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STRUCTURES Online
Steel Detailing
STRUCTURES Online
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STEEL DETAILING
STEP BY STEP GUIDE ON AISC STANDARD Moti Lal Md. Azharul Haque By: Moti Lal & Md. Azharul Haque
STRUCTURES Online
Steel Detailing
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WORK FLOW a) Project Crew
c) Detailing Process
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d) Activity Type
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b) Post Pyramid
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a) Project Crew
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OWNER
GENERAL CONTRACTOR
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ARCHITECT
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CONSULTANTS
CIVIL
SUB CONTRACTOR STEEL FABRICATOR
SUB CONTRACTOR R.C.C.
MEP LANDSCAPING
CONSULTANT - STEEL DETAILING COMPANY
STRUCTURAL By: Moti Lal & Md. Azharul Haque
STRUCTURES Online
Steel Detailing
2 b)
FPS System
c)
Contract Documents
d)
RFI
e)
ABM
f)
Auto CAD, CNC, DXF, BIM, KSS
g)
Steel Detailing Stages
h) ! Scale, Drawing Standard
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Steel Detailing, Fabricator & Detailer
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a)
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GENERAL
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a) Steel Detailing, Fabricator & Detailer:
Any kind of building or structure may have steel skeleton. Such Steel
skeleton is built up of steel
The General
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components like column, beam, braces etc. These components are made up of raw materials of the steel. The raw steel is produced at a rolling mill by steel manufacturing organizations.
contractor of the project awards the structural steel subcontract to a fabricator. The
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responsibility of the fabricator is to fabricate the various structural steel components for on time delivery to the job site to meet the contractor’s construction schedule. A person who prepares shop drawings for a steel fabrication is known a Steel
detailer. Steel detailer
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follows the design drawings & specifications prepared by the structural engineer & Architect to prepare the Erection & shop drawings. The design documents are normally not in the format, which can be utilized by fabricator or General contractor. So here Steel
detailer translates the design data into information that the fabricator &
erector need to actually build the structure.
Fabrication shop, where structural steel is cut, punched, drilled, bolted & welded into shipping pieces for subsequent field erection. Steel erector, who receives the shipping pieces from Steel fabricator on the Job site to place them at proper location in the building.
The
By: Moti Lal & Md. Azharul Haque
STRUCTURES Online
Steel Detailing
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SPATIAL ABILITY
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Spatial ability is the mental manipulation of objects and their parts in 2D and 3D space. It will provide an accurate and complete picture for every object in of shape and size.
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Gaspard Monge when he started as an Engineer in the French Military. He devised a system that could be used to communicate an object to anyone across the world. This system is called Orthographic Projection and was quickly adopted by army engineers.
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Orthographic view means representing a 3D object in 2D drawing by projecting all edges with each other.
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on a plane so that all projection lines are ortho (Perpendicular) to the plane and parallel
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Are these two objects different or identical by merely rotating?
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Which figures at rights side matches with the extreme left side by rotating? By: Moti Lal & Md. Azharul Haque
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Steel Detailing
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ELLIPSE ORTHO PROJECTION
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Outside/Self-Rotation Outside/ArrayRotation
Figure 1.1 The Four Transformation Types. Spatial Relation
Spatial Visualization
Imagining the rotation od 3D, 3D objects as a whole body
Imagining the rotations of objects and their part in 3D Space in a holistic as well piece by piece fashion
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OBJECT ROTATION & RELATION
Inside/Self-Rotation Inside/Array-Rotation
ORTHO VIEWS ON HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL PLANE By: Moti Lal & Md. Azharul Haque
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Steel Detailing
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RAW 2 BUILDING MATERIALS
CMU means concrete masonry unit using in the wall system. Pilaster are also made up of
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CMU and used as column.
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Their actual sizes are 3/8 less than nominal sizes. Design mentions nominal sizes. Central segment width is 1” and perimeter wall is 1 1/4 thick. 8” nominal size CMU is
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widely used and below are the pic:
Concrete wall can be either Cast-in-situ or Precast. Precast wall are also called as Concrete , which are usually casted in the workshop and transported to the site for erection. In either case nominal thickness is equal to actual thickness. GA Materials means Gage plates, which are usually less than 1/4” thickness. Following are generally used thicknesses: 8GA=0.1644”, 9GA=0.1495, 10GA=0.1345”, 11GA=0.1196”, 12GA=0.1046”, 13GA=0.0897”, 14GA=0.0747”, 15GA=0.0673, 16GA=0.0598 By: Moti Lal & Md. Azharul Haque
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SSMA (Steel stud manufactures association) provides the guidelines for all type of studs.
