the problem of the succession to Augustus.86 At his triple triumph in 29 B.C. (Aen. 8.714-719, Dio 51.21.5-9), Octavian in his chariot was flanked on the right by his nephew Marcellus and on the left by his stepson Tiberius (Suet. Tib. 64). Each was an heir presumptive to the dynastic power which Octavian was in process of establishing. The deli­ cate balance between them represented a rivalry between the family of Octavian and his sister Octavia, mother of Marcellus, and that of his wife Livia: between the gens Iulia and the arro­ gant gens Claudia.87 Gradually the balance tilted in favor of Marcellus. Augustus married him to his daughter Julia with splendid festivities, and granted him ten years' seniority in the cursus honorum. He was virtually heir apparent when he died in 23 B.C. At that time Tiberius was about nineteen years of age, the son of Augustus's consort. Surely he would be thought of as the natural heir to the principate. Yet, by these forceful negatives, "nec puer quisquam . . . nec . . . ullo . . . alumno," Vergil excludes Tiberius from consideration as a successor to Augustus, or at least as a successor worthy to be compared with Marcellus. Only a few hundred lines later (Aen. 7.7068eSee L. Pepe's article, "Virgilio e la questione dinastica," GIF 8 (1955) 359-371: he makes this point and elaborates it with keen insight. 87 Tacitus characterized Tiberius by uetere atque insita Claudiae jamiliae superbia (Ann. 1.4).

THE SPEECHES IN VERGIL'S AENElD

yog) Vergil brings forward Tiberius's putative ancestor Clausus88 as a powerful enemy of Aeneas, the founder of the race. The suggestion that in writing the little speech about Marcellus Vergil was using a rhetorical manual, or following a rhetorically constructed model, has not been widely accepted. Neither the structure nor the emotional tone of the lament, with its exclamatory apostrophes, resembles the pattern given by Menander; and the theme of consolation—so prominent in the scheme of a funeral eulogy—is not present. The ancestor of this beautiful speech is not formal prose oratory, but such poetry as the lamentations of the three women over Hector, at the end of the Iliad.89 88 The patrician CIaudii, to whom Tiberius belonged, claimed descent from the Sabine Clausus; the plebeian Claudii (including the Marcelli) did not. 89 IL 24.723-776. In rhetoric an intensely pathetic lament such as Anchises' requiem for Marcellus is called a monody. See Menander in Spengel 3, pp. 434-437: he remarks that a monody is more suitable for the death of a young man; Volkmann p. 360 cites a few late examples. "Monody" is the subtitle which Milton gave to Lycidas: "Lycidas is dead, dead ere his prime."

CHAPTER FOUR

INFORMAL SPEECHES #Λ LTHOUGH rhetorical devices occur in them, most of the /γ, speeches in the Aeneid do not follow the patterns of It y\ formal oratory. They are arranged not in accordJL· .·>Vance with the schemes worked out by the experi­ ence of public speakers and the theorizing of teachers, but by their own inner logic, dictated by their functions in the poem and the nature and situation of those who utter them. Some are meant to convey factual information; some to challenge, question, or command; some to persuade or to respond to persuasion; and some to express an emotion or a chain of emotions.

Factual Speeches Facts about the past are told in narratives. Facts about the present are set forth in what may be called descriptions. Facts about the future are predicted in prophecies. Prophecies The Aeneid contains nineteen prophecies and oracular utterances.1 The most important for the plot are those given by Jupiter to Venus (1.257-296); Creusa to Aeneas (2.776-789); Apollo to the Trojans (3.94-98); the Penates (representing Apollo) to Aeneas (3.154-171); Celaeno to the Trojans (3.247257); Helenus to Aeneas (3.374-462); the Sibyl to Aeneas (6.83-97); Anchises to Aeneas (6.756-859); Faunus to Latinus (7.96-101); Tiber to Aeneas (8.36-65); and Jupiter to Juno (12.830-840). The placing of these predictions is significant. It shows that Vergil was writing not only an epic, but a Bible, for his nation. 1 For

a list, see Appendix 2.

THE SPEECHES IN VERGIL'S AENEID

The poem is framed between two forecasts of the future made by God Almighty. At the beginning, in 1.257-296, Jupiter tells Venus that Aeneas will build his city and reign in Italy; that he will be succeeded by lulus and lulus by the Alban kings, and they by Romulus the founder of Rome; and that at last Augustus will come, to bring Roman world-dominion and world peace.2 At the end, in 12.830-840, Jupiter tells Juno that Troy and the Trojans will disappear, absorbed by the Latins: the peoples, mingling, will produce a new race. To Juno he says nothing of its future glories, remarking only that it will have an unequalled sense of duty and will honor Juno above all other nations. For this Juno cares little, but she is satisfied with the annihilation of the hated Trojans. In both these pre­ dictions the future is the same. For Juno, filled with destruc­ tive rancor, it is seen from the negative side ("subsident Teucri," 12.836). For Venus, inspired by maternal love, it is a promise of generation and regeneration to eternity.3 She is Aeneadum genetrix, and her sons shall never perish from the earth. Jupiter's first prediction falls into six sections: Aeneas (1.257266); Ascanius (267-271); the Alban kings (272-274); Romu­ lus (275-277); the power of Rome (278-285); Augustus and world peace (286-296). T. Halter, Form und Gehalt in Vergils Aeneis (Munich, 1963) pp. 13-29, demonstrates how skillfully 2 That "Caesar . . . Iulius" in 286 + 288 is Octavian, and not (as Servius asserts) his adoptive father the dictator, is demonstrated (after Heyne) by E. Norden in an irable study, "Vergils Aeneis im Lichte ihrer Zeit" (,Kletne Schriften, ed. B. Kytzler, Berlin, 1966) pp. 386-387. Besides, the linkage of Augustus to Romulus (whose name he had thought of adopting) is too emphatic, here as in 6.777-805. 3 This is one of the first ages in Latin literature where Rome is de­ scribed as eternal and immortal. Before Vergil the belief was stated (with reservations about civil strife) by Cicero, Rab. 33, and in Vergil's own time by Livy (4.4.4, 5.7.10, 6.23.7, etc.). It was part of the tradition, for it is given as an oracle to Dardanus in Dion. Hal. Ant. 1.68.4. ^rbs aeterna appears first in Tibullus 2.5.23. See F. G. Moore, "On Urbs Aeterna and Urbs Sacra," TAPhA 25 (1894) 34-60, and W. Gernentz, Laudes Romae (Rostock, 1918) 40L

INFORMAL SPEECHES

interlinked.4

they are Thus, Aeneas is paired with Octavian by parallels and oppositions: feres ad sidera caeli /... Aenean (259-260) hunc tu olim caelo . . . / accipies (289-290) and bellum ingens geret (263) X claudentur Belli portae (294) to which we may add mores ... ponet (264) *=« Fides et Vesta ... / iura dabunt (292-293). Subtle echoes of sound and parallelisms of syntax the king­ ship of Ascanius and the future conquest of Greece by the descendants of Troy: puer ^icanius (267) domus ^saraci (284) uoluendi's mensibus (269) =« lustrii labenti^wi (283) imperio explebit (270) seruitio premet (285) Longam ui muniet Ibam (271) ~ wzctis dominabitur /irgis (285).5 Jupiter's speech is forty lines in length. The sentence which stands exactly at its center (275-277) describes the central event of this many-centuried history, the foundation of Rome, to­ ward which the suffering and effort of Troy led, and from which world peace and world dominion were to flow. Power­ ful alliteration adds emphasis to this affirmation. Jupiter's en­ tire prophecy is an exemplification, in words and sounds and rhythms, of stability and order. Midway between the initial and final predictions made by Jupiter lies the great revelation made by Anchises to Aeneas, through which the hero sees that Troy is to be transcended by 4

Halter is keen on heptads, and wishes to make two sections out of the paragraph 278-285; but 283-285 do not difier from the preceding lines as the other sections differ from one another. 5For uis linked with uincere Halter (p. no, n. 12) compares inter alia 2.452, 6.147-148, 11.401-402, 12.254 and 799.

