თომას მაგსტადტი - "გავიგოთ პოლიტიკა" 466765

Tomas m. magstadti

gavigoT politika ideebi, institutebi da problemebi pirveli qarTuli gamocema

ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba Tbilisi _ 2009

wignis Targmani dafinansda saqarTvelos mecnierebisa da ganaTlebis saministros programiT _ `sauniversiteto saxelmZRvaneloebis ganviTareba~. wigns gamosacemad amzadebs ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universiteti.

redaqtorebi:

gia nodia daviT afrasiZe

qarTuli gamocemis saavtoro ufleba

© ssip ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universiteti

ISBN 978-9941-0-0223-6

s a r G e vi Sesavali msoflio ruka I Sesavali: politikis Seswavla .............................................................................19 politika da yoveldRiuri cxovreba politikis ZiriTadi cnebebi wesrigi Zalaufleba da masTan dakavSirebuli cnebebi rogor swavloben politikas? ra mizniT? ra meTodebiT?

samarTlianoba

ra perspeqtividan?

ratom swavloben politikas? piradi interesi sazogadoebrivi interesi

nawili I SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi II utopia: sanimuSo saxelmwifoebi........................................................................47 platonis `saxelmwifo~: pasuxi filosofiaa samarTliani qalaqi keTilSobili tyuili frensis bekonis àxali atlantida~: pasuxi mecnierebaa stabiluroba da mecniereba samomavlo nimuSi karl marqsis uklaso sazogadoeba: pasuxi ekonomikaa ekonomikis wamyvani roli proletariatis diqtatura uklaso sazogadoeba utopiisaken dabruneba utopiiT STagoneba gza utopiisaken utopiis praqtikuloba utopia da adamianis buneba utopia da politikis ugulebelyofa distopia: ocnebidan koSmaramde oruelis samyaro utopia da terorizmi daskvniTi mosazrebani III konstituciuri demokratia: warmomadgenlobis revolucia .......67 demokratiuli konstituciebi demokratia, rogorc mgrZnobiare xelisufleba umravlesobis mmarTveloba umravlesobis tirania

demokratia, rogorc SezRuduli xelisufleba umciresobis uflebebi kanonis uzenaesoba gorc marTebuli procedura federalizmi

konstitucionalizmi, ro-

demokratia, rogorc efeqtiani xelisufleba stabilurobis aucilebloba qmediTobis aucilebloba xelisuflebis xelaxla gamogoneba: ganmanaTlebloba da amerikis idea Tavisuflebis arqiteqtura Sekaveba da gawonasworeba saprezidento sistema Zalauflebis danawileba SezRudvebi umravlesobis mmarTvelobaze rodisaa Zalaufleba marTebuli? IV avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi: tradiciuli mmarTveloba .............96 avtoritarizmis Rirsebebi avtoritarizmis naklovanebebi avtoritaruli saxelmwifos niSnebi avtoritaruli politika avtoritarizmis magaliTi _ nigeria avtoritarizmis Teoria: miTi da realoba avtoritarizmi Tanamedrove fenomenia avtoritaruli reJimi tiranulia avtoritaruli reJimi aralegitimuria avtoritaruli reJimi arapopularulia avtoritaruli reJimi sazogadoebriv interesebs ugulebelyofs avtoritarizmi yvelaze cudi mmarTvelobaa avtoritarizmis aRsasruli? V tota lita ruli saxelmwifoebi: warumatebeli utopiebi ......... 118 totalitarizmis arsi totalitarizmis revoluciuri etapi lideroba ideologia organizacia

propaganda

Zaladoba

Zalauflebis konsolidacia opoziciuri partiebis ganadgureba partiis realuri an warmosaxviTi metoqeebisgan gawmenda monoliTuri sazogadoebis Seqmna sazogadoebis transformacia stalinis sabWoTa kavSiri

hitleris germania

totalitarizmis nairsaxeobebi totalitarizmis usaxelo msxverplni totalitaruli reJimebis sicocxlisunarianoba

maos CineTi

nawili II Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi VI saparlamento demokratia ................................................................................. 160

didi britaneTi: nimuSi Sereuli wyoba ZalauflebaTa Serwyma xelisuflebaSi yofnis ganusazRvreli vadebi `disciplinebuli~ partiebi ori meTauri sjobs Tu erTi? SesaZlebelia Tu ara britanuli institutebis `gadanergva~? demokratiis Seguebadoba: xuTi SemTxveva safrangeTi: prezidenti parlamentis winaaRmdeg. mexuTe respublika: hibriduli sistema aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba erovnuli asambleis SezRuduli roli politikuri partiebi konstitucia zewolis qveS: balansis gamocda sasamarTlo sistema muSaobs Tu ara demokratia safrangeTSi? germania: federalizmi militarizmis winaaRmdeg. vaimaris respublika gayofili germania: civi omis mini modeli gaerTianebuli germania: demokratiis triumfi germanuli federalizmi aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba politikuri partiebi sasamarTlo xelisufleba ZiriTadi kanoni da samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebi muSaobs Tu ara demokratia germaniaSi? iaponia: saparlamento mmarTveloba konsensusis qveyanaSi. istoriuli wanamZRvrebi axali konstitucia saparlamento demokratia: garegnuli da realuri partiuli sistema politikur cvlilebaTa Semaferxebeli faqtorebi sasamarTlo xelisufleba da iaponuri kultura muSaobs Tu ara demokratia iaponiaSi? saparlamento mmarTveloba moulodnel garemoSi indoeTi: saparlamento saswauli israeli: omis respublika prezidentebi da parlamentebi: SedarebiTi daxasiaTeba. sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba sasamarTlo xelisufleba ori sistemis upiratesobebi da naklovanebebi konstituciebi da konteqstebi

VII saxelmwifoebi gardamaval periodSi: axali demokratiebi da aRmocenebadi bazrebi ............................................ 222 komunizmis kraxi ruseTi: areuloba da tranzicia (Tu mxolod areuloba?) gorbaCovis tranzicia reformis marcxi: sistemis dezintegracia Tanamedrove sirTuleebi bolosdabolos, gamoCnda lideri? samomavlo perspeqtivebi

aRmosavleTi evropa gzagasayarze: (mokvdeba Tu ara odesme Zveli Cvevebi) CineTi: gadasvla marTvad kapitalizmze (ra iqneba Semdeg) mao xelisuflebaSi xelisufalTa cvla dominanti partia ideologiis Sesusteba bazarze orientirebuli reformebi gazrdili pirovnuli Tavisufleba axali saxelmwifoebrivi problemebi politikuri da religiuri represiebi politikuri fragmentaciis safrTxe amomavali saxelmwifoebi azia: ekonomikuri tranzicia (da Tavisuflebac?) samxreT korea taivani aziis vefxvebi laTinuri amerika: politikuri tranzicia (da keTildReobac?) reformis anabana (argentina, brazilia, Cile) meqsika VIII ganviTarebadi qveynebi: demokratia Tu diqtatura.................... 267 ganviTarebadi qveynebis klasifikacia ganviTarebadi qveynebis Seswavla kolonializmis memkvidreoba politikuri ganviTareba: oTxi gamowveva demokratia da ganviTarebadi qveynebi demokratiis korelatebi demokratiuli strategiebi ganviTarebad qveynebSi: tendencia Tu iluzia?

demokratia

ganviTarebis Tavsatexi ganviTarebis motivebi ganviTarebis sazogadoebrivi barierebi ganviTarebis fsiqologiuri barierebi ekonomikuri ganviTarebis dabrkolebebi ganviTarebis marcxi disfunqciuri saxelmwifoebi: somali iugoslavia siera leone

avRaneTi

ganviTarebis Teoria: tendenciuri msjeloba? WarbganviTareba: kapitalizmis patara binZuri saidumlo

nawili III politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba IX politikuri socializacia: moqalaqis Camoyalibeba ......................311 kargi moqalaqe da kargi pirovneba sapirispiro ganmartebebi klasikuri xedva politikuri socializacia ojaxi Tanatolebi masmedia kanoni ZiriTadi politikuri Rirebulebebi: rogor vipovvoT oqros Sualedi?

Sesavali

7

politikuri socializaciis marcxi X politikuri monawileoba: gavlenis safasuri ......................................337 monawileobis formebi samarTlebrivi formebi

arasamarTlebrivi formebi

moqalaqeTa monawileobis gansazRvreba sazogadoebrivi azri gamokiTxvebi pirdapiri demokratia

arCevnebi

saarCevno sistemebi

monawileobis Sefaseba: ratom mivceT xma? xmis micema amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi monawileobis tendenciebi individualizmi da sazogadoebrivi monawileoba politikuri apaTia: amerikuli daavadeba? monawileobis Sefaseba: ra ician amomrCevlebma? monawileobis Sefaseba: mbrunavi kari elitisturi Teoriebi: rkinis kanonebi da demokratiis ironia pluralistebi da elitistebi politikuri monawileoba avtoritarul saxelmwifoSi politikuri partiebi istoriuli winamZRvrebi ZiriTadi miznebi erTpartiuli sistema orpartiuli sistema mravalpartiuli sistema partiuli sistemebis ganmsazRvrelebi perspeqtivebi: politikuri partiebis daknineba? interesTa jgufebi interesTa jgufebis tipebi zegavlenis wyaroebi da meTodebi interesTa jgufebis bumi interesTa jgufebi demokratiebSi iklebs Tu ara sazogadoebis interesi? interesTa jgufebi avtoritarul qveynebSi

XI politikuri lideroba: Zalauflebis mravalsaxeoba .........................392 namdvili liderebi marTvis xelovnebis arsi daknineba?

didebis xibli

lideris oTxi tipi

liderobis

demagogebi politikosebi kanonmdeblebi, rogorc delegatebi politikanebi damSoSmineblebi samoqalaqo liderebi

kanonmdeblebi, rogorc meurveebi

8 XII ra aris sajaro sikeTe? ideologiebi da izmebi.....................................423 politikis miznebi da saSualebebi ideologiebi da sajaro interesi antisamTavrobo ideologiebi memarjvene ideologiebi ologiebi

memarcxene ide-

izmebi da amerikuli politika iarliyebi amerikul politikaSi saerTo Temebi konservatorebi: ekonomikuri uflebebis primati liberalebi: samoqalaqo uflebebis primati arsebiTi gansxvavebebi konservatorebi, liberalebi da sajaro politika XIII sajaro sikeTis problemebi: principebi, prioritetebi da praqtikebi....................................................................................447 usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa gare mtrebisgan dacva Sida mtrebisgan dacva kuTar qmedebaTagan dacva keTildReobis uzrunvelyofa sabiujeto deficiti da saxelmwifo vali mosavlebis ganawileba

socialuri dacva

saganmanaTleblo krizisi

sa-

Se-

Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofa rasobrivi diskriminacia pozitiuri qmedebebi Tu Sebrunebuli diskriminacia vis sWirdeba dacva? Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofa Tavisuflebis Rirebuleba Tavisufleba da pirveli sakonstitucio Sesworeba piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxebloba samarTlianobis uzrunvelyofa danaSauli da sasjeli marTlmsajuleba, rogorc marTebuli procedura samarTlebrivi dacvis sazRvrebi mizanTa konfliqti

nawili IV politika Zaladobis gziT XIV revolucia: samarTlianobis saxeliT .........................................................489 revoluciis kvlavdabruneba Tanamedrove revoluciebi: ori tradicia amerikuli revolucia franguli revolucia ori revoluciis Sedareba revoluciis sasurveloba: berki, peini da loki berkis pozicia peinis kritika lokiseuli perspeqtiva revoluciis mizezebi

Sesavali

tradiciuli axsna namedrove Teoriebi

revoluciis socialuri fsiqologia

9

revoluciis Ta-

XV terorizmi: sustis iaraRi..................................................................................516 ra aris terorizmi? terorizmis warmoSoba terorizmis logika teroristuli taqtika teroristuli aqti da omi teroristuli jgufebis maxasiaTeblebi terorizmi alJirSi: Tanamedrove magaliTi. vin aris teroristi? teroristebis klasifikacia: kriminalebi, partizanebi Tu revolucionerebi? teroristis identificireba terorizmi da sazogadoeba axalgazrda rekrutebi terorizmis fsiqologia

terorizmi da masmedia

terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZola Sida kanonmdebloba qveynebs Soris TanamSromloba zomebi terorizmis winaaRmdeg ra SeuZlia pirovnebas

unilateraluri

SesaZlebelia ki terorizmis Sekaveba? XVI omi: politika sxva saSualebebiT...................................................................553 omis mizezebi adamianis buneba

sazogadoeba

garemo

omis Teoriebi: kritika politikis miRma totaluri omi: omi, romelSic yvela ibrZvis SemTxveviTi omi: omi, romelic aravis surs birTvuli omi: omi, romelsac veravin igebs aris Tu ara omi odesme moralurad gamarTlebuli? samarTliani omis doqtrina samarTliani omis doqtrinis Sefaseba rnbergis procesi

niu-

nawili V politika mTavrobis gareSe XVII saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi: brZola.......................................................591 iyavi realisti: makiaveli da morgenTau klasikuri evropuli sistema sistemuri winapirobebi evropuli konsensusis marcxi

10 Tanamedrove globaluri sistema evrocentrizmis dasasruli bipolarobis dasawyisi birTvuli omis safrTxe urTierT Sekaveba

ideologiis primati

amerikis sagareo politika: guSin da dRes ra aris erovnuli interesi? erovnuli interesis dacva didi debatebi: realizmi da idealizmi bumerangis efeqti axali sagareo politikis ZiebaSi idealizmi, rogorc egoizmi: zneobis Zala axali samyaro, Zveli Cvevebi axali tendenciebi, Zveli problemebi ra xdeba civi omis Semdeg? globaluri ekonomika regionalizmis aRzeveba eTnikuri Zaladobis wyevla aRsasrulis axleburad: `mdumare gazafxulis~ Tavidan acileba aRsasruli Zveleburad: birTvuli iaraRis gavrcelebis Tavidan acileba sainformacio teqnologiebis revolucia apokalifsuri xedvebi: civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba da anarqia? XVIII saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi: brZola wesrigisTvis....................637 arasaxelmwifo aqtorebi msoflio asparezze mravalerovnuli korporaciebi saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo da samTavrobo oranizaciebi gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia (gaero) istoriuli foni: erTa liga gaeros daarseba gaero civi omis dros gaero civi omis Semdeg didi saerTaSoriso organizaciebis problemebi saerTaSoriso samarTali sargeblianoba Sesruleba da iZuleba saerTaSoriso samarTali Tanamedrove epoqaSi saerTaSoriso samarTlis SezRuduloba saerTaSoriso samarTlis Sefaseba mudmivi swrafva mSvidobisaken

Sesavali dRes politikuri da ekonomikuri aramdgradoba msoflios nebismier adgilze mcxovreb adamianze axdens gavlenas. teroristuli aqtebi, samxedro Setakebebi, samoqalaqo omebi, eTnikuri konfliqtebi, ekonomikuri vardna, safinanso krizisi da cvalebadi safondo birJa yoveldRiuri movlenebia. iseT fundamentur movlenebs, rogoric 2001 wlis Semodgomaze SeerTebuli Statebis winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebuli teroristuli Tavdasxmebi iyo, iseve mravalgvarad SeuZlia imoqmedos Cvens cxovrebaze, rogorc SedarebiT naklebad dramatul aqts, magaliTad, kongresis mier 2002 wlis gazafxulze miRebul axal kanons safinanso samarTlis an korporaciuli gigantebis transerovnuli Serwymis Sesaxeb. movlenebi TvalismomWreli siCqariT icvleba, Tumca politikis ZiriTadi buneba ucvleli rCeba. ZalauflebisaTvis brZola grZeldeba, iseve rogorc brZola wesrigisa da samarTlianobisaTvis mTel msoflioSi. Zalauflebis sazRvrebi TviT yvelaze koncentrirebul formebSic ki, gamomwvevad aSkaraa – dawyebuli axlo aRmosavleTSi mdebare palestinisa da centralur aziaSi mdebare avRaneTis msgavsi ZvelisZveli adgilebidan, damTavrebuli SedarebiT mokle istoriisa da aseve mokle mexsierebis mqone amerikis SeerTebuli StatebiT. Zalze aSkaraa warumatebeli an damaxinjebuli politikis, cinikuri an ubralod arakompetentuli liderobis Sedegebi Tanamedrove msoflioSi. arc moqalaqeobriobis xarisxi gvaZlevs siamayis saSualebas. es ormagi deficiti, politikuri sazogadoebis rogorc zeda, aseve qveda safexurebze, erTgvari uxilavi krizisia, ro-melic sakuTari arsebobis uTvalav samxils gvitovebs, magram, amave dros, garkveulwilad SeumCnevlad arsebobas ganagrZobs. amave dros, arc usamarTloba, Seuwynarebloba, arasworad gagebuli idealizmi, fanatizmi da adamianTa tanjva aris ucxo xili, romlis arseboba gvidasturebs, rom Cveni, kidev ufro dabinZurebuli da gadatvirTuli planeta, ukeTesobisaken ar icvleba, miuxedavad imisa, rom dasavleTis ramdenime iRblian qveyanaSi adamianebi Tavs ufro daculad da komfortulad grZnoben, vidre adamianTa umravlesoba dedamiwis e.w. ganviTarebad regionebSi. wignis `gavigoT politika~ debiuti 1984 wels Sedga. mas Semdeg Cemi rwmena politikis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb ar Seryeula. uwindeburad mjera, rom studentebs elementaruli codna mainc sWirdebaT msoflioSi arsebuli politikuri da ekonomikuri Zalebis Sesaxeb, raTa Tavisuflebis sikeTesa da demokratiul respublikaSi moqalaqeobriv pasuxismgeblobas Caswvdnen. paradoqsulia, rom rac ufro xelmisawvdomi xdeba codna, siaxle da informacia (raSic didi wvlili personalur kompiutersa da msoflio masStabiT interner-qsels miuZRvis, amerikelTa monawileoba politikur procesebSi sul ufro da ufro mcirdeba. es samwuxaro faqtia, radgan politikuri ganswavlulobis amaRleba pirveli nabijia moqalaqeTa momavali Taobebis ganaTlebisa da uflebamosilebisaken _ maT unda miscen xma arCevnebSi, gadaixadon gadasaxadebi da maT xelSi unda gadalaxos qveyanam rTuli aTwleulebi. politikis Seswavla erTgvari WiSkaria adamianuri bunebis, sazogadoebisa da

12 samyaros ufro farTod da Rrmad gasagebad. Tavdapirvelad swore es rwmena gaxda ori axalgazrda profesorisaTvis am wignis pirveli gamocemis Seqmnis stimuli. es rwmena dRemde wignis mravali gamocemis STagonebis wyaroa da mas emateba is gancda, rom Cveni Sroma mudam ganaxlebadi procesi iqneba. politikis kargi Sesavali ori ZiriTad mizans unda emsaxurebodes: (1) gaaqarwylos politikis, rogorc mecnierebis gagebis mcdelobasTan dakavSirebuli nerviuloba, gansakuTrebiT damwyebTaTvis da (2) uzrunvelyos dRevandeli kolejis studentis gamosawvevad aucilebeli inteleqtualuri stimuli. es wigni imis dadasturebaa, rom politika rogorc mecniereba da filosofia pirdapir erwymis mecnierebis liberalur tradiciebs. fraza `politika rogorc mecniereba da filosofia~ disciplinaSi erT yvelaze Rrma ganxeTqilebaze mianiSnebs: analitikosebi, romlebic politikas mecnierebis kuTxiT udgebian, xSirad Zalauflebis mniSvnelobaze amaxvileben yuradRebas, xolo isini, vinc politikas filosofiis mravalmxrivi obieqtiviT ganixilaven, xazs samarTlianobis mniSvnelobas usvamen. Zalauflebasa da samarTlianobas Soris gansxvaveba, iseve, rogorc mecnierebasa da filosofias Soris gansxvaveba xSirad gadaWarbebulia. realur cxovrebaSi zneobrivi da politikuri sakiTxebi arsebiTad ganuyofelia. es imas niSnavs, rom Zalaufleba TavisTavad qmedebas politikur elfers ar aZlevs; Zalauflebis marTebul da aramarTebul gamoyenebasa da gamoyenebis Sedegad mogebulTa da dazaralebulTa Sesaxeb debatebi aqcevs Zalauflebas politikur kategoriad. amrigad, rodesac sajaro politikis sferoSi samarTlianobis sakiTxi dgeba (magaliTad, abortisa da sikvdiliT dasjis aRkveTa, policiisa da samxedroebis mier Zalis gamoyeneba), saxeze gvaqvs politikis arsebiTi komponentebi. Zalauflebis an zneobis koncefciisi gadaWarbebuli yuradReba aferxebs politikis gaazrebisa da mtkivneuli da ganxeTqilebis Camomgdebi problemebis gadaWris mcdelobas. amrigad, yovelTvis saWiroa tolobis balansi _ politikuri realizmis Serbileba samarTlianobis siyvaruliT. swored aseve macduria diqotomia faqtebsa da faseulobebs Soris. racionaluri msjeloba dasabuTebuli mosazrebiT kargisa da samarTlianis Taobaze xSirad ufro mniSvnelovania (an naklebad efemeruli), vidre faqtebi (gancxadeba àdolf hitlerma da nacistebma Selaxes adamianTa uflebebi~ amgvari daskvnis safuZvelia). faseulobis matarebeli gancxadebebi SesaZloa varaudis maRal xarisxs Seicavdes, magram ara absolutur utyuarobas (magaliTad, `Tu Zaladobrivi danaSaulis Semcireba gvsurs, siRaribe unda SevamciroT~). sxva amgvari sakiTxebi SesaZloa, abortis Taobaze debatebis msgavsad, Zalze rTuli iyos. magaliTad, SeiZleba Tu ara qalis biologiuri TviTgansazRvris uflebam gadaswonos nayofis sicocxlis ufleba? uazroba iqneboda umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxebis ugulebelyofa maTze pasuxis gacemis sirTulis mizeziT. maSinac ki, roca swori pasuxebi bundovania, xSirad mcdari pasuxebis gansazRvrac TavisTavad mniSvnelovania. wigni Sesabamis yuradRebas uTmobs Tanamedrove politikur sakiTxebs da amave dros, ar ugulebelyofs maT safuZvelSi arsebul maradiul kiTxvebs. magaliTad, xmis mimcemTa winaSe arsebuli dilema, vin iqneboda saukeTeso meri, gubernatori an prezidenti ufro seriozul kiTxvebs wamoswevs xolme. ra kvalifikacia aris aucilebeli saxelmwifo dawesebulebisaTvis? ra xinji aqvs sistemas,

Sesavali

13

romelic ver iZleva mravalferovani arCevanis saSualebas? aseve, konfliqtebi eri-saxelmwifoebsa an socialur jgufebs Soris aCens zogad kiTxvebs imis Taobaze, ra aiZulebs adamianebs ebrZolon da masobrivad daxocon erTmaneTi. miuxedavad Cemi mcdelobisa, minimumamde Sememcirebina saxelebisa da TariRebisgamoyeneba, politikur sakiTxebze warmatebuli msjeloba SeuZlebelia istoriul vakuumSi. istoriuli magaliTebis SerCevisas vxelmZRvanelobdiT politikis calkeuli sakiTxebis gagebis motiviT. meoce saukunis istoriis zogierTi epizodi (maT Soris, ruseTSi oqtombris revolucia, hitleris germaniaSi nacional-socialistebis mmarTveloba, koloniuri imperiebis ngreva meore msoflio omis Semdeg, SeerTebul StatebSi moZraoba samoqalaqo uflebaTa dacvis moTxovniT da evropaSi komunizmis damxoba) imdenad mniSvnelovania da iseT fundamentur kiTxvebs wamos-wevs, rom is, vinc liberalur ganaTlebaze debs Tavs, maTi mniSvneloba unda icodes. ra Tqma unda, zogierTi Tema da movlena ramdenime TavSia ganxiluli: politikis samyaro unakero qsels ufro hgavs, vidre ujrebian karadas. politikaSi, iseve rogorc bunebaSi, konkretul movlenas an fenomens xSirad mravali mniSvneloba aqvs da sxva movlenebTan da fenomenebTan aSkarad dakavSirebuli rodia. ZiriTad politikur ideebs, institutebsa da problemebs Soris xazis gavleba damwyeb students politikuri Tavsatexis erTi SexedviT daukavSirebel nawilebSi azris danaxvaSi exmareba. politikis gasagebad aucilebeli nabijia sxvadasxva nawilebs Soris kavSirebis danaxva. `gavigoT politika~ politikisa da xelisuflebis Seswavlisas qvemodan zemoT midgomas iyenebs. is iwyeba studentTaTvis saintereso politikuri fenomenis gansazRvriT (magaliTad, omisa da terorizmis) da Semdeg cdilobs maT aRwerasa da axsnas. mindoda, rom wigni studentis Cveul cnobismoyvareobaze amego da amito vecade Tavidan amecilebina ufro Tanamedrove literaturisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli mravali Jargoni, teqnikuri Tu bundovani disputi. konkretuli disciplinis siRrmeebis ganxilvis garda, wigni iseT disciplinebsac mimoixilavs, rogoricaa istoria da filosofia. xelisuflebisa da politikis Seswavlisas, is miznad isaxavs liberaluri ganaTlebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel midgomas. mizani ambiciuria: gamoiwvios studentebSi swavlis iseTi interesi, romelic mTeli cxovreba gahyvebaT. amas ki Sedegad kargad informirebul, aqtiurad CarTul, sakuTar TavSi darwmunebul da moazrovne moqalaqeTa Taobis Camoyalibeba mohyveba, romelic SeZlebs aRSfoTeba gamoxatos sazogadoebrivi mliqvnelobis, TaRliTobis, sibriyvis Tu zogadi uunarobis gamo. I TavSi `Sesavali: politikis Seswavla~ gansazRvrulia politikis ZiriTadi koncefciebi da yuradReba maxvildeba imaze, Tu rogor da ratom unda SeviswavloT es sagani. es Tavi Semdegi Tavebis erTgvari safuZvelia. I nawilSi (`SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi~) gaanalizebulia rogorc xelisuflebis utopiuri, demokratiuli da avtoritaruli formebi, aseve politikur sistemaTa sirTuleebi avtoritaruli institutebidan demokratiul institutebze gadasvlis periodSi. am nawilSi (me-2-dan me-5 Tavis CaTvliT), romelic aseve erTgvari safuZvelia, Teoriul aspeqtSia ganxiluli sxvadasxva politikuri reJimebi. II nawili (`Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi~) sami Tavisagan

14 (6-8 Tavebi) Sedgeba da warmodgenilia Camoyalibebuli demokratiis mqone qveynebi (me-6 Tavi), gardamaval periodSi myofi saxelmwifoebi (me-7 Tavi) da ganviTarebadi qveynebi (me-8 Tavi). msoflios faqtobrivad yvela qveynis xelisufleba miiswrafis demokratiisaken an `demokratiulobaze~ debs Tavs. es, TavisTavad, demokratiis ideis Zlevamosilebis saintereso dadasturebaa. miuxedavad xSiri Tavdasxmisa, demokratiis idea or saukuneze metia mravali adamianis warmosaxvas STaagonebs. epoqaSi, roca cudi ambebi sisxliT iwereba da moklulebSi SeiaraRebul meomrebs udanaSaulo moqalaqeebi sWarboben, kargi iqneba gvaxsovdes, rom demokratiuli idealebi arasdros yofila ase Tbilad miRebuli an farTod (Tu arasrulyofilad) institucionalizebuli, rogorc dRes. III nawili `politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba~ (me-9-dan me-13 Tavis CaTvliT), koncentrirebulia politikur procesebze. am nawilSi warmodgenilia SeerTebuli Statebi, ganxilulia moqalaqeoba da socializacia, politikuri monawileoba (sazogadoebrivi azris Seswavlisa da amomrCevelTa qcevis CaTvliT), politikuri organizacia (partiebi da interesTa jgufebi), politikuri lideroba, politikuri ideologiebi (anu gansxvavebuli `midgoma sajaro sikeTis mimarT~) da Tanamedrove sajaro politikis sakiTxebi. IV nawilSi `politika Zaladobis gziT~ ganxilulia konfliqti, rogorc gansakuTrebuli da universaluri problema politikaSi. masSi problemaTa sami kategoriaa asaxuli: revolucia, terorizmi da omi (Sesabamisad me-14, me-15 da me-16 Tavebi). es nawili stimuls miscems studentTa cnobismoyvareobas da gaaRviZebs saklaso diskusiaTa survils. dabolos, V nawili `politika mTvrobis gareSe~ studentebs acnobs msoflio politikis sakiTxTa ZiriTad koncefciebs, aRwers ZiriTad sqemebs da warmoadgens msjelobas mudmivi problemebis Sesaxeb. me-17 Tavi aerTianebs wina gamocemis ori Tavis masalas. masSi ganxilulia saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis ZiriTadi principebi da koncefciebi, msoflio politikis evoluciuri struqtura da konteqsti da yuradReba eTmoba msoflio problemaTa mTel rigs. me-18 TavSi ganxilulia saerTaSoriso samarTali da organizaciebi da msoflio wesrigis Zieba, es ki kursis kargi dasasrulia. am axal, me-6 gamocemaSi SenarCunebulia wignis wina xuTi gamocemis pedagogiuri Taviseburebebi. yoveli Tavi iwyeba mokle SinaarsiT da mTavrdeba SejamebiT, muqi daxrili SriftiT aris gamoyofili terminebi, warmodgenilia kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis. amas garda, wigni mdidaria mravalferovani masaliT _ fotoebiT, cxrilebiT, rukebiT, sqemebiTa da CanarTebiT, romelTagan umravlesoba ganaxlda an Seicvala.

avtorisagan wigni `gavigoT politika~ mWidro profesiuli da pirovnuli kavSirebis Sedegad Seiqmna. am gamocemis pativi mxolod me mxvda wilad. Cemi Zveli TanamSromeli, doqtori piter skoteni (Dr. Peter Schotten) ukve aRar aris pasuxismgebeli am gamocemaSi Setanili cvlilebebis, logikuri Secdomebisa Tu faqtebis gamo, magram misi mondomebisa da inteleqtis kvali, ra Tqma unda, ar waiSleba, sanam wignis axali gamocemebi daibeWdeba.

Sesavali

15

madlierebis niSnad TiTqmis ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi am saxelmZRvanelos eqvsi gamocemis warmatebaSi sxvadasxva gamomcemlobasa da universitetSi momuSave mraval adamians miuZRvis wvlili. im mecnierTa da pedagogTa Soris, romlebmac saxelmZRvanelos am gamocemis xelnaweri kritikulad waikiTxa da mravali fasdaudebeli SeniSvna momca, iyvnen: piter longo (Peter Longo) _ qalaq karnis nebraskas universiteti; donald, g. beikeri (Donald G. Baker) sauThemptonis koleji, long ailendis universiteti; henri steki (Henry Steck) _ niu iorkis Statis universiteti, kortlendi; ruT en striklendi (Ruth Ann Strickland) _ apalaCis Statis universiteti da iraj peidari (Iraj Paydar) _ belvius adgilobrivi koleji. minda aseve madloba vuTxra devid atkinsonsa (David Atkinson) da deil niumans (Dale Neuman) _ megobrebsa da kolegebs, romlebmac Tavazianad waikiTxes xelnaweris calkeuli nawilebi da sasargeblo rCevebi momces. valSi var Wadsworth-is gamomcemlobis ramdenime redaqtorTan, gansakuTrebiT, steisi simsTan (Stacey Sims). karolin krolei (Caroline Croley), margaret parksi (Margaret Parks) da braian Cafi (Brian Chaffee) damexmarnen marketingSi da marketingul komunikaciebSi. minda aseve madloba vuTxra wina gamocemaTa redaqtorebs, gamsakuTrebiT maikl vebersa (Michael Weber) da dou bels (Doug Bell) yofili St. Martin’s Press gamomcemlobidan da jeims hedlis (James Headley) im xanmokle periodis ganmavlobaSi TanamSromlobisaTvis, roca wigni St. Martin’s/Worth Publishers-is sakuTreba iyo. wignis warmatebas dRemde maTi da bevri sxva adamianis wvlili ganapirobebs. gamomcemloba Bedford/St. Martin’s-is TanamSromlebma emi makkonaltim (Amy McConathy) da mariela folk freidma (Marilea Polk Fried) gadamwyveti roli iTamaSes am gamocemis momzadebaSi. nadia nedelskim (Nadya Nedelsky) `maswavleblis gzamkvlevi~ kvlav keTilsindisierad da mimzidvelad moamzada. winaswar mxiblavs Wadsworth-is redaqtorebTan axlo da xangrZlivi urTierToba, romlebmac 2001 wels es wigni Bedford/St. Martin’s-is mier politologiaze gamocemuli wignebis siis nawilad aRiares. dabolos, mudam valSi viqnebi Cemi ojaxis _ (meri jos 1990 wels gardaicvala), devidis, amis, maiklis, barbarasa da rebekas winaSe.

avtoris Sesaxeb tomas m. magstadtma doqtoris xarisxi Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso kvlevaTa jon hopkinsis skolaSi (SAIS) moipova. is ramdenime kolejsa da universitetSi aswavlis, maT Soris: avgustanas kolejSi, karnis nabraskas universitetsa da samxedro-sahaero kolejSi. orjer xelmZRvanelobda politikis mecnierebaTa kaTedris. is aseve muSaobda sagareo saqmeTa specialistad federaluri mTavrobis aRmasrulebel StoSi. wignis gamocemis dros magstadti adiunqt-profesori iyo qalaq kanzasis rokharstis universitetSi. igi aris avtori wignisa `qveynebi da mTavrobebi: SedarebiTi politi-ka regionul WrilSi~, me-4 gamocema (Bedford/St. Martin’s/Wadsworth, 2002).

.

T aavv i I

Sesavali po li ti kis S es e sw wav avl laa

politika da yoveldRiuri cxovreba ZiriTadi koncefciebi wesrigi Zalaufleba da masTan dakavSirebuli cnebebi samarTlianoba rogor swavloben politikas? ra mizniT? ra meTodebiT? ra perspeqtividan ratom swavloben politikas? piradi interesi sazogadoebrivi interesi

19

20 adamianTa umravlesoba Cveulebrivad vcxovrobT. samarTlianad vzrunavT yoveldRiurobis Cveul, Tumca arsebiT detalebze – gadasaxadebze (maT Soris, swavlis!), ojaxis an SeyvarebulTa winsvlasa da usafrTxoebaze, imaze, Tu ra modelis manqana viyidoT (an daiqoqeba Tu ara arsebuli manqana!) da a. S. raRac doneze vxvdebiT, rom individualuri da ekonomikuri usafrTxoebisa da pirovnuli bednierebis es Cveulebrivi, magram arcTu umniSvnelo sazrunavebi ara mxolod Cvens Zalisxmevaze, aramed sazogadoebrivi azris xasiaTsa da Sedegebzec, anu politikaze aris damokidebuli. sxva rom araferi, yvelgan myofi politika Tavs saRamos axali ambebis mosmenis an yurebisas gvaxsenebs, roca Cvens saxlebSi afrikis Soreul saxelmwifoebSi mZvinvare umowyalo eTnikuri konfliqtebi, axlo aRmosavleTis Zaladobrivi Sexla-Semoxlis scenebi da politikuri teroris aqtebi iWreba. politika mniSvnelovania. swored am mizeziT, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis pasuxismgebel moqalaqes politikis Semadgeneli ideebis, institutebisa da problemebis safuZvlebis codna sWirdeba.

politika da yoveldRiuri cxovreba politika aris mecniereba imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor marTaven da imarTebian adamianebi. qvemoT mocemuli ori hipoTeturi magaliTi gviCvenebs, rom politika aTasgvar gavlenas axdens Cvens yoveldRiur cxovrebaze.

magaliTi # 1 kaci, romlis kiserze ori gaupatiureba, mravali SedarebiT umniSvnelo seqsualuri Zaladoba da ramdenime SeiaraRebuli Zarcva da Tavdasxmaa, sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT cixidan gamouSves. is fsiqiatriul saavyofoSi mkurnalobis periodSi presas ucxadebs, rom Seicvala, religia daexmara da imedi aqvs, rom mSobliur qalaqSi dabrundeba da normalur cxovrebas daiwyebs. qalaqSi misi dabrunebis pirvelive kviras ramdenime sastiki gaupatiureba xdeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom am kacis dadanaSaulebis aranairi safuZveli ar arsebobs, adgilobrivi mcxovrebni aRSfoTebulebi arian. gaupatiurebis SemTxvevebi amyarebs maT mosazrebas, rom (1) saSiSi damnaSaveebi maT Soris arian; (2) Zalze Znelia maTi daWera, miuxedavad maTi Tavxeduri da xSiri Tavdasxmebisa; da (3) daWeris SemTxvevaSic, is qurdebi, mkvlelebi da moZaladeebi, romlebmac danaSauli aRiares, zogjer sasamarTlo sistemis arasrulyofilebis gamo Tavs iZvrenen xolme. moqalaqeebi mosamarTleebsa da politikosebs akisreben pasuxismgeblobas im SiSisaTvis, romelic RamiT maT qalaqs mosvenebis saSualebas ar aZlevs. `rogorc Cans, kanonmdeblobaSi raRac xarvezi arsebobs, raki aseTi danaSauli xdeba~, _ acxadeben isini.

Sesavali: politikis Seswavla

21

magaliTi # 2 xandazmuli qalbatoni meri, romelsac axlaxan Seusrulda oTxmocdaaTi weli, marto cxovrobs im saxlSi, romelic man da misma meuRlem patara qalaqSi aiSenes daaxloebiT samocdaxuTi wlis win. meris sakuTar Tavze zrunva SeuZlia da moxucebulTa saxlSi gadasvla ar surs. asakis Sesaferisi moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebas Tavisi mokrZalebuli pensiiT is metnaklebad axerxebs, vidre saxlis gasaTbobad saWiro sawvavis fasi katastrofulad ar gaizrdeba; amis Semdeg, misi danazogi sxva xandazmuli moqalaqeebis danazogTa msgavsad, yovelwliurad iklebs. gasulma orma zamTarma, romelic gansakuTrebiT mkacri iyo, TiTqmis amowura meris piradi finansebi. meris imedi sagazeTo statiam daubruna, romelic ityobineboda, rom mTavrobam SemoiRo kanoni, raTa sawvavis subsidiebT uzrunvelyos xandazmulebi. miuxedavad amisa, cxel xazze darekviT man Seityo, rom bankSi mis angariSze Tanxis arsebobamde, is subsidias ver miiRebs. meri sasowarkveTilia: `ra xdeba Cems Tavs? Cans, mTavroba ver moisvenebs, sanam ufulo da usaxlkaro ar viqnebi. sad aris am qveynad samarTali?~ damnaSavisa da moxuci qalbatonis SemTxveva TvalsaCinos xdis, rom yoveldRiuri politikis praqtikuli problemebi, romlebic, erTi SexedviT, mxolod calkeul individebze axdens gavlenas, samarTlianobis an sazogadoebrivi interesis dacvis mudmivi Ziebis ganuyofeli nawili xdeba. sxva sityvebiT, sakiTxebi met-naklebad politikuria im zomiT, ra zomiTac saxelmwifo Zalaufleba gavlenas axdens calkeul moqalaqeTa cxovrebasa da keTildReobaze.

politikis ZiriTadi cnebebi politikas sxvadasxvagvarad gansazRvraven _ rogorc `SesaZleblis xelovnebas~, moZRvrebas `vin ras, rodis da sad iRebs~, `faseulobebis avtoritetul ganawilebas~ da a. S. SeiZlebadefiniciaze verc SevTanxmdeT, magram zogadad vxvdebiT, rodis gvaqvs saqme plitikasTan. iseve, rogorc adamianis codnis nebismier sxva sferos, politikur mecnierebasac _ politikis sistemur Seswavlas _ aqvs sakuTari terminebi da ena. am enis Seswavlas mniSvelovani politikuri wonis mqone `sami patara sityviT~ _ wesrigi, Zalaufleba da samarTlianoba _ daviwyebT.

wesrigi arsebobs ramodenime donis wesrigi. politikuri gagebiT, wesrigi aRniSnavs im struqturebs, wesebs, ritualebs, procedurebsa da Cveulebebs,

22 romlebic politikur sistemas Seadgenen. igi dafuZnebulia sazogadoebrivi wyobilebis (an martivad rom vTqvaT `sazogadoebis~) saZirkvelze. zustad ra aris sazogadoeba? sazogadoeba, rogorc mas Tanamedrove konteqstSi viyenebT, mWidro kavSirSia sityva TemTan an erTobasTan, romelic saerTo identobis pirTa gaerTianebaa. Cveulebriv, identoba, nawilobriv mainc, gansazRvrulia geografiiT, radgan adamianebi, romlebic erTmaneTis axlos cxovroben, rogorc wesi, erTmaneTs icnoben, laparakoben erTsa da imave enaze, aqvT saerTo Rirebulebebi, interesebi da gamocdileba. xandaxan, saerTo miznis gancdis an politikuri erTgulebis safuZvelze, gansxvavebuli jgufebi qmnian axal Tems, magram rogorc 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi sabWoTa kavSirisa da iugoslaviis daSlam gvaCvena, axali socialuri wyobis Seqmna, kargad stuqturirebuli politikuri sistemis pirobebSic ki, advili araa. mTavroba, (xelisufleba) qmnis savaldebulo wesebs, romelTa saSualebiT marTavs sazogadoebas. rogor SeiZleba msoflioSi mmarTvelobis mravalgvari formebis kategoriebad dayofa? tradiciulad, saxelmwifoebi iyofa respublikebad (sadac suvereniteti sabolood xalxis xelSia) da saxelmwifoebad, sadac suvereniteti mmarTvelTa xelSia _ monarqiad an tiraniad. dReisaTvis, TiTqmis yvela respublika demokratiuli (anu warmomadgenlobiTi) respublikaa, rac imas niSnavs, rom Zalaufleba arCeuli warmomadgenlebis xelSia, romlebic xalxis winaSe arian pasuxismgebelni.1 zogierTi politologi erTmaneTisgan ubralod ganasxvavebs demokratiul, sadac tardeba Tavisufali arCevnebi, da diqtaturul saxelmwifoebs, sadac aseTi ram ar xdeba. sxvebi, vinc met yuradRebas aqcevs ekonomikas, ganasxvaveben kapitalisturi anu bazarze dafuZnebuli sistemebis mqone da socialistur anu saxelmwifos mier regulirebuli sistemebis mqone saxelmwifoebs. dabolos, ganviTarebad qveynebSi mTavrobas iseTi saxis gamowvevebTan, problemebTan, sirTuleebTan uxdeba gamklaveba, romlebTan brZola ganviTarebul qveynebs ar sWirdeba; amitom gasakviri araa, rom msoflios mdidar da Rarib regionebSi sakmaod gansxvavebuli mmarTvelobebis formebi gvxvdeba. Tanamedrove msoflioSi, saxelmwifo aris suverenitetis erTaderTi adgilsamyofeli. suverenuli saxelmwifo aris sazRvrebiT mkafiod Semofargluli mTlianoba, romelsac erTi xelisufleba ganagebs. politikis enaze, saxelmwifo igivea, rac qveyana (ingliisur enaSi state aRniSnavs saxelmwifosac da Statsac. mTargm. SeniSvna). magaliTad, SegviZlia safrangeTi movixsenioT rogorc `saxelmwifo~ an `qveyana~. eri Sedgeba adamianTa gansxvavebuli jgufebisagan, romelTac aerTianebs saerTo warsuli da Semdeg niSan-TvisebaTagan yvela an erTi mainc: geografiuli mdebareoba, istoria, rasobrivi an eTnikuri kuTvnileba, religia, ena, kultura da saerTo politikuri ideebis rwmena. am CamonaTvalis saTaveSi geografiuli mdebareoba im mizeziT moxvda, rom erTi eris warmomadgenlebs, rogorc wesi, axasiaTebT kuTvnilebis Zlieri koleqtiuri grZnoba, romelic dakavSirebulia konkretul geografiul teritoriasTan, romlisTvis sabrZolvelad, saWiro-ebis SemTxvevaSi ki misTvis sikvdilisT-


23

visac mzad arian xolme. erebi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebian warsulisa da homogenurobis (erTgvarovnebis anu wevrTa msgavsebis) mixedviT. qveynebi, romlebsac SedarebiT erTgvarovani mosaxleoba hyavs, ZiriTadad evropaSi gvxvdeba. magaliTad, poloneTi Zalian homogenuri eria, iseve rogorc skandinaviuri qveynebi (dania, SvedeTi da norvegia), fineTi, safrangeTi, avstria, portugalia da saberZneTi. ufro araerTgvarovania didi britaneTi, germania, niderlandebi, espaneTi da italia, magram aqac erT saxelmwifo enaze laparakoben (Tumca qveynis sxvadasxva nawilSi sxvadasxva dialeqtzec saubroben). belgia kontinentze im mcirericxovan qveynebs ganekuTvneba, romlebic mkafiodaa gayofili kulturuli da lingvisturi TvalsazrisiT (frangulad molaparake valonebad da holandiurad molaparake flamandielebad). misgan gansxavevebiT, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, rogorc imigrantebis saxelmwifo, gansakuTrebuli mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva. magram `sadnobi qvabi~ sabolood yvela axalCamosuls amerikuli sazogadoebis ZiriTad nakadSi aqcevs (asimilirebas axdens), riTac amkvidrebs saerTo erovnulobas. 2 aSkaraa, rom eri-saxelmwifos, rogorc ideis da rogorc idealis fesvebi, konkretul droSi da adgilas unda veZioT: es axali drois evropis, gansakuTrebiT ki dasavleT evropis istoriaa. igi naklebad miesadageba msoflios sxva regionebs, sadac suverenuli saxelmwifoebis (romelTagan bevri meore msoflio omamde evropuli qveynebis kolonia iyo) politikuri sazRvrebi xSirad ar emTxveva eTnikur Tu kulturul sazRvrebs. zogierT SemTxvevaSi, eTnikuri, religiuri Tu tomobrivi dajgufebebi, romlebic tradiciulad erTmaneTs Zlier emterebodnen, aRmoCndnen axal `saxelmwifoSi~, ris Sedegadac miviReT arastabilurobisa da samoqalaqo omebis maRali riskis mqone sazogadoebebi. meore msoflio omis Semdgomma dekolonizaciam dasabami misca bevr erTbaSad Seqmnil mravalerovnul saxelmwifos, romlebSic bevri erovnuli jgufi (eTnikuri Tu tomobrivi) axal sazogadoebriv wyobaSi asimilirebuli ar iyo. mravali aTwleulis Semdegac es problemad rCeba; am axal saxelmwifoebSi erad Camoyalibeba Soreuli perspeqtivaa. argumentis gasaZliereblad ramdenime magaliTs moviyvanT. 1967 wels, nigeria gaafTrebul samoqalaqo omSi CaiZira, romlis drosac erTi didi eTnikuri jgufi (ibo) warumateblad Seecada qveyanas gamoyofoda da damoukidebeli saxelmwifo Seeqmna. 1994 wels, ruandaSi mowme gavxdiT Tanamedroveobis erT-erTi yvelaze didi xocva-Jletisa, romelSic hutus ufro mravalricxovani tomis warmomadgenlebi tutsis tomis asiaTasobiT adamians, qalebisa da bavSvebis CaTvliT, sastikad gauswordnen. sruliad uadgilo da gaumarTlebelia indoeTis eri-saxelmwifod miCneva, radganac aq aseulobiT enasa da dialeqtze laparakoben, xSiria Setakebebi indusebsa da muslimebs Soris, agreTve penjabSi Zaladobis talRis sporaduli agoreba meomari sinxebis monawileobiT. Sri-lankaze (yofili ceiloni) indusi Tamilebi didi xania awarmoeben partizanul oms sinhalelebis winaaRmdeg, romlebic budistebi arian da mosaxleobis umravlesobas Seadgenen. saxelmwifoebi daiSala evropis slavur nawilSic, ZvelisZveli eTnikuri

24 dapirispirebebis gamo. sabWoTa kavSiri, iugoslavia da Cexoslovakia im saxelmwifoTa magaliTia, romlebic 1990-ian wlebSi Signidan daiSalnen. dabolos, arseboben saxelmwifos armqone erebi, magaliTad, palestinelebi da qurTebi. maT saerTo identobis (an Temis) grZnoba aqvT, magram samSoblo ar gaaCniaT. saxelmwifos gareSe maTi arseboba qmnis Zalze aramdgrad situacias, rac yvelaze aSkarad axlo aRmosavleTSi Cans.

Zalaufleba da masTan dakavSirebuli cnebebi mTavrobebisa da maTi liderebis unari _ SeimuSavon, miiRon da cxovrebaSi gaataron wesebi, waxalisebisa an sasjelis meSveobiT gavlena iqonion individebisa Tu jgufebis qcevaze, Seadgens Zalauflebas. mis gareSe xelisufleba ver SeinarCunebs mSvidobas, ver uzrunvelyofs usafrTxoebas, ver miscems stimuls ekonomikur zrdas da ver gaatarebs efeqtian politikas. Tumca, politikuri Zalauflebis Sedegiani gamoyeneba gacilebiT mets gulisxmobs, vidre fizikuri Zalis gamoyenebis unars. marTlac, arsebobs Zalauflebis mravali da gansxvavebuli wyaro. damajerebeli saarCevno mandati, oratoruli niWi, simdidre an represiuli saidumlo policia _ yvela es Zalauflebis gansxvavebuli wyaroa. ra Tqma unda, rac ufro meti Zalauflebis wyaro (an resursi) arsebobs, miT metia mTavrobis SesaZleblobebi. sust mTavrobas xSirad didi zianis motana ar xelewifeba (yovel SemTxvevaSi, pirdapir mainc), magram kargis gakeTebis SesaZleblobac iSviaTad aqvs. nebismier sazogadoebasa Tu saxelmwifoSi SeuZlebelia Zalauflebis Tanabrad gadanawileba. magram, ramdenime adamianis xelSi Zalauflebis koncentrirebis saWiroeba moqalaqeTa umravlesobaSi kiTxvebs da eWvebs badebs. vis xelSia Zalaufleba da gamoiyeneben Tu ara Zalauflebas efeqtianad? _ es saerTo keTildReobisaTvis mniSvnelovani sakiTxebia. amitom, kiTxva `vin marTavs?~ SeiZleba Zalze sakamaTo politikuri sakiTxi iyos. xandaxan pasuxi Zalze martivia, sakmarisia Caixedo qveynis konstituciaSi da gaecno misi xelisuflebis qmedebebs. magram, Tuki xelisufleba saidumlo burusSia gaxveuli an, rogorc es xSirad xdeba, Zalauflebis araformaluri modeli mkveTrad gansxvavdeba qveynis mTavar kanonSi gawerili formaluri struqturebisagan, SesaZloa rTuli iyos imis gamovlena, realurad vin marTavs. nebismier saxelmwifoSi, politikuri Tanamdebobebisa da Zalauflebis mqone pirTa ricxvi Zalze mcirea mosaxleobis saerTo raodenobasTan SedarebiT. `vin marTavs~ da `ramdenad efeqtianad~ _ am kiTxvebTan erTad, aranakleb mniSvelovania kiTxva: upyria Tu ara mmarTvels politikuri Zalaufleba kanonierad. am mxriv mniSvnelovania erTmaneTs davukavSiroT ori cneba: Zalaufleba da avtoriteti. inglisur enaSi Sesabamisi terminebi (power da authority) xandaxan sinonimuradac ki ixmareba, anu sityva authority zog konteqstSi SeiZleba vTargmnoT rogor “xelisufleba”, zogan ki – rogorc “avtoriteti”. Zalaufleba da avtoriteti politikuri xelisuflebis or sxvadasxva ganzomilebas aRniSnavs. mao Zedunma, CineTis komunistma liderma, erTxel


25

Tqva, rom Zalaufleba Tofis lulidan momdinareobs. es sworia, magram amasTanave Zalze gadaWarbebulic. politikuri Zalaufleba nawilobriv marTlac gamomdinareobs iZulebis instrumentebis (policia, uSiSroebis samsaxuri, SeiaraRebuli dajgufebebi, jari) flobidan, magram ara mxolod aqedan. is SeiZleba emyarebodes simdidres, pirovnul qarizmas, ideologias, religias, an Tundac kerZo piris Tu jgufis moralur avtoritets mocemul sazogadoebaSi. amdenad, xelisuflebis realuri ganxorcielebisTvis Tofis lula ar kmara: mis garda, da SesaZloa masze ufro metad, mas sWirdeba normebi, romlebic sazogadoebis did umravlesobas aRiarebuli da gaTavisebuli aqvs. es normebi sxvadasxva zomiT fesvgadgmulia qcevis zneobriv, religiur da samarTlebriv kodeqsebSi. xelisufleba rogorc avtoritetiT aRWurvili Zalaufleba (anu authority, rogorc mas inglisurad eZaxian) gulisxmobs legitimurobas – mdgomareobas, roca Zalauflebis gamoyeneba misdevs garkveul institutebs da wesebs, xolo adamianebi maT iZulebis gareSe emorCilebian da samarTlianad da sworad miiCneven. aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom es gansazRvreba sulac ar gulisxmobs, rom demokratia mmarTvelobis erTaderTi legitimuri formaa. piriqiT, monarqia an diqtaturis sxva nairsaxeobac SeiZleba legitimuri iyos. Tu gvinda gavigoT, gvaqvs Tu ara saqme legitimur xelisuflebasTan, is ki ar unda vikiTxoT, aqvT Tu ara adamianebs arCevnebSi monawileobis, gaficvis an ukmayofilebis sajarod gamoxatvis ufleba, aramed is, Tu ramdenad uRirT maT es uflebebi (an romelime maTgani). Tu xalxi kmayofilia arsebuli politikuri wesrigiT (imis miuxedavad, aqvs Tu ara arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba), mmarTveloba legitimuri yofila. ese igi, Zalaufleba avtoritetiTac yofila aRWurvili, risi bunebrivi Sedegic saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis stabilurobaa. istoriam sakmarisad bevri magaliTi mogvca imisa, rom SesaZlebelia Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdeba (uzurpacia) da saxalxo mandatis an sazogadoebis mxardaWeris, moraluri, religiuri Tu samarTlebrivi dasayrdenis gareSe qveynis marTva. am SemTxvevaSi gvaqvs xelisufleba avtoritetis anu legitimurobis gareSe. Zalauflebis amgvari uzurpaciis magaliTebi ukanaskneli aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi mravlad moiZebneba axlo aRmosavleTsa da CrdiloeT afrikaSi, aziaSi da sxvagan; 1980-ian wlebamde msgavsi ram xSiri iyo laTinur amerikaSic. avtoritets Tu legitimurobas ZaliT xelSi ver Caigdeb: igi SeiZleba daimkvidro, an masze pretenzia gamoTqva. Tumca, cariel legitimurobasac azri ara aqvs, Tu mmarTvelobis realuri berketebi ar gagaCnia. legitimurobis xarisxze didwilad aris damokidebuli is, problemad xom ar eqceva mmarTvel gunds Zalauflebis SenarCuneba da ramdenad dasWirdeba mas saamisod Zalis gamoyeneba. Tu xalxi ar cnobs xelisuflebis avtoritets, aralegitimuri mmarTvelebi arCevanis winaSe dgebian: an uari Tqvan Zalauflebaze, an CaaxSon TavianTi mowinaaRmdegeebi. Tavis mxriv, is, gaamarTlebs Tu ara samTavrobo represiebi, or ramezea damokidebuli: erTis mxriv, ramdenad farTo da mtkicea opozicia, meorec, gaaCnia Tu ara mTavrobas sakmarisi finansuri resursebi da iZulebis meqanizmebi, rom oponentebi daamarcxos da Semdgomi gamowvevebi Tavidan aicilos.

26 zogadad, mmarTvelebisTvis yovelTvis jobia, hqondeT sazogadoebis mxardaWera, vidre ar hqondeT. es principi mieyeneba ara mxolod demokratiebs, aramed diqtaturebsac, Tundac imitom, rom xangrZlivi represiebi sakmaod Zviri jdeba. cxadia, rom Tu xalxi pativs scems Tavis mmarTvelebs da iZulebis an Zalis gamoyenebis muqaris gareSe emorCileba dadgenil wesebs, sazogadoebaSi wesrigis da stabilurobis SenarCuneba gacilebiT advildeba. metic, daTrgunuli, ukmayofilo da daCagruli adamianebi sakmarisad motivirebuli da nayofieri muSakebic ver iqnebian – wina saukuneSi swored es aRmoCnda bevri diqtaturis aqilevis qusli. aRmosavleT evropasa da yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi komunisturi wyobis damxoba didwilad am faqtormac ganapiroba.

samarTlianoba imis gamo, rom marTulebi yovelTvis mmarTvelebze metni arian, warmoiqmneba gansxvavebuli, arcTu iSviaTad dapirispirebuli mosazrebebi xelisuflebis politikis da programebis samarTlianobis Sesaxeb. xSirad amtkiceben, rom moqalaqeTa erTi nawilis danarCen nawilze batonoba (mmarTveloba) misaRebia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu es sazogadoebrivi interesebisTvis xelsayrelia. aqedan gamomdinare, Zalauflebis ganxorcieleba samarTlianobis sakiTxis meSveobiT unda iqnas gawonasworebuli: Zalaufleba samarTlianad, marTulTa interesebis dacviT xorcieldeba Tu mxolod mmarTvelTa sasargeblod gamoiyeneba? 2000 welze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi, politikis damkvirveblebi ganasxvaveben politikuri Zalauflebis gamoyenebas, erTi mxriv sajaro, xolo, meore mxriv, piradi interesebisaTvis. es adasturebs, ramdenad didi mniSvneloba aqvs samarTlianobas politikur cxovrebaSi. samarTlianobis sakiTxis dasmis saSualebas yvela saxelmwifo ar iZle va; marTlac, Tuki istorias gadavavlebT Tvals, saxelmwifoTa umravlesoba swored ase iqceoda. dResac ki, zogierTi mTavroba sastikad da Tanamimdevrulad devnis politikur diskusiebsa da debatebs, radgan eSinia, rom Tuki sazogadoebis yuradReba samarTlianobis da sazogadi sikeTis ZiriTad sakiTxebze SeCerdeba, arsebuli politikuri wyobis legitimuroba SeiZleba safrTxeSi aRmoCndes. Zalian xSirad xelisuflebis mmarTvelobis meTodis kritikam SeiZleba kiTxvis niSnis qveS daayenos xelisuflebis zneobrivi da kano nieri ufleba, marTos qveyana. es erT-erTi mizezia imisa, ratomaa politikuri Tavisufleba ase mniSvnelovani. samarTlianobas xSirad imis mixedviT gansazRvraven, ramdenad icavs mTavroba individis uflebebs (esaa, bunebiTi, adamianisa da samoqalaqo uflebebi). amaTgan yvelaze mniSvnelovani is uflebebia, romelic saSualebas aZlevs moqalaqes, eWvi Seitanos mTavrobis qmedebis samarT lianobaSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom SesaZlebelia sazogado sikeTis sakiTxebis miCumaTeba, maTi sabolood CaxSoba SeuZlebelia. kiTxvebi, romeli mmarTvelia kanonieri an romeli politikuri kursia sasurveli, TavisTavad Cndeba


27

yoveldRiur saubrebSi. es, rogorc Cans, adamianis bunebaSi Zevs. berZeni filosofosi aristotele (384-322 Zv. w.) SeniSnavda, rom cxovelebisagan gansxvavebiT, romlebsac mxolod siamovnebis da tkivilis gamomxatveli xmebis gamocema SeuZliaT, adamiani gamoiyenebs gonebas da enas `raTa gamoxatos, ra aris sasargeblo da ra aris samarTliani da usamarTlo~. amitom, gansxvavebiT sxva cxovelebisagan, `mxolod adamianisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli sikeTisa da borotebis, samarTlianobis da usamarTlobis gancda...~3 aqedan gamomdinare, adamianis unari ganapirobebs zneobrivi gansjis SesaZleblobis da politikuri diskusiis aucileblobasac.

moqalaqeebs politikuri usamarTlobis Sesaxeb sakuTari moTxovnebis gacxadeba mravali gziT, maT Soris demonstraciebisa da saprotesto aqciebis saSualebiT, SeuZliaT. 1995 wlis oqtomberSi luis faraxanis momxreTa-is milioniani saprotesto aqciis erT-erTi mizani iyo imis garkveva, samarTlianad epyrobodnen Tu ara afro-amerikel moqalaqeebs SeerTebul StatebSi.

rogor swavloben politikas berZeni filosofosi aristotele iTvleba politikuri mecnierebis mamamTavrad.4 is ara marto werda politikasa da eTikaze, aramed aRwera sxvadasxva politikuri wyoba da maTi klasifikaciisa da Sefasebis sqemac dagvitova. aristotelesaTvis politikuri mecniereba ubralod politikur Ziebas niSnavda. amitom, am dargis mecnieri misTvis aris is, vinc sistematuri Ziebis gziT politikis WeSmariti bunebis amoxsnas cdilobs. am TvalsazrisiT, politikis Seswavlisi aristoteleseul, 2000-ze meti wlis winandel midgomas, bevri saerTo aqvs imasTan, ras akeTeben Tanamedrove

28 politologebi. Tumca, aristoteles Semdeg am disciplinam mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi ganicada. dRes ar arsebobs konsensusi imis Sesaxeb, Tu romelia politikis Seswavlis saukeTeso saSualeba. amis gamo, saxezea mravalwaxnagovani disciplina, romelSic sxvadasxva mecnieri sxvadasxva midgomas irCevs, svams gansxvavebul SekiTxvebs da sxvadasxva auditorias mimarTavs. miRebuli nazavi sulac araa urigo. ufro metic, igi asaxavs disciplinis mravalferovnebasa da mniSvnelobas, iseve rogorc adamianis aqtivobis im usazRvro sivrces, romelic politikurma mecnierebam unda moicvas. Semdeg gverdebze ganvixilavT imas, ratom da rogor Seiswavlian Tanamedrove politologebi politikas.

ra mizniT? garkveuli gagebiT, politikuri mecniereba arafriT ar gansxvavdeba biologiis, istoriis an fsiqologiisagan. iseve rogorc sxva mecnierebaTa Semswavleli mkvlevarebi eZieben WeSmaritebas Sesabamis sferoSi, politikuri mecnierebis mimdevrebic cdiloben Caswvdnen WeSmaritebas politikisa da xelisuflebis Sesaxeb. codnis miRebis garda, politikis gegmazomier Seswavlas praqtikuli upiratesobebic aqvs. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis interesTa jgufebis Seswavla ara mxolod mdidar informacias gvaZlevs maTi raodenobis, Semadgenlobisa da gavlenis Sesaxeb, aramed am ukanasknelT aCvenebs im gzebs, romlebiTac maT SeuZliaT ufro efeqtianad imoqmedon. garda amisa, sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxvebi aCvenebs amomrCevels, Tu ra Sedegebs unda elodnen arCevnebisgan, aseve exmareba kandidatebs saarCevno kampaniis dagegmvasa da ama Tu im regionsa an StatSi saarCevno taqtikis daxvewaSi (ix. Tavi X). analogiurad, sagareo politikis an saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis eqsperti ara mxolod flobs informacias amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mier bolo 25 weliwadSi xelmowerili da ratificirebuli xelSekrulebebis Sesaxeb, aramed SeuZlia Camoayalibos rekomendaciebi imis Taobaze, ra garTulebebsa da grZelvadian Sedegebs gamoiRebs axal aliansSi Sesvla an sakuTar Tavze msoflio masStabis axali valdebulebebis aReba (ix. Tavi XVIII). Tumca, xSirad eqspertebi da specialistebi ver pouloben saerTo enas. politikur mecnierebaSi, es SeuTanxmeloba scildeba konkre tul Temebs da moicavs Zireul sakiTxebs, magaliTad, iseTs rogoricaa politikis Sesaxeb `WeSmariti~ mecnierebis arsebobis SesaZlebloba an SeuZlebloba; unda cdilobdes Tu ara politikuri mecniereba iwinaswarmetyvelos movlenebi ise zustad, rogorc amas qimikosebi da fizikosebi akeTeben? unda wavuyenoT, mivusadagoT Tu ara politikis mecnierebs igive standartebi, rac vTqvaT, meteorologebs? imi saTvis, rom gavigoT politologebs Soris arsebuli mravalferovneba, Tavdapirvelad ganvixiloT is, rasac Cveulebriv `meTodolo gias~ uwodeben.