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STRUCTURES Online Steel Detailing Metal Stud is used to make wall, column, roof and they are in C shape picture below:
Gypsum board of 5/8 thick are generally used to both or one side of the stud wall. By: Moti Lal & Md. Azharul Haque
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ANCHORAGE TO MASONARY SEE SJI SPECIFICATION 5.3 (a) AND 5.6
CEILING EXTENSION
BOTTOM CHORD STRUT
BOLTED CONNECTION* TYPICALLY REQUIRED AT COLUMNS
HEADERS Note: If header does not bear at a Joist Point add extra web in field as shown. EW or Point by Vulcraft
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K SERIES OPEN WEB STEEL JOISTS
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ACCESSORIES AND DETAILS
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ANCHORAGE TO STEEL SEE SJI SPECIFICATION 5.3 (b) AND 5.6
Steel Detailing
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STRUCTURES K SERIESOnline OPEN WEB STEEL JOISTS
HORIZONTAL BRIDGING SEE SJI SPECIFICATION 5.5 AND 6.
BRIDGING ANCHORS SEE SJI SPECIFICATION 5.5 AND 6.
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NOTE: DO NOT WELD BRIDGING TO JOIST WEB . DO NOT HANG ANY MECHANICAL, ELECTRICAL, ETC. FROM BRIDGING. ACCESSORIES AND DETAILS
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LH & DLH SERIES LONGSPAN STEEL JOISTS
ANCHORAGE TO STEEL SEE SJI SPECIFICATION 104.4 (b) AND 104.7 (b)
CEILING EXTENSION
ANCHORAGE TO MASONRY SEE SJI SPECIFICATION 104.4 (a) AND 104.7 (a)
BOTTOM CHORD EXTENSION *If bottom chord extension is to be bolted or welded the specifiying professional must provide axial loads on structural drawings.
BOLTED CONNECTION See Note (c) Typically required at columns
TOP CHORD EXTENSION See Note (a)
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WELDING
Definition: Welding is a process in which two pieces of metal are melted and fused to-
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gether to form a t. In structural welding this is accompanied by the addition of filler metal from an electrode.
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The functions of welds in structural connections are similar to those of fasteners. Welds are used to transfer shear, tension and compression forces to and from structural ts,
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and to transfer calculated forces from one part of a built-up member to another.
WELDING PROCESSES Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW): Shielded metal arc welding is an important welding procedure in both shop and field. An electric arc is produced between the end of a coated metal electrode and the steel components to be welded. By: Moti Lal & Md. Azharul Haque
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STRUCTURES Online
During the welding process the electrode coating serves two purposes:
Steel Detailing
• It forms a gas shield to prevent absorption of impurities from the atmosphere, and • The flux in the coating purifies the molten metal.
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Submerged Arc Welding (SAW): Submerged arc welding is an important process. This method is used in only the flat or horizontal position. The process is similar in principle to shielded metal arc welding. However, a continuous bare wire electrode is used instead of a coated “stick” electrode and the flux is supplied in granular form (Loose flux).
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Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW): The gas metal arc welding process is important in structural shop applications because of its adaptability to all-position work. This process, which may be automatic or semiautomatic, utilizes an uncoated solid wire electrode with arc and
weld metal shielding provided by a stream of gas.
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Flux Cored Arc Welding (FCAW): This process also may be automatic or semi-automatic. The electrodes are tubular and contain a flux-filled core, which provides shielding for the arc and weld metal. It has the same applications as the gas metal arc process. WELDING ELECTRODES Abbreviation for electrode. this electrode is most commonly used in structural work for shielded arc welding.
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E 70 XX
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represents various series or type of electrode in this class.
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tensile strength in ksi. stands for electrode.
E 70 XX LOW HYDROGEN
E 90 XX
A mineral coating on electrode which kept the electrode very dry.
A type of electrode which is used to weld rebar to steel.
Note: Information for the electrode is given in General Structural Note (GSN) in structural steel sections. By: Moti Lal & Md. Azharul Haque
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C JP
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STEEL DETAILING ANATOMY
F2280 – High-strength heat treated steel-
1. HSB TYPES & LENGTHS
ASTM A490 bolt equivalent, Contains
2. HOLES, SLOTS, EDGE DISTANCE
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spline (below)
4. WELD ACCESS HOLES
HSB TYPES & LENGTHS:
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5. CAMBER, AESS, PAINT, GALV
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3. SHEAR TAB POSITION
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A325 – High-strength medium carbon steel (lower left) most common bolts used in building construction
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A490 – High-strength heat treated steel (lower left)
High-Strength bolts are available in diameters ranging from 1/2” to 1-1/2” The most common sizes are 3/4”, 7/8”, and 1”. High-strength bolts are commonly available in incremental lengths up to 8”.
