Magnetic Levitation Train t3p6r
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Seminar On Magnetic Levitation Train
Presented by :Manoj Kr. Bharti 4/26/12
VIT-ECE, IV yr.
Content •
Introduction
•
History
•
Technology & working of maglev
•
Advantage & Disadvantage
•
Comparison from conventional train
•
Application of maglev technology
4/26/12
Magnetic Levitation •
•
•
•
Magnetic levitation is the use of magnetic fields to levitate a (usually) metallic object. Manipulating magnetic fields and controlling their forces can levitate an object. Using either Ferromagnetism Diamagnetism object can be levitated.
or
Most important application of Magnetic Levitation is Tran rapid magnetic lift trains. 4/26/12
HISTORY •
•
1902- First magnetic train invented by Alfred Zehden of . Idea was given by Robert Goddard in 1904 that gave theory that train can be lifted off track with help of electromagnetic.
•
1959-Design for first magnetic train made.
•
1979-First magnetic train built in Hamburg, .
•
1984-First magnetic train that people can ride built in Birmingham, England.
4/26/12
WHY MAGLEV •
Faster trips
•
Minimal maintenance & longer lifetime
•
• • •
High reliability and less susceptible to congestion and weather conditions Petroleum independence / Energy efficient Less polluting High safety 4/26/12
Basic Principle of Maglev Trains Maglev trains have to perform the following functions to operate in high speeds1.Leviation 2.Propulsion 3.Lateral Guidance 4/26/12
Types of Maglev Trains Based on the technique used for Levitation the are two types of Maglev trains 1. Electromagnetic Suspension -Attractive 2. Electrodynamic Suspension -repulsive
4/26/12
Electromagnetic Suspension(EMS) •
Electromagnetic Suspension electromagnets to levitate the train.
4/26/12
uses
Principle of Magnetic Levitation
4/26/12
•
When a current is ed through it, and the electromagnet switched on, there is attraction, and the levitation electromagnets, which are below the rail, raise up to meet the rail. The car levitates.
4/26/12
Gap Sensor •
This attractive force is controlled by a gap sensor that measures the distance between the rails and electromagnets.
4/26/12
Principle of Lateral Guidance •
•
This configuration ensures that when ever a levitation force is exerted, a lateral guidance force occurs as well. If the electromagnet starts to shift laterally from the center of the rail, the lateral guidance force is exerted in proportion to the extent of the shift, bringing the electromagnet back into alignment.
4/26/12
Electrodynamic Suspension •
Electrodynamics Suspension uses Superconductors for levitation, propulsion and lateral guidance
4/26/12
Superconductivity •
•
•
Superconductivity occurs in certain materials at very low temperatures. When superconductive, a material has an electrical resistance of exactly zero. It is also characterized by a phenomenon called the Messer effect. This is the ejection of any sufficiently weak magnetic field from the interior of the superconductor as it transitions into the superconducting state.
4/26/12
Principle of Magnet Levitation The ing of the superconducting magnets by figure eight levitation coils on the side of the tract induces a current in the coils and creates a magnetic field. This pushes the train upward so that it can levitate 10 cm above the track. •The train does not levitate until it reaches 50 mph, so it is equipped with retractable wheels. •
4/26/12
Principle of PROPULSION The propulsion coils located on the sidewalls on both sides of the guideway are energized by a three-phase alternating current from a substation, creating a shifting magnetic field on the guideway. •The on-board superconducting magnets are attracted and pushed by the shifting field, propelling the Maglev vehicle. •Braking is accomplished by sending an alternating current in the reverse direction so that it is slowed by attractive and repulsive forces. •
4/26/12
Principle of Lateral Guidance When one side of the train nears the side of the guideway, the super conducting magnet on the train induces a repulsive force from the levitation coils on the side closer to the train and an attractive force from the coils on the farther side. •
•
This keeps the train in the center.
4/26/12
INDUCTRACK •
•
•
United States has been developing a newer style of Maglev called Inductrack. It is being developed by Dr, Richard post Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.
at
the
It uses an “arrangement of powerful permanent magnets, known as a Halbach array, to create the levitating force.
4/26/12
Pros and Cons of Different Technologies Technology EMS (Electromagnetic suspension)
4/26/12
Pros
Cons
Magnetic fields inside andThe separation between the outside the vehicle are less thanvehicle and the guideway must EDS; proven, commerciallybe constantly monitored and available technology that cancorrected by computer systems attain very high speedsto avoid collision due to the (500 km/h); no wheels orunstable nature of secondary propulsion systemelectromagnetic attraction; due needed to the system's inherent instability and the required constant corrections by outside systems, vibration issues may occur.