29

ra meTodebiT? politologTa klasifikaciis araerTi principi arsebobs. Tumca, SevCerdebiT Tanamedrove politikur mecnierebaSi arsebul or mimarTulebaze: tradicionalistebi bihevioralistebis, xolo politikuri ekonomistebi _ marqsistebis winaaRmdeg. gaiTvaliswineT, rom es kategoriebi erTmaneTs ar gamoricxavs da mecnierebi xSirad sxvadasxva midgomas aerTianeben. tradiciuli midgoma. politikis ZiriTadi elementebis codnasTan erTad, tradicionalistebi did mniSvnelobas aniWeben Sefasebas. isini cdiloben Seafason ara mxolod is, rogor muSaobs esa Tu is politika, procesi an instituti, aramed isic, ramdenad kargad muSaobs igi garkveuli zneobrivi Tu kanonieri standartebis gaTvaliswinebiT. magaliTad, kongresis sakomiteto sistemis, birTvuli safrTxis, an gaerTianebuli erebis qmediTunarianobis ganxilvisas, isini sakiTxs ase dasvamdnen: àrsebobs ukeTesi alternativa?~ msgavsi SefasebisTvis arsebobs mravalgvari kriteriumi _ es SeiZleba iyos filosofia da formaluri logika, konstituciebi, xelSekrulebebi, oficialur dokumentTa teqstebi, sasamarTlo saqmeebi, eqspertTa azrebi da sxv. amas garda, kvlevis Tematikisa da meTodebis SerCeva xSirad imis mixedviT xdeba, ra miaCnia konkretul mkvlevars yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovnad. magaliTad, naSromi xelisuflebis (aRmasrulebel, sakanonmdeblo da sasamarTlo Stoebs Soris) danawilebis Sesaxeb, konstituciis mimoxilviT daiwyeboda, raSic udavod jeims medisonis `federalistSi~ (1787-88 ww.) gamoqveynebuli cnobili komentarebic Sevidoda. an, kvleva SeiZleba yuradRebas amaxvilebdes im ekonomikur interesebze, romlebsac damfuZneblebi gamoxatavdnen, an im socialur klasze, romlis warmomadgenelic praqtikulad yvela damfuZnebeli iyo _ magram aseTi midgoma mkvlevars ukve tradiciuli politikuri mecnierebis sazRvrebs miRma gaiyvanda bihevioralizmis, politikuri ekonomikis an gamoricxuli araa, marqsistuli analizis sferoSi. modiT, axla bihevioralizmi ganvixiloT. bihevioralistuli midgoma, tradicionalisturisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic aqcents politikis normatiul sakiTxebze akeTebs, met yuradRebas mecnierul meTods uTmobs. es msoflmxedveloba, romelic meore msoflio omis Semdeg gavrcelda, politikuri qcevisa da politikuri procesebis di na mikisa da Sedegebis aRwerisa da prognozirebis ufro konkretul amocanas isa xavs miznad. tradicionalisti politologebisagan gansxvavebiT, bihevio ralistebi, Cveulebriv, eridebian politikis Sesaxeb moralur Tu filosofiur Sefasebebs (daskvnebs), radgan miaCniaT, rom aseTi Sefasebebi araferia, Tu ara spekulacia da maTi mecnierulad dasa buTeba SeuZlebelia. bihevioralisti mecnierebi arad agdeben `Rirebulebebs~, mis magier upiratesobas `faqtebze~ dayrdnobas aniWeben (arsebobs Tu ara politikur cxovrebaSi aSkara gansxvaveba Rirebulebebsa da faqtebs Soris, is sakiTxia, romelsac saTanado yuradReba iSviaTad eqceva). bihevioralistebi iyene-

30 ben mecnierul meTods, romelic kargadaa nacnobi iseTi dargebis mkvlevarTaTvis, rogoricaa biologia, fizika da qimia da svamen iseT SekiTxvebs, romlebzec pasuxis gacema SesaZlebelia mxolod kvleviTi proeqtis Sedgenis, empiriuli monacemebis Segrovebis, statistikuri analizis meTodebis gamoyenebisa da hipoTezis dasabuTebisaTvis saWiro eqsperimentebis Catarebis gziT. zogierTi bihevioralisti deduqciur meTodebs ufro mimarTavs vidre induqciurs, qmnis rTul maTematikur modelebs, raTa axsna mouZebnos amomrCevelTa, politikur partiaTa, gadawyvetilebis mimRebTa, koaliciis wevrTa da sxvaTa qcevas. am suliskveTebiT, ukve naxevar saukuneze metia, rTuli statistikuri da maTematikuri kvlevebi tardeboda omis korelatebisa (dakavSirebuli cnebebis) da mizezebis dasadgenad. bihevioralistuli midgomis erTi magaliTi dagvexmareba misi meTodebis aRweraSi. 1996 wlis dekemberSi, erT cnobil samecniero JurnalSi gamoqveynda kvlevis _ àrCevnebSi monawileobis maCveneblebis (amomrCevelTa aqtiurobis) gavlena senatis da sagubernatoro arCevnebze~, Sedegebi.5 kvleva svamda Semdeg konkretul kiTxvas, romelze pasuxis gacema Teoriulad, raodenobrivi meTodis saSualebiT iyo SesaZlebeli: marTalia Tu ara, rogorc es bevrs sjera, rom amomrCevelTa maRali aqtiurobademokratiuli partiisTvisaa xelsayreli? gavrcelebuli mosazreba, rom amomrCevelTa maRali aqtiuroba exmareboda demokratebs gamarjvebebis mopovebaSi, gulisxmobda: (1) SedarebiT dabali socialurekonomikuri statusis mqone adamianebi ufro iSviaTad iRebdnen monawileobas arCevnebSi, vidre maRali socialur-ekonomi kuri statusis mqo neni; (2) rodesac izrdeboda amomrCevel Ta aqtiuroba, xmis misacemad arCevneb ze modioda ufro meti dabali socialur-ekonomikuri statusis mqo ne adamiani da (3) dabali socialur-ekonomikuri statusis mqoneni ufro im partias miscemdnen xmas, romelic, maTi azriT, ufro Sedegianad daicavda muSaTa klasis interesebs, kerZod, demokratiul partias. bevri politikuri eqpertisaTvis misaRebi aRmoCnda es Teoria, romlis mixedviT, ukanasknel arCevnebze respublikelTa gamarjvebebi amomrCevelTa dabal aqtiurobas SeiZleba dabraleboda. politikosebmac daijeres, rom amomrCevelTa maRali aqtiuroba demokratebs exmareboda, rac erT-erTi mizezi gaxda imisa, ratom uWerdnen, rogorc wesi, demokratebi mxars (xolo respublikelebi ewinaaRmdegebodnen) 1995 wlis amomrCevelTa registraciis erovnul aqts (kanonma ioli gaxada amomrCevelTa registraciis procedurebi). mkvlevrebma gamoiyenes statistikuri monacemebi dawyebuli 1928 wlidan da Seiswavles 1 842 Statebis donis, senatoris _ 983 da gubernatoris 859 arCevnebi. kvlevaSi ar Sevida ori tipis arCevnebi _ (1) samxreTis StatebSi 1928 da 1965 wlebs Soris Catarebuli arCevnebi, romlebSic, faqtobrivad, gamarjvebis realuri Sansis mqone mxolod erTi partia (demokratiuli partia) monawileobda da (2) arCevnebi, romlebSic mesame partiis kandidatebma miiRes xmaTa 5 procentze meti. maTematikuri testis saSualebiT mkvlevrebma daadgines, rom 1928 wlidan 1964 wlamde amomrCevelTa maRali aqtiuroba marTlac exmareboda demokratiul partias, magram 1964 wlis Semdeg Sedegebi sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeboda. senatorebis arCevnebSi, arCevnebis dRes amomrCevelTa aqtiurobasa


31

da demokratebisaTvis micemul xmebis raodenobas Soris araviTari kavSiri ar arsebobda; gubernatorebis arCevnebSi, respublikelebi demokratebze odnav win iyvnen, Tumca statistikurad sxvaoba umniSvnelo iyo. ratom gaqarwylda1964 wlis Semdeg amomrCevelTa aqtiurobis sayovelTaod miRebuli Teoria? miuxedavad imisa, rom es kiTxva kvlevis horizonts scildeboda, masze pasuxi exmaureboda kidev erT kompleqsur Teorias amerikeli amomrCevlis qcevis Sesaxeb. 1964 wlis Semdeg damoukidebel kandidatTa raodenobis zrdis Sedegad (Semcirda partiuli identifikacia da xmis winaswargansazRvruli micema), sul ufro rTuli gaxda imis gaangariSeba, romel partias moutans mogebas amomrCevelTa aqtiurobis mateba. es rTuli kvleviTi proeqti moicavs im meTodologias, romelsac bihevioralisti politologebi iyeneben. bihevioralistebi, iseve rogorc sxva mkvlevari mecnierebi, codnis gzaze gakeTebuli patara nabijebiTac kmayofildebian. yovel axal nabijs momaval kvlevasTan mivyavarT. adamianis qcevis Seswavla sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeba airebis an laboratoriuli Tagvebis qcevis Seswavlisagan. adamianis qcevas TiTqmis yovelTvis mravalgvari axsna moeZebneba. uaRresad rTulia qcevis erTi romelime mizezi gamoarCio da gamoyo, ganasxvavo WeSmariti mizezi ubralo sta tistikuri korelaciisagan. magaliTad, ramdenime kvlevis Tanaxmad, damnaSaveebi, rogorc wesi, kanonmorCil moqalaqeebze naklebad Wkvianebi arian. Tuki asea, iqneb dabali inteleqtia danaSaulis mizezi (iqneb bevr damnaSaves ar esmis kanonis darRvevis Sedegebi an jildo, romelsac sazogadoeba survilebis `myisier~ dakmayofilebaze uaris TqmisaTvis iZleva)? rogor mimarTebaSia dabali inteleqti danaSaulis sxva korelatebTan (da mizezebTan), rogoricaa asaki, sqesi, pirovnuli tipi, bavSvobaSi gadata nili abuCad agdeba Tu uaryofa, an narkotikebsa da alkoholze damokidebuleba? ra SeiZleba iTqvas Tavisufal nebaze? unda vivaraudoT Tu ara, rom pasu xismgebeli sazogadoebaa da ara danaSaulis Camdeni individi? bihevioralisti da tradicionalisti politologebi xSirad ver Tanxmdebian ara marto imaze, rogor unda moxdes politikis Seswavla, aramed imazec, ra kiTxvebi unda daisvas. bihevioralistebi upiratesobas aniWeben konkretuli da viwrod gansazRvruli sakiTxebis ganxilvas, romlebzec pasuxs raodenobrivi meTodebis gamoyenebiT scemen. msgavsi kvlevebis Tvalsawieris miRma rCeba politikis bevri, gacilebiT ufro mniSvnelovani sakiTxi, gansakuTrebiT ki samarTlianobasTan dakavSirebuli. iseTi kiTxvebi, rogoricaa `ra aris samarTlianoba?~ an `romelia saukeTeso politikuri sistema?~ _ ukugdebulia, radgan maTze pasuxebi, rogorc amtkiceben, Seicavs politikaze subieqtur Sexedulebebs da RirebulebiT Sefasebebs. amis pasuxad, tradicionalistebi amtkiceben, rom im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tuki msgavsi sakiTxebis mecnierulad axsna SeuZlebelia, yvela RirebulebiTi Sefaseba rodia TviTneburi (piraduli) an ubralo crurwmenaze dafuZnebuli. maTi mtkicebiT, politikis Seswavlis mxolod im kiTxvebiT Semofargvla, romlebsac raodenobrivi pasuxebi moeZebnebaT, politikuri mecnierebis akademiur TamaSad gadaqcevis safrTxes Seicavs.

32 adamianis qcevis sirTulis gaTvaliswinebiT, sulac araa gasakviri, rom eqspertebi meTodologiaze kamaToben. kamaTi or mimarTulebas _ tradicionalistebsa da bihevioralistebs Soris, dRes naklebad intensiuria, vidre adre iyo xolme. orivem SesamCnevi wvlili Seitana politikisa da mmarTvelobis SeswavlaSi. politikis SeswavlaSi aseve mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana politikurma ekonomikam da marqsizmma. axla am or, urTierTsawinaaRmdego midgomas ganvixilavT. politikuri ekonomia. bevri politologi politikas politikuri ekonomikis prizmaSi ganixilavs. es gulisxmobs politikisa da makroekonomikis ara or gansxvavebul disciplinad, aramed erTi monetis or sxvadasxva mxared danaxvas. am gadasaxedidan, politikuri analizi, romelic ignorirebas ukeTebs ekonomikas, ugulvebelyofs realobas. aseve, politikisagan daclili ekonomikuri analizi mxolod fuWi Teoriuli savarjiSoa. realur samyaroSi, politika da ekonomika imdenad mWidrodaa erTmaneTze damokidebuli, rom maTi erTmaneTisagan daSoreba mzis Suqisa da dRis sinaTlis erTmaneTisagan daSorebis tolfasia. kiTxvebi, romlebic politekonomistebs awuxebT, momdinareobs politikis am gafarToebuli definiciisgan. ekonomika politikisagan gansxvavebul cnebebze akeTebs aqcents _ konfliqtis magier konkurenciaze, Zalauflebis nacvlad _ simdidreze, amomrCevlis nebis nacvlad _ momxmareblis arCevanze da a.S. amas garda, ekonomistebi politologebze metad arian orientirebuli fiskalur da fulad-sakredito politikaze _ gadasaxadebis da saxelmwifo xarjebis, saprocento ganakveTebisa da fuladi masis, tarifebisa da vaWrobis CaTvliT, _ rogorc gadawyvetilebebis mimRebTa xelSi mZlavr politikur instrumentze. politologebi, meore mxriv, met yuradRebas uTmoben interesTa jgufebis gavlenas sajaro politikaze an iseTi ekonomikuri gadawyvetilebebis politikur mniSvnelobas, rogoricaa saprocento ganakveTis cvlileba, xarjva deficitis dros, gadasaxadebis Semcireba, vaWrobis liberalizacia. politekonomistebi cdiloben orive sferos, politikisa da ekonomikis, saukeTeso mxareebi gaaerTianon, raTa miiRon maRali donis analizi, ganmartebisa da prognozis ufro maRali xarisxiT. politekonomikis meTodebi SedarebiTi da saerTaSoriso politikis, aseve, romelime erTi qveynis politikis, Seswavlis nayofieri saSualebaa. warmogidgenT politikuri ekonomikis pesrpeqtividan danaxuli samyaros mokle aRweras: 1.

2.

msoflios materialuri simdidre cudadaa (araTanabradaa) ganawilebuli. RaribTa oTx mexuTedze meti cxovrobs or regionSi: afrikaSi _ saharis samxreTiT da samxreT aziaSi. 1998 wels CrdiloeT amerikasa da dasavleT evropaSi mTliani erovnuli produqti (mep) erT sul mosaxleze ormocdaaTjer meti iyo, vidre saharis samxreTiT afrikaSi da ocdaTxuTmetjer meti vidre aziasa da wynari okeanis regionSi (sadac iseTi mdidari qveynebic Sedian, rogoric iaponia, samxreTi korea da taivania). ukanaskneli sami aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi bevr qveyanaSi ekonomikuri zrdis maCveneblebma iklo, rac yvelaze mZimed swored Rarib regionebze


3.

33

aisaxa. ganviTarebad qveynebze zrdis tempis klebis gavlena yvelaze naTlad SeiZleba Sefasdes, Tuki zrdis temps SevadarebT mosaxleobis matebis temps, rac mTliani ekonomikisaTvis erT sul mosaxleze wliuri zrdis temps mogvcems. am sazomiT, bevri ganviTarebadi qveynis ekonomikas, gansakuTrebiT afrikaSi saharis samxreTiT, aseve zogierT arabul qveyanasa da samxreT aziaSi, yovelwliurad ecleba niadagi. simdidris ganawileba ganviTarebad (Rarib) qveynebsa da regionebSi ufro araTanabaria, vidre ganviTarebul (mdidar) qveynebsa da regionebSi. magaliTad, braziliaSi mosaxleobis 10 procentis mflobelobaSia qveynis simdidris 50 procenti, xolo keniaSi, zambiaSi, perusa da meqsikaSi es maCvenebeli 40 procentia. amis sapirispirod, aSS-sa da iaponiaSi, zeda 10 procenti flobs simdidris 25 procentze naklebs.

zemomoyvanili aRwera naTlad aCvenebs, rogor gansazRvravs Cvens mier arCeuli midgoma an perspeqtiva imas, rasac davinaxavT an miviCnevT mniSvnelovnad.mkvlevris mier arCeuli Temebic da analizis meTodebic mniSvnelovanwiladaa gansazRvruli im midgomiT, romelsac upiratesobas mivaniWebT. im midgomaTa Soris, romlebmac arsebiTi gavlena iqonies politikur mecnierebaze (da msoflio politikaze), sayuradReboa marqsistuli analizic, miuxedavad imisa, mogvwons igi Tu ara. marqsistuli midgoma. marqsizmi, rogorc ideologia, ganxilulia winamdebare naSromis me-5 da me-12 TavebSi. rogorc ideologia, marqsizmi samudamodaa dakavSirebuli memarcxene totalitarizmTan, yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi stalinisturi xanisa da msoflios sxva qveynebSi komunisturi reJimebis nairsaxeobebTan (dRemde SemorCenil, komunistebis mier marTul saxelmwifoTa Sorisaa CineTi, CrdiloeTi korea da kuba). magram arsebobs marqsis ideebis gamoyenebis gansxvavebuli gzac. mecnierebi komunistur qveynebSi iZulebuli arian marqsizmis oficialuri versia sajarod aRiaron, miuxedavad imisa, eTanxmebian Tu ara mas piradad. bevri mecnieri arakomunistur qveynebSi (aSS-is CaTvliT) miiCnevs, rom analizis marqsiseuli kategoriebi sasargebloa politikur-ekonomikuri procesebis axsnisas. am mecnierTagan zogierTs SeiZleba hqondes piradi politikuri dRis wesrigi _ anu ideologiuri motivebi _ magram ukiduresad aramecnieruli iqneboda, yovelive socialisturis mimarT brma rwmenis gamo, demokratiuli kapitalizmis marqsiseuli kritikis ignorireba. aSS-Si, marqsizms mokrZalebuli akademiuri (da politikuri) mimzidveloba hqonda, nawilobriv civi omis da marqsizmsa da sabWouri stilis komunizms Soris aSkara kavSiris gamo. Tumca, bevr sxva qveyanaSi, marqsizmma rogorc saSinao, aseve sagareo doneze, mniSvnelovani gavlena moaxdina politikis, ekonomikisa da sazogadoebis Seswavlaze. magaliTad, ganviTarebadi qveynebiT dainteresebul mkvlevarTa mier Camoyalibebulma skolam aitaca marqsistuli analizis erT-erTi forma, romelsac daqvemdebarebis Teoria ewodeba. iziareben ra im azrs, rom dedamiwis bunebrivi resursebis maragi SezRudulia (ulevi araa), daqvem-

34 debarebis Teoriis mimdevrebi amtkiceben, rom msoflio (anu globaluri sazogadoeba) dayofilia sam ZiriTadad klasad: industriuli birTvi (aSS, dasavleTi evropa da iaponia), naxevradperiferia (axali industriuli qveynebi, rogorebicaa samxreTi korea, taivani, singapuri, Cile da brazilia) da periferia (aziis, afrikisa da laTinuri amerikis yofil koloniur regionebSi ganlagebuli qveynebis didi umravlesoba). periferiis da naxevradperiferiis qveynebi bazriT, kapitaliT da teqnologiiT daqvemdebarebulni arian industriul birTvze. industriuli qveynebis interesebs warmoadgens am daqvemdebarebis samudamod SenarCuneba. daqvemdebarebis sistema msoflio uTanasworobis mudmiv SenarCunebas ramdenime gziT uzrunvelyofs. jer erTi, birTvis saxelmwifoebi awarmoeben ZviradRirebul saqonels, xolo periferiis qveynebi maT iaf nedleuls (sursaT-sanovagesa da mineralur nedleuls) awvdian. fasebiT manipulireba wamyvani ekonomikuri Zalebis xelSia _ Sedegad, vaWrobis pirobebi (samrewvelo saqonlis momsaxurebisa da produqtebis fasebi) birTvis saxelmwifoebisTvis ufro xelsayrelia. moxmarebis sagnebze fasebi wlidan wlamde mniSvelovan cvlilebas ganicdis; bevri ganviTarebadi qveyana damokidebulia erTi an ori saxis moxmarebis sagnis eqsportze (rogoricaa Saqari, yava, banani, juTi). moxmarebis sagnebis eqsportidan miRebuli Semosavali (mogeba) Zalze mgrZnobiarea fasebis ryevis mimarT, rac eqsportiori qveynebis kontrols ar eqvemdebareba. magram ganviTarebadi qveynebi iZulebulni arian gaagrZelon importi da importisTvis gadaixadon konvertirebadi valuta (rogoricaa dolari). xSirad es qveynebi iZulebulni arian fuli ucxoeTSi isesxon, arCevani ara aqvT da ixdian im saprocento ganakveTs, romelsac saerTaSoriso finansistebi birTvis qveynebSi moiTxoven. amas garda, nebismieri ucxouri daxmareba gulisxmobs pirobebsac. dabolos, krizisis dros, maT sxva arCevani ar gaaCniaT, garda imisa, rom daTanaxmdnen aSS-is marTuli saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis (IMF) mier moklevadian sesxebze dawesebul pirobebs. daqvemdebarebis Teoriis mimdevarTa Tanaxmad, mTeli am sistemis gansakuTrebiT usamarTlo aspeqti birTvis saxelmwofoebis kapitalistTa da periferiuli qveynebis ekonomikur elitas Soris arsebuli SeTanxmebaa. elita did mogebas naxulobs am SeTanxmebiT, magram garigeba ormxrivad momgebiania: birTvis saxelmwifoebi exmarebian mTavrobebs Zalauflebis (xSirad diqtaturis) SenarCunebaSi, isini ki, Tavis mxriv, inarCuneben wesrigs da stabulurobas, Tanac, Sida bazars uxsnian saerTaSoriso bizness. samxedro da ekonomikuri daxmarebis subsidiebi, Tuki am kuTxiT SevxedavT, qrTamia, romlebsac dono ri qveynebisaTvis ufro didi di videndebi moaqvs, vidre mimRebi qveynebisaTvis, nawilobriv imis gamoc, rom korumpirebuli mmarTvelebi Tanxebis did nawils iTviseben. dasavlel politekonomistTa umravlesoba uaryofs daqvemdebare bis Teorias. isini xazs usvamen, rom ganviTarebadi qveynebis umravlesobis ubedureba susti institutebi, korumpirebuli da ara kompetenturi liderebi an qronikuli socialur-politikuri arastabilurobaa. ekonomikuri ganviTare bis gza politikuri xasiaTisaa. ekonomikuri ganviTarebi-


35

saken mimarTul go nivrul kanonebsa da politikas SeuZlia ganviTarebis karibWis gaxsna _ sxva SemTxevevaSi es karibWe daxSuli darCeba. miuxedavad amisa, marqsistuli ana lizi jer kidev rCeba damajerebel Zalad ara mxolod msoflios akademiur wre ebSi, aramed amerikel politologTa erTerT mcirericxovan, mag ram nayofier jgufSic.

ra perspeqtividan? politikuri ekonomika politikuri mecnierebis mxolod erTi qvedargia. sxva cnobili qvedargebia politikis Teoria, amerikis mmarTveloba (igulisxmeba calkeuli qveynebi, Cvens SemTxvevaSi, saqarTvelo. mTarg. Sen.), SedarebiTi politika, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi da sajaro mmarTveloba. aRsaniSnavia aseve politikuri mecnierebis kidev ramdenime, ufro specializebuli sfero. imisda mixedviT, rogor Seiswavlian maT, es sferoebi SeiZleba ukve CamoTvlil erT an ramdenime qvedargSi moeqces. magaliTad, sakonstitucio samarTali tradiciuli specialobaa, romlis yuradRebis centrSi mmarTvelobis erTi konkretuli aspeqtia. sajaro politika, romelic exeba Tanamedrove menejmentis xerxebs, magaliTad, nulovani biujeti, angariSebis warmoeba da sistemuri analizi, Sedis rogorc (amerikis) mmarTvelobaSi, agreTve sajaro mmarTvelobaSic. politikuri partiebi da interesTa jgufebi (rogorc kvlevisa da swavlebis calke sfero) jdeba mmarTvelobis an SedarebiTi politikis CarCoSi. modiT, axla ufro axlos gavecnoT im eqvs qvedargs, romlebsac politikuri mecnierebis programebSi xSirad gamohyofen xolme. politikuri Teoria. normatiuli politikuri Teoria anu politikis filosofia platonidan (daaxl. Zv. w. 400 w.) iRebs saTaves. WeSmaritebis Ziebis platoniseuli meTodi mniSvnelovani kiTxvebis dasmaSi mdgomareobda, magaliTad: rogoria kargi cxovreba? rogoria kargi mmarTveloba? ramdenad moitans kargi mmarTveloba karg cxovrebas? SeiZleba ki kargi mmarTvelobis miRweva? rogoria adamianis buneba? adamianebi upiratesad keTili Tu boroti? advilad icvleba Tu ara adamianis buneba? saxelmwifos romeli forma uwevs yvelaze metad angariSs adamianis bunebas saerTo interesis (sajaro sikeTis) xelyofis gareSe? wesrigisa da usafrTxoebis garda, aris Tu ara saxelmwifos umTavresi amocana zneobrivad daxvewos adamianebi, aqcios isini Tanasworad, uzrunvelyos individualuri Tavisuflebebi da a.S. Tuki am miznebs daisaxavs, rogori unda iyo saxelmwifo: Zlieri da fxizeli, Tu susti da damTmobi? rodisaa gamarTlebuli revolucia? rogor SeiZleba davicvaT politikuri stabiluroba? politikis Teoria cdilobs upasuxos am SekiTxvebs gansjiT da logikiT, romelic iseT politikur moazrovneTa naSromebs efuZneba, rogorebic sxvebTan erTad iyvnen aristotele, Jan-Jak ruso, jon loki da jon-stiuart mili. msgavsi Ziebis amocanaa gamoitanos daskvnebi sworis da arasworis an keTilis da borotis Sesaxeb. vinaidan yvela, vinc cvlilebebs emxroba da

36 ewinaaRmdegeba, darwmunebulia Tavis moralur marTebulobaSi, politikis gageba moiTxovs im kriteriumebis codnas, romelTa mixedviTac politika da programebi karg an cud Sefasebas iRebs.6 normatiuli Teoriis mimdevrebi amtkiceben, rom politikis zneobrivi fasisa da misi Sedegebis Sesaxeb codnis gareSe, verc moqalaqeebs da verc liderebs sakmarisad cxadad ver eqnebaT gansazRvruli zusti orientiri da mizani. SedarebiTi politika. SedarebiTi politika cdilobs erTmaneTs Sea daros da Seafasos mmarTveloba da politikuri sistema. mmarTvelobis for mebis, ekonomikuri ganviTarebis safexurebis, saSinao da sagareo politikisa da politikuri tradiciebis SedarebiTi analizi saSualebas aZlevs politologebs Camoayalibon mniSvnelovani ganzogadebebi. Sedare biTi politikis zogierTi mimdevari specializdeba msoflios romelime konkretuli regionis sakiTxebze an intensiurad swavlobs romelime konkretul ers. sxvebi Seiswavlian romelime kerZo politikur movlenas, magaliTad, rogoricaa arastabiluroba an saarCevno qceva.

moTxovnebi p olit ik u r i sist e ma mxardaWera

gadawyvetilebebi da qmedebebi

Se de ge b i

da n a x a r je b i

g a r e mo

g a r e mo

sqema 1-1. politikuri sistemis gamartivebuli modeli wyaro: saavtoro ufleba Devid Easton-1965, 1979.

yvela politikur sistemas aqvs garkveuli saerTo niSan-Tvisebebi. 1-1 sqemaze gamosaxulia cnobili modeli, romelic pirvelad politologma devid istonma Seqmna 1965 wels. mis mixedviT, yvela politikuri sistema moqmedebs garkveuli politikuri kulturis konteqstSi, romelic Sedgeba tradiciebis, faseulobebisa da saerTo codnisagan. garda amisa, igi gulisxmobs, rom moqalaqeebs niadag aqvT molodini da moTxovnebi politikuri sistemis mimarT, magram amasTanave sxvadasxva gziT mxars uWeren sistemas. isini SeiZleba monawileobdnen mmarTvelobaSi, arCevnebSi, an, ubralod, iyvnen kanonmorCilni. moqalaqeTa moTxovnebi da mxardaWera, romlebzec gavlenas axdens sazogadoebrivi Sexedulebebi imis Sesaxeb, ra xdeba da ra


37

unda xdebodes sazogadoebaSi, Tavis mxriv gavlenas axdens politikuri sistemis unarze _ miiRos gadawyvetilebebi. es procesi ganapirobebs saxelisuflebo gadawyvetilebebsa da qmedebebs, Cveulebriv, brZanebulebebis, kanonebisa da brZanebebis saxiT. qveynebi, ra Tqma unda, mravalgvarad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan. zogi politologis azriT, es gansxvavebebi ufro mniSvnelovania, vid re msgavsebebi. Sesabamisad, isini politikur sistemebsac sxvadasxvanairad ansxvaveben erTmaneTisagan. am wignSi, magaliTad, yuradReba gamaxvilebulia imaze, riT gansxvavdeba demokratiuli, avtoritaruli da totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi. zogi mecnieri ar emxroba totalitaruli saxelmwifos cnebas da amitom ubralod ganas xvavebs demokratiul da arademokratiul saxelmwifoebs. sxvebi xazs usvamen politikis ekonomikur konteqsts msof lios sxvadasxva regionSi: postindustriul samyaroSi (CrdiloeTi amerika, dasavleTi evropa, avstralia da iaponia) da aRmosavleT aziis swrafad mzard saxelwifoebSi (CineTi, samxreTi korea, taivani da singapuri); komunisturi samyaros gaRatakebul nangrevebSi (vietnami, CrdiloeT korea da kuba) da e.w. `naklebad ganviTarebul saxelmwifoebSi~. bolo dros aqtualuri gaxda gansxvaveba liberaluri demokratiis mqone da `tranziciul saxelmwifoebs~ Soris (ix. Tavi VII). sxva mecnierebi, rogorc zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, miuTiTeben msoflio simdidris araTanabar ganawilebaze da politikurad mniSvnelovani gansxvavebis xazs avleben (amas `CrdiloeTis da samxreTis konfliqtsac~ uwodeben) ekvatoris CrdiloeTiT mdebare ufro mdidar da ekvatoris samxreTiT ganlagebul Rarib qveynebs Soris. dabolos, zogierTi damkvirvebeli ganasxvavebs sicocxlisunarian da arSemdgar saxelmwifoebs (ix. 8 Tavi). saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi. saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa specialistebi Seiswavlian, rogori urTierTobaa qveynebs Soris. ratomaa, rom saxelmwifoebi xandaxan mSvidobianad Tanaarseboben da sxva dros eomebian erTmaneTs? rogoria diplomatiis, ekonomikuri urTierTdamokidebulebis, gaeros da birTvuli Sekavebis gavlena mSvidobis SenarCunebis mcdelobebze? birTvuli xanis dadgomam, ra Tqma unda, moitana saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Seswavlis gansakuTrebuli aucileblobac. omi da mSvidoba saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis yvelaze mwvave sferoa, magram araviTar SemTxvevaSi erTaderTi. sxva sakiTxebi sruliad gansxvavebulia, vaWrobidan da turizmidan _ terorizmamde, sagareo politikidan _ agrarul politikamde, ekonomikuri politikidan _ emigraciamde. es da sxva sakiTxebi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis specialistTa saqmianobis sagania, magram aravis unda hqondes imedi, rom yvela maTganis labirinTebs bolomde Caswvdeba. amitom, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebic, rogorc politikuri mecnierebis sxva qvedargebi, mravalwaxnagovania. zneobriobis roli sagareo politikaSi kvlavac rCeba mwvave debatebis Temad. zogierTi mecnieri (maT, Cveulebriv, realistebs uwodeben xolme) amtkicebs, rom saxelmwifo interesebis dacva yovelTvis iyo da iqneba umTavresi principi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi.7 sxva mecnierebi (maT

38 xandaxan idealistebs uwodeben) amis sapirispirod amtkiceben, rom zneobriobis mimarT yuradRebis gazrda migviyvans msoflio mSvidobamde da bolos mouRebs òmis sistemas~, romelsac realistebi fatalisturad iReben. sxvebis azriT, erovnul interesebsa da saerTaSoriso zneobriobas Soris gansxvavebis xazgasma mcdaria; magaliTad, demokratiuli qveyana SeiZleba daexmaros sxva qveyanaSi demokratias da amiT emsaxuros rogorc sakuTar interess, ise msoflio mSvidobasa da keTildReobas.8 sajaro mmarTveloba. ukanasknel wlebSi sajaro mmarTveloba zogan iswavleba ara rogorc politikuri mecnierebis erT-erTi qvedargi, aramed rogorc damoukidebeli disciplina, romelic mowodebulia gawvrTnas, moamzados adamianebi sajaro samsaxurSi karierisaTvis. arsebiTad, sajaro mmarTveloba ZiriTad yuradRebas aqcevs imas, rogor axorcielebs biurokratia saxelmwifo politikas. rogorc wesi, ZiriTadi aqcenti keTdeba erovnul (centralur) mTavrobaze, magram sajaro mmarTveloba aseve interesdeba Statebisa (regionisa, mTarg. Sen.) da adgilobriv xelisuflebebs Soris urTierTobebiT. mkvlevarebi cdiloben gaigon, ra exmareba da ra uSlis xels sajaro mmarTvelobisas biurokratias masze dakisrebuli funqciebis SesrulebaSi. biurokratiuli struqturebis, procedurebisa da procesebis Seswavla xdeba imisaTvis, rom gaizardos efeqtianoba da Semcirdes zedmeti xarji (gaflangva) da dublireba. gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa, rogor da ratom ayalibebs biurokratia sakuTar politikur interesebs im samTavrobo politikis miRma, romlis cxovrebaSi gasatarebladacaa is mowodebuli. politologebi, sajaro mmarTvelobis Seswavlas, xSirad calkeul SemTxvevebsac Seiswavlian (case studies), yuradRebas miapyroben ara marto imas, ra saSualebebiT xorcieldeba saxelmwifo xelisufleba, aramed imasac, gamoiyeneba Tu ara Zalaufleba sazogadoebriv interesebSi. am TvalsazrisiT, sajaro mmarTvelobis sfero mTlianad emTxveva politologTa sazrunavs.

ratom swavloben politikas? is, Tu rogor Seiswavlian profesionali politologebi politikas, bevr informacias gvawvdis TviT disciplinis Sesaxeb, magram cota rames eubneba studentebs politologiis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb. politikis sawyisi codna mniSvnelovania bakalavriatis studentis ganaTlebisaTvis im mizezTa gamo, romlebzec saubari Semdeg gveqneba. Tumca, politikis Seswavlisagan gamomdinare dadebiTi Sedegebi rom gaiazron, studentebma swavla guliT unda moindomon da goneba siaxles miapyron.

piradi interesi vinaidan pirovnuli bedniereba bevradaa damokidebuli imaze, ras akeTebs


39

an ar akeTebs xelisufleba, yvela Cvenganis interesSia gaverkveT, rogor muSaobs an ratom ver muSaobs igi. magaliTad, kolejis studentebisaTvis didi mniSvnelobis mqone politikuri sakiTxebia: federaluri programebi `muSaoba-swavla~, Statebis subsidiebi sazogadoebrivi ganaTlebisaTvis, dabalprocentiani sesxebi, federaluri grantebi da studentTa interesebis dasacavad (an ardasacavad) gamotanili sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebi. politikis Seswavlis gziT, ukeT verkveviT politikuri sistemis mimarT damokidebulebaSi da viZenT codnas, romelic gvexmareba gavacnobieroT, rodis davuWiroT mxari da rodis davupirispirdeT cvlilebebs. amave dros, politikis Seswavla gvexmareba ganvsazRvroT, ramdenad SegviZlia dadebiTi zegavlena movaxdinoT masze. yovelTvis gvafxizlebs imis gaazreba, rom TiToeuli Cvengani mxolod erTi pirovnebaa mravalmilionian erSi (da mravalmiliardian msoflioSi), romelTa umravlesobas Cvenze aranakleb aqvs Sesisxlxorcebuli Tavisi mosazrebebi da crurwmenebi.

sazogadoebrivi interesi ra SeiZleba sazogadeobrivi interesisaTvis imaze ufro mniSvnelovani iyos, vidre moqalaqeTa moraluri xasiaTi da qcevaa? samoqalaqo sazogadoebaze aisaxeba ubralo xalxis mier miRebuli yoveldRiuri ga dawyvetilebebi da arCevani. amave dros, samoqalaqo sazogadeoba da politikis gabatonebuli kultura da klimati, mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens xalxze. msgavsi SesaZleb lobebisa da survilebis mqone adamianebs, garemoebaTa mixedviT, SeiZleba Zalze gansxvavebuli zneobrivi ganwyobilebebi ganuviTardeT. politika am garemoebaTa CamoyalibebaSi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs da sazogadoebrivi interesi, Zalze farTo gagebiT, bewvze hkidia xolme. uaryofiTi magaliTi. nacisturi germaniis aRzeveba da dacema (1933-1945) naTlad gviCvenebs, ra uzarmazari gavlena SeuZlia politikurma reJimma iqonios moqalaqeTa zneobriv xasiaTze. adolf hitleris meTaurobiT nacizmis yvelaze mniSvnelovani da gasaocari aspeqtebi misi principebi iyo. nacizmis politikuri doqtrina calsaxad efuZneboda rasobrivi upiratesobis doqtrinas. hitleri mZvinvarebda e.w. ariuli rasis upiratesobis gamo, TiTqosda, germaneli eris siwmindes emuqreboda ucxo rasebisa da Untermenschen-ebis (qveadamianebis) mier Seryvna. aseT msoflmxedvelobaze dafuZnebuli politikis Sedegi iyo milionobiT udanaSaulo kacis, qalis da bavSvis sistematuri xocva. daaxloebiT 6 milioni ebraeli da milionobiT sxva adamiani, polonelebis, boSebis, seqsualuri umciresobebisa da SezRuduli unarebis mqoneTa CaTvliT, daundoblad gaanadgures. rasobrivi `dabinZurebis~ gamogonili problemis bolomde mogvarebas nacistebi iseTi mondomebiT ekidebodnen, rom meore msoflio omis ukanasknel TveebSi sikvdilis banakebis muSaoba samxedro kampaniebis xarjzec ki grZeldeboda. holokosti _ gazis kamerebisa da masobriv mkvlelobaTa Semzaravi

40 sanaxaoba _ gvaiZulebs davsvaT kiTxva, rogor SeiZleba aseTi masStabis saSineleba momxdariyo viTomcda civilizebul qveyanaSi. rogor SeeZlo STambeWdavi humanisturi tradiciebis mqone ers, romelmac Sva amdeni msoflioSi saukeTeso kompozitori, mwerali da moazrovne, daeSva aseTi rame? nacizmis xanaSi, germaneli eri, erTi SexedviT, warmogvidgeba rogorc hitleris nebis danamati; sxva sityvebiT, holokostisaTvis saSineli moraluri pasuxismgebloba erT adamians _ adolf hitle rs ekisreba. mag ram zo gierTisaTvis es interpretacia saeWvoa, raki miaCnia, rom hitleri ver moaxerxebda masobrivi mkvlelobebis miseuli programis ganxorcielebas TanamoazreTa jgufis ga reSe. ra vuyoT maT, vinc mas politikis dagegmvaSi, koordinirebasa da marTvaSi exmareboda? erTi mkvlevaris, irving kristolis sityvebiT: rodesac nacistebis saqmes ecnobi, geufleba saSineli sicarielis SegrZneba da sagonebelSi vardebi. nuTu sul esaa? gansxvaveba danaSaulsa da damnaSaves Soris warmoudgenlad didia. Cven veliT, rom aRmovaCenT borot adamianebs, borotebis gansaxierebebs, dorblian, maniak mxecebs; mzad varT SeviswavloT TiToeuli nacistis saxis Tavisebureba, raTa davadginoT nacistis xasiaTis ganuyofeli niSnebi. magram nacizmis liderebi ar iyvnen eSmakiseulni, isini ar eTayvanebodnen borotebas. radgan nacistebs– raoden ironiuladac ar unda JRerdes es _ rogorc adams da evas codvis Cadenamde, araferi gaegebodaT keTilisa da borotis Sesaxeb da swored zneobrivi gulgrilobis elferi aris, maT rom aseT wvrilman, uferul da zedapirul adamianebad warmogvidgens.9 kristoli araa erTaderTi, romelic fiqrobda, rom yvela nacisti imdenad zneobrivad dacemuli ar iyo, ramdenadac zneobrivad gulgrili. zustad aseT adamianad warmogvidgens zogierTi mkvlevari albert Speers, hitleris SeiaraRebisa da samxedro momaragebis ministrs.10 politikuri Teoretikosis hana arendtis mixedviT, aseTi iyo, adolf aixmanic, nacisti funqcioneri, romelic sikvdilis banakebis programis did nawils xelmZRvanelobda. arendtis azriT, aixmani ar iyo maincdamainc gansakuTrebuli, uCveulo adamiani.11 mas Zalian undoda win wasuliyo, cxovrebaSi warmatebisaTvis mieRwia, gansakuTrebiT eamayeboda, rom SeeZlo saqme Sedegianad ekeTebina. miuxedavad imisa, rom gansakuTrebulad gamWriaxi an dakvirvebuli ar yofila, mainc Wkviani iyo. arendtis aRweriT, igi iyo meryevi, magram ara bevr sxva, `normalur~ adamianze metad. aixmani irwmuneboda, rom ebraelebis mimarT akviatebuli zizRi ar amoZravebda (Tumca, rogorc Cans, is ar iyo sakmarisad skeptikurad ganwyobili an damoukideblad moazrovne, rom SewinaaRmdegeboda maSindel germaniaSi farTod gavrcelebul antisemitizms). mokled, aixmani iyo zneobrivad gulgrili; kristolis sityvebiT, `mas araferi gaegeboda keTilisa da borotisa~. es mkvlevarebi mogviTxroben rigiT adamianebze, romlebic mona wi leob-


41

d nen gansakuTrebuli borotebis aqtebSi. isini gvagoneben CvenTvis nacnob adamia nebs, SeiZleba sakuTar Tavsac ki. rTuli ar iqneba warmovidginoT aixmani CvenTvis ufro nacnob garemoSi, Tundac imedismomcem, pativmoyvare xelmZRvanel muSakad did amerikul korporaciaSi an axal gazrda, dawinaurebaze meocnebe TanamSromlad sagareo uwyebaSi. aseTi pirovneba, albaT, `muSaobiT daavadebuli~ (vorkoholiki), kompanisaTvis an qveynisaTvis Tavgadakluli, dawinaurebaze mofiqrali da xelmZRvanelis maamebeli iqneba. SeiZ leba, sulac ar iyos moklebuli wesier adamianur Tvisebebs da erTguli meuRle da moyvaruli mSobelic iyos (nacistebis Tvis ucxo ar iyo sakuTari ojaxebis mimarT siyvarulis, erTgulebis gamovlena). ZiriTadi am SemTxvevaSi isaa, rom es fariseveli pirovneba imdenadaa Cabmuli `realur samyaroSi~, viwro karieristuli miznebis terminologiiT rom vTqvaT, mas àbstraqtuli~ moraluri sakiTxebisaTvis dro da interesi ar gaaCnia. Tuki marTalia, rom aixmani rigiTi adamiani iyo, ratom arseboben ase cota aixmanebi? amis pasuxi ZiriTadad isaa, rom, sabednierod, adamianebis umravlesobas iseT politikur reJimSi uxdeba cxovreba, romelsac nacistur germanias verc ki Seadareb. nacizmi iyo gadamwyveti faqtori or msoflio oms Soris germaniaSi yvela aixmanis pirovnebisa da xasiaTis CamoyalibebaSi. iseve, rogorc yovelma Segnebulma sursaTis maRaziis mepatronem icis, rom misi mizani mogebaa, aseve aixmansa da mis msgavsT esmodaT, rom maTi mizani gazis kamerebSi rac SeiZleba meti adamianis ganadgureba iyo. amas garda, igi imaSic darwmunebuli iyo, rom mis warmatebas, iseve rogorc maRaziis mepatronisas, ZiriTadad erTi kriteriumiT _ efeqtianobiT gansazRvravdnen. aixmanisaTvis mniSvneloba imas ki ar hqonda, ras akeTebda, aramed imas, ramdenad kargad akeTebda. savaraudod, is aseTive mondomebiT Seasrulebda dakisrebul movaleobas, parkebis dagegmvaze an yvavilebis dargvaze rom yofiliyo pasuxismgebeli. am borotmoqmedis banaluroba da misi borotebis mniSvneloba (sidide) erTdroulad saSinelicaa da Wkuis saswavlebelic, vinaidan zustad asaxavs maSindel germaniaSi gabatonebul politikas.12 germaniis xelmZRvaneloba adamianebis masobriv ganadgurebas aigivebda patriotizmsa da sazogadoebriv interesTan. inteleqtualuri damoukideblobisa da zneobrivi gambedaobis iSviaTi erToblioba iyo saWiro, am gabatonebul azrs rom ar ahyolodi. samwuxarod, zustad es Tvisebebi aklda ase Zalian aixmanisnair uamrav adamians. imis gaazreba, rom sazogadoebrivi interesisaTvis arasdros kargi araa xelisuflebis brma morCileba, gviCvenebs, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania politikis gageba.

daskvna

politikis Seswavla sam ZiriTad cnebas efuZneba. esaa wesrigi, Zalaufleba da samarTlianoba. politikuri cxovrebis gageba iwyeba imis aRiarebiT, rom adamianis cxovreba mowesrigebulia. kerZod, politikuri wesrigi asax-

42 ulia TemebSi (sazogadoebebSi), romlebSic adamianebi cxovroben da saerTo identoba aqvT. Temis mowyoba, SenarCuneba da damkvidreba mmarTvelobis saSualebiT xdeba. yvelaze warCinebul da TviTkmar TemebSi mmarTvelobis gziT Seqmnilma struqturam warmoSva Tanamedrove eri-saxelmwifoebi. Zalaufleba, romelic ramdenime wyarodan SeiZleba gamomdinareobdes, aris mTavrobis unari _ Seasrulos masze dakisrebuli movaleobebi. Tuki mTavroba ar gamoiyenebs Zalauflebas sazogadeobrivi interesebis Sesabamisad, dgeba xolme samarTlianobis sakiTxi. amgvarad, politikas yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi mniSvnelovani da yovlismomcveli adgili ukavia, radgan adamianis mier samarTlianobis dauokebeli Zieba mWidrodaa gadajaWvuli Zalauflebis gamoyenebasTan, miuxedavad imisa, rom zneobrivi sakiTxebi SeiZleba xandaxan sazogadoebisaTvis SeumCneveli rCebodes. politologebi Seiswavlian TavianT disciplinas imisaTvis, rom miakvlion WeSmaritebas politikuri institutebis, Zalebis, moZraobebisa da procesebis Sesaxeb. tradicionalisti politologebi dainteresebulni arian mTavrobis moqmedebebis SefasebiT, bihevioralistebi ki mecnierul meTodebs mimarTaven politikis Sedegebis aRwerisa da prognozirebisaTvis. TiTqmis yvela politologs aqvs specializacia; disciplinis yvelaze farTo qvedargia politikuri Teoria (an filosofia), amerikis mmarTveloba, SedarebiTi politologia, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi da sajaro mmarTveloba. politikis Seswavlis mraval damajerebel mizezTagan gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia ori: (1) politikis gageba pirovnuli interesis saqmea da (2) politikis kvlevis Sedegad, individs ufro zusti warmodgena uyalibdeba imaze, ra aris da ra ar aris sazogadoebrivi interesebis sagani. rigiT moqalaqeTaTvis am warmodgenis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba naCvenebi iyo germaniaSi nacizmis aRzevebis tragikuli maga liTiT.

sakvanZo sityvebi politika

Zalaufleba

Temi, erToba

avtoriteti

mTavroba

legitimuroba

respublika

legitimuri xelisufleba

saxelmwifo

samarTlianoba

suvereniteti

tradicionalistebi

qveyana

bihevioralistebi

eri

marqsistebi

eri-saxelmwifo

daqvemdebarebis Teoria

mravalerovani saxelmwifo

vaWrobis pirobebi

saxelmwifos armqone erebi


43

kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis

1. romel sam ZiriTad cnebas efuZneba politikis Seswavla? 2. rogor SeiZleba politikuri problemis dadgena? aris Tu ara zogierTi konfliqti sxvebze metad politikuri xasiaTis? axseniT. 3. riT ganasxvaveben politologebi? 4. ra dadebiTi Sedegi SeiZleba moutanos adamians politikis da mmarTvelobis Seswavlam?

SeniSvnebi 1. yvelaze didi gavlena iqonia baron de monteskies `kanonTa gonis~ II wignSi mocemulma politikuri mmarTvelobebis klasifikaciam. monteskie ganasxvavebda respublikebs, monarqiebs da despotur mmarTvelobebs, xolo Semdeg dayofas axdenda demokratiul respublikebad, romlebic mTeli xalxis mier imarTeba da aristokratul demokratiebad, romlebsac xalxis nawili marTavs (gansakuTrebiT mdidarTa klasi). respublikebs istoriulad ganasxvaveben pirdapiri demokratiebisagan. amgvarad, jeims medisoni (albaT wamyvani figura SeerTebuli Statebis damfuZnebelTagan) mmarTvelobebs, romlebSic xalxi pirdapir monawileobda marTvaSi (da warmomadgenlobis imedze ar iyvnen) pirdapir demokratiebs uwodebda. radgan SeerTebuli Statebis mmarTveloba warmomadgenlobas iTvaliswinebda, mas respublika ewoda. 2. ix. aseve Arthur Schlesinger Jr.-is The Disuniting of America: Reflections on a Multicultural Society (New York: Norton, 1993). 3. Aristotle, The Politics mTargm. da red. Ernest Barker (New York: Oxford University Press, 1962), 4. 4. platonisgan gansxvavebiT, romelsac politikuri filosofiis mamad moixsenieben xolme. 5. Jack H. Nagel da John E. McNulty “Partisan Effects of Voter Turnout in Senatorial and Gubernatorial Elections”, American Political Science Review 90 (dekemberi 1996): 780-793. 6. ix. Leo Strauss-is What is Political Philosophy? da sxva kvlevebi (New York: Free Press, 1959), 10-12. 7. arsebobs am midgomis sxvadasxva variacia: magaliTad, tradiciuli realizmis Teoria ganaviTares (Tumca garkveuli winaaRmdegobebis fonze) politologebma, romlebsac neorealistebad an struqturul realistebad moixsenieben. maTi ZiriTadi Sromaa Kenneth Waltz-is Theory of International Politics, (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1979). ix. imave avtoris “Realist Thought and Neo-Realist Theory”, Journal of International Affairs XLIV (gazafxuli/zafxuli 1990): 21-37.

44 8. am ori midgomis mecnieruli Serwymis mcdelobad ix. Robert O. Keohaneis International Institutions and State Power (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1989), kioheinis Teorias zogjer moixsenieben, rogorc neoliberalur institucionalizms. 9. Irving Kristol “The Nature of Nazism~ in The Commentary Reader, red. Norman Pohoretz (New York: Atheneum, 1965), 16. 10. ix. Albert Speer-is Inside the Third Reich, Targm: R. Winston da C. Winston (New York: Avon, 1971). SeadareT Stanley Haverwas da David Burrell-is, “Self-deception and Autobiography: Reflections on Speer’s Inside the Third Reich”, wignSi Truthfulness and Tragedy: Further Investigations in Christian Ethics, red. Stanley Haverwas da sxvebi (South Bend, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press, 1977), 82-97. 11. Hannah Arendt, Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil (New York, Penguin Books, 1964). SeadareT Gideon Hausner-is, Justice in Jerusalem (New York: Schocken Bokks, 1968). 465. 12. yvela germaneli an evropeli rodi iyo borotebisi aixmaniviT gulgrili da egoisti. aRsaniSnavi, Tumca aratipuri magaliTia oskar Sindleri(romlis saxeli mxatvruli filmis _ `Sindleris sia~ wyalobiT gaxda yvelasaTvis cnobili). Sindleri germaneli biznesmeni, nacisturi partiis wevri iyo. man jer amuSava, Semdeg ki sakuTari saqmiani da partiuli kavSirebis gamoyenebiT gadaarCina Tavisi ebraeli muSebi. Sindlerisa da sxva keTili qristianis mamacuri qmedebebi aRwerilia Eva Fogelman-is wignSi Conscience and Courage: Rescuers of Jews during the Holocaust (New York: Doubelday, 1994). ix. aseve Samuel P. Oliner da Pearl M. Oliner, The Altruistic Personality: Rescuers of Jews in Nazi Europe (New York: Free Press, 1988). eWvgareSea, rom mkiTxvelTa umravlesoba am mxsnelebTan da SindlerTan ufro gaaigivebs sakuTar Tavs, vidre aixmanTan, magram SemaSfoTebelia is faqti, rom gacilebiT ufro meti germaneli (`hitleriugendis~ aTeuloboT aTasi wevris CaTvliT) hitleris siZulvilis propagandiT monusxuli, aixmaniviT ufro iqceoda, vidre SindleriviT.

nawili

I

SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi Tavi II utopia: sanimuSo saxelmwifoebi Tavi III konstituciuri demokratia: warmomadgenlobis revolucia Tavi IV avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi: tradiciuli mmarTveloba Tavi V totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi: warumatebeli utopiebi

45

46

T aavv i I I

utopia sa n im i muS uS o sa x eel lm mwi w i f o ebi ebi platonis `saxelmwifo~: pasuxi filosofiaa samarTliani qalaqi keTilSobili tyuili frensis bekonis àxali atlantida~: pasuxi mecnierebaa stabiluroba da mecniereba samomavlo gegma karl marqsis uklaso sazogadoeba: pasuxi ekonomikaa ekonomikis wamyvani roli proletariatis diqtatura uklaso sazogadoeba utopiisaken dabruneba utopiiT STagoneba gza utopiisaken utopiis praqtikuloba utopia da adamianis buneba utopia da politikis ugulebelyofa distopia: ocnebidan koSmaramde oruelis samyaro utopia da terorizmi daskvniTi mosazrebani

47

48

SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi

rogorc moqalaqeebi, xSirad mxars vuWerT (an vewinaaRmdegebiT) politikas da liderebs, radgan gvjera, rom isini dagvexmarebian, sazogadoeba ukeTesi an ufro samarTliani gavxadoT. bevri Cveni politikuri arCevanis ukan garkveulwilad imaleba sajaro sikeTisa da kargi sazogadoebis idea. rogorc wesi, es Sexeduleba gauazrebelia _ miuxedavad imisa, rom gvjera ama Tu im politikuri wyobisa, xSirad ver vaxerxebT davasabuToT amis mizezebi.1 miuxedavad amisa, mniSvnelovania SegveZlos Cveni politikuri ideebisa da idealebis safuZvelSi mdebare warmodgenebis gamoxatva da analizi. Tu gvinda politikuri sistemebis gaazrebuli Sedareba SevZloT (rac am teqstis I nawilis mizania), unda ganvsazRvroT, ra aris sazogadoebrivi sikeTe da ra ara. ideebi utopiis Sesaxeb, romlebic mocemulia ama Tu im filosofosis, Teologisa da sxvaTa nawerebSi, SeiZleba dagvexmaros politikis SesaZleblobebisa da SezRudvebis ukeTesad gagebaSi. rogori iqneboda saukeTeso politikuri wyoba? ratom amboben xSirad, rom saukeTeso kargis mteria? ra ufro saSiSia politikisTvis, mcirediT dakmayofileba Tu metismetisken swrafva? sityva utopia saTaves iRebs ser tomas moris (1478-1535) wignis saTauridan. igi mefe henri VIII-is dros inglisis lord-kancleri da gavleniani humanisti iyo. termini ou topos berZnulad àrarsebul adgils~ aRniSnavs, xolo èutopos~adgils, sadac yvelaferi kargad aris. yoveldRiur xmarebaSi, utopia, rogorc wesi, orive mniSvnelobas erTad moicavs. aqedan gamomdinare, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom utopia aris ararsebuli adgili, sadac xalxi cxovrobs sruliad janmrTelad, harmoniulad da bednierad. dasavluri politikis filosofiis literatura moicavs kargad damuSavebuli utopiuri gegmebis garkveul raodenobas. yoveli maTgani avtoris mier srulyofili politikuri wyobis Camoyalibebis mcdelobaa. utopiuri modelebi erTmaneTisagan specifikuri niSnebiT gansxvavdeba, Tumca yvela msgavs miznebs emsaxureba. uklebliv yvela utopisti cdilobda politikuri cxovrebis logika mis saboloo Sedegebamde mieyvana. am procesSi isini xSirad mimarTavdnen arsebuli politikuri, socialuri da ekonomikuri pirobebis farul da aSkara kritikas. am funqciis gamo, utopiuri konstruqciebi xSirad gamoiyeneboda politikuri sazomebis standartad an politikuri sistemebis ganxorcielebis Sefasebis kriteriumad. srulyofili sazogadoebis abstraqtuli modelebi xandaxan politikuri qmedebis praqtikuli saxelmZRvanelos rolsac asrulebda. amgvarad, miuxedavad misi garegnuli arapraqtikulobisa, utopiuri azrebi emsaxureba mniSvnelovan miznebs da pirdapir Tu arapirdapir gavlenas axdens politikur saqmianobaze. cnobili utopiebis kvlevas viwyebT platonis `saxelmwifoTi~, romelsac utopiis or, mogvianebiT warmoSobil versias SevadarebT _ frensis bekonis àxal atlantidas~ da karl marqsis naSromebs, romelSic igi ùklaso sazogadoebis~ Rirsebebs gamoyofs. utopiuri Sromebi, romelic aRwerilia am TavSi, arCeulia im niSniT, Tu ra sferoSi poulobs pasuxs TiToeuli maTgani. platoni pasuxs filosofiis sferoSi poulobs, bekoni _ mecnierebaSi, marqsi ki _ ekonomikaSi. utopiuri literaturis mravali sxva mniSvnelovani nimuSic arsebobs.

utopia

49

magaliTad, tomas moris ùtopia ~(1516) dRemde mniSvnelovan nawarmoebad rCeba, iseve rogoc tomazo kamas `mzis qalaqi~, jeims heringtonis òkeaneTis Tanamegobroba~ (1656), frangi utopist-socialistebis _ Carls furies, sen-simonis nawerebi, aseve amerikeli mwerali edvard belami (18501898), romelmac ramdenime msgavsi idea asaxa wignSi: `xedva ukan: 2000-1887~ (1888) asaxa. am da bevrma sxva Sexedulebam xeli Seuwyo utopiis ideisa da misi idealis SenarCunebas. aranakleb mniSvnelovania literatura distopiaze _ politikuri eqsperimentebze, romlebic sazogadoebaSi srulyofili samarTlianobis miRwevas isaxavdnen miznad da sruli kraxi ganicades. am nawarmoebTa mizania warmoaCinos is saSiSroebebi, romlebic arasrulyofil samyaroSi srulyofili wyobis aSenebis mcdelobas axlavs.

platonis `saxelmwifo~: pasuxi filosofiaa platonis `saxelmwifo~ aris xangrZlivi dialogi sokratesa da mosaubreebs Soris. sokrates (469-399 Zv.w.), romelic pirvel dasavlel politikis filosofosad iTvleba, miaCnda, rom `gauazrebeli cxovreba cxovrebad ar Rirs~. es idea gadaiqca dasavluri civilizaciis qvakuTxedad. sokrates brwyinvale moswavlis, platonis mier Semonaxuli da damuSavebuli sokrates filosofia fundamenturi alternativaa homerosis sokratemdeli naSromebisa, romelSic igi simamacesa da Rirsebas adidebda da sokrates Semdgomi iesos moZRvrebebisa, romlis mixedviTac RmerTis rwmena da RvTis sityvis Sesabamisi moraluri qceva keTilSobili cxovrebis safuZvelia. siRrmiseul filosofiur kiTxvebze pasuxebis mudmivi Ziebis gamo, aTenis mmarTvelebi sokrates eWvis TvaliT uyurebdnen. sabolood sasamarTlom igi RmerTebis Seuracxyofasa da aTenis axalgazrdobis garyvnaSi daadanaSaula. igi gaasamarTles da miusajes sikvdili. sokratesTvis wayenebuli sasjelis sisruleSi moyvana (sawamlavis sakuTari xeliT miReba) rCeba inteleqtualur Tavisuflebasa da politikur wyobas Soris arsebuli dapirispirebulobis naTel magaliTad. platonis `saxelmwifo~ sokrates mier samarTlianobis cnebis gamokvleviT iwyeba. Semdeg is gadadis saukeTeso politikuri wyobis aRweraze: sazogadoeba, romelic moklebulia yovelgvar dapirispirebas filosofosebsa da mmarTvelebs Soris2 (aseT sazogadoebaSi sokrates winaaRmdeg wayenebuli braldebebi usafuZvlo iqneboda. ar iarsebebda SiSi imisa, rom maswavleblebi axalgazrdebs moRalateebad aqcevdnen, vinaidan SesaZlebeli iqneboda erTdroulad filosofosic da patriotic yofiliyavi). aseTi qalaqis dafuZneba da aSeneba sxva araferi iqneboda, Tu ara politikuri azrebis srulyofa.

50


samarTliani qalaqi dasawyisSi, skeptikuri msmeneli sokrates maqsimaluri politikuri sikeTis koncefciis ganviTarebisken ubiZgebs da cdilobs aaxsnevinos, ratom aris ukeTesi iyo samarTliani, vidre usamarTlo. gana marTali ar aris, ekiTxebian mas, rom warmatebuli adamini, romelic usamarTlo qmedebiT mopovebuli ZalauflebiTa da gavleniT sargeblobs, ufro bednieria, vidre sokratesaviT samarTliani kaci, romelsac arc Zalaufleba aqvs da arc gavlena? radgan samarTlis gamovlena qalaqSi ufro iolia, vidre adamianSi, iwyeba samarTliani qalaqis Zebna.3 Tavdapirvelad sokrate varaudobs, rom politikuri cxovreba im faqtidan gamomdinareobs, rom arc erT individs ar SeuZlia iyos damoukidebeli. Semdeg igi aRwers Zalian martiv sazogadoebas mTavrobisa da gaWirvebis gareSe, romlis fermerebi, mejadageebi da sxva xelosnebi mxolod imdens gamoimuSaveben, ramdenic ubralo da mSvidi cxovrebis SesanarCuneblad aris sakmarisi. am sazogadoebaSi, romelic cdilobs daikmayofilos fizikuri moTxovnilebebi (sakvebi, sasmeli, TavSesafari da a.S.), TiToeuli pirovneba asrulebs erT gansazRvrul funqcias. erTferovnebis Tavidan asacileblad saWiroa samkaulebi. mag ram fufunebis Seqmna aTavisuflebs survils da sulis daumorCileblobas uyris safuZvels. Sedegad, qalaqi `mSfoTvare~ xdeba da gafarToeba sWir deba. kerZod, mas da, Wirdeba ufro meti miwis aTviseba, xolo am miznisaTvis jariskacebi xdebian saWiro. jariskacebi respublikaSi meore klasis warmomadgenlebi arian da maT Tadapirvelad mcvelebs uwodebdnen. dialogis msvlelobisas maTi movaleobebi sul ufro naTeli xdeba: maT unda daicvan polisi, rogorc mecxvaris ZaRlebi icaven faras.

antikuri saberZneTis erT-erTi yvelaze didi filosofosi, platoni (428-348ww. Zv. w.) miiCnevda, rom idealuri saxelmwifos Zalaufleba filosofosi mefeebis xelSi unda yofiliyo: `sanam filosofosebi ar gamefdebian, qalaqebi verasdros moisveneben maTi mtrebisagan~.

utopia

51

rogorc `saxelmwifoSi~ aris aRwerili, mcvelTa ganaTleba mraval adamianur saqmianobas moicavs, rogoricaa cxovrebis esTetikuri, inteleqtualuri, moraluri da fizikuri aspeqtebi. sokrate Tvlis, rom ganaTlebis mizani simarTlis swavlebaa. amis gamo, saWiro xdeba mcdar da saSiS ideebze cenzuris SemoReba. amgvari aRzrdis mTeli kursis ganmavlobaSi mkacri disciplinaa daculi. yvelaferi saerToa, maT Soris piradi nivTebic da meuRleebic. Temis siyvaruli anacvlebs ubralo adamianur siyvaruls. oci wlis asakisTvis studentebi iyofian or jgufad: zogierTi maTgani iniSneba SeiaraRebul qvedanayofSi da qalaqis damcvelis rolSi gvevlineba, isini saxelmwifo jariskacebi xdebian; isini, vinc mcvelis statuss inarCuneben, swavlas ganagrZoben. Semdgomi SerCevis dros ganisazRvreba samsaxuri, romelsac mcvelTa klasis es warmomadgenlebi sabolood miiReben. yvela arCevani ganisazRvreba damsaxurebis mixedviT. xangrZlivi swavlis bolos, WeSmaritebis gagebis Semdeg, mcvelebi SeiZleba gaxdnen filosofosebi. umaRlesi donis brZen-filosofosebi mzad arian daikavon umaRlesi Tanamdebobebi. amgvarad, respublikas marTavan filosofosi-mefeebi. platoniseuli `saxelmwifo~ Sedgeba miwaTmoqmedTa da xelosanTa, mebrZolebisa da filosofos-mcvelTa klasebisgan. es samwaxnagovani dayofa asaxavs platonis azrs, rom adamianis suli iyofa sam nawilad: miwieri nawili, romelic gamomdinareobs fizikuri moTxovnilebebidan; keTilSobili nawili, romlis Sedegia risxva da aRSfoTeba, rodesac rame emuqreba CvenTvis Zvirfass; da racionaluri nawili, romelic WeSmaritebis dadgenas cdilobs. TiToeuli klasi ganasaxierebs erT ZiriTad Tvisebas. muSebi da xelosnebi, romlebic uzrunvelyofen qalaqis fizikuri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebas, TavSekavebulobiT gamoirCevian. maTi cxovreba organizebuli da zomieria. miuxedavad imisa, rom mebrZolebic TavSekavebulni arian, maTi mTavari Rirseba simamacea, romelic sulis keTilSobili nawilis srulyofilebaa. racionaluri nawilis srulyofileba _ sibrZne, filosofosebis kuTvnilebaa (romlebsac, ra Tqma unda, aqvT agreTve danarCeni ori Rirsebac). mxolod filosofosebs aqvT srulyofili suli; maTi arsebis yvela nawili srulyofilia, rogorc maTi sulis nawilebis urTierTkavSiri. maTi yovlismomcveli srulyofilebis gamo, mxolod filosofosebs SeuZliaT samarTalis, yvelaze mniSvnelovani Rirsebis srulad aRqma. metic, vinaidan respublikis TiToeuli komponenti masze dakisrebul samuSaos kargad asrulebs (mosavlis moyvana da sagnebis Seqmna, qalaqis dacva an marTva) da, amavdroulad, erT-erT mniSvnelovan Rirsebas warmoaCens (TavSekaveba, simamace an sibrZne), es warmosaxviTi qalaqi samarTlianadac iTvleba. qalaqi da Tanac rogori! erT-erTi komentatoris azriT, `yvela dasavleli kacis miswrafeba samarTlianobisa da kargi cxovrebisaken, sokrates SemoTavazebebSi aris gocemuli da ganxoricielebuli~.4 es aris qalaqi, sadac adamianTa niWis gamoyeneba ar aris SezRuduli siRaribis, dabadebis an sqesis mixedviT da SemTxveviTi ojaxuri kuTvnileba da qalaqi ar zRudavs adamianis Semecnebisa da sikeTisaken swrafvas; es aris reJimi, sadac Wkviani, moqalaqeobrivi Segnebis mqone adamianebi marTaven sazogadoebrivi keTildReobisTvis.5

52


TiToeuli moqalaqe im saqmes asrulebs, romelic yvelaze kargad SeuZlia. isini sazogadoebisaTvis gaweuli samsaxuris Sesabamis aRiarebas, didebasa da pativiscemas moipoveben. es qalaqi pasuxobs kiTxvaze, romelic sokrates dausves Tavdapirvelad. swored filosofosebi arian samarTliani da yvelaze bednieri adamianebi (namvilad ufro bednieri, vidre usamarTloni), magram maTi bedniereba ar aris damokidebuli usamarTlod miRebul Zalauflebaze. cxadia, respublikaSi filosofosebi ar idevnebian; isini mmarTveli pirebi arian da maT arasdros asamarTleben. rom ara filosofosebis mmarTveloba, da rom ara maTi samarTlianoba da sibrZne, sxvadasxva arasasurveli movlena ganviTardeba. magaliTad, imisaTvis, rom saxelmwifo moxelisaTvis sazogadoebrivi interesebi kerZo interesebze maRla idges, jariskacTa da mcvelTa klasebs Soris naTesauri kavSiri akrZalulia. sazogadoebaSi niWieri da Wkviani adamianebis mudmivad arsebobas evgenikuri programa uzrunvelyofs, romelic adamianTa seqsualur kavSirebze saxelmwifo kontrols axorcielebs. mcvelTa klasi mxolod harmoniulad Sexamebuli `qorwinebis festivalis~ sistemiT mravldeba, romlis erTaderTi mizani koleqtiuri (da SerCeviTi) gamravlebaa garkveuli miznebisaTvis. araferi unda miendos SemTxveviTobas.

keTilSobili tyuili qveda fenis wevrTa dasamSvideblad (imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom isini savaraudod verc gaigebdnen da arc daTanxmdebodnen maT dabal statuss) filosofosi-mefeebi valdebulni arian mudmivad mimarTon keTilSobil tyuils _ oficialur miTs, romelzec samarTliani qalaqi aris damyarebuli. amgvarad, yvela moqalaqes (filosofosebis garda) eubnebian, rom maTi warsuli cxovrebis mogonebebi mxolod sizmrebia da rom isini adre cxovrobdnen miwisqveSeTSi, sadac maT qmnidnen da wvrTnidnen. rodesac saamisod mzad iyvnen, maTi deda _ dedamiwa, gzavnida maT zedapirze. amasTanave, formirebis procesSi maT miecaT suli, romelic iyo Seqmnili oqrosgan (filosofosebis), vercxlisgan (mebrZolebis), an rkinisa da brinjaosagan (miwaTmoqmedebisa da xelosnebis). am miTis mizania saxelwifos mcxovrebTa darwmuneba, rom yvelani debi da Zmebi arian, agreTve imisaTvis, rom klasobrivi sistema, romelic saxelwifos arsebobisaTvis umniSvnelovanesia, yovelTvis popularuli iyos. saukeTeso politikuri saxelmwifos aRweris dros sokrate aseve saubrobs im sirTuleebze, romelic axlavs mis Seqmnasa da SenarCunebas. respublikis ara mxolod zogadi koncefciaa arapraqtikuli, aramed misi ganxorcielebac SeuZlebeli Cans. sokrate naTlad gviCvenebs, ra safasuris gadaxda iqneboda aucilebeli aseTi politikuri wyobis SeqmnisaTvis. rogorc davinaxeT, safasuri, romelic aseTi wyobis danergvisTvis iqneboda saWiro, aris ojaxebis aRmofxvra, cenzuris daweseba, sicruis farTod gavrceleba reJimis moraluri safuZvlis SesanarCuneblad da im xalxis mmarTveloba, romelsac ar surs marTva.

utopia

53

miuxedavad imisa, rom platonis saxelmwifo SeiZleba ar iyos romelime momavali politikuri reJimis sqema, igi sasargebloa sxva kuTxiTac. pirvel rigSi, igi siRrmiseulad ikvlevs iseT saWiro politikur ideebs, rogoricaa samarTlianoba, tirania da ganaTleba. igi gvTavazobs saukeTeso politikuri wyobis gaazrebul ideas da amasTanave gviCvenebs misi danergvis praqtikul xarvezebs. sabolood, platonis saxelmwifo unda miviRoT ara rogorc politikuri miTiTeba, aramed rogorc filosofiuri savarjiSo. sokrates eqskursia utopiaSi warmogvidgens adamianis azris srulyofis mcdelobas da ara adamianis qcevis srulyofis formulas.

frensis bekonis axali atlantida: pasuxi mecnierebaa idea imis Sesaxeb, rom utopia realurad miiRweva àq~ da àxla~, meTxuTmete saukunis Semdeg gaxda popularuli. frensis bekoni (1561-1626) iyo pirveli da yvelaze gavleniani gamavrcelebeli utopiuri ideisa, romlis mi xedviTac mecnierebas SeuZlia adamianebs misces yvelaze sasurveli sikeTe _ komfortuli TviTSenarCuneba. isini, visac dRes sjeraT an adideben adamianis progresis, mecnieruli miRwevebis, teqnologiuri siaxleebis an msoflio politikuri modernizaciisa da ganviTarebis brwyinvalebas (ix. Tavi IX), ZiriTadad iseTive politikuri reJimis sisworeSi arian darwmunebulebi, romelic bekonis sqemasTanaa axlos. axal atlantidaSi (1627) bekoni aRwers mogzaurTa warmosaxviT voiaJs, romlebmac aRmoaCines kunZuli bensalemi. isini daitanjnen wynar okeaneSi xangrZlivi mgzavrobiT da sWirdebodaT sakvebi da dasveneba. Tavdapirvelad, kunZulis mkvidrebma gaafrTxiles, ar gadasuliyvnen kunZulze, magram molaparakebebis Semdeg mainc darTes neba. stumarTa pirveli uaryofiTi STabeWdileba gaqra, rogorc ki naxes kunZuli iseTi, rogoric is namdvilad aris: dalocvili, bednieri adgili.

stabiluroba da mecniereba bensalemis yoveldRiuri cxovrebis praqtikuli detalebis ume tesoba bekons mxolod zedapirulad aqvs aRwerili. miuxedavad imisa, rom kunZulis wargzavnilebma evropaSi saidumlo eqspedicia Caatares mecnieruli miRwe vebis Sesaswavlad, sxva mxriv kunZuli mowyvetilia msoflios. amgvari geografiuli izolaciis gamo, Tavdacvis saWiroeba ar arsebobs. kunZuli ekonomikuradac TviTkmaria. mdidari bunebrivi resursebis xarjze bekoni qmnis yovelmxriv uzrunvel yofil qveynas. bensalemi qristianuli sazogadoebaa, magram aRiarebs religiur Tavisuflebas. sxvadasxva religiuri aRmsareblobis wevrebs ukaviaT maRali Tanamdebobebi, aq tolerantoba normaa. religiuri disputebi, romlebmac ganxeTqileba Camoagdo bevr evropul qveyanas Soris, utopiur kunZulze ar arsebobs.

