Lmcr2252-3 Teori-teori Emosi.ppt 3i1jp
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ZT2253: Teori-Teori Emosi
Objektif Pembelajaran • Mengetahui dan memahami teori-teori berkenaan bagaimana emosi terhasil dan berfungsi • Memahami perbezaan dan persamaan di antara teori-teori tersebut
Teori-teori berikut menjelaskan BAGAIMANA emosi terbit
Tiga Aliran Teori • Physiologically Oriented Theories • Cognitive Theories • Psychoanalytic Theory
Physiologically Oriented Theories • Common Sense Theory • The James-Lange Theory • Psychobiological Theory
Cuba lihat gambar ini…
1. Common-sense theory • Situasi
emosi
reaksi tubuh
TAKUT
2. James-Lange Theory • Dikemukakan oleh William James (1884) dan Carl Lange (1887) • Premis: reaksi fisiologi menyebabkan emosi
James-Lange theory • Situasi
reaksi tubuh emosi
TAKUT
James-Lange theory
Body = emotion “Without the bodily states following on the perception, the latter would be purely cognitive in form; pale, colorless, destitute of emotional warmth. We might then see the bear, and judge it best to run... But we should not actually feel afraid.” (William James, 1890) James, 1890, v. 2, p. 449 (Gleitman)
James-Lange theory
The perception of bodily changes IS the emotion. Bayangkan naik roller-coaster
James-Lange theory • Testing the theory: • Hypothesis 1: You need the body in order to feel emotions. • Test: Interview people with high vs. low spinal cord injuries High spinal cord injury: “Sometimes I act angry... But it doesn’t have the heat to it that it used to. It’s a mental kind of anger.” Hohman, 1966, pp. 150-151 (Carlson)
James-Lange theory • Testing the theory: • Hypothesis 1: You need the body in order to feel emotions. – Results 1: The body may be necessary to have a full emotional experience.
James-Lange theory • Testing the theory: • Hypothesis 2: All you need is your body to know what emotion to feel.
James-Lange theory • Situation
bodily reaction emotion
FEAR or
LOVE?
Sequence
James-Lange theory • Testing the theory: • Hypothesis 1: You need the body in order to feel emotions – Results 1: The body may be necessary to have a full emotional experience.
• Hypothesis 2: The body can tell you precisely which emotion to feel. – Test: Gave people a dose of adrenaline: “I feel as if I’m angry”
James-Lange theory • Testing the theory: • Hypothesis 1: You need the body in order to feel emotions – Results 1: The body may be necessary to have a full emotional experience.
• Hypothesis 2: The body can tell you precisely which emotion to feel. – Results 2: The body is not ALL that is necessary to have a fully emotional experience.
3. Psychobiological Theory • Dikemukakan oleh Jack Panskepp (1982, 1992) • Premise: Basic emotions are related to specific neural circuits & neurochemicals (hormones) • He proposes 4 basic emotion (fear, rage, panic and expectancy) • E.g. dopamine – expectancy system – Acetylcholine – rage system
SPRINAL CORD INJURIES AND EMOTIONALITY • Several studies – Decrease in emotionality – Greater when break is higher in spinal cord
• Other studies – No differences with these injuries
• Intervening variables – from internal organs via vagus nerve – Cranial nerve from facial muscles
BRAIN AND EMOTIONS Limbic System
• Integrally involved in emotions • Heath study (1964) – Implanted electrodes in several locations of brain • Used to treat epilepsy, sleep disorders, pain
– Stimulation of hypothalamus • General autonomic reaction • Pounding heart, feelings of warmth
– Stimulation of septal area • Sensation of pleasure • Sexual fantasies and arousal
Amygdala
BRAIN AND EMOTIONS Amygdala • Functions – Receives input from all senses – Produces fear and anxiety – Targets several brain structures that produce emotional responses
• Rat study – Destruction of both amygdalas • Rats will approach and walk on sedated cat
• Humans – Damage to both amygdalas • Unusually trusting of strangers • Difficulty recognizing fear in others • Respond only to simplest fear situations
– Stimulate amygdala • Triggers fear
BRAIN AND EMOTIONS Prefrontal Cortex • Involved in emotions • Uses emotions to help in decision-making • Severing prefrontal cortex connection to rest of brain – Blunts emotion – Impairs good decision-making
• Some schizophrenics and depressives – Abnormal development or malfunction of prefrontal area
