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Surveying for California Civil PE License©
Dr. Shahin A. Mansour, PE
Well Organized, Based on the Current California Board Test Plan and References, Detailed Table of Contents, Computer Generated Index (8 pages), Simplified Concepts, 66 Sample Problems with Detailed Solutions, and 181 Supplemental Practice Problems with Detailed Solutions.
The only book has A comprehensive summary of surveying equations, tables, figures, and charts you need for the exam. All what you need at one location and at your fingertips. ONE BOOK HAS ALL WHAT YOU NEED!
Surveying for
California Civil Engineering License A Concise and Comprehensive Summary of Surveying Equations, Tables, and Figures is Included for a Quick Access During the Exam
Dr. Shahin A. Mansour, PE First Edition
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Surveying for California Civil PE License©
Dr. Shahin A. Mansour, PE
ISBN: 978-0-9823726-3-0 © 2014 Professional Engineering Services (PES)
All right reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced by any means, without a written permission from the author. The author can be reached by email [email protected]
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Surveying for California Civil PE License©
Dr. Shahin A. Mansour, PE
Preface
O
ur next generation of Civil PE books were carefully developed by Dr. Shahin A. Mansour, Ph.D., P.E., a nationally recognized expert in PE Exam Preparation courses and founder of Professional Engineering Services, Inc., (PES). This generation is quickly becoming the Best in Class solution for engineering professionals working to California Board and NCEES exams. Each and every book in this comprehensive collection has been prepared with your readiness in mind and will serve as a powerful guide throughout your PE Exam Preparation studies in Civil PE, Seismic, and Surveying concentrations. Dr. Mansour has taught and spoken to thousands of engineers and has been teaching PE, Seismic, Surveying, and EIT/FE classes for the past 22 years enabling his products, classes, and seminars to continuously evolve and adapt to the changing demands of this challenging field. His real-world experience and intercommunication with so many engineers throughout America has greatly improved his ability to craft concise and knowledgeable resources that work for professionals striving to their Professional Engineering Licensing Board Exam and other California special exams. One of the primary advantages of PES’ preparation books is their compact and succinct format. The experiences and of engineering students and professionals that have worked with these materials affirms our effective use of good, factual diagrams and illustrations to more fully explain concepts throughout each text. In fact, Dr. Mansour makes great use of this style of teaching through figures, comparative tables, charts, and illustrations to concisely convey important information to engineers preparing for the exam. The primary focus of each book in our collection is targeted on subjects that are directly relevant to the PE exam. This method provides substantial time savings to students that simply don’t have the wherewithal to digest leading competitive volumes, which typically exceed 1,000 pages. Another strong asset of these next generation books is the separation of Breadth (a.m.) and Depth (p.m.) topics. Each Civil PE, Seismic, and Surveying book is organized in accordance with the most current exam specifications and has matured since their inception through the inputs, complaints, wishes, and other given from course participants and colleagues for over 22 years. Recent changes in the format of the Civil PE exam have made it necessary to address the change from essay to multiple choice problems, separation of a.m. and p.m. sections, and the introduction of the construction module. The books’ improved organization is completed with a very detailed Table of Contents, which addresses both the a.m. and p.m. subjects and more, making them a favored resource for preparation as well as exam time. The best part in all this growth and continuous improvement is the ability to apply this knowledge and experience to our supplemental products developed to give you the best head start for ing your Professional Engineering Licensing Board Exam. Every book, DVD, seminar, and accompanying Problems & Solutions workbooks are designed with all relevant codes, topics, board test plans, and NCEES exam specifications. And, these study materials and seminars, also manage to cover these fields of study in the same order as listed in the latest exam specifications for easy reference at-a-glance. Not only are our next generation books written to be current and well-organized to save you time during exam preparation and test taking; they are also affordable and authored by a highly qualified and nationally recognized Civil Engineering Professor. Dr. Shahin A. Mansour, Ph.D., P.E has helped thousands of students to their Professional Engineering Licensing Board Exam. His easy, step-bystep approach to solving problems has gained him popularity and a great reputation among students and professionals of all ages. We hope that you’ll find the many resources at Professional Engineering Services, Inc. to be exceptional textbooks, DVDs, and seminars – and as valuable a resource as we believe them to be. iii
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Surveying for California Civil PE License©
Dr. Shahin A. Mansour, PE
Disclaimer This publication is to help the candidates for the Special Surveying Exam for California PE Civil. This publication expresses the opinion of the author. Every effort and care has been taken to ensure that all data, information, solutions, concept and suggestions are as accurate as possible. The author cannot assume or accept the responsibility or liability for errors in the data, information, solutions, concept and suggestions and the use of this material in preparation for the exam or using it during the exam. Also, Professional Engineering Services (PES) and the author are in no way responsible for the failure of registrants in the exam, or liable for errors or omission in the solutions, or in the way they are interpreted by the registrants or others.
Errata Notification PES and the author have made a substantial effort to ensure that the information in this publication is accurate. In the event that corrections or clarifications are needed, these will be posted on PES web site at http:// www.pe.com. PES and the author at their discretion, may or may not issue written errata. PES and the author welcome comments or corrections which can be emailed to [email protected]
How to Use This Book This book was written to help you in preparing for the Special Surveying Examination. A comprehensive summary of surveying equations and topics is provided to help you in answering the questions. The following is a suggested strategy for the exam: 1- Have all references organized before you start. Also, familiarize yourself with the comprehensive summary provided in this book. 2- Read the questions and ALL answers carefully and look for KEYWORDS in the question and the 4 possible answers. 3- Solve the easy questions first (need no or minimum calculations) and record your answers on the answer sheet. 4- Work on questions that require lengthy calculations and record your answers on the answer sheet. 5- Questions that seem difficult or not familiar to you and may need considerable time in searching in your references should be left to the end. 6- Never leave an answer blank. 7- the D3 rule: DO NOT EXPECT THE EXAM TO BE EASY DO NOT PANIC DO NOT WASTE TOO MUCH TIME ON A SIGNLE EASY, DIFFICULT OR UNFAMILAR PROBLEM
About the Author Dr. Shahin A. Mansour, PE, has been teaching PE, Seismic, Surveying and EIT courses for the last 22 years. Dr. Mansour taught Civil Engineering Courses for 8 years at New Mexico State University (NMSU), Las Cruces, NM, USA. Also, he has been teaching Civil and Construction Engineering Courses (graduate & undergraduate) at CSU, Fresno, CA, for the last 22 years. Dr. Mansour has helped thousands of engineers to their Professional Engineering Licensing Board Exams (Civil PE, Special Seismic and Surveying Exams). His easy, step-by-step approach to solving problems has gained him popularity and a great reputation among students and professionals of all ages. Dr. Mansour is a ed Civil Engineer in California. His educational background includes a BS degree in Civil Engineering, a Master, and Ph.D. degrees in Structural Engineering from New Mexico State University (NMSU), Las Cruces, NM, USA. Also, Dr. Mansour has two engineering degrees (B.S. & M.S.) from Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
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Table of Contents
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Surveying for California Civil PE License©
Dr. Shahin A. Mansour, PE
Acknowledgements No one walks alone on the journey of life. Just where do you start to thank those that ed you, walked beside you, and helped you along the way continuously urged me to write a book. Much of what I have learned over the years came as the result of being a father to 3 wonderful and delightful children, Aroob, Munierah, and Abdallah all of whom, in their own ways inspired me and, subconsciously contributed a tremendous amount to the content of this book. Without their nice work and sincere commitments, this book would never have seen the road to the printing machine. A little bit of each of them will be found here weaving in and out of the pages - Thanks kids! I want to thank all Civil Engineers who attended my review classes for the last 23 years for their valuable comments and suggestions to improve the quality of this book. They shared their knowledge, their ideas, and numerous tips all of which culminated in the improvement of this book. Thanks guys! Finally, I would like to give my special thanks to my wife Rufida whose patience, and love enabled me to complete this work. With her unlimited and encouragement most of my dreams came true. Thank you my minster of interior!