54


frensis bekoni (1561-1626) – ingliseli filosofosi, mecnieri, eseisti da saxelmwifo moxele – im mosazrebas uWerda mxars, rom mecniereba kacobriobis TviTSenarCunebis gasaRebia: `bunebaze rom ibatono, mas unda daemorCilo~, ambobda igi.

bensalemis socialuri safuZveli ojaxia; qorwineba aris sazogadoebis fuZe. dResaswaulebis dros, romelic ojaxis zeimad aris cnobili da daarsebuli da dafinansebulia saxelmwifos mier, gansakuTrebul pativs didi ojaxis ufrosebs miageben. ojaxi da moraluri saqcieli urTierTdakavSirebuli da stabiluri Temuri cxovrebis qvakuTxedad aris miCneuli. Temis stabilurobas aZlierebs is faqtic, rom 2000 wlis win didsulovanma mmarTvelma solomonma Seqmna imdenad srulyofili kanonebi, romelTa ganaxleba mas mere saWiro aRar gamxdara. bensalemi Zalian progresuli sazogadoebaa. misi saukeTeso moazrovneebi ikribebian kolejSi, romelsac Sesabamisad solomonis saxli ewodeba; aq mecnierebis kanonebi eqsperimentebisa da dakvirvebis gziT `sagnebis mizezebis da idumali bunebis garkvevis; yvela SesaZ lo saSualebiT adamianis imperiis sazRvrebis gafarToebis~ aRmosaCenad gamoiyeneba. platonis ` saxelmwifosgan~ gansxvavebiT, bensalemSi codnas ara mxolod sakuTari keTildReobisTvis iZenen, aramed bunebaze batonobisaTvisac. mecniereba unda iyos gamoye nebuli àdamianis yofis SemsubuqebisaTvis~. bekoniseuli meCvidmete saukunis Sexeduleba bevr sakiTxSi winaswarmetyvelurad JRers. magaliTad, kunZulze mecnierebis meSveobiT cxovrebis saSualo xangrZlivoba SesamCnevad izrdeba, vinaidan avyofobis mTeli simZime aRmofxvrilia, Seqmnilia xilisa da yvavilebis axali jiSebi, zogierT maTgans samkurnalo Tvisebebi aqvs, mkurnalobis sferoSi teqnologiuri revolucia moxda. bensalemis mkvidrT bunebrivi katastrofebis Tavidan acileba SeuZliaT, vinaidan maTi mecniereba bunebis umkacres saidumloebasac ki xsnis.

utopia

55

samomavlo gegma miuxedavad imisa, rom mecnierebi ver Tanxmdebian, raSi mdgomareobs bekonis axali atlantidis namdvili mizani, naSromi Zalian mniSvnelovania. erTi cnobili da avtoritetuli moazrovne bekonSi `pirvel realur, Tanamedrove utopists~ xedavs, vinaidan bekons egona, rom misi idealuri sazogadoeba arsebobas SeZlebda.6 axali atlantida ar moiazreboda rogorc momavlis zusti gegma; Tumca, bekonma SemogvTavaza sazogadoebis erTi SesaZlo forma, romelSic mecnieruli progresi SeuzRudavad iqneboda nebadarTuli. bekonis teqnologiuri utopiis xedva miznad ar isaxavda arsebuli sazogadoebisi protests, es iyo adamianis mdgomareobis radikaluri gaumjobesebis gegma.

karl marqsis uklaso sazogadoeba: pasuxi ekonomikaa karl marqsic (1818-1883) utopisti iyo, magram platonisa da bekonisagan gansxvavdeboda. marqsis winamorbedni iwyebdnen Tavisi samoTxis detaluri aRweriT da rodesac socialuri realobis kritikaze gadadiodnen, es ufro farulad xdeboda, vidre aSkarad. maTgan gansxvavebiT, marqsma daiwyo arsebuli sazogadoebis aSkara kritikiT da miseuli utopiis mxolod zogadi monaxazi Seqmna. is sakuTar Tavs praqtikos-realistad miiCnevda da ara meocnebe idealistad. igi Tavis msoflmxedvelobas istoriuli da socialur-ekonomikuri realobis swor empiriul aRqmad ganixilavda da amiT uaryofda, rom misi ideebi warmosaxviT azrovnebas efuZneboda.

karl marqss (1818-1883) _ germanel filosofoss, ekonomistsa da revolucioners _ miaCnda, rom samarTliani samyaro mxolod kacobriobis kapitalisturidan socialistur ekonomikaze gadasvliTa da sazogadoebis evoluciiT miiRweva: àqamde arsebuli yvela sazogadoebis istoria klasTa brZolis istoriaa~.

miuxedavad amisa, marqsizmSi utopiuri elementi aSkaraa. winamorbedi utopistebisagan gansxvavebiT marqss sjeroda, rom misi idealuri sazogadoeba ara mxolod SesaZlebeli, aramed gardauvali iyo. klasebs Soris mwvave brZola, romelsac igi winaswarmetyvelebda (ix. Tavi XIV), mxolod im Sem-

56


TxvevaSi SeiZle-ba iqnes sworad gagebuli, Tu es brZola aRiqmeba, rogorc mSvidobisa da siuxvis aRTqmul qveyanaSi utopiuri cxovrebis aucilebeli Sesavali. es winaswarmetyveleba, marqsis azriT, iyo dauZleveli Zalis saboloo Sedegi, romelic kacobriobis istorias misi gardauvali bediswerisken _ uklaso sazogadoebisken _ miaqanebda.

ekonomikis wamyvani roli marqsis galaSqreba ekonomikuri uTanasworobis winaaRmdeg, mecxramete saukunis Sua periodSi kapitalizmTan asocirebuli Sromis mZime pirobebiT da farTod gavrcelebuli tanjviT iyo gamowveuli. mdidari komerciuli da industriuli elita (burJua kapitalistTa klasi) ewinaaRmdegeboda reformebs, romlebic gaRaribebuli muSaTa klasis (proletariatis) cxovrebis pirobebis gaumjobesebisaken iyo mimarTuli. marqsis kapitalSi naTlad aris aRwerili dasaqmebis sferodan motanili iseTi magaliTebi, romlebmac misi risxva gamo iwvia, magaliTad: meri en voklim imuSava Sesvenebis gareSe 26.5 saaTi 60 sxva gogosTan erTad, 30 gogo erT oTaxSi, ris gamoc saWiro raodenobis Jangbadis nacvlad mxolod erT mesamed kubur futs SeisunTqvdnen... meri en vokli cudad gaxda paraskevs [da] mokvda kviras... eqimma keisma, romelic dagvianebiT gamoiZaxes, sasamarTloSi ganacxada, rom `meri en vokli mokvda xalxiT gadatvirTul oTaxSi xangrZlivi muSaobis Sedegad~.7

marqsisaTvis meri en voklis da sxva misnairebis sikvdili ubralo SemTxveviToba ar yofila. mas swamda, rom ekonomika _ materialur saWiroebaTa warmoeba da ganawileba _ adamianis cxovrebis ZiriTadi ganmsazRvrelia da rom istoriulad adamianTa sazogadoebebi iqmneboda da ingreoda ekonomikuri faqtorebis mkacri dinamikis Sesabamisad. mas sjeroda isic, rom meri en vokli, raki kapitalizmis epoqaSi daibada, ganwiruli iyo xanmokle da xelmokle cxovrebisaTvis da saarsebo minimumisTvis samuSaod. warmoebis mepatroneebs _ kapitalistebis klass ki _ SeeZlo sul ufro metad gamdidrebuliyo. en voklis cxovreba da adreuli sikvdili gamowveuli iyo mecxramete saukunis Sua periodis Semosavalze orientirebuli ekonomikiT. Tumca, marqsis azriT, kapitalizmis ganviTarebis logikam, gardauvali gaxada siZunwesa da eqspluataciaze agebuli Zalauflebis zestruqturebis ngreva da marqsis sayvareli proletariatis _ Raribi da gariyuli muSaTa klasis didi socialuri aRmasvla.

proletariatis diqtatura marqsi revoluciuri procesis pirvel stadias, romelic dauyovnebliv mohyveba kapitalizmis gadavardnas, proletariatis diqtaturas uwodebs.

utopia

57

marqsis mtkicebiT, es istoriuli epoqa komunizmis pirveli stadia unda yofiliyo da kacobriobis istoriaSi socialisturi aTaswleulis dasawyisi ganesaxierebina. proletariatis diqtatura, rogorc droebiTi fenomeni, iarsebebda mxolod im dromde, sanam iarsebebda kontrrevoluciisagan dacvis aucilebloba. am drois ganmavlobaSi Seiqmneboda axali revoluciuri programebi `yvelasgan SesaZleblobebis mixedviT, yvelasTvis saWiroebaTa mixedviT~ principiT. amgvari politika gulisxmobda kerZo sakuTrebis gauqmebas, mudmivad mzard saSemosavlo gadasaxads, memkvidreobis uflebis gauqmebas, saxelmwifos mier yvela sakredito dawesebulebis, agreTve komunikaciisa da transportis saSualebebis centralizacias, yvela bavSvisaTvis ufaso ganaTlebis SemoRebas, bavSvTa Sromis gauqmebas, saxelmwifos sakuTrebaSi arsebuli qarxnebisa da warmoebis saSualebebis gafarToebas da `gamouyenebeli miwebis kultivaciasa da miwis gaumjobesebas zogadi gegmis Sesabamisad.~8 am stadiebis Tanmimdevrulad Sesrulebis Sedegad xelisufleba ubralod TavisTavad gaqreboda. roca (marqsis kolegis, fridrix engelsis azriT) klasobrivi gansxvaveba da antagonizmi bunebrivad qreba, saxelmwifo Zalauflebis CarTva socialur urTierTobebSi zedmeti xdeba da àdamianTa mmarTve loba icvleba sagnebis da warmoebis procesis ist rirebiT~. sa boloo jamSi `saxelmwifo ar `nadgurdeba,~ igi gadaSendeba.~ 9 arsebiTad, marqsi, proletariatis diqtaturas (komunizmis socialistur safexurs), uklaso utopiis aucilebel Sualedur rgolad ganixilavda. marqss swamda, rom adamianebi sufTa gonebiT ibadebian da is, rac mogvianebiT maT gonebaSi aRibeWdeba, ufro metad sazogadoebis bunebiT ganisazRvreba, vidre individualuri genetikuri memkvidreobiT. metic, marqsi ver xedavda pirovnebis WeSmarit interesebsa da sazogadoebis interesebs Soris SesaZlo daZabulobas. Sesabamisad, socialistur xanaSi xalxi bunebrivad SeiTvisebda socialistur Rirebulebebs. kapitalisturi saxelmwifoebisgan gansxvavebiT, sadac, TiTqos, konkurentuli moqalaqeebis Camoyalibebas uwyoben xels, romlebic sinamdvileSi degradirebulni arian da eqspluatacias uweven erTmaneTs, socialisturi saxelmwifo ayalibebda kooperatiul moqalaqeebs, romlebic pativs scemdnen da exmarebodnen erTmaneTs. klasobrivi konfliqti TavisTavad aRmoifxvreboda da interesTa bunebrivi harmoniiT iqneboda Canacvlebuli. saxelmwifoTa gaqrobis marqsistuli rwmena interesTa mTlianobis erTgvar logikaze iyo dafuZnebuli: kerZo sakuTrebis SemcirebiTa da Sromis danawilebiT socialuri uTanasworoba mcirdeba, xolo socialuri uTanasworobis SemcirebiT _ SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis mizezebi. TavisTavad, klasebis ararsebobis SemTxvaSi klasobrivi brZolac SeuZlebeli xdeba. dabolos, SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis SemcirebiT saxelmwifos saWiroebac mcirdeba. warsuli sazogadoebebi iyo mxolod adamianTa gamogoneba klasobrivi dominantobis SesanarCuneblad. marqsis Tanaxmad, socialuri klasebis gaqrobasTan erTad ufunqciod darCenili mTavrobac mokvdeba.

58


uklaso sazogadoeba rogorc marqsi winaswarmetyvelebda, mTavrobis arsebobis bunebrivi da sasruli komunizmis meore safexurze _ uklaso sazogadoebaSi unda momxdariyo. am komunistur utopiaSi namdvili adamianuri survilebis dak mayofileba SesaZlebeli iqneboda. kapitalizmSi, werda marqsi, `yvelas konkretuli, gansazRvruli saqmianobis Tavsmoxveuli sfero aqvs, romelsac Tavs ver daaRwevs. monadirea is meTevze, mwyemsi Tu `kritikuli kritikosi~, aseTad unda darCes, Tu ar unda, rom arsebobis saSualeba dakargos.~10 amis sapirispirod, komunizmSi, sadac aravis aqvs saqmianobis gansazRvruli sfero, magram SeuZlia moamzados sakuTari Tavi mis mier arCeul dargisaTvis, saerTo produqciis regulirebis gziT sazogadoeba SesaZlebels xdis CemTvis gavakeTo erTi saqme dRes da meore xval. vinadiro diliT, viTevzao SuadRes, vmwyemso naxiri saRamos, agreTve gavakritiko vaxSami _ zustad ise, rogorc me minda _ monadired, meTevzed, mwyemsad an kritikosad gadaqcevis gareSe.11

individualuri TviTrealizaciis paralelurad, ganviTardeboda bednierebis momtani socializmi, romlis drosac adamianebi iqnebodnen `loialuri, brZeni da arakorumpirebuli amxanagebi, romlebic erTmaneTs sruliad araegoisturi keTilganwyobiT moepyrobodnen.~12 marqsis uklaso sazogadeba am mxriv virtualurad yvela danarCen utopias mogvagonebs. erT-erTi mecnieri marqsistuli utopizmis Sesaxeb aRniSnavs, rom komunisturi sazogadoebis marqsiseuli aRwera bevr sxva utopiur SromasTan `saerTo eTikur safuZvels~ iziarebs, romlis mTavari maxasiaTeblebicaa `saerTo da ara konkurentuli Sroma, sazogadoebisTvis sasikeTo miznebi da ara TviTkmayofileba da hedonizmi _ TiToeul wevrze socialuri pasuxismgeblobis eTika da ara yvelaze ZlierTa gadarCenisaTvis brZola.~13 momavlis suraTi, romelic marqsma da engelsma msoflios SesTava zes, namdvilad mimzidveli d a utopiuri iyo: danaSauli aRmoifxvreboda, cxovrebis xangrZlivoba gaizrdeboda, Zmoba da TanamSromloba axal moralur wesebs daamkvidrebda, mecnieruli progresi swrafi tempiT ganviTardeboda. yvelaferTan erTad, socializmis mTel msoflioSi gavrcelebiT, kacobriobis udides daavadebas _ omsa da mis tyup Zmas, nacionalizms _ adgili aRar eqneboda. amas saerTaSoriso megobroba mohyveboda ... socialuri revoluciiT kacobrioba daasrulebda mis `preistoriul~ xanas da pirvelad Seabijebda iq, rasac SeiZleba misi sakuTari istoria ewodos. ...revoluciis Semdgom gaerTianebul uklaso sazogadoebas pirvelad SeeZleba gadawyvitos, romeli gziT wavides da rogor gamoiyenos sakuTari resursebi da SesaZleblobebi. pirvelad Cven Tavad SevqmniT sakuTar istorias! es aris `naxtomi monobidan damoukideblobisaken, sibnelidan sinaTlisaken.~14

utopia

59

utopiisaken dabruneba arc erT utopiaSi, romelic ganvixileT, ar arsebobs konfliqti, Suri, winaaRmdegoba, mtruli disputebi an piradi imedgacrueba. aranairi Rrmad fesvgadgmuli dapirispireba ar yofs individebs da ar arsebobs didi antagonizmi sazogadoebasa da saxelmwifos Soris. Tumca, yvela es idealuri saxelmwifo sxvadasxva xedviT aris inspirirebuli da wesrigis gegmac sxvadsxvagvari aqvs.

utopiiT STagoneba rogorc vnaxeT, politikuri moazrovneebi utopias sxvadasxva mizezis gamo qmnian. `saxemwifoSi~ platonma adamianis srulyofilebis sazRvrebi gamoikvlia; igi ara marto saukeTeso politikuri wyobis aRweras cdilobda, aramed surda naTeli moefina im problemebisaTvis, romlebic SesaZloa mohyoloda aseTi politikuri wyobis danergvis mcdelobas. misgan gansxvavebiT, bekonma àxali atlantida~ dawera ara imisaTvis, rom adamianuri SesaZleblobebis zRvari eCvenebina, aramed warmoeCina, Tu risi miRweva SeuZlia Tanamedrove mecnierebaze dafuZnebul sazogadoebas. bekons ainteresebda ara adamianTa SezRudvebi, aramed maTi SesaZleblobebi. misi naSromi damaimedebelia da adamianis keTildReobis SesamCnev gaumjobesebas gvpirdeba. marqsis utopiuri Sexedulebac imedismomcemia; metic, igi Sedgeba misi msoflmxedvelobis logikuri da aucilebeli nawilisgan. gzis bolos uklaso sazogadoebis dapirebis gareSe, Zaladoba da tanjva, romelic marqsis rwmeniT, aucileblad Tan unda axldes kapitalizmis dasasruls, sabolood azrs moklebuli iqneba. marqsis utopia imedis naperwkals saxavs revoluciisa da brZolis uimedo perspeqtivaSi.

gza utopiisaken imisaTvis, rom Seiqmnas sruliad bednieri da harmoniuli msoflio, avtorma unda warmoadginos sazogadoebis konstruirebis axleburi xedva. platoni filosofiaSi xedavda gasaRebs. miseuli saxelmwifo ver iarsebebda, sanam mis mmarTvelobaSi yvelaze Wkviani filosofosebi ar movidodnen; sxvagvarad aris bekonTan, romlisTvisac naTeli momavali aris ara adamianTa abstraqtuli codnis Sedegi, aramed mecnieruli meTodebis teqnikuri ganviTareba. misi `solomonebi~ ar iyvnen filosofosebi, romlebic ideebis sulier sferoze wuxdnen; isini iyvnen mecnierebi, romlebic adamianTa SesaZleblobebis ganmtkicebis mizniT aanalizebdnen, ikvlevdnen, sistematizacias ukeTebdnen, iwerdnen da amowmebdnen bunebis sxvadasxva fenomens. marqsisaTvis filosofia da mecniereba ekonomikam daCrdila: misi azriT, araeqspluataciuri ekonomikuri urTierTobebi mSvidobiani da mdidari qveynis garantiaa.

60


utopiis praqtikuloba Tanamedrove mecnierul da teqnologiur ganviTarebasTan erTad, zogierTi politikuri moazrovne ufro seriozulad dafiqrda utopiis miRwevis praqtikul SesaZleblobaze. axali utopistebi, raki SeiaraRdnen ufro metad ganviTarebuli instrumentebiT _ axali mecnierebiT, axali ekonomikiT _ dedamiwaze samoTxis arsebobas sul ufro xSirad ganixilaven rogorc realur SesaZleblobas da ara ubralod ausrulebel ocnebas. es tendencia naTlad aris asaxuli zemoT ganxilul utopiur naSromebSi. magaliTad, platoni gviCvenebda, rom misi utopiis Seqmna da SenarCuneba, sruliad SeuZ lebeli Tu ara, Zalian rTuli iqneboda. misgan gansxvavebiT, bekonma aRwera sazogadoeba, romelic Tanamedrove mecnierebis yvela SesaZ loblobis srulad gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi, SesaZlebelia gamxdariyo adamianis keTildReobis ganmtkicebis safuZveli. ra Tqma unda, bekoni utopias momavlis Sesa Z leblobad ganixilavda, Tumca miaCnda, rom misi miRweva adamians xelewifeba. marqsis uklaso sazogadoeba araTu SesaZlebeli, aramed gardauvalic iyo _ proletariatis saboloo gamarjvebis damtkiceba da jildo. sabolood, utopiebma samomavlo gegmis saxe miiRo. am gegmebis saerTo safuZvelia zogadi xedvebi adamianTa modgmisa da imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra aris adamianisTvis saukeTeso.

utopia da adamianis buneba `saxemwifoSi~, idealuri qalaqis aRwerasTan erTad, aRwerilia misi daRupvac. naSromis erT-erTi interpretaciis mixedviT, platoni xvdeboda, rom adamianTa srulyofili Temis daarsebis SemTxvevaSic ki, misi gadagvareba gardauvali gaxdeboda. amgvarad, platonma dasva kiTxva, romelic gadamdebi aRmoCnda yvela Semdgomi utopiisaTvis: rogor SeiZleba Tavidan aviciloT cvlileba? ganmartebis mixedviT, utopia aris saukeTeso politikuri wyoba; aqedan gamomdinare, masSi ganxorcielebuli yvela mniSvnelovani cvlileba uaresobisken aris mimarTuli. amgvarad, paradoqsulad, cvlileba am novatoruli sazogadoebebis momakvdinebeli mteri xdeba. cvlilebebisagan dasacavad utopistma avtorma idealur sazogadoebaSi araferi unda datovos Sesacvleli, gansakuTrebiT is, rac adamianis bunebas exeba. xalxis mSvidad da harmoniulad cxovrebisaTvis aucilebelia aRmoifxvras an mkacrad gakontroldes adamianis iseTi fundamenturi Tvisebebi, rogoricaa uzneoba, boroteba da araprognozirebadoba. bednieri saxelmwifos ZiebaSi utopiebi, rogorc wesi, moicaven evgenikur programebs, iZulebiT ganaTlebasa da kerZo sakuTrebis akrZalvas. eugeniuri programis mizania gaakontrolos xalxis memkvidreobiTi Tvisebebi seleqciuri gamravlebis gziT, xolo iZulebiTi ganaTleba ganixileboda, rogorc saWiro meTodi saukeTeso adamianuri Tvisebebis SenarCunebisa da arasasurveli Tvisebebis aRmofxvrisaTvis. utopiurma

utopia

61

moazrovneebma imave mizniT dauWires mxari kerZo sakuTrebis aRmofxvras, raTa ganidevnos egoizmi, sixarbe da siZunwe adamianis bunebidan. utopistebis umetesobis azriT, adamianis egoizmi gamowveulia socialurekonomikuri institutebiT, romlebic icaven, mxars uWeren da samudamod inarCuneben uTanasworobas da es institutebi SeiZleba gauqmdes mxolod sazogadoebis fundamenturi reorganizaciiT. amis gamo, bevr utopiaSi saerTo saTemo aqtivoba, saerTo sacxovrebeli da sazogadoebrivi kveba anacvlebs qonebis kerZo mesakuTreobas im imediT, rom TanamSromloba gaimarjvebs konkurenciaze. sazogadoebis radikaluri reorganizaciis gegmaTa umetesobas safuZv-lad udevs adamianis bunebis specifikuri xedva. am TvalsazrisiT, adamianTa Soris konfliqti warmoiSoba cudad organizebul an korumpirebul sazogadoebaSi, rasac xSirad, ubralod `sistema~ ewodeba. Tu fundamenturad arakoreqtuli institutebis negatiuri gavlena aRmoifxvreba, adamianis qceva pozitiurisken Seicvleba. utopiuri Sexedulebis mTavari rwmena isaa, rom adamianis buneba kargi Tu ara, damjeri mainc aris (da amis gamo potenciurad kargia).

utopia da politikis ugulebelyofa utopiuri rwmena, rom adamianis buneba unda da SeiZleba advilad Seicvalos, seriozul kiTxvebs badebs. Tu garemos marTlac SeuZlia seriozuli gavlena iqonios individze, maSin adamiani ara marto moraluri srulyofilebis, aramed moraluri gaxrwnis kandidati xdeba. aqedan gamomdinare, utopiis dros nebismierma naklma SeiZleba ocneba koSmarad aqcios. TiTqmis yvela utopiaSi (marqsis proletariatis diqtaturis etapis CaTvliT) politikuri Zalaufleba centralizebulia. Sesabamisad, utopiur mTavrobebs gankargulebaSi aqvT Zlieri instrumentebi, romlebiTac akontroleben adamianTa qcevas. TavisTavad es instrumentebi neitraluria; yvelaferi imazea damokidebuli, rogor iyeneben maT _ brZnulad Tu sulelurad, racionalurad Tu mflangvelurad, moralurad Tu amoralurad. xSirad, utopistebi Tvlian, rom es instrumentebi yovelTvis sasikeTod iqneba gamoyenebuli. magram Tanamedrove teqnokratiuli saxelmwifos Zalauflebisa da damyoli adamianuri bunebis gaTvaliswinebiT, es varaudi, rbilad rom vTqvaT, ususuria. utopiuri sqemebis kritikosebs awuxebdaT ara ubralod Zalauflebis erT adgilas Tavmoyra, rasac isini xSir SemTxvevaSi dadebiTad afasebdnen kidec, aramed Zalauflebis ganxorcielebisas Sekavebisa da gawonasworebis sruli ararseboba. utopiis mimdevrebi, rogorc wesi, politikisa da mTavrobisi mci re interess iCenen. isini ver xedaven Zalauflebasa da samarTlianobas Soris konfliqturi urTierTobis daregulirebis aucileblobas. materialuri simdi dris, samoqalaqo suliskveTebiT ganmsWvaluli moqalaqeebisa da adamianis survilebsa da keTildReobas (an socioekonomikur Tanasworobasa da pirovnul aRmatebulebas) Soris mcire an ararsebuli konfliqtis SemTxvevaSi, socialu ri samarTlianobis miRweva gaxdeba ufro teqnikuri, vi-

62


dre politikuri saxis problema. amgvarad, arsebuli mTavrobis muSaobis ZiriTadi meqanizmi _ ZalauflebaTa gamijvna, Sekaveba da gawonasworeba, sasamarTlo zedamxedve loba da a.S. _ utopistaTa umetesobis Tvis interesmoklebuli iyo.

distopia: ocnebidan koSmaramde ukontrolo politikuri Zalauflebis saSiSroebani da koSmarad gadaqceuli utopiis Tema TvalsaCinod aris ganxiluli iseT cnobil naSromebSi, rogorebicaa jorj oruelis àTas cxraas oTxmocdaoTxi~ (1961) da oldos haqslis `mamaci axali samyaro~ (1932). orive wigni distopiis grafikuli aRweraa _ sazogadoeba, romlis Semqmnelebic apirebdnen srulyofili politikuri wyobis aSenebas, aRmoaCens, rom SeuZlebels dahpirdnen. isini xelisuflebaSi darCenas mxolod Zaladobisa da komunikaciis sistemis meSveobiT damyarebuli mkacri monopoliis gziT axerxeben.

oruelis samyaro àTas cxraas oTxmocdaoTxSi~ totalitari mmarTvelebi (romelTac ganasaxierebs bundovani figura, romelsac did Zmas uwodeben) inarCuneben Zalauflebas ara marto adamianTa moqmedebebisa da qcevis formebis, aramed maTi azrovnebis wyarosa da meTodebis manipulirebiT. daarsebulia simarTlis saministro, romelsac aqvs mxolod erTi mizani _ sistematurad moatyuos moqalaqeebi; gamogonilia axali ena (`Newspeak~) _ yvela im sityvis, ideis da gamoTqmis aRmosafxvrelad, romelic mTavrobis mier saSiSad aris miCneuli; garda amisa, SemoRebulia urTierTsawinaaRmdego logika (ormagi azrovneba), romlis mizanicaa moqalaqeTa gonebisaTvis misaRebi gaxados oficialuri propagandis uprincipoba. oficialuri ideologiis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo teroris, mkacri cenzurisa da mudmivi meTvalyureobis mizania revoluciis mtrebs ar mieceT saSualeba, daarRvion marSi sruli komunizmisken _ mSromelTa samoTxisken, sadac yvela iqneba bednieri, daculi, warmatebuli da Tanaswori. Teoriulad, masebi sakuTar beds Tavad ganageben, praqtikulad ki isini monebis axal klasad gadaiqcevian. maT beds gankargavs yvelaze umowyalo tirani (an tiranebi), rogoric ki SeiZleba warmovidginoT, an SesaZloa, verc warmovidginoT (oruelis daxmarebis gareSe).

utopia da terorizmi XV TavSi ganvixilavT terorizmis bunebas da gavlenas Sida da saerTaSoriso politikaze Tanamedrove msoflioSi. teroristuli aqtebi xSirad asocirdeba religiur an ideologiur fanatizmTan, gansakuTrebiT, Tu aseTi

utopia

63

aqtebi xorcieldeba sruli TavganwirviT, rogorc es xdeba TviTmkvleli teroristebis SemTxvevaSi. normalur xalxs ukvirs, ra SeiZleba iyos adamianis motivacia Seasrulos misia, romelic erTdroulad barbarosulicaa da TviTgamanadgurebelic. 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris SemTxveva _ koordinirebuli Seteva msoflio savaWro centrze niu-iorkSi da pentagonze vaSingtonSi, romelSic mravali adamiani monawileobda da iaraRad gatacebuli komerciuli avialainerebi gamoiyenes, Sokis momgvreli da Znelad gasagebia. ra aris saTave aseTi siZulvilisa, ras SeuZlia ara erTi piris, aramed pirTa jgufebis motivireba, raTa dagegmon, xangrZlivad moamzadon da sabolood ganaxorcielon erTobliv TviTmkvlelobaze dafuZnebuli masobrivi mkvleloba? am kiTxvaze martivi pasuxi ar arsebobs. iqneb kargicaa, rom umravles CvenTagans ar SeuZlia gaigos, rogor poulobs vinme `karg~ mizezs, udanaSaulo xalxisaTvis aseTi zianis misayeneblad. magram savsebiT SesaZlebelia _ (da albaT asec aris) _ rom zogierTi tero risti motivirebulia im damaxinjebuli ideiT, rogori SeiZleba iyos samyaro borotebis, rogorc mas isini uwodeben, saTaveebis ganadgurebis Semdeg. 15 meorexarisxovania, ra azriT es `boroteba~: kapitalizmi, materializmi, israeli, amerikis SeerTebuli Sta tebi Tu sxva ram. eqstremistebi warmoidgenen dros, rodesac, magaliTad, islamuri sazogado eba wminda da Seuryvneli iyo, sanam dasavluri ideebi, faseulobebi, musika, fuli da SeiaraRebuli intervencia wabilwavdnen morwmuneebs da Zalian iolad asruleben mizezs _ mters. isini damaxinjebulad xedaven warsuls, awm yosa da momavls. SemaSfoTebelia, rom Tanamedrove is toriaSi swrafva utopiisken, dedamiwis im adgilisken, sadac bednierebas ar aqvs sazRvari, xSirad asocirdeba ZaladobasTan, romelsac aseve ar aqvs sazRvari.

daskvniTi mosazrebani SesaZloa, zogierTi, SedarebiTi mokrZalebuli instituti zogadi mmarTvelobis rigiani muSaobisTvis ufro met yuradRebas imsaxurebs, vidre mas utopistebi uTmoben. rogorc vnaxeT, utopiuri gegmebi savsea faruli safrTxeebiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom utopiuri sqemebi xSirad saukeTeso survilebiTaa motivirebuli da maRali idealebiT ganmtkicebuli, rogorc platonma aRmoaCina, sxva adamianur swrafvaTa umetesobis msgavsad, mainc warumateblobisTvis aris ganwiruli. realur samyaroSi, utopiuri ocnebebis msxvreva mTlianad sazogadoebis ngrevas iwvevs, rac naTlad aCvena meoce saukunis totalitarizmma, romelic metwilad utopistur idealebs emyareboda.

daskvna tomas morma termin utopiaSi srulyofili harmoniisa da bednierebis warmosaxviTi sazogadoeba igulisxma. meTeqvsmete saukuneSi moris utopia

64


iyo Semparavi Seteva henri VIII-is mmarTvelobis droindeli inglisis sazogadoebis mankierebebze. Tumca, `srulyofili~ politikuri wyobis gansazRvris pirveli mniSvnelovani mcdeloba platonis `saxelmwifoSi~ gvxvdeba. saxelmwifoSi platoni filosofiuri gamokvlevebis gziT samarTlian sazogadoebas eZebda. meCvidmete saukuneSi frensis bekonis axalma atlantidam gviCvena, rogor SeiZleba, Tanamedrove mecnierebis meSveobiT, gaizardos adamianis SesaZleblobebi. mogvianebiT, karl marqsma SemogvTavaza Sexeduleba, romlis mixedviTac mxolod sazogadoebis SigniT ekonomikur urTierTobaTa radikaluri reorganizaciis gziT aris SesaZlebeli WeSmariti samarTlianobis miRweva da adamianTa tanjvis dasruleba. marqsis sazogadoebrivi transformaciis Teoriis saboloo mizani uklaso sazogadoebis Seqmnaa. zogadad, utopiuri azrebi idealizmiTa da socialuri usamarTlobis SeuwynareblobiT iyo STagonebuli. Tumca, utopiis savaraudo sasurveloba xSirad ewinaaRmdegeba mis praqtikul SesaZleblobas. utopiuri sazogadoebis principuli dabrkoleba aris adamianis bunebis udavo araprognozirebadoba da egoizmi, romlis kontrolsac utopisti moazrovneni evgenikuri programebis, savaldebulo ganaTlebis sistemiT da kerZo sakuTrebis gauqmebiT cdilobdnen. utopistebi xSirad adanaSauleben politikosebs, rom maT ver gaaumjobeses sazogadoebis yofa. Sedegad, bevr utopiur gegmaSi, sasurvel cvlilebaTa gatarebis dros, politikosebis roli an mniSvnelovnad SezRudulia, an saerTod gauqmebuli. politikis ugulvebelyofa utopiuri sqemebis umetesobas kritikis samizned xdis, vinaidan isini advilad SeiZleba iqcnen totalitarizmis gegmad. aseTi gegmebi asaxulia naSromebSi, romlebSic utopia Ramis koSmarad gadaqceul distopiad iqceva.

sakvanZo sityvebi utopia filosofosi-mefeebi proletariatis diqtatura komunizmis pirveli stadia

komunizmis meore stadia adamianis buneba evgenika distopia

kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis 1. 2. 3.

saidan warmoiSva da ras niSnavs sityva ùtopia~? azrTa rogori sxvadasxvaoba iyo utopist mweralTa Soris utopiis praqtikulobis Taobaze? utopisti mwerlebi xSirad garkveul varauds gamoTqvamen adamianis

utopia

4. 5.

65

bunebisa da sazogadoebis Sesaxeb. ganmarteT. risi swavla SegviZlia utopiuri Sexedulebebidan Tanamedrove msoflios politikasTan mimarTebaSi? meoce saukuneSi totalitarizmma didi gavlena moaxdina calkeul mwerlebze, romelTa moTxrobebSi utopia `Tavdayiraa~ warmodgenili. ganmarteT.

SeniSvnebi 1. 2. 3.

4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.

ix. eo Strauss, What Is Political Philosophy? and Other Studies (New York: Free Press, 1959), 10. Allan Bloom, “Interpretive Essay,” in The Republic of Plato, trans. Allan Bloom (New York: Basic Books, 1968), 308-310. platoniseuli politikuri wesrigis ideals yvelaze zustad asaxavs `city~. berZnuli sityva gulisxmobs mcirericxovan TviTkmar sazogadoebas, romelic uzrunvelyofs yvela adamianur urTierTobas. Tanamedrove gansxvaveba, magaliTad, sazogadoebasa da mTavrobas an eklesiasa da saxelmwifos Soris sakmaod ucxoa am cnebisaTvis. Bloom, The Republic of Plato, 410. iqve. Howard White, Peace among the Willows: The Political Philosophy of Francis Bacon (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1968), 97,102. arl Marx, “Capital: Selections,” in The Marx-Engels Reader, ed. Robert C. Tucker (New York: Norton, 1972), 259. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, “Manifesto of the Communist Party,” in The MarxEngels Reader, ed. Robert C. Tucker (New York: Norton, 1972), 352. Friedrich Engels, “Socialism: Utopian and Scientific,” in The Marx-Engels Reader, ed. Robert C. Tucker (New York: Norton, 1972), 635. Karl Marx, “Outlines of a Future Society, from ‘The Ideology,’” in Capital, Communist Manifesto, and Other Writings, ed. Max Eastman (New York: Modern Library, 1932), 1. iqve. Joseph Cropsey, “Karl Marx,” in History of Political Philosophy, ed. Leo Strauss and Joseph Cropsey (Skokie, 111.: Rand McNally, 1969), 717. Jerome Gilison, The Soviet Image of Utopia (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1975), 110. Roy Macrides, Contemporary Political Ideologies (Cambridge, Mass.: Winthrop, 1980), 180. B. F. Skinner, Walden Two (New York: Macmillan, 1962), 159. iqve, 161. iqve, 104-105. iqve, 262. iqve, 193.

66


20. iqve, 272. 21. iqve, 295. 22. magaliTisaTvis ix. Daniel Pipes-is naSromebi, gansakuTrebiT The Hidden Hand: Middle East Theories of Conspiracy (New York: Free Press, 1997) and Conspiracy: How the Paranoid Style Flourishes and Where It Comes From (New York: Free Press, 1998); ix. aseve, Fouad Ajami, The Dream Palace of the Arabs: A Generation’s Odyssey (New York: Pantheon, 1998).

T aavv i I II II

konstituciuri demokratia warmomadgenlobis revolucia demokratiuli konstituciebi demokratia, rogorc mgrZnobiare xelisufleba umravlesobis mmarTveloba umravlesobis tirania demokratia, rogorc SezRuduli xelisufleba umciresobisuflebebi kanonis uzenaesoba konstitucionalizmi, rogorc marTebuli procedura federalizmi demokratia, rogorc efeqtiani xelisufleba stabilurobis aucilebloba qmediTobis aucilebloba xelisuflebis xelaxla gamogoneba: ganmanaTlebloba da amerikis idea Tavisuflebis arqiteqtura Sekaveba da gawonasworeba saprezidento sistema Zalauflebis danawileba SezRudvebi umravlesobis mmarTvelobaze rodisaa Zalaufleba gadametebuli?

67

68


konstituciuri demokratiis principiT moqmedebs mTavroba, romelic pirdapiraa arCeuli anu romelic, amerikis damfuZnebel mamaTa TqmiT, `warmomadgenlobiT struqturas~ moicavs. respublikaSi (efuZneba arapirdapiri demokratiuli mmarTvelobis princips) politikur procesSi xalxi monawileobs rogorc pirdapir, ise arCeuli warmomadgenlebis meSveobiT. iseTi mravalferovani qveynebi, rogoricaa safrangeTi, poloneTi, indoeTi, samxreTi afrika, brazilia da meqsika, iTvleba konstituciuri demokratiis magaliTebad. iseTi oficialuri saxelebi, rogorebicaa germaniis federaciuli demokratiuli respublika an samxreT koreis respublika, asaxavs imas, rom Tanamedrove demokratiis arsi warmomadgenlobaa. Sesabamisad, respublikis politikuri cxovrebisTvis araferia sasicocxlod imaze ufro mniSvnelovani, rogorc regularuli arCevnebi, rac sayovelTao saarCevno uflebisa da xmis farulad micemis principebs efuZneba. advilia imis daviwyeba, rom am uflebebisTvis dedamiwis mraval adgilze uamravi adamiani ibrZoda da iRupeboda msoflio istoriis bolo ori saukunis ganmavlobaSi. dReisaTvis gacilebiT meti adamiani gacilebiT met adgilas sargeblobs xmis micemis uflebiT, vidre odesme. retrospeqtiulad rom SevxedoT, amerikisa da safrangeTis revoluciebis Semdgomi orsaukunovani istoria ZiriTadad swored adamianis Rirsebisa da saxalxo TviTmmarTvelobisTvis brZolis gamoxatvaa (es ori termini, bevri adamianis gonebaSi arsebiTad erTsa da imaves niSnavs). iqac, sadac xalxi politikuri Zalauflebis ZiriTadi wyaroa, yvelafris gakeTeba masac ar SeuZlia. nebismieri arsebuli demokratia SezRudvebs uwesebs umravlesobis mmarTvelobas. es SezRudvebi xSirad umciresobis uflebebSi gamoixateba _ es is uflebebia, romlebic garantirebulia Tundac im moqalaqeTaTvis, romlebic saerTod ver ewyobian umravlesobas. gamomdinare aqedan, gamomuSavebulia im procedurebis ganmsazRvreli regulaciis standartuli wesebi, romlis farglebSic mTavroba moqmedebs.

demokratiuli konstituciebi saxelmwifos konstitucia qmnis xelisuflebis mowyobisa da moqmedebis sqemas, Sesabamisad gansazRvravs, rogorc mis uflebamosilebaTa, ise am uflebamosilebebis ganxorcielebis CarCoebs (SezRudvebs). Tanamedrove demokratiul saxelmwifoTa umetesobas dawerili konstitucia aqvs, magram isini arsebiTad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan, ZiriTadad istoriisa da moculobis mixedviT. zogi maTgani, magaliTad, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisa da safrangeTisa, lakonurobis magaliTebia, sxvebisa, vTqvaT, indoeTisa da keniisa _ grZeli da detalurad gawerili. indoeTis konstitucia federaluri kontrolis sakiTxebs oTxmocdaCvidmet muxls uZRvnis, samocdaeqvss _ Statebis iurisdiqcias da ormocdaSvids _ federalur da Statebis xelisuflebaTa saerTo kontrolis (anu paraleluri Zalauflebis) sakiTxebs. keniis konstitucia imdenad detaluria centralur da regionul xelisuflebaTa kompetenciebis ganawilebis TvalsazrisiT, rom

konstituciuri demokratia

69

exeba iseT sakiTxebsac ki, rogoricaa cxovelTa daavadebebis kontroli, dalaqTa saqmianobis regulacia da macxovrebelTa mier sacxovrebeli farTobis araorganizebulad dakavebis sakiTxebi. didi britaneTi da israeli aris ori demokratia, romlebsac formaluri (dawerili) konstitucia arc aqvT. britanuli konstitucia gawerilia britaneli xalxis gulebsa da gonebaSi. igi sazogadoebaSi Rrmad gamjdari da sayovelTaod gaziarebuli sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebaa, romelic emyareba tradicias da Cveulebas, aseve istoriul dokumentebSi, samefo gankargulebebSi, parlamentis aqtebsa da sasamarTlo precedentebSi asaxul konstituciur principebs, romlebic saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi gansazRvraven britaneTis politikur cxovrebas. amasTan, gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom demokratiuli konstitucia iqmneba garkveuli ZiriTadi Rirebulebebis safuZvelze. es Rirebulebebia: Tavisuf leba, garkveuli saxis Tanasworoba, da sayovelTao, miukerZoebeli samarTlianoba kanonis farglebSi. bolo wlebSi dasavluri demokratiisaTvis saerTaSoriso terorizmis safrTxe ufro mzardi gaxda, vidre SesaZlo sagareo samxedro agresia an saraketo muqara. es safrTxe demokratias seriozuli di lemis winaSe ayenebs: rogor SenarCundes SezRuduli mmarT velobis Se sabami si samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebi, Tuki aRmasrulebel xelisuflebasa da samarTaldamcav institutebs efeqtiani mmarTvelobisTvis eZleva meti uflebamosilebebi, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, aucilebelia im pirobebSi, rodesac boroteba sazogadoebaSi aRwevs, Cumad vrceldeba da gaufrTxile b lad esxmis mas Tavs. konstituciuri demokratia unda akmayofilebdes sam konkurentul, xSirad konfliqtur moTxovnas. pirveli isaa, rom raki demokratiulia, igi mgrZnobiare unda iyos xalxis mimarT. meore _ raki igi imarTeba gansazRvruli wesebisa da procedurebis Sesabamisad, SezRudulia dasaxuli miznebis ganxorcielebasa da im gzebis gamoyenebaSi, romlebiTac am miznebis ganxorcielebas eswrafvian. bolos, rogorc yvela mTavroba, konstituciuri demokratiac ar SeiZleba xangrZlivi iyos an didxans SemorCes sazogadoebas, Tu efeqtianad ver uzrunvelyofs kanonsa da wesrigs, kompleqsuri araa ekonomikis marTvasa da gare safrTxeTagan moqalaqeebis dacvaSi (aq igulisxmeba ara marto ucxo qveynis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis Semoseva Tu SemoWra, aramed organizebuli danaSauli, bunebrivi katastrofebi da terorizmi). gamomdinare konstituciuri demokratiis arsobrivi koncefciidan, xelisufleba idealuria im SemTxvevaSi, Tu erTdroulad mgrZnobiarec aris, SezRudulic da efeqtianic. am ZiriTad moTxovnebs Soris saTanado balansis SenarCuneba erT-erTi gzaa nebismieri demokratiis warmatebis xarisxis gansazRvrisaTvis. am balansis SenarCuneba krizisis pirobebSi demokratiis erT-erTi yvelaze didi da mudmivad ganmeorebadi gamowvevaa.

demokratia, rogorc mgrZnobiare xelisufleba konstituciuri demokratia saxalxo kontrols umravlesobis mmarT-

70


velobis principis Sesabamisad iyenebs. Tavisufali arCevnebis (da xandaxan pirdapiri monawileobis) saSualebiT moqalaqeebi mniSvnelovan rols asruleben mmarTvelobaSi, kerZod, irCeven maRali donis gadawyvetilebis mimReb pirebs da Sesabamisad, maTi meSveobiT iReben kanonebs, ayalibeben politikas da marTaven programebs, romlebzec damokidebulia kargad organizebuli samoqalaqo sazogadoeba. es principi imdenad TvalnaTelia SeerTebul StatebSi, kanadasa da sxva dasavlur demokratiul qveynebSi, rom misi qmediToba eWvgareSea.

umravlesobis mmarTveloba Tavad demokratiis qmediToba SeiZleba saeWvoc ki iyos. rogorc ocdaxuTi saukunis winaT sokratem SeniSna, sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis gadasaWrelad, bunebrivia, xalxi eqspertebs eZebs. magaliTad, Tu avad varT, mivmarTavT eqims _ samedicino eqsperts. Tuki kargi mmarTveloba gvsurs, ratom unda mivmarToT adamianebs, romelTa umetesoba politikurad apaTiuri an uvicia? Tanamedrove avtorma aRniSna, rom `Tuki ewvieT eqims da sTxoveT rCeva, rogor imkurnaloT, albaT aRSfoTdebiT Tu igi gipasuxebT, rom amis Taobaze SemTxveviT gamvlelebs daekiTxeba da umravlesobis nebis mixedviT imoqmeds.~1 miuxedavad amisa, es swored is gzaa, riTac demokratiebi moqmedeben. SesaZloa, umravlesobis mmarTvelobis yvelaze pirdapiri dacva aleqsis de tokvilma mogvca Tavis naSromSi `demokratia amerikaSi~ (1835 w.): ùmravlesobis moraluri Zalaufleba nawilobriv efuZneba ganmartebas, romlis mixedviTac meti gansjis unari da sibrZne upiratesad mocemulia didi raodenobis adamianebis erTad Sekrebil jgufSi, vidre calke aRebul individSi~. tokvils swamda, rom adamianuri gonebis daaxloebiTi Tanasworoba demokratiis ZiriTadi winapirobaa. damatebiT igi Tvlida, rom ùmravlesobis moraluri Zalauf leba aseve emyareba princips, rom bevris interesi aRemateba cotasas~. tokvilTan demokratiis amgvari ganmarteba sa bolood aseve emyareba adamianTa Tanasworobis rwmenas.2 maSin, rodesac sokratem xazi gausva adamianTa Soris gansxvavebas sibrZnis, gonis, siqvelis mixedviT, tokvilma yuradReba gaamaxvila adamianTa Soris moralur Tanasworobaze, rogorc umravlesobis Zalauflebis miseuli Tezisis dacvis safuZvelze. ufro metic, radgan umravlesoba mudmivad icvleba da dRevandeli umciresobebi xvalindel umravlesobad SeiZleba mogvevlinon, umravlesobis principi yvelas exeba da erTi konkretuli jgufis gansazRvraze araa mibmuli. tokvilis mixedviT, SeerTebul StatebSi `yvela partias surs scnos umravlesobis uflebebi, radgan isini imedovneben, rom es uflebebi maT upiratesobad iqceva momavalSi~.3 Sesabamisad, umravlesobis mmarTvelobis politikuri principi mxardaWeras poulobs rogorc Tanasworobis ideaSi, ise TviTinteresSi. miuxedavad amisa, umravlesobis mmarTvelobis miRweva arc ise iolia da yovelTvis arcaa didad dafasebuli, rogorc erTi SexedviT SeiZleba gvegonos. SeerTebul


71

StatebSi, sadac orpartiuli sistema myaradaa damkvidrebuli, arCevnebi, Cveulebriv, gamokveTs umravlesobas rogorc Statebis, ise erovnuli donis sakanonmdeblo organoebSi. arCevnebi aseve ganapirobebs umravlesobis gamovlinebas saprezidento arCevnebis umetes SemTxvevaSi. magram rogorc 2000 wlis saprezidento arCevnebma cxadyo, kandidati, romelic moipovebs xalxis xmebis umravlesobas, SeiZleba avtomaturad ar gaxdes prezidenti. (`yvelaferi gamarjvebuls~ sistema (winner-takes-all), sadac xmebis umravlesobis mimRebi kandidati Statis mTeli eleqtoratis xmebs iRebs VI da X TavebSia ganxiluli). saparlamento sistemebSi umravlesobis mmarTvelobis problema sakmaod gansxvavebulad dgas. saparlamento sistemebis umetesobas aqvs qveynis sakanonmdeblo organoSi mravalpartiuli warmomadgenlobis sistema (ratom aris es ase, qvemoT iqneba ganxiluli). Cveulebriv, mravalpartiuli sistemebi ar qmnis umravlesobas romelime erTi partiisTvis sakanonmdeblo organoSi. ori an meti partia iZulebulia koaliciaSi gaerTiandes, raTa Camoayalibos mTavroba da moipovos saparlamento xmebis umravlesoba Tavisi programebisa da politikis gansaxorcieleblad. Sesabamisad, umravlesobis mmarTvelobis nebismieri SesaZlebloba kiTxvis niSnis qveS dgeba. rodesac xmis mimcemni iyofian ara or, aramed, vTqvaT, xuT an eqvs jgufad, SeuZlebelia gamoTvalo, sad, an ra poziciazea umravlesoba. aseve, SeuZlebelia romelime erTma partiam koaliciur mTavrobaSi Tanmimdevrulad daicvas Tavisi platforma da koaliciuri partniorebis survilebisa da poziciebis ignorireba moaxdinos. amas Sedegad mohyveba viwro partiuli poziciebis waSla da, Sesabamisad, mTavrobis muSaoba daeyrdnoba ufro mcire saerTo niSnuls da ara umravlesobis mmarTvelobas. Sesabamisad, xmis mimcemni xSirad imedgacrulebulni rCebian da maT aRqmaSi araefeqtiani mTavroba cinizmis obieqti xdeba. did britaneTSicc ki, msoflios wamyvan orpartiul saparlamento sistemaSi, umravlesobis mmarTveloba problemuria. britanuli arCevnebi TiTqmis yovelTvis warmoSobs gamokveTil umravlesobas parlamentSi (ix. VI Tavi), magram gamarjvebuli partia iSviaTad Tu agrovebs saerTo xmebis odenobis 45%-ze mets (xSirad amaze gacilebiT naklebsac ki). sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, britanuli demokratia ufro zustad daxasiaTdeba, mas xmosanTa SedarebiTi umravlesobis sistemas (Plurality vote system) Tu davarqmevT. igive, Tumca gacilebiT naklebi xarisxiT, exeba SeerTebuli Statebis demokratiasac, radgan kongresis wevrebs erTmandatian saarCevno olqebSi irCeven da vinc yvelaze met xmas iRebs, is imarjvebs (ara aqvs mniSvneloba, amomrCevlebis saerTo raodenobasTan Tanafardobas, mTavaria, mocemulma kandidatma miiRos meti xma konkurentTan SedarebiT). xmis micemis or tips _ umravlesobasa (majority) da SedarebiT umravlesobas (plurality) _ Soris gansxvaveba Teoriul problemas qmnis. Tuki kandidati an mTavroba arCeulia SedarebiTi umravlesobis da ara xmebis saerTo odenobis umravlesobis safuZvelze, maSin gamodis, rom amomrCevelTa ufro did nawils am kandidatisTvis Tu mTavrobisTvis xma ar miucia. es saSiSia, radgan SesaZloa am analizis logikam iolad miiRos mcdari mimarTuleba. saqme isaa,

72


rom Tuki msgavs SemTxvevebSi vambobT, rom umravlesoba ar marTavs, imas ki ar vgulisxmobT , rom umciresobam Zalauflebis uzurpacia moaxdina, aramed imas, rom umravlesoba, rogorc aseTi, ar arsebobs. Sesabamisad, laparaki umravlesobis miTis Sesaxeb, ar gulisxmobs umravlesobis mmarTvelobis principis gacamtverebas, am SemTxvevaSi saqme exeba ufro im sirTulis aRiarebas, rac Tan axlavs am principis praqtikaSi danergvas. umravlesobis mmarTveloba saTqmelad ufro iolia, vidre gasaxorcielebeli. is faqti, rom umravlesoba xSirad efemerulia, problemas qmnis demokratiis TeoriisTvis, xolo umravlesobis tiranuloba _ demokratiis praqtikisaTvis. qvemoT yuradRebas davuTmobT swored am problemebs da imas, rogor cdiloben demokratiebi maT gadaWras.

umravlesobis tirania pasuxismgeblobis grZnobis mqone xelisuflebis yolis survili aSkaraa, magram msgavsi xelisuflebis arseboba araa imis garantia, rom seriozuli sa xis usamarTloba ar iCens Tavs. am mosazrebis ilust rirebisTvis, warmovidginoT veluri dasavleTis situacia, rodesac udanaSaulo mawanwala veragulad dadanaSaulebulia qalaqis erT-erTi yvelaze gamoCenili moqalaqis civsisxlian mkvlelobaSi, Camwyvdeulia sapatimroSi da elo deba mosamarTlisa da nafici msajulebis ganaCens. qalaqSi TiTqmis yvela an aRSfoTebulia, an mTvralia (an orive erTad) da ganrisxebuli brbo mkacrad iTxovs samarTlis swraf aRsrulebas. am masis winaaRmdeg dgas ori pirovneba, mamaci Serifi da misive jiuti moxuci TanaSemwe. mTeli am ambis gardauvali finali xdeba quCaSi, Serifis ofisis win. `mkvlelis~ linCis wesiT gasamarTlebis moTxovniT mosul brbos win uZRvian qala qis meri da qalaqis sabWos wevrebi (maT Soris pirovneba, romelmac realurad Caidina danaSauli). sabolood, mxo lod Serifis gmirul saqciels SeuZlia ixsnas udanaSaulo adamiani saknidan gamoTrevisa da uaxloes xeze dakidebisagan. es banaluri ambavi realurad warmoaCens politikuri mecnierebis erTerT gakveTils, imis cocxal magaliTs, rogoria mgrZnobiare mTavroba moqmedebaSi. qalaqis mosaxleobis umravlesobam TvalnaTliv daanaxa Tavisi survilebi Serifs, romelic Zalauflebisa da kanonis uzenaesobis simboloa. yvelaze ioli gamosavali SerifisTvis iqneboda is, rom dahyoloda umravlesobis nebas da udanaSaulo adamiani ganrisxebuli brbosTvis miegdo. amis garda, SesaZlebeli iyo rame iseTi moqmedeba, romelic ufro metad iqneboda SesabamisobaSi umravlesobis marTvis principTan da naklebad _ elementaruli samarTlianobis moTxovnasTan. demokratiuli mmarTveloba, rodesac igi umravlesobis SeuzRudav Zalauflebas gulisxmobs, SeiZleba brbos mmarTvelobis sinonimuric ki gaxdes. is, rac Cveulebriv tiraniisgan dacvad, anu umravlesobis mmarTvelobad, aRiqmeba, ragind ironiuladac unda JRerdes, SeiZleba iqces imad, rasac tokvili umravlesobis tiranias uwodebda.4 imis SiSiT, rom erT dominantur klasze, religiasa an politikur mrwamsze dafuZnebuli umravlesoba fexqveS gaTelavda umciresobis


73

uflebebs, politikuri moazrovneebi saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi xSirad uars ambobdnen demokratiaze. brbos mmarTvelobis safrTxis mowmeebi amerikelebi 2001 wlis bolos gaxdnen, im krizisis dros, rodesac teroristulma aqtebma aTasobiT niuiorkelis sicocxle Seiwira da aTasobiT maTganis janmrTeloba daaziana. rodesac damnaSaveebi muslimi eqstremistebi aRmoCndnen, danaSaulis masStabiT damfrTxali bevri amerikeli SeerTebul StatebSi mcxovrebi arabuli da muslimuri umciresobebis winaaRmdeg ganewyo. vnebaTaRelva axlo aRmosavleTidan Casuli migrantebis mimarT mxolod mas Semdeg dacxra, rac prezidentma jorj buSma STambeWdavi gancxadeba gaakeTa, romliTac amerikelebs tolerantobisa da gonierebisken mouwoda. dasavleT evropaSi umravlesobis mier umciresobaTa uflebebze zewolam seriozuli xasiaTi miiRo bolo wlebSi, mas Semdeg, rac imigraciis sakiTxebze daiwyo msjeloba. magaliTad, safrangeTSi partia erovnuli fronti momentalurad moeqca sazogadoebrivi yuradRebis centrSi da adgilobrivi da saxelmwifo donis arCevnebSi uamravi momxre SeiZina. am partiis swrafma aRmasvlam bevri damkvirvebeli sagonebelSi Caagdo, radgan sazogadoebrivi azris gamokvlevebma cxadyo, rom bevri maTgani, vinc am partias mxars ar uWerda, aseve iziarebda da TanaugrZnobda mis miznebs. erovnuli frontis kandidatis Jan-mari le penis mier 2002 wlis saprezidento arCevnebSi meore adgilis dakavebam gaaoca safrangeTi da evropa. marTali, arCevnebis bolo etapze le penma waago xelisuflebaSi myofi Jak Sirakis momxreTa xmebis aSkara upiratesobis gamo, magram is, rom man seriozulad daamarcxa socialistebis kandidati, premier-ministri lionel Jospeni, realurad gamofxizlebisken mowodeba iyo imaTTvis, vinc jerovnad ver afasebda antiimigraciuli moZraobis Zalas evropaSi. msoflioSi bevri demokratiuli qveyanaa, sadac umravlesoba SeiZleba ganxilul iqnas, rogorc umciresobis mCagvreli. magaliTad, germaniaSi cxovrobs mravalricxovani Turquli umciresoba, romelsac dResac ki ar gaaCnia umravlesobis Tanaswori uflebebi. CexeTis respublikaSi (da, saerTod, aRmosavleT evropaSi) umravlesoba sistematurad eweva boSaTa umciresobis diskriminacias. israelSi arabuli umciresoba (igulisxmebian palestineli arabebi, romlebic israelis moqalaqeebi arian da ara dasavleT sanapiros an Razas seqtoris macxovreblebi) ar sargeblobs sruli politikuri da socialuri TanasworobiT ebraul umravlesobasTan. TurqeTSi qurTuli umciresobis uflebebi xSirad ewireba Turquli umravlesobis SiSsa da stereotipebs. yovelive zemoaRniSnuli msoflioSi arsebuli umravlesobis tiraniis magaliTebis mxolod nawilobriv CamoTvlaa. SemaSfoTeblad iolia demokratiul sazogadoebaSi umciresobaTa uflebebis rutinuli da sistematuri xelyofis magaliTebis povna. am faqtze yuradRebis gamaxvileba, SeiZleba, arasworad gavigoT an demokratiaze Tavdasxmis interpretaciad miviCnioT, magram simarTle sruliad sapirispiro ganzraxvaSi devs. TviTkritikisaTvis mzadyofna da amisgan gamomdinare SesaZlo sikeTeebi, romlebic axasiaTebs demokratias, misi, rogorc politikuri sistemis upiratesobis argumentebia.

