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Poster 1 History

For other uses, see Poster (disambiguation). Placard redirects here: this should not be confused with Plaque or Plack (disambiguation) A poster is any piece of printed paper designed to be at-

“Moulin Rouge - La Goulue” Toulouse-Lautrec, 1891

Madam Ada Castello and her horse Jupiter, poster for Ringling Brothers, ca. 1899.jpg

1.1 Introduction

tached to a wall or vertical surface.[1] Typically posters include both textual and graphic elements, although a poster may be either wholly graphical or wholly text. Posters are designed to be both eye-catching and informative. Posters may be used for many purposes. They are a frequent tool of rs (particularly of events, musicians and films), propagandists, protestors and other groups trying to communicate a message. Posters are also used for reproductions of artwork, particularly famous works, and are generally low-cost compared to original artwork. The modern poster, as we know it, however, dates back to the 1840s and 1850s when the printing industry perfected colour lithography and made mass production possible.” [2]

According to the French historian Max Gallo, “for over two hundred years, posters have been displayed in public places all over the world. Visually striking, they have been designed to attract the attention of ers-by, making us aware of a political viewpoint, enticing us to attend specific events, or encouraging us to purchase a particular product or service.”[3] The modern poster, as we know it, however, dates back to the mid-nineteenth century, when several separate but related changes took place. First, the printing industry perfected colour lithography and made mass production of large and inexpensive images possible. Second, government censorship of public spaces in countries like was lifted. And finally, rs began to market mass-produced consumer goods to a 1

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1

HISTORY

Office of War Information. Bureau of Special Services. 1943 )

centuries. However, the great revolution in posters was the development of printing techniques that allowed for cheap mass production and printing, including notably the technique lithography which was invented in 1796 by the German Alois Senefelder. The invention of lithography was soon followed by chromolithography, which allowed for mass editions of posters illustrated in vibrant colours to be printed. Poster for the Holzer Fashion Store

growing populace in urban areas.[4] “In little more than a hundred years”, writes poster expert John Barnicoat, “it has come to be recognized as a vital art form, attracting artists at every level, from painters like Toulouse-Lautrec and Mucha to theatrical and commercial designers.”[5] They have ranged in styles from Art Nouveau, Symbolism, Cubism, and Art Deco to the more formal Bauhaus and the often incoherent hippie posters of the 1960s.

1.2

Mass production

Posters, in the form of placards and posted bills, have been used since earliest times, primarily for advertising and announcements. Purely textual posters have a long history: they d the plays of Shakespeare and made citizens aware of government proclamations for

1.3 Developing art form By the 1890s, the technique had spread throughout Europe. A number of noted French artists created poster art in this period, foremost amongst them Henri de ToulouseLautrec, Jules Chéret, Eugène Grasset, Adolphe Willette, Pierre Bonnard, Louis Anguetin, Georges de Feure and Henri-Gabriel Ibels.[6] Chéret is considered to be the “father” of ment placards. He was a pencil artist and a scene decorator, who founded a small lithography office in Paris in 1866. He used striking characters, contrast and bright colours, and created over 1000 ments, primarily for exhibitions, theatres, and products. The industry soon attracted the service of many aspiring painters who needed a source of revenue to themselves. Chéret developed a new lithographic technique that suited better the needs of rs: he added a lot more colour which, in conjunction with innovative typography, rendered the poster much more expressive. Not surprisingly,

3 Chéret is said to have introduced sex in advertising or, at least, to have exploited the feminine image as an advertising ploy. In contrast with those previously painted by Toulouse-Lautrec, Chéret’s laughing and provocative feminine figures, often called “chérettes,” meant a new conception of art as being of service to advertising.

2 Decline and resurgence Challenged by newer modes of advertising, the poster as a communicative form began to decline after the First World War. Civic groups had long assailed the poster, arguing that the form made public spaces ugly. But the real threat to posters came from newer forms of advertising. Mass-market magazines, radio and later television, and bill-boards all cut into r’s marketing budgets. While posters continued to be made and d products, they were no longer considered a primary form of advertising. More and more, posters purpose shifted toward political and decorative uses.

