Longman Essay Activator 301y50

Knowledge comes from learning. Wisdom comes from living – KHẮC THỨC _____________________________________________________________________________________

Advantages & Disadvantages

1. Writing about Advantages -

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Advantage (c.n) The great advantage of digital cameras is that there is no film to process The movement of the sea is predicable. This gives wave power a distinct advantage over (=an obvious advantage compared to) win power Despite a few problems with the design, the car’s advantages clearly outweigh its disadvantages Benefit (c.n) Modern technology has brought great benefits to mankind Merit (c.n) sự xứng đáng, sự xuất sắc >< the merits and the demerits of = the good and bad features of, see no great in ... = to do not think that it is a good..... Good point (c.n) about sth is that ....= plus point The good/ great/ best thing about: informal  the beauty of sth is that ...

2. Writing about Disadvantages. -

Disadvantage (c.n) The main disadvantage of this book is tis price Drawback (c.n): nhược điểm, điểm yếu Downside (c.n) mặt trái, mặt tiêu cực Bad point Agreeing >< Disagreeing

1. Agree with sb or sth -

Agree (int/ tran.v) with sb’s opinion: đồng tình với quan điểm của ai đó Share sb’s view/ concern/ fear ... = to have the same opinion/ concern/ fear ...: có cùng quan điểm ... Subscribe to a view/ theory ... = to agree with an opinion or idea. To be of the same opinion about sth/ as sb Concur (v) with đồng tính, bày tỏ: formal = agree with (+ that)

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Knowledge comes from learning. Wisdom comes from living – KHẮC THỨC _____________________________________________________________________________________

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Sb is right/ sb makes a valid point: used when you agree with what sb says: Cox makes a valid point when he questions our ability to remain objective

2. To partly agree with sb/ sth -

Agree up to a point = to partly agree with sb/ sth: 1 phần Broadly agree with = to agree with most parts of sth: chung  broadly speaking: nói chung There is some truth in: used when saying that you think that sth is partly true or right:

3. When a group of people agree -

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Agreement (unc.n): there is general agreement that; there is widespread agreement on = most people agree about it; S + be + mostly in agreement about = most of them agree about it; reach agreement = agree with each other. Consensus (sin, unc.n): sự đồng lòng, sự nhất trí There was a growing consensus that the military government had to be replaced. Common ground: điểm chung, điểm tương đồng Unanimous (adj) on sth: nhất trí, đồng lòng; a unanimous decision Widely held view/ belief/ .... Widely/ generally accepted Aim or purpose

1. Ways of saying what the aim or purpose of sth is -

Aim to do sth = try to do achieve sth Set out to do sth: begin to do a job with a particular aim. in order to do be intended to do the dams were intended to control the flooding which affects the river in winter. Be supposed to do/ be meant to do: to be intended to have a particular result or effect.

2. Words meaning aim/ purpose NGUYỄN KHẮC THỨC

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Knowledge comes from learning. Wisdom comes from living – KHẮC THỨC _____________________________________________________________________________________

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Aim (n) Purpose Object Target Goal Intention Mission The point Ends

Approximate/ Exact

1. Words meaning approximately 2.

Approximately About (less informal) Roughly In the region of Circa + year Or more 10 years/ 20% ... or more

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Exactly To be exact Precisely Right in the middle of/ next to/ in front of Directly in front of/ behind/ under etc ..

Words meaning exactly

Causes 1. To make sth to happen

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Make (sb/sth + Vbare inf)

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Knowledge comes from learning. Wisdom comes from living – KHẮC THỨC _____________________________________________________________________________________

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Cause (bad things – formal > make) Lead to + N Result in + N Create Bring about Give rise to sth (a formal phrase) Generate Be responsible for Set off Trigger 2. Ways of saying sth is caused by another thing Be caused by Be the result of/ result from Arise from Stem from 3. To be one of things that cause sth to happen Play a part Be a factor Contribute to sth Influence (v) Cause (n) Factor Origins Source Root

Certainty & uncertainty

1. Ways of saying that you are certain about sth -

Certain (adj) formal > sure Sure (adj) not before N Convinced (adj) not before N Confident (adj) not before N Satisfied (adj) not before N Have no doubt/ be in no doubt

