Pathophysiology Of Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 2z5022

Ideal Pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus Type II

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Precipitating factors: frequent or chronic infections eating too much sweets development of glucose intolerance during drug therapy diet sedentary lifestyle

Predisposing factors: 1. family history of DM 2. obesity 3. Age above 40 Insulin resistance

Exhaustion of beta cells

 Insulin production/ decrease secretion of insulin Degradation of proteins

 Absorption of glucose by the cell

Cell starvation

Stimulation of hunger mechanism via hypothalamus

Hunger

 Breakdown of fat

POLYPHAGIA

FBS  140 mg/dL

HYPERGLYCEMIA

FBS  to 180 mg/dL

Kidney filtration mechanism impaired

Nerve Demyelinization

Capillary basement membrane thickening

GLYCOSURIA

 Acidity of urine

NEUROPATHY

Diffuse glomerular sclerosis  Urethral flora

Paresthesias & numbness

NEPHROPATHY

Impaired pain sensation NON-HEALING ULCERS Gangrene

UTI

Delayed wound healing

 Circulating blood volume Hypovolemia

HYPOTENSION & TACHYCARDIA

Vaginitis

POLYURIA & ALBUMINURIA

Renal failure

End-Stage Renal Disease

F & E imbalance

 Number of solute relative to water

Potassium ion retention

Sodium ions lost

Cardiac arrythmias

Tissue dehydration

DEATH

POLYDIPSIA

Increase viscosity of blood

Capillary basement membrane thickening

Thickening of blood vessel walls

Musculoskeletal effects

Abnormal retinal vascular permeability

Occlusion of plaque

Impaired glucose absorption in the muscle tissue

Scarring

RETINOPATHY

Blurring of vision

Blindness blindness

Blood flow blocked

 Blood pressure

HYPERTENSION

t contractures Myocardial ischemia Myocardial infarction

Stroke Heart Failure

Diminished peripheral pulse

FATIGUE

 Breakdown of fat

 Fatty acids & glycerol

 Fat content of the blood

Weight Loss

 ketone bodies in the general circulation  hydroxybutyric acid  acetoacetic acid  acetone

Hyperlipidemia

Convulsions

Metabolic acidosis

Formation of fatty deposits on the walls of the blood vessels Acetone breath Atherosclerosis

Nausea and vomiting

Abdominal pain

↓ Cellular Potassium

Body attempts to prevent further decrease in pH

Depressed central nervous system

Poor appetite

Cardiac arrhythmias

Kussmaul’s respirations

Headache

 Amino acid in the general circulation

Coma

 Mobilization / degradation of proteins

Hyperaminoacidemia

Decreased urinary nitrogen

Further sodium ion loss

Potassium ion retention

Dehydration

Cardiac arrhythmias

DEATH