Posters soon transformed the thoroughfares of Paris, making the streets into what one contemporary called “the poor man’s picture gallery.”[7] Their commercial success was such that some fine artists took up poster design in earnest. Some of these artists were, like Alphonse Mucha, in great demand and theatre stars personally selected their own favorite artist to do the poster for an performance. The popularity of poster art was Indeed, by the mid 1960s, posters were reborn as part of such that in 1884 a major exhibition was held in Paris. a broader counter-cultural shift. By 1968 the poster craze was described as “half way between a ing fashion and a form of mass hysteria.” [9] Sometimes called a “second golden age” or “postermania”[10] however, this resurgence of popularity saw posters used as decoration and selfexpression as much as public protest or advertising.[11]

1.4

Golden age of the poster

By the 1890s, poster art had widespread usage in other parts of Europe, advertising everything from bicycles to bullfights. By the end of the 19th century, during an era known as the Belle Époque, the standing of the poster as a serious artform was raised even further. Between 1895 and 1900, Jules Chéret created the Maîtres de l'Affiche (Masters of the Poster) series that became not only a commercial success, but is now seen as an important historical publication. Alphonse Mucha and Eugène Grasset were also influential poster designers of this generation, known for their Art Nouveau style and stylized figures, particularly of women. ment posters became a special type of graphic art in the modern age. Poster artists such as Théophile Steinlen, Albert Guillaume, Leonetto Cappiello, Henri Thiriet and others became important figures of their day, their art form transferred to magazines for advertising as well as for social and political commentary.. Indeed, as design historian Elizabeth Guffey notes, “As large, colourful posters began to command the spaces of public streets, markets and squares, the format itself took on a civic respectability never afforded to Victorian handbills.”[8]

3 Commercial uses By the 1890s, poster art had widespread usage in other parts of Europe, advertising everything from bicycles to bullfights. Many posters have had great artistic merit. These include the posters advertising consumer products and entertainment, but also events like the World’s Fairs and Colonial Exhibitions.

3.1 Political uses Other times of great turmoil also produced great posters. The first widespread use of illustrated posters for political ends occurred during the First World War. War bond drives and recruitment posters soon replaced commercial ments. German graphic designers, who had pioneered the simple Sachplakat style in the years leading up to the war, applied their talents to the war effort. Artists working for the Allied cause also made over their art in wartime, as well. The 1960s saw the rise of pop art and protest movements throughout the West; both made great use of posters and contributed to the poster’s revitalization at this time. Perhaps the most acclaimed posters were those produced by French students during the so-called "événements" of May 1968. During the 1968 Paris student riots and for years to come, Jim Fitzpatrick’s stylized poster of Marxist revolutionary Che Guevara (based on the photo Guerrillero Heroico), also became a common youthful symbol of rebellion.[12]

In the United States, posters underwent a slightly different evolution. By the 1850s, the advent of the travelling circus brought colourful posters to tell citizens that a carnival was coming to town. While many of these posters were beautifully printed, the earliest were mass-produced woodcuts; that technique, as well as their subject matter, crowded style, and bright colors, was often derided by contemporary critics. As chromo-lithography began to reshape European posters, American artists began to take the medium more seriously. Indeed, with work of After the September 11 attacks, in the United States, pubdesigners like Edward Penfield or Will Bradley gained an lic schools across the country posted "In God We Trust" audience in Europe as well as America. framed posters in their “libraries, cafeterias and class-