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Knowledge comes from learning. Wisdom comes from living – KHẮC THỨC _____________________________________________________________________________________

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Without (a) doubt There is no doubt that/ there is no denying/ disputing the fact that: (completely sure) Certainly/ undoubtedly

2. Ways of saying that you are not certain about sth -

Not certain/ uncertain (adj) not before N > not sure It is by no means certain that she is right ( = it is not at all certain) Not sure/ unsure (adj) not before N Have doubts Be dubious about sth Comparing & contrasting

1. What you say when comparing things or people -

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Compared to/ with: The average make male has a life expectancy of 77.6 years, compared with 75 in 1960 By comparison/ in comparison Wages are low in comparison with the US Next to/ beside (prep) As against/ as opposed to (conj) Unlike (prep) In/ by contrast In proportion to/ in relation to: the relationship of amount or size of sth People from Sweden pay the highest rates of tax in proportion to their incomes Relative (adj) the same type

2. To compare things or people -

Compare (tran.v) Make/ draw a comparison (draw > make) Draw an analogy: Draw a parallel

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Knowledge comes from learning. Wisdom comes from living – KHẮC THỨC _____________________________________________________________________________________

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Like sth/ sth to (ph.v) Contrast (v) Make/ draw a distinction between (draw > make)

Concluding 1. what you say when concluding your essay/ argument -

in conclusion/ to conclude to summarize/ to sum up sth can be summarized as follows the following conclusion(s) may be drawn the main conclusion to be drawn is that 2. saying again what your aims were at the conclusion of an essay

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the purpose/ aim of thi ... was to ... in this... I have tried/ attempted to ....

Decreasing 1. to decrease -

decrease go down decline drop/ fall plunge/ plummet halve diminish dwindle 2. to make sth decrease

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reduce lower > bring down

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Knowledge comes from learning. Wisdom comes from living – KHẮC THỨC _____________________________________________________________________________________

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cut halve relieve/ ease alleviate = make a problem less serious 3. A decrease

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Decrease (n) Reduction Cut Drop/ fall Decline 4. When sth stops decreasing

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Level off/ Out = stop decreasing and stay at the same level Bottom out = reach the lowest point Disagreeing 1. To disagree with sb/ or with an opinion

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Disagree/ not agree Take issue with (a formal phrase) Dispute (v) Differ Be divided on/ split on Be mistaken (adj) 2. When people disagree about sth

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Disagreement (unc.n) Dispute (n) Controversy (n) 3. Causing disagreement

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Knowledge comes from learning. Wisdom comes from living – KHẮC THỨC _____________________________________________________________________________________

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Contentious (adj – a formal word) hay gây gỗ, hay cãi nhau  a Contentious issue/ topic/ subject Controversial (adj)  a highly controversial topic Divisive (adj) gây bất đồng, chia rẽ

Effects 1. Word meaning effect -

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Effect (n) on Building hundreds of new homes is likely to have an adverse effect on the environment (a bad effect) Impact (n) on: refer big and permanent effect Influence (n) on Side effect (n): unwanted effect beside its good effects, especially, about drug and medical treatment Aftereffects (pl.n) Knock-on effect Repercussions (pl.n) the bad effects that happen later as a result of an event which continues to happen afterwards Implications (pl.r) the possible effects that sth is likely to have in the future. 2. To affect sth/ sb

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Affect: = to have an effect on sth/ sb Be bad for Be good for Impact (on) (v) Make a difference Influence (v)

Emphasizing

1. What you say when emphasizing that sth is important - I would like to stress that NGUYỄN KHẮC THỨC

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Knowledge comes from learning. Wisdom comes from living – KHẮC THỨC _____________________________________________________________________________________

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It should be noted that (a formal phrase) It is worth bearing in mind that Crucial Vital/ essential

2. Ways of emphasizing one person or thing more than others

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Especially/ particularly (adv) In particular Notably Above all Most of all Most importantly/ most significantly

3. To emphasize sth

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Emphasize/ stress Highlight Underline/ underscore Draw attention to Point up

Explaining

1. What you say when you are explaining sth -

This means that/ which means that That is > ie Le/ i.e: explaining the meaning of the previous word. (id est) In other words/ to put in another way To put it simply Specially

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Knowledge comes from learning. Wisdom comes from living – KHẮC THỨC _____________________________________________________________________________________