F1852 – High-strength medium carbon
Note:-
steel- ASTM A325 bolt equivalent, Con-
A307 – Low carbon steel, Not commonly used, Only used for secondary .
tains spline (below)
By: Moti Lal & Md. Azharul Haque
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Steel Detailing
Washer
Washer Face
Nut
Shank
Head
Thread
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Length
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Grip
Grip is the distance from behind the bolt head to the back of the nut or washer. It is the sum of the thicknesses of all the parts being ed exclusive of washers. Thread length is the threaded portion of the bolt. Bolt length is the distance from behind the bolt head to the end of the bolt .
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STRUCTURES Online
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ANCHOR BOLT
★ Each bottom threaded end need 1 HHN
• Types of Anchor Bolt
or 2 HHN with one plate washer or 1
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• AB Plan (Field drawing)
HHN with one plate washer.
• Anchor Bolt (Shop Drawing) • Template (Shop Drawing)
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• Design data extraction process
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• AB Sectional Detail (Field drawing)
Types:
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1. J type: Top end threaded & bottom end 2” standard hook.
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2. Rod Type: Top & bottom end threaded.
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3. Bolt Type: Top end threaded & bottom end Hex headed. ★ Each top threaded end requires
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1HHN(Heavy hex nut) with plain washer or plate washer above base plate.
★ Each top threaded end requires 1HHN(Heavy hex nut) or Jam nut or Leveling nut with plain washer below base plate.
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STEEL EMBED Sub Structural
Embed plate ship mark.
Steel beam/joist connecting embed.
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• Hold down items for s.
North direction near heading text.
• Curb Angles for slab edges.
Structural drawing no. below heading.
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• to embeds.
Title block with Drawing name & no., Revision no., Project name & Address, Field notes with Finish floor levels.
Super Structure
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• Pipe bollard for fencing
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• Vertical Embed Plate & Horizontal Embed Plate.
Embed Section: Show the following: Steel beam/joist connecting the embed. T.O. Embed PL.(See elevation)
• plan & Elevations
Embed plate horizontal locating dim.
• Veneer ties & Lintel Beam.
Embed plate mark with description.
Embed Plan: Show the following:
Structural drawing no. below heading.
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• Ledger Angle & Continuous plate.
Grids/Wall in the X & Y directions with internal dimensions with the extent dimension. Locate Top central point in the X & Y directions with dimensions from the nearest grids. Top of embed plate elevation with reference to 0’-0 (Finish floor).
Field weld (if any) Title block with Drawing name & no., Revision no., Project name & Address, Field notes with Finish floor levels. Embed Shop:
Show the following:
All dims, piece mark, ship mark, qty. Bill of material, ASTM Designations. By: Moti Lal & Md. Azharul Haque
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Steel Detailing
Design section
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Hold down items for s: The concrete are ed on the hold down plates.
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Embed section
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edges:
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Curb Angles for slab
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Embed plate w/
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Threaded stud:
Embed
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plate w/
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U-shaped
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plate:
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STEEL TO STEEL CONNECTION
ported member. The ing member al-
The beams, girders, trusses, columns and other that form a completed struc-
column.
Primarily, the single-plate connection used
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tural frame are design to resist the loads.
most always will either be a beam or a
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Introduction:
to gravity shear load. It has moder-
load through its connections to ing
ate rigidity depending to some extent on the
. For example: beams transmit
depth of the connection i.e., the number of
their loads to girder, girders transmit their
bolts and their size.
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Each of these must transmit its
loads to columns, columns transmit their
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loads to foundations and foundations transmit their loads to the ground. Each member
in this system must be provided with proper
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connections to transfer its loads to other
safely and economically, usually
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through a combination, of bolts, welds and connecting elements, such as angles,
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plates or tees.
Following are the typically used connections as mentioned below:
Single-Plate connection (shear-plate connection): A single-plate connection is
one with a plate shop welded to a ing member and field bolted to the supBy: Moti Lal & Md. Azharul Haque
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Steel Detailing
• No. of bolts required in different beam profile. (Beam depth) • Hole type. (i.e., standard holes, short slot etc.) • Plate size & grade.
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• Weld & size.
There may be the following steps to be followed / adopted to develop beam to beam and beam to column single-plate connections.
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Step-I: Maintain ½-in standard steel to steel clearance (i.e.,‘a’)
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Step-II: Fix first bolt location at 3-in from top of the beam (i.e.,‘b’) regardless of bolt
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a = Steel to steel clearance.
insufficient space available for provided bolt
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Above nomenclature are as follows:
diameter. Incase of slopped beam condition,
b = First bolt location from top of the beam
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c = Centre to centre bolt distance.
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eh = horizontal edge distance. ev = Vertical edge distance.
quantity (no. of bolt row), or may be the other reasons, then this value may be increased or decreased by an increment or decrement of 1/8-in. in a successive manner whichever value is suitable for particular condition. Step-III: The standard centre to centre bolt spacing (i.e., ‘c’) 3-in. and varies in same cases (reasons mention in step-II) but it
developed a single-plate connection as fol-
should not be less than 2 2/3d or 2.67d.
lows:
Where ‘d’ is nominal diameter of bolt.
