Igcse Migration And Gcse Migration 3a2w5l

IGCSE Migration Specification: 1.1 Population dynamics (in the specification the migration section of the course falls under population) Candidates should be able to: • Describe and suggest reasons for population migrations. Reference should be made to internal movements such as rural-urban migration as well as to international migrations both voluntary and involuntary.

Migration: The movement from one location to another location. WHERE?

WHY?

FOR HOW LONG?

Migration can be further classified into…. VOLUNTARY MIGRATION This is when….

FORCED MIGRATION This is when….

For example:

For example:

People who leave a country/ area = People who arrive in a country/ area = ! – Natural Increase = – Total Population Change =

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KEY There are many different types of migration. The most commonly referred to are:            

Internal Migration: Migration within a country e.g. Edinburgh to London, rural Brazil to Sao Paulo Rural-urban migration: This is a type of internal migration. It is the movement of people from rural areas (the countryside) to urban areas (towns and cities). In the settlements topic we look at the causes, problems and solutions of and to rural-urban migration in Rio de Janeiro In addition to rural-urban migration we will also look at the processes of counterurbanisation and reurbanisation in MEDCs (both forms of internal migration). International Migration: Migration between countries e.g. El Salvador to US Internal migration: migration within a country e.g. move from Edinburgh to London Temporary Migration: Migration for a limited period, this might only be for a few weeks or even several years. Permanent Migration: Migration with the intention of staying forever. Forced Migration: When people are forced to migrate, often because their life is in danger. Voluntary Migration: When people freely choose to migrate e.g. for better weather or better universities. Economic Migration: Migration for work e.g. better salary or promotion Seasonal Migration: Migration just for a particular season e.g. the ski season or the harvesting season Commuting: Movement from home to workplace and vice versa.

Examples of forced and voluntary migration: FORCED MIGRATION: When people have to move usually because their life might be in danger.

VOLUNTARY MIGRATION: When people chose to move, usually for economic benefit.

• Natural disaster (volcano, earthquake, flood, famine etc.) • War • Political persecution • Religious or ethnic persecution • Redevelopment or resettlement e.g. Three Gorges Dam

• • • • • •

New job or better pay (employment) Retirement University/school Healthcare Better weather/ climate To be with friends/ relatives

Emigrant: A person who leaves a country to migrate to another. Immigrant: A migrant arriving in a new country. Migration Balance: The difference between emigrants and immigrants. If a country has more emigrants than immigrants that it is experiencing net migration loss. If a country has more immigrants than emigrants then it is experiencing net migration gain. People will normally migrate because of a combination of push and pull factors. Push Factor: Things that are driving you from the location that you live e.g. crime and pollution Pull Factor: Things that are attracting you to a new location e.g. better job and nice weather.

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PUSH PULL FACTORS

The Lee's Model above show that as well as there being push factors from where you live there are also pull factors that keep you there (represented by + in model). It also says that as well as pull factors that attract you to a new location, there are also push factors not making you want to move there (represented by - in the diagram). Push Factors from Source (origin) Country

Pull Factors from Source (origin) Country

• • • • • • •

• • • • •

No job Low salary Pollution and congestion Bad weather Crime Poor education and healthcare Poor housing

Friends and family House Know the culture Understand the language Understand how country works

Pull Factors of Destination Country

Push Factors from Destination Country

• • • • •

• • • • •

Better job Better salary Better schools and hospitals Peaceful and safe Friends and family already living their

Cost of housing Racial tension Language barriers Different culture No friends and family

Intervening obstacles: These are problems that a migrant may face on his journey. They are represented on the Lee's Model by the wiggly line in between country of origin and destination country. Intervening obstacles may include: • Shortage of money • Language barriers • port or visa issues • Bad weather • Transport delays • Problems with housing

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Impacts of Migration The process of migration can have positive and negative impacts on both the source country and the receiving country. Below is a summary of some of those impacts. Advantages Source Country (losing country)

Destination Country (receiving country)