Technology
Pros
Cons
Onboard magnets and largeStrong magnetic fields onboard EDS margin between rail and trainthe train would make the train (Electrodynamic enable highest recorded traininaccessible to engers with speeds (581 km/h) and heavypacemakers or magnetic data suspension) load capacity; has recentlystorage media such as hard
demonstrated (December 2005)drives and credit cards, successful operations using highnecessitating the use of temperature superconductors inmagnetic shielding; limitations its onboard magnets, cooledon guideway inductivity limit with inexpensive liquid nitrogen the maximum speed of the vehicle; vehicle must be wheeled for travel at low speeds.
4/26/12
Accident With Maglev Train •
•
11 August 2006 - Due to fire broke out on the Shanghai commercial trans-rapid. 22 September 2006 - Crash
An elevated trans-rapid train collided with a maintenance vehicle on a test run in Lathen ().
4/26/12
Maglev v/s conventional train •
•
• •
4/26/12
Routine Maglev No Coventional Friction train =train Less Maintenance Maintenance Needed Engine No Engine requires = No fuel required fossil fuels Speeds in excess of Speeds up to 110 300 mph mph
Other Applications •
•
• •
NASA plans to use magnetic levitation for launching of space vehicles into low earth orbit. Boeing is pursuing research in Maglev to provide a Hypersonic Ground Test Facility for the Air Force. The mining industry will also benefit from Maglev. There are probably many more undiscovered applications!
4/26/12
Conclusion •
•
From the perspective of economic, environmental, and societal benefits, maglev technology has promised the technical attributes necessary to become the next generation of ground transportation The chief advantages of this type of train are:
Non- and non-wearing propulsion, independent of friction, no mechanical components like wheel, axle. •
Obstacles to commercial use of the maglev trains include- Expense, especially in guideway construction, 4/26/12
REFERENCES • •
http://science.howstuffworks.com/transport/engine cegt201.bradley.edu/projects/proj2006/maglev/ .../maglevFinal.pdf
•
http://www.trainweb.org/tgvpages/background.htm
•
http://ninpope-physics.comuv.com/maglev/howitw
•
www.maglevhighways.com/space/
4/26/12
THANK YOU
4/26/12
Presented by :Manoj Kr. Bharti 4/26/12
VIT-ECE, IV yr.
Content •
Introduction
•
History
•
Technology & working of maglev
•
Advantage & Disadvantage
•
Comparison from conventional train
•
Application of maglev technology
4/26/12
Magnetic Levitation •
•
•
•
Magnetic levitation is the use of magnetic fields to levitate a (usually) metallic object. Manipulating magnetic fields and controlling their forces can levitate an object. Using either Ferromagnetism Diamagnetism object can be levitated.
or
Most important application of Magnetic Levitation is Tran rapid magnetic lift trains. 4/26/12
HISTORY •
•
1902- First magnetic train invented by Alfred Zehden of . Idea was given by Robert Goddard in 1904 that gave theory that train can be lifted off track with help of electromagnetic.
•
1959-Design for first magnetic train made.
•
1979-First magnetic train built in Hamburg, .
•
1984-First magnetic train that people can ride built in Birmingham, England.
4/26/12
WHY MAGLEV •
Faster trips
•
Minimal maintenance & longer lifetime
•
• • •
High reliability and less susceptible to congestion and weather conditions Petroleum independence / Energy efficient Less polluting High safety 4/26/12
Basic Principle of Maglev Trains Maglev trains have to perform the following functions to operate in high speeds1.Leviation 2.Propulsion 3.Lateral Guidance 4/26/12
Types of Maglev Trains Based on the technique used for Levitation the are two types of Maglev trains 1. Electromagnetic Suspension -Attractive 2. Electrodynamic Suspension -repulsive
4/26/12
Electromagnetic Suspension(EMS) •
Electromagnetic Suspension electromagnets to levitate the train.
4/26/12
uses
Principle of Magnetic Levitation
4/26/12
•
When a current is ed through it, and the electromagnet switched on, there is attraction, and the levitation electromagnets, which are below the rail, raise up to meet the rail. The car levitates.
4/26/12
Gap Sensor •
This attractive force is controlled by a gap sensor that measures the distance between the rails and electromagnets.
4/26/12
Principle of Lateral Guidance •
•
This configuration ensures that when ever a levitation force is exerted, a lateral guidance force occurs as well. If the electromagnet starts to shift laterally from the center of the rail, the lateral guidance force is exerted in proportion to the extent of the shift, bringing the electromagnet back into alignment.