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Surveying for California Civil PE License©
Dr. Shahin A. Mansour, PE
TABLE OF CONTENTS California Special Surveying Principles Exam (Test Plan November 2011) ….. 1 Summary of Surveying Equations ……………………………………………... 9 Definitions of Surveying and Associated ……………………………….. 29 Abbreviations…………………………………………………………………… 37
Chapter 1- Introduction and CA Special Engineering Surveying Exam 1-1 1-2 1-3 1-4 1-5 1-6 1-7
Definition of Surveying……………………………………………………42 Types of Surveys …………………………………………………………. 43 Types of Maps…………………………………………………………….. 47 Professional Land Surveys Act…………………………………………… 48 Professional Engineers Act ………………………………………………. 48 Subdivision Map Act………………………………………………………48 California Special Surveying Exam………………………………………. 48 Supplemental Practice Problems………………………………………...... 49 Solutions for Supplemental Practice Problems …………………………... 52
Chapter 2- Theory of Measurements 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4 2-5 2-6
Types of Measurements in Surveying …………………………………… 54 Units of Measurements ………………………………………………….. 54 Significant Figures ………………………………………………………. 55 Rounding off Numbers…………………………………………………… 56 Errors, Types and Magnitude of Errors in Measurements ……………...... 56 Probability and Measures of Precision …………………………………… 58 Practice Problems…………………………………………………………. 62 Solutions for Supplemental Practice Problems …………………………... 65
Chapter 3- Surveying Equipment & Field Notes 3-1 3-2 3-3 3-4 3-5 3-6 3-7
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Introduction & Reasons for Field Notes………………………………….. 68 Requirements for Good Notes …………………………………………… 68 Kinds of Notes …………………………………………………………… 69 Arrangement of Fields Notes ……………..……………………………… 69 Suggestions on Recording Notes ………………………………………… 70 Surveying Methods and Equipment………………………………………. 71 Left Thumb Rule ………………………………………………………..... 73 Practice Problems………………………………………………………..... 74 Solutions for Supplemental Practice Problems …………………………... 74 Table of Contents
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Surveying for California Civil PE License©
Dr. Shahin A. Mansour, PE
Chapter 4- Horizontal Distance Measurements 4-1 4-2 4-3 4-4 4-5 4-6 4-7 4-8 4-9 4-10 4-11 4-12
Introduction ………………………………………………………………. 76 Method of Measuring Horizontal Distances ……………………………... 76 Slope Computations & Approximate Formula …………………………... 87 Precision of Various Measuring Methods… …………………………….. 90 Sources of Error in Taping……………………………………………….. 91 Types of Error in Taping………………………………………………..... 91 Summary of Corrections of Errors in Taping ……………………………. 97 Types, Sources, and Classifications of Taping Errors …………………… 98 Combined Correction…………………………………………………….. 99 Stationing (STA), Post Mile (PM), and Kilo Post (KP)………………….. 99 Review of Sources of Errors in Taping…………………………………… 101 Common Mistakes………………………………………………………... 101 Practice Problems…………………………………………………………. 102 Solutions for Supplemental Practice Problems …………………………... 106
Chapter 5- Leveling-Theory, Equipment & Measurements 5-1 5-2 5-3 5-4 5-5 5-6 5-7 5-8 5-9 5-10
Introduction ………………………………………………………………. 110 Leveling Definitions & …………………………………………… 110 Types of Leveling………………………………………………………… 113 Leveling Equipment………………………………………………………. 114 Curvature and Refraction…………………………………………………. 118 Theory of Differential Leveling ………………………………………..... 119 Two-Peg Test …………………………………………………………….. 120 Three-Wire Leveling……………………..……………………………...... 121 Reciprocal Leveling ……………………………………………………… 121 Sources and Types of Errors in Leveling ………………………………… 123 Practice Problems ………………………………………………………… 124 Solutions for Supplemental Practice Problems …………………………... 128
Chapter 6- Angles, Bearings, Azimuths, & Com 6-1 6-2 6-3 6-4 6-5 6-6 6-7 6-8 6-9
Introduction ………………………………………………………………. 134 Interior, Exterior, and Deflection Angles…………………………………. 134 Bearings (True, Magnetic & Grid) ……………………………………….. 138 Azimuths (True, Magnetic & Grid) ……………………………………… 139 Comparison of Bearings and Azimuths…………………………………... 142 Magnetic Declination …………………………………………………….. 143 True, Grid & Magnetic Meridians ……………………………………….. 145 Methods of Determining Angles and Directions………………………..... 146 Vertical and Zenith Angles ………………………………………………. 147 Practice Problems………………………………………………………… 148 Solutions for Supplemental Practice Problems ………………………….. 150 Table of Contents
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Surveying for California Civil PE License©
Dr. Shahin A. Mansour, PE
Chapter 7- Traverse Computations 7-1 7-2 7-3 7-4 7-5 7-6 7-7
Introduction ………………………………………………………………. 154 Measurements and Directions of Traverses ……………………………… 155 Latitudes and Departures ………………………………………………….156 Traverse Computations ……………………………………………………157 Balancing Angles ………………………………………………………… 158 Traverse Balancing (Adjustment)………………………………………… 159 Rectangular Coordinates …………………………………………………. 161 Practice Problems…………………………………………………………. 167 Solutions for Supplemental Practice Problems …………………………... 170
Chapter 8- Length, Area, Volume Computations & Mass Diagram 8-1 8-2
8-3
8-4
Length Computation ………………………………………………………174 Methods of Measuring Area ………………………………………………174 Area by division into triangles and other shapes…………………….. 175 Area by offsets from straight lines…………………………………... 177 Area by double-meridian-distance method (DMD)…………………. 178 Area by coordinates (criss-cross)……………………………………. 179 Measurement of area by planimeter…………………………………. 181 Methods of Volume Measurement ……………………………………….. 182 The cross-section method……………………………………………. 183 Average-end –area formula………………………………………….. 183 Mass Diagram ……………………………………………………………. 187 Practice Problems ………………………………………………………… 197 Solutions for Supplemental Practice Problems …………………………... 200
Chapter 9- Topography 9-1 9-2 9-3 9-4 9-5 9-6 9-7 9-8 9-9 9-10 9-11
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Introduction to Topography ……………………………………………… 204 Control for Topographic Surveys………………………………………….204 Methods for Obtaining Topography……………………………………….205 Topographic Maps…………………………………………………………206 Scales for Topographic Maps……………………………………………...206 Contours: Definitions and Properties……………………………………...207 Spot Elevations and Contour Index………………………………………..209 Direct and Indirect Methods of Locating Contours…….………………….209 Rules for Drawing (Plotting) Contours…………………………………… 213 Key Points for Contours…………………………………………………...214 Methods for Locating Contours……………………………………………216 Practice problems ………………………………………………………….217 Solutions for Supplemental Practice Problems ……………………………222 Table of Contents
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Surveying for California Civil PE License©
Dr. Shahin A. Mansour, PE
Chapter 10- Horizontal, Spiral and Vertical Curves 10-1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………..226 10-2 Types of Horizontal Curves ……………………………………………….226 10-3 Terminology of Horizontal Curves………………………………………...227 10-4 Geometry of Circular Curves………………………………………………229 10-5 Deflection Angles, Chord, and Offset Calculations………………………..232 10-6 Moving up on the Curve……………………………………………………235 10-7 Compound Circular Curves………………………………………………...239 10-8 Reverse Curves……………………………………………………………..240 10-9 Spiral Curves……………………………………………………………….241 10-10 Vertical Curves……………………………………………………………..244 10-11 Vertical Terminology………………………………………………………244 10-12 Types of Vertical Curves…………………………………………………...245 10-13 Geometric Properties of the Parabola………………………………………246 10-14 High and Low Points on Vertical Curves…………………………………..248 10-15 Vertical Curves Under or Over an Obstruction…………………………….250 10-16 Asymmetrical (Unsymmetrical) Vertical Curves…………………………..253 Practice Problems…………………………………………………………..255 Solutions for Supplemental Practice Problems ……………………………258
Chapter 11- State Plane Coordinate System 11-1 11-2 11-3 11-4 11-5 11-6 11-7 11-8
Introduction ………………………………………………………………. 262 Shape of the Earth ………………………………………………………...262 Advantages of the Rectangular Coordinate System .…………..………… 263 California Coordinate System of 1927&1983 (CCS 27& CCS 83 …….... 263 Lambert Conformal Conic Projection……………………………………. 265 Transverse Mercator Projection………………………………………….. 267 Ground Distance Versus Grid Distance…………………………………... 267 Conversion Between SPCS 27 & SPCS 83………………………………. 269 Practice Problems………………………………………………………….270 Solutions for Supplemental Practice Problems …………………………...272
Chapter 12-Construction Surveys Introduction ……………………………………………………………….274 Cut and Fill Stakes ………………………………………………………..275 Header and Cluster Information …………………………………………..276 Slope Stake listing…………………………………………………………277 Practice Problems ………………………………………………………....283 Solutions for Supplemental Practice Problems …………………………...287 Caltrans Surveys Manual- Chapter 12 “ Construction Surveys” …………..289-312
12-1 12-2 12-3 12-4
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Surveying for California Civil PE License©
Dr. Shahin A. Mansour, PE
Chapter 13- Photogrammetry 13-1 13-2 13-3 13-4 13-5 13-6 13-7 13-8 13-9
Introduction ………………………………………………………………. 314 Ground Control for Photogrammetry …………………………………….. 315 Aerial Cameras for Photogrammetry……………………………………... 316 Photograph Forward and Side Overlap………………………………….... 317 Photo Scale ……………………………………………………………...... 318 Map Scale…………………………………………………………………. 321 National Map Accuracy……………………………………………………322 Sources of Error in Photogrammetry………………………………………322 Mistakes in Photogrammetry………………………………………………322 Practice Problems ………………………………………………………….323 Solutions for Supplemental Practice Problems ……………………………326
Chapter 14- Surveys of Public Lands 14-1 Introduction ……………………………………………………………….330 14-2 Initial point………………………………………………………………... 331 14-3 Principal Meridian ……………………………………………………….. 332 14-4 Baseline ………………………………………………………………….. 332 14-5 Standard Parallels (Correction Lines)…………………………………….. 334 14-6 Guide Meridians…………………………………………………………... 334 14-7 Township and Range……………………………………………………… 334 14-8 Designation of Townships…………………………………………………334 14-9 Subdivision of Township into Sections……………………………………335 14-10 Subdivision of Sections…………………………………………………… 336 14-11 Fractional Sections………………………………………………………... 337 14-12 Witness Corners ………………………………………………………….. 338 14-13 Meander Corners………………………………………………………...... 338 14-14 Lost and Obliterated Corners …………………………………………….. 339 14-15 Description by Township, Sections, and Smaller Subdivision…………… 339 Practice Problems ………………………………………………………… 342 Solutions for Supplemental Practice Problems ………………………….. 345
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Surveying for California Civil PE License©
Dr. Shahin A. Mansour, PE
Chapter 15- Global Positioning System (GPS) & Geographic Information Systems (GIS) 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15-5
Introduction ………………………………………………………………. 348 Theory of GPS……………………………………………………………..348 Differential GPS…………………………………………………………... 348 Weather Conditions ………………………………………………………. 351 Specifications for GPS Surveys ………………………………………….. 351 Practice Problems ………………………………………………………… 352 Solutions for Supplemental Practice Problems …………………………... 354
Index (8 pages – Computer generated index)……………………………………. 355
Facts About
“Surveying for California Civil PE License” By
Dr. Shahin A. Mansour, PE Based on the Special Civil Engineer Examination Test Plan of November 2011 of California Board of Registration. Effective October 2012 Detailed table of contents (5 pages) 15 chapters, 362 pages Well organized, simplified concepts, and concise approach of the surveying topics and subjects An excellent 8 pages of computer generated index for keywords 66 practice problems similar to the exam format with detailed solutions 181 supplemental practice problems similar to the exam format with detailed solutions A comprehensive summary of surveying equations, tables, charts & and figures for an easy and quick access during the exam