74


dausviT sakuTar Tavs Semdegi kiTxvebi: rodesac aravin saubrobs demokratiaSi umravlesobis tiraniaze, raze miuTiTebs es? niSnavs Tu ara es, rom araviTari tirania ar arsebobs ? niSnavs Tu ara es, rom umravlesoba ar arsebobs an rom mdumare umravlesobam neba darTo Tavis politikur warmomadgenlebs, gaTelon umciresobaTa uflebebi? axla mivubrundebiT sakiTxebs imis Sesaxeb, rogor cdilobs demokratia daicvas Tavisi moqalaqeebis uflebebi, rogorc xelisuflebisagan, ise Tanamoqalaqeebisagan.

demokratia rogogrc SezRuduli xelisufleba SezRuduli xelisufleba niSnavs imas, rom umravlesobis mmarTveloba garkveul CarCoebSia moqceuli. SezRuduli mmarTvelobis aucilebloba cxadi gaxda veluri dasavleTis linCis momxre brbos Cveneuli magaliTidanac. adamianis CamoxrCoba, romlis danaSauli damtkicebuli araa da romelic arc gasamarTlebulia, danaSaulia, da umravlesobasac ar aqvs ufleba mkvleloba Caidinos. aSkaraa, rom moralurad Seucdomeli umravlesobis cneba absurdia. yoveli umravlesoba Sedgeba individebis erTobisgan, romelTagan bevri SeiZleba cdebodes, arasworad msjelobdes an arasworad informirebuli iyos romelime konkretul sakiTxze. amitom imisTvis, rom Tavidan iqnes acilebuli samarTlebrivi gadacdoma (magaliTad, rogoricaa linCis wesiT gasamarTleba), saWiroa xalxis mmarTvelobaze SezRudvis daweseba. es SesaZlebelia sxvadasxva saxiT gamoixatos. SeerTebul StatebSi xelisufleba SezRudulia im aspeqtSi, rogor miiRos kanonebi an dasajos am kanonebis damrRvevi adamianebi. konstituciis mixedviT (muxli 1, nawili 9 da10) mTavrobas ar SeuZlia miiRos ex post facto kanoni, romelic retrospeqtiulad, ukana TariRiT sjis qmedebebs, an bill of attainder _ parlamentis aqti, romelic SesaZlebels gaxdida damnaSavis dasjas sasamarTlos gareSe.

miuxedavad imisa, rom `Tavisuflebis didi qartia~ (Magna Carta) 800 wlisaa, man drois gamocdas gauZlo da pirveli da umniSvnelovanesi dokumentia, romelic im ideis damkvidrebas uwyobs xels, rom xelisufleba kanonis uzenaesobasa da moqalaqeTa uflebebis pativiscemas unda uzrunvelyofdes.

konstitucia zRudavs saxelmwifo Zalauflebas aseve sxva mniSvnelovan aspeqtSi. uflebaTa bili (Sedgeba konstituciis pirveli aTi Casworebisgan) ukrZalavs mTavrobas uari uTxras moqalaqeebs sityvis, presis, Sekrebis, piradi cxovrebis Tavisuflebaze da samarTliani sasamarTlos garantias


75

aZlevs kanonis darRvevaSi eWvmitanil moqalaqeebs.

umciresobis uflebebi xelisuflebaze dawesebuli konstituciuri SezRudvebi mkacrad gansazRvravs umravlesobis mmarTvelobis principis CarCoebs amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi. ara aqvs mniSvneloba, ramden adamians surs waarTvas konkretul individs Tavisufali sityvis ufleba, da arc imas, ramdenad mizanmimarTulni arian isini Tavis ganzraxvaSi, arc erTi xma CaxSobili ar iqneba. imisaTvis, rom SezRuduli mmarTveloba iyos imaze meti, vidre, ubralod, carieli koncefcia, sul mcire, mTavrobam unda SeZlos umciresobis dacva mzardi umravlesobis muqarisagan. miuxedavad amisa, zRvari umravlesobis mmarTvelobasa da umciresobis uflebebs Soris realurad xSirad dauzustebeli da sakamaToa. Sesabamisad, konstituciuri uflebebi araa TviTgansazRvradi. moqalaqeebs eniWebaT TviTgamoxatvis ufleba, magram igi araa absoluturi. magaliTad, sityvis Tavisufleba ar iZleva uflebas vinmes telefonis saSualebiT Seuracxyofa miayenoT an fostiT sicocxlis xelyofis muqara gaugzavnoT. amitom yovelTvis rTulia mkafio sazRvris gavleba erTi pirovnebis àzris gamoxatvasa~ da sxvebis uflebebisa da usafrTxoebis riskqveS dayenebas Soris. SedarebisTvis, SeerTebuli Statebi gacilebiT Sorsaa wasuli samoqalaqo uflebebisa da pirovnuli Tavisuflebebis dacvis TvalsazrisiT, vidre sxva demokratiuli qveynebis umravlesoba. magaliTad, bevri evropeli gaocebulia SeerTebuli Statebis mier kvotebis gamoyenebiT `kompensaciuri diskriminaciis~ (Affirmative Action) farTo programis farglebSi, riTac Tavis moqalaqeebs Tanabar saSualebas aZlevs ganaTlebisa da samuSao adgilebis xelmisawvdomobis kuTxiT. msgavsad amisa, feministuri moZraoba imdenad gamokveTili ar aris msoflios bevr sxva qveyanaSi, maT Soris iqac ki, sadac demokratiuli tradiciebi, Ria sazogadoeba da sekularuli kultura ukve damkvidrebulia, rogorc StatebSi. danaSaulSi eWvmitanilTa uflebebis dacvis praqtikis kuTxiTac Statebi ufro winaa, vidre sxva demokratiuli qveynebi. maT umetesobaSi, sadac nafici msajulebis instituti ar arsebobs, sasamarTlo darbazi iSviaTad gamoiyeneba imisTvis, rom samarTalSi micemuli piris sawinaaRmdego Cvenebebi gabaTildes. amis garda, demokratiul saxelmwifoTa umetesoba gacilebiT nakleb Tavisuflebas aZlevs moqalaqeebs samoqalaqo sarCelis aRZvraze, vidre SeerTebuli Statebi, romelic samoqalaqo davebis sasamarTlo wesiT gadaWris sixSiris TvalsazrisiT msoflioSi wamyvania.

kanonis uzenaesoba idea miukerZoebeli da sayovelTaod savaldebulo kanonebiT saxelmwi-

76


fos marTvis Sesaxeb siaxle ar aris. aristotele amtkicebda, rom kanonis uzenaesoba TiTqmis yovelTvis upiratesia konkretuli pirebis SeuzRudav Zalauflebaze. am arguments igi samarTlianobis koncefciaze afuZnebda da amtkicebda, rom radgan adamianebi damokidebulni arian fizikuri, materialuri da fsiqologiuri impulsebis dakmayofilebis vnebebze, kanoni aris `goni, romelic Tavisufalia yvela vnebisagan~.5 amitom kanonis mmarTveloba upiratesia, vidre erTeuli individisa, Tumca kanonebi interpretirebuli da gatarebuli unda iqnes individebis mier (kanonmdeblebi da samarTlis aRmsruleblebi). ori aTasi wlis wlis Semdeg, ingliselma filosofosma jon lokma (16321704 ww.) kanonis uzenaesobis principi individualuri Tavisuflebis principTan axlo kavSiris safuZvelze daicva. loks swamda, rom Tavisufleba ver iarsebebda dawerili kanonis gareSe da rom kargi xelisufleba garkveuli winaswargansazRvruli wesebiT unda xelmZRvanelobdes (magaliTad, gadasaxadebi ar unda wesdebodes xalxis Tanxmobis gareSe). lokisTvis es wesebi umaRlesi Tanrigis `kanonebia~, radganac isini moicaven yovelive imas, razec samoqalaqo sazogadoebaa damyarebuli. isini `kanonTa kanonebia,~ romlebic aucileblad da samarTlianad aweseben SezRudvebs kanonmdeblebze amasTan, mniSvne loba ara aqvs imas, ramdenad di dia umravlesoba, romelic am kanonmdeblebs eqvemdebareba. `maRali rangis kano nis~ lokiseuli koncefciidan warmoiSva konstitucionalizmis idea. rogorc lokma SeniSna (da rogorc vaSingtonSi, kolumbiis olqSi, iusticiis departamentis Senobis Sesasvlelze amotvifruli warwera metyvelebs) `sadac mTavrdeba kanoni, iq iwyeba tirania~.6 loki im saamayo inglisuri tradiciis gamgrZelebelia, romelic 1215 wlidan moyolebuli mmarTvelobaze SezRudvis dawesebas eZiebda. 1215 wels amboxebulma baronebma inglisis mefe joni aiZules, xeli moewera cnobili magna kartasTvis (`TavisuflebaTa didi qartia~). Tavdapirvelad es dokumenti SeRavaTebs mxolod feodaluri aristokratiisTvis awesebda, magram misi muxlebis farTo interpretaciis saSualeba mogvianebiT moqnilad iqna morgebuli da gafarToebuli inglisuri sazogadoebis sxva socialur fenebze da TandaTanobiT xalxis mzardi raodenoba moicva. sabolood, magna karta britanul TavisuflebaTa safuZveli gaxda. es dokumenti, romelic 63 muxls moicavda, monarqiis absoluturi Zalauflebis SezRudvisaTvis dawesebuli Sekavebis da gawonasworebis sistemis sawyisi monaxazi iyo. magaliTad, igi acxadebda, rom mefis vasalebi ikribebian sabWod, raTa rCeva da Tanxmoba miscen samefos mniSvnelovani saqmeebis Taobaze da rom gansakuTrebuli gadasaxadebis daweseba unda moxdes mxolod maTi dasturis SemTxvevaSi. SesaZloa yvelaze mniSvnelovani iyo 39-e muxli, romelic gamoxatavda valdebulebis pirobas kanonis aRsrulebis procesSi _ is, vinc braldebuli iqneboda danaSaulis CadenaSi, daeqvemdebareboda miukerZoebel sasamarTlos da daculi iqneboda TviTneburi patimrobisa da sasjelisagan. am TvalsazrisiT, dokumenti amtkicebda, rom àravin iqneba dapatimrebuli, datyvevebuli an kanongareSed gamocxadebuli, an gaZevebuli, an mokluli... misi Tanasworebis mier ganxorcielebuli kanon-


77

ieri sasamarTlosa da samefos kanonebis gareSe~. meCvidmete saukunis ganmavlobaSi, lokis dros, didi nabijebi gadaidga kanonis safuZvelze xelisuflebis SezRudvis TvalsazrisiT. magaliTad, uflebaTa peticiam (Petition of Rights, 1628) wamoayena savaldebulo samarTlebrivi procedurebis idea, riTac SeizRuda monarqis sagadasaxdo Zalaufleba. amasTan, saSineli varskvlaveTa palatis gauqmebam (1641) daasrula periodi, rodesac sasamarTlos hqonda Zalaufleba, wamebis gziT mieRo aRiarebiTi Cveneba da samefos qveSevrdomebze sasjeli taxtis moTxovniT daewesebina. sabolood, (habeas korpusis 1679)) safuZvelze SeizRuda xelisuflebis ufleba, sakuTari mosazrebebis safuZvelze daepatimrebina adamiani. man aseve mZime sasjeli daawesa im mosamarTleebisaTvis, romlebic ver axerxebdnen droulad gamoeqveynebinaT Habeas Corpus Act-is instruqciebi da, Sesabamisad, eCvenebinaT, rom braldebuli kanonieradaa dakavebuli da mis mimarT gamoiyeneba Cadenili danaSaulis Sesabamisi kanonebi. meCvidmete saukuneSive Seiqmna samarTlebrivi precedenti, romelmac mogvianebiT uzarmazari gavlena moaxdina SeerTebul Statebzec. gamoCenili ingliseli iuristi ser edvard kouki `doqtor bonemis saqmeze~ (1610) gamoTqmul mosazrebaSi amtkicebda, rom inglisuri zogadi samarTali (common law), maT Soris magna karta, unda iyos is standarti, romlis Sesabamisic iqneba rogorc saparlamento aqtebi, ise monarqis brZanebebi. koukis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT: Cveni wignebidan Cans, rom bevr SemTxvevaSi zogadi samarTali akontrolebs parlamentis aqtebs da xandaxan maT arafrismTqmelad miiCnevs; rodesac saparlamento aqti saerTo uflebebis an gonierebis sawinaaRmdegoa, Seusabamoa maTTan an SeuZlebelia misi aRsruleba, zogadi samarTali akontrolebs da gansjis mas.7

`maRali rangis kanonis~ Teoriam fexi ver moikida inglisSi, sadac parlamentis upiratesoba wesad iqca, magram sabolood SeerTebul StatebSi damkvidrda. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis konstitucia da uflebaTa bili (didwilad inglisuri zogadi samarTlidan gamomdinareobs) iqca im standartebad, romelTa mimarTebaSic fasdeba xalxis mier miRebuli kanonebi.

konstitucionalizmi, rogorc marTebuli procedura konstitucionalizmi marTebuli proceduris anu kanonis uzenaesobis sinonimuria. magaliTad, SeerTebuli Statebis uzenaesi sasamarTlos ganmartebiT, konstitucia kongresis Tanxmobis gareSe qveynis prezidents ukrZalavs samrewvelo sawarmoebis nacionalizacias an CamorTmevas omis pirobebSic ki.8 msgavsad amisa, kanonis uzenaesoba da marTebuli samarTlebrivi procesi (due process) iTvaliswinebs, rom danaSaulSi eWvmitanili piri unda daicvas advokatma, ufleba unda hqondes daupirispirdes Tavis sawinaaRmdego Cvenebas, informirebul iqnes braldebis Sesaxeb da ase Semdeg. igive

78


mosazrebidan gamomdinare, istraciuli organoebi emorCileba kanons, _ miawodon sajaro informacia dainteresebul pirebs. yovel am SemTxvevaSi, samarTlebrivi procedurebis arsi erTi da igivea: arc erTi gadawyvetileba ar SeiZleba miRebul iqnes rogorc saboloo an samarTliani, sanam dadasturebuli araa, rom ganxilvisas `TamaSis wesebi~ mkacrad iyo daculi. Sesabamisad, konstituciur demokratiaSi Tu gairkveva, rom, magaliTad, arCevnebSi gamarjvebulma icrua, anu `TamaSis wesebis~ mixedviT ar imoqmeda, Sedegi iqneba is, rom misi Sedegebi legitimurobas dakargavs. faqtobrivad es swored isaa, rac moxda SeerTebul StatebSi 1974 wels, rodesac uotergeitis skandalma prezidenti niqsoni aiZula (impiCmentis safrTxis gamo) postidan gadamdgariyo. miuxedavad amisa, SeerTebul StatebSi marTebuli samarTlebrivi procesi samarTal-warmoebaSi gare damkvirveblis mier gadametebulad aRiqmeba. magaliTad, policiam aucileblad dakavebisTanave unda waukiTxos danaSaulSi eWvmitanils Tavisi uflebebi da Seaxsenos, rom dumilis ufleba aqvs (konstituciis mexuTe Sesworeba, romelic icavs moqalaqes TviTdadanaSaulebisagan). Tuki eWvmitanili aRiarebs danaSauls imis gareSe, rom mas es ufleba ar Seaxsenes (aseve sxva uflebebic), msgavsi aRiareba miuRebeli iqneba sasamarTlosTvis. faqtobrivad, yvela sxva liberaluri demokratiisTvis msoflioSi, maT Soris gaerTianebuli samefosTvis, safrangeTisTvis, kanadisa da avstraliisTvisac, aRiareba aRiarebaa da igi ar miiReba mxolod im SemTxevvaSi, Tu mopovebulia moraluri Tu fizikuri zewolis sxvadasxva formis Sedegad. demokratiisTvis sakmarisi araa ubralod gamoacxados kanonis uzenaesoba, rogorc principi; sityvebi da qmedebebi erTmaneTs unda emTxveodes. magaliTad, afroamerikelebi da sxva umciresobebi wlebis ganmavlobaSi diskriminaciis msxverplad rCebodnen mas Semdegac ki, rac samoqalaqo omi dasrulda da miRebuli iqna konstituciis meToTxmete Sesworeba, romelic araorazrovnad ganmartavs `kanonis winaSe Tanasworobas~. msagavsad amisa, qalebs saarCevno uflebebi 1920 wlamde ar miuRiaT da bolo dromde saxlis da ojaxis gareT saqmianobis mciredi SesaZleblobebiT sargeblobdnen. sabolood, amerikis cixeebSi tusaRTa umravlesoba axalgazrda Savkaniani amerikelebi arian, sikvdiliT dasjis molodinSi myof tusaRTa umetesobac aseve afroamerikelia, rac, miuxedavad sasamarTloebis mier kanonisa (Cvenebebis miRebis wesi) da samarTlebrivi procedurebis mkacrad dacvisa, mainc aRZravs kiTxvebs amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis iusticiis sistemis samarTlianobis Sesaxeb. marTebuli procedura arsebiTia samarTlis Tanaswori xelmisawvdomobis T vis, rac, Tavis mxriv, arsebiTia demokratiisTvis. amavdroulad, igi ar iZleva imis garantias, rom myari jav Sani iqneba seriozuli usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg. msgavsi garantiis moTxovna, SesaZloa, zedmeti iyos nebismieri politikur-samarTlebrivi sistemis mimarT. rogorc wina TavSi aRvniSneT, utopia araa gamosavalis momcemi alternativa.


79

federalizmi konstituciuri xelisuflebis SezRudvis sxva gzaa federalizmad wodebuli ZalauflebaTa dayofa. Tanamedrove federaluri respublikebia: amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, meqsika, germania, kanada, indoeTi, brazilia da nigeria. Teoriulad, federalizmi Zalauflebis danawilebaa saxelmwifo xelisuflebasa da regionul erTeulebs Soris. am erTeulebs inglisur enaze xSirad states uwodeben, magram radgan inglisur enaSi Tavad saxelmwifoc state-ad JRers, igi ar unda agverios suverenul sa xelmwifoSi, romelic samecniero literaturaSi ufro xSirad nation-state (eri-saxelmwifo) terminiT gvxvdeba. (saxelmwifos politikur-teritoriuli erTeuli state TargmanSi Stats niSnavs. mTarg. Sen.) SeerTebul StatebSi arsebobs Zalauflebis konstituciuri danawileba saxelmwifo anu federalur xelisuflebasa da Statis xelisuf lebas Soris. konstituciis pirveli muxlis merve nawili, magaliTad, ganmartavs im sferoebs, romlis farglebSic erovnuli kongresi uflebamosilia awarmoos kanonmdebloba. amavdroulad, konstituciis meaTe Sesworeba uzrunvelyofs imas, rom is kompetenciebi, romlebic konstituciis ZaliT miniWebuli ar aqvs saxelmwifo xelisuflebas, Statis uflebamosilebebad darCes. tradiciulad, Statis centralur xelisuflebis funqciebSi Sedioda Sida wesrigisa da mSvidobis SenarCuneba, ganaTlebis, sazogadoebrivi janmrTelobis dacvisa da usafrTxoebis, aseve keTildReobis uzrunvelyofa (e.w. Statebis sapolicio Zalaufleba anu saxelmwifos samarTlebrivi wesrigi). erT dros am Zalauflebas TiTqmis eqskluziurad Tavad Stati axorcielebda, magram 1930-iani wlebidan saxelmwifo mTavrobis roli warmoudgenlad gaizarda, rodesac prezidentma franklin delano ruzveltma (1933-1945) Tavisi axali kursi (New Deal) politikis farglebSi farTomasStabiani federaluri programebi wamoiwyo didi depresiis socialur-ekonomikuri efeqtebis aRmosafxv relad, kerZod, ekonomikis stimulirebisa da axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmnis mizniT. prezidentma riCard niqsonma (1968-1973) scada sapirispiro mimarTulebiT waremarTa erovnuli xelisuflebis rolis zrdis procesi da axali federalizmis (new federalism) politika SeimuSava, romelic miznad isaxavda Statebis xelisuflebis rolis gazrdas, rogorc misi qmediTobis, ise Sedegis TvalsazrisiT. am politikis ori ZiriTadi elementi StatebisTvis e.w. erTdrouli subsidiebis micema da saerTo Semosavlis ganawileba iyo. SemdgomSi, sxva prezidentebma, kerZod, konservatorma respublikelma ronald reiganma (1980-1988) da demokratma bil klintonma (1992-2000) aseve gaagrZeles StatebisTvis kompetenciisa da uflebamosilebis ukan dabrunebis politika. SeerTebul StatebSi msgavs politikas devolucia (Zalauflebis gadacema) hqvia. ra aris Zalauflebis danawilebis msgavsi formis sazrisi? SeerTebuli Statebis istoriaSi isini, visac swamda, rom Tavisuflebis dacvis saukeTeso saSualeba xalxTan xelisuflebis maqsimalurad daaxloeba iyo, federalizms

80


qadagebdnen. xalxis ganwyobisa da adgilobrivi interesebisgan Sors mdgari erTiani centraluri xelisuflebis tiraniaSi gadazrdis SiSiT, 1787 wels gamarTuli konstituciuri konventis zogierTi delegati warmatebulad amtkicebda, rom Statis arseboba axali saxelmwifo xelisuflebis tiranuli Zalauflebis SemzRudvel meqanizmebs Seqmnida. Sedegad, konstituciam calkeul Stats Tanabari warmomadgenloba dauwesa axlad dafuZnebul senatSi da prezidentis federaluri wesiT arCevac SemoiRo (saarCevno kolegiis saSualebiT). amasTan, damatebiT ganisazRvra Statis mniSvneloba konstituciis Sesworebis SemTxvevaSi. rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, pirveli kongresi daTmobaze wavida da konstituciis meaTe Sesworebis miRebisas Statebis mosazrebebi da SeTavazebebi gaiTvaliswina. SeerTebul StatebSi federalizmis funqciebi dRes mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba saxelmwifos ganviTarebis adreul periodSi arsebulisagan. Tavdapirvelad, didi winaaRmdegobebi wamoiWra sakiTxze, ramdenad SeeZlo Stats (virjinia da kentuki 1798-1799 ww. samxreTi ka rolina 1830-ian ww.) an regions (samxreTis Statebi 1860-ian ww.) gamoeyenebina Tavisi uflebebi saxelmwifo xelisuflebis mier ganxorcielebul specifikur politikasTan uTanxmoebis SemTxvevaSi. rodesac interesisa da principis sakiTxebma saxelmwifoSi azrTa sxva dasxvaoba gamoiwvia (kanonebi ucxoelebisa da amboxis waxalisebis Sesaxeb, 1798 w., gadasaxadebis Sesaxeb, 1830-iani ww., monobis Sesaxeb 1860-iani ww.), politikuri dapirispirebebi gaiSala mTavrobis konkretuli qmedebisa da politikuri gadawyvetilebebis konstituciurobis sakiTxze, romelTa arsi imaze dadioda, vis hqonda legitimurad saboloo gadawyvetilebis miRebis ufleba _ Stats Tu erovnul xelisuflebas. sakiTxebi, romlebic konstituciis meeqvse muxlma ver gadawyvita, samoqalaqo omma moagvara. marTalia, garkveulwilad mniSvnelovani dapirispirebebi federalur da Statis xelisuflebas Soris SenarCunda, gansakuTrebiT samxreTSi 1950-1960-ian ww. skolebis desegregaciis Taobaze, magram dReisaTvis sajaro politikis mraval sakiTxSi, dawyebuli gzebis mSeneblobidan, dasrulebuli danaSaulis winaaRmdeg brZoliT, maT Soris urTierToba ufro TanamSromlobis princips emyareba, vidre konfliqts.9 miuxedavad amisa, bolo wlebSi seriozuli Sejibri SeiniSneboda xelisuflebis am or dones Soris. magaliTad, 1990-ian wlebSi zogierTi Statis xelisuflebam ganaTlebis sferoSi reformebis gatareba (skolebisTvis iuridiuli da finansuri avtonomiis miniWeba swavlebis vauCerebis principiT dafinanseba, religiis swavlebis danergva da gaRrmaveba) da antikriminaluri RonisZiebebis ganxorcieleba scada (sasjelis savaldebulo daweseba, sami gaficvis kanoni, msxverplTa kompensaciis kanoni). zogierTma Statma aseve scada, uari eTqva kompensaciuri qmedebis (affirmative action) politikaze. msgavsi tendenciebi adasturebs, rom federalizmi amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi xasiaTdeba, rogorc Statisa da federalur xelisuflebebs Soris TanamSromlobiT, ise maT Soris SejibriTac. kons titucia ki iSviaTad ganixileba, rogorc barieri sxvadasxva donis mTavrobaTa Soris regularuli TanamSromlobisTvis, riTac gamsWvalulia amerikuli politikuri sistema.


81

federalizmi da Tavisufleba zedmeti centralizaciis safrTxisagan dacvis gziT federalizmi Tavisuflebasac icavs, radgan zRudavs centraluri xelisuflebis Zalauflebas. am gziT federalizmi individebs icavs potenciurad mbrZaneblobisken midrekili centraluri mTavrobisagan.10 istraciuli decentralizaciis sistemebis msgavsad, romelic mniSvnelovani samTavrobo amocanebis ganxorcielebaSi adgilobriv biurokratias efuZneba, amerikuli stilis federalizmi indivi dualur Tavisuflebebs saxelmwifo xelisuflebis uflebamosilebaTa arealis SezRudvis gziT icavs. Sesa bamisad Tanamedrove federalizmis miza ni igivea, rac politikuri decentralizaciisa, romelic adgilobrivi xelisuflebisaTvis funqciebis gadacemiT axdens centraluri istraciuli aparatis Semcirebas da, Sesabamisad, naklebad saSiSs xdis mas TavisuflebisaTvis. amavdroulad, decentralizacia ganapirobebs sazogadoebrivi masebis CarTvas politikur cxovrebaSi maTTvis xelisuflebis xelmisawvdomi doneebis gamartivebiTa da gamravalferovnebiT, rac aaqtiurebs samoqalaqo erTianobas da aCvevs mas TviTmmarTvelobas. Sedegad, adgilobrivi xelisufleba organizebul struqturebad yalibdeba, romelsac saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi centraluri xelisuflebisaTvis winaaRmdegobis gaweva an misi Warbi Zalis Serbileba SeuZlia. sabolood, decentralizacia saSualebas aZlevs xelisuflebas, moergos adgilobriv saWiroebebs da garemoebebs, aseve saSualebas aZlevs eqsperimentebis saSualebiT problemebis gadaWris gzebis mravali varianti moZebnos. ase rom, decentralizacia Tavisuflebis sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani mcvelia da saukeTeso saSualeba energiuli da kompetenturi samoqalaqo erTianobis Camosayalibeblad.11

federalizmsa da Tavisuflebas Soris kavSiri gansakuTrebiT aRsa niSnavia germaniis SemTxvevaSi. germaniaSi demokratia xelaxla daibada meore msoflio omis Semdeg, rodesac omisagan gamofituli saxelmwifo, damarcxebuli da okupirebuli iyo ucxo jarebis mier. mokavSire sa xelmwifoebi Se erTebuli Statebis meTaurobiT Tvlidnen, rom ar unda daeSvaT axali germa nuli saxelmwifos xelaxali militarizacia da mis mier axali samxedro kampaniis ganxorcieleba evropaSi. amis saukeTeso saSualeba, maTi azriT, germaniis diqtatorul virusze àcra~ iyo. `vaqcina~, romlis gamoyenebac gadawyvites, demokratiuli federalizmi iyo. rogor SeeZlo federalizms ar daeSva axali hitleris SesaZlo aRzeveba? amis pasuxi germaniis xelisuflebis decentralizebul struqturaSi unda veZioT. germanuli politikur-teritoriuli erTeulebi, rasac germanulad Land anu miwa ewodeba, mniSvnelovan rols asruleben mmarTvelobaSi, rogorc regionul, ise saxelmwifo doneze. germaniis Teqvsmeti miwis mTavrobebis mier daniSnuli delegatebi germanuli parlamentis zeda palatis anu bundesratis wevrebi arian. zeda palatas ufleba aqvs veto daados yvela im kanons (axali gadasaxadebis CaTvliT), romelic miwas pirdapir exe-

82


ba da gavlenas axdens masze. amasTan, germanuli biurokratiis didi nawili miwebis xelisuflebis pirdapiri kontrolis qveS aris. alternativa: unitaruli sistemebi. Tanamedrove msoflios xelisuflebaTa umetesoba ar efuZneba federalur sistemas. mmarTvelobis yvelaze gavrcelebuli forma unitaruli sistemaa, iseTi, rogoric did britaneTSia. mas unitaruli hqvia imis gamo, rom politikur sistemas mTavrobis mxolod erTi, ZiriTadi erTeuli aqvs. esaa centraluri xelisufleba, romelic sxvadasxva sakiTxis Taobaze xSirad mimarTavs adgilobriv xelisuflebas, magram, rogorc wesi, es mas ar moeTxoveba. Sesabamisad, is, rac am sistemas federalurisgan gansxvavebiT aklia, centralur da adgilobriv politikuristraciul erTeulebs Soris arsebuli zemoT xsenebuli Statis an miwis ekvivalenturi Sualeduri fenaa. zogi unitaruli sistema, magaliTad, safrangeTsa da italiaSi, ufro meti mondomebiT icavs saxelmwifo xelisuflebis Zalauflebasa da prerogativebs adgilobrivi magistratebis, merebisa da politikosebis mxridan SesaZlo daumorCileblobisagan, vidre britaneTSi. safrangeTSi, prefeqtebi (centraluri xelisuflebis mier daniSnulni) aSualeben urTierTobebs centralur xelisuflebasa da adgilobriv departamentebs Soris. manam, sanam fransua miteranis socialisturi mTavroba instituciur reformebs wamoiwyebda 1980-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, prefeqtebi valdebulni iyvnen adgilobrivi departamentebis mTavrobebisTvis zedamxedveloba gaewiaT da imis uflebac hqondaT, rom maT miRebul garkveul gadawyvetilebebze veto daedoT. am sistemis momxreebi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi msgavs politikuristraciul mowyobas, romelic tutelaJis (meurveobis) saxeliT iyo cnobili, racionaluri politikuri marTvis modelad miiCnevdnen. tutelaJis sistema imdenad centralizebuli da sistematizebuli iyo, rom gaTviTcnobierebul damkvirvebels saaTze ubralo SexedviT iolad SeeZlo eTqva, ra sagans gadiodnen mocemul momentSi skolaSi moswavleebi mTel safrangeTSi. bevr amerikels, romlebic miCveulni arian ganaTlebis sistemis Tavisuflebas, skolebis, saganmanaTleblo programebis, saakreditacio moTxovnebis da akademiuri standartebis mravalgvarovnebas, mTavrobis dawesebuli msgavsi erTgvarovneba uTuod ucnaurad moeCveneboda.

demokratia, rogorc efeqtiani xelisufleba vamtkicebdiT, rom demokratias ar SeuZlia Tavisi moqalaqeebis (romlebic monawileoben arCevnebSi, ixdian gadasaxadebs, msaxuroben SeiaraRebul ZalebSi) azrebisa da rwmenis ugulebelyofa, magram aseve ar SeuZlia ubralod asaxos umravlesobis momentaluri ganwyoba da survilebi, Tuki isini azaraleben umciresobis interesebsa da uflebebs. demokratiuli xelisufleba, romelic mgrZnobiarecaa da SezRudulic, savaldebulo araa sicocxlisunariani aRmoCndes. imisTvis rom warmatebuli iyos da xSir SemTxvevaSi, ubralod, gadarCes, demokratiuli mTavroba, iseve rogorc


83

xelisuflebis mowyobis sxva formebi, efeqtiani unda iyos. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, mas unda hqondes imis SesaZleblobebi, rom ganaxorcielos is miznebi, risTvisac is Seiqmna. Tu demokratias ar ZaluZs daicvas Tavisi moqalaqeebi, uzrunvelyos keTildReoba da sxva arsebiTi sferoebi (ganaTleba, samarTlis dacva, da elementarulad wylis miwodebis sistemis an xanZarsawinaaRmdego samsaxuris gamarTuli muSaoba), maSin ra sargebelia masSi? am sakiTxis wamoweva miuTiTebs imis albaTobaze, rom demokratiuli xelisufleba, SesaZloa, zedmetad mgrZnobiare, an zedmetad SezRuduli aRmoCndes xalxis sakeTildReo qmedebebSi. SezRuduli da mgrZnobiare mTavroba, romelsac ZaluZs imoqmedos swrafad da moqnilad, unda eyrdnobodes Zalauflebis Sekavebisa da gawonasworebis struqturebs, magram es ar niSnavs imas, rom garkveul garemoebebSi mTavrobas energiuli moqmedebis unari unda dausustdes. am TvalsazrisiT, gasaTvaliswinebelia jeims medisonis moswrebuli naTqvami pirveli konstituciuri konventis Sesaxeb: ìm sirTuleTa Soris, romlebsac konventi Seejaxa, Zalian mniSvnelovani is unda iyos, rom moxdes mTavrobaSi aucilebeli stabilurobisa da energiulobis Serwyma Tavisuflebisa da respublikuri formis xelSeuxeblobasTan~.12 medisoni amtkicebda, rom xelisuflebis stabiluroba aucilebelia Sida simSvidisa da wesrigisaTvis, erovnuli usafrTxoebisa da sazogadoebrivi TviTrwmenisTvis, qmediToba ki aucilebelia Sida da gare gamowvevebis gadaWrisaTvis. misi sityvebiT, qmediTunarianoba da stabiluroba erTad efeqtiani xelisuflebis ZiriTadi sazrisia.

stabilurobis aucilebloba stabiluroba efeqtiani mTavrobis arsebiTi atributia. politikuri da sitemuri stabiluroba SeiZleba gansakuTrebulad mwvave problema iyos axlad aRmocenebuli demokratiisa da ganviTarebadi qveynebisTvis, magram es araa msoflios mxolod konkretulad am tipis romelime qveynis an regionisTvis damaxasiaTebeli. magaliTad, italia ganviTarebuli demokratiaa, magram igi cnobilia mTavrobaTa xSiri cvalebadobiT. stabiluroba SeiZleba uzrunvelyofil iqnes sxvadasxva gziT. arCeul warmomadgenlebs sakmarisi dro da vada unda mieceT imisTvis, rom ganaxorcielon an miaRwion rame Rirebuls. unda arsebobdes garkveuli saxis politikuri disputebisa da socialuri konfliqtebis mogvarebis instituciuri gzebi, raTa Tavidan iqnes acilebuli qveynis nawilebad daxleCisa da destabilizaciis albaToba (SeerTebul StatebSi umaRlesi sasamarTlo xSirad asrulebs am funqcias, magram politikur partiebsa da saknonmdeblo organosac mniSvnelovani rolis Sesruleba SeuZliaT). liderebis Secvlis instituciuri procedurebi iseTi regulirebuli meTodebis saSualebiT, rogoricaa arCevnebi da daniSvnebi, Zalian mniSvnelovania da demokratiis erT-erTi principuli upiratesobaa Tanamedrove diqtaturebTan SedarebiT. monarqia, Cveulebriv, am problemas memkvidreobis principis SenarCu-

84


nebiT Wris, mefis Tu dedoflis gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi taxti mis ufros Svils gadaecema. istoria da tradicia, iseve, rogorc simbolizmi da rituali, aZlierebs gangrZobiTobis SegrZnebas mTavrobebSi (gaviTvaliswinoT Tundac is zarzeimi da gansakuTrebuli garemo, romelic Tan axlavs SeerTebuli Statebis prezidentis inauguracias an britaneTis samefo ojaxis wevrebis daqorwinebas). msgavsi gangrZobiTobis SegrZnebis aucileblobaze saubrisas jeims medisoni daupirispirda Tomas jefersonis winadadebas konstituciuri konventebis periodulobis sixSiris gazrdasTan dakavSirebiT imis safuZvelze, rom `xalxisi yoveli mimarTva mTavrobaSi raRac defeqtis arsebobis maniSnebeli iqneba, xSiri mimarTvebi ki didwilad moaxdens imas, rom mTavrobas moakldeba sazogadoebis mxridan mowiweba da Tayvaniscema, ris gareSec SesaZloa yvelaze Wkvian da yvelaze Tavisufal mTavrobasac ki ar hqondes esoden saWiro stabiluroba~, ufro metic `yvelaze Wkviani mTavrobac ki ar CaTvlis zedmet upiratesobad imas, rom sazogadoebrivi stereotipebi da crurwmenebi Tavis mxardamWerad ixilos~.13

qmediTobis aucilebloba imisTvis, rom efeqtiani iyos, xelisufleba qmediTic unda iyos. qmediTobis Tezisis mimarT damfuZnebel mamaTa mxardaWera SeerTebul StatebSi naTlad iqna asaxuli konstituciaSi, romelmac ara marto gadasca mTavrobas, rogorc erTs, sakmarisi Zalaufleba, aramed Seqmna Zlieri aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba, romelsac sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebasTan Widilis SesaZleblobebi misca. konstituciam kongress uflebamosileba mianiWa `miiRos yvela kanoni, romelic aucilebelia da Sesabamisia Zalauflebis aRsrulebisTvis~ (muxli1-2). es naTelyofs damfuZnebel mamaTa ganzraxvas, rom xelisuflebisaTvis SeeqmnaT SesaZlebloba, saWiroebebis SemTxvevaSi gadaedga gadamwyveti nabijebi. am TvalsazrisiT, aleqsander hamiltoni aRniSnavda, rom `mTavroba Tavis TavSi unda moicavdes yovelgvar Zalauflebas, romelic aucilebelia masze gadacemuli sazogadoebrivi miznebis misaRwevad... Tavisufali unda iyos yoveli saxis kontrolisagan, magram unda iTvaliswinebdes sazogadoebrivi sikeTis principsa da xalxis azrs~.14 rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli, erovnuli mTavrobis Zalaufleba droTa ganmavlobaSi erTmniSvnelovnad gaizarda, Statis xelisufalTa uflebamosilebebi ki SedarebiT meryevia: xan izrdeba, xan klebulobs. zogadad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom 1789 wlidan dRemde yvela donis xelisuflebis Zalaufleba mniSvnelovnad gaizarda. SeerTebul StatebSi mTavrobis rolis amgvari zrda pasuxia sazogadoebaSi, ekonomikaSi da, ra Tqma unda, amerikis sazRvrebs miRma arsebul samyaroSi momxdar cvlilebebze. am tendenciis Sedegi, kargia Tu cudi, isaa, rom SeerTebuli Statebis mTavroba dRes ufro qmediTia, vidre erTi saukunis winaT iyo, da gacilebiT qmediTia, vidre ori saukunis win. Tuki vinme fiqrobs, rom SeerTebuli Statebi msoflios mowi-


85

nave samxedro da ekonomikuri Zalaa, erTaderTi WeSmariti zesaxelmwifoa XXI saukunis dasawyisSi, misTvis iolia dainaxos, rom demokratiam amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi amisTvis sakmaod kargad imuSava. erTia, rom aSS-is sistema SeiZleba gaakritiko imisTvis, rom is araa sakmarisad mgrZnobiare an amtkico, rom igi zedmetad eqspansiuria anu araa sakmarisad SezRuduli, magram vin Seitans eWvs mis efeqtianobaSi? mogvianebiT, VI TavSi vixilavT, rom safrangeTis meoTxe respublikisTvis (1945-1958) efeqtiani mTavroba naklebadaa damaxasiaTebeli. safrangeTma sabolood am problemis daZleva Zveli konstituciis axliT SecvliTa da Zalauflebis simZimis centris parlamentidan prezidentze gadanacvlebiT SeZlo. am qveyanas aseve hyavs premier-ministri, romelic mTavrobas xelmZRvanelobs, magram prezidents, romelic pirdapiri arCevnebiT xuTi wlis vadiT irCeva, ufleba aqvs daakompleqtos an gadaayenos mTavroba. Zlieri saprezidento Zalauflebis SeqmniT, mexuTe respublikis konstituciam franguli demokratiis istoriaSi axal periods daudo saTave, romelmac iseTi stabiluroba da ayvaveba moutana safrangeTs, rogoric mas bolo ori aswleulis ganmavlobaSi ar axsovs. safrangeTisgan gansxvavebiT, italias jerjerobiT ar gadauWria efeqtiani demokratiuli mmarTvelobis amocana. nebismieri sxva dasavluri saparlamento demokratiisgan gansxvavebiT, igi samTavrobo arastabilurobis nimuSia. radgan aq saparlamento sistemaa, mTavrobas premier-ministri marTavs, da imis gamo, rom italias qaosuri partiuli sistema aqvs, premiers iSviaTad aqvs xangrZlivi an masze damokidebuli Tu misdami daqvemdebarebuli partiuli koaliciis (saparlamneto umravlesobas gacilebiT mcire Zala aqvs) mxardaWera. Sedegi isaa, rom meore msoflio omis Semdgomi or aTwleulze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi italiaSi mTavrobebi saSualod eqvs TveSi erTxel icvleboda. bolo wlebSi italiis saarCevno sistemis reformirebis mcdelobam am problemis mogvarebis TvalsazrisiT Sedegi ar gamoiRo. sabednierod, meore msoflio omis Semdgomi italia, miuxedavad politikuri stabilurobis TvalsazrisiT saamayo miRwevebis naklebobisa, ekonomikis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT warmatebuli qveynis magaliTia. rTuli warmosadgeni araa, ekonomikuri ganviTarebis ra simaRleebs miaRwevda italia bolo naxevari saukunis ganmavlobaSi, mTavrobas efeqtianad rom emarTa. es sami magaliTi adasturebs, rom demokratiuli mTavroba SeiZleba iyos efeqtiani, magram amis garantia ar arsebobs. warmatebuli demokratiis am TavSi ganxilul sam TvisebaTagan, efeqtianoba erTaderTia, romelic mxolod da mxolod demokratiuli mTavrobisTvis araa damaxasiaTebeli. diqtatura, Cveulebriv, ar cdilobs iyos mgrZnobiare an SezRuduli, magram aqvs erTaderTi mizani _ efeqtiani. arcerT demokratiul xelisuflebas ar ZaluZs Seasrulos danapirebi, Tuki mgrZnobiare araa, da arcerTi maTganis pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi ar dgeba amocanebis Cavardnis SemTxvevaSi, Tu igi SezRuduli araa. bolo dromde Zalze mwvaved idga sakiTxi imis Taobaze, ramdenad ZaluZs demokratias ajobos diqtaturas, rogorc mmarTvelobis efeqtianma formam. bolo drois istoriulma cvlilebebma es sakiTxi moxsna dRis wesrigidan.

86


xelisuflebis axlidan gamogoneba: ganmanaTlebloba da amerikis idea SeerTebuli Statebi warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiis Tanamedrove Teoriis praqtikaSi danergvis samSobloa. dasawyisSi igi ar iyo srulyofili, magram namdvilad iyo warsulidan uyoymanod godgmuli nabiji da momavlis dagegmvis ga beduli mcdeloba. im ideis triumfi, rom respublika, monarqiisa da avtoritaruli mmarTvelobis sxva formebisgan gansxvavebiT, politikuri mowyobis ufro gonivruli da umjobesi alternativaa, Tanamedrove msoflio istoriis ganmsazRvreli momenti gaxda. moxda ise, rom es triumfi ganxorcielda adgilze, romelsac amerika erqva. dRes amerikis idea mTeli msoflios xalxTa warmodgenaSi Tavisuflebisa da demokratiis ideebis sinonimuria (es idea gacilebiT metia, vidre realoba, romelmac daamtkica, rom igi Tanamedroveobis didi Zalaa). amerikis idea, rom dawerili konstituciis farglebSi xalxs sakuTari Tavis marTva Tavad ZaluZdes, pirdapiri gagebiT produqtia XVIII saukunis ganmanaTleblobisa, romelic, Tavis mxriv, saTaves gviani XV saukunis italiuri renesansis inteleqtualuri duRilidan iRebs. mniSvnelovania gaviTvaliswinoT, rom amerikuli revolucia ubralod jorj vaSingtonis, Tomas jefersonis Tu sxva revoluciuri liderebis gonebaSi ar momwifebula. politikuri Teoria, romelic amerikis mamebis ideebSi gamoixata, myarad iyo dafuZnebuli gamoCenili moazrovneebis _ nikolo makiavelis, Tomas hobsis, jon lokis, baron de monteskies da sxvaTa inteleqtualur Rvawlze. yoveli maTgani, arsitotelesgan gansxvavebiT, amtkicebda, rom mTavrobis mizani aris ara siqvelis danergva, aramed borotebis da mankierebis winaaRmdeg brZola. adamianis bunebidan, marTebulad xedvam, es moazrovneebi realisturi miznebis, magaliTad, Tavisuflebisa da usafrTxoebis Ziebamde miiyvana, rac politikurad miRwevadia, siqvele ki aseTi araa.

Tavisuflebis arqiteqtura am qveTavSi politikis universaluri problemaa dasmuli: Tuki xalxi Tavisi bunebiT araa qveli, da amave dros Tavadaa mmarTveli, maSin rogoraa SesaZlebeli, rom marTvis nebismieri sistema ar gadagvardes da tiraniad ar iqces? amerikis mamebma am Tavsatexis gadaWra iseTi midgomis ganviTarebiT scades, rasac politikis axali gageba uwodes. es axali gageba politikuri institutebis manam ucnobi da axleburi mowyobis irgvliv gaiSala, ramac Tavisuflebis praqtikis meti SesaZlebloba dabada da xelisuflebis funqciebis danawilebis saSualebiT, Zalauflebis despoturi gamoyenebisgan (tiraniis) misi dacva da, Sesabamisad, Zalauflebis koncentraciis safrTxis Tavidan acileba uzrunvelyo. swored ise, rogorc ser isaak niutonma revoluciuri gadatrialeba moaxdina Tanamedrove sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaSi, damfuZnebel mamebsac sjerodaT, rom maT socialur mecnierebaSi axali safuZvlebis danergviT politikis revoluciuri gageba Semoitanes.


87

hamiltoni am aRmoCenis arss federalistSi [( amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis konstituciis ratificirebis da calke arsebuli Statebis gaerTianebis safuZvelze federaluri saxelmwifos Seqmnis momxre inteleqtualTa da politikur moRvaweTa 85 statiis krebulia. avtorebi aleqsander hamiltoni (51 statiis avtoria), jeims medisoni (29 statiis avtoria) da jon jei (5 statiis avtoria) arian. statiebi 1787-1788 ww. seriulad ibeWdebodnen niu-iorkis gazeTebSi. 1788 wels statiebi krebulis saxiT iqna gamocemuli da mas The Federalist Papers ewoda. (mTarg. Sen.)] naTelyofs. amtkicebda ra, rom amerikis konstitucia Tavidan aicilebda `tiraniis da anarqiis ukidures gamovlinebebs~, romlebmac adre arsebuli respublikebi daRupes, hamiltoni Tavis mkiTxvelebs mouwodebda, ar SeCerebuliyvnen warsulis magaliTebze: `politikis mecniereba, msgavsad nebismieri sxva mecnierebisa, didad gaumjobesda... sxvadasxva principis Zala, romlebic manam an sruliad ucnobi iyo, an cudad gagebuli Zvelebis mier, axla ukeTaa Secnobili~. hamiltonma aRbeWda is progresuli struqturuli cvlilebebi, romlebic Cadebuli iyo konstituciaSi am politikis axali gagebis SemqmnelTa mier: gansazRvrul departamentebze (saministroebze) Zalauflebis regularuli ganawileba; Sekavebisa da gawonasworebis kanonmdeblobiTi meqanizmebis danergva; iseTi sasamarTloebis Seqmna, romlebic Sedgebian kargi qcevisa da kompetenciis safuZvelze SerCeuli mosamarTleebisagan; sakanonmdeblo organoSi xalxis warmomadgenloba arCeuli deputatebis meSveobiT _ yovelive es an sruliad axali aRmoCenebia, an Tanamdroveobis moTxovnilebis Sesabamisad principuli progresis gziT srulyofili. es aris saSualebebi, Zlieri saSualebebi, imisTvis, rom respublikuri mmrTvelobis upiratesoba SenarCundes da misi naklovanebebi an Semcirdes, an Tavidan iqnes acilebuli.15

jeims medisonis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, damfuZneblebi xvdebodnen, rom `ganaTlebuli politikosebi yovelTvis ar iqnebian Zalauflebis sadaveebTan~.16 gonieri xelisufalis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi, mxolod Tavad sworad agebul saxelmwifos SeuZlia gaakontrolos maTi ambiciebi, vinc misi saxeliT marTvaze acxadebs pretenzias. arCevnebi aseTi kontrolis erT-erT saxes uzrunvelyofs, aRniSnavda medisoni, magram `gamocdilebam kacobriobas damatebiTi garantiebis aucilebloba ukarnaxa~.17 upirvelesi garantia xelisuflebis ZiriTad komponentebs Soris mudmivi Widilis danergva iyo: `xelisuflebis erTsa da imave StoSi Zalauflebis Tanmimdevruli koncentraciis saSiSroebis Tavidan acilebis kargi saSualeba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom yoveli departamentis (saministros) xelmZRvanelobas mieces saWiro konstituciuri mxardaWera, piradi motivaciis gasazrdelad winaaRmdegoba gauwios sxvebis mxridan mis kompetenciebSi SemoWras~. mokled rom vTqvaT, `saWiroa ambiciam gaaneitralos ambicia~.18

88


Sekaveba da gawonasworeba am miznis misaRwevad damfuZneblebma scades xelisuflebis Stoebi erTmaneTisagan damoukidebel organoebad CamoeyalibebinaT. Sesabamisad, yoveli Stos Zalaufleba konstituciis specifikuri muxlidan gamomdinareobs (pirveli muxli exeba sakanonmdeblo organos, meore _ aRmasrulebels, mesame _ sasamarTlos). xelisuflebis yovel Stos mieniWa konstituciuri Zalaufleba masze dakisrebuli specifikuri movaleobebis gansaxorcieleblad da yovel maTgans mieca saimiso meqanizmebi, rom winaaRmdegoba gauwios sxva Stos mxridan aralegitimuri saSualebebiT zemoqmedebis mcdelobebs. es meqanizmebi, romlebsac uwodeben Sekavebas da gawonasworebas, Sedgeba, rogorc Cveulebrivi (prezidentis mier vetos gamoyenebis ufleba), ise gansakuTrebuli (kongresis mier prezidentis impiCmentis procedura) prerogativebisagan. isini erToblivad TiToeuli Stos wevrebisaTvis àucilebeli konstituciuri saSualebebia~ sxva Stoebis mier mis kompetenciebSi eqspansiisTvis winaaRmdegobis gasawevad. `kerZo interesi unda daukavSirdes institutis konstituciur uflebebs~.19 damfuZneblebi grZnobdnen, rom institucionalizebuli TviTinteresi Zalauflebis grZnobiT aRWurvil Tanamdebobis pirebs, maTi konkretuli institutis mniSvnelobisa da aRmatebulobis grZnobas gauZlierebda da gazrdida maT mondomebas TavianTi samsaxuris prestiJis SesanarCuneblad (Sesabamisad, sakuTari karieruli winsvlis uzrunvelsayofad). amgvarad, kongresis mier 1974 wels prezident niqsonis winaaRmdeg wamowyebuli impiCmentis erT-erTi mizezi is iyo, rom igi, rogorc saSinao, ise sagareo politikaSi, aSkara upativcemulobas iCenda sakanonmdeblo organos Zalauflebis mimarT (Zalauflebis gadameteba, uotergeitis saqmis CaTvliT, niqsonis winaaRmdeg wamowyebuli procesis mTavari Tema iyo). 1998 wels prezident klintonis (demokratiuli partiidan) winaaRmdeg impiCmentis procesis mcdeloba imas ukavSirdeboda, rom man winaaRmdegoba gauwia kongress (respublikelebi umravlesobas warmoadgendnen), gamoeZiebina misi qcevis Sesabamisoba zneobriv normebTan samsaxureobrivi valdebulebebis gaTvaliswinebiT. misi oponentebi mas aseve bralad sdebdnen sasamarTlo xelisuflebis upativcemulobas, rac cru Cvenebebis micemaSi gamoixata. afuZnebdnen ra demokratiul institutebs pirad interesze (self-interest), damfuZneblebi adamianis bunebis sikeTisa da zneobrivi srulyofisi misi midrekilebis mimarT erTgvar skepticizms gamoxatavdnen. hamiltonis mixedviT, àdamianebi ambiciurebi, SurismaZiebelni da xarbebi~20 arian. medisoni eTanxmeboda da ufro mkveTradac ki gamoxatavda am azrs: SesaZloa adamianis bunebaze msjelobidan gamomdinareobs, rom amgvari meqanizmebi (Sekaveba da gawonasworeba) aucilebelia Zalauflebis gadametebis gasakontroleblad. raa Tavad mTavroba, Tu ara adamianis bunebaze fiqris yvelaze didi gamoxatuleba? adamianebi angelozebi rom iyvnen, araviTari mTavroba saWiro ar iqneboda. angelozebi rom


89

marTavdnen adamianebs, mTavrobaze kontrolis arc gare da arc Sida meqanizmebi ar iqneboda saWiro~.21

kargad awyobil respublikaSi ganaTlebuli, piradi interesis mqone adamiani sayovelTao sikeTisTvis iRvawebs. politikosebi aRmoaCenen, rom piradi interesebis (magaliTad, ganmeorebiT arCeva) ganxorcielebis saukeTeso gza sazogadoebrivi moTxovnebis dakmayofilebaa da ara Zalauflebis gadameteba an borotad gamoyeneba. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, medisonis sistema, iseve rogorc adam smitis ùxilavi xeli~, avtomaturad moawesrigebs procesis mimdinareobas, raTa instituciuri Zalauflebis wonasworoba ar dairRves. amgvarad, SeerTebuli Statebis politikis axali gageba Tavis argumentebs maRalfardovan da zedapirul zneobriobaze an religiur grZnobebze ki ar afuZnebda, aramed realobaze myarad mdgar institucinalizebuli piradi interesis principze. damfuZnebelTa naazrevze fokusirdeba yvelaferi àmerikulis~ gandidebis, da Sesabamisad, eTnocentrizmisa da SezRudulobaSi braldebis risks qmnis. am SemTxvevaSi mainc aris gamamarTlebeli argumenti, romelic logikasa da istorias eyrdnoba. ubralod, ise moxda, rom Tanamedrove istoriis pirveli warmatebuli demokratiuli eqsperimenti CrdiloeT amerikaSi XVIII saukunis dasasruls ganxorcielda, da revolucionerebi, romlebmac igi wamoiwyes, politikis filosofosebi iyvnen (im periodSi politikuri mecniereba, rogorc aseTi, arc arsebobda). politikis mecnierebis SeqmniT, maT SeimuSaves demokratiis praqtikuli Teoria, romelsac konkretuli istoriuli konteqstidan daSorebuli Sinaarsi da gamoyeneba aRmoaCnda. rogorc dasawyisSi aRiniSna, misi gamoyeneba scildeba msoflios romelime konkretuli saxelmwifosa Tu regionis farglebs.

saprezidento sistema SeerTebuli Statebis mmarTvelobas xSirad saprezidento sistemas uwodeben, vinaidan aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis meTauri kongresis wevrebisagan damoukideblad da calke irCeva. sistema Zalauflebis danawilebiT xasiaTdeba, romlis farglebSic sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli da sasamarTlo Stoebi Sesabamisi uflebamosilebebis da valdebulebebis ganxorcielebisTvis cal-calke arian pasuxismgebelni amomrCevelTa sxvadasxva jgufis winaSe. mmarTveloba formalurad sxvadasxva funqciuri CarCos mixedviTaa Camoyalibebuli. vinaidan yoveli mmarTvelobisTvis savaldebuloa kanonebis formulireba, aRsruleba da interpretireba, logikuria, rom amaTgan pirveli funqciis Sesasruleblad saWiroa Seiqmnas sakanonmdeblo organo (wesebis SemuSaveba), meore funqciisTvis _ aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba (wesebis gamoyeneba da danergva) da mesame, zedamxedvelobis funqciisaTvis _ sasamarTlo xelisufleba (wesebis ganmarteba da interpretacia). msgavsi mowyobis logikam ar icis arc politikuri da arc geografiuli

90


sazRvrebi, dReisaTvis igi gvxvdeba msoflios yvela regionis mravali demokratiis struqturaSi. saprezidento demokratia amJamad gansakuTrebiT Cveulebrivi gaxda laTinuri amerikis qveynebisTvis, magram xelisuflebis demokratiuli mowyobis msgavsi forma sxvadasxva saxiT iseT qveynebSic gvxvdeba, rogoricaa ruseTi, safrangeTi, nigeria, samxreTi afrika, indonezia, filipinebi.

Zalauflebis danawileba SeerTebuli Statebis konstitucia xelisuflebis yovel Stos spe ci fikur amocanebs akisrebs. magaliTad, kongress miniWebuli aqvs e. w. xazinadaris Zalaufleba. prezidenti waradgens wliuri biujetis proeqts da cdilobs miznobrivi dafinansebis Sesaxeb kongresis gadawyvetilebebze gavlena moaxdinos, magram saxelisuflebo xarjebze saboloo sityvis ufleba mainc kongress rCeba. aRmasrule bel xelisuflebaze aseTi mZlavri SezRudvis meqanizmi sxva saprezidento demokratiebSi farTod araa danergili, da aseT SemTxvevaSi, Cveulebriv, biujetis xarjviTi nawilis dagegmvasa da damtkicebaSi saboloo sityva xelisuflebis aRmasrule bel Stos ekuTvnis, Semosavlebisa da begara-mosakreblebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebebis saboloo instanciad ki sakanonmdeblo organo rCeba. Zalauflebis danawilebis amerikul modelSi aris garkveuli sferoebi, romlsac Zalauflebas sxvadasxva Sto erToblivad axorcielebas. magaliTad, msgavsi gamWoli da urTierTgadamkveTi pasuxismgeblobebiT òmis gamocxadebis~ ufleba xasiaTdeba. kongress aqvs imis ufleba, rom Sekribos da Seinaxos armia (Tumca, konstitucia am uflebis gamoyenebas kongress orwliani vadiT ganusazRvravs), saWiro resursebiT uzrunvelyos da zedamxedveloba gauwios samxedro flots, Seqmnas SeiaraRebuli Zalebis maregulirebeli wesebi da, rac mTavaria, gamoacxados omi. Tumca, amavdroulad, konstitucia SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mTavarsardlad prezidents acxadebs. Sesabamisad, gamocxadebuli Tu gamoucxadebeli nebismieri mniSvnelovani samxedro aqcia xelisuflebis orive Stos TanamSromlobas moiTxovs. zogadad, urTierTqmedebis es tipi msgavsi institutebis mqone sxva qveynebSicaa gadaRebuli, magram SeiaraRebul Zalebze samoqalaqo kontroli, rogorc principis, ise praqtikis saxiT, arsad ise myarad araa dafuZnebuli, rogorc SeerTebul StatebSi. Sesabamisad, bevr saprezidento sistemaSi krizisis periodSi samxedro gadatrialebis albaToba demokratiisTvis principul safrTxes qmnis. garda imisa, rom sami Stos wevrebi sxvadasxva amocanis Sesrulebas emsaxurebian da sxvadasxva gziT Wrian maT, isini sxvadasxva vadiTa da sxvadasxva amomrCevlis mier arian arCeulni. konstituciisa da misi Sesabamisi Sesworebis mixedviT, prezidenti yovel oTx weliwadSi erTxel unda irCeodes da erTsa da imave pirs or vadaze metad Tanamdebobis dakaveba ar SeuZlia. mxolod prezidenti da vice-prezidenti arian mTavrobis umaRlesi Tanamdebobis pirebi, romelTac Zalauflebis mandati sruliad saxelmwifo


91

eleqtoratis mier gadaecemaT. amis sapirispirod, kongresSi arCeuli warmomadgenlebi konkretuli olqis (Statis Sida erTeulis) eleqtoratisgan iReben mandats ori wliT. senatorebi warmoadgenen Stats da Tanamdebobas eqvsi wlis vadiT ikaveben. umaRlesi sasamarTlos mosamarTleebi (da yvela sxva federaluri mosamarTle) ar arian arCeulni, maT niSnavs prezidenti senatis Tanxmobis safuZvelze. damfuZneblebi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen daniSvnis am saxes, vinaidan miaCndaT, rom miukerZoebeli samarTlis aRsrulebisTvis saWiroa sasamarTlo Tavisufali iyos politikuri zewolisgan. mosamarTlis Tanamdeboba arCeviTi rom yofiliyo, misi mopovebisa da SenarCunebisaTvis kandidatebi politikur jgufebTan aliansebSi an farul garigebebSi Sevidodnen, rac kanonis interpretaciaSi garkveuli jgufuri da kerZo interesebis asaxvis gamo, samarTlianobis princips daazaralebda. ama Tu im Tanamdebobis dakavebis vada sxvadasxva qveyanaSi sxvadasxvagvaradaa gansazRvruli, Tumca oTxwliani vada TiTqmis yvelgan standartia. magaliTad, ruseTsa da braziliaSi am TvalsazrisiT SeerTebuli Statebis analogiuri suraTia: prezidents oTxi wliT irCeven da mas SeuZlia vadis gasvlisTanave isev iyaros kenWi am Tanamdebobaze. amis sapirispirod, meqsikasa da nigeriaSi prezidentebs eqvswliani vadiT irCeven, magram xelmeored arCevis ufleba ar aqvT. bolo dromde, safrangeTis prezidents, xelmeored arCevis SesaZleblobiT, Svidwliani vadiT irCevdnen (2000 wels vada xuT wlamde Semcirda, ix. VI Tavi). bevr saprezidento sistemaSi qveynis mTavrobis umaRles Tanamdebobis pirs gacilebiT meti Zalaufleba aqvs sakanonmdeblo organosTan mimarTebaSi, vidre es SeerTebul StatebSia. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, SeerTebuli Statebis konstituciis mixedviT, xelisuflebis arc erT Stos ara aqvs ufleba dominirebdes sxvaze. Zalaufleba ganawilebulia da garkveulwilad misi erTianad mocva SeuZlebelicaa. msgav-si politikuri mowyobis pirobebSi gasakviri araa, rom SeerTebuli Statebis politika politikuri kamaTiTa da gavlenisaTvis brZoliT xasiaTdeba, gansakuTrebiT prezidentsa da kongress Soris urTierTobaSi. msgavsi politi-kuri urTierTobebis tipi SeiniSneba sxva qveynebis prezidentebsa da parlamentebs Sorisac. Tumca, sxva qveynebis prezidentebs partiebTan da parlamentebTan brZolisTvis aqvT iseTi ìaraRi~, rac SeerTebuli Statebis prezidents aSkarad ar gaaCnia.

SezRudvebi umravlesobis mmarTvelobaze amerikis politikuri sistemis damfuZneblebi umravlesobis tiraniis (umravlesobis midrekileba, gaTelos umciresobaTa uflebebi) SesaZlo safrTxiT erTnairad iyvnen SeSfoTebulni. umravlesobis Zalis Sesarbileblad, garkveulwilad, mniSvnelovani nabiji iyo sakanonmdeblo organos orpalatian principze mowyoba (or palatad _ warmomadgenelTa palatad da senatad dayofa). Sesabamisi mniSvneloba hqonda Zalauflebis danawilebasac. saprezidento veto, sasamrTlos damoukidebloba da federalizmi

92


aseve Cafiqrebuli iyo umravlesobis mmarTvelobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli potenciuri safrTxeebis Tavidan asacileblad. kvlav aRvniSnavT, rom msgavsi politikur-instituciuri modeli sxva qveynebSic aris. sakanonmdeblo organos orpalatiani mowyoba TiTqmis yvelgan wesad iqca. umravles SemTxvevaSi prezidentebs kanonebis mimarT vetos gamoyenebis ufleba aqvT, magram erTian da gabedul sakanonmdeblo organos SeuZlia saprezidento vetos daZleva. Cveulebriv, sasamarTloebi isea mowyobili, rom damoukidebeli iyos, magram is sakiTxi, ramdenad arian konkretuli mosamarTleebi politikurad neitralurni da samarTlebrivad miukerZoeblebi, xSirad problemuria. msoflios bevri federaluri sistema aseve saprezidentoa. maT ricxvs miekuTvneba ruseTi, meqsika, brazilia da nigeria (amis sapirispirod kanada, germania da indoeTi saparlamento federalizmis magaliTebia).

rodisaa Zalaufleba gadametebuli? amerikuli sistema Seqmnili iyo ara marto imisTvis, rom xeli SeeSala tiraniis damkvidrebis SesaZleblobisTvis, aramed imisTvisac, rom uzrunveleyo Zlieri da qmediTi mmarTveloba. am miznisTvis, damfuZneblebma scades SeeqmnaT Zlieri aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba, romelsac SeeZleboda rogorc kongresis mxridan Carevis mcdelobebis, ise Statebis gankerZoebis survilis moTokva. maT swamdaT, rom memkvidreobiTi monarqis ararsebobis pirobebSi, regularuli arCevnebi da impiCmentis SesaZlebloba efeqtianad gaawonasworebda aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas.22 miuxedavad amisa, realurad, amerikis prezidents kongresTan brZolaSi gacilebiT naklebi konstituciuri saSualeba aqvs, vidre prezidentebs sxva msgavsi respublikebis sistemebSi. kargia es Tu cudi, SeerTebul StatebSi kongress iolad SeuZlia winaaRmdegoba gauwios arapopularul prezidentebs. opoziciur partias kongresSi SeuZlia TviT popularul prezidentebsac ki Seuqmnas usiamovnebebi da sirTuleebi, rogorc es prezidentma klintonma gamoscada. rodesac prezidentma niqsonma scada gamoeyenebina gamoZiebis federaluri biuro da sagadasaxado samsaxuri Tavisi oponentebis dasaSineblad, es, sabednierod, masve moubrunda cudad. magaliTad, ruseTis prezidenti, Cveulebriv, msgavs sakiTxebs aseTive uxeSi meTodebiT uproblemod wyvets (ix. VII Tavi). sad gadis an sad unda gadiodes uflebamosilebebsa da SezRudvebs Soris gamyofi xazi, didadaa damokidebuli politikur kulturasa da garemoebebze.

daskvna konstituciuri demokratiis qveynebSi xelisufleba saxalxoa, magram


93

amave dros SezRudulic. marTalia, is sxvadasxva qveynebSi formatiTa da detalebiT gansxvavebul konstituciaTa safuZvelze arsebobs, magram gamonaklisis gareSe swored konstitucia sazRvravs mis mierve `Seqmnili~ xelisuflebis Zalauflebasa da sazRvrebs. konstituciuri demokratiis dedaazri imis rwmenaa, rom mTavroba unda iyos saxalxo, SezRuduli da efeqtiani. umravlesobis mmarTvelobis saSualebiT saxalxo kontrolis koncefcia centraluri ideaa mgrZnobiare mTavrobis Sesaqmnelad. umravlesobis mmarTvelobis ideis arsi isaa, rom umravlesobis codna da interesebi upiratesia umciresobis codnasa da gamocdilebaze. miuxedavad amisa, radgan umravlesoba yovelTvis marTali araa da SeiZleba xandaxan tiranulic ki iyos, konstituciuri demokratia SezRudvebs awesebs mTavrobis Zalauflebaze. individualuri uflebebis, kanonis uzenaesobisa (konstitucionalizmi) da federalizmis dacva umravlesobis tiraniis Tavidan acilebis principuli strategiebia. dabolos, demokratiulma xelisuflebam efeqtianad unda imoqmedos. efeqtiani xelisuflebisagan erT-erTi mTavari moTxovna stabilurobaa, meore ki _ qmediToba anu moqmedebis, iniciativisa da xelmZRvanelobis unari. amerikis idea msoflios xalxebis warmodgenaSi warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiis sinonimuria. SeerTebuli Statebis damfuZnebelTa ideebis fundamenti im politikuri moazrovneebis nawerebia, romlebic cxovrobdnen da moRvaweobdnen renesansis periodidan ganmanaTleblobamde da, Tavis mxriv, STagonebas klasikuri politikuri filosofiidan, kerZod, Zveli saberZneTis filosofosebis _ platonisa da aristoteles naSromebidan iRebdnen. is, rasac avtori Tavisuflebis arqiteqturas uwodebs, saTaves iRebs politikis axali gagebidan, romelic SeerTebuli Statebis damfuZneblebma ganaviTares. igi Zalauflebis danawilebis gziT tiraniisgan gadarCenis mizniT Seiqmna da uzrunvelyofs imas, rom Zalauflebis yoveli Sto saTanado legitimuri iaraRiTaa aRWurvili sxva Stoebisgan dominirebis safrTxis Tavidan asacileblad (Sekaveba da gawonasworeba).

sakvanZo sityvebi

respublika konstituciuri demokratia konstitucia umravlesobis mmarTveloba umravlesobis tirania SezRuduli xelisufleba

SesaZlebels xdis damnaSavis dasjas sasamarTlos gareSe kanonis uzenaesoba magna karta peticia uflebaTa Sesaxeb varskvlaviani palata

kanoni Ex post facto

habeas korpusi (Habeas Corpus Act) doqtor bonemis saqme konstitucionalizmi

saxelSelaxulTa bili ( Bill of attainder) _ parlamentis aqti, romelic

94


federalizmi politikuri Zalaufleba devolucia istraciuli decentralizacia unitaruli sistema prefeqti

cutelaJi politikis axali gageba Sekaveba da gawonasworeba saprezidento sistema Zalauflebis danawileba orpalatiani sistema (bikameralizmi)


1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

ra aris respublika? ra maxasiaTeblebi unda hqondes konstituciur demokratias imisTvis, rom sajaro sikeTes emsaxuros? ra aris federalizmi? ra upiratesobebi axasiaTebs mmarTvelobis amgvar mowyobas? ratom aris efeqtiani mmarTveloba energiisa da stabilurobis erToblioba? rogor miiRweva TiToeuli maTgani? ra aris konstitucionalizmi? ratom aris igi mniSvnelovani? ra filosofia dgas politikis axali mecnierebis ukan? amerikis dafuZnebis konteqstSi ra Sinaarsi devs frazaSi _ Tavisuflebis arqiteqtura?

