Mughal Empire Notes 2g284e

History of the subcontinent Mughal Empire notes

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First emperor: Babur

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Born on February 1483 Babur (1526-1530) There were two communities: Hindu and Muslim Muslim culture had to become a part of India Turks were becoming Indian seed Muslims were the dominant class Hindus were divided into castes Sati: Women burns on the same things husbands corpse was burning on India was doing good economically because of agriculture There was not much discipline and training in military Babur was the descendant of Timur and Changez Khan Babur had led 5 expeditions to India First expedition: January 1519 Second expedition: September 1519 Third expedition: 1520 Fourth expedition: 1524 occupied Lahore Fifth expedition: 1526, Battle of Panipat: Defeated Ibrahim Lodhi at Panipat Military powers of Lodhi were shattered 1527: Conflict with Rajputs, Rajputs posed a threat to Babur 1529: Babur met Afghans in Battle Gogra near Patra. He met in the battlefield with Mohammad Lodhi. Babur struggled for glory all his life He was born a leader of men and he maintained a strong discipline in his ranks From Himalayas to Gwalior: his kingdom extension Babur in his 4 years in India spent time in conquests Babur was also a great scholar. He could easily write in Persian or Turkish. Humayun: took charge of Mughal empire in 1530

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History of the subcontinent Mughal Empire notes

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He was the eldest son of Babur and he had 3 brothers Kamran, Askari, and Hindal He was born in Kabul in 1508. Nasir-ud-din Mohammad Humayun was his full name Humayun was fortunate as his father made preparations for his education and he was assigned to certain planning and affairs At 20, he became governor of Badkhasha Humayun took parts in his father’s campaigns and battles 1529: Without permission of his father, he returned to India and left the post of Badkhasha. Babur died in 1530 so Hamayun became emperor Nobles were against Humayun because his pleasure taking and addiction to opium Conspiracy was hatching against Humayun and made conspirators made plans to make Mehdi Khawaja king Mehdi Khawaja was the brother n law of Hamayun In December 1530, Humayun became king Law of Primokinature: the king’s cannot be king After Humayns death conflicts arose Princes started to claim the throne Mughal army was not a national army at that time and there was mélange of people in the army. Sheh Shah Khan Suri was the most ambitious of the whole Afghan. He was a young and ambitious prince During Hamayuns rule: Afghans and Bahadur Shah Gujratis Humayun could not take quick decisions. He failed to command respect of his soldiers 1540: Battle of Kanuagh: After Humayuns defeat in the Battle of Kanugh, Humayun returned to Agra and he was by Sher Shah Khan Suri. Humayun fled to Lahore. Sher Shah occupied Delhi. Sher Shah founded the Sur dynasty after the battle.

History of the subcontinent Mughal Empire notes

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He died in 1545 Shahs death, Islam Shah, his son, ruled up to 1553. Till his death After Islam Shahs death the Sur dynasty started decaying Country was thrown into confusion because of civil war Humayun takes advantage of this. His exile was about for 13-15 years. With the help of Behram Khan, he occupies Lahore. After defeating Sikander Sur the rebel governor of Punjab. 1555. Humayun forgave his brothers again and again. Humayun was a good father but not a good general. He was no match to Babur Jala ud din Mohammad Akbar was the third emperor of Mughal Empire. He was the son of Huayun, was born at Amarkot in Sindh on 15 October 1542 Akbar was confused as Humayun was in exile.

Humayun made arrangements for his education. 1551 Akbar was governor of Ghazni Humayun died in 1556 as a result from the fall from the stair case of his library February 14 1556: Akbar becomes third Mughal emperor The second Battle of Panipat The greatest rival of Akbar at that time was Haymu Second Battle of Panipat: Mughals occupied Delhi and Agra after death of Humayun, Behram Khan was guardian of Akbar (1556- 1560) He most important achievement of Behram during the time was the second battle of Panipat Akbar removed Behram in 1560; He wanted governments in his own hands. 1562 Akbar was able to take charge independently. Jehangir (1605- 1627)

History of the subcontinent Mughal Empire notes

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Jehangir was also known as Salim Born on August 30 1569 His mother was a Rajput princess of Amber Akbar married Jehangirs mother in 1562. Akbar who lost all heir desired one to inherit his vast empire Akbars other two sons Daniyal and Murad died because of excessive drinking Jehangir survived so he became king Jehangir knew Persian, Arabic, Hindi, and Turkish Salim was istered for military at an early age 1585- Jehangir married Raja Bhagwanas daughter Salim was anxious to grab sovereign power 1599- Salims revolt against Akbar After his assesstion to the throne Jehangir tried to win the hearts of the people by following steps He issued an ordinance that was put out for the whole empire: Ordinance: 1. Prohibition of sale of wine 2. Regualtion about highway robbery and theft 3. Free inheritance of property of deceased person 4. Banned physical punishments 5. Prohibiton of forcable seizure of property 6. Building of hospitals and appointments of physician to attend to sick people 7. No torcherous treatment for all prisoners Eldest son of Jehangir was Prince Khusro He was loved by the country’s citizens He posed a threat to his father Salim He had been kept confined in Agra by Jehangir He escaped from Agra and approached Lahore in rebellion 1606 Later prince Khusro and his followers were brought before JEhangir Khusro was blinded and sent into prison They were all punished

History of the subcontinent Mughal Empire notes

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Khusro died in confinement Jehangirs marriage with Noor Jahan is one of the most important events in history Noor Jahan’s original name was Mehr0un0nisa She was the daughter of a Persian noble, Mirza Kiaz At the time of marriage Noor Jahan was a widow and had a daughter, Ladley Baigam Jehangir was a highly educated and cultured prince He had mastered Persian and Turkish languages Tuzka Jehagnir were the memoirs written by Jehangir Jehangir died on October 28, 1627 He was buried in a beautiful garden near Lahore Shah Jahan (1627- 1658)

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His original name was prince khurram Shah Jahans mothers name was Jagat He was born in 1542 Shah Kahan was a favourite of his grandfather Akbar 1628- Shah Jahan marched to Agra and ascended to the throne Shah Jahan truly waited the throne through the blood of his own kinsman Noor Jahan was imprisoned by Shah Jahan in Lahore 1645- Noor Jahan ed away 1625- Bundela rebellion 1629- Khan Jahan Lodhi rebellion Aurangzeb was the last great Mughal emperor of India

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History of the subcontinent Mughal Empire notes

Afnan Shahid

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He was the son of Shah Jahan. (1658-1707) He ruled for 50 years. Aurangzeb ascended to the in July 1658. April 1679- Aurangzeb re-imposed Jizya, which abolished in 1564.