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Dr. Shahin A. Mansour, PE
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Dr. Shahin A. Mansour, PE
List of Figures Chapter 1- Introduction and California Special Engineering Surveying Exam Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
Types of Distances…………………………………………………………... 42 Differential Leveling Technique………………………………………......... 42 Horizontal & Vertical Angles………………………………………….......... 43 Leveling Equipment- Level and Rod……………………………………….. 46 True Horizontal Distance, Vertical Distance, Vertical and Zenith Angles…. 46
Chapter 2 - Theory of Measurements Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5
Kinds of Measurements in Surveying……………………………………..... 54 Examples of Precision and Accuracy……………………………………….. 57 Probability with High Precision (left) and Low Precision (Right) ……....... 58 Relation Between Error and Percentage of Area Under Probability Curve… 58 Error of area………........................................................................................ 60
Chapter 3 - Field Notes & Surveying Equipment Figure 3.1 Figure 3.2 Figure 3.3
Transit Essential Parts. Schematics diagram of an alidade ………………… 72 Using of Leveling Screw on a Three-Screw Instrument……………………. 73 Left Thumb Rule for Bubble Centering on a Three-Screw Instrument…….. 73
Chapter 4 - Horizontal Distance Measurements Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure
4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17
Stadia principle for horizontal sight (external-focusing telescope) ………… 77 Stadia principle for inclined sight………………........................................... 78 Subtense bar………………………………………………………………... 79 Effect of temperature and pressure on EDM readings……………………….80 Principal of EDM……………………………………………………………. 81 Reduction of EDM slope distance to horizontal…………………................ 81 Effect of the prism offset……………………………………………………. 82 Method of determining the instrument-reflector constant……….................. 82 Gunter’s chain……………………………………………………………….. 83 (a) cut tape; (b) add tape; (c) fully graduated tape………………….............. 84 Taping Accessories………………………………………………………….. 85 Taping Accessories………………………………………………………….. 86 Error in 6-in misalignment………………………………………………….. 87 Slope measurement………………………………………………………… 87 Measuring horizontal distances by the "breaking tape" method…................ 88 Effect of sag…………………………………………………………………. 95 Stationing of a Project………………………………………………………. 100
List of Figures and Tables
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Surveying for California Civil PE License©
Dr. Shahin A. Mansour, PE
Chapter 5 - Leveling-Theory, Equipment & Measurements Leveling ……………………………………………………………… 111 Differential Leveling Concept……………………………………................ 111 Turning Point and Turning Plate……………………………………………. 112 (a) Philadelphia rod (Feet), (b) Philadelphia rod (Metric) (c)Stadia Rod (Feet) (d) Stadia Rod (Metric)…………………………….. 116 Figure 5.5 Waving (Swinging) the Rod…………………………………………….. 117 Figure 5.6 Top and Bottom Hair Readings…………………………………………… 117 Figure 5.7 Curvature and refraction…………………………………………………….. 118 Figure 5.8 Differential leveling concept………………………………………………... 119 Figure 5.9 Differential Leveling Operation…………………………………………….. 119 Figure 5.10 Two-Peg Test……………………………………………………….……….. 120 Figure 5.11 Reciprocal Leveling………………………………….……….……….…….. 122 Figure Figure Figure Figure
5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4
Chapter 6- Angles, Bearings, Azimuths & Com Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure
6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6-5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 6.10 6.11
Direction by angles (left) & direction referred to the meridian (right)………134 Types of deflection angles…………………………………………………... 135 Types of horizontal angles………………………………………………….. 135 Internal angles…………………………………………………………......... 136 Bearings and angles…………………………………………………………. 138 Azimuths from the north (left) & from south (right) …………………......... 140 Concept of forward and back azimuths……………………………………... 140 Comparison of bearings and azimuths……………………………………… 142 Magnetic declination………………………………………………………... 143 Declination on a com circle……………………………………………. 143 Vertical and Zenith Angles: above horizontal (left), below horizontal (right) 147
Chapter 7- Traverse Computations Figure 7.1 Figure 7.2 Figure 7.3 Figure 7.4
Open Traverse………………………………………………………….......... 154 Closed Traverses – Loop (top) and Connecting (bottom) …………......... 155 Latitude and Departure of a Line……………………………………………. 156 Closure of a Traverse………………………………………………………... 157
Chapter 8- Length, Area, Volume Computations & Mass Diagram Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure xiv
8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8
Areas of Portions of a Circle………………………………………………... 176 Area by offsets from a straight line with a linear boundary……………….. 177 Area by offsets from a straight line with a curved boundary………………. 177 Double Meridian Distance (DMD) …………………………………………. 178 Concept of Area by Coordinates………………………………………........ 179 Cross Sections for Sample problem 8.8…………………………………….. 185 Original Ground versus Proposed Profile…………………………………… 188 Mass Diagram…………………………………………………………......... 188 List of Figures and Tables
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Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure
8.9 8.10 8.11 8.12 8.13
Surveying for California Civil PE License©
Dr. Shahin A. Mansour, PE
Properties of Mass Diagram…………………………………………............ 190 Free Haul Distance……..…………...………………………………………. 191 Calculation of Overhaul………………………………………….................. 191 Shrinkage and Swell of Soil During Earthmoving………………………….. 193 Shrinkage and Swell Factors of Soil and Rock………………………........... 193
Chapter 9- Topography Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure
9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7
Contours for a Creek (Stream of Water) …………………………………….. 208 Contours for a Ridge Line……………………………………….................... 208 Contour Map………………………………………...……………………….. 209 Locating Contours by Direct Method………………………………............... 210 Locating Contours by Indirect Method……………………………………..... 210 Drawing Contour line by Interpolation………………………………………. 214 Plan view of a Hill & Profile Views (I) and Saddle (II) …………………….. 215
Chapter 10- Horizontal, Spiral and Vertical Curves Figure 10.1 Types of Horizontal Curves…………………………………………........... 226 Figure 10.2 Terminology of Horizontal Curve……………………………………........... 227 Figure 10.3 Deflection and Central Angles Relationship………………………………... 232 Figure 10.4 Layout by Deflection Angle Method……………………………………….. 233 Figure 10.5 Layout by Deflection Angle Method………………………………………... 234 Figure 10.6 Tangent Offset………………………………………………………………. 235 Figure 10.7 Moving Up on a Horizontal Curve………………………………………….. 236 Figure 10.8 Compound Circular Curve………………………………………….............239 Figure 10.9 Reverse Curves: Parallel Tangents (top) and Non-Parallel Tangent (bottom) 241 Figure 10.10 Spiral Curve………………………………………………………………... 242 Figure 10.11 Curve with and without spiral transition………………………………….. 243 Figure 10.12 Vertical Curves Terminology……………………………………………... 244 Figure 10.13 Sag (a) and Crest (b) Vertical Curves……………………………………... 246 Figure 10.14 Geometric of a Parabola…………………………………………................ 246 Figure 10.15 Crest and Sag Vertical Curves Terminology……………………………… 247 Figure 10.16 Low Point on a Sag Vertical Curve…………………………………........... 248 Figure 10.17 Unsymmetrical Vertical Curve…………………………………………. 253
Chapter 11- State Plane Coordinate System Figure 11.1 Shape of the Earth.....………………………………………………………. 263 Figure 11.2 Surfaces of Lambert and Mercator Projections Uses in State Plane Coordinate Systems……………………...……….………………………… 265 Figure 11.3 Lambert conformal conic projection used for SPCS83………………........... 266 Figure 11.4 The Transverse Mercator projection…………………………………............ 267 Figure 11.5 Reduction of lengths from surface observation of ellipsoid…………............ 268 List of Figures and Tables
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Surveying for California Civil PE License©
Dr. Shahin A. Mansour, PE
Construction Surveys Ref. : Chapter 12 Caltrans Surveying Manual Figure Figure Figure Figure
12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4
Control Points…………...……...…………………………………………… 274 Slope Stake in Cut Section…………………………………………............. 275 Slope Stake in Fill Section. Case I: HI Above Subgrade…………………… 275 Slope Stake in Fill Section. Case II: HI Below Subgrade……………........... 276
Chapter 13- Photogrammetry Figure 13.1 Figure 13.2 Figure 13.4 Figure 13.5
Steps of Photogrammetry…………………………………………................. 315 Aerial Target for Pre-marking………………………………………………... 315 Forward and Side Overlap…………………………………………................ 317 Scale of a Vertical Photograph……………………...………………………... 318
Chapter 14- Surveys of Public Lands Figure 14.1 Figure 14.2 Figure 14.3 Figure 14.4 Figure 14.5 Figure 14.6 Figure 14.7 Figure 14.8 Figure 14.9
Gunter’s Chain…………………………………………...…………………. 331 Meridians and Initial Points in California……………………………….. 332 Ranges, Townships and Correction Line………………………… …….. 333 Initial Point and Base Line……………………………………………… 333 Order of Running Lines for Subdivision of a Township into Section… 335 Numbering Sections in a Township……………………………………….. 337 Fractional Sections…………………………………………........................ 338 Townships and Sections Relationship………………………….…………. 340 Ranges, Townships and Sections Relationships………………………….. 341
Chapter 15- Global Positioning System (GPS) Figure 15.1 GPS Satellites in Orbit around the Earth………………………….………… 348 Figure 15.2 GPS Measurement…………………………………………...……………… 349
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List of Figures and Tables
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Dr. Shahin A. Mansour, PE
List of Tables Chapter 1- Introduction and California Special Engineering Surveying Exam Table 1-1 Table 1-2
Plane And Geodetic Surveys………………………………………………... 45 Ground, Aerial And Satellite Surveys…………………………………......... 46
Chapter 2 - Theory of Measurements Table 2-1 Table 2-2
Systematic Versus Random Errors………………………………………….. 56 Traverse Specifications- United States……………………………………… 61
Chapter 3 - Field Notes & Surveying Equipment Table 3-1
Surveying Methods Equipment……………………………………………... 71
Chapter 4 - Horizontal Distance Measurements Table 4-1 Table 4-2 Table 4-3 Table 4-4 Table 4-5 Table 4-6 Table 4-7
Summary of Distance Measurement Methods……………………………… 90 Summary of Distance Measurement Methods……………………………… 91 Systematic Versus Random Errors………………………………………….. 91 Sign Of The Correction To Be Applied…………………………………….. 93 Corrections of Errors In Taping……………………………………………. 97 Types, Source And Classification Of Errors In Taping……………………. 98 Sources of Errors In Taping……………………………………………….. 101
Chapter 5 - Leveling-Theory, Equipment & Measurements Table 5-1 Table 5-2 Table 5-3 Table 5-4
1984 FGCS Vertical Control Survey Accuracy Standards………………….. 112 Types of Leveling…………………………………………………………... 113 Types of Levels……………………………………………………………... 114 Types of Rods………………………………………………………………. 115
Chapter 6- Angles, Bearings, Azimuths & Com Table 6-1 Table 6-2 Table 6-3 Table 6-4
Types of Angles…………………………………………………………….. 137 Comparison Between Bearings And Azimuths……………………………... 142 Comparison Between True, Grid And Magnetic Merdians……………....... 145 Methods of Determining Angles And Directions…………………………… 146
Chapter 7- Traverse Computations Table-7-1 Table 7.2 Table 7-3
Types of Traverses………………………………………………………... 154 Traverse Specifications- United States…………………………………........ 158 Methods of Traverse Adjustment………………………………………........ 159
