Lab Frs Fingerprint 85m3j

INTRODUCTION: Fingerprints are a reproduction of friction skin ridges found on the palm side of the fingers and thumbs. The basic principles underlying the use of fingerprints in criminal investigations are that (1) a fingerprint is an individual characteristics because no two fingers have yet been found to possess identical ridge characteristics, (2) a fingerprint remains unchanged during an individual's lifetime, and (3) fingerprints have general ridge patterns that permit them to be systematically classified. All fingerprints are divided into three classes on the basis of their general pattern: loops, whorls and arches. Fingerprint classification systems are based on knowledge of fingerprint pattern classes. The individuality of a fingerprint is not determined by its general shape or pattern, but by a careful study of its ridge characteristics. The expert must demonstrate a point-by-point comparison in order to prove the identity of an individual. AFIS aids this process by converting the image of a fingerprint into digital minutiae that contain data showing ridges at their points of termination (ridge endings) and their branching into two ridges (bifurcation).

OBJECTIVES: Students should be able to: 1. Become familiar with the main features of human fingerprints. 2. Develop skills in dusting and lifting latent fingerprints. 3. Compare fingerprints of suspects to fingerprints lifted from a simulated crime scene.

MATERIALS: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Fingerprint card Fingerprint ink pad Glass or ceramic container from which prints can be lifted A4 paper Tape for lifting prints Black fingerprint dusting powder and brush Magnetic fingerprint powder

PROCEDURE: PART A: Taking your own fingerprints 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

A right forefinger was rolled lightly across the fingerprint pad provided. The finger filled with ink rolled across the A4 paper and labelled as "Right forefinger". Steps 1 and 2 repeated for each of the fingers. Fingerprint types were identified whether it was arch, loop or whorl patterns. The individual features determined using a magnifying lens. All the fingerprints ed in together with lab report.

PART B: Lifting a latent print 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

A clean, flat lightly coloured surface chose to apply fingerprints. The surface was cleaned before apply the print. The surface of the object touched using finger filled with oil gather from surface of nose. Firm pressure applied to protect fingerprint from smudging. The powder brush was dipped gently into the fingerprint powder. The surface of the object with print was brushed lightly. The brushing process continued until a clean print obtained. 7. The process were repeated if good print did not acquired. 8. A fingerprint lifted and transferred to the white cue card after a clean print was obtained. 9. Tacky side of the tape placed onto the latent print was rubbed to ensure the print completely transferred. 10. The tape was removed. 11. The tape was placed with the print on a cue card. 12. A cue card was labelled with name, date and a description of the print.

QUESTIONS: 1. Using the fingerprints below, identify each of the following features; a lake, bifurcation, island and ridge ending. Circle the feature and label it. You only need to identify each feature once, and you may not need to use all of the prints for this exercise. In addition, identify the fingerprint pattern (arch, loop or etc.) for each print.

LOOP PATTERN

WHORL PATTERN

ARCH PATTERN

ARCH PATTERN

WHORL PATTERN

WHORL PATTERN Ridge ending Lake Island

Bifurcation

2. As stated earlier, there is some controversy over the veracity of fingerprint evidence, particularly in light of the Daubert standards. Imagine you are a trial judge faced with defence attorneys arguing that fingerprint evidence should not be introduced in a trial because no systematic study or studies have been conducted to determine the accuracy with which a partial print can be matched to a fingerprint, and no uniform standards for determining whether a match exist. Briefly explain your position on the issibility of fingerprint analysis is a reliable science under the Daubert guidelines.

The trial judge was assigned to ensuring that an expert's testimony tests on a reliable foundation and also relevant to the case. The " gatekeeping " role of trial judge applied not only to testimony based on "scientific" knowledge but also to testimony based on " technical " and " other specialized " knowledge. Fingerprint is an individual characteristics, no two fingers have yet been found to possess identical ridge characteristics. Fingerprint remains unchanged during an individual's lifetime. Fingerprints have general ridge patterns that permit them to be systematically classified. The issibility of fingerprint analysis is reliable because: i. ii. iii. iv. v.

The scientific technique or theory can be (and has been) tested. The technique or theory has been subject to peer review and publication. The technique's potential rate of error. Existence and maintenance of standards controlling the technique's operation. The scientific theory or method has attracted widespread acceptance within a relevant scientific community.