2. Words meaning to explain sth

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Explain Give/ offer/ provide an explanation to explain sth Set out Go through Expand on Clarify Giving example 1. What you say when giving example

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For example For instance Particularly/ in particular Be a good typical/ classics/ obvious ... example Be a case in point Take/ consider sth as an example/ for instance By way of illustration By shown by This is true of/ this was true of sth

2. What you say when there a lot of other examples of sth -

Such as Including To name but a few Etc/ et cateria

3. To give sth or sb as an example

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Knowledge comes from learning. Wisdom comes from living – KHẮC THỨC _____________________________________________________________________________________

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Give the example of sth/ give sth as example Cite

Giving exceptions

1. Ways of saying that sth/ sb is an exception

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Except (prep) (for) Apart from/ aside from Excluding/ not including (Excluding > not including) With the exception of/ with one exception But ( after nothing, no one, any, anything, anyone, all, everyone and everything) – the only Other than (negative sentence) In a few cases/ in a small number of cases

2. Sb or sth that is not included

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Exception (n) All societies, without exception, share the same characteristics (used when saying that there are no exception)

Giving opinions

1. What you say when giving your opinion about sth -

In my opinion/ view I think that  in this writer’s view/ opinion ... as sb has pointed out, .... It seems to me that I believe that

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Knowledge comes from learning. Wisdom comes from living – KHẮC THỨC _____________________________________________________________________________________

2. Ways of saying what another person’s opinion is

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sb’s opinion/ view is that in sb’s opinion/ view be of the opinion. Take the view that have/ hold an opinion for sb as far as sb is concerned from sb’s point of view

3. to say what your opinion is about sth

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give/ express/ voice an opinion (express/ voice an opinion > give) make your views known (about sth)

Giving reasons

1. what you say when giving reasons for sth

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because  the reason is/ the reason for this is that..... why in order to > to for through as a result of due to/ owing to

2. words meaning reason

- reason NGUYỄN KHẮC THỨC

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Knowledge comes from learning. Wisdom comes from living – KHẮC THỨC _____________________________________________________________________________________

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explanation motive grounds argument rationale justification for basis

3. a reason that does not seem believable

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Pretext: cớ/ lí do: as a pretext for, under the pretext of = using this as a reason People were sent to prison or labour camps on the flimsiest of pretexts (for reasons that seem very unlikely and difficult to believe) Excuse (n) for People are tired of listening to the same old feasible excuses ( = excuses that seem very weak and not believable)

Increasing

1. To increase -

Increase Rise/ go up (rise > go up), has increased = are up by Grow Double/ triple/ quadruple Expand Soar Escalate

2. To make sth increase

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Increase

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Knowledge comes from learning. Wisdom comes from living – KHẮC THỨC _____________________________________________________________________________________

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Raise > put up Double/ triple/ quadruple Expand Boost Extend Set up Add to

3. An increase

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Increase (the increase of .... in. ... ) England’s countryside is under threat from a massive increase (a very big increase) traffic Growth Rise Build-up Surge Explosion Boom

4. When sth does not increase or stops increasing -

Remain constant > stay the same Peak/ reach a peak Level off/ out

Linking parts of a sentence 1. Words meaning ‘and’ or ‘also’

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And Also Too/ as well

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Knowledge comes from learning. Wisdom comes from living – KHẮC THỨC _____________________________________________________________________________________

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In addition Furthermore > moreover Not to mention

2. Words meaning ‘because’ -

because Due to/ owing to Through Thanks to Since/ as In view of Out of  particular feeling/ quality

3. Words meaning ‘but’ or ‘although’

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But Although However/ nevertheless Whereas/ while By contrast Yet In spite of/ despite

4. Words meaning ‘if’

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If Unless Whether or not Otherwise In case Assuming that As long as/ provided that

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Knowledge comes from learning. Wisdom comes from living – KHẮC THỨC _____________________________________________________________________________________

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On condition that In the event of/ that

5. Words meaning ‘in order to’

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In order to So (that) For With the aim of doing sth With a view to doing sth

6. Words meaning ‘or’

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Or Alternatively On the one/ other hand

7. Words meaning ‘therefore’ -

Therefore > so Thus > therefore Hence – formal As a result Consequently/ as a consequence > as a result For this/ these reasons With the result that This means that Thereby Accordingly