4/26/12
Electrodynamic Suspension •
Electrodynamics Suspension uses Superconductors for levitation, propulsion and lateral guidance
4/26/12
Superconductivity •
•
•
Superconductivity occurs in certain materials at very low temperatures. When superconductive, a material has an electrical resistance of exactly zero. It is also characterized by a phenomenon called the Messer effect. This is the ejection of any sufficiently weak magnetic field from the interior of the superconductor as it transitions into the superconducting state.
4/26/12
Principle of Magnet Levitation The ing of the superconducting magnets by figure eight levitation coils on the side of the tract induces a current in the coils and creates a magnetic field. This pushes the train upward so that it can levitate 10 cm above the track. •The train does not levitate until it reaches 50 mph, so it is equipped with retractable wheels. •
4/26/12
Principle of PROPULSION The propulsion coils located on the sidewalls on both sides of the guideway are energized by a three-phase alternating current from a substation, creating a shifting magnetic field on the guideway. •The on-board superconducting magnets are attracted and pushed by the shifting field, propelling the Maglev vehicle. •Braking is accomplished by sending an alternating current in the reverse direction so that it is slowed by attractive and repulsive forces. •
4/26/12
Principle of Lateral Guidance When one side of the train nears the side of the guideway, the super conducting magnet on the train induces a repulsive force from the levitation coils on the side closer to the train and an attractive force from the coils on the farther side. •
•
This keeps the train in the center.
4/26/12
INDUCTRACK •
•
•
United States has been developing a newer style of Maglev called Inductrack. It is being developed by Dr, Richard post Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.
at
the
It uses an “arrangement of powerful permanent magnets, known as a Halbach array, to create the levitating force.
4/26/12
Pros and Cons of Different Technologies Technology EMS (Electromagnetic suspension)
4/26/12
Pros
Cons
Magnetic fields inside andThe separation between the outside the vehicle are less thanvehicle and the guideway must EDS; proven, commerciallybe constantly monitored and available technology that cancorrected by computer systems attain very high speedsto avoid collision due to the (500 km/h); no wheels orunstable nature of secondary propulsion systemelectromagnetic attraction; due needed to the system's inherent instability and the required constant corrections by outside systems, vibration issues may occur.
Technology
Pros
Cons
Onboard magnets and largeStrong magnetic fields onboard EDS margin between rail and trainthe train would make the train (Electrodynamic enable highest recorded traininaccessible to engers with speeds (581 km/h) and heavypacemakers or magnetic data suspension) load capacity; has recentlystorage media such as hard
demonstrated (December 2005)drives and credit cards, successful operations using highnecessitating the use of temperature superconductors inmagnetic shielding; limitations its onboard magnets, cooledon guideway inductivity limit with inexpensive liquid nitrogen the maximum speed of the vehicle; vehicle must be wheeled for travel at low speeds.
4/26/12
Accident With Maglev Train •
•
11 August 2006 - Due to fire broke out on the Shanghai commercial trans-rapid. 22 September 2006 - Crash
An elevated trans-rapid train collided with a maintenance vehicle on a test run in Lathen ().
4/26/12
Maglev v/s conventional train •
•
• •
4/26/12
Routine Maglev No Coventional Friction train =train Less Maintenance Maintenance Needed Engine No Engine requires = No fuel required fossil fuels Speeds in excess of Speeds up to 110 300 mph mph
Other Applications •
•
• •
NASA plans to use magnetic levitation for launching of space vehicles into low earth orbit. Boeing is pursuing research in Maglev to provide a Hypersonic Ground Test Facility for the Air Force. The mining industry will also benefit from Maglev. There are probably many more undiscovered applications!
4/26/12
Conclusion •
•
From the perspective of economic, environmental, and societal benefits, maglev technology has promised the technical attributes necessary to become the next generation of ground transportation The chief advantages of this type of train are:
Non- and non-wearing propulsion, independent of friction, no mechanical components like wheel, axle. •
Obstacles to commercial use of the maglev trains include- Expense, especially in guideway construction, 4/26/12
REFERENCES • •
http://science.howstuffworks.com/transport/engine cegt201.bradley.edu/projects/proj2006/maglev/ .../maglevFinal.pdf
•
http://www.trainweb.org/tgvpages/background.htm
•
http://ninpope-physics.comuv.com/maglev/howitw
•
www.maglevhighways.com/space/
4/26/12
THANK YOU
4/26/12
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