• Reduced unemployment. El Salvador's is currently about 10%, but in reality it is probably much higher. There is also a lot of underemployment. • Reduced pressure on schools and hospitals. It is estimated that there are 2 million migrants living in the US from El Salvador. • Remittances sent by family and friends living abroad. Remittances go straight into the hands of the people, not the government. In 2010 it was estimated that El Salvador received $2.5 billion in remittances, shared between 22.5% of families. • Improved relations with foreign countries e.g. El Salvador and US, in 2011 Barack Obama visited El Salvador • Migrants may return home with new skills and knowledge of new technology • Reduced birth and fertility rate and people in reproductive age range leave • Source of manual workers who are prepared to work dirty low paid jobs e.g. farming, construction and cleaning. • Also source of skilled workers who are added to skilled workforce 'Brain Gain' e.g. teachers, nurses and lawyers (baseball players!) • New cultures e.g. food and dance, Pupasas are sold in the US • Improved links with source countries, possible new markets e.g. El Salvador buys US products and franchises e.g. Burger King and Starbucks.

Disadvantages • Often skilled and educated migrants leave 'Brain Drain' • The dependency ratio increases as the economically active leave • A dependency on remittances develops • There maybe shortage of workers, especially during harvests • Family separation • Gangs have returned back to El Salvador that were formed in the US e.g. MS and M18.

• Possible racial tension. US citizens will often blame Central Americans for taking their jobs. • Inflation caused by increase demand • Pressure on schools and hospitals. In parts of California over half of people speak Spanish, this can cause problems for schools, hospitals, etc. • Possible unemployment • Pressure on housing, electricity, water, etc. • Increased congestion and pollution • Gangs were created by Salvadorian migrants e.g. MS, M18

Remittances: Money that is sent home to friends and family by migrants living in a different location, often overseas. Remittances top world aid (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7047304.stm) Downturn hits Filipino Remittances (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7911698.stm)

The charity Amnesty International has made four short documentaries highlighting the problems faced by Central Americans migrating to the US through Mexico. The documentaries are called the Invisibles. The problems in Mexico may include: Kidnap, Rape, Robbery, Death/ Torture o o o o

Mexico denies El Salvador's claim of migrant abductions - BBC article http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latinamerica-12056174 UN calls for investigation to migrant abductions in Mexico - BBC article http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latinamerica-12248508 More than 11,000 migrants abducted in Mexico - BBC articlehttp://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america12549484 American Illegals in Mexico - BBC article http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-radio-and-tv-17098719

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CASE STUDY: Central America (including Mexico) to US Migration The US and Mexico share a land border of roughly 2000km. Because of a series of push and pull factors, migrants from Mexico and Central America (El Salvador, Honduras and Guatemala) try and make the journey across the border. It is estimated that over 1 million migrants each year attempt to cross. Many make it, but others are also caught, in 1995 about 850,000 were caught and deported. PUSH FACTORS FROM MEXICO • • • • • •

Poor medical facilities - 1800 per doctor Low paid jobs - (GNP = $3,750) Adult literacy rates 55% - poor education prospects Life expectancy 72 yrs 40% Unemployed 42,000 violent drugs deaths since 2006

PULL FACTORS TO US • • • • • •

Excellent medical facilities - 400 per doctor Well paid jobs - GNP = $24,750) Adult literacy rates 99% - good education prospects Life expectancy 76 yrs Low crime rates Many jobs available for low paid workers such as Mexicans

Imapacts on US (positive and negative) • Illegal migration costs the USA millions of dollars for border patrols and prisons • Mexicans are seen as a drain on the USA economy • Migrant workers keep wages low which affects Americans • They cause problems in cities due cultural and racial issues • Mexican migrants benefit the US economy by working for low wages • Mexican culture has enriched the US border states with food, language and music • The incidents of TB has been increasing greatly due to the increased migration Impacts on Mexico (positive and negative) • The Mexican countryside has a shortage of economically active people • Many men emigrate leaving a majority of women who have trouble finding marriage partners • Young people tend to migrate leaving the old and the very young • Legal and illegal immigrants together send some $6 billion a year back to Mexico • Certain villages such as Santa Ines have lost 2/3 of its inhabitants Push and pull factors and impacts are from: SLN - US Mexico Migration http://www.sln.org.uk/geography/schools/blythebridge/GCSECSMigrationMexicoUSA.htm