Listing & Ordering NGUYỄN KHẮC THỨC

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Knowledge comes from learning. Wisdom comes from living – KHẮC THỨC _____________________________________________________________________________________

1. What you say when ordering a group of things you want to mention -

Firstly/ first First of all Secondly/ second Thirdly/ third In the first/ second/ third place Then/ next In addition Furthermore/ moreover Lastly/ last but not least Finally One last/ final point

2. Ways of introducing a list of reasons, causes, points etc

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There are several/ there are a number of As follows The following

Making generalizations 1. Ways of saying that something is true about most people or things -

Most Mostly/ mainly/ < largely Predominantly Almost all/ nearly all/ virtually The majority In general Generally Generally speaking/ broadly speaking/ as a rule For the most part By and large/ in the main/ on the whole

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Knowledge comes from learning. Wisdom comes from living – KHẮC THỨC _____________________________________________________________________________________

2. To say that sth is true -

Generalize Generalization

Problems & solutions

1. Problems

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Problem Issue Challenge Difficulty Trouble Complication Setback Obstacle Pitfall Dilemma Vicious circle

2. Small problems

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Teething problem/ troubles Snag – informal word Hitch – informal word

3. Solutions

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Knowledge comes from learning. Wisdom comes from living – KHẮC THỨC _____________________________________________________________________________________

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Solution Answer Way out Cure (remedy, prescription and panacea – used metaphorically) Quick fix – informal word Magic bullet for

Quoting people

Ways of quoting what sb has said

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Say Write Point out “as Sb points out/ notes/ states/ remarks”  note/ remark: formal Observe State Argue Conclude Claim According to In the words of....

Referring

1. Referring to an earlier part of essay, report etc

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Above Previous Preceding Earlier

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Knowledge comes from learning. Wisdom comes from living – KHẮC THỨC _____________________________________________________________________________________

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As has been seen/ it has been seen that The former The latter

2. Referring to a later part of an essay, report etc

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Below The following As follows There follow Over page/ overleaf See over As we shall see

3. Referring to another piece of work

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See As sb says/ notes/ remarks/ points out Cf. Op. Cit. (opere citato) Ibid (ibidem) Ioc. Cit. (loco citato) Pp (pages)

Related/ Unrelated

1. Ways of saying that two things are related

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Related to/ connected

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Knowledge comes from learning. Wisdom comes from living – KHẮC THỨC _____________________________________________________________________________________

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Linked (adj) There is a connection/ link There is a correlation Inter-related/ interconnected Interdependent Associated Be bound up with Go together

2. Related to what is being discussed -

Relevant Pertinent Germane Have a bearing on To the point

3. Not related

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Not related/ not connected Unrelated/ unconnected There is no relation/ connection Separate Discrete Distinct

4. Not related to what you are discussing -

Irrelevant Have nothing to do with Have no bearing on Be beyond/ outside the scope of

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Knowledge comes from learning. Wisdom comes from living – KHẮC THỨC _____________________________________________________________________________________

Showing & Proving

1. To show that sth is true -

Show < Prove Demonstrate Sth can be seen that/ it (as) can be seen that Be evidence of Be symptomatic of Reveal Confirm / back up Corroborate Validate Substantiate

2. To show sth is likely -

Suggest Indicate Imply There is some evidence hat Give the impression Lead to the conclusion that

3. To show that sth is untrue

- Disprove - Contradict - Refute NGUYỄN KHẮC THỨC

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Knowledge comes from learning. Wisdom comes from living – KHẮC THỨC _____________________________________________________________________________________

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Invalidate Demolish

Study & Research

1. To study sth in order to find out more about it

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Study (v) Do/ carry out
2. the work of studying sth

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Study (n) Research Work Experiment: conduct an experiment > do/ carry out an experiment Test Trial

3. A piece of writing by sb who is studying a subject

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Essay Paper Dissertation Thesis

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Knowledge comes from learning. Wisdom comes from living – KHẮC THỨC _____________________________________________________________________________________

4. The results of sb’s research

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Results Findings Conclusion

Subjects & Topics

1. Ways of saying what the subject of sth is

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About On On the subject/ topic of Concerning/ regarding sth With regard to Deal with Be concerned with Focus on Tell the story of