List of Figures and Tables
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Chapter 8- Length, Area, Volume Computations & Mass Diagram Table 8-1 Table 8-2 Table 8-3 Table 8-4 Table 8-5 Table 8-6 Table 8-7
Methods of Measuring Areas…………………………………………………... 174 English and Metric Units for Areas…………………………………….............. 175 Formulas for Areas of a Circle…………………………………………............ 176 Methods of Volume Measurement……………………………………………... 182 Cross-Section Methods of Volume Measurement……………………………… 183 Wedge and Prism (Pyramid) Volume Computation…………………………… 184 Swell and Shrinkage Factors, BCY, LCY & CCY Relationships……………… 193
Chapter 9- Topography Table 9-1 Methods of Obtaining Topography…………………………………………….. 205 Table 9-2 Planimetric versus Topography………………………………………………… 206 Table 9-3 Methods of Locating Contours…………………………………………............. 216
Chapter 10- Horizontal, Spiral and Vertical Curves Table 10-1 Types of Horizontal Curves……………………………………………………226 Table 10-2 Chord and Arc Definitions for Horizontal Curves……………………............. 228
Chapter 11- State Plane Coordinate System Table 11-1 CCS 27 and CCS 83 Comparison…………………………………………….. 264 Table 11-2 Clarke Spheriod and GRS 80 Comparison……………………………............. 264
Construction Surveys Ref. : Chapter 12 Caltrans Surveying Manual Table 12-1 Moving and Fixed (Stationary) Control Point Comparison…………………... 277 Chapter 13- Photogrammetry Chapter 14- Surveys of Public Lands Chapter 15- Global Positioning System (GPS)
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BOARD OF REGISTRATION LIST OF SURVEYING REFERNCES Special Civil Engineering Examinations Reference List General References The Professional Engineers Act (Business and Professions Code Sections 6700-6799) The Board Rules (Title 16, California Code of Regulations sections 400-476)
1- Standard Handbook for Civil Engineers, 5th Edition, 2003 Edited by F.S. Merritt McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York
2- Subdivision Map Act, 2010 Subdivision Map Act, Section 66410 - 66499.58 of the Government Code (GC 66469-66499.58) Available online from the Legislative Counsel's web site (check the box next to Government Code and enter 66469 as the search term). Available for purchase from: CELSOC (Consulting Engineers and Land Surveyors of California) 1303 J Street, Suite 370 Sacramento, CA 95814 (916) 441-7991 OR CLSA (California Land Surveyors Association) P. O. Box 9098 Santa Rosa, CA 95405-9990 (707) 578-6016
3- Surveying, 10th Edition, 1997 F. H. Moffitt and J. Bossler Prentice Hall
4- Surveying: Theory and Practice, 7th Edition, 1998 Davis, Foote, Anderson and Mikhail McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York
5- Surveying with Construction Applications, 6th Edition, 2006 Barry F. Kavanagh Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, N.J.
6- Definitions of Surveying and Associated , 2005 American Congress on Surveying and Mapping
7- Handbook of Civil Engineering Calculations, 2nd Edition, 2007 Tyler Hicks (Author) McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York
8- Civil Engineering Formulas, 2nd Edition, 2010 Tyler Hicks (Author) McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York
9- The Civil Engineering Handbook, New Directions in Civil Engineering 2nd Edition, 2003 W.F. Chen (Editor), J.Y. Richard Liew (Editor) CRC Press, LLC Board Surveying References (Per November 2011 Test Plan)
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Civil Engineer Examination Engineering Surveying Test Plan Revised November 2011(Effective October 2012 Examination)
Definition of Engineering Surveying Engineering Surveying is defined as those activities involved in the practice and application of surveying principles for the location, design, construction and maintenance and operation of engineered projects. This area of practice is structured into five primary content areas: I. II. III. IV. V.
Standards of Practice (6%) Equipment and Uses (8%) Field Measurements (28%) Calculations (33%) Data Application Procedures (25%)
Glossary of Engineering Surveying As used in the test plan task statements, the following abilities are defined as: Determine Interpret Perform Prepare Recognize
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To establish or define after consideration, investigation, or calculation for use in an engineering surveying activity. To conceive and explain the meaning of engineering surveying , symbols and procedures. To execute and complete a task in accordance with the requirements of engineering surveying practice. To put together or make by combining various existing or newly created elements for use in an engineering surveying activity. To know or identify the engineering surveying elements of a project from past experience or knowledge.
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I. STANDARDS OF PRACTICE (6%) Standards of Practice include knowledge of the laws regulating engineering surveying and the standards of care required. Tasks and Knowledge Required T01. Practice in accordance to laws regulating engineering surveying and limits of practice K01. Characteristics and purposes of subdivision maps (Subdivision Map Act) as it applies to the Business and Professions Code 6731.1……………. K02. Professional Engineer's (PE) Act……………………………………….
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II.
Dr. Shahin A. Mansour, PE
EQUIPMENT AND USES (8%)
Engineering surveying equipment and uses include the types of equipment used and their application for gathering and interpreting field data and for construction layout. Tasks and Knowledge Required T02. Distinguish the purposes and procedures of different survey types K03
K03. Control surveys (purpose and procedures) ……………………………. K04. Construction surveys (purpose and procedures)………………………. K05. Route surveys (purpose and procedures)……………………………… K06. Topographic surveys (purpose and procedures)………………………. T03. Identify the capabilities and limitations of survey instruments and equipment K07. Total Station…………………………………………………………... K08. Leveling equipment……………………………………………………. K09. Global Positioning System (GPS)……………………………………… K10. Other surveying equipment (e.g., engineer's transit, survey prism, plumb bob, Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM)……………………….
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III.
Dr. Shahin A. Mansour, PE
FIELD MEASUREMENTS (28%)
Engineering surveying field measurements include the methods and procedures for determining distances, angles and elevations. Tasks and Knowledge Required T04. Perform construction surveying (e.g., construction staking) K11. Construction layout requirements…………………………………….. K12. Horizontal and vertical curve layout…………………………………. K13. Horizontal and vertical control layout………………………………... K14. Line and grade layout………………………………………………… K15. Offset distance computations………………………………………… K16. Procedures for establishing points on a line………………………….. K17. Procedures for locating a single point………………………………… K27. Geometric properties and equations of a curve………………………. K28. Curve deflections…………………………………………………….. K29. Procedures for calculating a horizontal curve (e.g., beginning of a curve, end of a curve, intersection)………………………………. K30. Properties of compound and reversing curves………………………… K31. Procedures for calculating the intersection of a curve and a straight line………………………………………………………….. K32. Procedures for calculating a vertical curve (e.g., stationing, highest/lowest point, rate of gradient)………………………………… K33. Procedures for calculating profile grade (slope) and elevations on the tangents………………………………………………………… T05. Perform the measurement of horizontal distances K18. Measuring horizontal distances………………………………………. K19. Measuring slope distances……………………………………………. T06. Perform the measurement of angles K20. Measuring horizontal angles…………………………………………. K21. Measuring deflection angles…………………………………………. K23. Relationships between azimuths, bearings, back bearings and angles T07. Perform the measurement of elevations K22. Measuring vertical (profile) distances………………………………… K24. Leveling methods (e.g., differential, profile, trigonometric, cross-section)
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IV.
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CALCULATIONS (33%)
Engineering surveying calculations are the analytical methods for applying the mathematical relationships between measured distances, angles and elevations. Tasks and Knowledge Required T08. Perform leveling calculations from field data to determine elevations K34. Leveling calculations (e.g., error analysis, checking and creating notes, adjusting)……………………………………………………………. T09. Perform traverse survey calculations K25. General trigonometric and geometric formulas (triangles, angles and lines)…………………………………………………………………. K34. Leveling calculations (e.g., error analysis, checking and creating notes, adjusting)……………………………………………………………... K26. Trigonometric relationships to determine the area of a polygon…….. K35. Procedures for calculating distances from coordinates………………. K36. Procedures for calculating bearings or azimuths from coordinates….. K37. Coordinate geometry relationships (curves, points and lines) K38. Procedures for calculating area………………………………………. T10. Perform rectangular coordinate system calculations K35. Procedures for calculating distances from coordinates……………….. K36. Procedures for calculating bearings or azimuths from coordinates…… K37. Coordinate geometry relationships (curves, points and lines)…………. T11. Perform calculations to determine quantities of construction materials K39. Methods and procedures for calculating volumes of materials (e.g., mass diagrams, average end, cross-sections)………………………………………..
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V. DATA APPLICATION PROCEDURES (25%) Engineering surveying data application procedures include the research and planning for field surveys and the conversion of field data to an engineering format. Tasks and Knowledge Required T12. Perform processing of field data K40. Field notes formats…………………………………………………..... K41. Plotting profiles ………………………………………………………. K42. Plotting cross-sections ……………………………………………….. K43. Plotting field points and data…………………………………………. K44. Applications of stationing…………………………………………….. K45. Relationship between grade lines and cross-sections…………………. T13. Obtain information from legal descriptions and easement data pertinent to engineering surveying projects K46. Formats and terminology of legal descriptions as it applies to the Business and Professions Code 6731.1……………………………… K47. Different types of easement data ……………………………………… T14. Use of datums for horizontal and vertical control K48. Different types of horizontal datums ………………………………… K49. Different types of vertical datums (e.g., bench marks)………………. T15. Prepare topographic and planimetric maps K50. Contour intervals…………………………………………………….. K51. Methods to plot contours from field information……………………. K52. Methods for interpolating elevations………………………………… K61. Applications of Geographic Information Systems (GIS)……………. T16. Interpret maps K53. Map scales ………………………………………………………….. K54. Units of conversion………………………………………………….. K55. Exaggerated scales…………………………………………………… K56. Plan and profile as it applies to the Business and Professions Code 6731.1 K57. Characteristics and purposes of underground mapping………………. K58. Characteristics and purposes of topographic mapping……………….. K59. Characteristics and purposes of grading plans…………………………… K60. Characteristics and purposes of improvement plans (e.g., street, traffic signal, storm drain, water)……………………………………………………….. K61. Applications of Geographic Information Systems (GIS)…………………..