• Prefrontal lobotomies – Used mostly on schizophrenics – Often affected emotion and decisionmaking
BRAIN AND EMOTIONS Right Hemisphere
• Special role in emotional expression and recognition • Involved in autonomic reactions to emotional stimuli • Damage to right hemisphere – More likely to be impaired emotionally • Own speech is emotionless
– More difficulty in recognizing emotions in others • Tone of speaker’s voice • Descriptions of emotions of others
Tiga Aliran Teori • Physiologically Oriented Theories • Cognitive Theories • Psychoanalytic Theory
2: Cognitive Theories a. Cannon-Bard Theory b. Schachter’s Cognitive Labeling Theory (Teori Pelabelan Kognitif Schachter) c. Lazarus Cognitive Appraisal Theory (Teori Penilaian Kognitif Lazarus)
a. The Cannon-Bard Theory • Dikemukakan oleh Walter Cannon (1929) dan Phillip Bard (1928) • Premise: Internal or external stimuli lead to sensory impulses that are sent to the cortex of the brain & then sensation of emotion is produced. • A stimulus simultaneously lead to both body responses and emotional sensation
Description • When a stimulating event happens, we feel emotions and physiological changes (such as muscular tension, sweating, etc.) at the same time. • The sequence thus is as follows: • Event ==> Simultaneous arousal and emotion
Cannon-Bard theory • Situation
bodily reaction + emotion
FEAR
• In neurobiological , the thalamus receives a signal and relays this both to the amygdala, which is connected with emotion. The body then gets signals via the autonomic nervous system to tense muscles, etc. • This was a refutation of the James-Lange theory (which proposed that emotions followed arousal) by Cannon and Bard in the late 1920s.
• Example • I see a bear. I feel afraid. I tense in readiness to run away. • Watch for emotions as displayed in physiological signals. • Ada elemen persepsi
Sequence
b. Schachter’s Cognitive Labeling Theory • Dikemukakan oleh Stanley Schachter (1962) • Asasnya menyokong James-Lange theory tetapi memasukkan pelabelan atau penilaian kognitif kepada reaksi tubuh yang berkaitan
Teori Schachter • Situasi
reaksi tubuh emosi + penilaian kognitif
FEAR
LOVE
Common-sense theory • Situation
emotion
FEAR
bodily reaction
Dibandingkan
James-Lange theory • Situation
bodily reaction emotion
FEAR
The Schachter theory • Situation
bodily reaction emotion + cognitive appraisal
FEAR
The Schachter theory • Testing the theory: • Hypothesis: The same bodily reaction will cause one emotion in one situation, and another emotion in a different situation. – Give people a dose of adrenaline; – Put them in different situations; – What happens? FEAR
LOVE
Schachter and Singer’s Experimental Design • Euphoria – Placebo – Epinephrine Informed – Epinephrine Uninformed – Epinephrine Misinformed
• Anger – Placebo – Epinephrine Informed – Epinephrine Uninformed
The Schachter theory • Testing the theory: • Schachter & Singer 1962: (didn’t take pill)
(know what pill does)
VERY ANGRY!
Medium angry!
Least angry
VERY EXCITED!
Medium excited!
Least excited
Implications • (1) In the event that an individual has no causal explanation for an arousal state he or she will label arousal in of available cognitions. • (2) In the event that an individual has appropriate explanation for arousal alternative cognitive labeling will be unlikely. • (3) Under identical “cognitive circumstances” an individual will only respond with emotional experience to the degree that he or she is physiologically excited.
• Emotion is a composite of arousal and a hypothesis about what caused the arousal. • We see ourselves as experiencing, and we experience, whatever emotion is appropriate to the hypothesis.
Lazarus Cognitive Appraisal Theory • Dikemukakan oleh Richard Lazarus (1991) • 3 komponen kognitif dalam emosi: 1. Cognitive appraisal 2. Action impulses 3. Patterned somatic (bodily) reactions
1. Cognitive appraisal • Primary appraisal - menilai signifikan rangsangan (dengan berfikir) dalam kaitannya dengan kesejahteraan diri. • Secondary appraisal – menilai kemungkinan (dengan berfikir) bagaimana mengatasi sebarang stress dari emosi yang terbit
2. Action Impulses • Melibatkan pemprosesan kognitif tentang reaksi tingkahlaku yang patut • Berfikir tentang apa yang harus dilakukan • Contohnya: Jika terperanjat, nak lari? Menjerit?