2. Words meaning subject

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Subject Topic Theme Issue Question Matter (general) > issue/ question (specific)

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Knowledge comes from learning. Wisdom comes from living – KHẮC THỨC _____________________________________________________________________________________

l To indicate more information            

Besides - Making an additional point; anyway Furthermore In addition Moreover Likewise Indeed – In truth In fact Also As well Foremost - Ranking above all others; Preceding all others in spatial position First, Second, Third, Finally Firstly, Secondly, Thirdly

To make Intensification          

indeed to repeat by all means of course Doubtedly Certainly without doubt undoubtedly in fact surely

To indicate an example       

For example For instance In particular Particularly - Specifically or especially distinguished from others Specifically To illustrate To demonstrate

To indicate a cause or reason NGUYỄN KHẮC THỨC

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Knowledge comes from learning. Wisdom comes from living – KHẮC THỨC _____________________________________________________________________________________         

Since Because Because of Due to For For the reason that As Inasmuch as - Since Whereby - As a result of which, By which, "the means whereby we achieved our goal"

To indicate a result or an effect           

Accordingly - because of the reason given Consequently Hence So Therefore Thus Thusly - In the way indicated Thence - From that fact or reason or as a result Therefrom - From that circumstance or source Thereof - Of or concerning this or that, From that circumstance or source Corollary - A practical consequence that follows naturally, "blind jealousy is a frequent corollary of ionate love"

To conclude       

For the aforementioned reasons For the aforementioned reasons, there is no doubt that To sum up the foregoing, Given these facts In conclusion In closing To conclude

To express an opinion  

In all due fairness With good judgment, (one/we may)

To describe or make NGUYỄN KHẮC THỨC

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Knowledge comes from learning. Wisdom comes from living – KHẮC THỨC _____________________________________________________________________________________                

vivid portray depict exhibit illustrate expose present paint a portrait limn - Trace the shape of, make a portrait of delineate represent demonstrate constitute - Form or compose embodied - (adj) Expressed by embody - (v) Represent or express in tangible form embodiment

To prove         

manifest - Provide evidence for; stand as proof of attest - Provide evidence for testify - Provide evidence for certify - Provide evidence for endorse, indorse - Give or one's approval to show - Establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment establish instance - (v) Clarify by giving an example of exemplify - (v) Clarify by giving an example of

To compare or contrast  

Whereas In comparison  In contrast  However  Although  On the other hand  Likewise  Similarly  But  Yet  Withal - Despite anything to the contrary (usually following a concession) NGUYỄN KHẮC THỨC Email: [email protected] Facebook: FACEBOOK.COM/KHACTHUCENGLISH

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Knowledge comes from learning. Wisdom comes from living – KHẮC THỨC _____________________________________________________________________________________      

Withal - Together with this Nevertheless - Despite anything to the contrary Nonetheless - Despite anything to the contrary Notwithstanding - Despite anything to the contrary Even so - Despite anything to the contrary All the same - Despite anything to the contrary

To indicate time                       

After Before Currently During Eventually Finally First, Second, etc. Formerly Immediately Initially Lastly Later Meanwhile Next Once Previously Simultaneously Soon Subsequently Subsequent - Following in time and order Hitherto, Heretofore - Used in negative statement to describe a situation that has existed up to this point or up to the present time, “The sun hasn’t rose hitherto.” In due time Henceforth

To indicate certainty 

Truly  Sincerely  Genuinely  Surely  Rightfully  Absolutely  Indubitably NGUYỄN KHẮC THỨC

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Knowledge comes from learning. Wisdom comes from living – KHẮC THỨC _____________________________________________________________________________________   

Certainly Without doubt Needless to say

To indicate doubt      

Most likely More likely Possibly Probably Dubitable - Open to doubt or suspicion Dubious - Distressed with uncertainty or doubt

To summarize            

Overall To summarize In summary To sum up Paraphrased Briefly In brief Summing up To put it briefly précis - A sketchy summary, Make a summary (of) synopsis - A sketchy summary apercu - A short synopsis

To provide a condition        

provision, proviso - A stipulated condition stipulate - Specify as a condition or requirement in a contract given if whether whenever when while