• Beam & column profile & grade.
Step-IV: The standard horizontal edge dis-
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Information required from design drawing to
• Top of beam elevation. • Bolt diameter, grade & type.
tance (i.e.,‘eh’) in plate & beam is 1 1/2‑in. and sometimes 1 1/4-in. but it should not be less the edge distance per AISC TABLE J3.4 for corresponding bolt diameter and also By: Moti Lal & Md. Azharul Haque
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COLUMN ★
13) OVER ALL DIMENSIONS
★ 2) COLUMN’S HEADING
★
14) LEVELS
★ 3) TITLE BLOCK
★ 15) PART LOCATING DIMENSIONS
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★ 1) VIEWS
★ 16) PART MARKS
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★ 4) SHOP NOTES
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★ 5) BILL OF MATERIAL
★ 17) WELDING ★ 18)
★ 7) DIRECTION
★ 19) SLOTS IN HSS COLUMN
★ 8) CHEVRON
★ 20) BUCKET DIMENSION
★ 9) R D SYMBOL
★ 21) COLUMN SAMPLES
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★ 6) FIELD BOLTS
COLUMN HEIGHT CALCULATION
★ 10) SQUARE CUT ★ 11) END PREPARATION ★ 12) HOLE DIA By: Moti Lal & Md. Azharul Haque 111
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Steel Detailing
VIEWS:
1.
Main view Direction
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Secondary view direction Sectional Views a) Main view Direction: Column need to be viewed from Bottom or
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right side of the column plan view.
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b) Secondary view Direction:
Column need to be viewed from the left or
All centered parts can be marked as
right side based on maximum parts visibil-
“ CTR’D ” in main or secondary view.
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ity. This view is not mandatory if most
items are shown in main view & or sec-
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tional view.
c)Sectional views:
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Base plate’s top view need to be drawn below the main view or it can be separated with section mark if there is no space left below main heading. Sectional top view is also important to be drawn incase of shear plate & doubler plate or any non-centered part. By: Moti Lal & Md. Azharul Haque 112
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WF COLUMN(SHT.1 of 3) By: Moti Lal & Md. Azharul Haque 125
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(3) SKEW BEAM:- A beam which has some rotation in plan is termed as skew beam. A skew beam can be a bull-eye or fitted beam.
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As a rule, each beam in a system of floor or roof framing makes a convenient shipping and erection unit. The shop drawing seldom pictures any of the adjacent to which the beam later will be connected in the field. However, in preparing a detail drawing, all features that have a bearing on the erection of the beam must be investigated.
(2) FITTED BEAM:- Beams having any kind of plate or angle shop welded is termed as fitted beam.
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BEAM SHOP (FABRICATION) DRAWING:
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BEAM
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(4) INCLINED/SLOPED BEAM:- A beam which has some inclination or slope or having different elevation at ends is termed as inclined or sloped beam. Draw all sloped beam in flat position. A sloped beam can be a bull-eye or fitted beam also.
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The location of open holes in the beam connections must match the location of similar holes in the ing . Proper erection clearance must be provided and possible interference must be eliminated, so that the beam can be swung or lowered into position for connecting to its ing .
(5) BENT BEAM:- A beam having two or more different slopes is termed as bent beam.
There may be the following types of beam depending upon their various characteristics like; geometry, functions and end connections etc.
(6) CURVED BEAM:- A beam which is curved in shape of any radius termed as curved beam. The curved beams can be in the elevation or in plan.
(1) BULL-EYE BEAM:- A beam, which is having just holes & cutting (may or may not) are termed as bull-eye beam.
(7) MOMENT BEAM:- A beam is said to be moment beam when it has moment connection either at one end or both ends. By: Moti Lal & Md. Azharul Haque 131
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QTY
PCS MRK
MATERIALS
LENGTH IN FT
BILL OF MATERIALS
SHOP NOTES
XXX STEEL INC.
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O FOR APPROVAL ONLY
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NOTE:- ALL BOLTS ARE FIELD INSTALLED AND TENSIONED
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REMARKS
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BEAM
B2
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By: Moti Lal & Md. Azharul Haque 135
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PART DRAWING
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1. Moment Continuity Plate
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FLAT BAR: Use Standard Flat bar sizes as much as possible for all conditions except the following for the clients using Flat bar:
3. Base Plates
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2. Architecturally Exposed Plates
REFERENCE BOX: Use this box to show up quantity for each Assembly mark.
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EDGE DIMENSION: It should not be shown as it doesn’t play any role as long as we had shown the connection side dimension.