3. Patterned somatic reactions • Physiological responses that accompany and are a part of the overall emotional experience. • E.g. kalau takut, berpeluh atau mengigil
• Lazarus – when we are emotionally arouses, we engage in coping process • Coping process – thought and behaviors that represent attempts to reduce stress • 2 cara coping: – Palliation – Direct action
• Palliation – defensive process in which we alter our own reactions to emotional events • Direct action – to cope with emotion • Contoh bila STRESS
Stress Stress the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging
Stress Appraisal Appraisal
Response
Threat (“Alamak, susahnya!”)
Panic, freeze up
Challenge (“Saya kena cuba sedaya upaya”)
Aroused, focused
Stressful event (tough math test)
Perbandingan Schachter dan Lazarus • Lazarus : all emotions are products of cognitive activity • Schachter : all emotions share a general state of physiological arousal that is made emotionally specific by the cognitive labeling process
Our response to threat
BAHAYA
Slide 1.7
Feelings/emotions happiness
sadness disgust surprise panic
fear
anxiety
anger Slide 1.8
So, in general, we have 2 parts of the brain 1. Thinking part 2. Feeling part
Fight or flight? ‘thinking part of brain’ ‘feeling part of brain’
Slide 1.9
Fight or flight? ‘thinking part of brain’ ‘feeling part of brain’
Quick Response: Fight or Flight 1.9
Slide 1.9 61
Fight or flight? ‘thinking part of brain’ ‘feeling part of brain’
Quick Response: Fight or Flight Slide 1.9
Overwhelmed by emotions Thinking part of brain Emotional part of brain
Slide 1.10
Overwhelmed by emotions
irritable
Slide 1.10
Overwhelmed by emotions
irritable
Slide 1.10
Overwhelmed by emotions
Interprets everything negatively
Slide 1.10
Overwhelmed by emotions
Emosi mengatasi akal
Slide 1.10
Bila tenang… Relax, distract or exercise
Slide 1.11
Kesimpulan 1. The “Common-Sense” theory Nickname: “feelings make us behave”
2. The James-Lange theory Nickname: “behavior makes us feel”
3. The Schachter theory Nickname: “interpretation is key”
Objektif Pembelajaran • Mengetahui dan memahami teori-teori berkenaan bagaimana emosi terhasil dan berfungsi • Memahami perbezaan dan persamaan di antara teori-teori tersebut
Teori-teori berikut menjelaskan BAGAIMANA emosi terbit
Tiga Aliran Teori • Physiologically Oriented Theories • Cognitive Theories • Psychoanalytic Theory
Physiologically Oriented Theories • Common Sense Theory • The James-Lange Theory • Psychobiological Theory
Cuba lihat gambar ini…
1. Common-sense theory • Situasi
emosi
reaksi tubuh
TAKUT
2. James-Lange Theory • Dikemukakan oleh William James (1884) dan Carl Lange (1887) • Premis: reaksi fisiologi menyebabkan emosi
James-Lange theory • Situasi
reaksi tubuh emosi
TAKUT
James-Lange theory
Body = emotion “Without the bodily states following on the perception, the latter would be purely cognitive in form; pale, colorless, destitute of emotional warmth. We might then see the bear, and judge it best to run... But we should not actually feel afraid.” (William James, 1890) James, 1890, v. 2, p. 449 (Gleitman)
James-Lange theory
The perception of bodily changes IS the emotion. Bayangkan naik roller-coaster
James-Lange theory • Testing the theory: • Hypothesis 1: You need the body in order to feel emotions. • Test: Interview people with high vs. low spinal cord injuries High spinal cord injury: “Sometimes I act angry... But it doesn’t have the heat to it that it used to. It’s a mental kind of anger.” Hohman, 1966, pp. 150-151 (Carlson)
James-Lange theory • Testing the theory: • Hypothesis 1: You need the body in order to feel emotions. – Results 1: The body may be necessary to have a full emotional experience.
James-Lange theory • Testing the theory: • Hypothesis 2: All you need is your body to know what emotion to feel.
James-Lange theory • Situation
bodily reaction emotion
FEAR or
LOVE?
Sequence
James-Lange theory • Testing the theory: • Hypothesis 1: You need the body in order to feel emotions – Results 1: The body may be necessary to have a full emotional experience.