THE SPEECHES IN VERGIL'S AENEID

something far greater and more perdurable (6.756-859).6 In shape it is a forecast of the future, as the setting shows and as the tenses confirm: "ituras" (758), "surget" (762), "educet" (765), "uentura" (790), "aurea condet / saecula" (792-793), and so on to the closing evocation of victory over Rome's pow­ erful enemies, Carthaginians and Gauls (857-859). In function, however, it is a protreptic speech, designed to kindle the heart of Aeneas with love of the glory that is to come (6.889). Furthermore, it emphasizes and expands Jupiter's first prophecy. There Jupiter tells Venus that her son bellum ingens geret Italia populosque ferocis contundet moresque uiris et moenia ponet —i.e. after warfare he will introduce civilization and urbaniza­ tion (1.263-264). The phrase "rerum dominos gentemque togatam" (1.282) makes the same point: first, warriors con­ quering the world, then a nation wearing the garb of peace. This is now restated in Anchises' behest to the Roman race (6.851-853): tu regere imperio populos, Romane, memento (hae tibi erunt artes), pacique imponere morem, parcere subiectis et debellare superbο s~' On pp. 45-52 of his study cited on p. 98 above Halter sug­ gests that one segment of this speech, lines 777-807, should be taken as a unit, and should be divided into seven paragraphs, as he proposes to divide Jupiter's prophecy in 1.257-296: because (p. 54) "in Inhalten, die konstitutiv durch das Strukturprinzip der Siebenzahl geformt sind, spricht Vergil von Geschehnissen oder Gehalten, deren Ursprung ihm als gottlich gilt." How­ ever, it is not possible to detach this part of Anchises' prophecy, grand though it is, from the rest. The first words, "quin et auo 6

On the precise limits of this speech, see pp. 17-18. These observations are made by R. D. Williams in "The Opening Scenes of the Aeneid," PVS 5 (1965-1966) 14-23. 7

INFORMAL SPEECHES

comitem sese Mauortius addet / Romulus," link it closely to the names and exploits of the Alban kings, and to Numitor in particular; and after the exhortation to courageous effort (806-807) it continues without a break by introducing Romulus's successor Numa (808-812) and the kings who followed. Why not take the entire apocalypse (after the introductory words, 756-759) as a unit? It divides itself very naturally into seven sections. But the order is not lineally chronological. On the contrary, it is twice interrupted.8 (1) The Alban kings: 760-776 (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

Romulus: 777-787 Augustus: 788-807 The Roman kings: 808-817 The heroes of the early republic: 817-825 Pompey and Julius Caesar: 826-835

(7) The heroes of the late republic: 836-853 + 855-859. The sequence is broken once to introduce Augustus beside Romulus as the second founder of Rome,9 and a second time to reproach Pompey and Caesar, mighty warriors, for turning their strength against their own country. Nevertheless, it is a powerful and well-balanced heptad.10 8 J. Hubaux on p. 182 of an imaginative article, "Du songe de Scipion a la vision d'£nee," Atti del I Congresso Internazionale di studi Ciceroniani vol. II (Rome, 1961), proposes that the whole age on Augustus is "out of place in the manuscripts" and ought to be the triumphal climax of Anchises' speech—presumably coming after "debellare superbos" in 6.853; while Ribbeck inserted Pompey and Caesar (6.826-835) after Augustus. But this is to discard Vergil's careful but unmechanical symmetry for a cruder and more obvious arrangement. 9 Augusti cognomen assumpsit, . . . quibusdam censentibus Romulum appelIari oportere quasi et ipsum conditorem Vrbis: Suet. D. Aug. 7.2. 10 Norden, Aeneis VI (pp. 316, 319, 322, 326, 328, 334, and 338), divides it into eight segments; but he gives one entire section to the "propositio" (756-759) and one to the "epilogue" (847-853), takes all the republican heroes together in spite of the obvious break at "Camillum" (825), and gives the Marcelli a separate "episode" (854-886). He does, however, recognize that the elder Marcellus is linked with Romulus (778) and Cossus (841) as the third winner of the spolia opima (859)—which means that there is a climax, and a close, at line 859.

INFORMAL SPEECHES

Questions Questions are frequent in the Aeneid: one scholar counts over three hundred.26 Most of these, however, are not inde­ pendent queries, but are small parts of longer speeches; and many of them are not genuine requests for information, but are unanswerable questions equivalent to ionate exclama­ tions. (Such are the seven questions addressed by Euryalus's mother to her dead son in 9481-492, and the long series which makes up Juno's rebuttal to Venus in 10.63-95; suc^ are Aeneas's questions to Anchises and Venus in 2.657-667 and Creusa's question to him a moment later in 2.677-678.) Some questions are equivalent to commands: Mercury to Aeneas in 4.560-570, Turnus to his men in 9.51. Others explore a dilemma and point toward a solution: so Dido in 4.534-552 and Jupiter in 12.793-806. One curious group should be mentioned although it is not strictly relevant: questions uttered by the poet himself in the course of his narrative. Such is the incredulous "tantaene animis caelestibus irae?" (i.n) and such the summons to the Muses in 9.77-79, reminiscent of II. 1.8. There are in the Aeneid twenty independent speeches framed as questions.27 Only four occupy more than four lines. The largest is the welcome addressed by Latinus to the Trojan embassy in 7.195-211. His interrogation occupies a few initial lines (7.195-198); the rest of the speech establishes a friendly relationship between Latins and Trojans, and prepares for the generous response which Latinus will give in 7.259-273. In 3.359-368 Aeneas questions Helenus about the future of his mission. This is a grave and formal inquiry. The address to Helenus occupies three lines (3.359-361) and is followed by a justification over five lines long (3-362-367): thereafter the question, one line and a half (3.367-368). Both these questions are long because Vergil wishes to emphasize the importance 2e A. L. Keith, "Observations on Vergil's Use of the Question," CW 16 (1922-1923) 210-211. 27 See Appendix i.

THE SPEECHES IN VERGIL'S AENEID

of the answers which they will evoke. Helenus will reveal the course of the Trojans to Italy. Ilioneus will ask king Latinus for land on which the Trojans can settle. In the world of the dead, Aeneas interrogates Palinurus and Deiphobus about the fates which overtook them. His questions are extensive, in order to allow his friends to be detailed in the description of their deaths, cruel and unrequited.

Emotional Speeches So much for speeches of which the main content is factual. Many more speeches in the Aeneid are utterances of emotion and expressions of will; of friendship, love, and hate; of en­ treaty and command. Greetings There are remarkably few speeches of greeting.28 We do not hear Aeneas greet Tarchon and the other commanders of the Etruscan forces at 8.597-607, or Latinus at 12.161-174. He does not greet the Sibyl. Characteristically, she does not greet him either, but begins by rebuking him for wasting his time.28 Was Dante thinking of this when he made Beatrice rebuke him at her first meeting with him in the other world? Cosi la madre al figlio par superba, com'ella parve a me; perche d'amaro sent'il sapor della pietade acerba. (Purg. 30.79-81) Two greetings are exchanged by Aeneas and Dido when they first meet (1.595-610, 615-630) and two by Anchises and Aeneas in Elysium (6.687-694, 695-698); and in Sicily Aeneas greets the spirit of his father at the tomb (5.80-83). In Aeneas's opening speech to Dido there are two highly significant 28

See Appendix 2. Compare her stern rebukes to Palinurus (6.373-376) and to Aeneas as he talks with Deiphobus (6.539). 29

INFORMAL SPEECHES

phrases. He alludes to Dido's offer (whicl he overheard from the cloud) uultis et his mecum pariter consere regnis? (Ϊ-572)

by saying "urbe domo socias" (1.600). BMhere "socias" is a conative present (like uellit in 2480), meting "You offer to make us fellow-citizens."30 The offer is explicitly rejected in Aeneas's closing words, "quae me cumqueWocant terrae." This prepares for his defense in 4.340-361; and the preceding lines (1.607-609), declaring that he will never forget Dido's gener­ osity, are to be echoed in that same speech (4-335-336). The reply made by Dido is full of tact and charm. She es­ tablishes a link, however tenuous, between the Trojans and her own family (619-626): just so, at a later meeting, Aeneas will explain to Evander that they have an ancestor in common (8.134-142). She reminds him that she too is an exile—like Teucer, who spoke to her father about the courageous Trojans (619-621 + 625-626)—and that she has found a new home (628-629). She invites, not Aeneas alone, but all his men ("iuuenes," 627), to enjoy her hospitality, and she closes with a touching epigram, "non ignara mali miseris succurrere disco." Farewells31 There are three farewells as the Trojans set sail from the little Troy-in-Greece. To Anchises as the leader, Helenus bids a respectful good-bye, containing a compliment to Aeneas (3.475-481); Andromache gives gifts to young Ascanius, who reminds her of her murdered son (3486-491); and Aeneas says farewell to them both, with a promise of future friendship and alliance (3493-505) .32 The speech of Creusa to Aeneas in 80Szantyr,

Lateinische Syntax und Sttlistik. (Munich, 1965), p. 316. For a complete list see Appendix 2. 82 This promise looks forward to the foundation, in the same region, of the city which commemorated Octavian's victory at Actium: Nicopolis. See S1

THE SPEECHES IN VERGIL'S AENElD

2.776-789 is a proptu:cy (with some explanatory narrative) but closes with a lineef farewell. Deiphobus parts from Aeneas with the beautiful®irase "i, decus, i, nostrum" (6.544-546). To his son Pallas E^Bder utters a long farewell ing into a prayer (8.560-583^·^ Aeneas takes leave of Pallas's corpse with three sad I^K (11.96-98). Camilla's brief good-bye to Acca is that of aR>ldier still thinking of the battle (11.823827). In the last Bok Aeneas speaks a protreptic farewell to Ascanius (12.435-440; see p. 31). However, the final speech of Anchises to Aeneas is not reported: his . . . prosequitur dictis (6.897-898, evidently referring to the counsels given in 6.890892). Dido leaves Aeneas with a curse (4.380-387); he does not bid her farewell, and they never see each other again alive. Nor, when dying, does she say farewell to her sister (4.685692): her suffering has gone far beyond speech. Threats and challenges Threats, challenges, and taunts33 are most frequent in the battle books, the ninth, tenth, and twelfth. One of the most striking is the last challenge of Aeneas to Turnus before the duel (12.889-893). For all its energy, it is but five lines long. In the Aeneid such utterances are fewer and briefer than the elaborate verbal combats of the Iliad.34 The Homeric heroes can exchange taunts by shiploads, as the Homeric Aeneas says to Achilles (II. 20.246-247): not so in the Aeneid.35 However, the purpose of such verbal gestures is the same in both Iliad W. W. Tarn in CAH io, p. 113, and G. Bowersock, Augustus and the Gree\ World (Oxford, 1965), pp. 93-94. 33 See Appendix 2. 34 E.g.,

Ajax and Hector, 11. 7.226-243; Paris and Diomede, 11.380-395;

Aeneas and Meriones, 16.616-625; Hector and Patroclus, 16.830-861; Achilles and Aeneas, 20.177-258. 35 See

A. L. Keith, "The Taunt in Homer and Vergil," CJ 19 (1923-1924)

554-560. Heinze also (p. 409) emphasizes the brevity of Vergil's challenges as compared with those of the Iliad.