It is standard NISD practice to not to detail Flat bar vertically around opening since Decks are installed before openings are cut.
By: Moti Lal & Md. Azharul Haque 137
Steel Detailing
STRUCTURES Online
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STEEL DETAILING
STEP BY STEP GUIDE ON AISC STANDARD Moti Lal Md. Azharul Haque By: Moti Lal & Md. Azharul Haque
STRUCTURES Online
Steel Detailing
1
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WORK FLOW a) Project Crew
c) Detailing Process
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d) Activity Type
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b) Post Pyramid
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a) Project Crew
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OWNER
GENERAL CONTRACTOR
U
C
ARCHITECT
ST R
CONSULTANTS
CIVIL
SUB CONTRACTOR STEEL FABRICATOR
SUB CONTRACTOR R.C.C.
MEP LANDSCAPING
CONSULTANT - STEEL DETAILING COMPANY
STRUCTURAL By: Moti Lal & Md. Azharul Haque
STRUCTURES Online
Steel Detailing
2 b)
FPS System
c)
Contract Documents
d)
RFI
e)
ABM
f)
Auto CAD, CNC, DXF, BIM, KSS
g)
Steel Detailing Stages
h) ! Scale, Drawing Standard
O
Steel Detailing, Fabricator & Detailer
ES
a)
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GENERAL
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a) Steel Detailing, Fabricator & Detailer:
Any kind of building or structure may have steel skeleton. Such Steel
skeleton is built up of steel
The General
TU
components like column, beam, braces etc. These components are made up of raw materials of the steel. The raw steel is produced at a rolling mill by steel manufacturing organizations.
contractor of the project awards the structural steel subcontract to a fabricator. The
U
C
responsibility of the fabricator is to fabricate the various structural steel components for on time delivery to the job site to meet the contractor’s construction schedule. A person who prepares shop drawings for a steel fabrication is known a Steel
detailer. Steel detailer
ST R
follows the design drawings & specifications prepared by the structural engineer & Architect to prepare the Erection & shop drawings. The design documents are normally not in the format, which can be utilized by fabricator or General contractor. So here Steel
detailer translates the design data into information that the fabricator &
erector need to actually build the structure.
Fabrication shop, where structural steel is cut, punched, drilled, bolted & welded into shipping pieces for subsequent field erection. Steel erector, who receives the shipping pieces from Steel fabricator on the Job site to place them at proper location in the building.
The
By: Moti Lal & Md. Azharul Haque
STRUCTURES Online
Steel Detailing
3
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SPATIAL ABILITY
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Spatial ability is the mental manipulation of objects and their parts in 2D and 3D space. It will provide an accurate and complete picture for every object in of shape and size.
ES
Gaspard Monge when he started as an Engineer in the French Military. He devised a system that could be used to communicate an object to anyone across the world. This system is called Orthographic Projection and was quickly adopted by army engineers.
R
Orthographic view means representing a 3D object in 2D drawing by projecting all edges with each other.
TU
on a plane so that all projection lines are ortho (Perpendicular) to the plane and parallel
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Are these two objects different or identical by merely rotating?
!
!
Which figures at rights side matches with the extreme left side by rotating? By: Moti Lal & Md. Azharul Haque
10
Steel Detailing
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STRUCTURES Online
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ELLIPSE ORTHO PROJECTION
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Outside/Self-Rotation Outside/ArrayRotation
Figure 1.1 The Four Transformation Types. Spatial Relation
Spatial Visualization
Imagining the rotation od 3D, 3D objects as a whole body
Imagining the rotations of objects and their part in 3D Space in a holistic as well piece by piece fashion
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OBJECT ROTATION & RELATION
Inside/Self-Rotation Inside/Array-Rotation
ORTHO VIEWS ON HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL PLANE By: Moti Lal & Md. Azharul Haque
11
STRUCTURES Online
Steel Detailing
4
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RAW 2 BUILDING MATERIALS
CMU means concrete masonry unit using in the wall system. Pilaster are also made up of
O
CMU and used as column.
ES
Their actual sizes are 3/8 less than nominal sizes. Design mentions nominal sizes. Central segment width is 1” and perimeter wall is 1 1/4 thick. 8” nominal size CMU is
ST R
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C
TU
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widely used and below are the pic:
Concrete wall can be either Cast-in-situ or Precast. Precast wall are also called as Concrete , which are usually casted in the workshop and transported to the site for erection. In either case nominal thickness is equal to actual thickness. GA Materials means Gage plates, which are usually less than 1/4” thickness. Following are generally used thicknesses: 8GA=0.1644”, 9GA=0.1495, 10GA=0.1345”, 11GA=0.1196”, 12GA=0.1046”, 13GA=0.0897”, 14GA=0.0747”, 15GA=0.0673, 16GA=0.0598 By: Moti Lal & Md. Azharul Haque
18
SSMA (Steel stud manufactures association) provides the guidelines for all type of studs.