RESULTS: PART A: FINGERPRINT BY USING THE INK PAD RIGHT HAND:

THUMB

RING FINGER

INDEX FINGER

LITTLE FINGER

MIDDLE FINGER

LEFT HAND:

THUMB

RING FINGER

INDEX FINGER

LITTLE FINGER

MIDDLE FINGER

PRIMARY CLASSIFICATION FINGERPRINTS:

RIGHT FINGERPRINTS: RIGHT THUMB 0

RIGHT INDEX 16

RIGHT MIDDLE 8

RIGHT RING 8

RIGHT LITTLE 4

LEFT MIDDLE 0

LEFT RING 1

LEFT LITTLE 1

LEFT FINGERPRINTS: LEFT THUMB 4

LEFT INDEX 2

FORMULA FOR CALCULATING NUMBER OF PRIMARY CLASSIFICATION: RIGHT INDEX + RIGHT RING + LEFT THUMB + LEFT MIDDLE + LEFT LITTLE + 1 RIGHT THUMB + RIGHT MIDDLE + RIGHT LITTLE + LEFT INDEX + LEFT RING + 1 = 16 + 8 + 4 + 0 + 1 + 1 0+8+4+2+1+1 = 30 16 = 15 8

PART B: FINGERPRINT BY USING DUST POWDER

LEFT THUMB

RIGHT THUMB

PART C: FINGERPRINT BY USING MAGNETIC POWDWER

LEFT THUMB

RIGHT THUMB

PART D: LIFTING FINGERPRINT CARD

CLOSE UP IMAGE

PART E: COMPARISON BETWEEN INKED FINGERPRINT AND DEVELOPED FINGERPRINTS Island

Ridge ending

Delta

Ridge ending Bifurcation

DISCUSSION: The objective of this experiment is to make students become familiar with main features of human fingerprints. All fingerprints are divided into three classes on the basis of their general pattern which are loops, whorls and arches. Loops must have one or more ridges entering from one side of the print, recurving, and exiting from the same side. If the loop opens toward the little finger, it is called an ulnar loop while if it opens toward the thumb, it is called radial loop. A fingerprint delta resembles the silt formation that builds up as a river flows into the entrance of lake. All loops must have one delta. The core is the approximate centre of pattern. Whorls are actually divided into four distinct groups: plain, central pocket loop, double loop and accidental. All whorl patterns must have type lines and at least two deltas. A plain whorl and a central pocket loop have at least one ridge that makes a complete circuit. If an imaginary line drawn between two deltas touches any one of the spiral ridges, the pattern is a plain whorl. If no such ridge is touched, the pattern is a central pocket loop. The double loop is made up of two loops combined into one fingerprint. Any whorl classified as an accidental either contains two or more patterns or pattern not covered by other categories. Arches are subdivided into two distinct groups: plain arches and tented arches. The plain arch is formed by ridges entering from one side of the print and exiting on the opposite side. The tented arch is similar to the plain arch except that instead of rising smoothly at the centre, there is a sharp up thrust or spike, or the ridges meet an angle that less than 90 degrees. Arches do not have type lines, deltas or cores. There are three fundamental principles of fingerprints. First principle is a fingerprint is an individual characteristics, no two fingers have yet been found to possess identical ridge characteristics. Second principle is a fingerprint remains unchanged during an individual's lifetime. Third principle is fingerprints have general ridge patterns that permit them to be systematically classified. With this three principles shown that fingerprint is the most valuable evidence that can be collected in the crime scene, because it leads directly to the person that involved to the crime case.

CONCLUSION: As a conclusion, fingerprint can leads to the suspects that involved in the crime scene and it will saving time and cost during tracking process. In this experiment, students also able to learn a correct technique in using the fingerprint powder and magnetic fingerprint powder to trace the fingerprint of the suspects. Students be able to learn the importance of correct ways in lifting a fingerprint from the crime scene because it will affect the result of the experiment.

REFERENCES: Richard Saferstein. Criminalistics: An introduction to forensic science, 11th edition; Pearson Global Edition, 2015.

FRS 531: PHYSICAL EVIDENCE EXPERIMENT 2: A LAB ON FINGERPRINTS

NAME: RAHAYU BINTI ABDUL RAHMAN NO ID: 2016666766 GROUP: AS2533B2 DATE OF EXPERIMENT: 3RD MARCH 2017 LECTURER'S NAME: SIR EZLAN ELIAS