• Hypothesis 2: The body can tell you precisely which emotion to feel. – Test: Gave people a dose of adrenaline: “I feel as if I’m angry”
James-Lange theory • Testing the theory: • Hypothesis 1: You need the body in order to feel emotions – Results 1: The body may be necessary to have a full emotional experience.
• Hypothesis 2: The body can tell you precisely which emotion to feel. – Results 2: The body is not ALL that is necessary to have a fully emotional experience.
3. Psychobiological Theory • Dikemukakan oleh Jack Panskepp (1982, 1992) • Premise: Basic emotions are related to specific neural circuits & neurochemicals (hormones) • He proposes 4 basic emotion (fear, rage, panic and expectancy) • E.g. dopamine – expectancy system – Acetylcholine – rage system
SPRINAL CORD INJURIES AND EMOTIONALITY • Several studies – Decrease in emotionality – Greater when break is higher in spinal cord
• Other studies – No differences with these injuries
• Intervening variables – from internal organs via vagus nerve – Cranial nerve from facial muscles
BRAIN AND EMOTIONS Limbic System
• Integrally involved in emotions • Heath study (1964) – Implanted electrodes in several locations of brain • Used to treat epilepsy, sleep disorders, pain
– Stimulation of hypothalamus • General autonomic reaction • Pounding heart, feelings of warmth
– Stimulation of septal area • Sensation of pleasure • Sexual fantasies and arousal
Amygdala
BRAIN AND EMOTIONS Amygdala • Functions – Receives input from all senses – Produces fear and anxiety – Targets several brain structures that produce emotional responses
• Rat study – Destruction of both amygdalas • Rats will approach and walk on sedated cat
• Humans – Damage to both amygdalas • Unusually trusting of strangers • Difficulty recognizing fear in others • Respond only to simplest fear situations
– Stimulate amygdala • Triggers fear
BRAIN AND EMOTIONS Prefrontal Cortex • Involved in emotions • Uses emotions to help in decision-making • Severing prefrontal cortex connection to rest of brain – Blunts emotion – Impairs good decision-making
• Some schizophrenics and depressives – Abnormal development or malfunction of prefrontal area
• Prefrontal lobotomies – Used mostly on schizophrenics – Often affected emotion and decisionmaking
BRAIN AND EMOTIONS Right Hemisphere
• Special role in emotional expression and recognition • Involved in autonomic reactions to emotional stimuli • Damage to right hemisphere – More likely to be impaired emotionally • Own speech is emotionless
– More difficulty in recognizing emotions in others • Tone of speaker’s voice • Descriptions of emotions of others
Tiga Aliran Teori • Physiologically Oriented Theories • Cognitive Theories • Psychoanalytic Theory
2: Cognitive Theories a. Cannon-Bard Theory b. Schachter’s Cognitive Labeling Theory (Teori Pelabelan Kognitif Schachter) c. Lazarus Cognitive Appraisal Theory (Teori Penilaian Kognitif Lazarus)
a. The Cannon-Bard Theory • Dikemukakan oleh Walter Cannon (1929) dan Phillip Bard (1928) • Premise: Internal or external stimuli lead to sensory impulses that are sent to the cortex of the brain & then sensation of emotion is produced. • A stimulus simultaneously lead to both body responses and emotional sensation
Description • When a stimulating event happens, we feel emotions and physiological changes (such as muscular tension, sweating, etc.) at the same time. • The sequence thus is as follows: • Event ==> Simultaneous arousal and emotion
Cannon-Bard theory • Situation
bodily reaction + emotion
FEAR
• In neurobiological , the thalamus receives a signal and relays this both to the amygdala, which is connected with emotion. The body then gets signals via the autonomic nervous system to tense muscles, etc. • This was a refutation of the James-Lange theory (which proposed that emotions followed arousal) by Cannon and Bard in the late 1920s.