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C
TU
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ES
O
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STRUCTURES Online Steel Detailing Metal Stud is used to make wall, column, roof and they are in C shape picture below:
Gypsum board of 5/8 thick are generally used to both or one side of the stud wall. By: Moti Lal & Md. Azharul Haque
19
ANCHORAGE TO MASONARY SEE SJI SPECIFICATION 5.3 (a) AND 5.6
CEILING EXTENSION
BOTTOM CHORD STRUT
BOLTED CONNECTION* TYPICALLY REQUIRED AT COLUMNS
HEADERS Note: If header does not bear at a Joist Point add extra web in field as shown. EW or Point by Vulcraft
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K SERIES OPEN WEB STEEL JOISTS
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ACCESSORIES AND DETAILS
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ANCHORAGE TO STEEL SEE SJI SPECIFICATION 5.3 (b) AND 5.6
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HORIZONTAL BRIDGING SEE SJI SPECIFICATION 5.5 AND 6.
BRIDGING ANCHORS SEE SJI SPECIFICATION 5.5 AND 6.
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NOTE: DO NOT WELD BRIDGING TO JOIST WEB . DO NOT HANG ANY MECHANICAL, ELECTRICAL, ETC. FROM BRIDGING. ACCESSORIES AND DETAILS
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LH & DLH SERIES LONGSPAN STEEL JOISTS
ANCHORAGE TO STEEL SEE SJI SPECIFICATION 104.4 (b) AND 104.7 (b)
CEILING EXTENSION
ANCHORAGE TO MASONRY SEE SJI SPECIFICATION 104.4 (a) AND 104.7 (a)
BOTTOM CHORD EXTENSION *If bottom chord extension is to be bolted or welded the specifiying professional must provide axial loads on structural drawings.
BOLTED CONNECTION See Note (c) Typically required at columns
TOP CHORD EXTENSION See Note (a)
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WELDING
Definition: Welding is a process in which two pieces of metal are melted and fused to-
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gether to form a t. In structural welding this is accompanied by the addition of filler metal from an electrode.
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The functions of welds in structural connections are similar to those of fasteners. Welds are used to transfer shear, tension and compression forces to and from structural ts,
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and to transfer calculated forces from one part of a built-up member to another.
WELDING PROCESSES Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW): Shielded metal arc welding is an important welding procedure in both shop and field. An electric arc is produced between the end of a coated metal electrode and the steel components to be welded. By: Moti Lal & Md. Azharul Haque
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During the welding process the electrode coating serves two purposes:
Steel Detailing
• It forms a gas shield to prevent absorption of impurities from the atmosphere, and • The flux in the coating purifies the molten metal.
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Submerged Arc Welding (SAW): Submerged arc welding is an important process. This method is used in only the flat or horizontal position. The process is similar in principle to shielded metal arc welding. However, a continuous bare wire electrode is used instead of a coated “stick” electrode and the flux is supplied in granular form (Loose flux).
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Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW): The gas metal arc welding process is important in structural shop applications because of its adaptability to all-position work. This process, which may be automatic or semiautomatic, utilizes an uncoated solid wire electrode with arc and
weld metal shielding provided by a stream of gas.
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Flux Cored Arc Welding (FCAW): This process also may be automatic or semi-automatic. The electrodes are tubular and contain a flux-filled core, which provides shielding for the arc and weld metal. It has the same applications as the gas metal arc process. WELDING ELECTRODES Abbreviation for electrode. this electrode is most commonly used in structural work for shielded arc welding.
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E 70 XX
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represents various series or type of electrode in this class.
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tensile strength in ksi. stands for electrode.
E 70 XX LOW HYDROGEN
E 90 XX
A mineral coating on electrode which kept the electrode very dry.
A type of electrode which is used to weld rebar to steel.
Note: Information for the electrode is given in General Structural Note (GSN) in structural steel sections. By: Moti Lal & Md. Azharul Haque
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STEEL DETAILING ANATOMY
F2280 – High-strength heat treated steel-
1. HSB TYPES & LENGTHS
ASTM A490 bolt equivalent, Contains
2. HOLES, SLOTS, EDGE DISTANCE
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spline (below)
4. WELD ACCESS HOLES
HSB TYPES & LENGTHS:
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5. CAMBER, AESS, PAINT, GALV
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3. SHEAR TAB POSITION
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A325 – High-strength medium carbon steel (lower left) most common bolts used in building construction
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A490 – High-strength heat treated steel (lower left)
High-Strength bolts are available in diameters ranging from 1/2” to 1-1/2” The most common sizes are 3/4”, 7/8”, and 1”. High-strength bolts are commonly available in incremental lengths up to 8”.