INFORMAL SPEECHES

and Aeneid—to throw the opponent off balance by ridicule and intimidation.36 The most brutal of these flytings in the Aeneid is that in which a youth kills an old man, the dialogue of Priam and Pyrrhus (2.535-550). To the threats and chal­ lenges bandied in the Iliad between divinities in physical com­ bat (Il. 21.383-501) there is nothing to correspond in the Aeneid. The Olympian debate in Book Ten is far more so­ phisticated. For all the grief and anger there expressed, it is impossible to imagine the Vergilian deities using names such as "dogfly" and "vixen," thrashing one another and throwing stones. Prayers There are twenty-nine prayers in the epic. Only five are of any considerable length and substance.37 Iarbas addresses Jupiter in tones remarkably sophisticated for an African tribal chief (4.206-218). His words are not so much a prayer as a challenge. He actually ventures to suggest that Jove the wielder of thunderbolts may not exist, and that thun­ der and lightning may be merely celestial sound and show. Here, anachronistically, he speaks in which recall Lucretius.38 Thence he proceeds to a brief bitter vituperation of Dido and Aeneas. The Trojan hero is called ille Paris cum semiuiro comitatu. The hexameter, ending abnormally in two tetrasyllables, is in­ tended to sound unnatural and weakly like an effeminate 36

See J. J. Gliick, "Reviling and Monomachy as Battle-preludes in Ancient

Warfare," AClass 7 (1964) 25-31. 37 For a list see Appendix 2. 38

"Nubibus ignes" in the same position, Lucr. 2.214; "terrificant" in the

same position, Lucr. 4.38, cf. 1.133; "murmure" of thunder, in the fifth foot, Lucr. 6.101 and 197; for the theme in general, Lucr. 5.1218-1221 and 6.387422.

THE SPEECHES IN VERGIL'S AENElD

Phrygian; and effeminacy is imaged in the mincing allitera­ tion on M: Maeonia

mentum

raitra crine/wque wadentem.39

Dido's final soliloquy es into a prayer of execration (4.607-621), which is analyzed on pp. 178-179. At Cumae Aeneas supplicates his patron Phoebus and the hostile gods, coupling his invocation with a request to the Sibyl (6.56-65 + 6576). He also utters eight briefer prayers.40 The scene of prayer in the final book is the most carefully developed and, except for Dido's curse, the most momentous. In 12.161-215 the leaders of the warring peoples meet to make a formal treaty: Latinus accompanied by Turnus, Aeneas with Ascanius. The ceremony is a religious rite, with sacrifice and libation, held at sunrise. It is curious that the actual basis of the treaty is not explicitly stated. Aeneas does not declare that he will fight a decisive duel with the representative of his op­ ponents, Turnus; Latinus does not even mention the duel, save in the vague phrase "quo res cumque cadent" (12.203); anc^ Turnus does not speak at all. Both sides have simply assumed that there will be a duel. What the treaty designs, and what both sides pray for, is peace, eternal peace (12.191, 202) be­ tween the two peoples—regardless of the outcome of the con­ test. Aeneas says that if Turnus wins, the "sons of Aeneas" will depart and live without thought of future aggression in Evander's city (i.e. the site of Rome, chosen by destiny); if he himself is victorious, he and his will be equal to the Latins, allies and friends. King Latinus will hold civil and military 39 So the exquisite dancer in Horace, Serm. 1.9.24-25, "quis membra mouere / mollius?" 40He prays to Venus disguised (1.326-334); to Thymbraean Apollo (3.8589); to Mercury, if it is indeed Mercury (4.573-579; see p. 199); and to Jove (5.687-692); he utters an impromptu wish scarcely formal enough to be styled a prayer, but immediately answered (6.187-189); a summons to the doves and to Venus (6.194-197); a prayer to the Nymphs and the Tiber (8.71-78); and an invocation to Cybele (10.252-255).

INFORMAL SPEECHES

power; and as for Aeneas, he says, "sacra deosque dabo" (12.192). This is not quite clear. At first reading it seems to imply that the Latins have no religious rituals and no gods, or only primitive and ignoble cults—like the Aztecs when the Spaniards landed—and that Aeneas will teach them a higher religion. Yet they seem to know the Olympian deities and to practice no barbarous ceremonies. But Aeneas has car­ ried the gods of Troy to Italy, and here, discreetly, he declares he will establish them in his new home as objects of worship: he means the Penates, and Vesta, and perhaps the Palladium. What he says here is restated by Jupiter: "morem ritusque sacrorum / adiciam" (12.836-837). Vergil also implies that, of the three functions of a Roman king, Aeneas will assume only one, the nearest to heaven: he will be rex sacrorum, an august dignity. Is it strange that Vergil made the of this treaty so broad, and that he omitted one of its fundamental elements, the duel and the regulations for the duel? The Romans were painfully punctilious about the formulae of treaties and ritu­ als. Apparently Vergil found their legalisdc exactitude narrowminded and unpoetic. He would not mock it, like Cicero (Mur. 25-28); but he ignored it. And he wished the conclud­ ing agreement in the Aeneid to be more magnanimous and far-reaching than that between Agamemnon and Achilles (Il. 19.238-275) or the oath of Agamemnon (Il. 3.276-291). The two chiefs pray to different gods (at least in part) and in different , with very different implications.41 Aeneas and Latinus, like Agamemnon, invoke Jupiter and earth and sun. Agamemnon addresses Zeus first {II. 3.276, 19.258); but Aeneas begins by invoking the sun and the earth, Latinus the earth, the sea, and the stars. Aeneas greets the sun because it is just rising and is the universal witness; the earth because he has struggled so long to win it. Latinus, descended 41 For the following analysis I am largely indebted to F. I. Zeitlin, whose study appears in AJP 86 (1965) 337-362.

THE SPEECHES & THEIR MODELS

modelled on those spoken to Theseus by his father in Catullus 64.215, and a reassurance like that of Iris to Priam (II. 24.173174); then it goes on to instructions similar to those which Circe gives Odysseus in Od. 10490-495 + 526-540. In one of those graceful and unobtrusive, but touching, echoes of his own poetry, Vergil makes Anchises leave Aeneas by saying "iamque uale"—the same phrase, at the same place in the line, as was spoken by the ghost of Creusa to Aeneas (2.789) and by the doomed Eurydice to Orpheus (Georg. 4.497). In the world of the dead, Anchises' welcome to Aeneas (Aen. 6.687-694) begins "uenisti tandem" like the fatherly greeting of Eumaeus to Telemachus, "rjXdec," but without the tender phrase "γλνκβρον φάοο" (Od. 16.23)· The remainder is like the speech of Odysseus' mother Anticleia in Od. n.155162; but her naive remark that the Ocean cannot be crossed on foot (158-159) is replaced by an adaptation of Catullus's address to his dead brother, "multas per gentes et multa per aequora uectus" (101.1). Then Anchises unfolds a grand doctrine (Aen. 6.713-751). Human souls, he tells his son, never die. On the extinction of the body, they enter the other world, to be purged by air, water, and fire of the taints which they acquired from the body and its ions during their earthly life. Then, a thou­ sand years after their prior existence, they drink the water of Lethe and are reborn in new bodies. (Sinners who are incur­ ably evil go to a hell of eternal punishment; but Anchises does not mention them: their fate has been described to Aeneas by the Sibyl in Aen. 6.562-627; see p. 244.) A few souls have earned the happiness of heaven by their benefactions to man­ kind. Their purgation is brief—Anchises is one of them and has been dead for only a few months—and thereafter they inhabit Elysium forever (Aen. 6.637-665). It is a world of the blessed, with its own sky and sun and stars. Being immortal and immortally happy, they are like gods. Various versions of this doctrine are expounded as myths by