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5 TYPES OF POSTER DESIGNS

5.1 Propaganda and political posters

A framed poster displaying the national motto of the United States, "In God We Trust,” in a New Philadelphia High School classroom. German propaganda poster, 1921

rooms.” The American Family Association supplied sev- During the First and Second World Wars, recruiting posters became extremely common, and many of them eral 11-by-14-inch posters to school systems.[13] have persisted in the national consciousness, such as the "Lord Kitchener Wants You" posters from the United Kingdom, the "Uncle Sam wants you” posters from the United States, or the "Loose Lips Sink Ships" posters[14] 4 Poster printing that warned of foreign spies. Also in Canada, they were widespread.[15] Many printing techniques are used to produce posters. While most posters are mass-produced, posters may also Posters during wartime were also used for propaganda be printed by hand or in limited editions. Most posters purposes, persuasion, and motivation, such as the faare printed on one side and left blank on the back, the mous Rosie the Riveter posters which exhorted women better for affixing to a wall or other surface. Pin-up sized workers to work in factories during World War II. The posters are usually printed on A3 Standard Silk paper in Soviet Union also produced a plethora of propaganda [16] some of which became iconic representafull colour. Upon purchase, most commercially available posters, posters are often rolled up into a cylindrical tube to al- tions of the Great Patriotic War. During the democratic low for damage-free transportation. Rolled-up posters revolutions of 1989 in Central and Eastern Europe the can then be flattened under pressure for several hours to poster was very important weapon in the hand of the opposition. Brave printed and hand-made political posters regain their original form. appeared on the Berlin Wall, on the statue of St. WensIt is possible to use poster creation software to print large eslas in Prague and around the unmarked grave of Imre posters on standard home or office printers. Nagy in Budapest and the role of them was indispensable for the democratic change. An example of an influential political poster is Shepard Fairey's Barack Obama “HOPE” poster.

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Types of poster designs

Many posters, particularly early posters, were used for 5.2 Movie posters advertising products. Posters continue to be used for this purpose, with posters advertising films, music (both con- Main article: Film poster certs and recorded albums), comic books, and travel destinations being particularly notable examples. The film industry quickly discovered that vibrantly

5.4

Event posters

5 changes in British society, along with the changing styles of art, architecture and fashion as well as changing patterns of holidaymaking.[20]

5.4 Event posters

Lithograph poster for Ranch 10, a Western-themed play by Harry Meredith which opened in New York City in August 1882

coloured posters were an easy way to sell their pictures. Today, posters are produced for most major films, and the collecting of movie posters has become a major hobby. The record price for a poster was set on November 15, 2005 when US$690,000 was paid for a poster of Fritz Lang's 1927 film Metropolis from the Reel Poster Gallery in London.[17] Other early horror and science fiction posters are known to bring tremendous prices as well, with an example from The Mummy realizing $452,000 in a 1997 Sotheby’s auction,[17] and posters from both The Black Cat and Bride of Frankenstein selling for $334,600 in various Heritage Auctions.[18] The 1931 Frankenstein 6-sheet poster, of which only 1 copy is known to exist, is considered to be the most valuable film poster in the world.[19]

5.3

Travel posters

Event poster, 2005

Poster advertising or proposing a travel destination, or simply artistically articulating a place have been made. An example is the Beach Town Posters series, a collection of Art Deco travel posters of American beach resorts that refer to the advertising style of the 1920s and 1930s. 5.3.1

Railway posters

In the early days of steam railways in Britain, the various rail companies d their routes and services on simple printed sheets. By the 1850s, with increasing competition and improvements in printing technology, pictorial designs were being incorporated in their advertising posters. The use of graphic artists began to influence the design of the pictorial poster. In 1905, the London and North Western Railway (LNWR) commissioned Norman Wilkinson to produce artwork for a new landscape poster, advertising their rail/steam packet link to Ireland. In 1908, for the Great Northern Railway (GNR), John Hassall produced the famous image of the “Jolly Fisherman” with the “Skegness is so Bracing” slogan. The development of this commercial art form throughout the first half of the 20th century reflected the

Replacing an advertising poster in London using an aerial work platform.

Posters advertising events have become common. Any sort of public event, from a rally to a play, may be d with posters; a few types of events have become notable for their poster ments.

6 5.4.1

5 TYPES OF POSTER DESIGNS Boxing posters

Boxing Posters were used in and around the actual venue to the forthcoming fight, date, ticket prices, and usually consisted of pictures of each boxer. Boxing Posters vary in size and vibrancy, but are not usually smaller than 18x22 inches. In the early days, few boxing posters survived the actual event and have thus become a collectible. 5.4.2

Concert posters

Many concerts, particularly rock concerts, have customdesigned posters that are used for ment of the event. These often become collectors items as well.