SeniSvnebi 1. 2.

3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

9.

Stephen Cahn, Education and the Democratic Ideal (Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1979), 3. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, vol. 1 (New York: Schocken Books, 1961), 299-300. iqve, 301. iqve, 304-308. Aristotle, The Politics, mTargm. da red. Ernest Barker (New York: Oxford University Press, 1962), 1287a, 146. John Locke, Second Treatise on Civil Government (New York: New American Library, 1965), sec. 202, 448. 8 Co. Rep. 114a (1610). ix. Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company v. Sawyer, 343 U.S. 579 (1952 w.), gansakuTrebiT mosamarTle jeqsonis mosazreba. ix. Morton Grodzins, “The Federal System”, wignSi Goals for Americans: The Report of the Presidential Commission on National Goals (New York: American Assembly, Columbia University, 1960).


95

10. miuxedavad amisa, federalizmi ar icavs individebs adgilobrivi da Statis xelisuflebebis mier Zalauflebis borotad gamoyenebisagan, rasac naTlad aCvenebs afro-amerikelebis gamocdileba samxreTis zogierT StatSi. 11. Martin Diamond, Winston Fisk, and Herbert Garfinkel, The Democratic Republic: An Introduction to American National Government (Skokie, III.: Rand McNally, 1970), 136. 12. Hamilton, Jay, and Madison, The Federalist (New York: Modern Library, 1964), no. 31, 226-227. 13. iqve, no. 49, gv. 329. 14. iqve, no. 31, gv. 190. 15. iqve, no.9, 48-49. 16. iqve, no. 10, 57. 17. iqve. 18. iqve. 19. iqve. 20. iqve, no. 6, 27. 21. iqve, no. 51, 337. 22. Martin Diamond, Winston Fisk, and Herbert Garfinkel, The Democratic Republic: An Introduction to American National Government (Skokie, III.: Rand McNally, 1970), 136.

T aavi vi IV

avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi tradiciuli mmarTveloba avtoritarizmis Rirsebebi avtoritarizmis naklovanebebi avtoritaruli saxelmwifos niSnebi avtoritaruli politika avtoritarizmis magaliTi _ nigeria avtoritarizmis Teoria: miTi da realoba avtoritarizmi Tanamedrove fenomenia avtoritaruli reJimi tiranulia avtoritaruli

reJimi

aralegi-

reJimi

arapopu-

timuria avtoritaruli larulia avtoritaruli reJimi sazogadoebriv interesebs ugulebelyofs avtoritarizmi

yvelaze

mmarTvelobaa avtoritarizmis aRsasruli?

96

cudi

avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi

97

istoriulad yvelaze metad avtoritaruli mmarTvelobaa gavrcelebuli. marTlac, 1980-ian wlebSi laTinur amerikaSi demokratiis aRzevebamde da imave aTwleulis bolos aRmosavleT evropaSi socializmis dacemamde demokratia gamonaklisad, xolo avtoritarizmi Cveulebriv movlenad rCeboda. avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi masStabebiTa da xasiaTiT erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian. isini gvxvdeba mmarTvelobis uZveles (monarqiebi, Teokratiebi) da Tanamedrove formebSi (diqtatura, samxedro xunta). avtoritarizmis erT-erT Tanamedrove gamovlinebas, misi ukiduresi xasiaTidan gamomdinare, totalitarizmi ewoda. avtoritarizmis farTo speqtrs jer kidev amSvenebs tradiciuli monarqiebi, romlebic ZiriTadad axlo aRmosavleTis arabuli qveynebisTvis damaxasiaTbeli. magaliTad SegviZlia moviyvanoT maroko, saudis arabeTi, iordania, quveiTi, omani, bahreini, katari da arabeTis gaerTianebuli saamiroebi. masStabebisa da xasiaTis nairgvarobis miuxedavad, avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi garkveuli saerTo TvisebebiT xasiaTdeba. Cveulebriv, msgavs sistemas saTaveSi TviTgamocxadebuli mmarTveli udgas, xolo politikuri Zalaufleba mxolod erTi an ramdenime adamianis xelSia moqceuli. avtoritarul mmarTvelTa umravlesoba realistur miznebs saxavs, Tumca, ukidures SemTxvevaSi, SesaZloa uxeSi da sastiki qmedebebis gasamarTleblad utopiuri ideologia gamoiyenos. Cveulebisamebr, avtoritari mmarTvelebi ar cdiloben sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisa Tu ekonomikis yvela sferos gakontrolebas. maTi Zalisxmeva ZiriTadad Zalauflebisa da saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis arsebuli struqturis SenarCunebisken aris mimarTuli. avtoritaruli reJimi dRemde rCeba konstituciuri demokratiis ZiriTad alternativad da piriqiT. isini ukeT Seswavlas saWiroebs.

avtoritarizmis Rirsebebi ramdenime, SedarebiT mokle istoriul periods _ klasikuri saberZneTisa da romis, Sua saukuneebisa da renesansis epoqis italiis, agreTve uaxles istorias Tu ar CavTvliT, monarqia, rogorc politikuri sistema, seriozuli safrTxis winaSe arasodes damdgara (Tavad monarqebs am TvalsazrisiT naklebad umarTlebdaT). TviT `ganmanaTleblur~ epoqebSic ki monarqia mmarTvelobis upirates formad rCeboda. berZnuli qalaq-saxelmwifoebis oqros xanaSic monarqiis ZiriTadi alternativa avtoritarizmis kidev erTi forma _ oligarqia iyo da ara respublikuri mmarTveloba. ratom aris avtoritarizmi istoriaSi mmarTvelobis yvelaze gavrcelebuli forma? es ramdenime mizeziT aris ganpirobebuli: pirveli, igi martivia da ar moiTxovs rTuli kompleqsuri struqturebis, procedurebis da kanonebis SemuSavebas; meore _ xistia da amdenad (Teoriulad) efeqtiani: gamoricxavs azrTa sxvadasxvaobas da, Sesabamisad, mxareTa Soris garigebis, SeTanxmebisa da konsensusis aucileblobas. biurokratia arsebuli reJimisi loialuri adamianebiTaa dakompleqtebuli: samsaxurSi ayvana

98


nepotizmisa da mfarvelobis principiT xdeba da ara damsaxurebis mixedviT; mesame _ sazogadoebas ar ZaluZs win aRudges xelisuflebis nebas: arc calkeul interesTa jgufebs da arc sazogadoebriv azrs ar SeuZlia saxelmwifos qmedebaTa blokireba. msgavs mcdelobas Zaladobrivi reaqcia mohyveba. opozicia da represiebi erTi medlis or sxvadasxva mxarea. meoTxe _ iq, sadac usafrTxoeba mWidro kavSirSia gare safrTxeebisagan TavdacvasTan, Zlieri lideris unari, Seagrovos gadasaxadebi, aSenos gzebi komunikaciisa da vaWrobis xelSewyobis mizniT, Seqmnas jari da darazmos xalxi, TviTgadarCenis umTavresi faqtoria; mexuTe _ demokratia mxolod ekonomikuri keTildReobis, Zlieri saSualo fenis arsebobis pirobebSi yvavis. demokratiuli sistemis Seqmnis realuri kandidatebi arian qveynebi, romelTac SeuZliaT, sakuTar Tavs skolebisa da sxva socialuri infrastruqturis Seqmnis ufleba miscen, rac zrdis sazogadoebis informirebulobis xarisxs. Rarib, naklebad ganviTarebul qveynebSi ki adamianebi mxolod gadarCenisTvis yoveldRiur brZolaSi arian CarTulni. rogorc politikur procesebSi kargad Caxedulma erTma pirovnebam aRniSna, `Zalaufleba ryvnis, xolo absoluturi Zalaufleba ryvnis absoluturad~. Zalaufleba narkotikiviTaa _ igi adamians Sxamavs da imonebs. sakmarisia gemo gaugo da iseTi mada giCndeba, romlis dakmayofileba Znelia (andazac xom gveubneba: mada WamaSi modiso).

avtoritarizmis naklovanebebi avtoritarul saxelmwifoebs saTaveSi an erTpirovnuli lideri udgas, an elitaruli mmarTveli jgufi. erTpirovnuli mmarTveloba avtokratiis, xolo jgufuri mmarTveloba oligarqiis saxeliTaa cnobili (aseT jgufebs zogjer xuntasac uwodeben). maTi xelisuflebaSi yofnis vada arCevnebiT (xalxis aqtiuri nebiT) ki ar ganisazRvreba, aramed miTisa da Zalauflebis sinTezzea dafuZnebuli. erTi mxriv, xalxs mudmivad unergaven, rom xelisuflebisi utyvi morCileba maTi wmidaTawmida movaleobaa, meore mxriv, mmarTvelebi mudmiv mzadyofnaSi arian, gamoiyenon Zala yovelgvari ajanyebis winaaRmdeg da nebismier fasad SeinarCunon TavianTi mdgomareoba. tradiciulad avtoritaruli xelisuflebis saTaveSi diqtatori dgas. yvelaze ufro saxelganTqmulni im diqtatorTa Soris, romlebic xelisuflebaSi meore msoflio omis Semdeg movidnen, am droisaTvis an gardacvlilni arian, an xelisuflebas CamoSordnen. maT Sorisaa idi amini (uganda), imperatori bokasa I (centraluri afrikis respublika), rafael truxilio (dominikis respublika), fransua `papa dok~ duvalie da misi vaJi `beibi dok~ duvalie (haiti), ferdinand markosi (filipinebi), anastasio somoza (nikaragua), manuel noriega (panama), Sahi reza fehlevi (irani), generali suharto (indonezia), sadam huseini (erayi). dRemde inarCunebs xelisuflebas muamar kadafi (libia). kidev sami diqtatori: hafez al-asadi (siria), mobutu sese seko (kongo, yofili zairi) da generali sani abaCa (nigeria) 1990-iani wlebis miwuruls gardaicvalnen.


99

dRes sirias asadis vaJi marTavs, kongo anarqiis pirasaa, xolo demokratiuli mmarTvelobis damyarebis frTxili nigeriuli eqsperimenti seriozul safrTxeSi rCeba mudmivi Sida eTnikuri da religiuri konfliqtebis fonze. 1980-iani wlebidan laTinurma amerikam gezi demokratiisaken aiRo, manamde ki aq samxedro xelisufleba xangrZlivad gamgeblobda. Tumca, es regioni am TvalsazrisiT gamonaklisi ar yofila. meore msoflio omis Semdeg analogiuri situacia iyo umetes regionebSi, maT Soris aziaSi, axlo aRmosavleTSi, CrdiloeT afrikaSi (e.w. arabul nawilSi) da afrikis samxreTSi. bevr maTganSi diqtatura dasrulda, Tumca zogierTSi jer kidev arsebobs. TviT laTinur amerikaSic ki, sadac amJamad demokratia normadaa qceuli, samxedro kontrolis damyarebis safrTxe gamoricxuli bolomde ver iqneba. iq, sadac samxedro Zalaufleba dominirebs politikur sistemebze, kontrols axorcieleben samxedro institutebi da ara calkeuli pirovnebebi. generlebisgan Semdgari mmarTveli komiteti (an xunta), romelsac saTaveSi prezidenti an generali udgas, aseTi sistemebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli movlenaa. samxedro reJimi Tavis legitimurobas samoqalaqo mmarTvelobis korumpirebulobiT xsnis da imiT asabuTebs, rom mxolod mas ZaluZs wesrigisa da stabilurobis SenarCuneba.

hafez al-asadi: diqtatori

1971 wlidan 2000 wlamde hafez alasadi sirias rkinis xeliT marTavda. asadis mosvla xelisuflebaSi da misi mmarTveloba makiavelis moZRvrebis erT-erT Tezas adasturebs imis Sesaxeb, rom mmarTvelis sjobs eSinodeT, vidre uyvardeT. asadi Siiti alavitebis Rarib ojaxSi daibada (Siiti muslimebi siriaSi umciresobas warmoadgenen, mosaxleobis 65% suniti muslimebi maT eretikosebad miiCneven). 16 wlis asadi baasis partias SeurTda, romelsac mogvianebiT saTaveSic Caudga. baasis partia nacionalizmisa da arabTa erTianobis lozungebiT gamodioda. mogvianebiT asa samxedro akademia daamTavra mfrinavis specialobiT. Tumca misi interesis sferod mainc politika rCeboda da misi qmedebebic politikuri Zalauflebis mopovebis surviliT iyo motivirebuli. asads siriasTan mimarTebaSi kargad Camoyalibebuli mizani hqonda _ mas surda, rom siriis absoluturi mmarTveli yofiliyo da Tavisi saxelmwifo regionSi politikuri da samxedro Zlierebis simbolod eqcia. man warmatebas

100


miaRwia, Tumca garkveuli marcxic ganicada. aqedan yvelaze mniSvnelovani 1967 wels, misi Tavdacvis ministrobis periodSi strategiuli mniSvnelobis golanis simaRlis daTmoba iyo israelTan eqvswliani omis Semdeg. siriam am teritoriis dabruneba 1973 welsac ver moaxerxa, rodesac egviptesTan erTad israelis winaaRmdeg omi wamoiwyo, magram damarcxda. es faqti asadis politikuri ambiciebis kraxis simbolod rCeba. Tumca, asadi saxelmwifo saxsrebs xalxis ukiduresi siRaribis dasaZlevad xarjavda da qveynis infrastruqturis, saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebis, samedicini momsaxurebis gaumjobeseba SeZlo, misi es miRwevebi politikuri Zalauflebis SenarCunebis mizniT warmoebulma farulma brZolam daCrdila. asadi periodulad arCevnebsac atarebda, arCevnebSi misi warmatebis indikatori ki mudmivad 99%-s Seadgenda, rac logikuri Sedegi iyo asadis qmedebisa: axlo aRmosavleTSi Tavisi politikuri oponentebis gasanadgureblad igi mkvlelebsa da teroristebs iyenebda, Sida mtrebs ki muxabarati (saxelmwifo uSiSroebis samsaxuri, romelic eleqtronuli zedamxedvelobis, terorisa da wamebis gavrcelebuli meTodebis gamoyenebiTaa cnobili) daupirispira. asadis mier oponentebis winaaRmdeg Zalis gansakuTrebuli sisastikiT gamoyenebam 1982 wels piks miaRwia. man muslimTa saZmos wevrebze (radikaluri sunituri islamuri organizacia) eWvi miitana, rom isini misi reJimis damxobas cdilobdnen da amitom qalaq hamas, muslimTa saZmos ZiriTadi koncentraciis adgilis, aTasobiT mcxovrebi daaxocvina (sxvadasxva Sefasebis mixedviT, 5000-dan 30 000-mde sirieli). dRes sirias asadis vaJi, profesiiT ofTalmologi baSar asadi marTavs (igi siriaSi didi britaneTidan dabrunda, sadac didxans cxovrobda). mas Semdeg, rac misi ufrosi Zma 1994 wels avtokatastrofaSi daiRupa, baSari polkovnikis Cinidan generlobamde dauyovnebliv daawinaures da SeiaraRebuli Zalebis umaRles mTavarsardladac daniSnes. 2000 wels mamis sikvdilis Semdeg man xelisufleba yovelgvari winaaRmdegobis gareSe gadaibara. amis Semdeg gasakviri aRar unda iyos, rom siriis samxedro diqtatura dRemde ucvleli da ualternativoa.

yofili samxedro maRalCinosnebi dResac mniSvnelovan rols asruleben laTinuri amerikis axladaRmocenebul demokratiul sistemebSi, romelTa saTaveSic mosaxleobis mier arCeuli prezidentebi _ samoqalaqo pirebi dganan. afrikis bevr qveyanaSi samxedro liderebi kvlav dominireben da arCeul samoqalaqo xelisuflebas saxelmwifo gadatrialebis safrTxe kvlav emuqreba. avtoritari mmarTvelebi individualur uflebebs uaryofen, rodesac es uflebebi maT xelisuflebas an saxelmwifo politikas ewinaaRmdegeba. avtoritaruli reJimi mmarTvelTa interesebs rigiT moqalaqeTa interesebze maRla ayenebs da, avtoritarizmis xasiaTidan gamomdinare, maT amaSi xels veraferi SeuSlis. avtoritaruli sistema aris garemo, sadac despoturi neba-survili ZaladobiT aris ganmtkicebuli. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom avtoritari mmarTvelebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan. es gansxvaveba ki imazea damokidebuli, ra doziT


101

axveven isini TavianT nebas xalxs da ra xarisxiT axSoben inteleqtualur da SemoqmedebiT Tavisuflebas. sxvadasxva avtoritari mmarTveli represiebsa da Zaladobas marTlac gansxvavebuli intensivobiT iyenebs. erTni mxolod nawilobriv mimarTaven iZulebas, xolo meoreni gansakuTrebuli mondomebiT uswordebian TavianT oponentebs. maSin, roca avtoritari marTvelebis umetesoba TviTgandidebiT aris dakavebuli, arian iseTebic, romlebic Zalauflebas saxelmwifo interesebis sasargeblodac iyenebdnen (iosef broz tito iugoslaviaSi da anvar sadaTi egvipteSi). ambiciuri saxelmwifo programebi, romlebic warmoebis ganviTarebis, reformirebisa da ekonomikis modernizaciiskenaa mimarTuli, keTili nebis diqtatorebis arsebobaze miuTiTebs. Tumca, ra Tqma unda, verc keTili nebis diqtatorebi eguebian organizebuli politikuri opoziciis arsebobas. es praqtikuli niuansebi, romlebic xSirad Znelad SesamCnevia, politikuri TvalsazrisiT radikalurad gansxvavebul Sedegs iZleva. avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi iseTi reJimebia, romlebic Zalauflebis mcireoden SezRudvasac ar cnoben. maTi umravlesoba, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, mxolod zedapirulad (formalurad) interesdeba moqalaqeTa keTildReobiT. amgvarad, Tavneba diqtatorebic xSirad mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan. daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yvela tirani diqtatoria, magram yvela diqtatori tirani ar aris (ix. sqema 4-1).

avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi xasiaTdeba Zalauflebis koncentraciiT da ar cnobs politikur opozicias

avtokratiuli (mefe, xalifa, a.S.)

avtokratiuli da oligarquli mmarTveloba mxolod mmarTvelTa raodenobiT gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan

oligarquli (samxedro xunta da a.S.)

keTili nebisa da diqtatoruli reJimebi ki Zalauflebas sxvadasxva mizniT iyeneben keTili nebis

diqtatoruli

tiranuli

keTili nebis

aratiranuli

diqtatoruli

tiranuli

tiranuli da aratiranuli diqtatura marTvis gansxvavebul meTods iyenebs

sqema 4-1 . avtoritaruli mmarTvelobis tipebi

aratiranuli

102


avtoritaruli saxelmwifos niSnebi avtoritari mmarTvelebi xelisuflebaSi ZiriTadad Zaladobrivi gziT modian. wina xelisuflebas jer Zirs uTxrian, xolo Semdeg saxelmwifo gadatrialebis meSveobiT amxoben. uaxloes warsulSi swored ase moxda aziis, laTinuri amerikis, axlo aRmosavleTis, saharis samxreTiT mdebare afrikul qveynebSi, sadac diqtatorebi modian da midian ise, rom araferi icvleba im xalxisaTvis, TiTqosda visi saxeliTac (da visi gulisTvisac) isini moqmedeben. Zalauflebaze monopoliis SenarCuneba avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebis mTavari mizania. amdenad, avtoritari mmarTvelebi cdiloben SeinarCunon kontroli im saSualebebze, romliTac TavianT politikur oponentebs daaSineben, Seaviwroeben, daapatimreben, gadaasaxleben an sikvdiliT dasjian. jari da policia iZulebis mTavari iaraRia, aqedan gamomdinare, didia samxedro reJimis damyarebis albaToba. avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebis meTaurTa umravlesoba iwyebs rogorc samxedro piri da Semdeg, ZiriTadad mxolod iersaxisTvis, samoqalaqo statuss irgebs. magaliTad, egviptis mmarTvelebi gamal abdel naseri, anvar sadaTi da amJamad hosni mubaraqi samxedro maRalCinosnebi iyvnen, sanam prezidentebi gaxdebodnen. moqmedi Tu potenciuri opoziciis gasaneitraleblad avtoritari mmarTvelebi xSirad mimarTaven cenzuras presaze, ukanonod acxadeben opoziciur partiebs da sasamarTlo sistemaze mkacr kontrols aweseben, rasac Semdeg politikuri oponentebis devnis iaraRad iyeneben. monopolia masmediasa da sasamarTlo xelisuflebaze absolutur mmarTvelebs maTi Zalauflebis gaxangrZlivebis saSualebas aZlevs da Zalauflebis gadaWarbebis SeniRbvisa da samarTlebriv CarCoSi moqcevis meqanizmia. represiuli politika da institutebi wesrigisa da stabilurobis saxeliT aris gamarTlebuli. am SemTxvevaSi magaliTad mohyavT iseTi problemebi, romlebsac Cveulebisamebr awydebian ganviTarebadi qveynebi (gareSe mtrebi, Sida eTnikuri da religiuri ganxeTqilebebi, ekonomikuri krizisi da Rrma klasobrivi gansxvavebebi). Tumca marTalia, zogierTi avtoritaruli saxelmwifo socialuri da ekonomikuri reformebis iniciatorad gvevlineba (mag., TurqeTi, samxreT korea da taivani uaxloes warsulSi), umetesoba mainc ganuviTarebel agrarul ekonomikasa da mosaxleobis mdidar da Rarib fenebs Soris mkveTr gansxvavebas inarCunebs. avtoritari mmarTvelebi ekonomikas mxolod gansazRvrul doneze akontroleben. ZiriTadad isini gadasaxadebis amoRebis gziT cdiloben samxedro da ekonomikuri programebis ganxorcielebas da ufro xSirad saxsrebs aramiznobrivad _ piradi interesebisaTvis xarjaven. gadasaxadebis gadaxda da xelisuflebisi Tayvaniscema aris ZiriTadi, rasac avtokratiuli reJimebi rigiTi moqalaqeebisgan moiTxoven. amdenad, mTavroba, erTi mxriv, ekonomikur eqspluatacias uwevs Tavis moqalaqeebs, meore mxriv, sruliad gulgrilia maT mimarT, sanam es ukanasknelni politikis miRma rCebian. saxelmwifos mier Tavisi moqalaqeebis pirad cxovrebaSi Carevis mcdeloba erTgvari testia, romelic gviCvenebs, gadalaxa Tu ara


103

mmarTvelma avtoritarizmisa da totalitarizmis gamyofi xazi. avtoritari mmarTvelebi xalxis cxovrebas iSviaTad aumjobeseben, xSirad piriqiT xdeba. maT umetesobas ubralo moqalaqeebi arc axsovs. zogadad, avtoritarizmi `qveyanaSi arsebuli jgufebisa da klasebis mospobas an gardaqmnas ar cdilobs, igi maT sakuTari miznebis gansaxorcielebel iaraRad aqcevs~.1

avtoritaruli politika avtoritari mmarTvelebi naklebad arian motivirebulni xalxis sasikeTod imoqmedon. aristotele amtkicebda, rom avtoritaruli mmarTvelobis yvela forma, miuxedavad maT Soris mniSvnelovani sxvaobisa, kargi xelisuflebis damaxinjebuli saxea. saxelmwifo mowyoba, romelic sazogado interess emsaxureba, absoluturi samarTlianobis principidan gamomdinare, swor mowyobas ganasaxierebs, acxadebda igi, xolo saxelmwifo mowyoba, romelic mxolod mmarTvelis pirad interesebzea orientirebuli _ araswor mowyobas ganasaxierebs anu swori formebis damaxinjebuli saxea. aseTi maxinji formebi despoturia.2 aristotele aseve amtkicebda, rom swori mmarTveloba erTi pirovnebis an privilegirebuli umciresobis interesebze ki ara, moqalaqeTa keTildReobaze unda iyos orientirebuli. diqtatorebisa da tiranebisTvis sazogado interesebze maRla piradi interesi dgas. TaRliTi mkurnalis msgavsad, romelic imiT mdidrdeba, rom yalb samkurnalo saSualebebs saswaulmoqmedad asaRebs, avtoritari mmarTvelebic Zalauflebas imiT moipoveben, rom keTildReobas hpirdebian xalxs, romelsac sinamdvileSi eqspluatacias uweven. mizani amarTlebs saSualebas _ TavianT egocentrul politikas avtoritari mmarTvelebi wesrigsa da Tavdacvaze mudmivi zrunviT xsnian. usafrTxoebis sakiTxze yuradRebis aseTi gamaxvileba saxifaToc ki aris, radgan mmarTvelebma SesaZloa (xSir SemTxvevaSi isini swored ase iqcevian) gadaWarbebul Zaladobas mimarTon Sida areulobis mosagvareblad, romelic maTive araswori politikis Sedegia. istoriulad yvelaze xSirad avtoritarul saxelmwifoTa meTaurebs TavianTi politikuri oponentebisi sastiki mopyrobisaTvis kicxaven. rogorc wesi, aseT saxelmwifoebSi Tavad politikis mimarT negatiuri damokidebuleba arsebobs: mmarTveli an politikaze maRla dgas, an politikuri moRvaweoba saerTod akrZalulia. es ki imas niSnavs, rom sajarod sakiTxis dasmac ki ikrZaleba imis Sesaxeb, vin an rogor unda marTos; saxelmwifos meTauris mimarT gamoTqmuli yovelgvari saxis kritika orgulobad da Ralatad aRiqmeba.

avtoritarizmis magaliTi _ nigeria nigeriis magaliTi gviCvenebs, ratom iqmneba avtoritaruli sistemebi ase advilad da ratom xdeba isini sayovelTaod saZulveli. afrikis erT-erTi

104


potenciurad yvelaze Zlieri saxelmwifo, nigeria naTeli ilustraciaa imisa, rogor funqcionireben da ra zianis motana SeuZliaT avtoritarul sistemebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom nigerias afrikis teritoriis mxolod 3% ukavia, 120 milioniani mosaxleobiT (2008 wlisaTvis 150 mln. mTargm. Sen.)kontinentis samxreTis 20%-s Seadgens. marTalia, nigeria Sida erovnuli produqtiT kontinentze samxreT afrikis respublikis Semdeg meore adgilzea da eqsportisaTvis sakmarisi navTobis maragi aqvs, misi ekonomika jer kidev ganviTarebis yvelaze dabal safexurzea, xolo Sida erovnuli produqti erT mosaxleze 300 aSS dolars Seadgens (2008 wlisTvis 1450 $ _ mTargm. Sen.). nigeriis ekonomikur ganviTarebas tomobriv, da eTnikur mravalferovnebasTan erTad, xelisuflebaSi araefeqtiani da korumpirebuli samxedro liderebis uwyvetad yofna aferxebs. nigeria britaneTis kolonia iyo da damoukidebel saxelmwifod 1960 wels Camoyalibda. sxva afrikuli saxelmwifoebis msgavsad, misi sazRvrebi ise iqna dadgenili, rom koloniuri mmarTvelebisaTvis istraciulad xelsayreli yofiliyo. am sazRvrebSi ki sxvadasxva regionis, religiis, eTnosisa da kulturis warmomadgeneli moeqca. 250 sxvadasxva enasa da dialeqtze molaparake xalxi sakmarisia am qveynis gasaocar mravalferovnebaze warmodgenis Sesaqmnelad. nigeria noyieri niadagia socialuri konfliqtebisaTvis. pirveli, qveyana religiuri niSniT aris gaxleCili: CrdiloeTSi muslimebi arian umravlesobaSi, samxreTSi _ qristianebi. meore, qveynis sxvadasxva regionSi dominireben msxvili eTnikuri jgufebi (tomebi): hausa-fulani CrdiloeTSi, ioruba _ dasavleTSi, igbosebi _ aRmosavleTSi. mesame, qveynis sxvadasxva nawils urTTierTkonkurenciisa da politikuri Zalauflebis gansxvavebuli resursebi aqvs. magaliTad, CrdiloeTi yvelaze ufro dasaxlebuli regionia, samxreTSi navTobis udidesi maragia, xolo aRmosavleTi _ diplomatebisa da ebis samSobloa. swored arsebuli realobiTaa ganpirobebuli, rom nigeria damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg Rrma socialurma qaosma moicva. magaliTad, 1967 wels aRmosavleT nigeriaSi igbos tomma calke saxelmwifod gamoyofa scada. Sedegad samoqalaqo omi gaCaRda, romelmac sam wels gastana da milionobiT adamianis sicocxle Seiwira, separatizmis mcdeloba ki marcxiT damTavrda. xSiri religiuri konfliqtebi, Sedegad aTasobiT daRupuli qristiani da muslimi moqalaqe, lokaluri socialuri arastabilurobis kidev erTi magaliTia. amgvarad, nigeria mravaleTnikuri saxelmwifoa, mravalricxovani da mravalferovani jgufebisgan Semdgari, romelTa warmomadgenlebsac erTiani erovnuli TviTSegneba naklebad aqvT Camoyalibebuli. msgavsi ganxeTqilebiT aixsneba is, ratom ar gaamarTla nigeriulma eqsperimentma demokratiisa da arCeuli xelisuflebis Sesaxeb. aseT qaosur fonze politikuri wesrigis damyareba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania da Zlieri xelisufleba, romelsac Sida konfliqtebis CaxSoba SeuZlia, farTo mxardaWeriT sargeblobs. magram 1983-1999 wlebSi samxedro mmarTvelobam qveyanaSi mxolod vardna, undobloba da ganxeTqileba moitana. nigeriis politikur cxovrebaSi korufciis nakleboba arc manamde SeimC-


105

neoda, piks ki swored aRniSnul periodSi miaRwia. samxedro diqtatorebi da mmarTveli gundi urcxvad mdidrdeboda da srulad ugulebelyofda qveynis ekonomikur da socialur interesebs. erT-erTi Sefasebis mixedviT, 1999 wlamde nigerias msoflioSi yvelaze korumpirebuli mTavroba hyavda. meqrTameoba da gamoZalva cxovrebis wesi iyo, xolo patronaJis sistemam, sadac samxedro mmarTvelebi Tanamdebobebsa da sxva privilegiebs mxolod reJimis mxardamWerebs aZlevdnen, gaberili, araefeqtiani, upasuxismgeblo biurokratiis Camoyalibebas Seuwyo xeli. nigeriis samxedro mmarTvelebi momavalSi samarTliani arCevnebis Catarebasac hpirdebodnen xalxs, magram piroba pirobad darCa. 1993 wlis arCevnebis SedegebiT xelisufleba ukmayofilo iyo. sapasuxod, nigeriis samxedro meTaurma generalma ibrahim babangidam Sedegebi gaauqma, gamarjvebuli kandidati daaWerina da RalatSi daadanaSaula. mogvianebiT samxedro reJimis sxva mowinaaRmdegeebis devna da dapatimrebac daiwyo, ramdenime maTgani sikvdiliTac dasajes. cxrili 4.1 korumpirebul saxelmwifoTa reitingi * 1. nigeria 2. pakistani 3. kenia 4. bangladeSi 5. CineTi 6. kameruni 7. venesuela 8. ruseTi 9. indoeTi 10. indonezia 11. filipinebi 12. uganda 13. kolumbia 14. egvipte 15. brazilia 16. ekvadori 17. meqsika 18. tailandi

19. bolivia 20. argentina 21. italia 22. TurqeTi 23. espaneTi 24. ungreTi 25. iordania 26. taivani 27. saberZneTi 28. samxreTi korea 29. malaizia 30. CexeTi 31. poloneTi 32. samxreTi afrika 33. portugalia 34. Cile 35. belgia 36. safrangeTi

37. hong kongi 38. iaponia 39. avstria 40. aSS 41. israeli 42. germania 43. britaneTi 44. irlandia 45. avstralia 46. niderlandebi 47. Sveicaria 48. singapuri 49. norvegia 50. kanada 51. fineTi 52. SvedeTi 53. dania 54. axali zelandia

* 1996 w. korufciis done qveyanaSi mravalerovnuli korporaciebisa da dawesebulebebis TanamSromelTa SefasebiT (1=yvelaze metad korumpirebuli; 54=yvelaze naklebad korumpirebuli) wyaro: saerTaSoriso gamWvirvaloba, berlini.

sabolood, 1999 wels, mravalwliani warumatebeli samxedro mmarTvelobisa da nigeriis Zlevamosili meTuris _ general sani abaCas moulodneli gardacvalebis Semdeg, qveyanas kvlav mieca samarTliani arCevnebis Cat-

106


arebis SesaZlebloba. yofili samxedro lideri olusegun obasanio 1983 wlis Semdeg nigeriis pirveli demokratiuli gziT arCeuli prezidenti gaxda. obasanio gamonaklisia nigeriaSi: sazogado moRvawe samxedro warsuliTa da zneobrivi pirovnebis reputaciiT. SeZlebs Tu ara igi nigeriis sabolood dayenebas demokratiisa da keTildReobis gzaze, amas momavali gviCvenebs. (2007 wlidan qveyanas marTavs umaru iaradea. mis arCevnebze saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobam araerTi darRveva daafiqsira. mTargmn. SeniSvna.) rogorc ar unda iyos, samxedro generlebis mmarTveloba nigeriaSi Semdeg politikur WeSmaritebas adasturebs: pirveli, avtoritari mmarTvelebis upiratesi mizani xelisuflebis SenarCunebaa nebismier fasad; meore, yvelaze sastiki diqtaturac ki ver gaeqceva Tavisive araswori mmarTvelobis damRupvel Sedegebs.

avtoritarizmis Teoria: miTi da realoa xSirad xdeba avtoritarizmis ukiduresi formebis ganzogadeba, rac araswori Sexedulebebis Camoyalibebas uwyobs xels. damRa, romelic avtoritarizms mudam Tan sdevs da risi arsebobac gasagebia da gamarTlebuli, ramdenime popularuli mcdari mosazrebis Camoyalibebas ganapirobebs. qvemoT ganvixilavT eqvs aseT mosazrebas, romlebic realobisa da miTis sinTezzea damyarebuli.

avtoritarizmi Tanamedrove fenomenia es hipoTeza erTi SexedviT WeSmarits hgavs, Tumca mcire kritikasac ver uZlebs. Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdebisa da SenarCunebis fundamenturi meTodebi or aTaswleulze metia arsebobs. aristotele `politikaSi~ STambeWdavad aRwers politikur strategias, romelsac adreuli xanis avtokrati mmarTvelebi iyenebdnen. es meTodebi arc axlandeli diqtatorebisTvisaa ucxo. aristotele gonivrulad SeniSnavs, rom am taqtikis mizania xeli SeuSalos calkeul individTa SeTanxmebul politikur moqmedebas maTi sulierad gatexvisa da erTmaneTis mimarT undoblobis daTesvis gziT. igi anadgurebs nebismier pirovnebas, romlisganac raime saxis politikur safrTxes elis. Sekrebebis, kulturuli RonisZiebebisa da sxva sazogadoebrivi saqmianobis akrZalviT individTa erTmaneTisgan izolacia xdeba. aseTi qmedebebi safrTxisa da undoblobis grZnobas amyarebs da xels uSlis iatakqveSa politikuri moZraobebis warmoqmnas. saidumlo policia da jaSuSebi xalxSi SiSisa da daZabulobis sindroms kidev ufro aZliereben. siRaribe, maRali gadasaxadebi da mZime Sroma xalxis drosa da yuradRebas mTlianad ikavebs (aristoteles magaliTis saxiT egviptis piramidebis mSenebloba mohyavs). bolos, omis gaCaRebis mcdeloba avtokrati mmarTvelebis


107

yuradRebis gadatanis kidev erTi saSualebaa, `riTac isini xalxis gonebas ipyroben da lideris aucileblobas mudmivad Seaxseneben~.3 avtokratuli politikuri taqtika ufro ganavrco ita lielma moazrovne nikolo makiavelim. misi naSromi politikuri Zalauflebis mopovebisa da SenarCunebis strategias eZRvneba. `mTavari~ (1513) warmatebuli avtoritari mmarTvelis samagido wignad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. makiaveli amtkicebda, rom mmarTveli zneobriv pirovnebad unda aCvenebdes Tavs maSinac ki, rodesac amoralur saqciels Cadis. warmatebuli mmarTveli sicruis nam dvili didostati unda iyos, amoraluri saqcieli ki xSirad Tavis gadarCenis erTaderTi gzaa. liderma dadebiT pirovnebad unda aCvenos Tavi maSin, roca `cudad iqceva~. nikolo makiaveli (1469-1527) naSromSi `mTavari~ asabuTebs, rom mmarTvelebs Zalauflebis SenarCuneba mxolod uzneo taqtikisa da strategiis gamoyenebiT SeuZliaT.

makiaveli momaval mmarTvelebs imasac urCevs, rom danapirebi ar Seasrulon, Tu es maT interesebSi aRar Sedis, SeniRbon TavianTi WeSmariti miswrafebebi, daTeson SiSi siyvarulis nacvlad da uangarobis ieriT Seimoson, rodesac mxolod sakuTar interesebze zrunaven. keTilSobileba am SemTxvevaSi sakuTar interesebze zrunvasa da xalxis interesebis ugulebelyofasTanaa gaigivebuli. rodesac qonebis CamorTmevaze, oponentebis dapatimrebasa Tu moRalateTa dasjaze midgeba saqme _ es yvelaferi dauyovnebliv da erTdroulad unda moxdes. sisxlian saqmeebs rac ufro adre daasruleb, miT ufro swrafad daaviwydebaT. rac Seexeba keTildReobas, Zunwad, nawilnawil unda daurigo xalxs, raTa gemo kargad gaugon da mudam axsovdeT, visi wyalobaa igi. dabolos, sasjeli umkacresi unda iyos: msubuqma sasjelma SeiZleba ajanyebis survili gaaRvivos da susti da meryevi pirovnebis reputacia Seuqmnas xelisufals. zemoT Tqmulidan gamomdinare, gasakviri ar unda iyos, rom cneba `makiavelizmi~ sastik da uzneo qmedebebTan asocirdeba. Tumca, ra Tqma unda, es

108


meTodebi makiavelis gamogonili ar aris. man mxolod me-16 saukunis italiis qalaqi-saxelmwifoebis marTvis arsebuli gamocdilebis sistematizacia moaxdina. rogorc masze bevrad ufro adre aristotelem, makiavelim avtokrati mmarTvelebis mier politikuri Zalauflebis SenarCunebis teqnika da meTodebi daamuSava, romlebic dRemde gamoiyeneba.

avtoritaruli reJimi tiranulia avtoritari mmarTvelebis mier Zalauflebis ganxorcielebis saSualebebi sxvadasxvagvaria. aristotele avtoritarizmis or formas ganasxvavebda. misi azriT, yvelaze gavrcelebuli forma damyarebulia politikuri kontrolis iseT tradiciul meTodebze, rogoricaa absoluturi sisastike da represiebi. aseT politikas aqvs erTi mizani _ samudamod CaaxSos amboxis survili. avtoritari mmarTvelebis meore tipi ki xalxis motyuebas cdilobs. isini xalxze mzrunvelis STabeWdilebas toveben, sakuTari simdidris warmoCenas eridebian, wesierebis farglebs arasodes cdebian, Rirseul moqalaqeebs pativs miageben, Zeglebs dgamen da a.S. mokled, TavianTi xelqveiTebis winaSe ara despotis, aramed rCeulis saxiT wardgebian.4 ra Tqma unda, am SemTxvevaSic uzenaesi kvlav mmarTvelis piradi interesia. is mxolod STabeWdilebis moxdenas cdilobs, raTa xalxSi buntis yovelgvari survili da motivacia gaaqros. aseTi mmarTveli, aristoteles azriT, `naxevrad kargia~. Tumca, cxadia, aseTi `naxevrad kargi~ mmarTvelis xelSi cxovreba sjobs, vidre `tradiciuli~ diqtatorisa. mniSvneloba eniWeba ara mxolod masStabebs, romliTac avtoritari mmarTveli individTa cxovrebaze zemoqmedebs, aramed meTodebs, romelsac igi am miznis misaRwevad iyenebs. rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, zogierTi maTgani dapatimrebiTa da sikvdiliT uswordeba arsebul da potenciur mtrebs, zogierTi ki Zalas iSviaTad iyenebs. avtoritari mmarTvelebi sxva TvalsazrisiTac gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan _ erTni qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis mimarT gulgrilni arian da mxolod politikuri Zalauflebis SenarCunebaze arian orientirebulni, meoreni ki ekonomikuri pirobebis gaumjobesebas dauRalavad cdiloben. magaliTad, Sahi muhamed reza fehlevi (1929-1980) garda imisa, rom Tavisi politikur mtrebs sdevnida, iranis kulturuli, ekonomikuri da socialuri cxovrebis modernizebasac cdilobda. misi drois iranSi pirovnuli Tavisufleba garkveuli xarisxiT mainc arsebobda. Tanamedrove taivansa da singapur-Sic demokratiisa da diqtaturis aseve ucnauri sinTezi SeiniSneba. am or qveyanas wlebis ganmavlobaSi ekonomikuri zrdis swrafi tempi da cxovrebis maRali done axasiaTebT, rac maT mesame msoflios qveynebis Suris obieqtad xdis.

avtoritaruli reJimi aralegitimuria amerikelTa umetesoba gaiziarebda jon lokis Sexedulebas imis Sesaxeb,


109

rom erTaderTi legitimuri xelisufleba aris is, romelic xalxis nebasa da sayovelTao Tanxmobazea dafuZnebuli. Tumca, es piroba legitimurobis erTaderTi sazomi arc arasodes yofila _ istoriaSi arsebobda sakmaod xangrZlivi periodebi, rodesac sayovelTao neba legitimurobis kriteriumi saerTod ar yofila. Sua saukuneebis bolo periodidan me-18 saukunis miwurulamde, evropaSi mmarTvelobis yvelaze gavrcelebuli forma monarqia iyo, romelic religiasa (saRvTo kanoni) da memkvidreobiTobaze (samefo warmomavloba) iyo dafuZnebuli. analogiurad, imperiul CineTSi dinastiuri principi imperatoris legitimurobis erTaderTi wyaro iyo, magram religiac mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda _ CineTis imperatori `zeciuri mandatiT~ marTavda. istoriulad, swored tradiciebi da religia gaxldaT xelisuflebis legitimurobis ori ZiriTadi wyaro.

frangi xalxis mxardaWeriT napoleon bonapartem (1769-1821) 1804 wels Tavi safrangeTis imperatorad gamoacxada: `me var saxelmwifo _ me erTaderTi var aq xalxis warmomadgeneli~.

Tanamedrove diqtatura legitimurobis pirovnul da naklebad formalur wyaroebzea dafuZnebuli. am fenomens qarizmatul liders uwodeben. qarizma xSirad pirovnul mimzidvelobaze, oratorul xelovnebaze an erovnuli gmiris mier omebsa da revoluciebSi mopovebul gamarjvebebzea dafuZnebuli. meore msoflio omis Semdeg qarizmatuli lideris magaliTebia naseri egvipteSi, sukarno indoneziaSi da kadafi _ libiaSi. mesame msoflios postkoloniuri diqtatura mTlianad ganmaTavisuflebeli gmiris Tayvaniscemazea damyarebu-li _ pirovnebisa, romelic adgilobriv mosaxleobas evropis koloniuri mmarTvelobis winaaRmdeg warmatebul brZolebSi miuZRoda. sarwmunoeba, tradiciebi, qarizma _ avtokratuli mmarTvelobis istoriuli sayrdenia. rogorc wesi, isini amarTleben ideas, rom mmarTvelebs ufleba aqvT, marTon xalxis nebis winaaRmdeg. magram marTvis ufleba jer kidev ar niSnavs sworad marTvas. samwuxarod, diqtatorebi da tiranebi am uflebis gamoyenebisas xSirad uSveben seriozul Secdomebs.

110


avtoritaruli reJimi popularobiT ar sargeblobs isini, vinc demokratiul saxelmwifoSi cxovroben, bunebrivia, darwmunebulni arian, rom arCevanis SemTxvevaSi sxvebic upiratesobas swored demokratiul sistemebs mianiWeben. rogorc aRmoCnda, es Sexeduleba mcdaria. udavoa, rom diqtatorebi ara marto SiSs Tesaven xalxSi, aramed _ pativiscemas, rwmenas, nebayoflobiT morCilebasa da siyvarulsac ki da radganac avtoritari liderebi zogjer politikur stabilurobasa da ekonomikur zrdas uzrunvelyofen, Tayvaniscemis obieqtebic xdebian. pirovnuli qarizma popularobis kidev erTi wyaroa. qarizmatuli `mxedris~ prototips napoleon bonaparti ganasaxierebs. napoleonma xelSi revoluciiT ZirgamoTxrili saxelmwifos xelisufleba Caigdo da safrangeTi mniSvnelovani gamarjvebebisaken waiyvana. man TiTqmis mTeli kontinenti daipyro, Tavisi warmatebis pikze igi safrangeTSi absoluturi popularobiT sargeblobda. hitlermac germaneli xalxis sruli mxardaWera moipova (Tumca, ra Tqma unda, hitleris totalitaruli saxelmwifo Tavisi politikuri gavleniT bevrad aRemateboda napoleonis reJims). rogorc erTi mkvlevari aRniSnavda: sazogadod miCneulia, rom is, vinc umravlesobis mxardaWeriT sargeblobs, SeuZlebelia tirani iyos. napoleonsa da hitlers _ TavianTi drois am or udides tirans, mmarTvelobis ZiriTad periodSi umravlesobis sruli mxardaWra hqondaT. frangebis umetesoba napoleonis agresiuli politikis momxre iyo da arc hitleris antisemitur politikas hqonia raime saxis winaaRmdegoba germaneli xalxis mxridan, magram maTi mmarTveloba amis gamo naklebad tiranuli ar gamxdara. warmovidginoT, rom demokratiulad arCeuli premier-ministri msgavs kampanias iwyebs da is tiraniviT unda moiqces. savaraudod, umciresobis mxridan mas iseTi Zlieri winaaRmdegoba Sexvdeba, rom iZulebuli gaxdeba tiranuli meTodebiT CaaxSos igi. maSasadame, misi xelisufleba amomrCevelTa nebaze aRar aris dafuZnebuli da igi absoluturi tirani xdeba. aseTi tirani SesaZloa garkveulwilad xalxis mxardaWeriT sargeblobdes, magram misi Zalaufleba am mxardaWeraze aRar iqneba dafuZnebuli.5

cudi mmarTveli, rogori daudevari da daundobelic unda iyos, iSviaTad awydeba winaaRmdegobas maTi mxridan, visac misi gansjis unari Seswevs. am TvalsazrisiT, Tanamedrove tiranebi me-19 saukunis rusi klasikosis dostoevskis mier gamoTqmul WeSmaritebas adastureben: Tanasworobis epoqaSi masebi, uwinares yovlisa, eswrafvian ra usafrTxoebas, siamovnebiT miiReben despotizms, raTa pasuxismgeblobis im tvirTs gaeqcnen, romelic Tavisuflebas axlavs Tan.6 WeSmariteba isaa, rom despoturi xelisufleba imaze ufro popularulia, vidre Cven gvinda gvjerodes.


111

avtoritaruli reJimi sazogadoebriv interesebs ugulebelyofs verc es ganzogadebuli mosazreba uZlebs kritikas. yvelaze uares tiransac ki ZaluZs qveynis politikuri qaosidan da ekonomikuri stagnaciidan gamoyvana da wesrigisa da keTildReobis gzaze dayeneba. adolf hitleris damsaxurebaa, germaniam rom ekonomikuri krizisi daZlia. imave epoqis italiis faSisti diqtatoris _ benito musolinis apologetebi aRniSnavdnen, rom misi wyalobiT, sul cota, matareblebi aRar igvianebdnen. warmatebuli saxelmwifo politikis es magaliTebi, ra Tqma unda, ar amarTlebs zRvargadasul tiranias, magram sakuTar qveyanaSi hitlerisa da musolinis popularobis asaxsnelad namdvilad gamodgeba. yvelaze STambeWdavi magaliTi imisa, rogor moaxerxa avtokratulma reJimma mdgradi socialuri da ekonomikuri progresis miRweva, aris ara evropa, aramed CineTi. amas monteskie, adam smiti da karl marqsic ki aRniSnavdnen. am TvalsazrisiT CineTi dRemde rCeba mkvlevarTa interesis sagnad.7 gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia kaSxlebis, jebirebisa da wyalsadenebis vrceli sistema, romelic CineTis uzarmazar samefos mTlianad moicavda.8 mTeli es hidrosistema aris niSandoblivi miRweva, romelic Tavisi mniSvnelobiTa da masStabebiT aRemateboda Zveli drois dasavleTSi ganxorcielebul nebismier saerTo saxalxo saxelmwifo proeqts. sainteresoa, romelma civilizaciam SeZlo aseTi moculobis samuSaos warmatebiT ganxorcieleba? Tanamedrove mkvlevarma, karl vitfogelma Teoriulad Seiswavla Cinuri sistema, romelsac man àRmosavluri despotizmi~ uwoda da daaskvna, rom misi gansakuTrebuli xasiaTi mkacr da gausaZlis pirobebSi mravalricxovani mosaxleobis gadarCenis aucileblobiT iyo ganpirobebuli.9 Cinelebis ZiriTadi sakvebi produqti yovelTvis brinji iyo, xolo brinjis moyvana didi raodenobiT wyals da misi kontrolis saTanado sistemas saWiroebs. ase rom, sakvebis mudmivi problemis mosagvareblad jer wylis mudmivi problemis mogvareba iyo aucilebeli. es ki wylis nakadis kontrolis, irigaciisa da drenaJis sakmaod rTuli sqemis Seqmnas gulisxmobda. CineTSi Seiqmna permanentuli meurneobis sistema, romelmac qveyanas saSualeba misca erTi da igive miwebi saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi daemuSavebina ise, rom maTi nayofiereba SenarCunebuliyo. amgvari sistemis Seqmna ki mxolod Zlieri centraluri xelisuflebis pirobebSi iqneboda SesaZlebeli. iseTi ambiciuri proeqtis ganxorcieleba, rogoricaa uZveles xanaSi bunebrivi garemos gardaqmna, politikuri uwyvetobisa da stabilurobis, socialuri erTobis, swori mecnieruli gaTvlebis, arnaxuli masStabis adamianuri da materialuri resursebis sruli mobilizebisa da koordinirebis gareSe, warmoudgeneli iqneboda. swored mudmivi meurneobis Cinuri sistemis teqnologiurma da organizaciulma mowyobam Seuwyo xeli uzarmazari biurokratiuli aparatisa da evropuli standartebisaTvis uCveulo radikaluri imperiuli diqtaturis damyarebas. rogorc Zveli drois mogzaurebi da vaWrebi aRniSnavdnen, CineTis mTvroba yvelaze didi miwaTmflobeli iyo (kerZo sakuTreba mkacrad iyo akrZa-

112


luli). ufro metic, samTavrobo politikasa da programebs gansazRvravda da axorcielebda centralizebuli biurokratia, romlis warmomadgenlebic kargi ebi iyvnen. am klasSi miReba xdeboda ara memkvidreobiTobis, sakuTrebis flobis an simdidris mixedviT (rogorc es evropaSi xdeboda), aramed gamocdebiT, romliTac mowmdeboda kandidatis mier konfucis moZRvrebis, Sesabamisad ki qcevis swori normebisa da urTulesi Cinuri damwerlobis codna. piramidis kenweroSi imperatori imyofeboda, romelsac `zeciuri mandati~ da absoluturi Zalaufleba hqonda. rogori iyo saSualo Cineli moqalaqis xvedri am uaRresad centralizebuli mmarTvelobis pirobebSi? saSualo adamiani sakvebi produqtebiT vaWrobda da mmarTveli ZalisTvis mxolod da mxolod warmoebis faqtori iyo. garda imisa, rom ubralo adamianebs mkacr samuSao disciplinas uwesebda, biurokratia am xalxiT ar interesdeboda. xelisufleba saxalxo revoluciis mudmivi SiSiT ar iyo Sepyrobili. imperiuli CineTi gansakuTrebiT stabiluri sazogadoeba iyo. religiisa da xelisuflebis Serwyma, is, rom masebi brinjis moyvaniTa da farTomasStabiani samuSaoebiT iyvnen dakavebulni, Tanamedrove sabrZolo da sakomunikacio saSualebebis ararseboba, gansakuTrebuli privilegebi mxolod swavlulTa maRali klasisTvis _ yvela es faqtori erTad potenciur politikur opozicias zRudavda. `hidravlikurma despotizmma~ dRemde arsebuli mmarTvelobis yvela formaze didxans iarseba. aziuri despotizmi erTgvari paradoqsiia. erTi mxriv, igi aris politikuri reJimis magaliTi, romelic tradiciuli dasavluri avtoritarizmis formebze bevrad ufro despoturia: aRmosavluri despotizmi ufro Zlieri da Rrmaa, vidre XVI-XIX saukuneebis evropuli avtokratia an Tundac romis imperia misi aRzevebis periodSi. umciresoba akontrolebda da eqsploatacias uwevda xalxis gacilebiT did masas da bevrad ufro efeqtiani biurokratiuli aparati hqonda, vidre qalaq-saxelmwifoTa tiraniebs.10

meore mxriv, imperiuli CineTis ekonomikuri Tu teqnologiuri miRwevebi mis xelovnebasTan, enasTan da literaturasTan erTad, marTlac gansacvifrebelia. aseve mniSvnelovani winsvla aRiniSna CineTis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis adreul etapze. miuxedavad imisa, rom imperatorebi da swavluli-moxeleebi arc liberalebi iyvnen da arc politikuri ganaTleba hqondaT miRebuli, `hidravlikuri despotizmis~ Cinurma sistemam xeli Seuwyo sakvebis uzarmazari maragis dagrovebas, romelic mravalricxovani da mzardi mosaxleobisaTvis saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi sakmarisi aRmoCnda (Tumca, drodadro iyo SimSilobis periodebic). im siZneleebsac Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rasac mesame msoflios qveynebi TavianTi xalxis sacxovrebliTa da sakvebiT uzrunvelyofis saqmeSi dRemde awydebian, imperiuli CineTis agraruli miRwevebi kidev ufro RirsSesaniSnavad unda CaiTvalos. naklebad gansacvifrebeli, magram garkveulwilad analogiuri Tanamed-


113

rove fenomenia àziis vefxvebi~ (hon kongi, samx. korea, singapuri, taivani). dasavleTis xelSewyobiT dRes es qveynebi demokratizaciis procesSi arian. samarTlianoba moiTxovs aRiniSnos, rom uaxloes warsulSi maT, rogorc avtoritarulma saxelmwifoebma, mniSvnelovan warmatebas miaRwies cxovrebis donis gaumjobesebisa da Sida erovnuli produqtis zrdis TvalsazrisiT. xelisuflebisa da kerZo biznesis TanamSromloba aziuri korporatizmis qvakuTxedia. amis Sedegad ganxorcielda farTomasStabiani industrializacia da samrewvelo da teqnologiuri progresi, mniSvnelovnad gaizarda eqsporti. xelisuflebam adgilobrivi sawarmoebi SeinarCuna sxvadasxva proteqcionistuli strategiis meSveobiT, savaWro SezRudvebisa da valutis regulirebis gziT. am qveynebis amJamindeli ekonomikuri miRwevebi avtoritaruli mmarTvelobis memkvidreobis Sedegia. es imis maniSnebelia, rom saxelmwifo politika sazogadoebriv interesebs Tavisuflebisa da demokratiis ararsebobis pirobebSic SeiZleba emsaxurebodes.

avtoritarizmi yvelaze cudi mmarTvelobaa upirveles yovlisa, unda aRiniSnos, rom totalitarul saxelmwifoSi (ix. V Tavi) pirovnebis Tavisufleba gacilebiT ufro SezRudulia, vidre tradiciuli avtokratiis pirobebSi. meore, rogorc ukve vTqviT, erTmaneTisgan mkveTrad gansxvavdeba is masStabebi, romliTac sxvadasaxva avtokrati mmarTveli Tavis moqalaqeebs eqsploatacias uwevs. erTni ekonomikur zrdasa da socialur reformebze arian orientirebulni, meoreni ki _ ara. zogierTi maTgani cxovrebis saTanado pirobebs uqmnis Tavis moqalaqeebs, zogic maT mimarT sruliad gulgrilia. ramdenime maTgani nayofieri reformatori da socialur ganviTarebaze orientirebuli mmarTvelia. mesame, zogierT ganviTarebad qveyanaSi avtoritarizmi mmarTvelobis yvelaze optimaluri formaa. dabolos, aRmosavleT evropis saxelmwifoebsa da yofil sabWoTa respublikebSi saTanado pirobebis dadgomis SemTxvevaSi, avtoritarul xelisuflebas konstituciur demokratiad gardaqmnis bevrad ufro meti Sansi aqvs, vidre totalitaruls. rodesac qveyana arCevanis winaSe dgeba: erTi mxriv, anarqia, ekonomikuri kraxi Tu socialuri qaosi, xolo meore mxriv _ avtoritaruli mmarTveloba, Cndeba dilema. aseT pirobebSi diqtaturis raime forma aucilebelia, droebiT mainc. Tanamedrove msoflioSi diqtatura mmarTvelobis mxolod gardamaval formad yalibdeba.

avtoritarizmis aRsasruli? miuxedavad imisa, rom avtoritaruli xelisufleba politikuri wesrigis damyarebis yvelaze sworxazovani da martivi gzaa, politologebi ukve avtoritarizmis epoqis dasasrulze alaparakdnen. 1974-1990 wlebSi laTinuri amerikis, aziisa da aRmosavleT evropis 30-ze meti qveyana arademokratiulidan

114


demokratiul mmarTvelobaze gadavida.11 am fenomens xSirad komunisturi sistemis kraxiT xsnian. Tumca, aRmosavleT evropaSi socializmis dasrulebamde ufro adrec, arademokratiuli sistemebi erTi meoris miyolebiT daemxo, gansakuTrebiT laTinur amerikaSi. 1980-ian wlebSi ekvadorSi, boli-viaSi, peruSi, braziliaSi, urugvaiSi, argentinaSi, Cilesa da paragvaiSi samxedro mmarTveloba ufro demokratiuli mmarTvelobiT Seicvala. maT centraluri amerikis qveynebmac mibaZes. ukanasknel wlebSi demokratiam saharis samxreTiT mdebare afrikul qveynebSi SeaRwia. mxolod 1990 wels, sul cota 9 afrikulma qveyanam Caatara mravalpartiuli arCevnebi da kidev ufro meti am arCevnebis CatarebisaTvis aucilebeli reformebis gatarebas Seudga.12 odnav mogvianebiT, samxreT afrikis respublikis represiuli aparteidis sistema, romelic TeTrkanianTa upiratesobis rasistul modelze iyo dafuZnebuli, gauqmda da bevrad ufro demokratiuli mmarTvelobiT Seicvala. ramdenad mdgradi (Tu efemeruli) aRmoCndeba avtoritarizmze uaris Tqmis aRniSnuli mcdeloba, am SekiTxvaze pasuxi jer kidev gaucemeli rCeba. SesaZlebelia Tu ara momavalSi, pirvelad kacobriobis istoriaSi, demokratia Cveulebrivi movlena iyos, xolo arademokratiuli reJimi _ iSviaTi gamonaklisi? Tanamedrove msoflioSi mravladaa warmatebuli demokratiisa da warumatebeli diqtaturis magaliTebi. ufro metic, keTildReoba, romelic demokratiul qveynebTan asocirdeba, bevrs aRfrTovanebisa da mibaZvisken ubiZgebs. bolo xanebSi demokratiuli modeli ufro da ufro did warmatebas aRwevs. Tumca, demokratizaciis procesis Seuqcevadad gamocxadeba jerac naadrevia. warsulSi demokratiam ukuqceviTi procesebi ramdenjerme ganicada.13 amitom danamdvilebiT Tqma, ra moxdeba amjerad, Znelia. miuxedavad sakmaod damaimedebeli niSnebisa 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, demokratiam afrikis qveynebSi ver gaamarTla. 1990-ian wlebSi zambiam am TvalsazrisiT yvelaze met warmatebas miaRwia. 1991 wels arCevnebi Catarda da kenet kaunda, romelic zambias 25 welze met xans marTavda, frederik CilubasTan damarcxda. Tumca 1996 wels, rodesac axali arCevnebis dro dadga, Cilubam kaundas arCevnebSi monawileoba aukrZala. rogorc avtoritetuli britanuli yovelkvireuli gamocema aRniSnvda, ès Cveulebriv movlenad iqca afrikuli qveynebisaTvis~. afrikuli arCevnebi axla naklebad gamoxatavs xalxis nebas. erTi- ori gamonaklisis garda, romelic ZiriTadad afrikis samxreTSi gvxvdeba, afrikis qveynebSi demokratiis parodia ufroa. mTeli Zalaufleba erTi pirovnebis _ prezidentis xelSia Tavmoyrili. xelisufleba arCevnebs niSnavs, opozicia boikots ucxadebs an mis Sedegebs ar aRiarebs, xelisufleba ignorirebas ukeTebs opozicias. problemaa isaa, rom tiranebma ician, rogor akontrolon arCevnebi: [saarCevno olqebis] sazRvrebs, medias, ekonomikasa da saarCevno siebs survilisamebr marTaven. oponentebi Seviwroebulni arian. TamaSis wesebi jariskacebmac iswavles. dasavleTi da centraluri afrikis qveynebis umetesobas ar-


115

Ceuli yofili samxedroebi marTaven, maT Soris arian gambiisa da nigeriis meTaurebi, romlebic saxelmwifos saTaveSi mas Semdeg movidnen, rac demokratiulad arCeuli xelisufleba daamxes.14

afrika ar aris avtoritaruli warsulis mqone erTaderTi regioni, sadac axalgazrda demokratia safrTxeSia. laTinur amerikaSi demokratiam bevr qveyanaSi SeaRwia, Tumca igi jer kidev sustia. ramdenime qveyanas _ kolumbias, perusa da meqsikas seriozuli safrTxe emuqreba sxvadasxva teroristuli jgufebisagan. saerTo saxalxo mRelvareba sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxvis SedegebSi aisaxa. laTinuri amerikis qveynebSi gamokiTxulTa 70% acxadebda, rom isini àr arian kmayofili~ an `srulebiT ukmayofiloni arian~ demokratiuli sistemebiT.15 riTi aixsneba avtoritarizmis uwyvetoba postmodernul msoflioSi? am kiTxvaze pasuxi, upirveles yovlisa, im Rrma gansxvavebaSi unda veZeboT, romelic msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeebs Soris arsebobs. aRmosavleT evropaSi, aziaSi, laTinur amerikaSi, axlo aRmosavleTsa da saharis samxreTiT mdebare afrikul qveynebSi jer kidev ar arsebobs Tanamedrove ekonomika. droTa ganmavlobaSi gansxvavebebi, ekonomikisa da ganaTlebis TvalsazrisiT, kidev ufro Rrmavdeba. uzarmazari sagareo valebi da resursebis deficiti mZime tvirTad awveba am qveynebis ekonomikas. eTnikuri ganxeTqilebebi ganviTarebad sazogadeobas arastabilurs xdis. im qveynebSic ki, sadac samxedro mmarTveloba Seicvala, samxedro maRalCinosnebi samoqalaqo xelisuflebas farulad mainc akontroleben. maSin,roca demokratia farTo nabijebiT miiwevs win danarCen msoflioSi, axladaRmocenebuli demokratiuli sistemebi jer kidev aramya-ria. aseT pirobebSi avtoritarizmis aRsasrulis gamocxadeba naadrevia.

daskvna rodesac erTi an ramdenime TviTgamocxadebuli mmarTveli politikur Zalauflebas yovelgvari kontrolis gareSe axorcielebs, saqme gvaqvs diqtaturasTan. keTili nebis avtokratebi (romlebic garkveulwilad xalxis keTildReobaze zrunaven), tradiciuli diqtatorebi (romlebic mxolod sakuTar interesebze zrunaven) an tiranebi (romlebic gansakuTrebuli enTuziazmiT aCaReben sisxlisRvrasa da Zaladobas) _ yvelani erTad diqtatorebs warmoadgenen. maT Soris mcireodeni gansxvaveba ki sxvadasxva masStabiT aisaxeba im adamianTa cxovrebaze, romlebic marTvaSi raime saxiT monawileobis SesaZleblobas moklebulni arian. istoriulad yvelaze xSirad avtoritari mmarTvelebi gvxvdebian. miuxedavad amisa, avtoritarizmi swori mmarTvelobis damaxinjebul saxed miiCneva, radganac is pirad interesebs sazogadoebrivze maRla ayenebs. nigeria avtoritaruli mmarTvelobis TvalsaCino magaliTs warmoadgens. avtoritarizmis irgvliv bevri mcdari mosazrebac arsebobs. sinamdvi-

116


les ar Seesabameba mtkiceba imisa, rom avtoritarizmi Tana medrove fenomenia an yvela avtoritaruli saxelmwifo identuria, aralegitimuria an arapopularulia Tavisive moqalaqeebs Soris. garda amisa, avtoritari mmarTvelebi SeiZleba erTmaneTisagan moraluri TvalsazrisiTac ganvasxvavoT: erTni sazogadoebriv interesebze arian orientirebulni, meoreni ki ara. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom avtoritaruli reJimebi ar warmoadgens mmarTvelobis yve la ze cud formas. dabolos, miuxedavad imisa, rom avtoritarizmi gzas TandaTanobiT demokratias uTmobs, saboloo daskvnebis gakeTeba jerjerobiT naadrevia.

sakvanZo sityvebi

avtoritarizmi avtokratia oligarqia

xunta saxelmwifo gadatrialeba qarizmatuli lideri


1.