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Board Test Plan – November 2011 (Effective October 2012)
Dr. Shahin A. Mansour, PE
Surveying for California Civil PE License©
Dr. Shahin A. Mansour, PE
Well Organized, Based on the Current California Board Test Plan and References, Detailed Table of Contents, Computer Generated Index (8 pages), Simplified Concepts, 66 Sample Problems with Detailed Solutions, and 181 Supplemental Practice Problems with Detailed Solutions.
The only book has A comprehensive summary of surveying equations, tables, figures, and charts you need for the exam. All what you need at one location and at your fingertips. ONE BOOK HAS ALL WHAT YOU NEED!
Surveying for
California Civil Engineering License A Concise and Comprehensive Summary of Surveying Equations, Tables, and Figures is Included for a Quick Access During the Exam
Dr. Shahin A. Mansour, PE First Edition
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Dr. Shahin A. Mansour, PE
ISBN: 978-0-9823726-3-0 © 2014 Professional Engineering Services (PES)
All right reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced by any means, without a written permission from the author. The author can be reached by email [email protected]
Current printing of this edition 3
Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Control Number
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Preface
O
ur next generation of Civil PE books were carefully developed by Dr. Shahin A. Mansour, Ph.D., P.E., a nationally recognized expert in PE Exam Preparation courses and founder of Professional Engineering Services, Inc., (PES). This generation is quickly becoming the Best in Class solution for engineering professionals working to California Board and NCEES exams. Each and every book in this comprehensive collection has been prepared with your readiness in mind and will serve as a powerful guide throughout your PE Exam Preparation studies in Civil PE, Seismic, and Surveying concentrations. Dr. Mansour has taught and spoken to thousands of engineers and has been teaching PE, Seismic, Surveying, and EIT/FE classes for the past 22 years enabling his products, classes, and seminars to continuously evolve and adapt to the changing demands of this challenging field. His real-world experience and intercommunication with so many engineers throughout America has greatly improved his ability to craft concise and knowledgeable resources that work for professionals striving to their Professional Engineering Licensing Board Exam and other California special exams. One of the primary advantages of PES’ preparation books is their compact and succinct format. The experiences and of engineering students and professionals that have worked with these materials affirms our effective use of good, factual diagrams and illustrations to more fully explain concepts throughout each text. In fact, Dr. Mansour makes great use of this style of teaching through figures, comparative tables, charts, and illustrations to concisely convey important information to engineers preparing for the exam. The primary focus of each book in our collection is targeted on subjects that are directly relevant to the PE exam. This method provides substantial time savings to students that simply don’t have the wherewithal to digest leading competitive volumes, which typically exceed 1,000 pages. Another strong asset of these next generation books is the separation of Breadth (a.m.) and Depth (p.m.) topics. Each Civil PE, Seismic, and Surveying book is organized in accordance with the most current exam specifications and has matured since their inception through the inputs, complaints, wishes, and other given from course participants and colleagues for over 22 years. Recent changes in the format of the Civil PE exam have made it necessary to address the change from essay to multiple choice problems, separation of a.m. and p.m. sections, and the introduction of the construction module. The books’ improved organization is completed with a very detailed Table of Contents, which addresses both the a.m. and p.m. subjects and more, making them a favored resource for preparation as well as exam time. The best part in all this growth and continuous improvement is the ability to apply this knowledge and experience to our supplemental products developed to give you the best head start for ing your Professional Engineering Licensing Board Exam. Every book, DVD, seminar, and accompanying Problems & Solutions workbooks are designed with all relevant codes, topics, board test plans, and NCEES exam specifications. And, these study materials and seminars, also manage to cover these fields of study in the same order as listed in the latest exam specifications for easy reference at-a-glance. Not only are our next generation books written to be current and well-organized to save you time during exam preparation and test taking; they are also affordable and authored by a highly qualified and nationally recognized Civil Engineering Professor. Dr. Shahin A. Mansour, Ph.D., P.E has helped thousands of students to their Professional Engineering Licensing Board Exam. His easy, step-bystep approach to solving problems has gained him popularity and a great reputation among students and professionals of all ages. We hope that you’ll find the many resources at Professional Engineering Services, Inc. to be exceptional textbooks, DVDs, and seminars – and as valuable a resource as we believe them to be. iii
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Disclaimer This publication is to help the candidates for the Special Surveying Exam for California PE Civil. This publication expresses the opinion of the author. Every effort and care has been taken to ensure that all data, information, solutions, concept and suggestions are as accurate as possible. The author cannot assume or accept the responsibility or liability for errors in the data, information, solutions, concept and suggestions and the use of this material in preparation for the exam or using it during the exam. Also, Professional Engineering Services (PES) and the author are in no way responsible for the failure of registrants in the exam, or liable for errors or omission in the solutions, or in the way they are interpreted by the registrants or others.
Errata Notification PES and the author have made a substantial effort to ensure that the information in this publication is accurate. In the event that corrections or clarifications are needed, these will be posted on PES web site at http:// www.pe.com. PES and the author at their discretion, may or may not issue written errata. PES and the author welcome comments or corrections which can be emailed to [email protected]
How to Use This Book This book was written to help you in preparing for the Special Surveying Examination. A comprehensive summary of surveying equations and topics is provided to help you in answering the questions. The following is a suggested strategy for the exam: 1- Have all references organized before you start. Also, familiarize yourself with the comprehensive summary provided in this book. 2- Read the questions and ALL answers carefully and look for KEYWORDS in the question and the 4 possible answers. 3- Solve the easy questions first (need no or minimum calculations) and record your answers on the answer sheet. 4- Work on questions that require lengthy calculations and record your answers on the answer sheet. 5- Questions that seem difficult or not familiar to you and may need considerable time in searching in your references should be left to the end. 6- Never leave an answer blank. 7- the D3 rule: DO NOT EXPECT THE EXAM TO BE EASY DO NOT PANIC DO NOT WASTE TOO MUCH TIME ON A SIGNLE EASY, DIFFICULT OR UNFAMILAR PROBLEM
About the Author Dr. Shahin A. Mansour, PE, has been teaching PE, Seismic, Surveying and EIT courses for the last 22 years. Dr. Mansour taught Civil Engineering Courses for 8 years at New Mexico State University (NMSU), Las Cruces, NM, USA. Also, he has been teaching Civil and Construction Engineering Courses (graduate & undergraduate) at CSU, Fresno, CA, for the last 22 years. Dr. Mansour has helped thousands of engineers to their Professional Engineering Licensing Board Exams (Civil PE, Special Seismic and Surveying Exams). His easy, step-by-step approach to solving problems has gained him popularity and a great reputation among students and professionals of all ages. Dr. Mansour is a ed Civil Engineer in California. His educational background includes a BS degree in Civil Engineering, a Master, and Ph.D. degrees in Structural Engineering from New Mexico State University (NMSU), Las Cruces, NM, USA. Also, Dr. Mansour has two engineering degrees (B.S. & M.S.) from Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
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Table of Contents
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Acknowledgements No one walks alone on the journey of life. Just where do you start to thank those that ed you, walked beside you, and helped you along the way continuously urged me to write a book. Much of what I have learned over the years came as the result of being a father to 3 wonderful and delightful children, Aroob, Munierah, and Abdallah all of whom, in their own ways inspired me and, subconsciously contributed a tremendous amount to the content of this book. Without their nice work and sincere commitments, this book would never have seen the road to the printing machine. A little bit of each of them will be found here weaving in and out of the pages - Thanks kids! I want to thank all Civil Engineers who attended my review classes for the last 23 years for their valuable comments and suggestions to improve the quality of this book. They shared their knowledge, their ideas, and numerous tips all of which culminated in the improvement of this book. Thanks guys! Finally, I would like to give my special thanks to my wife Rufida whose patience, and love enabled me to complete this work. With her unlimited and encouragement most of my dreams came true. Thank you my minster of interior!