5.5

Band/music posters

Posters that showcase a person’s favorite artist or music group are popular in teenagers' bedrooms, as well as in college dorm rooms and apartments. Many posters have pictures of popular rock bands and artists. 5.5.1

Blacklight poster

Main article: Blacklight poster

An example of an affirmation poster

Blacklight posters are designed to have a special effect 5.8 Publications under a blacklight (ultraviolet light). 5.8.1 Comic book posters

5.6

Pin-up posters

Pinup posters, “pinups,” or cheesecake posters are pictures of attractive women designed to be displayed, first coming to popularity in the 1920s. The popularity of sexy pin-up girl posters has been erratic in recent decades. Pin-ups such as Betty Grable and Jane Russell were highly popular with soldiers during World War II but much less so during the Vietnam War. The late 1970s and into the beginning of the 1980s were boom years for large posters of television actresses, especially Farrah Fawcett and Cheryl Tiegs.

5.7

Affirmation posters

The resurgence of comic book popularity in the 1960s led to the mass production of comic book posters in the 1970s and onward. These posters typically feature popular characters in a variety of action poses. The fact that comic books are a niche market means that a given poster usually has a smaller printing run than other genres of poster. Therefore, older posters may be quite sought after by collectors. Promotional posters are usually distributed folded, whereas retail posters intended for home decoration are rolled.

5.9 Educational posters 5.9.1 Research posters and “poster sessions”

Main article: Affirmation posters

Main article: Poster session

This refers to decorative posters that are meant to be motivational and inspirational. One popular series has a black background, a scene from nature, and a word such as “Leadership” or “Opportunity.” Another version (usually framed and matted) uses a two-image hologram which changes as the viewer walks past.

Posters are used in academia to promote and explain research work. They are typically shown during conferences, either as a complement to a talk or scientific paper, or as a publication. They are of lesser importance than actual articles, but they can be a good introduction to a new piece of research before the paper is published. They may

7 be considered as grey literature. Poster presentations are often not peer-reviewed, but can instead be submitted, meaning that as many as can fit will be accepted. 5.9.2

Classroom posters

Posters are a standard feature of classrooms worldwide. A typical school in North America will display a variety, including: advertising tie-ins (e.g. an historical movie relevant to a current topic of study); alphabet and grammar; numeracy and scientific tables; safety and other instructions; artwork and displays by the students. See also: Motivational poster

The Queen of Chinatown by Joseph Jarrow, Broadway poster, 1899

• Mediascape • Pin-up (disambiguation) • Poster session • Street Poster Art • Swann Galleries

7 References Poster about Tungsram filaments, Hungary ca.1910

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See also • The Tennis Girl poster was an iconic image from the late 1970s’ • Death to the Brutes, an anti-war anarchist poster printed in during the Second World War. • Graphic design • Grey literature

[1] [Gosling, Peter. (1999). Scientist’s Guide to Poster Presentations. New York: Kluwer. ISBN 978-0-306-460760.] [2] Stephen Eskilson, Graphic Design: A New History, Yale University Press, 2012, pp. 43-7. [3] Gallo, Max, The Poster in History, (2002) W.W. Norton [4] Elizabeth Guffey, Posters: A Global History, Reaktion: 2015, pp. 8-9. [5] Barnicoat, John, Posters: A Concise History, (1985) Thames and Hudson [6] The modern poster by Arsène Alexandre

• Illustrations

[7] Roger Marx, Masters of the Poster, 1896–1900 (New York, 1977), p. 7.

• List of poster artists

[8] Guffey, op cit, p. 13.