2. 3. 4. 5.

romelia arademokratiuli xelisuflebis ori ZiriTadi tipi? naklebad gavrcelebuli xdeba Tu ara avtoritaruli xelisufleba? sad vxvdebiT dRes amgvar xelisuflebas? rogoria avtoritaruli xelisuflebis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi? yvela avtokratia tiranulia Tu ara? axseniT. rogori `rCeva~ misca makiavelim im xelisufalT, romlebic Zalauflebis SenarCunebas cdiloben? SeajameT avtoritaruli xelisuflebis eqvsi miTi. ra winaaRmdegobebi asocirdeba am miTebTan?

SeniSvnebi 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Bernard Crick, Basic Forms of Government: A Sketch and a model (London: Macmillan, 1980), 53. Aristotle, The Politics, Targm. da red. Ernest Barker (New York: Oxford University Press, 1962), 1279a, 112 [xazgasma Cvenia]. iqve, 1313b, 245. iqve, 1312b, 240. Maurice Latey, Patterns of Tyranny (New York: Atheneum, 1969), 115. Fyodor Dostoyevsky, The Brothers Karamazov, red. Ernest Rhys (London: Dent, 1927), 259.

totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi

117

7. 8.

Crick, Basic Forms of Government, 35. ix. Karl Wittfogel, Oriental Despotism: A Comparative Study of Total Power (New York: Random House, 1981). 9. iqve. 10. Crick, Basic Forms of Government, 36. 11. Samuel P. Huntington, “How Countries Democratize”, Political Science Quarterly 106, no. 4 (1991-92): 579. 12. Robert M. Press, “Africa’s Struggle for Democracy”, Christian Science Monitor, March 21, 1991, 4. 13. Huntington, “How Countries Democratize”, 579. 14. “Polls to Nowhere”, Economist, November 23, 1996, 20-21. 15. “The Backlash in Latin America”, Economist, November 30, 1996, 19.

T aavv i V

totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi g aanux n ux o rc r c iiee le b e li utopp i eb uto ebi totalitarizmis arsi totalitarizmis revoluciuri etapi lideroba organizacia

ideologia propaganda

Zaladoba Zalauflebis konsolidacia opoziciuri partiebis ganadgureba partiis realuri an warmosaxviTi metoqeebisgan gawmenda monoliTuri sazogadoebis Seqmna sazogadoebis transformacia stalinis sabWoTa kavSiri hitleris germania maos CineTi totalitarizmis nairsaxeobebi totalitarizmis usaxelo msxverplni totalitaruli reJimebis sicocxliunarianoba

118


119

TiTqmis yvela arademokratiul (avtoritarul) saxelmwifos diqtatori an avtokrati xelmZRvanelobs, romelic xSirad yvelafris fasad cdilobs politikuri Zalauflebis SenarCunebas (ix. Tavi IV). meoce saukuneSi tiraniis axali da eqstremaluri forma _ totalitarizmi gaCnda. termini gulisxmobs sazogadoebasa da mis wevrebze tirani mmarTvelebisa da Tavsmoxveuli Sexedulebebis srul batonobas. kontrolis Sesaxeb akviatebuli azri sazogadoebriv sferos scdeba da moqalaqeebis pirad cxovrebazec vrceldeba. mTavrobis Zalaufleba imdenad farToa, rom reJimi misi qveSevrdomebis mxolod kontrols ki ara, adamianis bunebis gardaqmnasac cdilobs. totalitari tiranisaTvis absoluturad yvelafers politikuri mniSvneloba aqvs, maT Soris samuSaos, ganaTlebas, religias, sports, sazogadoebriv organizaciebs da ojaxsac ki (radgan adamianebi TavianT mezoblebze jaSuSoben da bavSvebs àraloialuri~ mSoblebis Sesaxeb informaciis mitanisaken ubiZgeben). radgan es reJimebi cdiloben sazogadoebis gardaqmnas ideologiuri moTxovnebis Sesabamisad, isini TavisTavad anadgureben `xalxis yvela mters~. mtrebi xdebian sazogadoebis mTeli jgufebi da kategoriebi, romlebic, rogorc wesi, moicaven aseulobiT aTass da milionobiT udanaSaulo adamians, visac, umravles SemTxvevaSi, arc erTi obieqturi standartiT araferi aqvs saerTo `politikasTan~. am ori umniSvnelovanesi TvalsazrisiT, totalitaruli reJimebi gansxvavdeba ufro tradiciuli, arademokratiuli avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebisagan. avtoritaruli mTavrobebi Cveulebrivad cdiloben politikuri Zalauflebis SenarCunebas (da ara sazogadoebis gardaqmnas) da mtrebis wres gansazRvraven, rogorc calkeul individebs (ara jgufebs), romlebic aqtiurad ewinaaRmdegebian arsebul saxelmwifos. totalitarizmma Zirfesvianad Secvala meoce saukunis msvleloba, magram 1989 wels aRmosavleT evropaSi sabWoTa yaidis komunizmisa da ramdenime weliwadSi Tavad sabWoTa kavSiris dangrevis Semdeg, tiraniis es eqstremaluri forma mkveTrad dakninda. maS, ratomRa unda SeviswavloT totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi? sul cota oTxi mizezi gvaxsenebs Tavs. pirveli, komunizmi totalitaruli saxelmwifos erTaderTi SesaZlebeli forma araa. nacisturi germaniisa da faSisturi italiis magaliTebi Segvaxsenebs, rom totalitarizmi erTi ideologiis, reJimis an mmarTvelis moRvaweobis Sedegi araa. meore, totalitarizmi Tanamedrove istoriis Semadgeneli nawilia da aSkara winaaRmdegobaSi modis politikosebis, profesorebis, Teologebisa da sxva mravalTa gancxadebebTan, visac adamianuri progresis optimisturad sjeroda. mravali adamiani, romelic uSualod itanjeboda totalitari diqtatorebis xelSi an dakarga axloblebi hitleris holokostis, stalinuri teroris, maos sazareli wmendebis an sxva ufro gviandeli totalitaruli sisastikis dros, kvlav cocxalia. msxverplTa fizikuri Tu emociuri iarebi ar gamqrala im tiranTa wasvlis Semdegac ki, romlebmac maT es Wrilobebi miayenes da usamarTloba Caidines. mesame, totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi warmoaCens idealizmis arasworad gagebis risks. kerZod, igi eyrdnoboda aTaswleulobiT damkvidrebul Sexedulebas, romlis mixedviTac sazogadoebrivi progresisa da srulyofilebis miRweva

120


barbarosuli meTodebis gamouyeneblad SeuZlebelia. sabolood, yvela es Sexeduleba sastikad damarcxda, rogorc saxelmwifos mSeneblobis utopiuri eqsperimenti. meoTxe, totalitarizmis gaCenis SesaZlebloba kvlavac arsebobs iq, sadac didi siRaribe, usamarTloba da, Sesabamisad, Zaladobisa da areulobis potenciaa; sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, dRevandeli msoflios did nawilSi. saxifaToa daskvna, rom msofliom ukanaskneli totalitari tiranebi istorias Caabara. marTlac, 2001 wlis Semodgomaze amerikis SeerTebul Statebze teroristuli Tavdasxma mwvave SekiTxvas badebs: SesaZlebelia Tu ara, rom mSvidobasa da Tavisuflebas momavali totalitaruli safrTxeebi maincdamainc mTavrobis meTaurisgan an saxelmwifos mmarTvelisgan daemuqros? warmoadgenen ki usama bin ladeni da al qaidas qseli amgvar safrTxes? bolos da bolos, avRaneTSi Talibebis reJims, romelic bin ladensa da mis organizacias mfarvelobdnen, totalitaruli saxelmwifos mravali maxasiaTebeli hqonda. Cven am sakiTxs araerTxel davubrundebiT qvemoT. 2001 wlis 11 seqtemberi erT-erTi gakveTilia imisa, rom civilizebul xalxs yvelgan sWirdeba eqstremizmis Seswavla misi yvela politikuri gamoxatulebiT, raTa Tavidan aviciloT Zlieri masobrivi moZraobebis aRorZineba oportunisti liderebis meTaurobiT, romelTaTvisac civilizacias aranairi mniSvneloba ar aqvs.

totalitarizmis arsi Zaladoba yvela totalitaruli saxelmwifos safuZvelia _ kontrolirebadi, sistematuri, saxelmwifos mier Tavsmoxveuli Zaladoba. es Zaladoba xSirad ganurCeveli masobrivi teroris da genocidis saxes iRebs, romelic xalxis mTeli jgufebis, kategoriebis an klasebis winaaRmdeg aris mimarTuli, romelTac mtrebis, kontrrevolucionerebis, jaSuSebis an sabotaJis momwyobTa iarliyebs akraven. Cveulebriv moqalaqeebsac ki sxvadasxva saxiT reJimis mimarT upirobo erTgulebis demonstrireba moeTxovebaT da isini mkacri meTvalyureobis qveS arian. politikuri da ekonomikuri miznebisTvis masobrivi mobilizeba xorcieldeba ukiduresad centralizebuli da disciplinirebuli erTpartiuli sistemis mier, romelic erTi, yovlismomcveli ideologiis mimdevaria. am ideologiis gasavrceleblad, saxelmwifo propagandasa da cenzuris aparats iyenebs, romelic gacilebiT daxvewili da efeqtiania, vidre tipur avtoritarul saxelmwifoebSi. totalitaruli saxelmwifoebis mizania totaluri politikuri, sazogadoebrivi da ekonomikuri kontrolis damyareba: totalitaruli diqtatura moicavs totalur batonobas, romelic arc miRebuli kanonebiTa an kodeqsebiT (rogorc tradiciuli avtoritarizmis dros) da arc mTavrobis funqciiT (rogorc klasikuri tiranul saxelmwifoSi) aris SezRuduli, ramdenadac isini saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebas Soris gansxvavebas spoben... totalitarizmi SezRudulia mxolod


121

im saWiroebiT, rom xalxis didi raodenoba mudmivi moqmedebis mdgomareobaSi amyofos, rasac elitebi akontroleben.1

sazogadoebis sruli kontroli saWiroa, radgan totalitaruli ideologiebi axali sazogadoebrivi wyobis damyarebis pirobas deben, iqneba es rasobrivad sufTa ariuli superrasa, romlis Seqmnasac adolf hitleris nacisturi reJimi apirebda germaniaSi, Tu daCagruli da gawamebuli muSebis proletaruli Zmobis Seqmna, rasac sabWoTa liderebi v.i. lenini da ioseb stalini pirdebodnen xalxs, Tu egoisturi interesebis arqmone glexebis axali, masobrivi sazogadoeba, romelic mao Zedunis poetur warmosaxvaSi iZerweboda. detalebis miuxedavad, totalitaruli ideologiebis zogadi Sexedulebebi sazogadoebis Sesaxeb _ bolodroindeli avRaneTis sastiki Talibi mmarTvelebis CaTvliT _ aSkarad erTmaneTs hgavs. yvela totalitarulma mociqulma `gamoamJRavna erTmaneTTan mimarT msgavseba... TavianT ganzraxvaSi, rom Seqmnan ufro maRali da uprecedento saxis adamianuri yofiereba~.2 totalitari lideris pretenzia legitimurobaze swored axali sazogadoebis Seqmnis TviTneburi miznidan gamomdinareobs. erTi eqspertis TqmiT, `totalitaruli mmarTvelobis maxasiaTebelia saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis erTad damorCileba utopiuri, mmarTvelobaze arapolitikuri moTxovniT.~3 sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, totalitari liderebi amtkiceben, rom srulyofili sazogadoebrivi wyoba mxolod TviTgamocxadebuli liderebis gabeduli moqmedebebis Sedegad damyardeba. amgvarad, sazogadoebaze rwmenebis Zalismieri Tavsmoxveva gamarTlebulia, rac liderebs kvazireligiur sazogadoebad aqcevs Sesabamisad, totalitaruli ideologia SeiZleba ganisazRvros, rogorc ìdeaTa logikuri wyeba, romelic im praqtikul saSualebebs exeba, romlis meSveobiTac mTlianad unda Seicvalos da reformireba ganicados sazogadoebam Zalis an Zaladobis gziT da emyareba wina an amJamindeli sazogadoebis yovlismomcvel kritikas~.4 totalitaruli moZraobebis mier naqadagebi idealuri sazogadoebebi, Cveulebriv, iseT Rirebulebebs aRmerTeben, rogoricaa Tanasworoba da erToba. isini maT Tavisuflebasa da individualizmze win ayeneben. rogorc meore avtoritetulma mkvlevarma aRniSna: revolucioneris namdvili sazogadoeba yovlismomcveli da egalitarulia: aranairi socialuri gansxvaveba ar iarsebebs, TviT avtoriteti da gamocdileba, mecnieruli Tu saxelovnebo, gaqreba. amgvari radikaluri egalitarizmi aucileblobiT uaryofs yovelgvar individualizms. individis ufleba koleqtivisagan Tavdacvaze qreba da Cveulebrivi konstituciuri uflebebi interpretirebulia, rogorc ufleba, raTa jgufs Seeguo. jgufisi moTxovnebis wayeneba _ materialur saqonelze, adamianuri urTierTobebis SezRudul uflebaze, rogoricaa siyvaruli da piradi cxovreba _ dagmobilia, rogorc Seusabamo saqcieli. Tanasworobis saxeliT, sazogadoebaSi imgvari solidarobaa gamocxadebuli, romelsac TiTqos Tavisi cnobiereba

122


gaaCndes, xolo individualuri cnobiereba saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi antisocialu-ri gadaxra xdeba.5

am harmoniuli sazogadoebis safuZvels adamianuri bunebis Secvlis koncefcia warmoadgens. totalitarul saxelmwifoebSi pirovnebis erTbaSad gadakeTeba is aucilebeli pirobaa, romelic oficialuri ideologiis mier aRTqmul utopiur sazogadoebaSi mosaxvedrad aris saWiro. adamianuri srulyofisken swrafva aisaxa leninis mier araerTxel gakeTebul gancxadebebSi àxali sabWoTa adamianis~ Seqmnis Sesaxeb da nacistebis mtkicebaSi, rom partiuli muSakebi da liderebi adamianis axal tips an `rasobrivad sufTa~ mmarTvelebis axal modgmas warmoadgendnen. mao Zeduni lamis akviatebul azrs hyavda Sepyrobili rektifikaciis (ganwmendis) Sesaxeb, rac Cinuri sazogadoebis yvela doneze kapitalistu-ri elementebis (magaliTad, materializmi da individualizmi) radikalur wmendas niSnavda. sakvirvelia, rom meoce saukunis yvela totalitaruli moZraoba cdilobda, ara marto sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisa da sazogadoebis garegnuli mxaris, aramed sazogadoebis wevrebis piradi da zneobrivi normebis Secvlasac. yvelaze represiulma totalitarulma reJimebmac ki ver moaxerxes am gardaqmnebis bolomde miyvana. yvela totalitarul saxelmwifoSi arsebobda `gancalkevebuli kunZulebi~6 _ ojaxi, eklesia da sxva socialuri institutebi, romlis meSveobiTac gabatonebuli mTavrobis mimarT Sinagani winaaRmdego-ba narCundeboda. gamogonili qveynis _ okeaneTis _ gansakuTrebiT totalitarulma mTavrobamac ki, romelic cnobil britanel mwerals aqvs aRwerili romanSi aTas cxraas oTxmocdaoTxi weli, ver moaxerxa Tavisi moqalaqeebis sruli kontroli. imis miuxedavad, rom totalitarulma saxelmwifoebma ver SeZles adamianis bunebis gadakeTeba an utopiis ganxorcieleba, maT xSirad gasaocari miRwevebi hqondaT oponentebis gaCumebis TvalsazrisiT maSin, rodesac isini radikalur (da saboloo jamSi damangrevel) sazogadoebrivi gardaqmnebis programebs atarebdnen. totalitar mmarTvelebs kargad esmodaT, rom maTi TanamebrZolebis mier Seqmnili axali sazogadoeba sxvagvarad moazrovneTa, deviantTa, skeptikosTa da mterTa Soris ver gadarCeboda. im faqts, rom maTi miznebi da saSualebebi saR azrs ewinaaRmdegebda, mniSvneloba ar hqonda. isini aseve ar cnobdnen politikuri Zalis gamoyenebisas raime saxis zneobriv SezRudvas. dRevandeli amomavali varskvlavi xval, SesaZloa, xalxis mtrad gadaiqces imisda mixedviT, ra aris mizanSewonili mocemul momentSi. rodesac gamocxadebuli mizani ubralod xelisuflebis mopoveba da misi SenarCuneba ki ara, msoflios Secvlaa, gansakuTrebuli politikuri saSualebebis gamoyeneba advili gasamarTlebelia, gacilebiT advili. roca liders aRqmuli miwisken mihyvebi, arc erTi msxverpli araa Zalian didi, aranairi fasi araa maRali. amgvari utopiuri politikuri wyobis yvelaze naTeli magaliTebia: nacisturi germania, sabWoTa kavSiri (gansakuTrebiT stalinuri teroris dros) da maoisturi CineTi. Tumca, totalitarizmi mxolod am qveynebiT ar Semoifargleboda. amgvari saxelmwifoebi jer kidev ar gamqrala msoflios


123

politikuri rukidan. dabolos, iq, sadac amgvari reJimebi gaqra, totalitaruli tiraniis datovebuli kvali Rrmaa da kvlav uaryofiT gavlenas axdens im qveynebis politikuri, sazogadoebrivi da ekonomikuri institutebis muSaobaze, post-totalitarul eraSi.

totalitarizmis revoluciuri etapi rogor iwyeba totalitaruli moZraobebi? Cveulebriv, isini Caisaxebian xolme ZaladobaSi da amoizrdebian daSlili an daSlis piras myofi saxelmwifoebis nangrevebidan. aseT areul droSi xSirad qarizmatuli lideri Cndeba. liderebi nebismieri revoluciis warmatebaSi gadamwyvet rols asruleben. totaluri revoluciis SemTxvevaSi, lideris garda kidev oTx elements aqvs mniSvneloba, romelTagan TiToeuli dawvrilebiT Seswavlas saWiroebs. esaa: ideologia, organizacia, propaganda da Zaladoba.

lideroba totaluri revoluciebis albaT yvelaze ufro aSkara maxasiaTebeli lideris kultze damokidebulebaa. faqtobrivad, yvela amgvari revolucia gaigivebuli, personificirebuli iyo konkretul figurasTan. ruseTis revolucias Tavisi lenini hyavda, mesame raixs _ Tavisi hitleri, CineTis revolucias _ Tavisi mao, kubas _ Tavisi kastro da ase Semdeg. TiToeuli maTgani gaRmerTebuli hyavdaT. erik hoferi liderobis mniSvnelobas Tanamedrove masobriv moZraobebSi Semdegnairad afasebs: rogorc ki scena momzaddeba, gamoCenili lideris arseboba saWiro xdeba. mis gareSe moZraoba ver iarsebebs. drois simwife avtomaturad masobriv moZraobas ar warmoSobs, iseve rogorc arCevnebi, kanonebi da istraciuli organoebi ver Sobs mas. swored lenini iyo is adamiani, romelmac movlenebi bolSevikuri revoluciisken warmarTa. is rom SveicariaSi an 1917 wels ruseTisken mimaval gzaze momkvdariyo, TiTqmis danamdvilebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sxva cnobili bolSevikebi koaliciur mTavrobas SeuerTdebodnen. Sedegi ki met-naklebad liberaluri respublika iqneboda, romlis marTvas burJuazia ganaxorcielebda. musolinis an hitleris SemTxvevebi kidev ufro naTelia: maT gareSe arc faSisturi da arc nacisturi moZraoba ar iarsebebda.7

marTalia, yvela revolucia masebis saxeliT iqna dawyebuli, magram iniciativa yovelTvis zemodan modioda. revoluciur liderebs instinqturad esmodaT, rom msoflios Sesacvlelad saWiro potenciuri Zala mxolod masebs hqondaT, magram maT neba da mimarTuleba akldaT (bolSevikebis azriT, maT akldaT `klasobrivi cnobiereba~; nacistebis azriT, _ Volksgeist anu `sax-

124


alxo eris suliskveTeba~). revoluciur masobriv moZraobaSi aRmafrenisa da fanatikuri Tavdadebis mqone adamianebis Serwyma egoisturi interesebis mqone didi raodenobis xalxTan ver moxerxdeboda iseTi usisxlo abstraqciis gareSe, rogoricaa `partia~. Tumca, is mxolod qarizmatuli lideris pirovnuli dinamizmidan warmoiSveba, romelsac SeuZlia masebis gulisTqmas Caswvdes, yuradReba miipyros da maTi guli moigos (ironiaa, rom yvela Tanamedrove masobrivi moZraoba xazs usvamda lideris pirovnebas da amavdroulad akninebda mimdevarTa individualobas). liderebi, rogorebic lenini an mao iyvnen, masobrivi moZraobebisTvis imave funqcias asrulebdnen, rasac bombisaTvis _ detonatori: mniSvneloba ar aqvs, ramdenad Zlieri (an momakvdinebeli) asafeTqebeli nivTierebaa bombis SigniT, is umoqmedo da uwyinaria manam, vidre asafeTqebeli mowyobiloba ar dauyendeba.

ideologia xelmZRvanelobis xarisxis miuxedavad, totaluri revoluciebi damokidebulia didi raodenobis xalxis survilze _ miznis misaRwevad sakuTari Tavi gawiron da moZraobaSi CaerTon. amgvari gauazrebeli Tavdadebis gamowveva racionaluri mowodebebiT ver moxdeba. is unda gamomdinareobdes absoluturi WeSmaritebis brma rwmenidan, romelsac yovlismomcveli politikuri doqtrina iZleva. gantevebis vacis saWiroeba: warsulis xelaxali interpretacia. rogorc warsulis kritikosi, ideologia zogadad fokusirebulia absoluturi borotebis raime formaze, romelsac yvela erovnul (an msoflio masStabis) Secdomasa da socialur usamarTlobas miaweren. revoluciuri ideologiisaTvis ekonomikuri vardna, inflacia, samxedro damarcxeba, saxelmwifo korufcia, erovnuli damcireba, zneobrivi gadagvareba da sxva problemebi momdinareobs uaryofili warsulis misticizmidan da SeTqmulebebidan. absoluturi boroteba iSviaTad aris sxeulis armqone Zala. is TiTqmis yovelTvis advilad Sesacnobi mtris saxes iRebs. Tu amgvari mteri ar arsebobs, maSin is unda Seiqmnas. Cveulebiv, amgvar rols romelime adamiani an jgufi asrulebs, romlis aqamdec eSinodaT, ezizRebodaT an SurdaT. lenini muSebis gaWirvebul mdgomareobas fulismomxveWel kapitalistebs abralebda, hitleri pirvel msoflio omSi germaniis damarcxebas da mis xelisuflebaSi mosvlamde dawyebul ekonomikur kriziss _ ebraelebsa da komunistebs. maom mtrebi mdidar miwaTmflobelebSi ipova. aSkaraa, rom amgvari gadawyvetilebebis mizani masebis yuradRebis gamzadebul, adviladamosacnob gantevebis vacebze fokusireba iyo, romlebsac saxelmwifos mTeli ubedureba unda dakisrebodaT. erTi avtoritetuli mkvlevaris TqmiT, `masobrivi moZraobebi SeiZleba daiwyos da gavrceldes RmerTis rwmenis gareSe, magram arasodes eSmakis gareSe~.8 saerTo miznisaTvis xalxis gasaerTianeblad yvelaze ufro efeqtian Zalas zizRi da stereotipebi warmoadgenen da ara siyvaruli da diadi


125

principebi. zizRis obieqtis ganzrax Seqmna ara mxolod imas emsaxureba, rom warsulSi momxdari usamarTlobebi mas moewyos, aramed, amavdroulad, es xels uwyobs dRes arsebuli gaWirvebis mizezis winaaRmdeg masebis mobilizebas. revoluciuri brZola: Tanamedroveobis axsna. rogorc TanamedroveobaSi megzuri, ideologia WeSmarit morwmunes saSualebas aZlevs Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi moqmedi Zalebis `swori~ analizi moaxdinos. iseTi koncefciebi, rogorebicaa klasobrivi brZola marqsizm-leninizmisaTvis, Herrenvolk (`gabatonebuli rasa~) nacistebisaTvis da `winaaRmdegobebi~ maos mimdevrebisaTvis, instrumentebad gamoiyeneboda, raTa socialuri realoba aexsnaT da prognozi gaekeTebinaT. guSin mteri iyo gamarjvebuli; dRes mteri damarcxdeboda. totaluri revoluciis momxreebs sjeraT, rom brZola politikis arsia. marqsizm-leninizmis momxreebisaTvis klasobrivi brZola progresis gamomwvevi iyo istoriaSi. maoistebisaTvis Tavad brZola iyo sasurveli mizani. maT sjerodaT, rom mxolod revoluciuri brZolis uSualo gamocdilebiT SeeZloT masebs (gansakuTrebiT axalgazrdobas) Tavganwirvis namdvili mniSvnelobis gageba. hitleri ZalauflebisTvis brZolas adidebda, man omi saxelmwifos sidiadis udides gamocdad gamoacxada (niSandoblivia, rom hitlerma Tavis wigns, sadac politikaSi Tavis gza gansazRvra, Mein Kampf _ `Cemi brZola,~ uwoda.) imis miuxedavad, mizani kapitalistebis monopoliis dasrulebaa Tu rasis gawmenda, revoluciuri brZola yovelTvis aRiwereba, rogor keTilis borotis winaaRmdeg brZola. nacistTa liderebi ebraelebs ubralod saxelmwifos mtrebad ki ar saxavdnen, aramed Untermenschen-ad [qveadamiani, arasrulyofili rasis warmomadgeneli. mTargmn. Sen.] da xSirad, araraobebad an tilebad.9 ra Tqma unda, amgvari damamcirebeli daxasiaTebis mravaljeradi gamoyeneba sabolood masobriv cnobierebaSi gantevebis vacad gamoyenebuli jgufis dehumanizacias isaxavs miznad _ ufro advilia mwerebis gawyveta daasabuTo, vidre _ adamianebisa. utopia: momavlis winaswarmetyveleba. ideologia aRTqmul momavals srulyofili samarTlianobisa da samaradJamo mSvidobis naTel suraTad warmoaCens. marqsist-leninistebi am utopias ganixilavdnen, rogorc uklaso sazogadoebas, romelic, Tavis mxriv, yvela socialur da ekonomikur usamarTlobas aRmofxvrida. nacisturi utopia iyo rasobrivi `dabinZurebis~ gareSe arsebuli sazogadoeba, romelic rasobrivi TvalsazrisiT `CamorCenilebis~ gawyvetas da an damonebas iTvaliswinebda. imis miuxedavad, rogori iyo ama Tu im ideologiis konkretuli buneba, amgvari motivaciis momcemi xedva Seicavda materialuri siuxvis dapirebas, romelic mqonebelTagan uqonelTa sasargeblod qonebis gadanawilebas iTvaliswinebda. marqsizm-leninizmi pirobas iZleoda, rom mdidrebs (burJuazias) waarTmevda da Raribebs (proletariats) daurigebda. sainteresoa, rom hitlerma msgavsi piroba dado, rodesac ganacxada, rom miznad isaxavda aRmosavleTiT Lebensraum-is (`sasicocxlo sivrce~) Seqmnas: is miwiT mdidar,

126


magram zant slavebs miwas waarTmevda da mciremiwian, magram Sromismoyvare germanelebs daurigebda. am utopiuri msoflmxedvelobebs TiTqmis yovelTvis Tan axlda maT misaRwevad gamarTul brZolaSi warmatebis garantia. maSasadame, marqsizmi deterministul msoflmxedvelobazea dafuZnebuli (im TvalsazrisiT, rom proletaruli revoluciis gamarjveba nakarnaxevia istoriis udreki `kanonebiT~). hitleric aseve gamousworebeli deterministi iyo. Mein Kampf-Si is werda: àdamianma unda gaiazros, rom aucileblobis fundamenturi kanoni bunebis yvela sferoze batonobs~.10 mTeli Tavisi karieris ganmavlobaSi, is xSirad laparakobda `Cveni istoriuli ganviTarebis rkinis kanonze~, ìstoriis aRlumsa~ da `movlenebis Sinagan logikaze~. hitleri, iseve rogorc lenini, stalini an mao, acxadebda, rom mas (da germanel volk-s) msoflios gardaqmnis misia hqonda gansaxorcielebeli da rom warmateba gardauvali iyo. man aRniSnuli koncefcia Tavis albaT yvelaze ufro cnobil gancxadebaSi Camoayaliba: `me mTvareuliviT im gzas vadgavar, romelsac gangeba mkarnaxobs~. ideologia da WeSmariteba. mocemuli revoluciuri ideologiis mier aRwerili warsuli, awmyo da momavali, SesaZloa, dauinteresebel damkvirvebels arabunebrivad an sasacilodac ki moeCvenos. magaliTad, nacistebis mier Camoyalibebuli rasobrivi Teoria istoriul, sociologiur, genetikur da moralur safuZvels absoluturad moklebuli iyo. amave TvalsazrisiT, hitleris ideologiis ekonomikuri aspeqti _ `socializmi~ nacional-socializmSi _ realur Sinaarss moklebuli iyo. socializmis hitleriseuli gageba imdenad gaufasurebuli iyo, rom erTi avtoritetuli mkvlevaris azriT, `nebismieri, romelsac xalxis bedi namdvilad aRelvebda, hitleris TvalSi socialisti iyo.~11 ratom aRiqvamda vinme aseT ideologias seriozulad? upirveles yovlisa, imitom, rom is popularul stereotipebze apelirebda da maT respeqtabelurobas sZenda. meore, gzavnilze metad gzavnilis mTqmeli fasobda anu lideris pirovnul momxibvlelobas ufro didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda, vidre _ sityvebis azrs. mesamec, erTguleba gacilebiT seriozulad aRiqmeboda, vidre _ simarTle. mxedvelobaSi unda miviRoT yvelaferi, rac warmatebulma ideologiam calkeul mimdevars unda misces: mas mecnierul avtoritetulobaze unda hqondes pretenzia, romelic morwmunes yovelgvari codnis eqskluziuri gasaRebis rwmenas aZlevs; man unda aRuTqvas aTaswlovani raixi, romelsac rCeul rasas an klass am gasaRebis mflobeli, maT mier arCeuli lideri moutans; man unda daasaxelos tiranebisa da demonebis krebuli, romelzec unda gaimarjvos manamde, vidre bednieri saxelmwifo damkvidrdeba; is unda Seerwyas (klasis an rasis) siZulvilis, eWvis, SiSis dinamikas da gaamarTlos es mdabali vnebebi misi miznebis sidiadiT; mowinaaRmdegis damarcxebis mizniT yovelgvari saSualeba da danaSauli gamarTlebu-


127

lia, mtris Rirseba SeiZleba gadaiqces mis naklovanebad misTvis martivi iarliyis _ `burJuis~ mikerebiT; saxeldobr, WeSmariteba is aris, rasac rCeuli rasisa Tu klasisTvis sargebeli moaqvs, mcdaroba ki is _ rac maT interesebs ewinaaRmdegeba; radgan es WeSmariteba mecnierulad damtkicebadia da radgan ar arsebobs ori adamianic ki, romelic, savaraudod, mas daeTanxmeba, amisaTvis saWiroa, arsebobdes erTaderTi interpretatori, romelic kanoniT ixelmZRvanelebs, Tu ideologias surs sruliad qmediTi iyos; rogorc yovelgvari WeSmaritebis matarebels, liders ufleba aqvs Tavisi mimdevrebisgan religiur Tayvaniscemas, msxverplSewirvasa da danaSaulis Cadenas elodebodes, Tu isini mas sargeblobas moutanen.12

saboloo analiziT, ideologiebi xSirad TviT yvelaze absurduli gancxadebebiTa da tyuilebiT SeiZleba iyos warmatebuli, Tu isini exebia Cveulebrivi adamianis winaSe mdgom realur problemebs. bevri germaneli acnobierebda nacistebis rasobrivi Teoriebis eqstremalur xasiaTs, Tumca maT, albaT, sjerodaT, rom aseT absurdebs hitleri aRar gahyveboda, rogorc ki qveynis gaerTianebis, ekonomikis aRmasvlis da eris dakarguli didebis aRdgenis samuSao dasruldeboda. imave TvalsazrisiT, saeWvoa, rom yvelaze Tavdadebuli bolSevikebis garda vinmes muSaTa samoTxis moaxloeba daejerebina, Tumca rus xalxs, savaraudod, marTlac sjeroda, rom miwis reforma moxdeboda, rom damTavrdeboda ruseTis saSineli Sedegebis mqone Careva pirvel msoflio omSi, rom bolo moeReboda SimSils, ganviTardeboda jandacva da ganaTleba, rasac lenini maT hpirdeboda.

organizacia ideologia yovlismomcvel revoluciebSi myari organizaciis gareSe ver ganxorcieldeba. meoce sukunemdel ajanyebebs organizebuloba akldaT. aseTi uecari afeTqebebis umravlesoba spontanur xasiaTs atarebda. moZraoba agordeboda, iSviaTad farTodac gavrceledeboda, magram TiTqmis yovelTvis, bolos sakuTar Tavs diskreditirebas uwevda. sxvadasxva revoluciis liderebi politikuri ZalauflebisTvis brZolisas formaluri organizebis gansxvavebul meTodebze akeTebdnen aqcents. miuxedavad imisa, rom bolSevikurma partiam ruseTSi realurad 1917 wlis oqtombramde ver moipova Zalaufleba, lenins partia ToTxmeti wlis win hqonda daarsebuli. leninma partiaSi gulqva revolucionerebi miiRo. is fiqrobda, rom ruseTis mefis damarcxeba mxolod grZelvadiani, iatakqveSa brZoliT SeiZleboda ganxorcielebuliyo. amgvarad, patara, magram mtkiced SekavSirebuli profesional revolucionerTa jgufi ufro metad efeqtiani iqneboda, vidre didi, ukontrolo da ukmayofilo adamianebis uformo masa. konspiraciis, disciplinisa da centralizebuli kontrolis uzrunvelsayofad, leninma bolSevikuri partia patara ujredebad dahyo, romlebsac

128


SemdgomSi ewodaT ZiriTadi partiuli organizaciebi. TiToeul ujreds sakuTari lideri hyavda, metsaxelad mdivani, romelic miTiTebebsa da instruqciebs zemodan iRebda. sabolood, strategiis, taqtikisa da `partiuli xazis~ Sesaxeb yvela mniSvnelovan gadawyvetilebas Tavad lenini iRebda (TumcaRa, is amtkicebda, rom partiis centraluri komitetis saxeliT laparakobda). sankt-peterburgSi arsebuli Stabis garda, sxva qalaqebSi warmomadgenlobebisa da momxreebis ricxvis zrdis kvaldakval, saxelisuflo struqturebis Seqmnis aucilebloba warmoiSva, magram mkacri partiuli disciplinisa da zemdgomebis mimarT qvemdgomebis sruli morCilebis principebi ar Secvlila. mas Semdeg, rac sakuTari fraqcia Camoayaliba, leninma sabolood formalurad akrZala fraqciebis Seqmna. nebismier bolSeviks, vinc partiul xazs SeewinaaRmdegeboda, fraqcioneris iarliyis miwebeba emuqreboda. 1917 wlis oqtomberSi realuri Zalauflebis xelSi aRebamde, urCobisaTvis sasjeli xSirad partiis rigebidan garicxva iyo. 1917 wlis Semdeg revoluciuri samarTali xSirad naklebad Semwynarebeli iyo. fraqciebad dayofas aravis patiobdnen. partiis wevrebs moeTxovebodaT, partiuli interesebi yovelTvis pirad interesebze maRla daeyenebinaT. Tavganwirvasa da partiis srul erTgulebas specialuri saxeli hqonda miniWebuli _ partiuloba, termini, romelic xSirad gamoiyeneboda yofil sabWoTa kavSiriSi, raTa uxilavi Tvisebebis erToblioba aReniSna (rogoricaa, erTguleba, TviTdisciplina da revoluciuri suliskveTeba), romlis gamovlenac partiis yvela wevrs evaleboda. leninTan SedarebiT, maos revolucias warmatebis misaRwevad oc welze meti dasWirda da masSi gacilebiT meti adamiani monawileobda. ruseTisagan gansxvavebiT, CineTis revolucia, ZiriTadad, soflebidan dawyebuli ukmayofilo glexebis masobrivi moZraoba iyo. am viTarebaSi maosTvis yvelaze ufro did organizaciul problemas glexebis efeqtian samxedro Zalad gadaqceva warmoadgenda, romelsac xangrZlivi partizanuli omis warmoebis unari eqneboda. glexTa amorfuli masis efeqtian sabrZolo Zalad gadaqcevaSi miRweuli warmateba damajerebel arguments warmoadgenda imisa, rom organizebuli Raribebi da Cagrulebi, erTi SexedviT gadaulaxav winaaRmdegobebs daZlevdnen. amitomac, maos glexobaze dafuZnebuli revoluciis Teoria da praqtika bevrma radikalma (gansakuTrebiT ganviTarebad saxelmwifoebSi) revoluciuri organizebis magaliTad miiCnia. politikuri Zalauflebis mosapoveblad maos xangrZlivi, koordinirebuli brZolisagan gansxvavebiT, hitleris mcdeloba, germaniaSi Zalaufleba moepovebina, arastabilur gzas warmoadgenda. igi 1920-ian wlebSi CaxSobili Zaladobrivi saxelmwifo gadatrialebidan daiwyo da 1930-ian wlebSi qveynis konstituciuri sistemis warmatebuli manipulaciiT dasrulda. hitleris saboloo warmatebisaTvis gadamwyveti iyo morCili organizacia nacisturi partiis saxiT. xelisuflebaSi aRzevebis dros hitlerma opoziciis dasaSineblad uxeSi Zala farTod gamoiyena, magram amavdroulad man partiis mier kontrolirebadi uamravi klubi da asociacia Seqmna. hitlerulma axalgazrdobam, nacisti


129

qalebis ligam, nacisti muSebis organizaciam, nacisti studentebis ligam da kidev araerTma akademiurma da sazogadoebrivma organizaciam nacistebs mniSvnelovani politikuri Zalaufleba SesZina manamde, vidre Tavad hitleri aiRebda xelSi marTvis sadaveebs (ix. cxrili 9-3). mogvianebiT, Gleichschaltung-is (unifikacia) politikis meSveobiT, man TiTqmis yvela manamde arsebuli sazogadoebrivi organizacia gaanadgura da isini nacisturi asociaciebiT Caanacvla. nawilobriv amis gamo, hitleris dapirebas da muqaras mTel germanul sazogadoebaSi didi wona hqonda. yvela Tanamedrove revolucioneris msgavsad, hitlers kargad Camoyalibebuli revoluciuri organizaciis fasi esmoda.

propaganda ramdenadac Tanamedrove politika sul ufro meti adamianis cxovrebas exeba, propaganda _ ideebisa da informaciis farTod gavrceleba, romelic sagangebod isea agebuli, rom konkretuli politikuri miznebis ganxorcielebas Seuwyos xeli _ mZlavri politikuri iaraRi gaxda. warmatebis misaRwevad, rogorc hitlerma SeniSna, propaganda mxolod masebisken unda iyos mimarTuli. Sesabamisad, `misi moqmedebis ZiriTadi samizne emociebi unda iyos da naklebi xarisxiT e.w. inteleqti~.13

propagandis usazRvrod farTo kampaniisa da nacisturi ideologiis STagonebis kombinaciiT adolf hitlerma (1889-1945) SeZlo germaneli xalxi ebraelTa devnis, saboloo omisa da germanuli sazogadoebis radikaluri gardaqmnis aucileblobaSi daerwmunebina.

propagandis mecnierebis erTgulma mimdevarma hitlerma ramdenime Teorema Camoayaliba, romelic dResac inarCunebs aqtualobas. pirvelad unda aRiniSnos misi naTqvami, rom `yvela propaganda saxalxo unda iyos da misi inteleqtualuri done auditoriis yvelaze SezRudul nawilze unda iyos misadagebuli~. aqedan gamomdinare, `rac ufro didia xalxis masa, romelic man unda moicvas, miT ufro dabali unda iyos misi inteleqtualuri done... efeqtiani propaganda SezRuduli unda iyos mcire odenobis mosazrebebiT da lozunge-bis meSveobiT isini unda ismodes manamde, vidre sazogadoebis ukanaskneli wevri ar gaigebs imas, rac Sen ginda, rom man gaigos~. zemoTqmu-

130


lis gaTvaliswinebiT, `yvela propagandistuli saqmianobis upirvelesi aqsiomaa, rom mas ZiriTadad subieqturi da calmxrivi damokidebuleba unda hqondes yvela sakiTxis mimarT, romelsac is exeba.~14 amas garda, rac ufro didia tyuili, miT ukeTesi. hitleri amtkicebda, rom nebismieri propagandistuli kampaniis warmateba damokidebulia propagandistis mier saxalxo masebis `primitiuli grZnobebis~ gagebaze. propagandas ver eqneba ramdenime Sre: koncefciebi da faqtebi sazogadoebas unda waredginos, rogorc marTali an tyuili, swori an araswori, Savi an TeTri. hitleri Mein Kampf-Si maRal Sefasebas aZlevda pirveli msoflio omis dros britanuli propagandis mcdelobebs da zizRs gamoxatavda germanuli propagandis mimarT, romelmac msoflio mkveTrad, Sav da TeTr ferebSi ver daxata. hitleris xelisuflebaSi mosvlamde didi xniT adre, leninma ganaviTara da daxvewa masobrivi propagandis miseuli teqnika. leninma daiwyo propagandi-sa da agitaciis erTmaneTisagan gansxvaveba. am ors Soris gansxvavebis miseuli axsna hitleris Teoremis fonze unda ganvixiloT: rodesac umuSevrobas ganixilavs, propagandistma krizisis kapitalistur bunebaze unda ilaparakos; man unda aCvenos Tanamedro-ve sazogadoebaSi misi gardauvalobis mizezi; man unda daanaxos socialistur bazaze sazogadoebis xelaxla Senebis saWiroeba da a.S. erTi sityviT, man bevri idea erTbaSad, koncentrirebulad unda gadasces, imdenad bevri, rom saSualo adamianma yvela maTgani ver gaigos da mTlianobaSi mxolod mcire nawilma aRiqvas isini. agitatori, meore mxriv, aiRebs problemis erT nacnob da konkretul aspeqts. vTqvaT, SimSilis Sedegad umuSevari muSis sikvdils. misi mcdeloba am faqtze iqneba koncentrirebuli, raTa masebs erTi idea CauWedos _ simdidris zrdisa da siRaribis zrdis uazro dapirispirebis idea. is Seecdeba masebs Soris am didi usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg ukmayofileba da janyi gaaRvivos da am dapirispirebis srul ganmartebas is propagandists dauTmobs.15

hitlerisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic Zalze efeqtiani oratori gaxldaT, lenini pamfletebis didostati da polemisti iyo, romelic didwilad daweril sityvas eyrdnoboda. Tavisi moZraobis dasawyisSi leninis mTavari iaraRi miwisqveSa gazeTi iyo. kontrabanduli gazeTebi, rogorebic iyo iskra (`naperwkali~), vperiod (`win~) da proletari (`proletarebi~), xSirad qveynis Soreul kuTxeebSi an ucxo qveyanaSic ki ibeWdeboda, xolo Semdeg maTi Semotana aralegalurad xdeboda sankt-peterburgSi ormagi Ziris mqone CanTis saidumlo ganyofilebiT an sxva meTodebis gamoyenebiT.

Zaladoba totalitaruli revoluciis bolo, mexuTe maxasiaTebelia Zaladobis gamoyeneba da terori, rogorc politikis miRebuli instrumenti. revo-


131

lucionerebisaTvis Zaladoba gansakuTrebiT sasargebloa propagandis efeqtis gaZlierebis TvalsazrisiT. Tanamedrove totalitaruli tiraniebis erT-erTma mkvlevarma daaskvna, rom `terori propagandis gareSe dakargavs misi fsiqologiuri efeqtis did nawils, maSin rodesac propagandas teroris gareSe Zlieri dartymis unari ekargeba.~16 nacisti Teoretikosis eugen hadamovskis TqmiT, `propaganda da Zaladoba arasodes ewinaaRmdegeba erTmaneTs. Zaladobis gamoyeneba SeiZleba propagandis nawili iyos.~17 terorizmTan asocirebuli Zaladoba gulisxmobs qmedebebs, dawyebuli SerCeviTi mkvlelobebiTa da gatacebebiT, damTavrebuli ganurCeveli dabombvebiTa da sabotaJiT, romelTa Sedegia udanaSaulo gamvlelebis sikvdili da daSaveba. sabotaJis daniSnulebaa warmoebis, transportisa da sakomunikacio sistemebis da, Sesabamisad, saxelmwifos politikuri stabilurobis darRveva. teroris mizani ki piradi usafrTxoebis fsiqologiur SegrZnebaze Setevaa, romlis arseboba socialuri stabilurobis winapirobas warmoadgens. propagandis mxardasaWerad teroris gamoyenebam gadamwyveti roli Seasrula memarjveneebisa da memarcxeneebis masobriv moZraobebSi. erT-erTi yvelaze TvalsaCino magaliTia italiis faSisturi partiis lideris benito musolinis mier pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg Camoyalibebuli fasci di combattimento (`mebrZoli jgufebi~). mas Semdeg, rac socialisturi partiidan muSaTa klasis Camocilebis mcdelobam ar gaamarTla, musolinim daiwyo saSualo fenaze aqcentis gakeTeba da mdidari mewarmeebisa da msxvili miwaTmflobelebisagan fulis moZieba. is darwmunebuli iyo, rom italiis mTavrobaze kontrolis mopovebas kanonieri gziT ver SeZlebda da 1920-iani wlebis dasawyisSi sul ufro xSirad daiwyo teroris gamoyeneba politikuri oponentebis winaaRmdeg. misma momxreebma politikuri konkurenciis normaluri, araZaladobrivi saSualebebi mkvelobebiT da xanZris gaCeniT Caanacvles. faSistebis mier gamogonebuli teroris erT-erTi axali forma iyo sadamsjelo operaciebi, romlis drosac SeiaraRebuli bandebi daucveli da moumzadebeli Temebis winaaRmdeg Tavdasxmebs axorcielebdnen. adgilobrivi policia xSirad maTTan TanamSromlobda, rac umoqmedobaSi gamoixateboda. italieli faSistebis mier farTod gamoyenebuli sadamsjelo operaciebi ganasaxierebda terors, rogorc totaluri revoluciis strategiasa da taqtikas. Tu Wkvianurad iqna gamoyenebuli, terorizmi sruli daucvelobis SegrZnebas qmnis. teroristebi sam mizans isaxaven: (1) xelovnuri krizisis atmosferos Seqmnas; (2) imis Cvenebas, rom saxelmwifos kanonmorCili, gadasaxadis gadamxdeli moqalaqeebis axloblebisa da qonebis Tavdasxmisagan dacva aRar SeuZlia; da (3) ubiZgebs SeSinebul, sasowarkveTil da araorganizebul moqalaqeebs, saSvelad swored im politikur moZraobas mimarTon, romelmac Rrma socialuri degeneracia gamoiwvia da romlis Sesaxeb umravlesobam araferi uwyis. hana arendti gvaZlevs nacistebis mier analogiuri mizniT ganxorcielebuli teroris gansakuTrebiT naTel ganmartebas:

132


nacistebi Tavs ar esxmodnen gamoCenil moRvaweebs, rogorc es politikuri danaSaulis adrindeli talRis dros xdeboda germaniaSi (raTenausa da ercbergeris mkvlelobebi). amis nacvlad, wvrilmani socialisti funqcionerebis an opoziciuri partiebis gavleniani wevrebis mokvliT, isini Seecadnen mosaxleobisaTvis daemtkicebinaT, rom safrTxes [sazogadoebis] ubralo wevrobac ki warmoadgenda. amgvari masobrivi terori, romelic Semdgom SedarebiT mcire masStabiT ganagrZobda moqmedebas, mudmivad izrdeboda, radgan arc policia da arc sasamarTloebi politikur moZaladeebs seriozulad ar asamarTlebdnen. erTma nacistma publicistma mas moswrebulad `Zalis propaganda~ uwoda: mosaxleobisaTvis metwilad naTeli iyo, rom nacistebis Zalaufleba ufro didi iyo, vidre xelisuflebisa da rom ufro usafrTxo iyo nacisturi naxevradgasamxedroebuli organizaciis wevroba, vidre _ erTguli respublikeloba. es STabeWdileba gaaZliera nacistebis mier politikuri danaSaulis specifikurma gamoyenebam. isini mas yovelTvis sajarod aRiarebdnen, arasodes ixdidnen bodiSs `qveda donis moxeleebis mier Zalis gadaWarbebis gamo~ _ amgvar bodiSs mxolod nacistebis momxreebi mimarTavdnen xolme _ da mosaxleobas uCendnen gancdas, rom isini gansxvavdebian sxva partiebis `molaybeebisgan~. msgavseba amgvar terorsa da ubralo gangsterizms Soris Zalze aSkaraa, rom masze specialurad mivuTiToT. es imas ar niSnavs, rom nacistebi gangsterebi iyvnen, rogorc es zogjer miuCneviaT, aramed imas, rom nacistebma, amis aRiarebis gareSe, iswavles imdeni, ramdenic SeeZloT amerikuli gangsteruli organizaciebidan eswavlaT iseve, rogorc maTma propagandam iswavla bevri ram amerikuli biznesis mier gamoyenebuli reklamidan~.18

Zalauflebis konsolidacia Zveli wesrigis dangrevis anu misi fataluri diskreditaciis Semdeg, totalitaruli reJimis xelmZRvanelobas kontrolis ganxorcieleba ukve mtkice saxelisuflebo sayrdenidan SeuZlia. mis winaSe mdgomi Semdegi amocanaa, gaanadguros nebismieri mowinaaRmdege politikuri partia Tu fraqcia. Semdeg, partiis maRali Tanamdebobis pirebi unda ganawildnen qveynis yvela regionSi da daekisroT samTavrobo funqciebi, gansakuTrebiT ki im provinciebSi, romlebic revoluciis adreul safexurze mis suliskveTebas ar iziarebdnen. konsolidaciis procesis saboloo nabijia partiis SigniT yvela iseTi piris ganadgureba, romelic realurad an potenciurad totalitari liderisTvis safrTxis matareblia. yvela am stadiaze, totalitari lideri iseve, rogorc nebismieri avtoritaruli mmarTveli, ZiriTadad Zalauflebis mopovebiTa da SenarCunebiT aris dainteresebuli. lideris gankargulebaSi igive meTodebi da saSualebebi figurirebs, rac moZraobis revoluciur safexurze gamoiyeneboda. ideologia da propaganda lideris moqmedebebis gasamarTleblad


133

da popularizebisTvis gamoiyeneba, Zaladoba _ oponentebis SesaSineblad da gasaCumeblad. partiuli organizacia liders popularobisa (erTgul mimdevarTa jgufi) da Zalauflebis (partiis erTguli xdeba yovlis SemZle saxelmwifos Tvali da yuri) TvalsaCino mtkicebulebas sZens. am etapze momavali totalitari liderebis mTavar saSualebas maTive unarebi warmoadgens. bevri swori gadawyvetileba unda iqnas miRebuli, Tu maT warmatebis miRweva surT. maT zustad unda icodnen, ra surT da ar SeizRudon mis ganxorcielebaSi. maTi megzuri unda iyos frTxili gaTvla da ara sindisi. am TvalsazrisiT, makiavelis rCeva dasafasebelia: àdamianma meore adamians, visi mokvlac mas surs, ar unda uTxras, `momeci Seni iaraRi, romliTac mogklav~, aramed `momeci Seni iaraRi~, da roca ukve iaraRs xelSi Caigdebs, survilic maSin unda aisrulos~.19 aseTi rCevis Sesaferisoba maSinve gaxdeba naTeli, rogorc ki Cven im meTodebs ganvixilavT, romlebsac momavali totalitari liderebi Zalauflebis konsolodaciisTvis iyenebdnen.

opoziciuri partiebis ganadgureba politikuri konsolidaciis pirveli safexuria mowinaaRmdege partiebisa da damoukidebeli fraqciebis ganadgureba. ori mizezis gamo, mmarTveli partia erTaderTi legitimuri organizacia unda iyos saxelmwifoSi. pirveli, arsebobs tradiciuli SiSi, romelic yvela erTpirovnul mmarTvels awuxebs: nebismieri opoziciuri jgufi, mniSvneloba ar aqvs, ramdenad patara an qmeduunaro moCans igi, mmarTvelisTvis potenciurad safrTxis matarebelia. meore, politikur oponentTa ubralo arsebobac ki zRudavs saSinao da sagareo politikaSi mniSvnelovan cvlilebebs, romlebic moZraobis ideologiis mieraa sanqcirebuli. amitom, politikuri opozicia yvela SesaZlo saSualebiT unda iqnes amoZirkvuli. leninma metoqe partiebis problema Zveli taqtikis _ gaTiSe da ibatones brwyinvale gamoyenebiT gadawyvita, miuxedavad imisa, rom erT-erTi mowinaaRmdege partia (socialisti revolucionerebi) mis partiaze (bolSevikebze) ufro didi popularobiT sargeblobda (erT-erTi damkvirvebeli leninis taqtikas moixseniebs, rogorc saliamis taqtikas 20, radgan is flobda gansakuTrebul unars, patara, magram potenciurad saSiSi jgufebi nawil-nawil daeyo da ise gaenadgurebina). mas Semdeg, rac axali revoluciuri sakanonmdeblo organo _ asamblea iqna arCeuli, leninma dominant socialist-revolucionerTa partiaSi ukve arsebuli ganxeTqileba imiT gazarda, rom mis marcxena frTasTan aliansi Seqmna. am aliansma lenins saSualeba misca, erTi mxriv, partiis SedarebiT zomieri frTisa da aseve sxva memarjvene partiebis winaaRmdeg ieriSze gadasuliyo, meore mxriv ki, sakmarisi samarTlebrivi mxardaWera Seeqmna, raTa Semdeg erTbaSad daexura asamblea. rogorc mosalodneli iyo, socialist-revolucionerebis marcxena frTasTan aliansi maSinve gawyda, rogorc ki is leninis interesebs aRar Seesabameboda. leninis strategia opoziciuri politikuri partiebis daSliT ar Semoi-

134


fargleboda. meore samiznes sabWoTa kavSiris glexobis mravalricxovani fena warmoadgenda, romelSic bolSevikTa liders Tavdapirvelad cota mxardamWeri hyavda. glexTa mxardaWeris nakleboba gansakuTrebiT mwvave problema samoqalaqo omis dros (1918-20 ww.) gaxda, rodesac sakvebisa da sxva ZiriTadi moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofilebeli saSualebebis gansakuTrebuli simwire iyo. amis sapasuxod, leninma `soflebSi samoqalaqo omis dros Raribi glexebis ufro metad Raribebze gadamterebis gziT kidev erTi samoqalaqo omi gaaCaRa~21, riTac Ziri gamouTxara politikur opozicias. leninis saliamis taqtika warmoadgenda mxolod erT-erT meTods, romlis meSveobiT totalitarulma moZraobam oponentebi da mowinaaRmdege partiebi gaanadgura. misgan gansxvavebiT, mao Zeduns, garemoebaTa gamo, Tavis mTavar metoqesTan _ gomindanTan anu Can kai-Sis mTavrobasTan _ xangrZliv partizanul omSi Cabma mouxda. hitlerma ki sruliad sxva strategia airCia. arCevnebSi nacisturi partiis mzardi warmatebebis, momxreTa didi odenobis, pirvelxarisxovani oratoruli unarebisa da Tavzardamcemi specrazmebis meSveobiT gaZlierebis fonze, man lodini arCia. 1933 wlisTvis xelisuflebaSi myofi adamianebis SiSisa da politikuri SezRudvebis moxerxebuli gamoyenebiT hitler-ma germaniis kanclerad gaxdoma moaxerxa. rogorc ki Tanamdeboba daikava, man TandaTanobiT gazarda Tavisi Zalaufleba: pirvelad, sagangebo viTarebaSi gansakuTrebuli uflebebis miniWebiT, Semdeg samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebis aRkveTiT, dabolos, germaniaSi realuri demokratiis aRmofxvriT. mxolod amis Semdeg, Zlieris poziciidan daiwyo man opoziciuri partiebis daxurva. maosgan gansxvavebiT, romelic opoziciuri Zalebs samxedro ZaliT ebrZoda, hitlerma gaiZverobisa da kanonebis manipulirebis meSveobiT misi mowinaaRmdegeebi politikurad gaanadgura, xolo Semdeg ki saxelmwifos Zala maTi fizikuri ganadgurebis dasawyebad gamoiyena.

partiis realuri an warmosaxviTi metoqeebisgan gawmenda wmenda absoluturi Zalauflebis gzaze bolo nabijia. politikuri wmendis gatarebisas totalitaruli mTavrobebi TiTqmis erTnair brals deben TavianT mowinaaRmdegeebs: saxelmwifosa da mmarTveli moZraobis winaaRmdeg ZirgamomTxreli saqmianoba. marTebulia Tu ara braldeba, amas arsebiTi mniSvneloba ar aqvs: isini ubralod òficialuri~ mizezia totalitarul mmarTvelisaTvis, raTa gaanadguros is pirovnebebi, romlebic safrTxed an minimum politikur balastad aRiqmebian. amgvari òpozicionerebis~ karieruli daqveiTeba an ucabedi sikvdili sxvagvarad moazrovneebs uCvenebs, rom uzenaesi lideris winaaRmdeg wasvla Zalian Zviri jdeba. erTi avtoris dakvirveba, rom mao Zeduni àrasodes yoymanobda, misi mtrebi, [maT Soris] metoqe komunistebi, gomindanis aqtivistebi da miwaTmflobelebi gaenadgurebina,~22 SeiZleba Tavisuflad gamoviyenoT sxva totalitari mmarTvelebis dasaxasiaTeblad. Tumca, amgvari wmendebis


135

masStabi da sisastike sxvadasxva mmarTvelis SemTxvevaSi erTmaneTisagan mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeboda. hitleri, magaliTad, partiaSi mowinaaRmdegeebs TiTqmis qirurgiuli sizustiT Catarebuli operaciebis Sedegad iSorebda. 1934 wlisTvis hitlers aRelvebda ramdenime misi momxris ganwyoba da qmedebebi, gansakuTrebiT ernst romis. rogorc SA-s (Sturmabteilung anu `moieriSe Zalebis~) xelmZRvaneli da kunTmagari adamianebis jgufis ufrosi, romlis mTavar mizans hitleris xelisuflebaSi aRzevebisas politikuri oponentebis daSineba warmoadgenda, romi agrZelebda Zaladobrivi qmedebebis gatarebas maSinac ki, rodesac mTavrobaze fiureris sruli `legaluri~ kontrolis daweseba TiTqmis dasrulebuli iyo. amas garda, hitlers surda SA-s Secvla SS-is (Schutzstaffel anu ùSiSroebis eSeloni~) ufro disciplinirebuli da sando legionebiT. yvela mcdeloba, rom romi da misi mxardamWerebi gegmas mihyolodnen, Caflavda. ase rom, hitleri romsa da partiis sxva wevrebs daupirispirda, romlebmac nacistebis xelisuflebaSi mosvlis saqmeSi sakvanZo roli Seasrules. fiureris brZanebiT, romis fraqcia 1934 ganadgurda. hitlerma mTeli incidenti Tavis politikur mtrebs gadaabrala da romis mkvlelobis faqtic Tavis sasargeblod gamoiyena, germaniaSi mxar daWera gaimyara da saxelmwifos winaSe mdgar (misi mtkicebiT) uzarmazar safrTxeebze moaxdina koncentrireba. leninis mier ganxorcielebuli wmendebi ufro masStaburi iyo. 1921 wels yvela konkurenti partiis ganadgurebis Semdeg, man yuradReba im xalxze gadaitana, romlebic Tavad moZraobis SigniT mis liderobas eWvqveS ayenebdnen. profkavSirebis aTasobiT wevri da mravali mezRvauri, romelic adre bolSevikebis mxardamWerTa xerxemals Seadgenda, saidumlo policiam mokla, radgan maT Tavisufali profkavSirebi da arCevnebi moiTxoves. amis Semdeg, lenini bolSevikur partiaSi e.w. muSaTa opoziciur fraqcias gausworda, romelic moiTxovda, rom partias politika Seecvala da muSebisTvis TavianTi sawarmoebis kontrolis ufleba mieca. leninma jgufs brali dasdo `fraqcionalizmSi~ da partiisa da revoluciis safrTxeSi CagdebaSi daadanaSaula. muSaTa opoziciuri jgufis wevrebi garicxul iqnen partiidan, magram am SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovania, rom isini ar dauxocavT. amgvari, SedarebiT rbili aqciebi leninis memkvidres, ioseb stalins ar axa siaTebda, romelic, rogorc sabWoTa komunisturi partiis xelmZRvaneli (1924-53 ww.) politikuri mtrebis likvidaciaze ar yoymanobda. politikur mtrebze stalinis saboloo gamarjveba or faqtorze iyo damokidebuli. pirveli, man ostaturad aiTvisa leninis saliamis taqtika, romelsac lenini misi mowinaaRmdege partiebis gasaCumeblad iyenebda, stalini ki Sidapartiuli metoqeebis winaaRmdeg. meore, stalinma Sidapolitikuri brZolebis gamorCeuli talanti gamoamJRavna. igi leninis viwro wreSi yvelaze ufro aqtiuri, mizandasaxuli da rkiniseburi nebisyofis mqone aRmoCnda. es faqtori 1924 wels leninis sikvdilis Semdeg atexil memkvidreobisaTvis brZolaSi yvelaze mniSvnelovani gamodga.