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TABLE OF CONTENTS California Special Surveying Principles Exam (Test Plan November 2011) ….. 1 Summary of Surveying Equations ……………………………………………... 9 Definitions of Surveying and Associated ……………………………….. 29 Abbreviations…………………………………………………………………… 37
Chapter 1- Introduction and CA Special Engineering Surveying Exam 1-1 1-2 1-3 1-4 1-5 1-6 1-7
Definition of Surveying……………………………………………………42 Types of Surveys …………………………………………………………. 43 Types of Maps…………………………………………………………….. 47 Professional Land Surveys Act…………………………………………… 48 Professional Engineers Act ………………………………………………. 48 Subdivision Map Act………………………………………………………48 California Special Surveying Exam………………………………………. 48 Supplemental Practice Problems………………………………………...... 49 Solutions for Supplemental Practice Problems …………………………... 52
Chapter 2- Theory of Measurements 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4 2-5 2-6
Types of Measurements in Surveying …………………………………… 54 Units of Measurements ………………………………………………….. 54 Significant Figures ………………………………………………………. 55 Rounding off Numbers…………………………………………………… 56 Errors, Types and Magnitude of Errors in Measurements ……………...... 56 Probability and Measures of Precision …………………………………… 58 Practice Problems…………………………………………………………. 62 Solutions for Supplemental Practice Problems …………………………... 65
Chapter 3- Surveying Equipment & Field Notes 3-1 3-2 3-3 3-4 3-5 3-6 3-7
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Introduction & Reasons for Field Notes………………………………….. 68 Requirements for Good Notes …………………………………………… 68 Kinds of Notes …………………………………………………………… 69 Arrangement of Fields Notes ……………..……………………………… 69 Suggestions on Recording Notes ………………………………………… 70 Surveying Methods and Equipment………………………………………. 71 Left Thumb Rule ………………………………………………………..... 73 Practice Problems………………………………………………………..... 74 Solutions for Supplemental Practice Problems …………………………... 74 Table of Contents
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Chapter 4- Horizontal Distance Measurements 4-1 4-2 4-3 4-4 4-5 4-6 4-7 4-8 4-9 4-10 4-11 4-12
Introduction ………………………………………………………………. 76 Method of Measuring Horizontal Distances ……………………………... 76 Slope Computations & Approximate Formula …………………………... 87 Precision of Various Measuring Methods… …………………………….. 90 Sources of Error in Taping……………………………………………….. 91 Types of Error in Taping………………………………………………..... 91 Summary of Corrections of Errors in Taping ……………………………. 97 Types, Sources, and Classifications of Taping Errors …………………… 98 Combined Correction…………………………………………………….. 99 Stationing (STA), Post Mile (PM), and Kilo Post (KP)………………….. 99 Review of Sources of Errors in Taping…………………………………… 101 Common Mistakes………………………………………………………... 101 Practice Problems…………………………………………………………. 102 Solutions for Supplemental Practice Problems …………………………... 106
Chapter 5- Leveling-Theory, Equipment & Measurements 5-1 5-2 5-3 5-4 5-5 5-6 5-7 5-8 5-9 5-10
Introduction ………………………………………………………………. 110 Leveling Definitions & …………………………………………… 110 Types of Leveling………………………………………………………… 113 Leveling Equipment………………………………………………………. 114 Curvature and Refraction…………………………………………………. 118 Theory of Differential Leveling ………………………………………..... 119 Two-Peg Test …………………………………………………………….. 120 Three-Wire Leveling……………………..……………………………...... 121 Reciprocal Leveling ……………………………………………………… 121 Sources and Types of Errors in Leveling ………………………………… 123 Practice Problems ………………………………………………………… 124 Solutions for Supplemental Practice Problems …………………………... 128
Chapter 6- Angles, Bearings, Azimuths, & Com 6-1 6-2 6-3 6-4 6-5 6-6 6-7 6-8 6-9
Introduction ………………………………………………………………. 134 Interior, Exterior, and Deflection Angles…………………………………. 134 Bearings (True, Magnetic & Grid) ……………………………………….. 138 Azimuths (True, Magnetic & Grid) ……………………………………… 139 Comparison of Bearings and Azimuths…………………………………... 142 Magnetic Declination …………………………………………………….. 143 True, Grid & Magnetic Meridians ……………………………………….. 145 Methods of Determining Angles and Directions………………………..... 146 Vertical and Zenith Angles ………………………………………………. 147 Practice Problems………………………………………………………… 148 Solutions for Supplemental Practice Problems ………………………….. 150 Table of Contents
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Chapter 7- Traverse Computations 7-1 7-2 7-3 7-4 7-5 7-6 7-7
Introduction ………………………………………………………………. 154 Measurements and Directions of Traverses ……………………………… 155 Latitudes and Departures ………………………………………………….156 Traverse Computations ……………………………………………………157 Balancing Angles ………………………………………………………… 158 Traverse Balancing (Adjustment)………………………………………… 159 Rectangular Coordinates …………………………………………………. 161 Practice Problems…………………………………………………………. 167 Solutions for Supplemental Practice Problems …………………………... 170
Chapter 8- Length, Area, Volume Computations & Mass Diagram 8-1 8-2
8-3
8-4
Length Computation ………………………………………………………174 Methods of Measuring Area ………………………………………………174 Area by division into triangles and other shapes…………………….. 175 Area by offsets from straight lines…………………………………... 177 Area by double-meridian-distance method (DMD)…………………. 178 Area by coordinates (criss-cross)……………………………………. 179 Measurement of area by planimeter…………………………………. 181 Methods of Volume Measurement ……………………………………….. 182 The cross-section method……………………………………………. 183 Average-end –area formula………………………………………….. 183 Mass Diagram ……………………………………………………………. 187 Practice Problems ………………………………………………………… 197 Solutions for Supplemental Practice Problems …………………………... 200
Chapter 9- Topography 9-1 9-2 9-3 9-4 9-5 9-6 9-7 9-8 9-9 9-10 9-11
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Introduction to Topography ……………………………………………… 204 Control for Topographic Surveys………………………………………….204 Methods for Obtaining Topography……………………………………….205 Topographic Maps…………………………………………………………206 Scales for Topographic Maps……………………………………………...206 Contours: Definitions and Properties……………………………………...207 Spot Elevations and Contour Index………………………………………..209 Direct and Indirect Methods of Locating Contours…….………………….209 Rules for Drawing (Plotting) Contours…………………………………… 213 Key Points for Contours…………………………………………………...214 Methods for Locating Contours……………………………………………216 Practice problems ………………………………………………………….217 Solutions for Supplemental Practice Problems ……………………………222 Table of Contents
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Chapter 10- Horizontal, Spiral and Vertical Curves 10-1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………..226 10-2 Types of Horizontal Curves ……………………………………………….226 10-3 Terminology of Horizontal Curves………………………………………...227 10-4 Geometry of Circular Curves………………………………………………229 10-5 Deflection Angles, Chord, and Offset Calculations………………………..232 10-6 Moving up on the Curve……………………………………………………235 10-7 Compound Circular Curves………………………………………………...239 10-8 Reverse Curves……………………………………………………………..240 10-9 Spiral Curves……………………………………………………………….241 10-10 Vertical Curves……………………………………………………………..244 10-11 Vertical Terminology………………………………………………………244 10-12 Types of Vertical Curves…………………………………………………...245 10-13 Geometric Properties of the Parabola………………………………………246 10-14 High and Low Points on Vertical Curves…………………………………..248 10-15 Vertical Curves Under or Over an Obstruction…………………………….250 10-16 Asymmetrical (Unsymmetrical) Vertical Curves…………………………..253 Practice Problems…………………………………………………………..255 Solutions for Supplemental Practice Problems ……………………………258
Chapter 11- State Plane Coordinate System 11-1 11-2 11-3 11-4 11-5 11-6 11-7 11-8
Introduction ………………………………………………………………. 262 Shape of the Earth ………………………………………………………...262 Advantages of the Rectangular Coordinate System .…………..………… 263 California Coordinate System of 1927&1983 (CCS 27& CCS 83 …….... 263 Lambert Conformal Conic Projection……………………………………. 265 Transverse Mercator Projection………………………………………….. 267 Ground Distance Versus Grid Distance…………………………………... 267 Conversion Between SPCS 27 & SPCS 83………………………………. 269 Practice Problems………………………………………………………….270 Solutions for Supplemental Practice Problems …………………………...272
Chapter 12-Construction Surveys Introduction ……………………………………………………………….274 Cut and Fill Stakes ………………………………………………………..275 Header and Cluster Information …………………………………………..276 Slope Stake listing…………………………………………………………277 Practice Problems ………………………………………………………....283 Solutions for Supplemental Practice Problems …………………………...287 Caltrans Surveys Manual- Chapter 12 “ Construction Surveys” …………..289-312
12-1 12-2 12-3 12-4
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Chapter 13- Photogrammetry 13-1 13-2 13-3 13-4 13-5 13-6 13-7 13-8 13-9
Introduction ………………………………………………………………. 314 Ground Control for Photogrammetry …………………………………….. 315 Aerial Cameras for Photogrammetry……………………………………... 316 Photograph Forward and Side Overlap………………………………….... 317 Photo Scale ……………………………………………………………...... 318 Map Scale…………………………………………………………………. 321 National Map Accuracy……………………………………………………322 Sources of Error in Photogrammetry………………………………………322 Mistakes in Photogrammetry………………………………………………322 Practice Problems ………………………………………………………….323 Solutions for Supplemental Practice Problems ……………………………326
Chapter 14- Surveys of Public Lands 14-1 Introduction ……………………………………………………………….330 14-2 Initial point………………………………………………………………... 331 14-3 Principal Meridian ……………………………………………………….. 332 14-4 Baseline ………………………………………………………………….. 332 14-5 Standard Parallels (Correction Lines)…………………………………….. 334 14-6 Guide Meridians…………………………………………………………... 334 14-7 Township and Range……………………………………………………… 334 14-8 Designation of Townships…………………………………………………334 14-9 Subdivision of Township into Sections……………………………………335 14-10 Subdivision of Sections…………………………………………………… 336 14-11 Fractional Sections………………………………………………………... 337 14-12 Witness Corners ………………………………………………………….. 338 14-13 Meander Corners………………………………………………………...... 338 14-14 Lost and Obliterated Corners …………………………………………….. 339 14-15 Description by Township, Sections, and Smaller Subdivision…………… 339 Practice Problems ………………………………………………………… 342 Solutions for Supplemental Practice Problems ………………………….. 345
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Dr. Shahin A. Mansour, PE
Chapter 15- Global Positioning System (GPS) & Geographic Information Systems (GIS) 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15-5
Introduction ………………………………………………………………. 348 Theory of GPS……………………………………………………………..348 Differential GPS…………………………………………………………... 348 Weather Conditions ………………………………………………………. 351 Specifications for GPS Surveys ………………………………………….. 351 Practice Problems ………………………………………………………… 352 Solutions for Supplemental Practice Problems …………………………... 354
Index (8 pages – Computer generated index)……………………………………. 355
Facts About
“Surveying for California Civil PE License” By
Dr. Shahin A. Mansour, PE Based on the Special Civil Engineer Examination Test Plan of November 2011 of California Board of Registration. Effective October 2012 Detailed table of contents (5 pages) 15 chapters, 362 pages Well organized, simplified concepts, and concise approach of the surveying topics and subjects An excellent 8 pages of computer generated index for keywords 66 practice problems similar to the exam format with detailed solutions 181 supplemental practice problems similar to the exam format with detailed solutions A comprehensive summary of surveying equations, tables, charts & and figures for an easy and quick access during the exam
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Table of Contents
Dr. Shahin A. Mansour, PE
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Dr. Shahin A. Mansour, PE
List of Figures Chapter 1- Introduction and California Special Engineering Surveying Exam Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
Types of Distances…………………………………………………………... 42 Differential Leveling Technique………………………………………......... 42 Horizontal & Vertical Angles………………………………………….......... 43 Leveling Equipment- Level and Rod……………………………………….. 46 True Horizontal Distance, Vertical Distance, Vertical and Zenith Angles…. 46
Chapter 2 - Theory of Measurements Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5
Kinds of Measurements in Surveying……………………………………..... 54 Examples of Precision and Accuracy……………………………………….. 57 Probability with High Precision (left) and Low Precision (Right) ……....... 58 Relation Between Error and Percentage of Area Under Probability Curve… 58 Error of area………........................................................................................ 60
Chapter 3 - Field Notes & Surveying Equipment Figure 3.1 Figure 3.2 Figure 3.3
Transit Essential Parts. Schematics diagram of an alidade ………………… 72 Using of Leveling Screw on a Three-Screw Instrument……………………. 73 Left Thumb Rule for Bubble Centering on a Three-Screw Instrument…….. 73
Chapter 4 - Horizontal Distance Measurements Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure
4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17