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[9] David Kunzle, Posters of Protest: The Posters of Political Satire in the U.S., 1966–1970 (New York, 1971), p. 14. [10] Hilton Kramer, ‘Postermania’, New York Times Magazine (11 February 1968). [11] Guffey, op cit, 127. [12] Che Guevara: Revolutionary & Icon, by Trisha Ziff, Abrams Image, 2006, pg 19 [13] "'In God We Trust' pressed for schools - USA Today”. Usatoday30.usatoday.com. 2002-02-19. Retrieved 201302-28. [14] Archived October 22, 2006, at the Wayback Machine. [15] "'Canadian War Poster Collection'". tal.library.mcgill.ca. Retrieved 2013-02-28.

Digi-

[16] “Propaganda posters - Collection of 1400+ POSTERS from Russia, Czech republic, Poland and Cuba”. Posters.nce.buttobi.net. Retrieved 2013-02-28. [17] “Lang film poster fetches record”. BBC News. 2005-1115. Retrieved 2009-01-11. [18] http://movieposters.ha.com/common/search_results. php?ic=homepage_search&Nty=1&N=54+790+231 [19] BIRD GEI Consultoria Idiomas. 2012/02/07/film-posters/"

"http://birdgei.com/

[20] “Railway posters - Our collection - National Railway Museum”. Nrm.org.uk. 2009-10-13. Retrieved 2013-02-28.

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Further reading • Josef Müller-Brockmann: Geschichte des Plakates Phaidon Press 2004, ISBN 978-0714844039 • Franz-Josef Deiters: Bilder ohne Rahmen: Zur Rhetorik des Plakats, in: Medienrhetorik, ed. by Joachim Knape. Attempto, Tübingen () 2005, ISBN 3-89308-370-7, S. 81–112. • Franz-Josef Deiters: Plakat, in: Historisches Wörterbuch der Rhetorik, ed by. Gert Ueding (et al.). Max Niemeyer, Tübingen () 2003, ISBN 3-484-68100-4, vol. 6, pp. 1230-39. • New Masters of Poster Design. John Foster, Rockport Publishers 2008 ISBN 978-1592534340 • 100 Best Posters - NO ART. Hermann Schmidt Publisher 2006, Fons Hickmann, Niklaus Troxler ISBN 978-3874397032 • Fons Hickmann, Sven Lindhorst-Emme (Hrsg) Anschlag Berlin - Zeitgeistmedium Plakat. Verlag Seltmann+Söhne, Berlin 2015, ISBN 978-3-94472156-9

EXTERNAL LINKS

• Gosling, Peter. (1999). Scientist’s Guide to Poster Presentations. New York: Kluwer. ISBN 978-0306-46076-0. • King, Emily. (2003). A Century of Movie Posters: From Silent to Art House. Barron’s. ISBN 978-07641-5599-4. • Noble, Ian. (2002). Up Against the Wall: International Poster Design. Mies, Switzerland: RotoVision. ISBN 978-2-88046-561-2. • Timmers, Margaret. (2003). Power of the Poster. Victoria and Albert Museum. ISBN 978-0-81096615-4. • Le Coultre, Martijn F. & Purvis, Alston W, (2002)A Century of Posters, Lund Humphries ISBN 978-085331-863-7 • Rennert, Jack, (1990), Posters of the Belle Epoque, Wine Spectator Press, ISBN 978-0-9664202-1-0 • Wrede, Stuart, (1988), The Modern Poster, Little Brown and Company, ISBN 978-0-87070-570-0 • Gold, Laura (1988), Posters, Please ISBN 978-09664202-0-3 • Cole, Beverley and Durack, Richard (1992), Railway Posters 1923–1947, Laurence King, ISBN 9781-85669-014-0

9 External links • "Poster". Encyclopædia Britannica. 22 (11th ed.). 1911. • Posters from World War I and II – A selection of posters covering subjects such as recruitment and enlisting, saving stamps and munitions, from the UBC Library Digital Collections • World War I and World II Poster Collection - featuring propaganda posters and broadsides from the United States, Western Europe and the Axis powers from the University of Washington Library • circusmuseum.nl Features nearly 8,000 circus posters from 1880 to the present • London Transport posters Over 5,000 posters from the London Transport museum • Posters of the Russian Civil War, 1918-1922 New York Public Library digital collection • USSR posters Ben Perry’s Flickr photoset with almost 1500 Soviet propaganda, advertising, theatre and movie posters from 1917-1991 • Psychedelic posters Andrew Olsen’s collection of hundreds of psychedelic posters for gigs at The Fillmore and The Avalon