THE SPEECHES IN VERGIL'S AENEID

the Socrates of Plato: rather simply in Phaedo 113CI1-114C8, with more complexity in Gorgias 52331-526CI2, and infused with much vivid detail in Republic 6141^2-62139. It is alluded to in Pindar (frg. 114 Bowra).63 This is the doctrine of the mystical sect now called Orphics.64 They held that the musi­ cian Orpheus, one of the few human beings who had ever journeyed to the world of death and returned, had described the post-mortem rewards and punishments of human souls and had explained how his followers, by living according to strict rules of purity, might avoid hell and find salvation.65 Neither Plato nor Vergil cared anything for the Orphic rituals of puri­ fication; but both respected the Orphic visions of the after­ life—or, as the Orphics might call it, the life of the soul after liberation from the body. In 1893 Eduard Norden conjectured that one of Vergil's chief sources for this eschatology wss a description of the other world, either in poetry or in highly poetic prose, embodying Orphic doctrine and certain Pythag­ orean themes together with Stoic mysticism.66 In his edition of Aeneid 6 he modified but maintained this theory, pointing to Posidonius as the probable author of the vision: it was also, he thought, the source of Cicero's Dream of Scipio, which con­ tains many of the same exalted ideas as the apocalypse of Anchises. No such book is now extant, although many were read in antiquity. Quite recently, however, fragments of an apparently Orphic poem were found, written in Greek hexameters. It is in a papyrus codex dated to the third or fourth century A.D., now 63 Aristophanes, Frogs 137-163, 273-459, gives a similar picture of the afterworld, but makes its dominant figures Dionysus and Demeter, who do not occur here. 64 See W.K.C. Guthrie's irable Orpheus and Greek, Religion (London, 1935, revised 1952). 65 Vergil treats Orpheus with reverence, relating his story at length in Georg. 4.453-527, making Aeneas cite him as a precedent in Aen. 6.119-120, and giving him a prominent place in Elysium (Aen. 6.645-647). 66 E. Norden, "Vergilstudien. I. Die Nekyia; ihre Composition und Quellen," Hermes 28 (1893) 360-406.

THE SPEECHES & THEIR MODELS

in Bologna. Although badly broken, it is consecutive, and has yielded good results to analysis.67 Scholars are reluctant to date it exactly, but agree that it can scarcely have been composed before the second century of our era. Vergil could not have read it; but it shows us the kind of thing which he did read. The poem classifies virtues to be rewarded and sins to be pun­ ished, as Vergil does in the sixth book. There are some remark­ able coincidences of phrasing. Thus, in Vergil's Elysium, among the eternally blessed are those qui uitam excoluere per artes (Aen. 6.663); in the Orphic poem, among the saved are οι . . . βίov οοφίηιαν έκόομβον. And there are poets, who aoiSac j decneciac i <=> Phoebo digna locuti (Aen. 6.662). Purification by water is men­ tioned in the poem (as in Aen. 6.741, "sub gurgite uasto"), while Vergil's "terreni artus moribundaque membra" are easy to recognize in θνητών μβλέων CKLOEVTO. χιτώνα. Some of the sinners listed in this strange little work appear in Vergil's hell, as described by the Sibyl (see p. 245). Fragments of a similar doctrine are written on golden plates found in graves in southern Italy and elsewhere: evidently quotations from mystical poetry in Greek intended to guide and comfort the soul of the dead on entering the afterworld.68 One of these warns the spirit to "go to the right"—like the Sibyl in Aen. 6.540-543. On several of them, however, the souls are told to ask in the underworld for a drink of water from the Lake of Memory, which will make them immortal. The reverse of this appears in Anchises' speech: just as in Plato (Rep. 620^6-6213,(]), the souls which are to be sent back to earthly life drink of the water of Forgetfulness (Aen. 6.748-

751 )· 67 Publishcd by R. Merkelbach, MH 8 (1951) 1-11; discussed by A. Vogliano, "II papiro BoIognese Nr. 3," Acme 5 (1952) 385-417; M. Treu, "Die neue 'orphische' Unterweltsbeschreibung und Vergil," Hermes 82 (1954) 24-51; and R. Turcan, "La Catabase orphique du papyrus de Bologne," RHR 150 (1956) 136-172. 68 See Guthrie (cited above, n. 64), pp. 171-182.

THE SPEECHES IN VERGIL'S AENElD

The didactic style of this eschatological age is, in the main, Lucretian; and it shows how greatly Vergil's views had changed from the Epicureanism of his youth that he should select Lucretian phrases in which to expound a doctrine that would have profoundly shocked Lucretius. A. K. Michels, "Lucretius and the sixth book of the Aeneid," AfP 65 (1944) 135-148, indicates some useful parallels, but she is surely mis­ taken in suggesting that Vergil, while writing the epic, was still an orthodox Epicurean, because "it would have been dif­ ficult for him to continue living in the hortulus Cecropiusee in Naples on any other ." Heinze (p. 475) succinctly says "Die Aeneis ist ein positiver Antilukrez." Vergil's hostil­ ity to Epicureanism has been explained and exemplified by B. Farrington,70 who brings out resemblances between several pairs of ages where Vergil is clearly echoing, and not less clearly correcting, his Epicurean predecessor. Such are the two divine love-scenes. Lulled by Lucretius's Venus, aeterno deuictus uulnere amoris (1.34), Mars will cease from war. Charmed by Vergil's Venus, aeterno . . . deuinctus amore (Aen. 8.394), Vulcan will make weapons for a righteous war. (The god of war is deuictus·, the complaisant husband is deuinctus.) Another of Vergil's alterations is intended to be amusing. Lucretius declares it is pleasant magnum alterius spectare laborem (2.2); but Vergil tells the farmer, "unless you work hard to conquer weeds and marauding birds, heu magnum alterius frustra spectabis aceruum." (Georg. 1.158) This little parody was pointed out earlier, on p. 34 of a sensitive article by C. Bailey on Vergil and Lucretius.71 He 69

The phrase comes from Ciris 3. "Polemical allusions to the De Rerum Natura of Lucretius in the works of Vergil," Acta Vniversitatis Carolinae Phil, et Hist. 1 (1963), Graecolatina Pragensia II, pp. 87-94. 71PCA 28 (1931) pp. 21-39. Some of the borrowings pointed out in this essay are noted here in the appropriate places. 70

THE SPEECHES & THEIR MODELS

started by considering W. A. Merrill's Parallels and Coinci­ dences in Lucretius and Vergil (Berkeley, 1918). The 1,635 ages in Lucretius to which Merrill detected resemblances in Vergil, he reduced to "well over a thousand," most of the others being trivial coincidences or far-fetched similarities. But among the thousand-plus he found many beautiful and sig­ nificant borrowings by the younger from the elder poet. For example, Lucretius's contemplation of death (3.895-896) nec dulces occurrent oscula nati praeripere is changed by Vergil into a detail of the farmer's happy life (Georg. 2.523): interea dulces pendent circum oscula nati. To most thoughtful critics, Vergil's use of Lucretian to expound a doctrine far removed from Lucretius's theories appears to be a skillful poetic stratagem. But one Vergilian scholar, Augustin Cartault, considered it to be a fault of tech­ nique. In his L'Art de Virgile dans I'Hneide (Paris, 1926) he described Vergil's exposition of the doctrine of metempsychosis as "lofty philosophical poetry," but went on (p. 474): "II est a regretter que Virgile l'ait fait avec la phraseologie de Lucrece, qui etait pour Iui Ie createur de la langue de la poesie scientifique, qu'il n'ait pas vu que pour developper des idees sto'iciennes tout a fait divergentes des idees epicuriennes, il falIait d'autres termes que ceux dont s'etait servi Lucrece et qu'il n'ait pas rivalise avec Iui d'invention." This implies that Vergil did not possess enough talent to create a new vocabulary in which to describe these metaphysical conceptions in poetic . Yet Stoic doctrines are more moving to the imagination (particularly when intermingled with Pythagorean ideas) than those of Epicurus; and Vergil was a lord of language. He could most certainly have written of Stoicism in new wording and imagery suited to the grandeur of the creed. But evidently

THE SPEECHES IN VERGIL'S AENEID

he wished to emphasize the view that Epicureanism (once so attractive to him and some of his friends) was a false and evil doctrine, by using the vocabulary of the great Epicurean poet to describe a higher and nobler set of beliefs. One particular phrase in an important position confirms this. Lucretius speaks of the growing complexity of civilization and the increasing greed for wealth and power (5.1105-1135). He describes the folly of those who struggle up the narrow pathway of ambi­ tion, and says the struggle is vain (1129-1130) ut satius multo iam sit parere quietum quam regere imperio res uelle et regna tenere. But Anchises solemnly exhorts his son and his descendants not to cultivate Epicurean quietism: rather (Aen. 6.851) tu regere imperio populos, Romane, memento. There are other significant reminiscences of De Rerum Natura. The tranquil skies of Elysium in Aen. 6.640-641 are like the sedes quietae of Lucretius 3.18-22. Lucretius says that they are ever peaceful semperque innubilus aether integit, et large difiuso lumine rident. In Vergil's Elysium largior hie campos aether et lumine uestit purpureo. The doctrinal difference here is that the remote and tranquil heaven of Lucretius is the abode of the gods, who have nothing whatever to do with mankind; while the Elysium of Vergil is the eternal dwelling-place of the purest souls of men. Before starting his exposition of metempsychosis Anchises says dicam equidem, nec te suspensum, nate, tenebo (6.722)

THE SPEECHES & THEIR MODELS

—on the model of Lucretius explaining the force of lightning: expediam, neque te in promissis plura morabor. (6.245) "Principio" at the opening of his revelation (6.724) is one of Lucretius's customary beginnings for an important chain of arguments.72 The impressive opening Principio caelum ac terras camposque liquentis lucentemque globum lunae combines Lucr. 5.68-69 terram caelum mare sidera solem lunaique globum with Lucr. 5.92 principio maria ac terras caelumque tuere and Lucr. 6405 liquidam molem camposque natantis. The living beings on the earth are described in Aen. 6.728-729: hominum pecudumque genus uitaeque uolantum et quae marmoreo fert monstra sub aequore pontus. Lucretius had already written (2.1082-1083, cf. 2.342-346) sic hominum genitam prolem, sic denique mutas squamigerum pecudes et corpora cuncta uolantum. Vergil drew the phrase "caelestis origo / seminibus" (Aen. 6.730-731) from the noble sentence in Lucr. 2.991: caelesti sumus omnes semine oriundi. 72 Norden (Aeneis VI) p. 309, who states that Lucretius uses it thirty-seven times. Many of the above parallels come from Norden.

