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Early Civilizations in the Indian Subcontinent > Indo-European Civilizations
Indo-European Civilizations • The Indo-Aryan Migration and the Vedic Period • The Caste System
• Sanskrit • The Vedas
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Early Civilizations in the Indian Subcontinent
Key • Caste System An ancient social structure based upon one of the fables in the Vedas, castes persist in modern India. • Ganges Plain A large, fertileplain encoming most of northern and eastern India, to which the Indo-Aryansmigrated. • Hinduism A major world religion that began on the Indian Subcontinent. • Hinduism The dominantreligion of the modern Indian subcontinent, which makes use of Sanskrit in itstexts and practices. • jatis The term used todenote the thousands of clans, tribes, religions, communities and sub-communitiesin India. • Panini The scholar who standardized the grammar of Vedic Sanskrit to create Classical Sanskrit. • Rig Veda The oldest and most important of the four Vedas. • Rig-Veda A sacredIndo-Aryan collection of Vedic Sanskrit hymns, counted among the four canonicalsacred texts of Hinduism known as the Vedas.
• the Vedas The oldestscriptures of Hinduism composed in Vedic Sanskrit and originating in ancientIndia during the Vedic Period (c. 1750-500 BCE). • varnas The four broadranks of the caste system in the Indo-Aryan culture, which included Brahmins(priests and scholars), Kshatriyas (kings, governors and warriors), Vaishyas(cattle herders, agriculturists, artisans, and merchants), and Shudras(laborers and service providers). • Vedas The oldest scriptures of Hinduism, originally ed down orally but then written in Vedic Sanskrit between 1500 and 500 BCE.
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Early Civilizations in the Indian Subcontinent
Sanskrit manuscript on palm-leaf, in Bihar or Nepal, 11th century Sanskrit evolved from Proto-Indo-European languages and was used to write the Vedas, the Hindu religious texts compiled between 1500-500 BCE.
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Early Civilizations in the Indian Subcontinent
Agni, God of Fire Agni, the Indian God of Fire from the ancient Vedic religion, shown riding a ram.
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Early Civilizations in the Indian Subcontinent
Ceramic goblet from Navdatoli, Malwa, ca. 1300 BCE As the Indo-Aryans developed an agricultural society during the Later Vedic Period (c. 1000-500), they further developed crafts like pottery.
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Early Civilizations in the Indian Subcontinent
The Ganges Plain (Indo-Gangetic Plain) The Ganges Plain is ed by the Indus and Ganges river systems. The Indo-Aryans settled various parts of the plain during their migration and the Vedic Period.
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Early Civilizations in the Indian Subcontinent
A 2004 Indian stamp honoring Panini, the great Sanskrit grammarian The scholar Panini standardized the grammar of Vedic Sanskrit to create Classical Sanskrit. With this standardization, Sanskrit became a language of religion and learning.
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Early Civilizations in the Indian Subcontinent
Gandhi at Madras, 1933 Indian independence leader Mahatma Gandhi visits Madras, now Chennai, on a tour of India in 1933. During his appearances Gandhi frequently spoke out against the discrimination of the Indian caste system.
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Early Civilizations in the Indian Subcontinent
Rigveda Manuscript A manuscript copy of the Rigveda, the oldest and most important of the four Vedas of the Vedic religion, from the early 19th century.
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Early Civilizations in the Indian Subcontinent
The Rig-Veda A page of the Rig-Veda,one of the four sacred Veda texts, which described the origins of the world andthe stories of the gods. The Rig-Veda influenced the development of thepatriarchal society and the caste systems in Aryan India.
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Early Civilizations in the Indian Subcontinent
Castes in India A page from the manuscript, Seventy-two Specimens of Castes in India. The illustrations were made by an Indian writing master and presented to an American missionary school in 1836.
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Early Civilizations in the Indian Subcontinent
Gandhi at Madras, 1933 Mahatma Gandhi visits Madras, now Chennai, during a tour of India in 1933. The leader of the Indian independence movement, Gandhi frequently spoke out against discrimination created by the caste system.
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Early Civilizations in the Indian Subcontinent
Attribution • Wikipedia. "Kurgan Hypothesis." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurgan_hypothesis • Wikipedia. "Indo-Gangetic Plain." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain • Wikipedia. "Indo-Aryan Migration." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Aryan_migration • Wikipedia. "Vedic Period." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedic_period • Wikipedia. "Aryan." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryan • apworldhistorywiki Wikispace. "AP World History Wikispaces." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://apworldhistorywiki.wikispaces.com/South+Asia+87-99 • Wikibooks. "Civilization and Empires in the Indian Subcontinent." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/World_History/Civilization_and_Empires_in_the_Indian_Subcontinent • Wikipedia. "Indo-European Studies." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_studies • Wikipedia. "Vedic Sanskrit." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit • Wikipedia. "Panini." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini • Wikipedia. "Sanskrit." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit • Wikipedia. "Indo-European Languages." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_languages • Wikipedia. "Upanishads." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishads
• Wikipedia. "Kalidasa." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%81lid%C4%81sa • Wikipedia. "Sanskrit Literature." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit_literature • Wikipedia. "Vedas." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedas • Wikipedia. "Varna." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)
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Early Civilizations in the Indian Subcontinent
• Wikipedia. "Constitution of India." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India • Wikipedia. "Vedic System." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedic_period • Wikipedia. "Mahatma Gandhi." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi • pgapworld Wikispace. "Vedic Age." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://pgapworld.wikispaces.com/Vedic+Age • apworldhistorywiki Wikispace. "AP World History Wikispaces." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://apworldhistorywiki.wikispaces.com/South+Asia+87-99 • Saylor. "HIST101: Ancient Civilizations of the World." CC BY 3.0 https://legacy.saylor.org/hist101/Intro/ • Wikipedia. "Caste System in India." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caste_system_in_India • Wikipedia. "Vedas." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedas • Wikipedia. "Vedic Sanskrit." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit • Wikipedia. "Rigveda." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigveda
• Wikipedia. "Hinduism." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism • Wikipedia. "Caste System in India." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caste_system_in_India
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