Synthesis Rules 2m382i

Kinds of Sentences and Their Punctuation

A sentence may be one of four kinds, depending upon the number and type(s) of clauses it contains.

Review: An independent clause contains a subject, a verb, and a complete thought.

A dependent clause contains a subject and a verb, but no complete thought.

1. A SIMPLE SENTENCE has one independent clause.

Punctuation note: NO commas separate compound elements (subject, verb, direct object, indirect object, subjective complement, etc.) in a simple sentence.

The following are the chief ways of combining two or more Simple Sentences into one Simple Sentence. 1. By using a Participle: • He jumped up. He ran away. • Jumping up, he ran away. • He was tired of play. He sat down to rest. • Tired of play, he sat down to rest. • He is well versed in English. He was appointed as the English teacher in the school. • For his knowledge of English, he was appointed as English teacher in the school Here you may find the Synthesis of Sentences into a simple sentence. 2. By using a noun or a phrase in apposition: • This is my friend. His name is Rama. • This is my friend Rama. • I spent two days in London. It is one of the most attractive places in England. • I spent two days in London, one of the most attractive places in England. • Buddhism was founded in 2500 years ago. It is one of the greatest religions. •

Buddhism, one of the greatest religions, was founded in 2500 years ago. Here you may find the Synthesis of Sentences into a simple sentence. 3. By using a preposition with noun or gerund: • The moon rose. Their journey was not ended. • Before their journey was ended, the moon rose. • He has failed many times. He still hopes to win. • Having failed for many times, he still hopes to win. • Her husband died. She heard the news. She fainted. • On hearing the news of the death of her husband, she fainted.

4. By using, Nominative Absolute Construction: • The soldiers arrived. The mob dispersed. • The soldiers having arrived, the mob dispersed.

• The town was enclosed by strong wall. The enemy was unable to capture it. • The town having been enclosed by strong wall, the enemy was unable to capture it. Here you may find the Synthesis of Sentences into a simple sentence. 5. By using an infinitive: • I have some duties. I must perform them. • I have some duties to perform. • We must finish this exercise. There are still three sentences. • We have still three sentences in this exercise to finish. • He wanted to educate his son. He sent him to London. • He sent his son to London to educate him. • He is very fat. He can not run. • He is very fat to run. 6. By using an adverb or an Adverbial Phrase: • He deserved to succeed. He failed. • He failed undeservedly. • The sun set. The boys had not finished the game. • The boys had not finished the game by sunset. Here you may find the Synthesis of Sentences into a simple sentence. Several of these methods can be combined in the same sentence. • The sun rose. The fog dispersed. The general determined to delay no longer. He gave order to advance. These four simple sentences may be combined to form a single simple sentence. • At sunrise, the fog having dispersed, the general, determined to delay no longer, gave the order to advance.

2. A COMPOUND SENTENCE has two independent clauses ed by A. a coordinating conjunction (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so), B. a conjunctive adverb (e.g. however, therefore), or C. a semicolon alone.

Punctuation patterns (to match A, B, and C above): A. Independent clause, coordinating conjunction independent clause. B. Independent clause; conjunctive adverb, independent clause. C. Independent clause; independent clause.

3. A COMPLEX SENTENCE has one dependent clause (headed by a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun ) ed to an independent clause.

Punctuation patterns (to match A, B, C and D above): A. Dependent clause, independent clause B. Independent clause dependent clause

C. Independent, D. Independent

nonessential dependent clause, essential dependent clause

clause.

clause.

4. A COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCE has two independent clauses ed to one or more dependent clauses.

Punctuation patterns: Follow the rules given above for compound and complex sentences. A compound-complex sentence is merely a combination of the two.

CONNECTORS--COMPOUND AND COMPLEX SENTENCES Two independent clauses may be ed by 1. Coordinating conjunctions (FANBOYS) 2. Conjunctive adverbs

Ic;

therefore,

Ic, and

ic

ic.

A dependent (subordinate) clause may be introduced by 1. Subordinating conjunctions (ADVERB CLAUSE)

Dc, ic. or

2. Relative pronouns (ADJECTIVE CLAUSE) I, dc, c.

or

Ic dc.

I dc c.

3. Relative pronoun, subordinating conjunctions, or adverbs (NOUN CLAUSE)