Introduction To Washing 1l1q64

FABRIC AND GARMENT FINISHES

SUBMITTED TO: MS. T. SRIVANI SUBMITTED BY : 1. ANIKET ANAND 2. GYANENDRA KUMAR 3. RIYA GUPTA 4. RAHUL RAMAN 5. VISHAL ANAND DAS

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF FASHION TECHNOLOGY

INTRODUCTION     

Washing is generally used to remove all the spots and stains from the fabrics and garments. Washing can affect the hand (feel) of the fabric by addition of softener. Washing can also provide pre-shrink treatment. Special effects, such as weathering, stone washing, acid washing, distressing, etc. can also be produced. Different types of stains can be removed from the fabric. Softeners can be added to affect the hand (feel) of the fabric. Special finishes like weathering, stone washing, acid washing, distressing can be produced by washing.

PRINCIPLE OF WASHING   

Periodic mechanical forces are exerted on the fibers. This causes tiny flows in and out of the pores in the fibers. Soap is drawn through the outer layer of the fiber, reaching the dirt through “Diffusion”. There is a convection flow through the fiber with moving layers of soap molecules along the pore walls that loosen the dirt particles from within the fiber.

CLASSIFICATION OF WASHES 1. DRY CLEANING 

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It's a process that cleans clothes without water. The cleaning fluid that is used is a liquid, and all garments are immersed and cleaned in a liquid solvent -- the fact that there is no water is why the process is called "dry. The solvent used is typically tetrachloroethylene which the industry calls "perc" or "PERC". It is used to clean delicate fabrics that cannot withstand the rough and tumble of a washing machine and clothes dryer; it can also eliminate labour-intensive hand washing. Helps to return garments to a "like-new" condition using precautions to prevent shrinkage, loss of color, and fabric distortion. Can be efficiently reused and recycled. Less effective for washing dirt that are easily soluble in water. Hazardous air pollutant . Toxic in nature. Expensive.

MODERN DRY CLEANING MACHINES    

Combination of a domestic washing machine, and clothes dryer. Garments placed into a washing/extraction chamber which containing horizontal, perforated drum that rotates within an outer shell. Shell holds the solvent, rotating drum holds the garment load. Capacity 20 and 80 lb (9-36 kg) of garments.

INDUSTRIAL DRY CLEANING MACHINES      

Stainless Steel Inner Cylinder Solvent filter provides maximum clean solvent recovery. It’s all welded, belt driven, dual motor. Low energy consumption. Auto timed, auto reverse. No-sag perforated basket.

WASHING MECHANISM       

During the wash cycle the chamber is filled approximately 1/3 full of solvent. Temperature 85°F. A typical wash cycle lasts for 8-15 minutes depending on the type of garments and amount of soiling. In the rinse cycle, the garment load is rinsed with fresh distilled solvent from the pure solvent tank. After the rinse cycle the machine begins the extraction process, which recovers dry-cleaning solvent for reuse. During the drying cycle, the garments are tumbled in a stream of warm air (145°F/63°C). After the drying cycle is complete, a deodorizing (aeration) cycle cools the garments and removes the last traces of solvent.

2. WET CLEANING 

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Wet-cleaning is an alternative to dry cleaning. It is a solvent-free method to care for garments. Professional wet cleaners use specialized equipment to safely clean in water those garments previously cleaned in chemical solvents. Wet-cleaning is better for the environment and better for your health. There is no chemical smell from off gassing dry cleaning solvents. Wet cleaning produces whiter whites and is often more effective in removing water-based stains. Clothes that can be wet-cleaned include cottons, wools, silks, suedes and leather. Wet cleaning can also be suitable for fragile garments such as beaded and sequined fabrics, wedding dresses and fine suits. Although it is always a good idea to check with the wet cleaner, garments that may be difficult to wet clean include: acetate linings, highly tailored wools, antique satins and garbardines. Wet cleaning does not require hazardous chemicals, avoiding environmental harm to the air, water and soil. With the exception of increased use of water, wet cleaning is profoundly better for the environment than dry cleaning. The wet cleaning process is not a significant concern to wastewater treatment officials.