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Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses Text

• Poster Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poster?oldid=770571422 Contributors: Magnus Manske, Eloquence, Vicki Rosenzweig, Bryan Derksen, Koyaanis Qatsi, SimonP, Jahsonic, Gabbe, Zanimum, Tzaquiel, Egil, Stan Shebs, Nichtich~enwiki, Wik, Phoebe, Nufy8, Zandperl, ZimZalaBim, Romanm, Meelar, Carnildo, Snobot, Mintleaf~enwiki, Mark.murphy, JillandJack, Rdsmith4, Boy in the bands, Pak21, Rama, ESkog, CanisRufus, PatrikR, Bobo192, John Vandenberg, Elipongo, Joshlmay, La goutte de pluie, LuoShengli, Rje, Notreadbyhumans, Polylerus, Pharos, Alansohn, Free Bear, Ricky81682, Yamla, Flambe, Water Bottle, Pedro Aguiar, DreamGuy, Angr, LOL, Benbest, Prashanthns, Stefanomione, Floydgeo, Mandarax, Graham87, Kbdank71, JIP, Rjwilmsi, NeonMerlin, Matt Deres, KoopaTroopa211, FlaBot, Windchaser, Margosbot~enwiki, Pathoschild, Gurch, Carrionluggage, Spikebrennan, King of Hearts, Chobot, YurikBot, Wavelength, Borgx, Schoen, Rsrikanth05, RadioKirk, NawlinWiki, Grafen, Tastemyhouse, Howcheng, Bami~enwiki, Ragesoss, Malcolma, Brian Crawford, Matticus78, Misza13, Nate1481, Mareklug, Nlu, Richardcavell, Calaschysm, Zzuuzz, JLaTondre, Rootlevel, Mcavalcanti, Meegs, CIreland, Luk, SmackBot, Davepape, KnowledgeOfSelf, Kintetsubuffalo, PeterSymonds, Portillo, Ohnoitsjamie, Ghosts&empties, Skizzik, Saros136, Bluebot, Bidgee, Simon123, Deli nk, Jfsamper, Miguel Andrade, Robth, Junius49, Colonies Chris, Brinerustle, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, OrphanBot, WMXX, Jmlk17, Nakon, Giancarlo Rossi, Dogears, EinarKramer, Cast, The undertow, SashatoBot, AmiDaniel, Kleinburgerei, Marinecorps, Mgaigg, Javit, IronGargoyle, SpyMagician, BikeStrong, Bytwerk, Shangrilaista, Erwin, Optakeover, E-Kartoffel, Hu12, A4Tech, Joseph Solis in Australia, Tawkerbot2, Ko'oy, CmdrObot, ShelfSkewed, Requestion, Richard Keatinge, The Photographer, Mato, Gogo Dodo, Alvesgaspar, Tommy amorim, Joyradost, Jimcripps, Legotech, Thijs!bot, Epbr123, Pouwerkerk, LeeG, Sry85, T00C00L, Gamer007, Mojo Hand, Z10x, 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Images

• File:"Me_travel"_-_NARA_-_514996.tif Source: https://.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/%22Me_travel%22_ -_NARA_-_514996.tif License: Public domain Contributors: U.S. National Archives and Records istration Original artist: Unknown or not provided • File:Arctic_Thunder_Air_Show_2004_poster_·_DF-SD-08-01275.JPEG Source: https://.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/ a/a2/Arctic_Thunder_Air_Show_2004_poster_%C2%B7_DF-SD-08-01275.JPEG License: Public domain Contributors: High resolution from http://www.dodmedia.osd.mil/DVIC_View/Still_Details.cfm?SDAN=DFSD0801275&JPGPath=/Assets/Still/2008/Air_ Force/DF-SD-08-01275.JPG. Original artist: Miguel Lara III • File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Faragó,_Géza_-_Poster_for_Tungsram_Light_Bulbs_(ca_1910).jpg Source: https://.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ Public commons/e/ef/Farag%C3%B3%2C_G%C3%A9za_-_Poster_for_Tungsram_Light_Bulbs_%28ca_1910%29.jpg License: domain Contributors: www.hung-art.hu Original artist: Géza Faragó • File:Faragó,_Géza_-_Poster_for_the_Holzer_Fashion_Store_(1902).jpg Source: https://.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/ 2/22/Farag%C3%B3%2C_G%C3%A9za_-_Poster_for_the_Holzer_Fashion_Store_%281902%29.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: www.hung-art.hu Original artist: Géza Faragó