To express positive words 

magnificent

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Knowledge comes from learning. Wisdom comes from living – KHẮC THỨC _____________________________________________________________________________________                                         

grandeur - The quality of being magnificent or splendid or grand, the quality of being exalted in character or ideals or conduct magnanimous - The quality of being exalted in character or ideals or conduct fantastic fantastical phenomenal wonderful extraordinary marvelous superb good fine great avid - Emotionally desirable avid ambition to succeed excellent spectacular prodigious grand brilliant glorious - Bringing great happiness and thankfulness illustrious - Widely known and esteemed notable - Worthy of notice respected impressive splendid splendiferous - Having great beauty and splendor resplendent - Having great beauty and splendor, Richly and brilliantly colorful flamboyant - Elaborately or excessively ornamented, Richly and brilliantly colorful redoubtable - Having or worthy of pride formidable - Extremely impressive in strength or excellence prowess superior terrific tremendous wondrous - Extraordinarily good wonderful sublime - Inspiring awe, Lifted up or set high flair - natural talent knack - A special way of doing something outshine - Attract more attention and praise than others paramount - Having superior power and influence

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Knowledge comes from learning. Wisdom comes from living – KHẮC THỨC _____________________________________________________________________________________   

predominant preponderating prevailing

To show intelligence                    

profound shrewd – hardheaded (practical experience and observation) intelligence astute acumen - Shrewdness shown by keen insight insightful savvy - The cognitive condition of someone who understands cognition - The psychological result of perception, learning and reasoning genius smart sharp keen mastermind Einstein - Someone who has exceptional intellectual ability and originality work of art fine art maven - Someone who is dazzlingly skilled in any field marvin - Someone who is dazzlingly skilled in any field adept - Someone who is dazzlingly skilled in any field whiz - Someone who is dazzlingly skilled in any field wizard - Someone who is dazzlingly skilled in any field

To intensify 

incredibly  exceedingly  toppingly - extremely well  extremely  extraordinarily  truly  really  very  utterly - Completely and without qualification; used informally as intensifiers, With sublimity; in a sublime manner  absolutely  perfectly  sublimely  dramatically NGUYỄN KHẮC THỨC Email: [email protected] Facebook: FACEBOOK.COM/KHACTHUCENGLISH

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Knowledge comes from learning. Wisdom comes from living – KHẮC THỨC _____________________________________________________________________________________ 

sheer - (adj.) Complete and without restriction or qualification; sometimes used informally as an intensifier; (adv.) Directly "he fell sheer into the water"

Said                  

enounced, enunciated - Speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way pronounced - Speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way articulated - Express or state clearly vocalized - Express or state clearly posited - Put firmly stated expressed reported alleged - Declared but not proved averred - Report or maintain, To declare or affirm in a grave manner and formally as true affirmed, asserted wrote composed indicted - Produce a literary work penned - Produce a literary work spelt - Indicate or signify voiced, sounded - Give voice to demean - Reduce in worth or character, usually verbally

Noted (said)        

remarked denoted - Be a sign or indication of, "Her smile denoted that she agreed" observed commented mentioned referred announced noticed

Precisely     

explicitly accurately expressly exactly incisively

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Knowledge comes from learning. Wisdom comes from living – KHẮC THỨC _____________________________________________________________________________________

Numerous        

innumerable many various several diverse umpteen umteen myriad (noun and adj.)

Praise         

extol - (v) Praise, glorify, or honor exalt glorify laud proclaim revere idolize worship venerate

Call Forth           

evoke - Call forth (emotions, feelings, and responses) arouse - Call forth (emotions, feelings, and responses) elicit - Call forth (emotions, feelings, and responses) enkindle - Call forth (emotions, feelings, and responses) provoke - Call forth (emotions, feelings, and responses) inflame - Arouse or excite feelings and ions awake - Stop sleeping conjure - Evoke or call forth, with or as if by magic invoke - Evoke or call forth, with or as if by magic summon - Gather or bring together instill - deposit gradually

Argue a. Along similar lines, [X] argues that ___. b. There seems to be no compelling reason to argue that ___. NGUYỄN KHẮC THỨC