INDEX 100, 289; 264: 99; 265-266: 1 7 9 ;

125; 667-669: 275-276; 670-671:

267: 99; 267-271: 98; 269: 99;

219, 276; 673: 276; 678: 276;

270: 99; 2 7 1 : 99; 272-274: 98;

684: 276; 687: 276; 688: 276;

275-277: 98, 99; 278-285: 98,

719-722: 1 1 2 ; 731-735: 120, 219;

99 n- 4; 279: 68-69; 279-280:

732: 273; 748-752: 37; 749:

261; 279-282: 263; 282: 100,

182 n. 140; 750-756: 219

260; 283: 99; 283-285: 99 n. 4;

Book, 2. 3 : n

n. 15, 37, 193,

284: 99; 285: 99; 286: 98 n. 2;

196, 277 n. I, 303; 3 - 1 3 : 196,

286-296: 98; 288: 98 n. 2;

277; 3 - 3 . 7 1 5 : I I n. 15, 15, ( 3 7 ) ,

289-290: 99; 292-293: 99; 294: 99 321-324: 306 n. 3 ; 321-409:

(40-41). 107. 196, 277; 4: 277 n. i ; 6: 277 n. i ; 6-8: 193; 8 - 1 1 :

M-, 326-334: 36, 37, 39 n. 40,

196; 9: 2 7 7 ; 1 1 : 7 7 ; 2 7 : 130;

1 1 8 n. 40, 3 1 4 n. 40; 328:

42-49: 132; 49: 132, 1 7 3 ; 56: 223;

1 5 5 - 1 5 6 n. 103; 335: 3 n. i ;

69-194: 16-17, 107, 174, 247-248;

335-370: 107 n. 18, 109, 272;

74; 16, 28-29 n. 20; 7 6 : 292,

353-359: III; 369: 3 n-

I;

372-385: 36, 37, 107 n.

18;

302 n. 1 3 ; 77-78: 247; 79-80: 247; 85; 247-248; 86-87: 28-29 n. 20;

380: 280; 387-388: 272; 387-401:

87: 10 n. 14; 97: 248; 104: 248;

105, 272; 390-400: 272; 399:

105: 16; 107: 16; 1 1 6 - 1 1 9 : 293;

272; 407-409: 36, 37; 437: 36,

120: 134 n. 7 3 ; 125: 62; 137-138:

39. 159. 3 1 7 n- 52; 450-493:

248; 138: 10 n. 14; 146-147:

193; 456-493: 219; 459-463: 36,

260 n. 107; 150: 16; 166: 213;

38 n. 33, 42, 313 n. 32; 485-487:

1 7 7 : 213 n. 3 1 ; 1 9 7 : 61 n. 20;

193; 498-499: 2 2 1 ; 5 2 1 : 259;

198: 213

522-523: 52-53; 522-558:

2 3 1 : 192 n. 8; 238: 224;

52-53. 259; 524-526: 53; 527-538:

241-242: 196-197; 261: 28 n. 20;

53; 530: 259; 539: 259; 539-540:

268-297: 102; 270-271: 240 n. 73;

140, 218; 539-543: 53; 544-550:

2 7 1 : 240 n. 73; 274: 155, 196,

53; 546-547: 259; 551-558: 53;

240 n. 7 3 ; 281-286: 36, 38 n. 33,

555: 35; 559-560: 53; 562: 182;

196, 303; 289-295: 8; 290: 273;

562-578: 140, 218; 563-564: 140;

296-297: 169; 298: 218; 3 1 6 - 3 1 7 :

563-568: 2 i 8 ; 565-566: 140;

168; 322: 35, 38 n. 33; 327: 198;

565-568: 219; 566: 219 n. 39;

342: 37 n. 3 1 ; 348-354: 35. 38 n.

567-568: 140; 569: 78; 569-571:

34, 86-87, 197-198; 351-352:

140; 5 7 1 : 254; 572: 1 1 5 ;

197-198; 352-353: 198; 354:

572-574: 219, 287; 573: 140,

86-87, 198; 360: 204

2 3 1 ; 574: 262; 575-576: 140;

401: 2 1 3 ; 422: 136 n. 7 5 ;

582-585: 27; 595-610: 36, 37,

425: 203; 431-434: 15, 303;

1 1 5 - 1 1 6 ; 597: 193; 598-600: 150

445-468: 164; 452: 99 n. 5;

600: 1 1 5 ; 604: 1 7 1 ; 607-609:

462: 1 3 1 ; 480: 1 1 5 ; 526-532: 2 1 6 ;

1 1 5 ; 6 t o : 1 1 5 ; 615-630: 1 1 5 , 2 1 9 ;

528: 166; 535: 136 n. 7 5 ; 535-550:

618: 279 n. 4; 619-626: 1 1 5 ;

1 1 7 ; 540: 148; 543: 270; 547-550:

627: 1 1 5 ; 628-629: 1 1 5 ; 630:

3 1 ; 550: 1 8 7 ; 559-563: 303;

1 1 5 , 219; 664: 125 n. 53, 276;

559-564: 1 7 3 ; 559-566: 164, 1 7 2 ;

664-666: 125; 664-688: 125,

560-563: 1 7 3 - 1 7 4 n. 1 2 7 ;

275-276; 665: 125 n. 53, 275 n.

564-566: 1 7 2 ; 565-566: 165,

359

INDEX Vergil: Aeneid

cont.

Book. s. 1 - 1 2 : 54 and n. 13;

173 n. 1 2 7 ; 566: 166; 567-568:

3: 275; 9: 34; 1 1 : 275; 16: 275;

166; 567-570: 172; 567-588:

16-18: 34; 42: 192 n. 8; 56-57:

165-176; 568: 172; 572-573:

3 n. i ; 60: 192 n. 8; 80-82: 34;

( 1 7 1 ) , 1 7 2 ; 573: 164, 165, 1 7 1 ,

83: 255-256; 84-89: 35; 85-89:

172; 574: 173; 575: 164; 576:

34, 39 n. 42, 1 1 8 n. 40; 94-98:

170, 172, 175, 192 n. 8; 5 7 7 :

97, 102; 96: 103; 1 0 2 - 1 1 7 : 103;

1 7 5 ; 577-578: 165; 577-580:

102-120: 34; 103: 232; 103-117:

166 n. 1 1 9 ; 577-587: 35, 39.

34. 232, 311 n. 27; 104-106:

159, 164-176, 198; 579: 1 7 0 - 1 7 1 ;

232; 106-110: 232; I I I : 232;

580: 1 7 1 ; 581: 1 7 3 ; 581-582:

1 1 3 : 232; 132-137: 34; 143-146:

170; 582: 1 7 1 ; 584: 170;

34; 148-152: 200; 1 5 4 - 1 7 1 : 97,

585-586: 166, 170; 585-587: 160,

102, 103; 1 6 1 - 1 7 1 : 13; 163: 259;

1 7 1 . 1 7 5 ; 587: 1 7 1 ; 588: 160,

173-174: 200; 178-189: 34;

164; 589: 165; 589-600: 172;

1 7 8 - 1 9 1 : 34; 182: 86; 182-188:

589-631: 164; 5 9 1 : 279 n. 4;

232

592: 169 n. 122; 593: 172;

216: 60; 218: 302; 244: 60;

594-595: 272; 594-620: 106;

246: 1 7 6 n. 130; 247-257: 97,

595: 33; 596-600: 172

102; 263-266: 34; 263-267; 34;

601: 175, 270; 601-603:

265: 262 n. I l l ; 265-266: 120;

172-173, 273; 601-618: 272; 603:

266: 270; 288: 173; 315-319: 34,

273; 604-607: 273; 604-618:

38 n. 33; 321-324: 310 n. 14;

172;

608-612: 272-273; 612-618: 273;

321-329: 6; 321-343: 107,

624-625: 213; 624-631: 1 7 2 ;

310 n. 14; 336: 310 n. 14;

632: 172; 635-649: 1 2 1 - 1 2 3 ;

337-343: 310 n. 14; 358-368:

637: 270; 638-649: 121-123, 232;

34-35; 359-361: 1 1 3 ; 359-368:

638-720: 25; 644: 122; 645-646:

34, 38 n. 33, 1 1 3 ; 362-367: 1 1 3 ;

122-123; 648: 232; 654: 122 n.