PROFESSIONAL LAUNDERING 

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Cleaning any fabric or garment requires the presence of four elements: solvent, detergents, agitation and, under most circumstances, heat. Professional wet cleaning perfectly balances these elements to create the optimal cleaning environment. The entire process is computer controlled based on the type of fabric being cleaned. Nontoxic detergents and conditioners are used to remove dirt and revitalize the fabric. The garments are agitated in the machine just enough to extract the dirt from the item, but not enough to alter the structure, size or colour. The items being cleaned are then transferred to a high-tech dryer that senses humidity as many as 400 times per minute. To prevent shrinkage, the dryer automatically stops once the prescribed level of moisture is reached. During drying, the conditioners that were added earlier are heatactivated to soften and freshen the garment.

HOME LAUNDERING    

Detergents are used for home laundering. Detergents are chemical compounds that contain wetting agents and emulsifiers. Technically detergents are called "Synthetic Detergents" as they are not made from fats from which soap is made. Garment may be laundered through the use of hottest available water, detergent or soap, agitation, and a machine designed for this purpose. Initial water temperature should not exceed 30C or 65 to 85F.

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General purpose laundry detergents work well on most washable fabrics. Some detergents take more product for each wash as fillers are used by the detergent manufacture. Whiteners can be either bleach or bluing agents. More expensive is not always better.

WASHING MACHINE    

A washing machine also called Laundry machine, Clothes washer, or Washer. Designed to wash laundry, such as clothing, towels and sheets. Mostly uses water as the primary cleaning solution, very different from dry cleaning (which uses alternative cleaning fluids, and is performed by specialist businesses or even ultrasonic cleaners). A washing machine (laundry machine, clothes washer, or washer) is a machine used to wash laundry, such as clothing and sheets. The term is mostly applied to machines that use water as opposed to dry cleaning (which uses alternative cleaning fluids, and is performed by specialist businesses) or ultrasonic cleaners.

WASHING CYCLE

I R G N S C A M E H W T P

TYPES OF WASHING MACHINE      

Semi-automatic Fully automatic Fuzzy control Manual Front Loading Top Loading

1. SEMI- AUTOMATIC MACHINE 

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A semi-automatic washing machine is undoubtedly the most popular type of washing machine in India. It is more immune to water shortages and erratic power supply that is so rampant in India. These entry-level washing machines can only be loaded from the top. Generally, they are of two types: A semi-automatic machine has twin tubs and performs all the three functions of washing, rinsing and spin-drying One tub takes care of washing and rinsing and the other performs spin-drying Once the wash and rinse cycles are completed in the wash tub, the clothes have to be manually transferred to the spin tub for drying

2. FULLY AUTOMATIC MACHINE 

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A fully automatic washing machine is an electrical appliance that controls all aspects of clothes washing, from water level and temperature to agitation time and intensity. All that a must do is put clothes in and tell the machine which settings to use. A fully automatic washing machine completes the entire clothes washing cycle without any effort from the . It will rinse, wash, agitate, and spin dry clothes all on its own. When time is up, the need only retrieve the washed laundry from the machine’s basin, and either place it in an automatic dryer or hang it out. There are many different styles of fully automatic washing machine. Some load from the front, and others from the top; some are high efficiency, or are designed for industrial or professional use. Despite their differences, most work in the same basic way. s control the settings, but the machines normally do the rest.

3. MANUAL   

Person is in charge here He/she has to decide what he/she wants the machine to do for him/her The wash cycle, the water level as well as the detergent amount needs to be selected and set by him/her

4. FUZZY CONTROL 

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Fuzzy logic washing machines are gaining popularity. These machines offer the advantages of performance, productivity, simplicity, productivity, and less cost. Sensors continually monitor varying conditions inside the machine and accordingly adjust operations for the best wash results. As there is no standard for fuzzy logic, different machines perform in different manners. Typically, fuzzy logic controls the washing process, water intake, water temperature, wash time, rinse performance, and spin speed. This optimises the life span of the washing machine. More sophisticated machines weigh the load (so you can’t overload the washing machine), advise on the required amount of detergent, assess cloth material type and water hardness, and check whether the detergent is in powder or liquid form. Some machines even learn from past experience , memorising programs and adjusting them to minimise running costs.