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Knowledge comes from learning. Wisdom comes from living – KHẮC THỨC _____________________________________________________________________________________

c. As a rebuttal to this point, it might be (convincingly) argued that ___. d. There are [three] main arguments that can be advanced to ___. e. The underlying argument in favor of / against [X] is that ___. f. [X]‘s argument in favor of / against [Y] runs as follows: ___. Claim a. In this [paper], I put forward the claim that ___. b. [X] develops the claim that ___. c. There is ample / growing for the claim that ___. d. [X]‘s findings lend to the claim that ___. e. Taking a middle-ground position, [X] claims that ___. Data a. The data gathered in the [pilot study] suggests / suggest that ___. b. The data appears / appear to suggest that ___. c. The data yielded by this [study] provides strong / convincing evidence that ___. (yielded = generated) d. A closer look at the data indicates that ___. e. The data generated by [X] is / are reported in [table 1]. f. The aim of this [section] is to generalize beyond the data and ___. In modern usage, data can also be treated as a mass / uncountable noun, like information. Before you submit your work, check whether the institution you’re writing for / on behalf of prefers data + plural verb. Debate a. [X] has fostered debate on ___. (fostered = encouraged) b. There has been an inconclusive debate about whether ___. c. The question of whether ___ has caused much debate in [our profession] [over the years]. d. (Much of) the current debate revolves around ___. Discussion a. In this section / chapter, the discussion will point to ___. b. The foregoing discussion implies that ___. (foregoing = that came before) NGUYỄN KHẮC THỨC

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Knowledge comes from learning. Wisdom comes from living – KHẮC THỨC _____________________________________________________________________________________

c. For the sake of discussion, I would like to argue that ___. d. In this study, the question under discussion is ___. e. In this paper, the discussion centers on ___. f. [X] lies at the heart of the discussion on ___. Evidence (: Evidence is uncountable.) a. The available evidence seems to suggest that ___ / point to ___. b. On the basis of the evidence currently available, it seems fair to suggest that ___. c. There is overwhelming evidence corroborating the notion that ___.(corroborating = confirming) d. Further evidence ing / against [X] may lie in the findings of [Y], who ___. e. These results provide confirmatory evidence that ___. Ground a. I will now summarize the ground covered in this [chapter] by ___. b. On logical grounds, there is no compelling reason to argue that ___. c. [X] takes a middle-ground position on [Y] and argues that ___. d. On these grounds, we can argue that ___. e. [X]‘s views are grounded on the assumption that ___. Issue a. This study is an attempt to address the issue of ___. b. In the present study, the issue under scrutiny is ___. c. The issue of whether ___ is clouded by the fact that ___. (clouded = made less clear) d. To portray the issue in [X]‘s , ___. e. Given the centrality of this issue to [my claim], I will now ___. f. This [chapter] is concerned with the issue of [how/whether/what] ___. Literature a. [X] is prominent in the literature on [Y]. b. There is a rapidly growing literature on [X], which indicates that ___. c. The literature shows no consensus on [X], which means that ___. d. The (current) literature on [X] abounds with examples of ___. NGUYỄN KHẮC THỨC

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Knowledge comes from learning. Wisdom comes from living – KHẮC THỨC _____________________________________________________________________________________

Premise a. The main theoretical premise behind [X] is that ___. b. [X] and [Y] share an important premise: ___. c. [X] is premised on the assumption that ___. d. The basic premises of [X]‘s theory / argument are ___. e. The arguments against [X]‘s premise rest on [four] assumptions: ___. Research a. This study draws on research conducted by ___. b. Although there has been relatively little research on / into [X], ___. c. In the last [X] years, [educational] research has provided ample forthe assertion that ___. d. Current research appears / seems to validate the view that ___. e. Research on / into ___ does not the view that ___. f. Further research in this area may include ___ and ___. g. Evidence for [X] is borne out by research that shows ___. h. There is insufficient research on / into ___ to draw any firm conclusions about / on ___. View a. The consensus view seems to be that ___. b. [X] propounds the view that ___. (propound = put forward for consideration) c. Current research (does not) appear(s) to validate such a view. d. There have been dissenters to the view that ___. (dissenter = someone who disagrees) e. The answer to [X] / The difference between [X] and [Y] is not as clear-cut as popular views might suggest. f. The view that _____ is (very much) in line with [common sense]. g. I am not alone in my view that ___. h. [X] puts forward the view that ___. i. [X]‘s views rest on the assumption that ___.

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