F1852 – High-strength medium carbon
Note:-
steel- ASTM A325 bolt equivalent, Con-
A307 – Low carbon steel, Not commonly used, Only used for secondary .
tains spline (below)
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Washer
Washer Face
Nut
Shank
Head
Thread
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Length
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Grip
Grip is the distance from behind the bolt head to the back of the nut or washer. It is the sum of the thicknesses of all the parts being ed exclusive of washers. Thread length is the threaded portion of the bolt. Bolt length is the distance from behind the bolt head to the end of the bolt .
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ANCHOR BOLT
★ Each bottom threaded end need 1 HHN
• Types of Anchor Bolt
or 2 HHN with one plate washer or 1
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• AB Plan (Field drawing)
HHN with one plate washer.
• Anchor Bolt (Shop Drawing) • Template (Shop Drawing)
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• Design data extraction process
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• AB Sectional Detail (Field drawing)
Types:
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1. J type: Top end threaded & bottom end 2” standard hook.
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2. Rod Type: Top & bottom end threaded.
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3. Bolt Type: Top end threaded & bottom end Hex headed. ★ Each top threaded end requires
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1HHN(Heavy hex nut) with plain washer or plate washer above base plate.
★ Each top threaded end requires 1HHN(Heavy hex nut) or Jam nut or Leveling nut with plain washer below base plate.
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STEEL EMBED Sub Structural
Embed plate ship mark.
Steel beam/joist connecting embed.
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• Hold down items for s.
North direction near heading text.
• Curb Angles for slab edges.
Structural drawing no. below heading.
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• to embeds.
Title block with Drawing name & no., Revision no., Project name & Address, Field notes with Finish floor levels.
Super Structure
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• Pipe bollard for fencing
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• Vertical Embed Plate & Horizontal Embed Plate.
Embed Section: Show the following: Steel beam/joist connecting the embed. T.O. Embed PL.(See elevation)
• plan & Elevations
Embed plate horizontal locating dim.
• Veneer ties & Lintel Beam.
Embed plate mark with description.
Embed Plan: Show the following:
Structural drawing no. below heading.
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• Ledger Angle & Continuous plate.
Grids/Wall in the X & Y directions with internal dimensions with the extent dimension. Locate Top central point in the X & Y directions with dimensions from the nearest grids. Top of embed plate elevation with reference to 0’-0 (Finish floor).
Field weld (if any) Title block with Drawing name & no., Revision no., Project name & Address, Field notes with Finish floor levels. Embed Shop:
Show the following:
All dims, piece mark, ship mark, qty. Bill of material, ASTM Designations. By: Moti Lal & Md. Azharul Haque
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Design section
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Hold down items for s: The concrete are ed on the hold down plates.
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Embed section
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edges:
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Curb Angles for slab
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Embed plate w/
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Threaded stud:
Embed
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plate w/
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U-shaped
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plate:
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STEEL TO STEEL CONNECTION
ported member. The ing member al-
The beams, girders, trusses, columns and other that form a completed struc-
column.
Primarily, the single-plate connection used
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tural frame are design to resist the loads.
most always will either be a beam or a
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Introduction:
to gravity shear load. It has moder-
load through its connections to ing
ate rigidity depending to some extent on the
. For example: beams transmit
depth of the connection i.e., the number of
their loads to girder, girders transmit their
bolts and their size.
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Each of these must transmit its
loads to columns, columns transmit their
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loads to foundations and foundations transmit their loads to the ground. Each member
in this system must be provided with proper
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connections to transfer its loads to other
safely and economically, usually
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through a combination, of bolts, welds and connecting elements, such as angles,
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plates or tees.
Following are the typically used connections as mentioned below:
Single-Plate connection (shear-plate connection): A single-plate connection is
one with a plate shop welded to a ing member and field bolted to the supBy: Moti Lal & Md. Azharul Haque
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• No. of bolts required in different beam profile. (Beam depth) • Hole type. (i.e., standard holes, short slot etc.) • Plate size & grade.
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• Weld & size.
There may be the following steps to be followed / adopted to develop beam to beam and beam to column single-plate connections.
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Step-I: Maintain ½-in standard steel to steel clearance (i.e.,‘a’)
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Step-II: Fix first bolt location at 3-in from top of the beam (i.e.,‘b’) regardless of bolt
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a = Steel to steel clearance.
insufficient space available for provided bolt
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Above nomenclature are as follows:
diameter. Incase of slopped beam condition,
b = First bolt location from top of the beam
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c = Centre to centre bolt distance.
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eh = horizontal edge distance. ev = Vertical edge distance.
quantity (no. of bolt row), or may be the other reasons, then this value may be increased or decreased by an increment or decrement of 1/8-in. in a successive manner whichever value is suitable for particular condition. Step-III: The standard centre to centre bolt spacing (i.e., ‘c’) 3-in. and varies in same cases (reasons mention in step-II) but it
developed a single-plate connection as fol-
should not be less than 2 2/3d or 2.67d.
lows:
Where ‘d’ is nominal diameter of bolt.