367-368: 1 1 3 ; 374-462: 97, 102,

44, 123 n. 49; 657-663: 38 n. 32;

256; 377: 77; 377-380: 256 n.

656: 170; 657-667: 1 1 3 ; 657-670:

102; 381-383: 213; 381-387: 256;

15. 35-36, 146, 169-170, 3 1 6 n.

388-395: 256; 395: 262; 396-402:

46; 661: 198; 661-663: 146; 664: 279 n. 4; 664-667: 37, 146;

256 403.409. 256; 410-432: 256;

T T ' 7 1 T l ' 1 3; 675-678: 28; 677-678: 1X3.689-691: 120, 232; 701-704: 120, ' 315 n. 4 1 ; 707-710: 38 n. 32; 707-720: 36, 1 2 1 ; 717-720: 38 n. 32; 7 2 1 . 7 4 4 : 289; 723-724: 32; 739: 172; 745: 36 n. 30; 746: 202-203; 762: 28 n. 20; 768-770: 36 n. 30; 776-789: 28, 97, 102, 1 1 5 - 1 1 6 , 3 1 1 n. 26; 780-784: 54 n. 13; 783-784: 74; 789: 233; 790: 342; 790-791: 226-227; 796-804: 54 n. 13

8

^56; 441-460: 256; ^3^

472-481: 34; 475-481: 1 1 5 , 3. ^56-257; 486-491: 1 1 5 , 256-257; 488: 270 n. 120; 491: 257; 493-505: 34, 38 n. 33, " 5 ; 500-505: 35; 521-524: 78; 523-524: 53 n- 12; 525-529: 35; 525-543: 34; 527: 35; 528-529: 34, 120; 539-543: 34, 105, 232; 547: 270; 554-563: 34 n- 27; 554-567: 288; 554-569: 34;

360

INDEX 558-560: 232; 561-563: 34 n. 27 599-606 +

289-291: 74; 2 9 1 : 7 2 ; 292: 7 2 ;

613-654: 304, 306,

293-294: 75

310 n. 15; 599-606 4" 652-654:

296-304: 45; 300-303: I I I ,

310 n. 1 5 ; 608-609: 28-29 n- 20;

221; 300-304: 134; 305: 134

6 1 0 - 6 1 1 : 34; 6 1 3 : 28 n . 20;

n . 7 3 ; 3 0 5 - 3 0 6 : 7 4 . 7 7 . I 3 4 . 222;

613-654: 107 n. 18; 614-615:

305-308: 136; 305-313: 1365

28-29 n. 20; 616-618: 28 n. 20;

305-330: 45, 133-137, 220-224;

620: 3 n. i ; 659: 136 n. 7 5 ;

306: 1 3 5 ; 307: 134, 137, 222;

682-683: 34 n. 27; 684-686:

308: 137, 222; 309-313: 134, 136;

34 n. 27, 288; 684-691: 34 n. 27;

3 1 1 : 135; 3 1 2 : 222-223; 3 1 4 :

6S7: 34 n. 2 7 ; 6 9 1 : 28 n. 20;

78, 134, 135, 136, 139, 222;

682-706: 34; 707-713: 34;

3 1 4 - 3 1 9 : 134-135. 136; 314-330:

7 0 8 - 7 1 1 : 15; 7 1 5 : I I n. 1 5 ;

136; 3 1 5 : 136; 3 1 5 - 3 1 8 : 136

7 1 6 : 35

n. 76; 3 1 6 : 77, 78, 134, 135,

Book 4- i : 7 3 ; 5: " o ; 9:

136. 222; 3 1 7 : 75, 135, 136, 150".

1 0 9 - 1 1 2 ; 9-29: 109-112, 176,

3 1 7 - 3 1 8 : 136; 3 1 8 : 134, 136;

219-220, 310 n. 16; 10: 220;

3 1 8 - 3 1 9 : 136, 223; 3 1 9 : 135;

10-14: i n ; 1 3 : 1 5 5 - 1 5 6 n. 103;

320-333: 136 n. 76; 320-326:

1 3 - 1 4 : 196-197 n. 1 1 ; 1 5 - 1 9 :

136; 320-330: 223; 322: 136;

1 1 2 ; 1 6 : 220; 20-23: 1 1 2 ;

322-323: 1 3 7 ; 323: 134, 137, 138;

2 1 : 220; 23: 220; 24-27: 220;

324: 134; 324-326: 136 n. 76;

24-29: 80; 28-29: 1 1 2 ; 3 1 : 80;

327: 135; 327-330: 136, 183;

3 1 - 5 3 : 7. 42 n. 45, 80-81, 220;

328: 134, 223-224; 329: 135;

32-33: 80; 32-34: 1 1 2 ; 34; 80;

331-332: 73. 7 7 . 150; 332: 73;

35: 162 n. 1 1 3 ; 35-38: (80);

333: 76; 333-336: 75. 76. 150,

39-49: 8 1 ; 50: 220; 50-54: 8 i ;

198; 333-339: 79; 333-361: 20,

56-64: 1 1 2 , 120; 65-79: i i i ;

35, 37, 41, 72-79, 198-199;

68: 182 n. 140; 74-79: 3 7 !

335-336: 1 1 5 ; 336: 7 7 , 198-199;

93-104 -I- 1 1 5 - 1 2 7 : 128, 266;

337: 7 5 - 7 7 ; 337-338: 75. 289;

96: 266; 102-103: 266; 1 0 7 - 1 1 4 :

337-339: 77-78; 338: 7 7 , 78;

273; I I I : 273; 1 1 5 - 1 2 7 : 3 1 3

340-344: 76. 78. 79. 199;

n. 33; 127-128: 313 n. 33;

340-361: 77, 1 1 5 ; 3 4 1 : 78; 345:

140-159: 32; 1 7 2 : 134; 195: 60

78, 1 5 1 , 152; 345-347: 79;

205: 76 n. 54; 206: 73; 206-218:

345-350: 199; 346: 139, 1 5 1 ;

76 n. 54, 1 1 7 - 1 1 8 ; 206-237: 24;

3 4 7 : 7 7 ; 347-350: 78, 79;

2 1 2 - 2 1 3 : 287-288; 2 1 5 : 1 1 7 ,

349-350: 243; 350: 152; 351-353:

265 n. 1 1 5 ; 2 1 5 - 2 1 7 : 288; 2 1 6 :

1 1 2 ; 3 5 1 - 3 5 5 : 78. 79; 351-359:

1 1 8 ; 220: 73; 223-237: 123-124,

76; 353: I I I ; 3 5 6 : 1 5 1 ; 356-358:

261; 226: 1 5 1 - 1 5 2 ; 230: 261;

139, 1 5 1 ; 356-359: 78, 79, 199;

232: 2 6 1 ; 234: 124; 235: 124;

357-358: 1 5 2 ; 360: 77-78;

236: 124; 238-278: 200; 259-267:

360-361: 76, 79; 3 6 1 : 78, 139;

79; 270: 152; 2 7 1 : 124; 273:

365-367: 138, 148-149, 224;

302 n. 1 3 ; 274-275: 124; 275:

365-387: 45, 148-152, 220,

124; 279-280 - f 282: 7 2 ;

224-226; 366: 135, 222; 3 6 7 :

279-295: 7 2 ; 281: 72; 283-284 -)-

6 n. 6, 224; 368-370: 150,

291-294: 72; 288-294: 74;

1 5 0 - 1 5 1 ; 368-380: 150; 369-380:

361

INDEX Vergil: Aeneid

cont.