136


monoliTuri sazogadoebis Seqmna totalitaruli mmarTveloba sazogadoebis uzarmazar organizaciul kontrols moiTxovs, radgan is sazogadoebis srul gardaqmnas cdilobs. Sesabamisad, man kontroli unda moipovos ekonomikaze, xelovnebaze, jarze, skolaze, mTavrobaze, mokled rom vTqvaT, sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela aspeqtze. kontrolis miRma arafris datoveba da am kontrolis SesanarCuneblad arc erTi meTodis gamoricxva ar SeiZleba. rogorc nacisturi propagandis Sefma iozef gebelsma SeniSna, `Cven mier moxdenili revolucia totaluri revoluciaa...~23 sazogadoebis arc erTma aspeqtma _ arc politikurma partiebma, arc religiam, arc xelovnebam, arc ganaTlebam an akademiurma Tavisuflebam _ ar SeiZleba xeli SeuSalos axali sazogadoebis Seqmnas. amgvar viTarebaSi totalitari lideris neba uzenaesia. kidev erTi nacisti maRali Tanamdebobis piris sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, `yvela universitetis profesorTa tvinebi rom sasworis erT pinaze davdoT, xolo meoreze _ fiurerisa, romeli gadawonis Tqveni azriT?~24 totaluri kontrolis programis gansaxorcieleblad yvela qalaqsa da regionSi mTavrobisa da sazogadoebis yvela elementi erTgul momxreebs unda Cabardes. es procesi dokumenturad gansakuTrebiT kargad iyo aRwerili hitleris germaniaSi.25 xelisuflebas CamoaSores momcro qalaqebis Tanamdebobis pirebic, romlebic manamde sajarod mxars ar uWerdnen nacistebs, . amavdroulad, `xalxis uamravi mteri~ iqna àRmoCenili~ da gestapos (saidumlo policia) mier dauyovnebliv sastikad dasjili. sasjelis simkacres, gestapos yovlisSemZleobas da nacistebis mimarT gamovlenil mxardaWeras gansakuTrebul reklamas uwevdnen da mediiT da xalxSi xmebis gavrcelebiT azviadebdnen. moqalaqeebi darwmunebulebi iyvnen TavianT sastik xvedrSi, Tuki nacistebs SeewinaaRmdegebodnen. amdenad, daSineba da iZuleba nacistebis warmatebas didwilad uwyobda xels. teroris am taqtikis efeqturoba gvexmareba gavigoT, ratom gauwies mcire winaaRmdegoba nacistebis xelisuflebaSi mosvlas, magram es srul suraTs mainc ar gvaZlevs. nacistebma Zalauflebis mopoveba daSinebis gziT SeZles, magram maT warmatebaSi Tavisi roli moralurma apaTiam da egoisturma interesebmac Seasrula. es azri, albaT, yvelaze kargad warmoaCina germaneli ltolvilis mier moTxrobilma namdvilma ambavma, romelic prestiJul frankfurtis universitetSi aswavlida. nacistebis xelisuflebaSi mosvlis dros universitets samagaliTo (da liberaluri) akademiuri dawesebulebis reputacia hqonda, sadac profesura mecnierebis, sindisis Tavisuflebisa da demokratiis erTguli iyo.26 gavrcelebuli azris Tanaxmad, Tu nacistebi SeZlebdnen frankfurtis universitetze seriozuli incidentebis gareSe kontrolis damyarebas, maSin isini daSinebis meTodiT sxva germanuli universitetebis damorCilebasac moaxerxebdnen. nacistebis oponentebi gansakuTrebiT imedovnebdnen, rom partias gauWirdeboda cnobili bioqimikos-fiziologis winaaRmdegobis gadalaxva, romelic frankfurtis universitetSi aswavlida da romlis akademiuri reputacia da humanizmi msoflio masStabiT iyo cno-


137

bili. universitetSi nacisti komisris daniSvnis Semdeg, yvela profesori da studenti mniSvnelovan krebaze daibares: axal nacist komisars dro ar daukargavs zrdilobian mimarTvebze. man dauyovnebliv gamoacxada, rom ebraelebs universitetis teritoriaze Sesvla aekrZalebodaT da xelfasis gacemis gareSe 15 marts daTxovnilebi iqnebodnen. nacistebis xmamaRali antisemituri gancxadebebis miuxedavad, amas mainc aravin eloda. Semdeg man daiwyo Seuracxyofis, uwmawuri sityvebisa da samasoiani sityvebis tirada, romelsac barakebSic ki iSviaTad gaigonebdiT da akademiur samyaroSi _ verasodes. man rigrigobiT TiTi gaiSvira kaTedrebis gamgeebisaken da Tqva: `Tqven an imas gaakeTebT, rasac me getyviT, an sakoncentracio banakSi moxvdebiT~. misi laparakis Semdeg siCumem daisadgura. yvelani cnobil bioqimikos-fiziologs elodnen. didi liberali fexze wamodga, xma Caiwminda da Tqva: `Zalian sainteresoa es yvelaferi, batono komisaro, da, garkveuli aspeqtiT, mravlismTqmeli, magram erTi ram mTlad kargad ver gavige. `fiziologiaSi kvlevebisaTvis ufro meti fuli gamoiyofa?~ amis Semdeg kreba Zalian male damTavrda, komisarma mecnierebs aRuTqva, rom sakmao fuli gamoiyofoda `rasobrivad sufTa mecnierebebisaTvis~. mxolod mcireodens eyo gambedaoba oTaxi TavianT ebrael kolegebTan erTad daetovebina, magram umravlesobam arCia distanciaze yofiliyo am adamianebisgan, romlebTanac sul ramdenime saaTis win megobroba akavSirebda~.27

amgvari adamianuri sisusteebi _ unebisyofoba, moraluri sibrmave da yvelaferze maRla mdgomi egoisturi interesebi _ daSinebis sastik taqtikasTan erTad nacistebs SedarebiT uiolebda politikur xelisuflebaSi sakuTari partiis wevrebis moyvanas.

sazogadoebis transformacia politikuri Zalis konsolidacia mxolod preludiaa totalitaruli saxelmwifos arsebobis ufro gansakuTrebul safexurze gadasasvlelad _ saxelmwifoSi wamyvani politikuri doqtrinis mixedviT sazogadoebis transformirebis mcdelobis dasawyebad. es safexuri, zogadad, reJimis mier ekonomikis kontrolsa da saxelmwifos aqtiur dagegmvasa da intervencias moiTxovs.28 imisTvis, rom gaamarTlos axali sazogadoebrivi wesrigis Seqmnis ganzraxva, reJimi xSirad miuTiTebs saqveynod gavrcelebul socialur usamarTlobaze, romelic yoveli revoluciis Semaferxebelia da ambobs, rom yovelgvari arastabiluroba qveyanaSi kontrrevolucionerebis, jaSuSebisa da diversantebis mieraa mowyobili. am TvalsazrisiT, totalitaruli reJimebi naTlad avlenen TavianT idumal maxasiaTeblebs, romlebic erTmniSvnelovnad gamosaxaven im revo-

138


luciur moZraobebs, romlidanac Tavad iReben saTaves. karl fridrixma da zbigniev bJezinskim, am sakiTxebis gamoCenilma mkvlevarebma, totalitaruli saxelmwifoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli eqvsi Tviseba gamoyves.29 TiToeul saxelmwifos gaaCnia sakuTari ideologia, anu politikuri ideebis wyoba, romelic realobas uaryofs da saxelmwifos qmedebebs gamarTlebas uZebnis momavali bednieri cxovrebis saxeliT. yvela totalitarul saxelmwifos hyavs erTaderTi, ierarqiuli partia, romelic an xelisuflebazea gadaxlarTuli, an masze maRla dgas. yvela maTgani endoba saidumlo policias, romelsac surs da SeuZlia saxelmwifos mtrebis winaaRmdeg teroris kampania awarmoos. yvela totalitaruli saxelmwifo inarCunebs mWidro kavSirs SeiaraRebul ZalebTan da organizebuli Zaladobis sxva saSualebebTan. aseve, yvela cdilobs ganaxorcielos monopolia masobrivi komunikaciis saSualebebze, romelic gamoiyeneba oficialuri propagandis gasavrceleblad. dabolos, yvela totalitaruli sazogadoeba ekonomikis centralizebul kontrols axorcielebs, romlis saSualebiTac cdilobs radikaluri socialuri cvlilebebi gaataros. arsebiTad, totalitaruli saxelmwifos es maxasiaTeblebi saTaves iRebs revoluciuri moZraobebidan (lideroba, ideologia, organizacia, propaganda, Zaladoba), romelic axla ukve saxelmwifos yoveldRiuri istraciisa da transformaciis Semadgeneli nawili xdeba. sazogadod, saxelmwifos transformirebis mcdeloba winaswar dadgenil ideologiur instruqciebs mihyveba da iSviaTad ganicdis ufro pragmatuli mosazrebebis gavlenas. am safexurze totalitaruli reJimebi TavianTi ideologiis erTgulni rCebian da naklebad cdiloben, upasuxon praqtikul saWiroebebs. stalinis, hitleris, mao Zedunis politikuri karieridan aRebuli magaliTebi am Tvalsazrisis saukeTeso gamoxatulebaa.

stalinis sabWoTa kavSiri politikuri mtrebis damarcxebis Semdeg, 1928 wels stalinma sabWoTa ekonomikis koleqtivizaciasa da industrializacias Cauyara safuZveli. ekonomikaSi misi pirveli xuTwliani gegmiT (1928-1932 ww.) sabWoTa kavSiris istoriaSi kataklizmebis periodi daiwyo. Semdegi aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi milionobiT udanaSaulo adamiani gaagzavnes an daxoces muSaTa banakebSi. SedarebiT SeZlebul miwaTmflobelTa, e.w. kulakTa mTelma klasma arseboba Sewyvita. amas garda, sabWoTa kavSiris soflis meurneobis produqciis mTeli struqtura radikalurad Seicvala. imisaTvis, rom gavigoT, Tu ratom daatexa stalinma sabWoTa regionebs aseTi kataklizmebi Tavs, upirveles yovlisa, kargad unda gaviazroT totalitarul saxelmwifoSi ideologiis gansakuTrebuli roli. stalinis pirveli xuTwliani gegma Zalian centralizebuli ekonomikuri sistemis Seqmnas iTvaliswinebda, raTa sabWoTa ekonomika swrafad ganviTarebuliyo da mniSvnelovanwilad Zalauflebis politikiT iyo motivirebuli. Tumca, faqtebi gveubneba, rom stalini amave dros ganviTarebuli industriuli


139

sazogadoebis Seqmnis ideologiuri miznis WeSmaritad erTguli gaxldaT, romelic, Tavis mxriv, marqsizm-leninizmis principebze iyo dafuZnebuli. am miznis ganxorcieleba marqsizms danarCeni msofliosTvis ara mxolod saCvenebel magaliTad gaxdida, aramed, agreTve, axladfexadgmul revolucias mtruli `kapitalisturi garemocvisagan~ daicavda. stalinma gadawyvita, rom erTaderTi saSualeba am sagmiro saqmis misaRwevad mZime mrewvelobaSi masiuri investireba iqneboda. amavdroulad, mogeba maqsimalurad unda gamowuruliyo soflis meurneobidan, ruseTis ekonomikis tradiciuli dasayrdenidan. aq marqsiszm-leninizmis dogma batonobda: fermebis, cxovelebisa da sawarmoo saSualebebis kerZo mflobeloba unda ganadgurebuliyo da miwaTmflobeloba `koleqtivizebuli~ gamxdariyo. stalinis koleqtivizaciis gegmis mixedviT, soflis meurneobis warmoebis didi nawili did kooperatiul erTeulebSi ganaTavses, romlebsac kolxozebs (koleqtiur fermebs) eZaxdnen. maTi wevrebi mogebis danatovars iyofdnen mas Semdeg, rac mosavlis savaldebulo nawils Caabarebdnen saxelmwifos. savxozebSi (saxelmwifo meurneobebSi), glexebi xelfass iRebdnen. stalins sjeroda, rom am strategiiT industriis warmoeba gaormagdebo-da an pirveli xuTwledis ganmavlobaSi sulac samjer gaizrdeboda. Sedegad, sabWoTa soflis meurneobam koleqtivizacia gaiara, raTa sabWoTa industrializacia daecva. soflad yovelgvari winaaRmdegobis aRmofxvriTa da koleqtiur fermebSi glexebis SerekviT, saxelmwifos SeeZlo politikuri kontrolis gazrda da drakonuli sagadasaxado sistemis danergva. `gadasaxadebi~ am SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifos sakvebis mwir maragSi Senatanebs niSnavda, romelic industriuli muSebis mzardi armiis gamosakvebad da importirebuli kapitaluri saqonlis gasastumreblad gamoiyeneboda. am yvelafris fonze, stalinis koleqtivizaciam, imis miuxedavad, ramdenad Zviri jdeboda igi adamianuri sicocxlis TvalsazrisiT, kidev ufro civi, gaTvlili da maxinji ganzomileba SeiZina, sadac moraluri SezRudvebi ar arsebobda. rodesac gegma ganviTarda, stalini ara imdenad imiT Sewuxda, rom is bevri adamianis sicocxlis fasad jdeboda, aramed ufro imiT, rom gegmis Sesrulebas piri ar uCanda. erT-erTi mizezi, Tu ratom ver imuSava am gegmam, iyo is, rom stalinma gadaWarbebuli zomis ganurCeveli Zaladoba da sisastike gamoiCina. daxoces an gadaasaxles ara mxolod kulakebi, aramed mTeli glexoba aRgaves miwisagan pirisa. vrceldeboda istoriebi, rogor dalies stalinis agentebma uzomo raodenobiT arayi da Semdgom mTeli soflebi gadacxriles, raTa qveyanas daundobeli rusuli zamTrisTvis gaeZlo. bevrma rusma glexma amjobina, nebayoflobiT gadaewva Tavisi mosavali da daexoca saqoneli, vidre stalinis agentebis miTiTebebi Seesrulebina da maTTan eTanamSromla. Sedegi mosalodneli iyo. miuxedavad saxelmwifos yovelgvari mcdelobisa, industriuli warmoeba Zalian nela viTardeboda, Tu amas saerTod ganviTareba erqva. amasobaSi SimSilma mTeli soflebi gawyvita. miuxedavad yvelafrisa, stalinma ar aRiara piradi damarcxeba. man ubralod ugulebelyo SimSili da ukusvla, romelic misi ekonomikuri politikiT iyo gamowveuli da imis `dasamtkiceblad,~ rom realurad progresi mimdinareobda, statistika gaayalba. veravin bedavda es monacemebi kiTxvis

140


niSnis qveS daeyenebina. erT-erTi eqspertis TqmiT, `stalinis reJimi daundobeli da Tanmimdevruli iyo: yvela faqti, romelic ar eTanxmeboda an naklebad eTanxmeboda mis Tvalsazriss _ monacemebi marcvleulis mosavalze, kriminalur viTarebebze, `kontrrevolucionerebis~ namdvil qmedebebze... ararsebul faqtebad iTvleboda.~30 Tumca, stalini, romelic imaze wuxda, rom misi politika mas axal da farul mtrebs sZenda, ufro da ufro paranoiduli xdeboda. 1934 wels, rodesac pirveli xuTwliani gegma arcTu saxarbielo SedegebiT dasrulda, sabWoTa diqtatorma gamoacxada, rom man Sors mimavali miznebis mqone SeTqmuleba aRmoaCina, romelsac ucxoeTis agentebi da kontrrevolucionerebi axorcielebdnen, raTa sabWoTa ruseTSi kapitalizmi aeRorZinebinaT. am SeTqmulebis Teorias damajerebloba Seemata, rodesac sergei kirovi, leningradis partiuli organizaciis dinamiuri axalgazrda lideri, 1934 wlis dekemberSi mokles. am incidents sastiki represiebi, uamravi Tavdasxma, moCvenebiTi sasamarTloebi, sikvdiliT dasja da masStaburi gadasaxlebebi mohyva. gakvriT iqna naTqvami, rom msxverplTa umetesoba e.w. leningradis centris wevrebi iyvnen. ra Tqma unda, `leningradis centrs~ arasodes uarsebia da arc stalinis Camosagdebad gamiznuli gegma moumzadebia vinmes (komunisturi partiis pirvelma [generalurma _ mTargmn. Sen.] mdivanma nikita xruSCovma 1956 wels mianiSna, rom stalini Tavad idga kirovis mkvlelobis ukan). Tumca, am `gegmam~ stalins uzarmazari Sansi misca imisaTvis, raTa `moRalateebis~, albaT, yvelaze didi, sisxliani wmenda moewyo istoriaSi. daakaves da daapatimres leninis Tavdapirveli wris gamoCenili liderebi, e.w. Zveli bolSevikebi. pirveli fazis dros, romelsac Semdeg didi terori uwodes (1934 wlis ianvridan 1936 wlis aprilamde), komunisturi partiis wevrTa raodenoba daaxloebiT 800 000 kaciT, anu 25 procentiT Semcirda. sabWoTa presa maT kicxavda, rogorc `mavneblebs, jaSuSebs, diversantebsa da mkvlelebs, romlebic partiuli baraTs efarebodnen da bolSevikebad iniRbebodnen~.31 stalinuri wmendebis meore faza (1936-38) gamoirCeoda cnobili saCvenebeli sasamarTloebiT, sadac Zvel bolSevikebs, partiis maRalCinosan liderebs saxalxod asamarTlebdnen da aiZulebdnen aRmaSfoTebeli àRiarebebi~ miecaT. Tumca, sasamarTloebi mxolod aisbergis wveri iyo. 1934 wlis meCvidmete partiuli yrilobis daaxloebiT 2000 delegatidan 1100-ze meti (daaxloebiT 56 procenti) 1934-1938 wlebSi daxvrites. yrilobaze damswre 1827 Tanamdebobis mqone delegatidan mxolod 35 procenti daeswro Semdgom yrilobas, romelic xuTi wlis Tavze gaimarTa. 1934 wels arCeuli partiis centraluri komitetis 139 wevris samocdaaTi procenti 1938 wlisTvis likvidirebuli iyo. 1939 wlisTvis partiis aparati saguldagulod iyo gawmendili. wiTel armiaSi igive movlenebi xdeboda. didma terorma Seiwira sabWoTa kavSiris 5-dan 3 marSali, 16-idan 14 sardali, rvave irali, 67-dan 60 SenaerTis meTauri da 397 brigadis meTauris daaxloebiT naxevari. amas garda, 81 umaRlesi rangis politikuri komisaridan mxolod 5 gadaurCa wmendas.


141

meoce saukunis erT-erTma yvelaze daundobelma diqtatorma ioseb stalinma (1879-1953) saerTaSoriso komunisturi revoluciis marqsisa da leniniseul sabWoTa models `gadauxvia~, raTa èrT qveyanaSi daemyarebina socializmi~. miznebisaken saval gzaze man masStaburi sikvdiliT dasja gamoiyena da milionobiT adamiani monad aqcia gulagebSi (iZulebiTi Sromis banakSi).

aseve ar daundiaT dawinaurebuli muSebi. 1930-iani wlebis ganmavlobaSi stalinma gaatara politika, romelic estafetis saxeliTaa cnobili, rodesac sabWoTa muSebis koleqtivizacia samuSao Zalis iZulebiT gawvevis gziT moxda. samuSao erTeulebi samxedro analogiiT iqmneboda da muSebi diviziebis msgavsad iyvnen organizebuli. am politikis Sedegad daibada e.w. gulagis arqipelagi , ukacriel adgilebSi aSenebuli monuri Sromis banakebi, romelsac sabWoTa saidumlo policia icavda da marTavda, sadac sazogadoebrivi da politikuri TvalsazrisiT arasasurvel pirebs cxovrebas aiZulebdnen. gulagis sistemis meSveobiT rkinigzas, arxebsa da kaSxlebs aSenebdnen moSorebul da Znelad mi sadgom adgilebSi, sadac muSebi nebiT ar wavidodnen. gamoCenili rusi mwerlis, aleqsandre solJenicinis SefasebiT, romelmac banakSi arsebuli cxovreba aRwera, yovel mocemul momentSi am banakebSi daaxloebiT 12 milioni adamiani hyavdaT dapatimrebuli, romelTa naxevari politikuri patimari iyo. `zogierTebis gardacvalebis paralelurad~, SeniSnavs igi, `manqanas maTi Semcvlelebi moh yavda~.32 dabolos, meore msoflio omis dawyebis win stalini mwvervalze marto idga. mrewveloba ayvavebuli iyo, magram sabWoTa kavSiri yvelaferi iyo muSaTa samoTxis garda. terorma didi politikuri cvlilebebi moitana, romlis drosac sabWoTa komunisturi partiis istoriis furclebze aRbeWdili mravali gamoCenili adamiani moRalated gamocxadda da saxalxo sasamarTloze warsdga. braldebulTa sia oqtombris revoluciis sapatio monawileTa reestrs hgavda. umaRlesi samxedro xelmZRvaneloba daTxovnil iqna, partiaSi Tanamdebobis pirTa wmenda moxda da ùmweo masebi~ samrewvelo monobis doneze daiyvanes. marTalia, stalini 1953 wlamde _ sakuTar sikvdilamde marTavda qveyanas, magram misi saxeli, pirvelyovlisa, 1930-iani wlebis sisxlian wmendebTan asocirdeba.

142


hitleris germania mesame raixis dros (1933-45 ww.) nacional-socialisturi (nacisturi) partiis ideologiis wamyvani Tema ebraelebisa da sxva `sazogadoebrivad arasasurveli~ pirebis ganadgureba iyo da amis Semdeg `rasobrivad sufTa~ ariuli sazogadoebis Seqmna, romelsac misi damaarsebeli adolf hitleri ganasaxierebda. rasizmma, romelic hitlers mTeli Tavisi karieris ganmavlobaSi akviatebuli hqonda, mas ubiZga germaniis cxovreba mTlianad Seecvala. mis mier nebadarTuli saSualebebi axla ukve cnobilia: sazogadoebis nacisturi ideologiis safuZvlebiT masobrivi indoqtrinacia; nacisturi partiis mkacri kontrolis qveS yola. germaniis cxovrebis wamyvan Zalad gadaqceva da sazogadoebis morCilebis uzrunvelsayofad saidumlo policiis anu gestapos intensiuri gamoyeneba da ekonomikaze, jarsa da masmediaze centralizebuli kontrolis daweseba. nacisturi ideologiisa da propagandis meSveobiT germanel xalxs Caunerges ebraelebis dasjis, omis saWiroebisa da sazogadoebis radikaluri transformaciis idea. germanuli cxovrebis yvela aspeqti politizirebul iqna gestaposa da SS-is teroris taqtikiTa da saxelmwifos mier mxardaWerili `kulturuli revoluciis~ meSveobiT, romelic gulisxmobda yvela im xelovanis, Jurnalistisa da mecnieris likvidacias, romelTa politikuri azris ndoba ar SeiZleboda. axali samTavrobo uwyebebi, maT Soris raixis literaturis, presis, mauwyeblobis, Teatris, musikisa da saxviTi xelovnebis palatebi erTaderT mizans emsaxureboda, moexdina `saxifaTo~ werilobiTi an mxatvruli gamovlinebebis cenzura-gafiltvra. musikis sferoSi germanuli xalxuri musika Caenacvla `dekadentur~ Tanamedrove da klasikur musikas, romelTa avtorebi iyvnen ebrauli warmoSobis kompozitorebi, magaliTad, feliqs mendelsoni da gustav maleri. aseve dagmobil iqna Tanamedrove mxatvrobac. nacistebis mmarTvelobisas arc li teratura iyo ukeTes dReSi. mesame raixis erT-erTi istorikosis karl ditrih braxeris TqmiT: dausruleblad dgeboda Savi siebi da istoria Tavidan iwereboda... biblioTekebisa da wignebis maRaziebis `gawmenda~ garkveul problemebs qmnida, magram germanuli literaturis ganadgureba da TviTganadgureba ramdenime TveSi iqna miRweuli pirvelxarisxovani mwerlebis meore da mesame xarisxovani mjRabnelebiT CanacvlebiTa da saukeTeso mwerlebis garesamyarosTan kavSiris xelis SeSliT.33

xelovnebaze nacistebis Seteva imis maCvenebeli iyo, sadamde SeeZlo hitlers wasvla, raTa nacisturi Rirebulebebis propaganda momxdariyo. Tumca, germanuli cxovrebis verc erTma sferom ver gamoxata hitleris Tavdadeba axali momavlisi ise, rogorc es saskolo sistemaSi moxda. rogorc braxerma aRniSna, `nacional-socializmis mcdeloba Tavidanve mimarTuli iyo totalitaruli politikis yvelaze mniSvnelovani instrumentebis _ propagandisa da ganaTlebis mimarTulebiT~.34


143

nacisturi partiis ideologiis wamyvani Tema iyo ebraelTa da sxva `sazogadoebrivad arasasurvelTa~ ganadgureba da Semdgom `rasobrivad gawmendili~ ariuli eris Seqmna. 1933-1945 ww. nacistur sikvdilis banakebSi daaxloebiT 6 milioni evropeli ebraeli daiRupa.

nacisturi saganmanaTlebo politika sami ZiriTadi mimarTulebiT ganxorcielda. Tavdapirvelad, skolis ebi da maswavleblebi, romlebic eWvmitanilebi iyvnen hitleris, nacizmis an nacisturi `reformis~ mimarT winaaRmdegobis gawevaSi, dauyovnebliv gaTavisufldnen dakavebuli Tanamdebobebidan. amis Semde, yvela akademiuri sagani gaiJRenTa ideologiuri SinaarsiT. istoria gadaiqca `rasobriv istoriad~, biologia gardaiqmna `rasobriv biologiad~ da a.S. yvela sagani ise Seicvala, rom maTSi hitleris antisemituri rasobrivi Teoriebi asaxuliyo. dRe ar gaivlida, rom moswavleebisaTvis is sazareli rasobrivi Teoriebi ar eqadagaT, romlebic nacistur politikur wyobilebas amarTlebdnen. xSirad es Teoriebi gadajaWvuli iyo samxedro Zlierebis istoriebTan. faqtobrivad, yvela akademiuri sagans laitmotivad gasdevda ari elebis CamorCenil rasebze triumfis idea. dabolos, nacistebma daaarses specialuri skolebi, sadac partiis momaval elitas wvrTnidnen, maT Soris samxedro liderebs, partiul muSakebsa da saxelmwifo moxeleebs. moswavleebi am skolebSi asakobrivi jgufisa da karieruli interesebis mixedviT iricxebodnen. magaliTad, adolf hitleris skolebSi swavlobdnen Tormetidan Tvramet wlamde axalgazrdebi, visac partiuli funqcioneroba surda. zogadad rom vTqvaT, yvela specskola garkveuli saxis ZiriTad kursebs aswavlida (magaliTad, rasobriv istoriasa da biologias) da aqcents samxedro varjiSebze akeTebda (amis magaliTia `saxelganTqmuli~ hitleruli axalgazrdoba). nacisturi saganmanaTleblo programa Zalze warmatebuli gamodga. erTi avtoritetuli pirovnebis azriT, `reJimis winaSe maswavleblebisa da mSoblebis kapitulaciis paralelurad axalgazrdebis indoqtrinaciac

144


warmatebulad midioda. axalgazrdobas, romelic heroikul legendebsa da Sav-TeTr ferebad gamartivebul samyaros suraTs advilad ijerebda, reJimis gansacvifrebel xatebas gadascemdnen.~35 axalgazrdebis ganaTlebas aZlierebda kargad dagegmili zar-zeimebi da ceremoniebi: àdreuli bavSvobidan maT aswavlidnen droSis awevas, aRlumebSi monawileobis miRebas, qveynis masStabiT xorcieldeboda skolebze mauwyebloba, bavSvebi dahyavdaT salaSqrod.~36 STagoneba, propaganda da ara terori gaxda is instrumentebi, romlis meSveobiT mesame raixis bavSvebs axal wyobas aziarebdnen. savaraudod, yvelaze metad amgvari masobrivi STagonebis programam SesaZlebeli gaxada is, rom hitleri atarebda sastik rasobriv politikas, romlis kulminaciac holokosti iyo. Zalauflebis mopovebis Semdeg, hitlerma antiebrauli politika etapebad ganaxorciela, romelTagan TiToeuli winaze ufro radikaluri iyo.37 pirvelad daiwyo imis gansazRvra, vin iyo ebraeli. amis Semdeg reJimma daiwyo ebraelebis germanuli cxovrebidan izolaciis kampania da maTi qonebis eqspropriacia. Semdgom, yvela ebraeli, romelmac qveyana 1933-1938 wlebSi ar datova, germanuli sazogadoebidan ZaliT gamoacalkeves da cnobil sakoncentracio banakebSi gaagzavnes. masobrivi deportacia win uswrebda meoTxe da saboloo etaps: yvela ebraeli kacis, qalisa da bavSvis ganadgurebas, viszec xeli miuwvdeboda mesame raixs. im dros, rodesac 1930-ian wlebSi antiebrauli politika Zalas ikrefda germaniaSi, hitlerma germanuli sazogadoebis TiTqmis yvela elementi Tavisi mkvlelobebis sqemaSi CarTo. biurokratia antiebraul brZanebebs adgenda da ganadgurebis procesisTvis aucilebel logistikur process gegmavda. germanuli biznesi sargeblobda ebrauli qonebiTa da sakoncentracio banakebSi iZulebiTi muSaxeliT. maSin, rodesac germania aRmosavleTiT miwebs ipyrobda, armiis specdanayofebi mTlianad CaerTvnen mkvlelobis operaciebis yvela aspeqtSi. dabolos, Tavad nacisturi partiis ierarqia mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda ganadgurebis mTliani programis dagegmvasa da warmarTvaSi. partiis naxevrad gasamxedroebuli organo SS-i realurad xelmZRvanelobda sasikvdilo banakebSi daxocvis operaciebs. hitlerisTvis meore msoflio omi iyo SesaZlebloba, rom mTel evropaSi gaevrcelebina misi xedva wminda ariuli germaniis Sesaxeb. adrindeli tiranebisagan gansxvavebiT, romlebic oms teritoriis, Zalauflebis an didebis siyvarulis gamo awarmoebdnen, hitleris motivacias radikalurad axal da revoluciur sazogadoebaze ocneba warmoadgenda. ase rom, maSinac ki, rodesac germaniis armia da mesame raixi damarcxebis piras iyo, hitleri kidev ufro Sors wavida ebraelebis ganadgurebis TvalsazrisiT. sabolood, daaxloebiT 6 milioni evropeli ebraeli iqna mokluli. adre arsebuli rasobrivad motivirebuli politikuri mkvlelobebi daCrdila holokostis barbarosobam, romlis Semoqmedi adolf hitleri `gabatonebuli rasis~ Camoyalibebas da Tavis warmosaxva-Si arsebuli groteskuli samyaros Seqmnas cdilobda.


145

maos GineTi CineTSi mao Zedunis xelisuflebaSi mosvla revoluciuri brZolis epikuri magaliTia _ WeSmaritad masobrivi moZraoba Rarib sazogadoebaSi, sadac glexoba did umravlesobas Seadgenda. oc welze met xans (1927-49) mao sastik èrovnuli gaTavisuflebis oms~ awarmoebda gomindanis CineTis erovnuli partia _ mTargmn. Sen.) winaaRmdeg, romelsac Can kai-Si xelmZRvanelobda, xolo meore msoflio omis dros _ iaponiis winaaRmdeg. 1930iani wlebis Sua xanebSi mao iyo legendaruli Setevis lideri, romlis drosac partizanebis cudad gawvrTnilma razmma 6000 milis manZilze daipyro, daatyveva an gaanadgura Canis mravalricxovani da ukeT aRWurvili nacionaluri armia. 1949 wlisTvis, rodesac man sabolood moigo ukanaskneli gadamwyveti brZola da CineTis xelmZRvaneli gaxda, mao Zedunis `klasobrivi brZola~ CineTis masebis saxeliT or aTwleulze mets iTvlida. mao ara marto Tavisi revoluciuri gmirobiT amayobda, aramed Tavisi politikuri azrovnebiTac. im droisTvis mis `wiTel wignSi~ Setanilma `Tavmjdomare maos azrebma~ Cinur sazogadoebaSi wminda werilis statusi SeiZina. misma xedvam axali, uklaso saxelmwifosa da samagaliTo komunisti kadrebisa da amxanagebis Sesaxeb, romelTac zneobrivad gadaxalisebuli sazogadoeba unda ganesaxierebinaT, dasabami misca radikalur politikas, romelsac icnoben saerTo saxeliT _ maoizmi. marTalia, maos msoflmxedveloba marqsizmis ZiriTa postulatebma Camoayaliba, magram 1920-ian wlebSi CineTi preindustriuli sazogadoeba iyo realuri proletariatis (sawarmoSi momuSave) an `monopolisti kapitalistis~ gareSe, romelic marqsma `kapitalSi” aRwera. Cineli glexobis ubedureba fabrikebis bosebi ki ar iyvnen, aramed xarbi miwaTmflobelebi da biurokratebi, romelTac statusk vos, TavianTi Zalauflebisa da privilegiebis SenarCuneba aRelvebdaT. Cagruli umravlesobis gasaTavisufleblad xelisuflebaSi myofni unda CamoegdoT. maos sjeroda, rom amgvari istoriuli misiis gansaxorcieleblad, aucilebeli iyo `qvemodan~ Zaladobrivi revoluciis mowyoba. `politikuri Zalaufleba~, werda igi, `Tofis lulidan amodis.~38 marqsizmis Cinur realobasTan adaptirebisas (anu `sinifikaciisas~) mao adidebda didi xnis manZilze Cagrul Cinel glexobas, romelsac komunisturi Rirsebebis matarebel modelad ganixilavda. misi azriT, Cineli glexebi `Raribebi da sufTebi~ iyvnen. maos sjeroda, rom vinaidan isini arasodes garyvnilan `burJuaziuli materializmiT~ da didi qalaqebis dekadansiT, maTi samagaliTo komunistebad gardaqmna ufro advili iyo, vidre maTi qalaqeli daxvewili TanamoZmeebisa. amgvarad, maom glexebi utopiuri, uklaso sazogadoebis qvakuTxedad aqcia, sadac eqspluatacia arasodes moxdeba da masebi harmoniasa da TanasworobaSi mdidrad icxovreben. am didebuli xedviT aRWurvilma maom 1949 wlis Semdeg CineTi erTgvar socialur laboratoriad aqcia. postrevoluciur wlebSi CineTis komunisturi partia da CineTis armia bihevioristul da biologiur inJineriaSi grandiozul eqsperimentebs atarebdnen. pirveli nabiji moicavda masobrivi

146


kampaniis warmoebas specifikuri borotebebis aRmosafxvrelad an imgvari arasasurveli socialuri elementebis gasanadgureblad, rogorebic iyvnen miwaTmflobelebi, kontrrevolucionerebi da e.w. banditebi. am `gadasamzadebel kampaniebs~ Tan axlda yovlismomcveli miwis reformis programa, romelic sabolood CineTis soflis meurneobis mTliani koleqtivizaciiT dasrulda. rogorc wesi, rTulad gasatarebeli miwis reforma masobrivi propagandisa da fizikuri Zalis gamoyenebis TanxlebiT ganxorcielda. 1950-iani wlebis dasawyisSi CineTSi daiwyo stalinuri gegmis msgavsi industrializacia. maos mmarTvelobaSi erTmaneTs enacvleboda Tavisuflebisa da represiebis periodebi. 1956 wels, magaliTad, man gamoacxada asi yvavilis kampania, romelic mkacri socialuri wesrigis Serbilebas hpirdeboda mosaxleobas. rogorc partiis maRalCinosanma maSin ganacxada, `CineTis komunisturi partia cdilobs, rom asi yvavili ayvavdes ganaTlebuli muSebisaTvis da Seecdeba asi skola waaxalisos samecniero sferoSi... damoukidebeli azrovneba, Tavisufali debatebi, Tavisufali Semoqmedeba da kritika, adamianis mier sakuTari azris Tavisuflad gamoTqmis ufleba~.39 ise Canda, rom TviT partiis xelmZRvanelobis SezRuduli doziT kritikac nebadarTuli iqneboda.

Can kai-Sis kgomindanis winaaRmdeg erovnuli gaTavisuflebis warmatebuli omis garda, maos mmarTveloba 1949-1976ww. rogorc socialuri eqsperimentebis siuxvis, aseve politikuri represiebis periodebiT xasiaTdeboda.

Sedegma, mao gaakvirva. mTeli qveynis masStabiT oficialur politikas akritikebdnen. saxalxo protesti da antipartiuli demonstraciebi gamorCeulad kritikuli iyo pekinis universitetsa da sxva umaRles saswavlo dawesebulebebSi mTeli CineTis masStabiT. daiwyo gaficvebi da mcire ajanyebebi. Tavdapirvelad frTxilad gamoTqmuli gansxvavebuli azrebi ufro xmamaRali gaxda. partiis Tanamdebobis pirebze calkeuli Tavdasxmebic moxda. asi yvavilis nacvlad, aTasobiT `sarevelam~ gaixara CineTis baRSi. maT amosaZirkvad mZlavri kampania daiwyo. partiis oficialurma saxalxo


147

yoveldRiurma gazeTma saxis SesanarCuneblad ganmarteba gaavrcela, rom asi yvavilis mTeli kampania saxelmwifos mtrebis gareT gamosatyueblad Catarda. retroperspeqtivaSi asi yvavilis kampania ubralo moTelva iyo maos didi naxtomis win (1957-60ww.). didi naxtomi atyorcnis gamorCeuli mcdeloba iyo _ CineTi, masobrivi mobilizaciis saSualebiT, `sruli komunizmis~ safexurze unda aetyorcnaT. maom wamoiwyo ssazogadoebrivi transformaciis programa, romelic im rwmenaze iyo dafuZnebuli, rom adamianis nebisyofas SeuZlia obieqtur movlenebze gaimarjvos, rac, Tavis mxriv, CineTSi gavrcelebuli siRaribidan, gaunaTleblobisa da garemoze damokidebulebidan iRebda saTaves. CineTis cnobili amerikeli mkvlevaris jon king ferbenkis TvalsazrisiT: 1958 wels didi naxtomis strategiis ganviTareba iyo is, risi mofiqrebac partizanebs SeeZloT. maT iswavles kampaniis warmoeba da xalxis mobilizeba, raTa im konkretuli socialuri miznebisTvis mieRwiaT, romlebic omSi poziciebis dakavebas waagavda _ samxedro terminologiis gamoyeneba aq swored rom upriania. kampaniis mTeli meqanizmi axla ukve ekonomikuri transformaciisken, soflis meurneobisa da warmoebis erTdrouli ganviTarebisken, dualizmis strategiis anu rogorc mao ambobda òr fexze siarulisken~ iyo mimarTuli, raTa daenergaT Tanamedrove warmoebis procesebi da mieRwiaT ganviTarebisTvis... CineTis komunistur partias surda CineTis soflebis CamorCenilobiTa da damatebiTi muSaxeliT sargebloba. maoistebs swamdaT, rom ideologiuri motivacia ekonomikur Sedegebs moitanda, rom axali suliskveTeba materialuri waxalisebis gareSe gamoiyenebda adamianuri energiis aqamde auTvisebel resursebs.40

didi naxtomis yvelaze ufro naTeli da dramatuli simbolo uTvalavi komunis daarseba iyo, romlebic SedarebiT did, damoukidebel da TviTkmar socialur, ekonomikur da istraciul erTeulebs warmoadgendnen. komunalurma miwebma STanTqa kerZo sakuTreba, magaliTad, qvabi, tafa da sxva saojaxo nivTebi saerTo moxmarebis nivTebad gadaiqca. amas garda, ferbenki SeniSnavs: bevri glexi garkveul dros uzarmazar mouwesrigebel derefanSi Wamda saWmels. yvela muSa kontroldeboda. yvela valdebuli iyo TveSi 28 dRe emuSava, bavSvebs dRisiT ZiZebTan tovebdnen. es yvelaferi Zalian efeqtiani unda yofiliyo soflisTvis, mTeli muSaxeli, maT Soris qalebi, mzad unda yofiliyvnen sruli datvirTviT emuSavaT.41

ratom damkvidrda gansakuTrebuli sazomebi, romlebic maos grandiozul koncefciasTan asocirdeboda? ferbenkis TqmiT: ìmedi hqondaT, rom Sedegad aSendeboda soflis meurneobaze dafuZnebuli qalaqebi, sadac

148


is gaproletarebuli glexebi icxovrebdnen, romlebic sakuTari miwidan iyvnen amoZirkvulni~ _ amasTan, arsebobda zogadi Sexeduleba, rom saxelmwifos unda gaezarda muSaxelze kontroli da Seecvala glexebis damokidebulebebi.42 swrafi naxtomi gadaiqca totalur saSinelebad, radgan Tavadac cudad mofiqrebuli iyo da bunebac, rogorc Canda, xels ar uwyobda. 1950-iani wlebis bolos da 1960-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, CineTma sakvebis didi nakleboba da mousavlianoba ganicada. mxolod 1960 wels qveynis mTliani erovnuli produqti erTi mesamediT Semcirda. momdevno aTwleulis pirvel xanebSi maos Zalaufleba da gavlena SedarebiT Sesustda. Tumca, es amosunTqvis mxolod mcire periodi iyo. 1966-1969 wlebSi dia proletarulma kulturulma revoluciam CineTis sazogadoeba Zirfesviand Searyia. danarCeni samyarosTvis es revolucia saukunis erT-erTi yvelaze araordinaluri movlena iyo. is maos yvelaze ambiciuri mcdeloba gaxldaT, romlis mizanic revuliciuri suliskveTebis gacocxlebaSi, burJuaziuli kapitalizmisa da CineTis religiur-kulturuli tradiciis Zirfesvianad aRmofxvraSi mdgomareobda. kulturuli revolucia ori etapad warimarTa: pirvel etapze CineTis cxovrebaSi arsebuli yovelgvari `dekadenturis~ Camorecxva moxda. am mizniT, maom yvela skola daxura da Tavis axalgazrda mimdevrebs, romelTac wiTel gvardias uwodebdnen, mouwoda biurokratiuli xelisuflebisa da damkvidrebuli privilegiebis bastionze ieriSi mietanaT. mTeli qveynis masStabiT milionobiT maoisti axalgazrdis mier mowyobili gamosvlebi mravali kviris ganmavlobaSi aSinebda da arTobda garesamyaros. Tumca, im droisTvis, rodesac qaosi da dabneuloba dasrulda, revoluciis am fazam miaRwia imas, rac maos ganzraxuli hqonda: wiTelma gvardiam `respublikis biurokratiuli institutebis umravlesoba daangria da maT xelisuflebasa da gamocdilebas Zala daukarga~.43 wmendebma, sajaro damcirebebma, dasjam da marTulma anarqiam xalxi gatanja. taZrebi da istoriuli simdidreebi ganadgurebuli iyo, iseve, rogorc partia, mTavroba da SeiraRebuli Zalebi. mosalodneli iyo, rom kulturuli revoluciis meore etapi nakleb warmatebuli iqneboda, vidre pirveli. meore etapisagan gansxvavebiT, pirveli metwilad negatiuri iyo im gagebiT, rom mis mizans arsebul sazogadoebriv da politikur wesrigSi erTgvari arasasurvili elementebis ganadgureba warmoadgen-da. meore etapi pozitiuri qmedebisaken mouwodebda, raTa warsuli wyoba axliTa da ukeTesiT Secvliliyo. samwuxarod, ekonomika, gansakuTrebiT qalaqebSi, Zlier Seryeuli iyo. skolebi, romelic maos axali revoluciuri wyobisaTvis daixura, aRar gaxsnila Tveebis an wlebis ganmavlobaSi. Sedegad, Cineli axalgazrdobis mTelma Taobam ver SeiZina is codna da unarebi, romlebic qveynis ganviTarebad ekonomikas aserigad sWirdeboda. kulturuli revoluciis saboloo fasis gansazRvra SeuZlebelia. Tumca erTi faqti naTelia: maos dauRalavi mcdeloba, daemtkicebina, rom adamianis buneba ukiduresad moqnili iyo da, Sesabamisad, sazogadoebis srulyofac dausruleblad SeiZleboda, politikuri realobis kldovan napirs


149

Seejaxa. 1976 wels misi sikvdiliT Tanamedrove samyaros politikuri istoriis unikaluri Tavi dasrulda.

totalitarizmis nairsaxeobebi stalinuri ruseTis, hitleruli germaniisa da maos CineTis garda, arseboben sxva totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi, romelTa dasaxeleba da Seswavla upriania. marTalia, am naklebtotalitaruli saxelmwifoebis umravlesoba gaqra an reJimebis mmarTveloba ufro Serbilda, magram maTi saqmianobis Sedegad saxelmwifoebis istoriaSi Rrma Wrilobebi da rTuli memkvidreoba darCa. pol poti kambojas (saxeli gadaerqva da kampuCia ewoda) 1975-dan 1979 wlamde marTavda. is da misi momxreebi cdilobdnen radikalurad gansxvavebuli sazogadoebis Seqmnas, romelic glexobidan SerCeuli kadrebis sada da spartanul cxovrebaze iqneboda dafuZnebuli. Zveli wyobilebis yvela nakvalevi, dawyebuli kalendridan da dasrulebuli ojaxiT, ganadgurda. pol potma 1978 weli `nulovan wlad~ gamoacxada, rac absurdi iyo, magram erTgvarad Seesabameboda im Sedegs, rac misi xanmokle mmarTvelobis bolos miiRo qveyanam: am wlebSi daixoca 2 milioni kambojeli (7.5 milioniani mosaxleobidan). isini wmendebis, SimSilis an gasamarTlebis msxverplni gaxdnen. totalitari mmarTvelis meore magaliTia eTiopieli mengistu haile mariami, romelic qveyanas 1970-iani wlebis Sua xanebidan 1991 wlis maisamde meTaurobda. mengistu saxelmwifos reorganizacias xalxis diviziebSi gaerTianebiTa da ltolvilTa banakebSi ganTavsebiT Seecada, raTa mTavrobas maTi intensiu-ri TvalTvalis, propagandis da STagonebis saSualeba miscemoda. misma mcdelobebma qveynis soflis meurneoba daangria da SimSili gamoiwvia. marTalia, dasavleTma scada eTiopiaSi bavSvebs sakvebiT daxmareboda, magram Tavad eTiopiis mTavroba am sakiTxiT aSkarad naklebad iyo dainteresebuli. maSin, rodesac misi xalxi SimSilobda, mengistu pompezur samxedro aRlumebs atarebda, xorbals mezobel saxelmwifoebze yidda da miRebul Semosavals iaraRis Sesyidvaze xarjavda. 1991 wlis maisSi, roca misi mTvroba ajanyebulebis koaliciurma Zalebma alyaSi moamwyvdies, mengistu qveynidan gaiqca. totalitari mmarTvelebi mTel msoflioSi modiodnen xelisuflebis saTaveSi. fidel kastro, romelic 1959 wlidan kubis lideria, yvelaze xangrZlivadaa am Tanamdebobaze. [2008 wels, janmrTelobis gauaresebis gamo, fidel kastrom qveynis prezidentis posti Tavis Zmas raul kastros gadasca. mTargmn. SeniSvna.] 1994 wlamde CrdiloT koreas rkiniseburi xeliT marTavda kim ir seni da misi sikvdilis Semdeg es qveyana kvlav totalitarul saxelmwifod darCa. aziaSi bevrgan, magaliTad CineTsa da vietnamSi, kvlav iyeneben arademokratiul, adreuli totalitaruli reJimebis meTodebs.

150


1979 wlis ianvris revoluciis Semdeg aiaTola ruhola xomeinis (1900-1989) xelmZRvanelobiT irani Teokratiad gardaiqmna, romelic funda-mentalisturi Siituri muslimuri principebiT imarTeboda.

rogorc am Tavis dasawyisSi ukve aRiniSna, totalitaruli reJimebi sxvadasxva formas iReben, amis magaliTia iranis fanatikuri memarjvene fundamentalisti lideri aiaTola ruhola xomeini (1979-89). xomeinim irani Teokratiad gardaqmna, mmarTvelobad, romelic religiazea dafuZnebuli da romelsac sasuliero pirebi xelmZRvaneloben. sabolood iranSi cxovrebis arc erTi aspeqti ar darCenila mTavrobis kontrols miRma. maswavleblebi, saxelmZRvaneloebi, ganaTleba, garToba, samarTlebrivi sistema, arSiyoba da seqsualuri qcevac ki fundamentalistur islamur Sexedulebebs daumorCiles. reJimma omi gamoucxada sajaro moxeleebs, inteleqtualebs, saSualo klasis profesionalebsa da mewarmeebs da yvela maT, vinc Tanamdrove dasavluri cxovrebis wess da kulturas aRiarebda. xomeneis iranma totalitarul mmarTvelobasTan asocirebuli mravali Tviseba gamoamJRavna: sazogadoebis gardaqmnis mcdeloba, diqtatura, romelic usityvo erTgulebas, morCilebasa da Tavganwirvas moiTxovda, yovlismomcveli kredo, romelic awesrigebda, xsnida da asabuTebda saxelmwifos qmedebebs, presis cenzura da saidumlo policia, saCvenebli sasamarTloebi, dasja da wminda omebi. iranis magaliTi kargad aCvenebs, rom totalitarulma reJimebma, demokratiulisa da tradiciuli diqtatorulis msgavsad, SeiZleba msoflios sxvadasx-va wertilSi sxvadasxva saxe miiRon, magram amavdroulad hqondeT saerTo arsi.

totalitarizmis usaxelo msxverplni totalitarul reJimebs erTmaneTisagan mkveTrad gansxvavebuli miznebi da saSualebebi aqvT. Tuki amgvari saxelmwifoebis miznebi xSirad


151

RvTivkurTxeulad aris warmodgenili, am miznebis misaRwevad gamoyenebuli saSualebebi _ institucionalizebuli dasja, wmenda da genocidebi _ eSmakiseulia. mravali damkvirveblis azriT, nacisturi germaniis sasikvdilo banakebi da stalinuri ruseTis samuSao banakebi meoce saukunis totalitarizmis arss ganasaxiereben. es faqtebi gviCvenebs, rogori warmoudgeneli saSinelebebi SeiZleba ganxorcieldes totalitaruli diqtaturis mmarTvelobisas, radgan mTavrobas araferi upirispirdeba Zaladobisa da Tundac TviTganadgurebis ukiduresi formebis gzaze. totalitarul represiebis adamianuri msxverplis mokrZalebul Sefasebebs gvTavazobs politologi s.u. kasineli hitleris, stalinisa da maos miseul SedarebiT analizSi. kasinelis TqmiT, `sami revoluciis saxeliT, daaxloebiT, 110 milioni adamiani daiRupa, xolo fizikuri da fsiqologiuri tanjva, romelic maT gamoiwvies, adamianur warmodgenas scildeba.~44 kasinelis TqmiT, es cifri, romelic meore msoflio omis msxverplsac moicavs, SesaZloa, realurad naklebi iyos.45 Semdgom mopovebulma mtkicebulebebma misi eWvebi daadastura. Tumca, kasinelis mier dasaxelebuli raodenoba orzec rom gavyoT, monacemebi mainc gansacvifrebelia. omSi daRupulTa ricxvma `germaniasa da avstriaSi 6 milions miaRwia, xolo sabWoTa kavSirSi _ 20 milions da erTad aRebul danarCen evropul saxelmwifoebSi _ 10 milions, rac jamSi 36 milioni gamodis.~46 hitleris politikam daaxloebiT 6 milioni evropeli ebraelis daxocva gamoiwvia, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT araebraelebze, romelTac hitleri `sazogadoebrivad arasasurvelad~ miiCnevda. mTlianobaSi, pirdapir Tu iribad adolf hitleris politikas daaxloebiT 42 milioni adamiani Seewira. 1917 wlis ruseTis revolucia da misi Semdgomi periodi aranaklebi msxverpliT gamoirCeoda. 1918-1923 wlebSi daaxloebiT 3 milioni sabWoTa moqalaqe daiRupa tifis, dizinteriisa da qoleris Sedegad, daaxloebiT 9 milionze meti ugzoukvlod daikarga. mravali maTgani 1921 wels Zlieri gvalvebis gamoc daiRupa, magram umravlesobis sikvdilis mizezi pirdapir Tu iribad, politika iyo. 1920-iani wlebis bolos stalinis titanuri industrializaciis periodSi kulakebi, rogorc klasi, ganadgurda. amas garda, meore damRupveli SimSilobis periodi daiwyo 1930-iani wlebis dasawyisSi. Tu koleqtivizaciis adreuli etapis msxverplT SimSiliT gardacvlilebs davamatebT, 1929-1934 wlebSi daRupulTa ricxvi ramdenime mi lions aRwevs. Tumca, yvelaze didi saSineleba jer kidev win iyo. 1934 wlis Semdeg, stalinis masobrivi wmendebi _ istoriis, albaT, yvelaze sisxliani terori _ gadaizarda 1 milioni sabWoTa moqalaqis mkvlelobaSi da damatebiT 2 milionma `klasobrivma mterma~ suli dalia cimbirSi arsebul iZulebiT samuSao banakebSi. arc 1938 wlis didi wmendebis Semdeg dasrulebula politikuri angariSsworebebi, ramac meore msoflio omTan erTad, sabWoTa sazogadoebas uzarmazari Zala daakargvina. kasinelis gamoTvlebiT, 1938-dan 1950 wlamde iZulebiT samuSao banakebsa da cixeebSi, savaraudod, 12 milioni adamiani mokvda. mTlianobaSi stalini (da SedarebiT naklebi xarisxiT lenini) pasuxismgebelia milionobiT udanaSaulo daucveli moqalaqis sikvdilSi, romelTaTvisac `revoluciuri

152


samarTali~ samuSao banakebSi nel sikvdils an sadamsjelo aTeulis mier nasrol tyvias niSnavda. maoisturi revolucia, msxverplTa raodenobis mixedviT, ufro `mokrZalebulad~ gamoiyureba, vidre nacisturi an sabWoTa revoluciebi, Tumca, 1927-1949 wlebSi, CineTSi daaxloebiT 50 000 adamiani daiRupa. maTi sikvdilis faqtebi, ZiriTadad, dakavSirebuli iyo komunisturi kontrolis qveS moqceul teritoriebze miwis mflobelebisa da mdidari glexebis ganadgurebasTan. 1949 wels komunistebis xelisuflebaSi mosvlidan 1957 wlis `didi naxto-mis~ programamde araerTi masobrivi kampania daiwyo kontrrevoluciuri ZalebTan sabrZolvelad. kasinelis TqmiT: 1949 wlidan 1952 wlamde mimdinare miwis reformis programam ueWvelia, rom ramdenime milioni `miwismflobeli~ da msgavsi kategoriis adamiani Seiwira. kontrrevolucionerebis winaaRmdeg 1951-52 wlebSi warmoebuli kampaniis gamo, damatebiT milionnaxevari adamiani daiRupa; banditebis ganadgurebis kampaniis dros, romlis mizans fizikuri winaaRmdegobis saboloo gatexva warmoadgenda, 1949-dan 1956 wlamde uamravi adamiani daiRupa. 1951-53 wlebSi `sami anti~ da `xuTi anti~ kampaniebis da 1958-59 wlebSi anti-memarjvene kampaniis Sedegad uamravi mkvleloba moxda. dabolos, 1957-dan 1967 wlamde soflis meurneobis koleqtivizacias Tan axlda mniSvnelovani danakargebi. zusti informacia ar arsebobs da saxalxo respublikis pirvel aTwleulSi adamianuri danakargebis Sesaxeb xSirad informirebuli pirebis varaudebic naklebia. daaxloebiT 12 milioni sicocxle mokrZalebuli, magram realisturi Sefasebaa.47

es monacemebi ar exeba gaWirvebisa da qonebis dakargviT gamowveul sikvdilianobas, romelic yvelaze xSiri iyo 1950-ian wlebSi ganxorcielebuli `didi naxtomis~ dros xalxis sacxovrebeli adgilidan ayrisas. `kulturuli revolucia~ (1966-69) CineTis istoriis kidev erTi sisxliani epizodi iyo, Tumca, daRupulTa zusti monacemebis mopoveba SeuZlebelia. gacilebiT didi iyo CineTis gulagis sistemis Sedegad gamowveuli danakargi. savaraudod, 15 milioni adamiani daiRupa iZulebiT samuSao banakebSi araadamianuri mopyrobis Sedegad. roca kasineli politikur mkvlelobebs ajamebs da mas `sxvadasxva mizeziT gardacvlil 1 milions amatebs~, is gansacvifrebel monacemamde midis: `daaxloebiT 33.5 milioni.~48 marTalia, am ricxvis Semowmeba SeuZlebelia, magram is arsebul faqtebs Seesabameba. TviT is faqti, rom aRniSnuli ricxvi daujerebeli ar Cans, metyvelebs amgvari mkvlelobebis masStabebze. rogorc wesi, totalitarul reJimebs ar surT imis aRiareba, rom nebismieri mizani _ zneobrivi Tu uzneo _ politikurad miuRwevelia. SesaZloa, swored am Zalze mcdari koncefciebis Semowmebis surviliT aixsnas is paTologiuri Zaladoba, romliTac totalitaruli mmarTveloba gamoirCeva.


153

totalitaruli reJimebis sicocxlisunarianoba adgili ar gveyofa imisaTvis, rom srulad aRvweroT meoce saukunis yvela totalitaruli reJimis mier Cadenili Zaladoba da despotizmi. Tumca, mniSvnelovania gaviazroT, rom omebSi, revoluciebsa da sistematur saxelmwifo terorSi monawileobiT, totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi pirdapir Tu iribad pasuxismgeblebi arian adamianTa uzarmazari raodenobis sikvdilsa da wamebaSi. totalitaruli reJimebi xSirad xmamaRla acxadebdnen pretenzias TavianTi arsebobis xangrZlivobasa da sicocxlisunarianobaze. magaliTad, hitleri Tavis imperias aTaswlovans eZaxda. ufro da ufro meti samxili arsebobs imis savaraudod, rom totalitaruli reJimebis arseboba xanmoklea. isini scenaze dramatulad Cndebian, Semdeg Zalian maleve sakuTar Tavs amowuraven xolme. yvelaze didxans, totalitaruli reJimebi maTi revoluciuri liderebis sikvdilis Semdeg ramdenime aTwleuls Zleben. ratom xdeba ase? totalitaruli saxelmwifoebis uecari aRsasruli SeiZleba gamoiwvios sxva erebTan fatalurma omebma, magaliTad gamodgeba meore msoflio omSi mokavSire saxelmwifoebis mier hitleris damarcxeba. agreTve, konkretuli qarizmatuli da warmatebuli lideris sikvdilma _ magaliTad, stalinis an maosi _ SeiZleba daaCqaros spiraliseburi daRmasvla. uRimRamo memkvidreebma, romlebic saxelmwifos marTaven Zalisa da teroris meSveobiT da ara SeTanxmebiT, SeiZleba is ekonomika, moraluri Zala da politikuri idealizmi daasuston, romlebsac legitimuri politikuri Zalaufleba realurad efuZneba. amdenad, sabWoTa kavSiris dangreva gamowveuli iyo, upirveles yovlisa imiT, rom xangrZlivad gagrZelda ekonomikuri daRmavloba da xalxSi reJimisa da politikuri ideebisi rwmena mTeli qveynis masStabiT daikarga. es iyo `totalitarizmis daRmasvlis~ periodi.49 oficialuri ideologiisi (komunizmis) rwmenis Sesabamis dakargvas dRes, rogorc Cans, adgili aqvs CineTSic. miuxedavad imisa, rom totalitarizmis mmarTveloba sabWoTa kavSirSi sul raRac samocdaaTi weli gagrZelda, xolo CineTis saxalxo respublikaSi ki TiTqmis xuTi aTeuli wlis Semdegac xeluxlebelia, istoriuli TvalsazrisiT es periodebi mainc xanmoklea. samwuxarod, gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom totalitaruli diqtaturis mcire xniT arsebobac ki didi zianis momtania.

daskvna totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi utopiuri xedvis realizebasa da axali politikuri wesrigis Seqmnas cdiloben. avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebis msgavsad, totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi arademokratiulebi arian. reJimis es ori forma mniSvnelovani TvisebebiT gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan. ker-

154


Zod, totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi mosaxleobis cxovrebis yvela aspeqtis totalur gakontrolebas eswrafvian da amomrCevlisagan moiTxoven aqtiur monawileobas da ara pasiur Tanxmobas. gasuli saukunis samma totalitarulma saxelmwifom (sabWoTa ruseTi, nacisturi germania, maoisturi CineTi) ganviTarebis sxvadasxva safexuri gaiara. pirveli etapi Zaladobrivi revoluciebis periodia. warmatebuli revoluciisTvis xuTi arsebiTi elementia saWiro: qarizmatuli lideri, ideologia, organizeba, propaganda da Zaladoba. meore safexurze, romelic totalitaruli lideris xelSi Zalauflebis konsolidacias gulisxmobs, opoziciuri partiebi nadgurdeba, partiis erTguli pirebi sakvanZo adgilebs ikaveben da spoben partiis realur an warmosaxul mtrebs. mesame etapze xdeba sazogadoebis sruli transformaciis mcdeloba. 1928 wels sabWoTa kavSirSi stalinma pirveli xuTwliani gegmis ganxorcieleba daiwyo. nacistur germaniaSi hitleris mizanma, moexdina `rasobrivi wmenda~, gaamarTla totalitaruli Zalis gamoyeneba, romelmac kulminacias meore msoflio omsa da holokostSi miaRwia. maoistur CineTSi sazogadoebis transformirebis pirveli mcdeloba `didi naxtomi~ gvian 1950-ian wlebSi damarcxda, Tumca mas `kulturuli revolucia~ (1966-69) mohyva. totalitarizmis mier gamowveuli adamianuri danakargi yovelgvar sa zRvrebs scildeba. arsebuli statistikis gadamowmeba xSirad ar xerxdeba, Tumca yvelaze uxeSi gaangariSebiTac rom vimsjeloT, meoce saukunis totalitarulma eqsperimentebma milionobiT adamians moutana wameba da sikvdili. totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi mravalgvari formiT Cndebian da aranairi garantia ar arsebobs, rom amgvari saxelmwifoebi momavalSi aRar gamovlen asparezze. realurad, axlaxan avRaneTSi xelisuflebidan CamoSorebuli Talibebis reJimi kvalificirdeba, rogorc totalitarizmis axali forma, romelmac masobrivi religiis (islamis) damaxinjebuli forma politikur ideologiad gamoiyena.

sakvanZo sityvebi totalitarizmi masobrivi moZraoba rektifikacia gancalkevebis kunZulebi WeSmariti morwmune ujredebi centraluri komiteti partiuloba propaganda saliamis taqtika momindani

wmenda gestapo kulakebi koleqtivizacia partiis yriloba gulagis arqipelagi asi yvavilis kampania didi naxtomi diadi proletaruli kulturuli revolucia Teokratia


155

kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

8. 9.

ra ganasxvavebs totalitarizms mmarTvelobis sxva arademokratiuli formebisagan? ra aris saWiro warmatebuli sayovelTao revoluciebisTvis? rogor axerxeben totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi Zalauflebis konsolidacias? ra aris totalitaruli mmarTvelobis sistemis ZiriTadi Tvisebebi? ra iyo stalinis mTavari mizani sabWoTa sazogadoebis gardaqmnis mcdelobisas 1930-ian wlebSi? ra meTodebs iyenebda amisTvis? rogor da ratom cdilobda hitleri germanuli sazogadoebis gardaqmnas? ra motivacia arsebobda didi naxtomisa da kulturuli revoluciis ukan? ra meTodebs iyenebdnen maoistebi? rogori sazogadoeba warmoedginaT maT? adamianuri sicocxlis TvalsazrisiT, ra `Rirs~totalitarizmi? `totalitarizmi dasrulda hitleris, stalinisa da maos sikvdiliT~. axseniT es fraza.

SeniSvnebi 1. 2.

3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

William Kornha, The Politics of Mass Society (New York: Free Press, 1959), 123. C.W. Cassinelli, Total Revolution: A Comperative Study of , the Soviet Union under Stalin and China under Mao (Santa Barbara, Calif.: Clio Books, 1976), 225. gansazRvreba ekuTvnis hans buqheims, citirebulia Leonard Shapiro, Totalitarianism (New York: Praeger, 1972), 104. Carl Friedrich da Zbigniew Brzezinski, Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy, me-2 gamocema (New York: Praeger: 1966), 88. Cassinelli, Total Revolution, 231. Friedrich and Brzezinski, Totalitarian Dictatorship, 279-339. Eric Hoffer, The True Believer: Thoughts on the Nature of Mass Movements (New York: Harper & Row, 1951), 104-105. iqve, 86. Raul Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews (New York: Harper& Row,1961), 12. citirebulia Cassinelli, Total Revolution, 16. Karl Dietrich Bracher, The German Dictatorship (New York: Holt, 1972), 181. Maurice Latey, Patterns of Tyranny (New York: Atheneum, 1969), 172. Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf, mTargm. R. Manheim (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1971), 179-180.

156


14. iqve, 182. 15. citirebulia David Shub, Lenin (Baltimore: Pelican, 1966), 62. 16. E.Kohr Bramstedt, citirebulia Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism (New York: Harcourt,1951), 333. 17. iqve. 18. iqve, 335-336. 19. citirebulia Leo Strauss, Thoughts on Machiavelli (Seattle: University of Washington Press,1968), 9. 20. Latey, Patterns of Tyranny, 100. 21. Cassinelli, Total Revolution, 103. 22. iqve, 186. 23. citirebulia Bracher, German Dictatorship, 257. 24. iqve, 187. 25. W.S. Allen, The Nazi Seizure of Power: The experience of a Single German Town, 1930-1935 (Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1965). 26. Peter Drucker, “The Monster and the Lamb” Atlantic (December 1978): 84. 27. iqve. 28. Friedrich and Brzezinski, Totalitarian Dictatorship, 374. 29. iqve, 9-10. 30. Hannah Arendt, Totalitarianism (Orlando: Fla.: Harcourt, 1968), xiv. 31. ix. Stalin, Mastering Bolshevism, 10; citirebulia Merle Fainsod, How Russia Is Ruled, ganaxlebuli gamocema (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1964), 435. 32. Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago, 1918-1956 (New York: Harper & Row, 1974), 595. 33. Bracher, German Dictatorship, 258. 34. iqve, 259-260. 35. iqve, 262. 36. iqve. 37. Hilberg, Destruction of the European Jews, 31. 38. Mao Zedong, Selected Works (Beijing: Foreign Languages Press,1960-1965), 224. 39. Franz Michaels and George Taylor, The Far East in the Modern World (New York: Holt, 1964), 479. 40. John King Fairbank, The United States and China, me-4 gamocema (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1979), 409. 41. iqve, 413. 42. iqve. 43. Cassinelli, Total Revolution, 195. 44. iqve, 243. rasakvirvelia, monacemebi erTmaneTisagan mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba. magaliTad, rumeli, romelic sxva kriteriumebs iyenebs, hitleris, lenin-stalinis da maosTvis sagrZnoblad gansxvavebul ricxvebs asaxelebs. Tumca mis mier dasaxelebuli mTliani monacemi 105.5 milioni mokluli adamiani sakmaod axlosaa kasinelis gamoTvlebTan. ix. R. J.Rummel, Death by Government. (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction, 1996 ), 8. 45. magaliTad, manamade gasaidumloebuli dokumentebis 1.5 milioni gverdi


46. 47

48. 49.

157

(britaneTis mier meore msoflio omis dros gadaWerili germanuli Setyobinebebi, iseve, rogorc axladgamomzeurebuli rusuli dokumentebi) cxadyofs, rom hitlerma savaraudod 7 milionamde ebraeli gawyvita (gansxvavebiT xuTi-eqvsi milionisa, rogorc amas kasineli da sxvebi varaudobdnen). ix. aseve 47-e SeniSvnis komentari. Cassinelli, Total Revolution, 46. iqve, 186. kasinelis wignis gamosvlis Semdeg aRmoCenili axali faqtebi cxadyofs, rom es monacemebi mniSvnelovnad Camouvardeboda aRniSnul periodSi moklul adamianTa ricxvs. erTi avtoritetuli mkvlevaris azriT, 1959-1962 wlebSi, mxolod SimSilobis Sedegad, sul mcire 30 milioni Cineli daiRupa. SimSilobis ZiriTadi mizezi maos politika iyo, romlis mixedviT Cinel glexebs sakuTreba waarTves da komunebad daasaxles. ix. Jasper Becker, Hungry Goasts: Mao’s Secret Famine (New York: Free Press, 1997). iqve, 187. lakori am koncefcias sabWoTa kavSirs argebs, gansakuTrebiT totalitarizmis Sesaxeb TavSi. ix. Walter Laqueur, The Dream That Failed, Reflections on the Soviet Union (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 77-95, 84.

158

nawili

II

Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi Tavi VI s a pa parlam mee n t to o d e m ok okrat tia ia

Tavi VII s a x e l m w ifo if o e b i g a r da damaval pe rriio o d S i: a x a l i d e mo mokrati e b i d a a R mo tie m o c e n eb ebadi bazrebi

Tavi VIII g a n v iTa i Ta r e b aad d i qv q v e y n e bi: b i: d e m o k r a tia Tu d iq t taa tu r a ?

159

T aavi vi VI

saparlamento demokratia didi britaneTi: nimuSi Sereuli wyoba ZalauflebaTa Serwyma xelisuflebaSi yofnis ganusazRvreli `disciplinebuli~ partiebi vadebi ori meTauri sjobs Tu erTi? SesaZlebelia Tu ara britanuli institutebis `gadanergva~? demokratiis Seguebadoba: xuTi SemTxveva safrangeTi: prezidenti parlamentis winaaRmdeg mexuTe respublika: hibriduli sistema aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba erovnuli asambleis SezRuduli roli politikuri partiebi konstitucia sasamarTlo qveS: balansis gamocda muSaobs Tu ara demokratia sistema safrangeTSi? germania: federalizmi militarizmis winaaRmdeg vaimaris respublika gayofili germania: civi omis mini modeli gaerTianebuli germania: demokratiis triumfi germanuli federalizmi aRmasrulesakanonmdeblo xebeli xelisufleba politikuri partiebi lisufleba sasamarTlo xelisufleba ZiriTadi kanoni da samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebi muSaobs Tu ara demokratia germaniaSi? iaponia: saparlamento mmarTveloba konsensusis qveyanaSi. istoriuli wanamZRvrebi axali saparlamento demokrakonstitucia partiutia: garegnuli da realuri politikur cvlilebaTa li sistema Semaferxebeli faqtorebi sasamarTlo xelisufleba da iaponuri kultura muSaobs Tu ara demokratia iaponiaSi? saparlamento mmarTveloba moulodnel adgilebSi indoeTi: saparlamento saswauli israeli: omis respublika prezidentebi da parlamentebi: SedarebiTi daxasiaTeba sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba sasamarTlo ori sistemis upiratesobebi da naklovanebebi konstitucxelisufleba iebi da konteqstebi

160

saparlamento demokratia

161

konstitucionalizmis cneba (igive kanonis uzenaesoba) Rrmad aris fesvgadgmuli britanul istoriaSi. Tumca, amerikis `dawerili~ konstitucia mkveTrad gansxvavdeba britaneTis `dauwereli~ konstituciisagan, romelic efuZneba precedentebs, kanonebs, tradiciebs, da aseve saparlamento uzenaesobis princips. maSin roca amerikuli saprezidento sistema racionaluri gansjisa da azrovnebis Sedegad Seqmnil da furcelze gadatanil erTgvari `wesdebis~ praqtikul ganxorcielebas warmoadgens, britanuli saparlamento sistema britaneTis politikuri cxovrebis mdidar gamocdilebas efuZneba. britaneTis politikuri institutebi ganviTarda da TandaTan Camoyalibda samoqalaqo sazogadoebis erTgvar `laboratoriaSi,~ am ukanasknelis evoluciis paralelurad. amrigad, britanul `konstitucias~ aqvs sakmaod Rrma istoriuli fesvebi. britanuli saparlamento sistemis organuli bunebidan gamomdinare, ismis logikuri kiTxva _ ramdenad SesaZlebelia misi gadanergva da adaptireba sxva sazogadoebebSi? Tumca, vidre am sakiTxs gavarkvevT, ufro detalurad ganvixiloT warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiis britanuli formis Taviseburebebi.

didi britaneTi: nimuSi konstituciuri demokratiis amerikuli eqsperimenti warmoadgenda evropul avtokratiul tradiciasTan mkveTr gamijvnas, ramac axali politikuri Teoriebis SemuSavebis aucilebloba warmoSva. magaliTisaTvis, `federalists~ ar gaaCnia britanuli analogi. Tumca, britanuli demokratiis erTgvari Teoria SesaZloa amoikribos da Seikras edmund berkis (1729-1797) werilobiTi naSromebisa da gamosvlebis Sesabamisi fragmentebisagan. berkma detalurad daaxasiaTa britaneTis politikuri ganviTarebis uwyveti jaWvi, romlis drosac ekonomikuri Tanasworobisken gadadgmul nabijebs Tan axlda politikur TavisuflebaTa sferos gafarToeba. monarqiis Sesustebis paralelurad, britaneTis xelisufleba TandaTan ufro demokratiuli gaxda da saparlamento sistemisken gadaixara. aseve TandaTanobiT damkvidrda is tradicia, rom britaneTis monarqi avtomaturad amtkicebda parlamentis mier arCeul premier-ministrs. droTa ganmavlobaSi, premierministrma, rogorc xelisuflebis qmediTma meTaurma, Caanacvla monarqi. dReisaTvis, britaneTis premier- ministri aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis eqskluziuri ganmkargavia, maSin roca monarqi mxolod nominaluri figuraa.