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Refugees and IDPs Refugees: A person who has been forced to leave their home and their country. This might be because of a natural disaster, war, religious or political persecution. Persecution: When someone is attacked for what they believe in e.g. their religion or political belief. Internally displaced person (IDP): When someone has been forced to leave their home but not their country. Asylum Seekers: Someone who is trying to get refuge (residency) in a foreign country because their life is in danger in their home country. This is usually because of their political or religious beliefs. Asylum Seekers drown off Australia (http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-12006085)

• • • •

Reasons for becoming a refugee

Problems faced by refugees

• War e.g. Iraq Natural disaster • e.g. Indian Ocean tsunami Famine and/or • drought Political persecution e.g. Syria Religious or ethnic • persecution

• No housing Shortage of food and• water • No job or no money No clothes or limited clothes • Poor medical care • Disease • Poor sanitation Safety concerns e.g. war, robbery, rape. • Language barriers • No education for children

Problems faced by receiving country • Cost of providing food and water Cost of providing education for children and medical care for • everyone • Possible spread of disease to • native population • Increased pollution and congestion • • Possible racial tension • Language problems of dealing with refugees • Increased unemployment • Possible inflation because of rising demand • Food shortages • Shortages of water, electricity,

Solutions to refugee problem • End of problem in source country The return of migrants to their home (1st choice) The return of migrants to ares or countries near their home (2nd choice) Migrants settled in a foreign country a long way from their home (3rd choice) The above three choices are the three preferred solutions of the UNHCR.

Iraqi Refugees and IDPs – CASE STUDY – Forced migration, Iraq Iraq has seen a flow of refugees from its borders over the last 100 years. However, since the American led invasion of 2003, the number of refugees leaving Iraq and also the number of IDPs within Iraq has increased rapidly. It is estimated that since 2003, about 2.2 million Iraqi's have left the country and a further 2.5million have fled internally. Most refugees have escaped the ongoing fighting between coalition troops and remnants of Saddam Hussein's government, but others are escaping terrorist attacks (Al Qaeda has infiltrated Iraq) and political, ethnic and religious persecution. The majority of refugees have moved to neighbouring countries (Syria and Jordan), where there are similarities in language and religion and they are easily accessible by land. Warning of Iraq Refugee Crisis - BBC article - http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6286129.stm UN warns of Iraq refugee disaster - BBC article - http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6339835.stm

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IGCSE Skills Flowline maps: Migration flows Flowline diagrams can be used to represent assorted patterns in geography, such as:  traffic or pedestrian flow in urban areas  trade (export / import) patterns between countries  migration flows. They are useful as the arrows allow the diagram to show:  spatial patterns  direction of movement  volume of movement (via their width)

Figure 1 shows the migration of workers into West between 1970 and 1989. 1. Describe the migration pattern shown in Figure 1. 5 marks Note: You may wish to re-read the advice about describing map patterns (see next page). 2. Suggest reasons for the migration pattern.

5 marks

How do you describe patterns on maps? Keywords in the question could be…  Describe – say what you see  Explain / for / give reasons for / suggest why  (use ‘because’, ‘due to’, ‘therefore…’ in your answer)  Distribution (where things are) Technique for ‘description’  Study the map provided  Just use the information provided in the map  Look for patterns / trends  Make sure you look at the categories in the key – quote figures  Be systematic in working your way around the map e.g. by continent, by region (N, E, S, W) etc.  Use place names if you know them (or they are provided)  If it is a topographic map, you could give grid references? If you are asked to ‘describe and explain’ the most effective way to answer is:  Make a descriptive point e.g. There are very few people in land above 1000m such as the Rocky Mountains…  and then try and explain that point... e.g because the soils here may be thinner and less fertile so people would find it harder to grow their own crops (1)

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PAST PAPER QUESTION – Autumn 2007

Autumn 2010

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Autumn 2012

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CASE STUDY – MIGRATION – MEXICO TO THE USA FACTS:

PUSH FACTORS

PULL FACTORS

IMPACT OF MIGRATION ON DESTINATION COUNTRY (USA) IMPACT OF MIGRATION ON SOURCE COUNTRY (Mexico)

SOLUTIONS

A related problem: Maquiladora developments in Mexico

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