592-594: 200; 594-228 n. 56;

150; 370: 133; 3 7 1 - 3 7 2 : 148,

595-599: 178; 595-606: 1 8 1 ;

224-225; 373: 225; 373-374:

596: 139, 178, 182 n. 140, 229;

135. 150; 373-375: 1 5 1 . 225;

596-597: 228; 597: 135, 264

3 7 4 : 225; 3 7 5 : 288; 376: 150,

600-606: 124, 178, 181, 200;

151 and n. 94; 376-377: 1 5 1 ;

603-606: 1 7 1 ; 604-606: 229;

376-380: 225; 3 7 7 : 1 5 1 ; 377-378:

605: 1 3 5 ; 607: 178, 228-229

1 5 1 - 1 5 2 ; 378: 1 5 2 ; 379-386: 152;

n. 56; 607-621: 118, 178-179,

380: 148; 380-381: 225; 380-387:

i 8 i , 226 n. 49, 229, 318 n. 54;

1 1 6 ; 3 8 1 : 3 n. I, 152, 177 n. 132;

607-629: 160; 609: 229; 610:

382: 148; 382-387: 152, 225-226;

178, 229; 6 1 2 - 6 1 5 : 178; 6 1 3 :

384-386: 226; 385: 137, 152

135; 616-617: 178-179;

n- 97; 386: 135; 387: 152 n. 97;

179; 622-629: 179-180, 181,

389-391: 226-227; 395: 73

318 n. 54; 623: 1 7 9 ; 625: 134

408-409: 2 2 1 ; 4 1 2 : 185; 4 1 5 :

617-618:

n. 73, 179, 229-230; 625-629:

137, 138; 416-436: 42 n. 45,

230; 628-629: 179-180; 629: 1 8 1 ,

45, 137-138, 227; 4 1 9 : 139; 421:

229; 630-631: ( 1 8 1 ) ; 634-640:

135, 222; 423: 135; 424: 135;

42 n. 45, 230-231; 639: 73 n. 48;

425: 213; 429: 133, 137-138;

640: 1 3 5 ; 642: 160; 644: 241-242

430: 1 3 7 ; 431: 227; 433-434: 1 3 7 ;

n. 74; 646: 160; 646-647: 182;

433-436: 138, 227; 435-436:

648: 1 8 1 ; 6 5 1 : 181, 182;

137-138; 437-449: 20; 438-449:

651-652: 182; 651-658

30; 441-449: 221; 450: 182

659-662: 1 7 , 45, 160, 181-182,

+

n. 140; 478-498: 42 n. 45, 1 2 1 ,

304; 652: 73 n. 48, 182; 653:

227; 479: 133, 135; 487-491:

182; 653-656: 136, 182, 2 3 1 ;

227; 495: 135; 496-497: i 8 i , 2 3 1 ;

654: 137, 182, 183; 655: 140

498: 135; 507-508: 1 8 1 ; 522-552:

n: 81, 183, 2 3 1 ; 656: 183; 657:

227; 528: 302 n. 1 3 ; 529-532:

182, 183; 657-658: 231; 658: 182;

1 1 1 ; 532: 160; 533: 1 7 6 ; 534:

659: 181-182, 183, 231; 659-662:

160; 534-536: 135-136, 227;

17, 45-46, 160, 181-182, 304;

534-552: 45, 1 1 3 , 159-160,

660: 183; 662: 135, 183; 663-665:

1 7 6 - 1 7 7 ; 541-542: 228; 542; 135,

182; 667: 153 n. 100; 673: 1 5 7 ;

228, 270; 547: 160, 176, 227,

675-685: 156; 677-679: 80;

228; 548-549: 176, 228; 553:

680-681: 156; 681: 122 n. 45;

1 7 6 ; 553-555: 1 7 7 ; 554-559:

682-683: 156; 683-684: 243 n. 78;

199; 556: 199; 558-559: 199;

684: 152 n. 97; 685-692: 1 1 6 ;

560-570: 1 1 3 ; 566-568: 200;

688-692: 184; 691-692: 80;

573-574: 199; 573-576: 38 n. 34;

693-705: 184, 222; 702-703:

573-579: 20, 35, 1 1 8 n. 40,

310 n. 17

307 n. 4; 574: 199; 574-576:

Book 5- 10-20: 288; 25: 288;

199; 576-577: 199; 576-579:

26-31: 38 n. 33; 4 5 - 7 1 : 36,

39 nn. 39 and 40; 590: 160;

38 n. 34, 41, 1 2 1 ; 79: 244;

590-591: 177 n. 132; 590-594:

80-81: 203; 80-83: 38 n. 32,

1 7 7 , 1 8 1 ; 590-606: 228; 590-629:

1 1 4 , 121 n. 42; 162-164: 1 7 ;

45, 160, 1 7 7 - 1 8 1 , 228-230, 278,

166: 1 7 , 304; 239: 135 n. 74;

318 n. 54; 5 9 1 : 135, 170;

270-272: 6 n. 6; 291-292: 343;

362

INDEX 304-314: 36, 38; 326: 136 n. 75;

194-197: 37, 118 n. 40; 196-197:

348-350: 38; 3-3-364: 38; 404:

37, 39 n. 42; 223: 62; 242:

134 n. 73; 422-423: 180 n. 137;

302 n. 13; 264: 262 n. i n ;

465-467: 38 n. 33, 200-201;

287: 32; 307: 224; 322-330: 106;

473: 307 n. 5; 474-476: 307 n. 5;

325: 249; 327-330: 133; 333-336:

485-486: 343

107 n. 19; 335-336: 132;

545-551: 32; 548-551:

337-362: 173; 338: 107 n. 19;

38 n. 33; 533-538: 38 n. 33;

341-346: 38 n. 33, 114, 201-202;

6o4f.: 68 n. 31; 608: 145-146

347-348: 108; 347-362: 132,

n. 87; 609-610: 260 n. 107;

310 n. 19; 347-371: 9, 107,

623-640: 132; 646-652: 310 n. 18;

132-133, 310 n. 19; 349-362:

670-673: 28, 307 n. 6; 687-692:

108; 363: 133; 363-371: 108,

30, 36, 39 n. 42, 118 n. 40, 201;

132-133, 310 n. 19; 364: 133;

699: 67; 700: 30; 704-718: 30;

373-376: 114; 376: 77-78 n. 56;

722-740: 30; 724-739: 121,

392-397: 280

232-233; 737: 103; 738: 233;

406-407: 17; 429: 206;

741: 19; 741-742: 38 n. 32,

450-476: 138-139; 456: 139,

316 n. 44; 744: 144; 747: 30;

182 n. 140; 456-466: 34, 37,

781: 145-146 n. 87, 270, 273;

202, 313 n. 34; 460: 139, 202;

781-798: 125, 273-274; 785-786:

461-463: 139, 259; 464: 139;

273-274; 787-788: 268 n. 1 1 7 ;

465: 203; 465-466: 139; 466:

789-792: 125; 790-791: 274;

139; 467-474: 134; 468: 313 n.

792: 274; 799: 145 n- 87;

34; 474: 73 n. 48; 475-476:

800-801: 144; 800-815: 144,

139; 489-493: 28-29;

264; 803-811: 144; 806-808:

500: 203; 500-508: 38 n. 33,

264; 809: 264; 812-815: 107 n. 19,

114, 203; 501: 108, 175; 501-502:

144; 835-861: 173; 835-871:

108; 506: 203; 509-534: 9> 107,

107 n. 19; 852: 342; 862-863:

io8, 173, 175; 5 1 1 : 175, 270;

107 n. 19; 870-871: 38 n. 33

511-512: 108; 514: 175; 523-529:

Book 6. 37: 114, 308 n. 9;

175; 526: 175; 526-527: 173;

37-155: 24; 56-62: 39 n. 42;

539: 114 n, 29; 540-543: 235;

56-76: 34, 41, 118, 315 n. 42;

544-546: 116, 309 n. 12; 553:

57-58: 20i; 62: 270; 63-65:

213 n. 31; 560-561: 34 n. 26;

39 n. 41; 65-68: 201; 74: 279

562-627: 106, 233, 235, 244-246;

n. 4; 83-97: 97, 102, 103; 88:

563: 170, 192 n. 8; 565: 34 n. 26;

130; 89-90: 216 n. 34; 96-97:

577-579: 244; 580-581: 244;

103; 103-105: 30, 201, 279;

585-594: 244; 595-600: 244;

103-123: 34, 41, 279-280;

599: 245

106-109: 279; 106-123: 201;

601: 244; 602-603: 180 n. 137,

n o : 289; 110-116: 279;

244; 608: 245; 608-614: 143;

116-118: 279; 119-120: 234

610-611: 245; 616-617: 245;

n. 65; 119-123: 279-280; 123:

618: 244; 620: 15; 621-622: 245;

280; 125-155: 121; 147-148:

622: 143; 623: 143-144, 245;

99 n. 5; 1 7 1 : 37 n. 31; 186:

625-627: 246; 628: 342; 637-665:

37 and n. 31; 187-188: 37,

233; 640-641: 238; 644-647: 284;

39 n. 40; 187-189: 118 n. 40;

645-647: 234 n. 65; 660-665:

363

INDEX Vergil: Aeneid cont.

203-204; 868-18; 868-886: 18,

284; 662: 235, 284; 663: 235;

46, 94-96; 869: 94; 872-874: 94;

687-694: 114, 233; 687-886: 24;

875-877: 95; 882: 206; 882-883:

695-698: 34, 38 n. 32, 1 1 4 ;

94; 884-885: 243-244; 889: 100;

695-702: 203; 698: 203; 7 1 3 - 7 5 1 :

890-892: 103 n. 13, 116; 893-896:

106, 233-241; 719-721: 34,

n o ; 896: n o ; 897-898: 1 1 6

38 n. 32; 722: 18, 238-239, 304;

Boo\ 7. 45: 163; 52-80: 10 n.