MODERN WASHING MACHINE

Modern washing machines are available in two configurations –  

Top loading Front loading

1. TOP LOADING  This design places the clothes in a vertically mounted perforated basket that is contained within a water-retaining tub, with a finned water-pumping agitator in the center of the bottom of the basket. Clothes are loaded through the top of the machine, which is usually but not always covered with a hinged door.  During the wash cycle, the outer tub is filled with water sufficient to fully immerse and suspend the clothing freely in the basket.  The movement of the agitator pushes water outward between the paddles towards the edge of the tub. The water then moves outward, up the sides of the basket, towards the center, and then down towards the agitator to repeat the process, in a circulation pattern similar to the shape of a torus.  The agitator direction is periodically reversed, because continuous motion in one direction would just lead to the water spinning around the basket with the agitator rather than the water being pumped in the torus-shaped motion.  Some washers supplement the water-pumping action of the agitator with a large rotating screw on the shaft above the agitator, to help move water downwards in the center of the basket.

2. FRONT LOADING  This layout mounts the inner basket and outer tub horizontally, and loading is through a door at the front of the machine. The door often but not always contains a transparent window. Agitation is supplied by the back-and-forth rotation of the cylinder and by gravity.  The clothes are lifted up by paddles on the inside wall of the drum and then dropped. This motion flexes the weave of the fabric and forces water and detergent solution through the clothes load.  Because the wash action does not require the clothing be freely suspended in water, only enough water is needed to moisten the fabric. Because less water is required, front-loaders typically use less soap, and the repeated dropping and folding action of the tumbling can easily produce large amounts of foam or suds.

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Front-loaders control water usage through the surface tension of water, and the capillary wicking action this creates in the fabric weave. A front-loader washer always fills to the same low water level, but a large pile of dry clothing standing in water will soak up the moisture, causing the water level to drop. The washer then refills to maintain the original water level. Because it takes time for this water absorption to occur with a motionless pile of fabric, nearly all front-loaders begin the washing process by slowly tumbling the clothing under the stream of water entering and filling the drum, to rapidly saturate the clothes with water. More frequent and long-term usage than a consumer washing machine Most commercial washers have a sharp-edged square appearance, often with stainless steel exteriors to minimize rust and corrosion in a constantly moist environment Built with large easy-to-open service covers, and the washer mechanisms are internally laid out in a manner that does not require access to the underside of the unit for service Built for use by the general public, and are installed in publicly accessible launderettes Have automatic chemical injection of five or more different chemical types, for easy operations. Some computer-controlled commercial washers offer the operator complete control over the various wash and rinse cycles. One special type of continuous-processing washer is known as the Tunnel washer which does not have separate, distinct wash or rinse cycles, but combines them all in sequence inside a single long large-diameter rotating tube

INDUSTRIAL WASHING MACHING

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An industrial clothes washer extends from the commercial washer to include extremely large capacities, severe-abuse textiles cleaning and processing, and automated robotic assembly-line systems An industrial clothes washer can be used to batch process up to 800 pounds (140 kg) of textiles at once, and can be used for extremely machine-abusive washing tasks such as stone washing or fabric bleaching and dyeing

OTHER WASHING PROCESSES 1. JIGGER MACHINE    

Batch machine which handles fabric in open width. Consisting of let-off and take-up rolls, a trough containing the processing liquor and guide rolls which allow the fabric to from the let-off to the take-up roll. After fabric transfers, the driving mechanism is reversed and the fabric makes a second through the liquor by returning to the original let-off roll. The cycle can be repeated as many times as it takes to achieve the desired effect..

2.PADDING MANGLE    

Nip type pressure arrangement by cylinder for individual adjustment of top and bottom pressure Fabric can be fed inclined, vertical or horizontal Gear box specially designed to minimize initial starting load so that low noise and better durability can be obtained Operating pressure for optimum squeezing of woven fabric to be 10 ton

3. ROPE WASHER MACHINE     

Fabric fed in rope form and obtained back in open width form Very high washing performance on the upper and back side of fabric for its whole width, Efficient removal of unfixed dyestuff, gum and other chemicals from fabrics, Tensionless washing of fabrics, all the driven rolls powered by constant load motors with adjustable speeds Has independent tanks, each one fitted with its own recirculation pump and filtering device.

4.CONTINUOUS OPEN-WIDTH WASHING MACHINE    

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designed especially for tensionless washing of fabrics. driven rolls powered by constant load motors with adjustable speeds. Tanks can carry out impregnation, pre-washing, rinsing and chemical treatment. Equipped with the exclusive rotary drum washing system with two drums in a compartment. The system consists of specially shaped impeller in every drum in which water jets uniformly hits the full fabric width Efficient removal of unfixed dyestuff, gum and other chemicals from fabrics

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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http://en.wikipedia.org

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http://inventors.about.com

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www.blogigo.de

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www.thesmarttime.com