• Example • I see a bear. I feel afraid. I tense in readiness to run away. • Watch for emotions as displayed in physiological signals. • Ada elemen persepsi
Sequence
b. Schachter’s Cognitive Labeling Theory • Dikemukakan oleh Stanley Schachter (1962) • Asasnya menyokong James-Lange theory tetapi memasukkan pelabelan atau penilaian kognitif kepada reaksi tubuh yang berkaitan
Teori Schachter • Situasi
reaksi tubuh emosi + penilaian kognitif
FEAR
LOVE
Common-sense theory • Situation
emotion
FEAR
bodily reaction
Dibandingkan
James-Lange theory • Situation
bodily reaction emotion
FEAR
The Schachter theory • Situation
bodily reaction emotion + cognitive appraisal
FEAR
The Schachter theory • Testing the theory: • Hypothesis: The same bodily reaction will cause one emotion in one situation, and another emotion in a different situation. – Give people a dose of adrenaline; – Put them in different situations; – What happens? FEAR
LOVE
Schachter and Singer’s Experimental Design • Euphoria – Placebo – Epinephrine Informed – Epinephrine Uninformed – Epinephrine Misinformed
• Anger – Placebo – Epinephrine Informed – Epinephrine Uninformed
The Schachter theory • Testing the theory: • Schachter & Singer 1962: (didn’t take pill)
(know what pill does)
VERY ANGRY!
Medium angry!
Least angry
VERY EXCITED!
Medium excited!
Least excited
Implications • (1) In the event that an individual has no causal explanation for an arousal state he or she will label arousal in of available cognitions. • (2) In the event that an individual has appropriate explanation for arousal alternative cognitive labeling will be unlikely. • (3) Under identical “cognitive circumstances” an individual will only respond with emotional experience to the degree that he or she is physiologically excited.
• Emotion is a composite of arousal and a hypothesis about what caused the arousal. • We see ourselves as experiencing, and we experience, whatever emotion is appropriate to the hypothesis.
Lazarus Cognitive Appraisal Theory • Dikemukakan oleh Richard Lazarus (1991) • 3 komponen kognitif dalam emosi: 1. Cognitive appraisal 2. Action impulses 3. Patterned somatic (bodily) reactions
1. Cognitive appraisal • Primary appraisal - menilai signifikan rangsangan (dengan berfikir) dalam kaitannya dengan kesejahteraan diri. • Secondary appraisal – menilai kemungkinan (dengan berfikir) bagaimana mengatasi sebarang stress dari emosi yang terbit
2. Action Impulses • Melibatkan pemprosesan kognitif tentang reaksi tingkahlaku yang patut • Berfikir tentang apa yang harus dilakukan • Contohnya: Jika terperanjat, nak lari? Menjerit?
3. Patterned somatic reactions • Physiological responses that accompany and are a part of the overall emotional experience. • E.g. kalau takut, berpeluh atau mengigil
• Lazarus – when we are emotionally arouses, we engage in coping process • Coping process – thought and behaviors that represent attempts to reduce stress • 2 cara coping: – Palliation – Direct action
• Palliation – defensive process in which we alter our own reactions to emotional events • Direct action – to cope with emotion • Contoh bila STRESS
Stress Stress the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging
Stress Appraisal Appraisal
Response
Threat (“Alamak, susahnya!”)
Panic, freeze up
Challenge (“Saya kena cuba sedaya upaya”)
Aroused, focused
Stressful event (tough math test)
Perbandingan Schachter dan Lazarus • Lazarus : all emotions are products of cognitive activity • Schachter : all emotions share a general state of physiological arousal that is made emotionally specific by the cognitive labeling process
Our response to threat
BAHAYA
Slide 1.7
Feelings/emotions happiness
sadness disgust surprise panic
fear
anxiety
anger Slide 1.8
So, in general, we have 2 parts of the brain 1. Thinking part 2. Feeling part
Fight or flight? ‘thinking part of brain’ ‘feeling part of brain’
Slide 1.9
Fight or flight? ‘thinking part of brain’ ‘feeling part of brain’
Quick Response: Fight or Flight 1.9
Slide 1.9 61
Fight or flight? ‘thinking part of brain’ ‘feeling part of brain’
Quick Response: Fight or Flight Slide 1.9
Overwhelmed by emotions Thinking part of brain Emotional part of brain
Slide 1.10
Overwhelmed by emotions
irritable
Slide 1.10
Overwhelmed by emotions
irritable
Slide 1.10
Overwhelmed by emotions
Interprets everything negatively
Slide 1.10
Overwhelmed by emotions
Emosi mengatasi akal
Slide 1.10
Bila tenang… Relax, distract or exercise
Slide 1.11
Kesimpulan 1. The “Common-Sense” theory Nickname: “feelings make us behave”
2. The James-Lange theory Nickname: “behavior makes us feel”
3. The Schachter theory Nickname: “interpretation is key”
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