724-725: 239; 724-751: 18;

14; 59-80: 104; 82-84: 104 n. 14;

728-729: 239; 730-731: 239;

85-95: 104 n. 14; 96-101: 97, 104;

732: 235, 240; 735: 240; 736:

1 1 2 - 1 1 7 : 32; I i 6 : 15, 19, 304;

240; 7 4 1 : 235; 746: 240;

120-121: 121 n. 42; i a o - 1 2 9 :

748-751: 235; 755: 241; 756-759:

103, 312 n. 28; 120-134: 33,

l o i and n. 10; 756-859: 17-18,

38 n. 34; 122: 77; 124-127:

92-94, 97, 99-101, 102, 103,

102 n. 1 1 ; 135-138: 102 n. 12;

241-243, 278, 304; 758: 100;

160-161: 180 n. 137; 195-198:

760: 17, 241 and n. 74; 760-776:

1 1 3 ; 195-211: 113, 251-252,

l o i ; 762: 100; 765: 100; 772:

316 n. 45; 197-201: 316 n. 45;

241; 777-787: l o i ; 777-805:

199-211: 316 n. 45; 213: 53;

98 n. 2; 777-807: 100; 778:

213-215: 316 n. 45; 213-227: 53;

l o i n. 10; 779: 17, 241 and n. 74;

213-248: 53-55; 217-218: 53;

781: 243; 787: 9 1 ; 788: 17;

219-220: 53 n. 12; 222-227: 54;

788-789: 91-92; 788-805: 92;

229-230: 54-55; 231-233: 55;

788-807: l o i ; 790: 100; 791:

234-238: 55; 236-238: 287;

91-92; 791-805: l o i n. 8;

239-240: 259; 239-242: 55;

791-807: 91-92; 792-793: 100

243-248: 55; 256-257: 266;

801-805: 92; 806-807: 92, 101;

259-262: 140 n. 83; 259-273: 113,

807: 242-243; 808-812: 101;

140, 252; 263-266: 140 n. 83;

808-817: 101; 809: 241; 812:

267-273: 140 n. 83; 291: 160;

207; 815: 241; 817-825: 93, 101;

292: 159, 261 n. 108; 293: 160,

818-819: 243; 820: 243; 825: 17,

270; 293-294: 267; 293-297: 162;

101 n. 10; 826-835: 93-94, l o i ;

293-322: 4, 45, 159-160, 161-164,

827: 94; 830-831: 93, 162;

267-268, 278 n. 2; 294: 161-162;

832-835: 242; 833: 94, 242 n. 77;

294-296: 267-268; 295-297: 162;

836-840: 174; 836-846: 93;

297-304: 163; 298: 145-146 n. 87

836-853: l o i ; 839: 203; 841:

299-303: 162; 302: 289;

l o i n. 10; 842-843: 243; 846:

302-303: 268; 304-305: 160;

243; 847-849: 142; 847-850: 9 1 ;

304-310: 11-12, 163; 308: 160;

847-853: 90, 91, l o i n. 10,

309: 209; 309-310: 1 6 1 ; 310: 162;

284-285; 849: 284; 849-850:

310-311: 162; 310-322: 163;

284; 851: 238; 851-853: 91, 93,

312: 68, 162, 268; 313: 162 n.

200; 853: 17; 854: 1 7 ; 854-886:

113, 268; 313-316: 160; 313-322:

l o i n. 10; 855: 17-18; 855-859:

163; 314: 163, 268; 316: 213

101; 856: 18, 241; 857: 243;

n. 3 1 ; 317-322: 162, 268; 320:

857-859: 100; 858: 18; 859: 18,

162; 321: 265 n. 1 1 5 ; 323: 342;

101 n. 10; 860: 241; 863: 241;

331: 265; 331-340: 265, 313 n.

863-866: 34, 38 n. 32; 866:

35; 332-334: 313-314 n. 35;

364

INDEX 335-338: 313-314 n- 35; 3 5 7 :

135 n. 74; 330-332: 108; 351-358:

132 n. 68; 359-372: 5 n. 4, 132;

106; 362-365: 3 1 4 n. 36; 370: 37;

361-362: 288; 365-372: 10 n. 14

370-453: 67; 374-380: 125;

421-434: 132; 423-424: 10

374-386: 7, 125, 274; 381-383:

n. 14; 427: 1 3 1 ; 433: 209;

125; 385-386: 125, 274; 394:

436-444: 44. 212, 258; 438:

236; 405: 276; 4 7 0 - 5 " :

77-78 n. 56; 444: 258; 447: 134

n. 20; 470-519: 107 n. 18, 109,

n. 73; 460: 1 7 9 ; 4 6 1 : 192 n. 8;

253; 474: 253 n. 94; 478-495: 7 i ;

3 "

467-469: 342; 470: 180 n. 137,

4 7 8 - 5 1 1 : 109; 494-495: 109;

342; 4 7 1 : 342; 475-502: 7 1 ;

499-503: 104; 5 1 8 - 5 1 9 : 254;

531-549: 7 ; 545: 274; 577-622:

520-522: 30; 520-540: 103-104;

58; 594-599: 104, 252; 596-597:

530: 134 n. 7 3 ; 532-540: 33,

57; 599-600: 64; 610: 120; 6 1 9 :

38 n. 35; 534-536: 37. 67;

60; 620-622: 1 6 1 ; 629-630: 274;

538-539: 1 9 1 ; 5 4 1 : 342; 560-571:

706-709: 95-96; 746-749: 257;

255; 560-583: 1 1 6 , 255; 5 6 9 - 5 7 1 :

748: 257; 748-749: 257; 7 5 7 :

253 n. 94; 572-583: 255; 576:

135 n- 7 4 ; 7 7 4 : 279 n. 4

Boo\8.

135 n. 74; 588: 136 n. 75;

i : 21 n. 1 1 ; 1-2: 58,

597-607: 1 1 4 ; 609-610: 39;

2 1 6 ; 3: 106; 9 - 1 7 : 109; 10-17:

6 1 2 - 6 1 4 : 67, 274, 3 1 4 n. 3 7 ;

55-56; 13-14: 287; 1 5 - 1 7 : 56;

613-614: 3 1 4 n- 37; 6 1 5 : 37;

18-30: 30; 26-89: 67; 3 1 :

663: 254 n. 96; 667-669: 142;

102 n. 12, 200; 33: 135 n. 74;

670: 142; 680: 35; 696-713:

36-65: 102-103, 312 n. 30; 46:

241-242 n. 74; 697: 241-242

302 n. 13; 49: 312 n. 30; 49-58:

n. 74; 704-706: 27; 709: 241-242

287; 51-56: 103; 57: 136 n. 7 5 ;

n. 74; 7 1 4 - 7 1 9 : 95

7 1 - 7 8 : 34, 39 n. 41, 1 1 8 n. 40,

Boo^ g. 1-24: 68 n. 3 1 ; 18-22:

204; 85-86: 1 6 7 ; 1 1 7 - 1 2 0 : 33,

120, 2 1 5 ; 22: 199; 29: 302 n. 1 3 ;

38 n. 35; 127-128: 79; 1 2 7 - 1 5 1 :

47-50: 67; 47-76: 89; 5 1 : 1 1 3 ,

33. 38 n. 35, 41, 79, 204;

1 2 1 ; 5 1 - 5 2 : 2 1 5 ; 54-55: 2 1 5 ;

129-145: 79; 1 3 1 : 204; 132-133:

77-79: 1 1 3 ; 7 7 - 1 2 2 : 7 1 ; 83-92:

287; 134-142: 1 1 5 ; 135: 204;

147-148; 94-103: 148, 2 6 1 ;

143: 79; 1 4 6 - 1 5 1 : 79; 150: 79,

95-96: 148; 1 1 4 - 1 1 6 : 84 n. 63;

204; 152-183: 253; 1 5 4 : 76 n. 54;

1 2 1 : 302 n. 1 3 ; 123: 89, 134 n.

154-156: 254; 154-168: 1 4 1 ;

73; 128-133: 87; 128-158: 44,

154-174: 140-141, 3 1 7 n. 47;

87-89, 212-213; 130: 213;

157-168; 253 n. 95; 1 6 9 - 1 7 1 :

1 3 3 - 1 3 9 : 87-88; 136-139: 2 1 2 ;

140-141, 3 1 7 n. 47; 1 7 1 : 254;

1 3 7 : 192 n. 8, 213; 140-142: 88;

172-183: 254; 184-305: 254;

142-145: 88; 144-145: 2 1 3 ;

184-369: 253; 185-275: 15,

146-147: 88; 148: 2 1 3 ; 148-155:

107 n. 18, 108, 254; 187:

88; 1 5 1 : 2 1 3 ; 152: 2 1 3 ; 156: 89;

254-255; 2 1 5 : 78; 233-246:

156-158: 88; 164-167: 89;

254 n. 97; 236-267: 129 n. 62;

1 7 1 - 1 7 3 : 7 1 ; 234-302: 25; 247:

245: 254 n. 97; 268-272: 167

262 n. m ; 247-256: 17, 3 1 7 n.

293-302: 16; 301: 121 n. 42;

48; 257-280: 144-145; 257-262:

306-358: 254; 314-318: 255;

144; 263-274: 144-145; 275-280:

314-336: 107 n. 18, 108; 3 2 1 :

145; 276: 206-207; 287-289: 153;

365