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TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

• File:Flickr_-_…trialsanderrors_-_Madam_Ada_Castello_and_Jupiter,_poster_for_Ringling_Brothers,_ca._1899.jpg Source: https://.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Flickr_-_%E2%80%A6trialsanderrors_-_Madam_Ada_Castello_and_Jupiter% 2C_poster_for_Ringling_Brothers%2C_ca._1899.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Madam Ada Castello and Jupiter, poster for Ringling Brothers, ca. 1899 Original artist: Courier Lithographic Co, restored by trialsanderrors with additional work by Adam Cuerden • File:Flickr_-_…trialsanderrors_-_The_Queen_of_Chinatown_by_Joseph_Jarrow,_Broadway_poster,_1899.jpg Source: https://.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Flickr_-_%E2%80%A6trialsanderrors_-_The_Queen_of_Chinatown_by_ Joseph_Jarrow%2C_Broadway_poster%2C_1899.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: The Queen of Chinatown by Joseph Jarrow, Broadway poster, 1899 Original artist: …trialsanderrors • File:German_propaganda_poster,_Upper_Silesia_Plebiscite_1.jpg Source: https://.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/ German_propaganda_poster%2C_Upper_Silesia_Plebiscite_1.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Anonymous work, photo took in Muzem Historii Katowic Original artist: anonymous work • File:Goals_affirmation_poster,_Navy_·_DF-SD-04-09850.JPEG Source: https://.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/ Goals_affirmation_poster%2C_Navy_%C2%B7_DF-SD-04-09850.JPEG License: Public domain Contributors: High resolution from http://www.dodmedia.osd.mil/DVIC_View/Still_Details.cfm?SDAN=DFSD0409850&JPGPath=/Assets/Still/2004/Air_ Force/DF-SD-04-09850.JPG Original artist: Mitch Fuqua • File:Henri_de_Toulouse-Lautrec_049.jpg Source: https://.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Henri_de_ Toulouse-Lautrec_049.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: The Yorck Project: 10.000 Meisterwerke der Malerei. DVD-ROM, 2002. ISBN 3936122202. Distributed by DIRECTMEDIA Publishing GmbH. Original artist: Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec • File:In_God_We_Trust_AFA_Poster_in_New_Philadelphia_High_School.jpg Source: https://.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ commons/a/a9/In_God_We_Trust_AFA_Poster_in_New_Philadelphia_High_School.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: I took this picture. Original artist: PFAStudent • File:Poster_for_Ranch_10_by_Harry_Meredith.jpg Source: https://.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Poster_for_ Ranch_10_by_Harry_Meredith.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Yale University [2] Original artist: unknown creator of lithograph poster • File:Question_book-new.svg Source: https://.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/99/Question_book-new.svg License: Cc-by-sa-3.0 Contributors: Created from scratch in Adobe Illustrator. Based on Image:Question book.png created by :Equazcion Original artist: Tkgd2007 • File:Replacing_an_advertising_poster_in_London_using_an_articulated_platform_02.JPG Source: https://.wikimedia.org/ wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Replacing_an_advertising_poster_in_London_using_an_articulated_platform_02.JPG License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Philafrenzy • File:Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg Source: https://.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg License: CC BYSA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Dan Polansky based on work currently attributed to Wikimedia Foundation but originally created by Smurrayinchester

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