Stadia principle for horizontal sight (external-focusing telescope) ………… 77 Stadia principle for inclined sight………………........................................... 78 Subtense bar………………………………………………………………... 79 Effect of temperature and pressure on EDM readings……………………….80 Principal of EDM……………………………………………………………. 81 Reduction of EDM slope distance to horizontal…………………................ 81 Effect of the prism offset……………………………………………………. 82 Method of determining the instrument-reflector constant……….................. 82 Gunter’s chain……………………………………………………………….. 83 (a) cut tape; (b) add tape; (c) fully graduated tape………………….............. 84 Taping Accessories………………………………………………………….. 85 Taping Accessories………………………………………………………….. 86 Error in 6-in misalignment………………………………………………….. 87 Slope measurement………………………………………………………… 87 Measuring horizontal distances by the "breaking tape" method…................ 88 Effect of sag…………………………………………………………………. 95 Stationing of a Project………………………………………………………. 100
List of Figures and Tables
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Chapter 5 - Leveling-Theory, Equipment & Measurements Leveling ……………………………………………………………… 111 Differential Leveling Concept……………………………………................ 111 Turning Point and Turning Plate……………………………………………. 112 (a) Philadelphia rod (Feet), (b) Philadelphia rod (Metric) (c)Stadia Rod (Feet) (d) Stadia Rod (Metric)…………………………….. 116 Figure 5.5 Waving (Swinging) the Rod…………………………………………….. 117 Figure 5.6 Top and Bottom Hair Readings…………………………………………… 117 Figure 5.7 Curvature and refraction…………………………………………………….. 118 Figure 5.8 Differential leveling concept………………………………………………... 119 Figure 5.9 Differential Leveling Operation…………………………………………….. 119 Figure 5.10 Two-Peg Test……………………………………………………….……….. 120 Figure 5.11 Reciprocal Leveling………………………………….……….……….…….. 122 Figure Figure Figure Figure
5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4
Chapter 6- Angles, Bearings, Azimuths & Com Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure
6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6-5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 6.10 6.11
Direction by angles (left) & direction referred to the meridian (right)………134 Types of deflection angles…………………………………………………... 135 Types of horizontal angles………………………………………………….. 135 Internal angles…………………………………………………………......... 136 Bearings and angles…………………………………………………………. 138 Azimuths from the north (left) & from south (right) …………………......... 140 Concept of forward and back azimuths……………………………………... 140 Comparison of bearings and azimuths……………………………………… 142 Magnetic declination………………………………………………………... 143 Declination on a com circle……………………………………………. 143 Vertical and Zenith Angles: above horizontal (left), below horizontal (right) 147
Chapter 7- Traverse Computations Figure 7.1 Figure 7.2 Figure 7.3 Figure 7.4
Open Traverse………………………………………………………….......... 154 Closed Traverses – Loop (top) and Connecting (bottom) …………......... 155 Latitude and Departure of a Line……………………………………………. 156 Closure of a Traverse………………………………………………………... 157
Chapter 8- Length, Area, Volume Computations & Mass Diagram Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure xiv
8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8
Areas of Portions of a Circle………………………………………………... 176 Area by offsets from a straight line with a linear boundary……………….. 177 Area by offsets from a straight line with a curved boundary………………. 177 Double Meridian Distance (DMD) …………………………………………. 178 Concept of Area by Coordinates………………………………………........ 179 Cross Sections for Sample problem 8.8…………………………………….. 185 Original Ground versus Proposed Profile…………………………………… 188 Mass Diagram…………………………………………………………......... 188 List of Figures and Tables
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Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure
8.9 8.10 8.11 8.12 8.13
Surveying for California Civil PE License©
Dr. Shahin A. Mansour, PE
Properties of Mass Diagram…………………………………………............ 190 Free Haul Distance……..…………...………………………………………. 191 Calculation of Overhaul………………………………………….................. 191 Shrinkage and Swell of Soil During Earthmoving………………………….. 193 Shrinkage and Swell Factors of Soil and Rock………………………........... 193
Chapter 9- Topography Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure
9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7
Contours for a Creek (Stream of Water) …………………………………….. 208 Contours for a Ridge Line……………………………………….................... 208 Contour Map………………………………………...……………………….. 209 Locating Contours by Direct Method………………………………............... 210 Locating Contours by Indirect Method……………………………………..... 210 Drawing Contour line by Interpolation………………………………………. 214 Plan view of a Hill & Profile Views (I) and Saddle (II) …………………….. 215
Chapter 10- Horizontal, Spiral and Vertical Curves Figure 10.1 Types of Horizontal Curves…………………………………………........... 226 Figure 10.2 Terminology of Horizontal Curve……………………………………........... 227 Figure 10.3 Deflection and Central Angles Relationship………………………………... 232 Figure 10.4 Layout by Deflection Angle Method……………………………………….. 233 Figure 10.5 Layout by Deflection Angle Method………………………………………... 234 Figure 10.6 Tangent Offset………………………………………………………………. 235 Figure 10.7 Moving Up on a Horizontal Curve………………………………………….. 236 Figure 10.8 Compound Circular Curve………………………………………….............239 Figure 10.9 Reverse Curves: Parallel Tangents (top) and Non-Parallel Tangent (bottom) 241 Figure 10.10 Spiral Curve………………………………………………………………... 242 Figure 10.11 Curve with and without spiral transition………………………………….. 243 Figure 10.12 Vertical Curves Terminology……………………………………………... 244 Figure 10.13 Sag (a) and Crest (b) Vertical Curves……………………………………... 246 Figure 10.14 Geometric of a Parabola…………………………………………................ 246 Figure 10.15 Crest and Sag Vertical Curves Terminology……………………………… 247 Figure 10.16 Low Point on a Sag Vertical Curve…………………………………........... 248 Figure 10.17 Unsymmetrical Vertical Curve…………………………………………. 253
Chapter 11- State Plane Coordinate System Figure 11.1 Shape of the Earth.....………………………………………………………. 263 Figure 11.2 Surfaces of Lambert and Mercator Projections Uses in State Plane Coordinate Systems……………………...……….………………………… 265 Figure 11.3 Lambert conformal conic projection used for SPCS83………………........... 266 Figure 11.4 The Transverse Mercator projection…………………………………............ 267 Figure 11.5 Reduction of lengths from surface observation of ellipsoid…………............ 268 List of Figures and Tables
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Dr. Shahin A. Mansour, PE
Construction Surveys Ref. : Chapter 12 Caltrans Surveying Manual Figure Figure Figure Figure
12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4
Control Points…………...……...…………………………………………… 274 Slope Stake in Cut Section…………………………………………............. 275 Slope Stake in Fill Section. Case I: HI Above Subgrade…………………… 275 Slope Stake in Fill Section. Case II: HI Below Subgrade……………........... 276
Chapter 13- Photogrammetry Figure 13.1 Figure 13.2 Figure 13.4 Figure 13.5
Steps of Photogrammetry…………………………………………................. 315 Aerial Target for Pre-marking………………………………………………... 315 Forward and Side Overlap…………………………………………................ 317 Scale of a Vertical Photograph……………………...………………………... 318
Chapter 14- Surveys of Public Lands Figure 14.1 Figure 14.2 Figure 14.3 Figure 14.4 Figure 14.5 Figure 14.6 Figure 14.7 Figure 14.8 Figure 14.9
Gunter’s Chain…………………………………………...…………………. 331 Meridians and Initial Points in California……………………………….. 332 Ranges, Townships and Correction Line………………………… …….. 333 Initial Point and Base Line……………………………………………… 333 Order of Running Lines for Subdivision of a Township into Section… 335 Numbering Sections in a Township……………………………………….. 337 Fractional Sections…………………………………………........................ 338 Townships and Sections Relationship………………………….…………. 340 Ranges, Townships and Sections Relationships………………………….. 341
Chapter 15- Global Positioning System (GPS) Figure 15.1 GPS Satellites in Orbit around the Earth………………………….………… 348 Figure 15.2 GPS Measurement…………………………………………...……………… 349
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List of Figures and Tables
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Dr. Shahin A. Mansour, PE
List of Tables Chapter 1- Introduction and California Special Engineering Surveying Exam Table 1-1 Table 1-2
Plane And Geodetic Surveys………………………………………………... 45 Ground, Aerial And Satellite Surveys…………………………………......... 46
Chapter 2 - Theory of Measurements Table 2-1 Table 2-2
Systematic Versus Random Errors………………………………………….. 56 Traverse Specifications- United States……………………………………… 61
Chapter 3 - Field Notes & Surveying Equipment Table 3-1
Surveying Methods Equipment……………………………………………... 71
Chapter 4 - Horizontal Distance Measurements Table 4-1 Table 4-2 Table 4-3 Table 4-4 Table 4-5 Table 4-6 Table 4-7
Summary of Distance Measurement Methods……………………………… 90 Summary of Distance Measurement Methods……………………………… 91 Systematic Versus Random Errors………………………………………….. 91 Sign Of The Correction To Be Applied…………………………………….. 93 Corrections of Errors In Taping……………………………………………. 97 Types, Source And Classification Of Errors In Taping……………………. 98 Sources of Errors In Taping……………………………………………….. 101
Chapter 5 - Leveling-Theory, Equipment & Measurements Table 5-1 Table 5-2 Table 5-3 Table 5-4
1984 FGCS Vertical Control Survey Accuracy Standards………………….. 112 Types of Leveling…………………………………………………………... 113 Types of Levels……………………………………………………………... 114 Types of Rods………………………………………………………………. 115
Chapter 6- Angles, Bearings, Azimuths & Com Table 6-1 Table 6-2 Table 6-3 Table 6-4
Types of Angles…………………………………………………………….. 137 Comparison Between Bearings And Azimuths……………………………... 142 Comparison Between True, Grid And Magnetic Merdians……………....... 145 Methods of Determining Angles And Directions…………………………… 146
Chapter 7- Traverse Computations Table-7-1 Table 7.2 Table 7-3
Types of Traverses………………………………………………………... 154 Traverse Specifications- United States…………………………………........ 158 Methods of Traverse Adjustment………………………………………........ 159
List of Figures and Tables
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Chapter 8- Length, Area, Volume Computations & Mass Diagram Table 8-1 Table 8-2 Table 8-3 Table 8-4 Table 8-5 Table 8-6 Table 8-7
Methods of Measuring Areas…………………………………………………... 174 English and Metric Units for Areas…………………………………….............. 175 Formulas for Areas of a Circle…………………………………………............ 176 Methods of Volume Measurement……………………………………………... 182 Cross-Section Methods of Volume Measurement……………………………… 183 Wedge and Prism (Pyramid) Volume Computation…………………………… 184 Swell and Shrinkage Factors, BCY, LCY & CCY Relationships……………… 193
Chapter 9- Topography Table 9-1 Methods of Obtaining Topography…………………………………………….. 205 Table 9-2 Planimetric versus Topography………………………………………………… 206 Table 9-3 Methods of Locating Contours…………………………………………............. 216
Chapter 10- Horizontal, Spiral and Vertical Curves Table 10-1 Types of Horizontal Curves……………………………………………………226 Table 10-2 Chord and Arc Definitions for Horizontal Curves……………………............. 228
Chapter 11- State Plane Coordinate System Table 11-1 CCS 27 and CCS 83 Comparison…………………………………………….. 264 Table 11-2 Clarke Spheriod and GRS 80 Comparison……………………………............. 264
Construction Surveys Ref. : Chapter 12 Caltrans Surveying Manual Table 12-1 Moving and Fixed (Stationary) Control Point Comparison…………………... 277 Chapter 13- Photogrammetry Chapter 14- Surveys of Public Lands Chapter 15- Global Positioning System (GPS)
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List of Figures and Tables
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BOARD OF REGISTRATION LIST OF SURVEYING REFERNCES Special Civil Engineering Examinations Reference List General References The Professional Engineers Act (Business and Professions Code Sections 6700-6799) The Board Rules (Title 16, California Code of Regulations sections 400-476)
1- Standard Handbook for Civil Engineers, 5th Edition, 2003 Edited by F.S. Merritt McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York
2- Subdivision Map Act, 2010 Subdivision Map Act, Section 66410 - 66499.58 of the Government Code (GC 66469-66499.58) Available online from the Legislative Counsel's web site (check the box next to Government Code and enter 66469 as the search term). Available for purchase from: CELSOC (Consulting Engineers and Land Surveyors of California) 1303 J Street, Suite 370 Sacramento, CA 95814 (916) 441-7991 OR CLSA (California Land Surveyors Association) P. O. Box 9098 Santa Rosa, CA 95405-9990 (707) 578-6016
3- Surveying, 10th Edition, 1997 F. H. Moffitt and J. Bossler Prentice Hall
4- Surveying: Theory and Practice, 7th Edition, 1998 Davis, Foote, Anderson and Mikhail McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York
5- Surveying with Construction Applications, 6th Edition, 2006 Barry F. Kavanagh Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, N.J.
