Sound Argument And Cogent Argument 194s4

SOUND ARGUMENT/ COGENT ARGUMENT AMIRAH NADIA BINTI MAT LIAS (2014482174) NUR FARAHIN BINTI ANUAR (2014638394) NURUL FARHANIS BINTI ZARUL ANUAR(2014289866) SITI NUR AQILA BINTI RAZALI (2014459866)

DEFINITION OF SOUND ARGUMENT : A sound argument is which all the premises and conclusion of the argument is valid.  Premise is a statement that is assumed to be true and from which a conclusion can be drawn.  Conclusion is a position or opinion or judgment reached after consideration.

Valid Argument • Validity of an argument only refers to the logical structure. • An argument is valid if and only if there is no logically possible situation where all the premises are true and the conclusion is false at the same time. • It is possible to have false premises and false conclusion for arguments to be valid.

Examples of valid argument: 1. If every prime number is a multiple of 4, and every multiple of 4 is an even number, then every prime number is even. • The argument above is valid. However, it is not sound. This is because the first premise is false. 2. All cats can fly. Anything that can fly can swim. So all cats can swim. • Both of the premises and conclusion are false. But the argument is valid.

3. Mark is tall. Mark is a boy. Therefore, Mark is a short boy. • The argument above is not valid. Even though the premises are possible to be true, the conclusion of the argument is false. Sound Argument •For an argument to be sound, all of the premises and conclusion of the argument have to be true. •Hence, the conclusion is necessarily true.

Examples of sound argument: 1. All trees are plants. The redwood is a tree. Therefore, the redwood is a plant. •. The argument above is valid and it is a sound argument. Both of the premises and conclusion are true. 2. All birds are mammals. A platypus is a bird. Therefore, the platypus is a mammal. •. This is a valid deductive argument, even though the premises are both false. But because those premises are not true, the argument is not sound.

DEFINITION OF COGENT ARGUMENT: • A cogent argument is not only strong argument but also has all true premises. • Weak arguments are always uncogent.

Example: 1. Strolling through the woods is usually fun. The sun is out, the temperature is cool, there is no rain in the forecast, the flowers are in bloom, and the birds are singing. Therefore, it should be fun to take a walk through the woods now. •. Assuming that we care about those premises, then the argument is strong. Assuming that the premises are all true, then this is also a cogent argument. •. If we didn't care about the factors mentioned (perhaps you suffer from allergies and don't like it when the flowers are in bloom), it would be a weak argument. If any of the premises turned out to be false (for example, if it is actually raining), then the argument would be uncogent.

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