• Beam & column profile & grade.
Step-IV: The standard horizontal edge dis-
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Information required from design drawing to
• Top of beam elevation. • Bolt diameter, grade & type.
tance (i.e.,‘eh’) in plate & beam is 1 1/2‑in. and sometimes 1 1/4-in. but it should not be less the edge distance per AISC TABLE J3.4 for corresponding bolt diameter and also By: Moti Lal & Md. Azharul Haque
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COLUMN ★
13) OVER ALL DIMENSIONS
★ 2) COLUMN’S HEADING
★
14) LEVELS
★ 3) TITLE BLOCK
★ 15) PART LOCATING DIMENSIONS
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★ 1) VIEWS
★ 16) PART MARKS
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★ 4) SHOP NOTES
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★ 5) BILL OF MATERIAL
★ 17) WELDING ★ 18)
★ 7) DIRECTION
★ 19) SLOTS IN HSS COLUMN
★ 8) CHEVRON
★ 20) BUCKET DIMENSION
★ 9) R D SYMBOL
★ 21) COLUMN SAMPLES
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★ 6) FIELD BOLTS
COLUMN HEIGHT CALCULATION
★ 10) SQUARE CUT ★ 11) END PREPARATION ★ 12) HOLE DIA By: Moti Lal & Md. Azharul Haque 111
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VIEWS:
1.
Main view Direction
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Secondary view direction Sectional Views a) Main view Direction: Column need to be viewed from Bottom or
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right side of the column plan view.
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b) Secondary view Direction:
Column need to be viewed from the left or
All centered parts can be marked as
right side based on maximum parts visibil-
“ CTR’D ” in main or secondary view.
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ity. This view is not mandatory if most
items are shown in main view & or sec-
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tional view.
c)Sectional views:
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Base plate’s top view need to be drawn below the main view or it can be separated with section mark if there is no space left below main heading. Sectional top view is also important to be drawn incase of shear plate & doubler plate or any non-centered part. By: Moti Lal & Md. Azharul Haque 112
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WF COLUMN(SHT.1 of 3) By: Moti Lal & Md. Azharul Haque 125
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(3) SKEW BEAM:- A beam which has some rotation in plan is termed as skew beam. A skew beam can be a bull-eye or fitted beam.
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As a rule, each beam in a system of floor or roof framing makes a convenient shipping and erection unit. The shop drawing seldom pictures any of the adjacent to which the beam later will be connected in the field. However, in preparing a detail drawing, all features that have a bearing on the erection of the beam must be investigated.
(2) FITTED BEAM:- Beams having any kind of plate or angle shop welded is termed as fitted beam.
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BEAM SHOP (FABRICATION) DRAWING:
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BEAM
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(4) INCLINED/SLOPED BEAM:- A beam which has some inclination or slope or having different elevation at ends is termed as inclined or sloped beam. Draw all sloped beam in flat position. A sloped beam can be a bull-eye or fitted beam also.
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The location of open holes in the beam connections must match the location of similar holes in the ing . Proper erection clearance must be provided and possible interference must be eliminated, so that the beam can be swung or lowered into position for connecting to its ing .
(5) BENT BEAM:- A beam having two or more different slopes is termed as bent beam.
There may be the following types of beam depending upon their various characteristics like; geometry, functions and end connections etc.
(6) CURVED BEAM:- A beam which is curved in shape of any radius termed as curved beam. The curved beams can be in the elevation or in plan.
(1) BULL-EYE BEAM:- A beam, which is having just holes & cutting (may or may not) are termed as bull-eye beam.
(7) MOMENT BEAM:- A beam is said to be moment beam when it has moment connection either at one end or both ends. By: Moti Lal & Md. Azharul Haque 131
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QTY
PCS MRK
MATERIALS
LENGTH IN FT
BILL OF MATERIALS
SHOP NOTES
XXX STEEL INC.
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NOTE:- ALL BOLTS ARE FIELD INSTALLED AND TENSIONED
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REMARKS
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BEAM
B2
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PART DRAWING
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1. Moment Continuity Plate
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FLAT BAR: Use Standard Flat bar sizes as much as possible for all conditions except the following for the clients using Flat bar:
3. Base Plates
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2. Architecturally Exposed Plates
REFERENCE BOX: Use this box to show up quantity for each Assembly mark.
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EDGE DIMENSION: It should not be shown as it doesn’t play any role as long as we had shown the connection side dimension.
It is standard NISD practice to not to detail Flat bar vertically around opening since Decks are installed before openings are cut.
By: Moti Lal & Md. Azharul Haque 137
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