6- Definitions of Surveying and Associated , 2005 American Congress on Surveying and Mapping
7- Handbook of Civil Engineering Calculations, 2nd Edition, 2007 Tyler Hicks (Author) McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York
8- Civil Engineering Formulas, 2nd Edition, 2010 Tyler Hicks (Author) McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York
9- The Civil Engineering Handbook, New Directions in Civil Engineering 2nd Edition, 2003 W.F. Chen (Editor), J.Y. Richard Liew (Editor) CRC Press, LLC Board Surveying References (Per November 2011 Test Plan)
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Dr. Shahin A. Mansour, PE
Civil Engineer Examination Engineering Surveying Test Plan Revised November 2011(Effective October 2012 Examination)
Definition of Engineering Surveying Engineering Surveying is defined as those activities involved in the practice and application of surveying principles for the location, design, construction and maintenance and operation of engineered projects. This area of practice is structured into five primary content areas: I. II. III. IV. V.
Standards of Practice (6%) Equipment and Uses (8%) Field Measurements (28%) Calculations (33%) Data Application Procedures (25%)
Glossary of Engineering Surveying As used in the test plan task statements, the following abilities are defined as: Determine Interpret Perform Prepare Recognize
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To establish or define after consideration, investigation, or calculation for use in an engineering surveying activity. To conceive and explain the meaning of engineering surveying , symbols and procedures. To execute and complete a task in accordance with the requirements of engineering surveying practice. To put together or make by combining various existing or newly created elements for use in an engineering surveying activity. To know or identify the engineering surveying elements of a project from past experience or knowledge.
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Dr. Shahin A. Mansour, PE
I. STANDARDS OF PRACTICE (6%) Standards of Practice include knowledge of the laws regulating engineering surveying and the standards of care required. Tasks and Knowledge Required T01. Practice in accordance to laws regulating engineering surveying and limits of practice K01. Characteristics and purposes of subdivision maps (Subdivision Map Act) as it applies to the Business and Professions Code 6731.1……………. K02. Professional Engineer's (PE) Act……………………………………….
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Surveying for California Civil PE License©
II.
Dr. Shahin A. Mansour, PE
EQUIPMENT AND USES (8%)
Engineering surveying equipment and uses include the types of equipment used and their application for gathering and interpreting field data and for construction layout. Tasks and Knowledge Required T02. Distinguish the purposes and procedures of different survey types K03
K03. Control surveys (purpose and procedures) ……………………………. K04. Construction surveys (purpose and procedures)………………………. K05. Route surveys (purpose and procedures)……………………………… K06. Topographic surveys (purpose and procedures)………………………. T03. Identify the capabilities and limitations of survey instruments and equipment K07. Total Station…………………………………………………………... K08. Leveling equipment……………………………………………………. K09. Global Positioning System (GPS)……………………………………… K10. Other surveying equipment (e.g., engineer's transit, survey prism, plumb bob, Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM)……………………….
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III.
Dr. Shahin A. Mansour, PE
FIELD MEASUREMENTS (28%)
Engineering surveying field measurements include the methods and procedures for determining distances, angles and elevations. Tasks and Knowledge Required T04. Perform construction surveying (e.g., construction staking) K11. Construction layout requirements…………………………………….. K12. Horizontal and vertical curve layout…………………………………. K13. Horizontal and vertical control layout………………………………... K14. Line and grade layout………………………………………………… K15. Offset distance computations………………………………………… K16. Procedures for establishing points on a line………………………….. K17. Procedures for locating a single point………………………………… K27. Geometric properties and equations of a curve………………………. K28. Curve deflections…………………………………………………….. K29. Procedures for calculating a horizontal curve (e.g., beginning of a curve, end of a curve, intersection)………………………………. K30. Properties of compound and reversing curves………………………… K31. Procedures for calculating the intersection of a curve and a straight line………………………………………………………….. K32. Procedures for calculating a vertical curve (e.g., stationing, highest/lowest point, rate of gradient)………………………………… K33. Procedures for calculating profile grade (slope) and elevations on the tangents………………………………………………………… T05. Perform the measurement of horizontal distances K18. Measuring horizontal distances………………………………………. K19. Measuring slope distances……………………………………………. T06. Perform the measurement of angles K20. Measuring horizontal angles…………………………………………. K21. Measuring deflection angles…………………………………………. K23. Relationships between azimuths, bearings, back bearings and angles T07. Perform the measurement of elevations K22. Measuring vertical (profile) distances………………………………… K24. Leveling methods (e.g., differential, profile, trigonometric, cross-section)
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IV.
Dr. Shahin A. Mansour, PE
CALCULATIONS (33%)
Engineering surveying calculations are the analytical methods for applying the mathematical relationships between measured distances, angles and elevations. Tasks and Knowledge Required T08. Perform leveling calculations from field data to determine elevations K34. Leveling calculations (e.g., error analysis, checking and creating notes, adjusting)……………………………………………………………. T09. Perform traverse survey calculations K25. General trigonometric and geometric formulas (triangles, angles and lines)…………………………………………………………………. K34. Leveling calculations (e.g., error analysis, checking and creating notes, adjusting)……………………………………………………………... K26. Trigonometric relationships to determine the area of a polygon…….. K35. Procedures for calculating distances from coordinates………………. K36. Procedures for calculating bearings or azimuths from coordinates….. K37. Coordinate geometry relationships (curves, points and lines) K38. Procedures for calculating area………………………………………. T10. Perform rectangular coordinate system calculations K35. Procedures for calculating distances from coordinates……………….. K36. Procedures for calculating bearings or azimuths from coordinates…… K37. Coordinate geometry relationships (curves, points and lines)…………. T11. Perform calculations to determine quantities of construction materials K39. Methods and procedures for calculating volumes of materials (e.g., mass diagrams, average end, cross-sections)………………………………………..
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V. DATA APPLICATION PROCEDURES (25%) Engineering surveying data application procedures include the research and planning for field surveys and the conversion of field data to an engineering format. Tasks and Knowledge Required T12. Perform processing of field data K40. Field notes formats…………………………………………………..... K41. Plotting profiles ………………………………………………………. K42. Plotting cross-sections ……………………………………………….. K43. Plotting field points and data…………………………………………. K44. Applications of stationing…………………………………………….. K45. Relationship between grade lines and cross-sections…………………. T13. Obtain information from legal descriptions and easement data pertinent to engineering surveying projects K46. Formats and terminology of legal descriptions as it applies to the Business and Professions Code 6731.1……………………………… K47. Different types of easement data ……………………………………… T14. Use of datums for horizontal and vertical control K48. Different types of horizontal datums ………………………………… K49. Different types of vertical datums (e.g., bench marks)………………. T15. Prepare topographic and planimetric maps K50. Contour intervals…………………………………………………….. K51. Methods to plot contours from field information……………………. K52. Methods for interpolating elevations………………………………… K61. Applications of Geographic Information Systems (GIS)……………. T16. Interpret maps K53. Map scales ………………………………………………………….. K54. Units of conversion………………………………………………….. K55. Exaggerated scales…………………………………………………… K56. Plan and profile as it applies to the Business and Professions Code 6731.1 K57. Characteristics and purposes of underground mapping………………. K58. Characteristics and purposes of topographic mapping……………….. K59. Characteristics and purposes of grading plans…………………………… K60. Characteristics and purposes of improvement plans (e.g., street, traffic signal, storm drain, water)……………………………………………………….. K61. Applications of Geographic Information Systems (GIS)…………………..
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