Sereuli wyoba me-17 saukunidan britaneTis saparlamento sistema iqca pirvel magaliTad aristoteles mier daxasiaTebuli Sereuli reJimisa, sadac sxvadasxva klasebs sxvadasxva institutebi warmoadgenen. me-19 saukuneSi parlamentis

162

Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi

mzardi upiratesoba samefo xelisuflebasTan SedarebiT, miuTiTebda im faqtze, rom parlamentis ori palata warmoadgenda britanuli sazogadoebis sxvadasxva klasis interesebs. lordTa palata warmoadgenda tradiciuli mmarTveli klasebis interesebs, maSin roca TemTa palata, Tavisufali arCevnebis gziT, TandaTanobiT iqca amomrCevelTa sul ufro farTo wreebis interesebis gamomxatvelad. didi britaneTis Sereulma reJimma, sxvadasxva klasTa Soris garkveuli politikuri wonasworobis uzrunvelyofiT, istoriulad Seuwyo xeli stabilurobas. sxva SemTxvevaSi, es klasebi SesaZloa Riad dapirispirebodnen erTmaneTs da safrTxe SeeqmnaT mTlianad politikuri sistemisaTvis. dReisaTvis bevri ram Seicvala. is, rasac xSirad britanul `keTildReobis saxelmwifos~ uwodeben, faqtobrivad SemosavalTa gadanawilebis kargad gamarTuli sistemaa, romelic miznad isaxavs farTo saSualo klasis Camoyalibebas. Zlieri da mravalricxovani saSualo klasis ganviTarebam azric ki daukarga ekonomikurad gancalkevebuli klasebis interesTa tradiciul warmomadgenlobas, Tumca, konservatuli da leiboristuli partiebi mainc agrZeleben `maRali~ da `dabali~ socialuri jgufebis interesTa lobirebas. am tendencias TvalsaCinod asaxavs ufro farTo warmomadgenlobiTi mandatis mqone TemTa palatis istoriulad mzardi upiratesoba aristokratiul lordTa palatasTan SedarebiT. lordTa palata Sedgeba 1100 warmomadgenlisagan, romelTac gaaCniaT aristokratiuli titulebi (romelic ZiriTadad memkvidreobiT gadaecemaT), magram maTgan mxolod 300-mde monawileobs aqtiurad palatis muSaobaSi.1 lordTa palatam faqtobrivad aRiara TemTa palatis upiratesoba 1911 da 1949 wlebis saparlamento aqtebis damtkicebiT, romelTa mixedviTac lordTa palatas ar ZaluZs TemTa palatis mier miRebul kanonebze vetos gavrceleba (mas SeuZlia maqsimum erTi wlis vadiT mxolod gaaWianuros kanonis ZalaSi Sesvla).

ZalauflebaTa Serwyma britanuli saparlamento sistemis mixedviT, aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba, anu premier-ministri da kabineti, dakompleqtebulia TemTa palataSi xmaTa umravlesobiT gamarjvebuli partiis liderebiT. arCevnebis Semdeg, gamarjve-buli partia asaxelebs axali kabinetis wevrebs (ministrebs), romelTac amtkicebs parlamenti da niSnavs dedofali. amgvarad yalibdeba axali mTavroba. mTavroba pasuxismgebelia sakanonmdeblo iniciativebis Camoyalibebasa da wardgenaze. miuxedavad imisa, rom parlamentis yvela wevrs, maT Soris opoziciuri partiis warmomadgenlebs gaaCniaT sruli ufleba gaakritikon an sulac saeWvo gaxadon sakanonmdeblo iniciativis marTebuloba, mTavrobas faqtobrivad garantirebuli aqvs sakanonmdeblo programis damtkiceba, radganac britanul sistemaSi yovelTvis aris erTgvarovani umravlesoba. saparlamento sistemebis umravlesoba moqmedebs britanuli sistemis msgavsad, Tumca, umetes SemTxvevebSi, mTavrobas ar SeuZlia daeyrdnos


163

erTgvarovan umravlesobas sakanonmdeblo organoSi. amis mizezi gaxlavT is, rom saparlamento mmarTvelobis qveynebSi sakanonmdeblo struqtura dakompleqtebulia xuTi-eqvsi sxvadasxva konkurenti politikuri partiiT, gansxvavebiT britaneTisagan, sadac mxolod ori ZiriTadi partiaa warmodgenili. Tavis mxriv, mravalpartiul parlamentebSi, xSirad arc erT partias ar aqvs xmaTa aSkara umravlesoba imisaTvis, rom Camoayalibos mTavroba. am SemTxvevaSi aucilebeli xdeba koaliciis Seqmna (ori an meti partiis SeTanxmebiT da ZalTa gaerTianebiT). zogierT SemTxvevaSi koaliciuri mTavroba sakmaod warmatebulad muSaobs, zogjer _ ver amarTlebs. uares SemTxvevaSi, ise rogorc es, magaliTad, italiaSia, saparlameto mmarTveloba SesaZloa iyos arastabiluri da qaosuric ki.

xelisuflebaSi yofnis ganusazRvreli vadebi rodesac 1997 wlis maisSi britaneTis premier-ministri leiboristi toni bleri gaxda, igulisxmeboda, rom igi am funqcias momdevno xuTi wlis vadiT an ufro naklebi drois ganmavlobaSi Seasrulebda. am mimarTebaSic, britanuli da amerikuli sistemebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba. aSS-Si saprezidento arCevnebi yovel oTx weliwadSi erTxel tardeba, xolo kongresis (sakanonmdeblo organo) warmomadgenelTa palata yovel or weliwadSi erTxel mTlianad gadairCeva, iseve rogorc senatis erTi mesamedi (rotaciulad). britanul sistemaSi xelisuflebaSi yofnis vadebi faqtobrivad ganusazRvrelia. parlamenti savaldebulod yovel xuT weliwadSi erTxel unda gadairCes, Tumca premier-ministri uflebamosilia daniSnos vadamdeli arCevnebi, Tu miiCnevs, rom mocemul momentSi eleqtoratis ganwyoba mmarTveli partiisaTvis gansakuTrebiT xelsayrelia. amis msgavsad, sakanonmdeblo organosac SeuZlia iZulebiT daiTxovos mTavroba, misTvis ùndoblobis~ gamocxadebis gziT. am SemTxvevaSi, an axali mTavroba yalibdeba Sesabamisad axali SemadgenlobiT, an dedofali daiTxovs parlaments da daniSnavs axal arCevnebs. axali arCevnebis daniSvnis uflebamosileba britanul sistemaSi mniSvnelovani prerogativaa, radgan is zrdis mmarTveli partiis Sansebs gaixangrZlivos xelisuflebaSi yofnis vadebi dadgenil xuT weliwadze meti xniT. premier-ministrma margaret tetCerma zedmiwevniT kargad gamoiyena amgvari SesaZlebloba. magaliTad, 1983 wels _ premier-ministrobis meoTxe weliwads _ britanuli partiotizmis erTgvari aRzevebis fonze, rac provocirebuli iyo folklendis kunZulebis krizisiTa da misi Tanmdevi xanmokle omiT argentinasTan, man warmatebiT moaxerxa mmarTveli konservatiuli partiis mandatis gaxangrZliveba damatebiT xuTi wlis vadiT. Semdgom, 1987 wels _ isev xelisuflebaSi meore vadiT yofnis oTxi wlis Tavze _ man gamoacxada vadamdeli arCevnebi da mmarTveloba kidev damatebiT xuTi wlis vadiT gaixangrZliva. premier-ministris funqciis vadaze adre Sewyveta SesaZloa sxva mizeziTac iyos gamowveuli. kerZod, Tu politikuri zewola an daZabuloba matulobs, politikuri liderebis Secvla SesaZloa

164


arsebuli situaciidan optimaluri gamosavli gaxdes. 1992 wels premierministr margaret tetCeris reitingi mkveTrad daeca qveyanaSi mis mier Zalze arapopularuli da, bevris azriT, regresuli da usamarTlo individualuri gadasaxadis mxardaWeris gamo. tetCeri sakuTari partiis SigniTac mwvave kritikis obieqtad iqca. man arCevnebSi damarcxebas partiis liderisa da premier-ministris postis datoveba arCia, mmarTvelobis sadaveebi ki mis mierve xeldasxmul jon meijors gadasca. margaret tetCers britaneTis premier-ministris Tanamdeboba uwyvetad aT weliwadze met xans ekava, rac am postze yofnis yvelaze xangrZlivi vadaa. konservatorTa (`torTa~) partiam meijoris TaosnobiT bevris gasaocrad moigo momdevno arCevnebi, Tumca mcire _ cxra saparlamento mandatis upiratesobiT, ramac `torTa~ mTavrobas SeunarCuna da gauxangrZliva xelisuflebaSi yofnis vada 1997 wlis gazafxulamde, roca `tetCeris epoqa~ leiboristTa STambeWdavma gamarjvebam daasrula. margaret tetCeris gadadgoma partiis lideris postidan ar yofila uprecedento. 1940 wels konservatori premier-ministri nevil Cemberleni gadadga, miuxedavad imisa, rom misi partia kvlavac warmoadgenda aSkara umravlesobas TemTa palataSi. magram, miunxenSi adolf hitlerTan daTmobebze wasvlis gamo, misi popularoba da reitingi xalxSi imdenad daeca da imdenad Seirya misTvis miniWebuli `ndobis~ mandati partiis SigniT, rom premieri iZulebuli gaxda ganze gamdgariyo da posti daetovebina. Tumca, amis Semdgom axali arCevnebi ar daniSnula, radgan konservatorebs parlamentSi myari umravlesoba hqondaT da partiis erT-erTma gamorCeulma warmomadgenelma TemTa palataSi, uinston CerCilma, warmatebiT SeZlo britanelTa mobilizeba misi pirovnuli qarizmis irgvliv. arsebobs sxva garemoebebic, ramac vadamde, anu dadgenil xuT wlamde, mTavrobis uflebamosilebis Sewyveta SeiZleba gamoiwvios. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu umravlesobis partia gansakuTrebiT arapopularuli xdeba, an mTavroba gaexveva raime skandalSi, opozicias SeuZlia isargeblos zemoT naxsenebi undoblobis votumis uflebiT. am uflebis ganxorcieleba, Cveulebriv, moiTxovs umravlesobis rigebidan ramdenime ukmayofilo an mTavrobis politikiT gaRizianebuli wevris gobirebas da maTi xmebis daxmarebiT, SesaZlebeli xdeba mTavrobis iZulebiT daTxovna. rogorc wesi, roca kabineti gadadgeba, premier-ministri mimarTavs dedofals, daiTxovos parlamenti da daniSnos axali arCevnebi. amgvari ram xSiria mravalpartiul saparlamento sistemebSi, Tumca did britaneTSi axlo warsulSi es ar momxdara. dabolos, aris kidev erTi mizezi, ramac SesaZloa mTavrobis vadaze adre daSla gamoiwvios. amgvari viTareba SeiZleba Seiqmnas maSin, roca umravlesobas Zalze umniSvnelo upiretesoba aqvs parlamentSi da mesame partiis mcire warmomadgeloba or ZiriTad partias Soris balansisaTvis kritikul mniSvnelobas iZens. magaliTad, germaniaSi msgavsi viTareba grZeldeba ukve ocdaaT weliwadze met xans. mTavrobas SesaZloa seriozuli problemebi Seeqmnas xelisuflebis stabilurobis TvalsazrisiT an sulac daiSalos, Tu misi ùmcrosi partniori~ meryeobs, icvlis mxareebs an mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebis miRebisas uars acxadebs mxardaWeraze.


165

`disciplinebuli~ partiebi britanuli saparlamento sistemis kidev erTi maxasiaTebelia e.w. disciplinebuli partiebis arseboba. amgvari partiebi, midrekilni arian koordinirebuli qmedebebis, erTsulovani xmis micemis principebisken da mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba amerikuli partiebisagan, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, ufro decentralizebulni, naklebad mkacrad struqturizebulni da individebze orientirebulni arian. amrigad, britaneTSi konservatuli da leiboristuli partiebi inarCuneben mdgrad partiul platformebs, romlebic gansxvavebul filosofiur da tradiciur wanamZRvrebs efuZneba: kerZod, erTi _ konservatul Rirebulebebsa da biznesze, xolo meore socialistur ideebsa da muSaTa klasze orientirebul tradiciul politikur Zalas warmoadgens. parlamentSi arCevnebis Sedegad mosuli umravlesoba, iRebs ra qveynis marTvis sadaveebs xelSi, Tavisi wevrebisagan moiTxovs erTsulovan mxardaWeras saarCevno programis ganxorcielebaSi. parlamentis im wevrebs (umravlesobidan), romlebic mTavrobis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan kanonproeqts mxars ar dauWeren, partiis ukmayofileba emuqrebaT, rac ZiriTadad gamoixateba momdevno arCevnebSi am pirebis partiuli siidan amoRebaSi. ùkompromisoTa~ mxolod Zalze mcire ricxvi axerxebs am riskis Tavidan acilebas. Tumca, mkacri partiuli disciplina sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom parlamentis wevrebi arasdros gadadian dawesebul zRvars iqiT da sakuTar xmas ar iyeneben opoziciuri gadawyvetilebebis mxardasaWerad, an kidev imas, rom naklebad pompezurma wevrebma yovelTvis uyoymanod Tavi unda uqnion kolegebs ama Tu im sakiTxis kenWisyrisas da xma miscen mis sasargeblod. magaliTisaTvis, maT SeuZliaT Zalze mniSvnelovan SemTxvevebSic ki, warmatebiT gamoiyenon xmis micemisagan Tavis Sekavebis SesaZlebloba. gansakuTrebiT ukmayofilo wevrebs ki SeuZliaT sruladac ganudgnen partias da Seqmnan axali politikuri organizacia. es praqtikaSi iSviaTad xdeba, Tumca SesaZloa gamoiwvios mniSvnelovani politikuri gadajgufebebi da cvlilebebi. meoce saukunis dasaw yisSi amgvar SemTxvevas hqonda adgili. kerZod, tradiciuli liberalu ri partia (vigebi) daCrdila da faqtobrivad Caanacvla mzardi popularobis mqone leiboristulma partiam, romelmac warmatebiT SeZlo britaneTis muSaTa klasis angariSgasawev politikur Zalad mobilizeba. 1980-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, parlamentis zogierTma imedgacruebulma leiboristma wevrma datova partia da Camoayaliba social-demokratiuli partia, romelic 1987 wlis zafxulSi SeuerTda Zvel liberalur partias (da Seqmna e.w. aliansi), romelic politikuri centris dakavebas Seecada. 1990 wels social-demokratiuli partia sakuTari gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze daiSala. Cndeba logikuri kiTxva: ra rols asrulebs am saparlamento sistemaSi e.w. `misi aRmatebulebis /dedoflis/ erTguli opozicia~, rogorc mas xSirad uwodeben did britaneTSi? imdenad, ramdenadac umravlesobis partias xelewifeba sasurveli sakanonmdeblo programis `gatana~ parlamentSi sa-

166


kuTari xmebis meSveobiT, opoziciur partiebs, anu umciresobas, limitirebuli, Tumca ara umniSvnelo funqciis Sesruleba uwevs. isini akritikeben umravlesobis mier warmodgenil iniciativebs da calkeul SemTxvevebSi, gavlenasac axdenen Sesabamis gadawyvetilebebze. maSinac ki, rodesac opoziciuri partiis gavlena umniSvneloa, misi kritika ZiriTadad safuZvliania da pasuxismgeblobiT ganmsWvaluli, radgan oponentebi `sakuTar Tavze fiqroben, rogorc momdevno xelisuflebaze, da `keTilgonieri opozicia~ moqmedebs im farglebSi, romelsac imedovnebs, rom aseve ar gadaaWarbeben misi momavali oponentebi, roca ZalTa ganlageba Seicvleba.~2 aRsaniSnavia, rom britanul saparlamento tradiciaSi opoziciis cneba aranair stigmas ar ukavSirdeba. rogorc loialur opozicias, umciresobis wevrebs miaCniaT, rom maTi movaleobaa mTavrobis kritika. rogorc erTi eqsperti aRniSnavs: britanul politikur cxovrebaSi ukve tradiciad iqca, rom unda arsebobdes partia, romelic ayalibebs mTavrobas, iseve rogorc partia, romelic ayalibebs opozicias da romelic faqtobrivad warmoadgens alternatiul mTavrobas. organizebuli opozicia axla ar iTvleba sabotaJur an moRalateobriv Zalad. 1973 wlidan, opoziciis lideri iRebs specialur gasamrjelos sajaro fondidan da xalxi xSirad saubrobs `misi aRmatebulebis opoziciaze~, radgan opoziciis arseboba moiazreba, rogorc dedoflis xelisuflebis mniSvnelovani nawili.3

ori meTauri sjobs Tu erTi? aSS-sagan gansxvavebiT, sadac erTi umaRlesi xelisuflebis piri (prezidenti) erTdroulad aris saxelmwifos meTauri da mTavrobis meTauri, didi britaneTi inarCunebs gaorebuli aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis tradicias, romelic yofs am or funqcias. britaneTis saxelmwifos meTauri aris gvirgvinosani monarqi. dedofali elisabed II-s, `savaraudod msoflios yvelaze cnobil adamians,~ ukve xuT aTwleulze metia britaneTis samefo taxti uWiravs. rogorc saxelmwifos nominaluri meTauri, monarqi ZiriTadad ceremoniul rols asrulebs saxelmwifo cxovrebaSi, uZRveba erovnul dResaswaulebTan dakavSirebul saxalxo zeimebsa da ceremoniebs, awyobs diplomatiur miRebebs elCebisa da sxva qveynebis meTaurTaTvis, garkveul saerTaSoriso RonisZiebebze warmoadgens saxelmwifos. monarqi nacionaluri simbolo da erTianobis wyaroa, romelic warmoadgens saxelmwifos da ara xelisuflebas. britaneTis xelisuflebis realuri meTauria saparlamento sistemis sayrdeni figura _ premier-ministri, romelic kabinetis ZiriTad wevrebTan erTad (xSirad uwodeben Sida kabinets), gansazRvravs qveynis saSinao da sagareo politikas. erovnuli politika muSavdeba mTavrobis ZiriTadi gundis mier, romelic Semdgom waredgineba mTlianad kabinets. kabinetis is wevrebi, romlebic kritikul sakiTxebsa Tu sakvanZo gadawyvetilebebSi ar eTanxmebian mTavrobas, rogorc wesi, xmauris gareSe TviTonve toveben Tanamdebobas.


167

didi britaneTis ormagi aRmasrulebeli sistema warmodgenilia dedoflis elisabed II-is (marcxniv) – saxelmwifos meTauris erovnuli simbolosa da premier ministris, toni bleris (marjvniv) – qveynis xelisuflebis realuri meTauris saxiT (2007 wlidan didi britaneTis premier-ministri gordon braunia _ mTargmn. Sen.).

bunebrivia, yvela saparlamento sistema ar funqcionirebs britanulis msgavsad. umetesobas ar gaaCnia saparlamento mmarTvelobis xangrZlivi istoria da Zlieri tradicia, rac britanuli sistemisaTvis myar saZirkvels qmnis. amdenad, msgavsi politikuri kulturis arqonis pirobebSi, britanuli stilis demokratiuli institutebis mqone sxva qveynebis umravlesoba daweril konstitucias eyrdnoba. samwuxarod, dawerili konstituciebis umravlesobasac ara aqvs iseTi `xangrZlivi istoria da Zlieri tradicia,~ rogoric amerikul saprezidento sistemas. aqedan gamomdinare, am ori politikuri sistemis magaliTad gamoyeneba Seicavs safrTxes, rom mkiTxvelma moaxdinos mcdari gaigiveba demokratiasa da xelisuflebis stabilurobas Soris. sinamdvileSi, saprezidento Tu saparlamento demokratiebis umravlesobas xSirad uxdeba arastabilurobis xanmokle `ryevebTan~ gamklaveba.

SesaZlebelia Tu ara britanuli institutebis `gadanergva~? saparlamento sistemebis umravlesoba evropaSi Camoyalibda britanuli nimuSis msgavsad. italia saparlamento mmarTvelobaze meore msoflio omis Semdeg gadavida. safrangeTSi saparlamento sistema arsebobda 1876 wli dan (mesame respublikis dasawyisi) 1958 wlamde (meoTxe respublikis dasasruli). orive qveyanas amgvari mmarTvelobis gansxvavebuli gamocdileba gaaCnia. safrangeTsa da italiaSi politikuri partiebi da parlamenti iqca wam-

168


yvan politikur Zalad. britaneTis konstituciur sistemaSi arsebuli premier-minitrisa da kabinetis, rogorc umniSvnelovanesi marTvis institutis roli, am or qveyanaSi Semcirda. tradiciulobiT, TavdaWerilobiTa da pragmatulobiT gamorCeuli britaneli xalxisagan gansxvavebiT, franguli da italiuri sazogadoebebi ufro Rrma socialuri dapirispirebebiTa da radikaluri politikuri partiebis mxardaWerisken midrekilebiT xasiaTdeba. orive qveyanaSi politizebis maRalma donem xeli Seuwyo mravalpartiulobis ganviTarebasa da mcire politikuri dajgufebebis warmoqmnas. amgvar viTarebaSi, partiuli sistema danawevrda, Sidapartiuli disciplina faqtobrivad moiSala da mTavroba iqca dausrulebeli sakanonmdeblo qiSpobis mZevlad. ganzogadebulad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom rac ufro aqtiuri da rTulad samarTavia sazogadoeba da ramdenadac ufro danawevrebulia politikuri speqtri, miT ufro qaosuri da aramyari xdeba xelisufleba. amgvar sazogadoebaSi mniSvnelovania Zlieri da energiuli aRmasrulebeli Stos arseboba, romelic safrangeTSi 1958 wlamde ar arsebobda, xolo italiaSi, faqtobrivad, dRemde ar arsebobs. amgvarma situaciam politikuri Cixis mdgomareobamde miiyvana orive qveyana sxvadasxva dros. safrangeTSi, mesame da meoTxe respublikis mmarTvelobis ganmavlobaSi, verc erTma partiam ver SeZlo adgilebis umravelsobis mopoveba nacionalur asambleaSi. imave periodSi, safrangeTma 119 mTavroba gamoicvala, romelTa saSualo sicocxlisunarianoba mxolod weliwads Seadgenda. calkeul SemTxvevebSi ki mTavrobaTa xelisuflebaSi yofna mxolod ramdenime Tve an kvira grZeldeboda. aseTive meryeobiT xasiaTdeboda politikuri mmarTveloba italiaSic, sadac 1945-dan 1986 wlamde 40 premier-ministri Seicvala, (saSualod TiToeulis mmarTvelobis weliwadze naklebi xangrZlivobiT).

britanuli dRis wesrigi: magaliTi ekonomika da eleqtorati meore msoflio omis Semdeg ekonomikis mdgomareoba did britaneTSi mTavari politikuri sakiTxi iyo. germaniis, italiis da safrangeTis mudmivad ukeTesi maCveneblebi SeSfoTebas iwvevda. leiboristTa xelmZRvanelobiT XX saukunis 50-60-ian wlebSi britaneTi ganviTarda keTildReobis saxelmwifos modelad, rogorc mas keTilganwyobili damkvirveblebi uwodebdnen. 1970-ian wlebSi britaneTis daRmavali ekonomika `stagflaciam~ (inflaciisa da recesiis yvelaze cudma kombinaciam) daasusta. konservatori lideri margaret tetCeri didi, Zlieri mTavrobis mkacri oponenti iyo. 1979 wels, premier ministrad gaxdomis Semdeg tetCerma saxelmwifo sawarmoebis xelaxali privatizacia da britaneTis ekonomikis sistematuri dabalanseba daiwyo. miuxedavad imisa, rom 1980-ian wlebSi tetCeris xelmZRvanelobiT, ekonomikis mdgomareoba gaumjobesda, did


169

britaneTSi SedarebiT kvlav maRalia umuSevroba, arasaxarbieloa zrda da pasiuria sawarmoo seqtori. 1992 wels tetCeri sakuTari survilis sawinaaRmdegod gadadga. konservatorebma arCevnebSi rogorRac kidev erTi gamarjveba moipoves da jon meijorma, tetCeris memkvidrem, qveyanas igive ekonomikuri kursi SeunarCuna. meijoris xelmZRvanelobiT britaneTis ekonomikam winsvla daiwyo _ 1996 wels 2.2%, xolo 1997 wels – 3.2%-iT gaizarda. inflacia zomieri iyo, daaxloebiT 2.5%. 1997 wlis dasawyisSi umuSevrobis donec ki Semcirda 6.2%-mde (SeadareT safrangeTis umuSevrobis dones, romelic 12%-s Seadgenda). britaneli amomrCevlebi jer isev cud gunebaze iyvnen da 1997 wlis maisSi, pirvelad Tvrameti wlis manZilze, konservatorebs xelisuflebidan iSorebdnen. amis erTi mizezi is iyo, rom statistikuri monacemebis miuxedavad, britaneTis saSualo klasis mravali warmomadgeneli cxovrebis xarisxis dacemas grZnobda. axlad arCeuli premier ministris toni bleris winaSe mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri da politikuri kiTxva dadga evropis ekonomikur kavSirSi gaerTianebasTan dakavSirebiT.

gadasaxadebi da saxelmwifo xarjebi 1979 wels, konservatorebis arCevnebSi gamarjvebis dros, leiboristuli partiis danatovari gadasaxadebi mTliani Sida produqtis (mSp) daaxloebiT 40% Seadgenda. premier-ministrma margaret tetCerma gadasaxadebis tvirTis Semcirebis Sesaxeb danapirebi Seasrula da 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi gadasaxadebi mSp-s 34%-s Seadgenda. magram am uSedego statistikam muSaTa klass gadasaxadebis tvirTi ver Seumsubuqa. 1994 wels finansTa saministros monacemebma aCvena, rom jon meijoris konservatorTa mier ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebis Sedegad gadasaxadebis saSualo gadamxdeli 1994-95 wlebSi, 1978-79 (leiboristTa xelisuflebaSi yofnis bolo weli) wlebTan SedarebiT, sakuTari Semosavlis ufro met wils Tmobda. arCevnebamde sociologiurma gamokiTxvam aCvena, rom amomrCevlebi axali leiboristuli xelisuflebisagan gadasaxadebis gazrdas moelodnen, Tumca bevri ise iyo ganrisxebuli jon meijorze, rom yvelafris miuxedavad leiboristebisTvis apirebda xmis micemas. Tavis mxriv, toni bleri amomrCevlebs dahpirda, rom saSemosavlo gadasaxadis ganakveTi ar gaizrdeboda da gaTbobaze damatebuli Rirebulebis gadasaxads (dRg) Sekvecda.

terorizmi da GrdiloeT irlandia 1969 wlidan moyolebuli kaTolike da protestanti eqstremistebis mier ganxorcielebuli Zaladobrivi qmedebebis Sedegad daaxloebiT 3 aTasi adamiani daiRupa. 1994 wlis cecxlis Sewyvetamde irlandiis respublikurma armiam teroristuli Setevebi ganaxorciela, raTa britanelebs CrdiloeT irlandia daetovebinaT: scades rogorc tetCeris, aseve meijoris mokvla. 1990 wels armiis teroristebma ian gou _ parlamentis konservatori wevri da tetCeris mesaidumle mokles. problemis gadaWrisas unda

170


gaeTvaliswinebinaT im protestantTa moTxovnebi, romelTac britaneTis mxardaWera hqondaT da ricxobrivad aWarbebdnen CrdiloeT irlandiaSi mcxovreb kaTolikeebs, aseve kaTolikeTa moTxovnebi, romlebic irlandiis respublikis umravlesobas Seadgendnen. problemis mogvarebis imedi 1998 wlis aprilSi Caisaxa, rodesac dainteresebuli mxareebi mravalmxriv xelSekrulebaze SeTanxmdnen. xelSekrulebiT CrdiloeT irlandiaSi TviTmmarTveloba aRdga. mis safuZvelze Seiqmna axali politikuri institutebi, romelTa mizani kaTolike umciresobaTaTvis meti politikuri xmis miniWeba da imavdroulad, CrdiloeT irlandiis britaneTis nawilad darCenis Taobaze protestantTa moTxovnis gaTvaliswineba iyo. miuxedavad yvelafrisa, daZabulobis Sedegad 2001 wels konfliqti isev gaCaRda da momavali gaurkveveli gaxada.

Tumca, mcdari iqneboda im daskvnis gamotana, rom saparlamento sistema arsad muSaobs britaneTis garda. naxevar saukuneze metia es wyoba dominirebs TiTqmis mTels evropul kontinentze CrdiloeTidan _ skandinaviidan dawyebuli (SvedeTi, norvegia, dania), samxeTiT _ iberiis naxevarkunZulamde (espaneTi da portugalia), iseve rogorc germaniaSi, avstriaSi, belgiaSi, niderlandebsa da SveicariaSi. saparlameto demokratiebis ricxvs miekuTvneba aseve fineTi, irlandia, saberZneTi, poloneTi, CexeTis respublika, ungreTi, slovakeTi da slovenia, iseve rogorc sxva ramdenime post-komunisturi qveyana aRmosavleT evropaSi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saparlamento wyoba aris didi britaneTis saCuqari mTlianad evropisaTvis.

demokratiis Seguebadoba: xuTi SemTxveva rogor muSaobs saparlamento mmarTvelobis forma sxva qveynebSi? imuSavebs Tu ara amgvari forma avtoritaruli tradiciebis qveynebSi? risi Tqma SeiZleba im qveynebze, sadac adgili aqvs politikur arastabilurobas da revoluciebsac ki? SesaZloa Tu ara gansxvavebuli politikuri kulturis pirobebSi demokratiam moikidos fexi? safrangeTis, germaniis, iaponiis, indoeTisa da israelis magaliTebma cxadyo, rom demokratia gacilebiT ufro Seguebadia, vidre es TeoretikosTa umetesobas warmoedgina. es mniSvnelovania, radganac demokratia TiTqmis yvelgan savaldebulo qebis obieqtad gadaiqca. msoflios TiTqmis yvela qveyana, raoden tiranuli xasiaTisac unda iyos igi, garegnulad iZens konstituciurobis elfers da sakuTar Tavs demokratiulad acxadebs. im qveynebSi, sadac media xelisuflebis mier kontrolirdeba, sadac ucxoelebisaTvis gadaadgileba da kontaqtebis damyareba SezRudulia, sadac Cveulebriv moqalaqeebs gamudmebiT policiuri represiebis SiSis gancda awuxebT, mTavrobas realurad araferi zRudavs imaSi, rom demokratiuloulobasa da liberaluri Rirebulebebis erTgulebaze isaubros da


171

imavdroulad, devnides, amcirebdes da aSinebdes sakuTar moqalaqeebs. eWvgareSea, rom demokratiis mzardi popularoba arnaxul masStabebs iZens (Tumca, ar aris universaluri) _ CrdiloeT afrikis muslimuri qveynebi, axlo aRmosavleTisa da samxreTi aziis zogierTi saxelmwifo am mxriv gamonaklisia. yvelaze mkacri diqtatoruli reJimebic ki demokratiulobaze acxadeben pretenzias. niSnavs Tu ara es imas, rom demokratia mmarTvelobis saukeTeso formaa da amas aRiareben kidec? am kiTxvaze pasuxi ar aris martivi. zogierT ers aqvs tradiciebi _ magaliTad, avtoritaruli politikuri tradiciebi _ romelic demokratias arabunebrivad da arasasurveladac ki warmoaCens. sxvebis Cveulebebi da kulturuli memkvidreoba, sruliad SeuTavsebelia demokratiis ideisaTvis umniSvnelovanes individualizmisa da egalitarianizmis principebTan. dabolos, im qveynebSi, romelebsac awuxebs Warbi mosaxleobisa da sakvebze permanentuli deficitis problemebi, konstitucionalizmi sruliad usargeblo da abstraqtul cnebad miaCniaT. xalxisaTvis, romelic SimSilis zRvarzea, nebismieri xelisufleba, romelic SeZlebs maTi sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis problemis Semsubuqebas, ukve TavisTavad kargi xelisuflebaa. bevr qveyanas mouxda sakmaod rTuli kulturuli, socialuri Tu eTnikuri winaaRmdegobebis gadalaxva warmomadgenlobiTi mmarTvelobis Camoyalibebis gzaze. sakmaod axlo warsulSi, eqstremalurma individualizmma da samoqalaqo TviTSegnebis naklebobam saeWvo gaxada demokratiis mizanSewoniloba safrangeTSi. miuxedavad amisa, mexuTe respublika ager ukve meoTxe aTwleulia funqcionirebs, rac swrafi politikuri cvlilebebis istoriis mqone erisaTvis mniSvnelovani miRwevaa. bevri analitikosi pirveli msoflio omis Semdgom daarsebuli germaniis vaimaris respublikis dacemas ukavSirebda germanelTa antidemokratiul miswrafebebs, rac germanul sazogadoebaSi zedmiwevniTi wesrigisa da disciplinis Camoyalibebis survils gulisxmobs. magram dasavleT germaniis Semdgomma warmatebam am Teorias safuZveli gamoacala. aseve, iaponiasac demokratiuli cxovrebis gamocdileba ar hqonia meore msoflio omamde da misi konsensusis principze damyarebuli da patron-klienteluri tipis urTierTobebze agebuli sazogadoeba sruliad winaaRmdegobrivi Canda demokratiis ganviTarebisaTvis. Tumca, iaponia ukve naxevari saukunea demokratiul mmarTvelobas axorcielebs. rogorc mogvianebiT vnaxavT, indoeTi da israeli aseve qmediT demokratiebs warmoadgenen pirvel SemTxvevaSi sazogadoebis mkveTri siWrelis, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi mudmivi dapirispirebebis pirobebSi. sainteresoa gavarkvioT, es magaliTebi gamonaklisia, Tu marTlac adasturebs, rom arasworia ganzogadebiTi daskvna demokratiis zogierT sazogadoebaSi ararelevanturobis Sesaxeb? safrangeTis, germaniis, iaponiis, indoeTisa da israelis magaliTebi cxadyofen, rom demokratia mmarTvelobis saocrad moqnili da adaptirebadi formaa.

172


safrangeTi: prezidenti parlamentis winaaRmdeg amerikis saprezidento da brinateTis saparlamento sistemebi warmoadgens demokratiuli mmarTvelobis or gansxvavebul formas. mexuTe respublikis periodSi safrangeTi warmatebulad iTavsebs orive sistemisaTvis damaxasiaTebel elementebs.

mexuTe respublika: hibriduli sistema 1958 wels mexuTe respublikis Seqmna misi winamorbedebis naklovanebebis gamosworebis mcdeloba iyo. misma damfuZnebelma Sarl de golma (1890-1970) am nakls franguli politikis fataluri kvanZi uwoda_ uZluri aRmasruleblebi imarTebodnen ficxi kanonmdeblebis mier. xelisuflebis qronikuli paralizeba da saxalxo imedebis gacrueba konstituciuri wesrigis sistematuri damxobis provocirebas axdenda. rogorc de goli xSirad aRniSnavda, respublikuri mmarTvelobis damyarebis pirveli sami mcdeloba safrangeTSi diqtaturiT damTavrda. safrangeTis istoria 1878 wlidan 1958 wlamde imis mSvenieri ilustraciaa, rac `federalistis~ avtorebs kargad esmodaT: xelmZRvanelobas moklebuli xelisuflebas sakuTar Tavze uaresi mteri ar hyavs. meoTxe respublikis periodSi (1946-58) mTavroba saSualod eqvs TveSi icvleboda. politikuri partiebis arnaxulma siWarbem, romelTa nawilis sicocxlisunarianoba Zalian xanmokle iyo, safrangeTis saparlamento sistema parodiad aqcia. metic, politikuri speqtris sxvadasxva polusze mdebare partiebi _ memarjvene golistebi da memarcxene komunistebi _ cdilobdnen Ziri gamoeTxaraT meoTxe resublikis konstituciisaTvis. erTaderTi sakiTxi, razec es ori partia Tanxmdeboda, iyo is, rom meoTxe respublika anaTemaa, da amitom periodulad TanamSromlobdnen mTavrobis damxobis mizniT. am or eqstremistul partias erToblivad hqonda sakmarisi Zala nacionalur asambleaSi, rom daebrkolebinaT arasasurveli sakanonmdeblo iniciativebi daam gziT gadaeyenebinaT susti koaliciuri mTavrobebi (aseT qmedebas uaryofiTi veto ewodeba). safrangeTSi bevrs imedi hqonda, rom 1958 wlis konstitucia qveyanaSi gamefebul politikur arastabilurobas daasrulebda. axali konstitucia SedarebiT mokled da gasagebi eniT iyo dawerili. misi debulebebi de golis politikur Sexedulebebs efuZneboda, risi ZiriTadi principebi man Tavis cnobil gamosvlaSi konstituciis miRebamde 12 wliT adre ase Camoayaliba: aSkaraa, rom aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba ar unda iyos damokidebuli parlamentze, romelic, Tavis mxriv, orpalatiania da warmoadgens sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebas. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, adgili eqneba pasuxismgeblobebis aRrevas, sadac mTavroba sxva araferi iqneba Tu ara partiuli delegaciebis dajgufeba... safrangeTis xelisuflebis erTianoba, koordinirebuloba da Sida wesrigi unda iqces mTavar


173

amocanad, Torem qveynis mmarTveloba iqceva uunarod da sneulad. maS rogor unda iqnas miRweuli amgvari erTianoba, koordinirebuloba da wesrigi, Tu aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba gamomdinarobs sxva organodan, romelic wesiT mis dabalansebas unda axdendes da mTavrobis TiToeuli wevri, romelic qveynis warmomadgenlobiTi organos winaSe koleqtiur pasuxismgeblobas unda iziarebdes, araferia, Tu ara sakuTari partiis emisari? amitomac aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba unda iyos warmodgenili saxelmwifos meTauris saxiT, romelic iqneba partiebisagan damoukidebeli da airCeva im organos mier, romelic moicavs parlamentsac, magram masze ufro farToa... saxelmwifos meTauris prerogativaa sazogado interesebis ganxilva mis mier SerCeul pirebTan erTad da aseve, parlamentis orientaciis gaTvaliswinebiT. misive uflebaa ministrTa nominireba da maT Soris, pirvel rigSi premier-ministris dasaxeleba, romelmac unda war marTos mTavrobis politika da muSaoba. misi movaleobaa kanonis propaganda da gancxadebebis gakeTeba, radganac isini vrceldeba mTeli saxelmwifos moqalaqeebze. aseve, is unda xelmZRvanelobdes kabinets da am funqciiT daicvas erovnuli gangrZobiToba. man unda Seasrulos arbitris funqciac, romelic yoveldRiur politikur garemoebebze maRla dgas da uzrunvelyofs kabinetis normalur muSaobas, an gansakuTrebuli areulobis periodSi, daniSnos arCevnebi, raTa xalxma gamoavlinos misi suverenuli gadawyvetileba am gziT. man, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu qveyana raime safrTxis winaSe dadgeba, unda aiRos qveynis usafrTxoebis garantiebisa da yvela im xelSekrulebis Sesrulebis valdebuleba, rasac safrangeTi SeuerTdeba.4

saerTo jamSi, mTavari konstituciuri sistemis sqemaSi, rasac de goli daJinebiT moiTxovda, iyo Zlieri aRmasruleblis arseboba, romelsac unda gaewonasworebina gamudmebiT danawevrebuli parlamenti; aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis centralur figurad ki moiazreboda saxelmwifos meTauri (prezidenti) da ara premier-ministri.

aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba sajaro xelisuflebis CamoyalibebasTan dakavSirebuli de golis koncefciis ZiriTadi elementebi 1958 wlis konstituciis TiTqmis yvela debulebaSia asaxuli. saparlamento modelis Sesabamisad, safrangeTis aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebac dayofilia. konstituciis mixedviT, premier-ministri aris mTavrobis meTauri, xolo prezidenti ki saxelmwifos meTauria. britaneli monarqisagan gansxvavebiT, bunebrivia, safrangeTis prezidenti arCeulia demokratiuli wesiT da gacilebiT meti politikuri Zalauflebac aqvs. safrangeTis prezidenti, romlis farTo uflebebi Tavad de golis ambiciebs moarges, qveynis wamyvani politikuri figuraa. igi damoukidebelia saknonamdeblo Stosagan, gaaCnia Zalauflebis mravali

174


berketi da saprezidento posts gansazRvruli vadiT ikavebs (Svidi weli 1962-dan 2000 ww., amJamad xuTi weli). konstituciam prezident de gols konfliqturi interesebisa da konkurenti politikuri partiebis momrigeblis funqciac SeuTavsa. konstituciam aseve mianiWa de gols da mis memkvidreebs sagareo politikis sferoSi upiratesi uflebebi. prezidents SeuZlia daniSnos da gaaTavisuflos premier-ministri, daiTxovos sakanonmdeblo organo, daniSnos axali arCevnebi, gamoacxados sagangebo mdgomareoba, gamosces kanonis Zalis mqone brZanebulebebi da uxelmZRvanelos kabinetis sxdomebs. garda amisa, prezidentma SeiZleba Caataros erovnuli referendumi qveynisaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis sakiTxebze. 1958 wlis konstitucia Tavdapirvelad iTvaliswinebda, rom prezidenti arCeuli unda yofiliyo amomrCevelTa kolegiis mier, romelSic Sevidodnen adgilobrivi da cetraluri xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi, raTa am


175

gziT prezidenti yoveldRiur politikaze maRla damdgariyo. 1962 wels de golma TviTneburad daniSna referendumi, sadac frang xalxs prezidentis pirdapiri wesiT arCevis sakiTxi unda gadaewyvita (`TviTneburad~ imdenad, ramdenadac mas konstitucia cvlilebebis Setanis procesSi nacionaluri asambleis gverdis avlis uflebas ar aZlevda). referendumma, absoluturi umravlesobis gadawyvetilebiT, safrangeTis prezidentis mmarTvelobas saxalxo mandati mianiWa. de golma kargad icoda, rom demokratiuli mmarTvelobis pirobebSi araferi aZlevs politikur liders imxela Zalauflebas da legitimurobas, rogorc amomCevelTa pirdapiri mxardaWera. safrangeTSi premier-ministrs prezidentTan SedarebiT naklebi Zalaufleba da gavlena aqvs, Tumca ukanasknel periodSi am or instituts Soris gacilebiT meti balansia, vidre de golis mmarTvelobis dros iyo. premieri prezidentis mier irCeva da emsaxureba mis nebas. rogorc mTavrobis meTauri, premieri marTavs ministrTa kabinets da sakanonmdeblo organos winaSe pasuxismgebelia sajaro politikasa da erovnul Tavdacvaze. premieri da misi kabineti Tvalyurs adevnebs da akontrolebs mTavrobisa da biurokratiis muSaobas. Tumca, mexuTe respublikis konstitucia zustad arc gansazRvravs ra uflebamosilebani da funqciebi aqvs prezidents, da ra _ premier-ministrs. de gols, frangul politikaSi misi mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare, moswonda konstituciis miseburi interpretirebis SesaZleblobis arseboba. amitom, de golis mmarTvelobis periodSi, saprezidento Zalaufleba Zalze moqnili iyo da mocemul momentSi yvela saWiro resursisa da berketis gamosayenebis SesaZleblobas uqmnida. de golis Semdgom, arcerTi prezidenti ar yofila ase dominanturi frangul politikaSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom socialist fransua miterans safrangeTis prezidentis posti 14 wlis ganmavlobaSi ekava (1981-1995), misi reputacia verasdros miuaxlovda de golis reitings. Tumca, miteranis mmarTvelobis umetes periodSi ZalTa balansi mainc prezidentis sasargeblod ixreboda premieris sapirispirod. safrangeTs, mexuTe respublikis daarsebidan 1988 wlamde, ar hyolia iseTi premieri, romelic prezidentis Zalauflebas daabalansebda an daCrdilavda. 1986 wlis erovnul arCevnebSi miteranis socialistur partiaze centristul-memarjvene partiis gamarjvebis Semdgom or weliwadSi safrangeTis premieri am ukanasknelis warmomadgeneli Jak Siraki gaxda. 1997 wels ki lionel Jospeni gaxda premierministri mas Semdeg, rac misma socialisturma partiam erovnul arCevnebSi daamarcxa ori wlis win prezidentad arCeuli Sirakis momxreebi nacionalur asambleaSi. orive SemTxvevaSi, prezidentis partiis warumatebloba parlamentSi saprezidento gavlenis Sesustebasa da axali premieris (da mTavari opoziciuri partiis lideris) Tundac droebiT politikur upiratesobaSi gamoixata.

erovnuli asambleis SezRuduli roli Tuki saprezidento instituti mexuTe respublikis realuri poli-

176


tikuri monapovaria, garkveulwilad Sesustda saparlamento Sto. igi or palatad: se natad da erovnul asamblead aris gayofili. safrangeTis senati, romelsac SezRuduli uflebamosileba gaaCnia, irCeva arapirdapiri gziT, xolo erovnuli asamblea irCeva pirdapiri wesiT mravalmandatiani raionebidan ormagi xmis micemiT (oretapiani arCevnebis Sedegad). erovnulma asambleam unda daamtkicos yvela wardgenili kanonproeqti da amdenad aRasrulos misi ZiriTadi sakanonmdeblo uflebamosileba. Tumca, 1958 wlis konstituciaSi kanonis cneba sakmaod viwrod aris ganmartebuli. bevri naxevrad sakanonmdeblo gadawyvetileba aRmasruleblis kompetenciaSi rCeba, romelsac, sxvaTa Soris, `brZanebulebiTi kanonis~ gamocemis ufleba aqvs. erovnuli asamblea ufro saintresoa im uflebamosilebebis ganxilvis TvalsazrisiT, romelic mas ar gaaCnia, nacvlad imis CamoTvlisa, rac mis kompetenciaSi Sedis. aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba gansazRvravs safrangeTis parlamentis dRis wesrigs. parlaments gaaCnia mxolod komitetebis SezRuduli raodenoba, mas SeuZlia imuSaos weliwadSi mxolod eqvsi Tvis ganmavlobaSi da ara aqvs finansuri kanonproeqtebis wardgenis ufleba. Tuki is raime mizeziT ver moaxerxebs aRmasruleblis mier wardgenili biujetis damtkicebas mocemul vadamde, maSin biujeti ZalaSi Sedis aRmasruleblis dekretis safuZvelze. metic, SesaZloa aRmasrulebelma mosTxovos parlaments kanonproeqtTa mTel pakets erTdroulad uyaros kenWi. dabolos, mTavrobas SeuZlia raime konkretul qmedebaze moiTxovos parlamentisagan ndobis xma. Tu amgvar SemTxvevaSi parlamentis gadawyvetileba iqneba uaryofiTi, maSin erovnuli asamblea faqtobrivad iTxovs mTavrobis gadayenebas da prezidents aniWebs arCevanis uflebas, daakompleqtos alternatiuli mTavroba an daniSnos axali arCevnebi. magram, rogorc wesi, kanonmdeblebs arcTu ise xiblavT axali arCevnebis idea, miT umetes, Tu maT mTavrobisaTvis undoblobis gamocxadebiT gavleniani prezidentis ukmayofileba gamoiwvies. de goli imdenad Sors wavida parlamentze kidev ufro didi upiratesobis mosapoveblad, rom man sakmaod sainteresod SeakavSira ramdenime calkeuli konstituciuri debuleba. misi miTiTebiT, mTavrobas SeeZlo moeTxova sakiTxTa paketze kanonmdebelTa mxardaWera erTiani kenWisyris gziT da Semdgom es mxardaWera sulac ndobis upirobo gamocxadebad eqcia. mas Semdeg, rac 1969 wels de golma datova politika, safrangeTis prezidentebi erovnul asambleas SedarebiT ufro meti pativiscemiT epyrobian.

politikuri partiebi safrangeTSi politikuri partiebis sakmaod didi speqtria. evropis sxva mravalpartiul sistemaTa msgavsad, safrangeTSic politikuri partiebi klasificirebulni arian memarjvene da memarcxene Zalebad. umniSvnelovanesi memarcxene partiebi arian komunisturi da socialisturi (Sesabamisad, radikaluri da liberaluri orientaciis).


177

Jak Sirakma, neogolistma premier-ministrma 1995 wlis maisSi socialisti prezidenti fransua miterani Secvala. 1997 wlis ivnisSi prezidentma Sirakma axali saparlamento arCevnebi moiTxova da iZulebuli gaxda socialisti lionel Jospeni daesaxelebina axal premier-ministrad, mas mere rac centristuli partiebi memarcxene partiebTan damarcxdnen. 2002 wlis gazafxulze Jospeni saprezidento arCevnebSi marcxis Semdeg gadadga.

meore msoflio omis Semdeg 1970 wlamde komunisturi partia saSualod xmaTa 20 procents iRebda erovnul arCevnebSi. Tumca, bolo ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi misi poziciebi mniSvnelovnad Sesustda. socialisturi partia iqca memarcxeneTa mxardaWeris ZiriTad mimRebad. 1981 wels socialisturma partiam STambeWdavi gamarjveba moipova arCevnebSi, xolo misi kandidati, fransua miterani safrangeTis prezidenti gaxda. miuxedavad imisa, rom 1986 wlis arCevnebSi partiis mimarT mxardaWeram iklo, socialistebma poziciebi 1988 wels miteranis xelmeored arCevisas aRidgines da kvlavac wamyvan politikur Zalad iqcnen parlamentSi (Tumca, maT ar hqondaT mandatebis umravlesoba). 1990-iani wlebSi saxalxo mxardaWera centristul-memarjvene Zalebisaken gadaixara. 1993 wels ki maT absoluturi gamarjveba izeimes da erovnul asambleaSi daibrunes dominanturi pozicia. ori wlis Semdeg, neogolisti kandida-ti _ Jak Siraki arCeuli iqna qveynis prezidentad. Sirakis arCevam, romelsac daemata imave wels centristuli-memarjvene Zalebis triumfi senatis arCevnebSic, konservatiuli Zalebs marTvis sruli sadaveebi Caugdo xelT, Tumca ara xangrZlivi vadiT. 1997 wels prezident Sirakis mierve vadaze adre daniSnulma saparlamento arCevnebma yvela gaakvirva, gansakuTrebiT TviTon Siraki, romelic mniSvnelovani saxalxo mxardaWeris mopovebas eloda misi seriozuli ekonomikuri programis gamo. magram memarcxene Zalebma, isev socialistTa xelmZRvanelobiT, damajerebeli gamarjveba moipoves. Siraks aRar hqonda sxva arCevani, garda socialisti lionel Jospenis axal premier-ministrad gamocxadebisa. TavisTavad is faqti, rom Jan mari le penis ultra memarjvene naciona-

178


listurma partiam 1997 wlis arCevnebSi mxolod erTi saparlamento mandati miiRo, safrangeTis oretapiani saarCevno proceduris ucnauri Sedegia. gamarjvebulis gamosavlenad saWiroa arCevnebis meore turis Catareba im saarCevno olqebSi, sadac pirvel etapze verc erTi kandidati ver miiRebs gadamwyvet umravlesobas (Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom 2002 wlis arCevnebSi le penis STambeWdavma poziciebma saprezidento arCevnebis pirvel turSi ultramemarjveneebs gaZlierebisaTvis damatebiTi biZgi misca). xSirad, urTierTmsgavsi politikuri Sexedulebebis mqone partiebi arCevnebis pirvel da meore turs Soris ayalibeben aliansebs, sxvadasxva olqSi erTmaneTis kandidatebis mxardaWeris pirobiT, riTac parlamentSi marginaluri da radikaluri partiebis gavlena mcirdeba.

konstitucia zewolis qveS: balansis gamocda 1964 wels, premier-ministrma JorJ pompidum (romelic mogvianebiT safrangeTis prezidenti gaxda, 1969-1974) mexuTe respublikis rTuli institucionaluri balansi imgvarad aRwera, rom is dReisTvisac adekvaturia: safrangeTma airCia Sualeduri mmarTvelobis forma amerikul saprezidento sistemasa da britanul saparlamento sistemas Soris, sadac saxelmwifos meTauris (romelic gansazRvravs saerTo politikur kurss) Zalaufleba saxalxo mxardaWeridan momdinareobs, magram am Zalauflebis ganxorcieleba mxolod mTavrobasTan erTad SeuZlia, romelsac Tavadve airCevs da waradgens, Tumca am ukanasknelma, sakuTari Tavis gadasarCenad, unda SeinarCunos asambleis ndoba.5

mexuTe respublikam safrangeTs stabiluri demokratia moutana naxevari saukunis ganmavlobaSi. 1958 wlis konstituciaze dafuZnebulma sistemam ufro kargad imuSava, vidre misma winamorbedebma, ukve oTxjer metxans gastana vidre meoTxe respublika da gacilebiT ufro nakleb meryevi aRmoCnda vidre mesame respublika. de golis gavlenam misi prezidentobis Semdegac did xans gastana. misma memkvidreebma ganagrZes erovnul Rirsebasa da damoukideblobaze orientirebuli politika, romelic emyareboda swrafad ganviTarebad evropaSi safrangeTis wamyvani rolis degoliseul xedvas, mis survils, kidev ufro aemaRlebina saerTaSoriso asparezze qveynis prestiJi (maT Soris, rogorc erT-erTi birTvuli saxelmwifosi). de golis memkvidreobis kidev erT ilustracias warmoadgens Zlieri erovnuli ekonomikis modeli, sadac, franguli tradiciiT, aRiarebulia saxelmwifos didi roli da aseve, gaTvaliswinebulia sabazro ekonomikis principebi. mTeli am periodis ganmavlobaSi erovnuli asambleac mxars uWerda am politikas. mxolod erTi xanmokle gamonaklisi dadga 1981 wlis SedegebTan erTad, romelmac socialistebs aRmasrulebel da sakanonmdeblo arCevnebSi gamarjveba moutana. warmatebiT STagonebulma socialistebma, xelisuflebaSi mosvlisTanave gaaZlieres socialuri programebi da fran-


179

guli industriis didi nawilis nacionalizacia moaxdines. Tumca, rogorc ki sabazro ekonomikis sapirispirod gatarebuli memarcxene politikis Sedegad qveynis ekonomikam stagnacia daiwyo, amomrCevelma socialistebi dasaja da1986 wlis arCevnebSi Zalauflebis sadaveebi isev memarjvene-centristebs daubruna. gzavnili aSkara iyo: sakmarisia, Tavi dagvanebeT. zogierTi mosazrebis Tanaxmad, rac ufro moSorebulia prezidenti sazogadoebrivi azrisagan, miT ufro metad demokratiuli xdeba franguli sistema im sazogadoebisaTvis, romelsac igi emsaxureba. iqidan gamomdinare, rom prezidenti 2000 wlamde Svid weliwadSi erTxel, xolo axali parlamenti xuT weliwadSi erTxel mainc irCeva, arCevnebis sixSire da masTan dakavSirebuli mzadeba franguli politikis erT-erT mniSvnelovan nawils warmoadgens. marTlac, 1962-dan 1997 wlamde ToTxmetjer Catarda arCevnebi. erT-erTi avtoris TqmiT, `saarCevno taqtikis logikidan gamomdinare, grZelvadian programebs momentalur Sedegebze gaTvlili politika da partiuli aliansebi sWarbobs~.6 (arCevnebi kidev ufro meti sixSiriT tardeba aSS-Si, magram warmomadgenelTa palatis arCevnebi yovel or weliwadSi an senatis mesamedis ganaxlebasTan dakavSirebuli procesebi, rogorc wesi, didi eleqtoraluri interesiT da aqtivobiT ar gamoirCeva). mexuTe respublikis dasawyisSi arsebobda imis potenciuri safrTxe, rom safrangeTis gayofili aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba mniSvnelovan winaaRmdegobebs Seqmnida im SemTvevaSi, Tu prezidenti da premieri sxvadasxva politikuri Zalebis warmomadgenlebi iqnebodnen, sxvadasxva politikur ideologias gaatarebdnen da gansxvavebuli politikuri xedva eqnebodaT. dRemde sami amgvari precedenti iyo, Tumca amas raime mniSvnelovani problema namdvilad ar gamouwvevia. 1986 wels, roca memarjvene Zalebma gaimarjves erovnul arCevnebSi, socialisti prezidenti fransua miterani iZulebuli iyo moewvia parizis neogolisti meri Jak Siraki premierad, romelsac unda Camoeyalibebina axali mTavroba. 1993 wels, roca socialistebi ganmeorebiT damarcxdnen saparlamento arCevnebSi memarjvene-centristuli koaliciis mier, miterani isev iZulebuli gaxda moewvia gamarjvebuli Zalis warmomadgeneli eduard baladuri premier-ministrad. dabolos, 1997 wlis ivnisSi prezidentma Jak Sirakma analogiuri garemoebebis gamo (mxolod amjerad konservatorebze memarcxeneebis gamarjvebis mizeziT), premier-ministrad socialisti lionel Jospeni daniSna, romelmac, sxvaTa Soris, 2002 wlis saprezidento arCevnebis pirvelive turSi samarcxvino damarcxeba iwvnia Sirakis kanidaturasTan dapirispirebis gamo. gayofili aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis problemam dRis wesrigSi Tanaarsebobis aucilebloba daayena, roca gayofili aRmasrulebeli xelisufle-ba sxvadasxva partiebis mier kontroldeba. ramdenad kargad muSaoben erTad prezidenti da premier-ministri sxva sakiTxia. rogorc aRvniSneT, am or aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas Soris Zalauflebis formaluri gayofa xSirad samarcxvino formas iRebs da xelisuflebas CixSi aqcevs. miuxedavad amisa, `Tanaarsebobis~ xanmokle gamocdilebam aCvena, rom Tavad sistemas safrTxe ar eqmneba.

180


franguli dRis wesrigi: magaliTi evropa da msoflio vaWroba safrangeTi frTxilad agrZelebs evrokavSiris farglebSi gafarToebul savaWro SesaZleblobebaTa mxardaWeras. miuxedavad amisa, bolodroindeli gamokvlevebi cxadad adasturebs frangebis umravlesobis Sexedulebas, rom evrokavSirTan mWidro urTierToba `Zalze bevr msxverpls~ moiTxovs. prezident miteranis xelmZRvanelobiT safrangeTma mxari dauWira ekonomikuri integraciis mimarTulebiT svlas. Tumca, safrangeTis bevr tradiciul produqcuas germaneli da sxva evropeli qveynebis konkurentebis mxridan safrTxe daemuqra. frangi fermerebi gansakuTrebuli simkacriT moiTxovdnen proteqcionisturi zomebis miRebas zogjer gaafTrebuli protestebisa da demonstraciebis (magaliTad, traqtorebiT ZiriTadi quCebisa da gzebis gadaketva) gamarTviT. evropul savaluto kavSirSi gawevrianebas azrTa didi sxvadasxvaoba mohyva, radgan franguli sazogadoebis didi seqtori nebismier supranacionalur da saerTaSoriso organizaciebTan mimarTebaSi yovelTvis gaafTrebiT icavda erovnuli suverenitetis ideas. amas garda, unificirebuli evropuli valutis SemoReba damokidebuli iyo erovnuli biujetis deficitis mTliani Sida produqciis 3%-mde Semcirebaze – standarti, ramac prezident Sirakis biujetis Sekvecis zomebis mxardaWera aiZula. es arapopularuli RonisZiebebi, Tavis mxriv, socialistebisa da sxva memarcxene partiebis xelSi 1997 wlis ivnisis arCevnebSi Sirakis partiis damarcxebis iaraRad iqca.

umuSevroba da ekonomika Tanamedrove frangul sazogdoebaSi farTod gavrcelebuli imedgacruebis mizezebis gamocnoba Zneli ar aris. 1996 wels gadasaxadebma da umuSevrobam rekordul maCvenebels miaRwia, xelfasebi gaiyina, sazogadoebrivi danaxarjebi da seqtori Seikveca; erovnuli vali 1993 wlis mSps 45.4%-dan 1997 wels daaxloebiT 58%-mde gaizarda. franguli ekonomika 1996 wels neli tempiT 0.9%-iT, xolo 1997 wels daaxloebiT 2.6%-iT gaizarda. safrangeTi umuSevrobis maRali doniT - 12%-iT, evrokavSirSi espaneTis Semdeg meore adgilze iyo. es mudmivi problema kidev ufro amZafrebs daZabul urTierTobebs profkavSirebSi gaerTianebul muSebsa da xelisuflebas Soris im qveyanaSi, sadac muSebi xSirad awyoben gaficvebsa da demonstraciebs. bevri frangi xedavs mWidro kavSirs umuSevrobasa da emigracias Soris – emigrantebi Tanaxma arian dabal xelfasad imuSaon, qalaqebSi iyrian Tavs da SezRuduli samuSao adgilebisaTvis konkurenciaSi ebmebian.

ekonomikuri usafrTxoebisa da ekonomikuri zrdis dabalanseba umuSevrobis Sesamcireblad frangebs ekonomikuri zrda sWirdebaT. pre-


181

mier-ministrma lionel Jospenma 1997 wels Tavisi saarCveno kampaniis dros 350 aTasi samoqalaqo mosamsaxuris dasaqmebisa da samuSao kviris 39 saaTidan 35 saaTamde Semcirebis piroba dado xelfasis Semcirebis gareSe. gasagebi mizezebis gamo am zomaTa popularobis miuxedavad, safrangeTi msoflio ekonomikur konkurenciaSi arasaxarbielo mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda _ franguli ekonomikisaTvis sasicocxlod aucilebel grZelvadian ekonomikur zrdas safrTxe Seeqmna.

emigracia da sazogadoeba ukiduresi memarjvene erovnuli fronti Jan mari le penis xelmZRvanelobiT yvelaze seriozulad moekida emigraciis sakiTxs. amJamad safrangeTSi ZiriTadad CrdiloeT afrikidan Camosuli 3 milionze meti arabi da afrikisa da aziis yofili koloniebidan emigrirebuli mravali adamiani cxovrobs. umuSevrobam da qalaqebis saxis dakargvam politikuri devnilebis, ltolvilebis da TavSesafris maZebarTa mimarT tradiciuli franguli stumarTmoyvareoba Seasusta. sazogadoebis mxridan zewolisa da ukiduresi memarjveneebis pretenziebis sapasuxod xelisuflebam gaaZliera moTxovnebi aralegaluri emigrantebis mimarT da politikuri devnilebis mier TavSesafris Ziebas meti skepticizmiT moekida. ucxoelebi, turistebis CaTvliT xSirad Civian, rom maT safrangeTSi gulRiad ar xvdebian. le penis meore adgilma 2002 wlis saprezidento arCevnebis pirvel turSi safrangeTi (da mTeli evropa) SokSi Caagdo; miuxedavad imisa, rom Sirakma sabolood sruli gamarjveba moipova, le peni da misi mimdevrebi wamyvani partiebisaTvis seriozul safrTxes warmoadgenen.

sasamarTlo sistema safrangeTis sasamarTlo sistema dayofilia ori umTavresi tipis sasamarTlod: Cveulebrivi sasamarTlo da istraciuli sasamarTlo. miuxedavad am sakmaod rutinuli klasifikaciisa, safrangeTis iuridiuli sistema ramdenime sakmaod saintereso da uCveulo inovacias Seicavs. magaliTad, iusticiis umaRlesi sabWo respublikis prezidentis TavmjdomareobiT ganixilavs sasamarTlo dawinaurebebisa da disciplinur sakiTxebs. uzenaesi sasamarTlo uflebamosilia gaasamarTlos respublikis prezidenti qveynis RalatisaTvis da xelisuflebis wevrebi sajaro valdebulebebis Sesrulebisas kriminaluri danaSaulis CadenisaTvis. sakonstitucio sabWo Sedgeba cxra mosamarTlisa (romelTaganac sami respublikis prezidentis, sami _ nacionaluri asambleis prezidentis, xolo danarCeni sami ki _ senatis prezidentis mier aris dasaxelebuli) da aseve qveynis yvela yofili prezidentisagan. mas sasamarTlo meTvalyureobis funqciac aqvs, rac sakmaod mniSvnelovania frangul sistemaSi. igi zedamxedvelobs prezidentis arCevnebs da aseve ZaluZs winaaRmdegobrivi

182


sakanonmdeblo davebis gamoZieba da gadawyveta. garkveul SemTxvevebSi, mas SeuZlia moamzados daskvnebi momavali kanonmdeblobis an ukve ZalaSi Sesuli kanonebis konstituciurobis Sesaxeb. sabWosaTvis gadacemuli saqmeebi ar atarebs individualuri davebis an mimarTvis xasiaTs (rogorc es aSS-Sia). es saqmeebi sabWoSi xelisuflebis danarCeni ori Stos specialuri mimarTvis safuZvelze SeiZleba moxvdes. aqedan gamomdinare, sakiTxebi, romelsac sabWo ganixilavs, ZiriTadad politikuria da pirdapir exeba konstituciuri uflebamosilebebis ganxorcielebas xelisuflebis sxvadasxva Stosa Tu struqturis mier.

muSaobs Tu ara demokratia safrangeTSi? safrangeTi msoflioSi erT-erTi yvelaze xandazmuli demokratiuli tradiciebis matarebeli qveyanaa. safrangeTis revolucia amerikis revoluciidan mxolod ramdenime wlis Semdeg moxda da TiTqmis swored im istoriul momentSi, roca amerikeli damfuZneblebi filadelfiaSi ganixilavdnen msoflioSi pirveli konstituciuri demokratiis modelis Seqmnis sakiTxs. orive revoluciam Tavisufleba aRiara umTavres principad da orivem miiCnia politikuri Tanasworoba (igive demokratia) Tavisuflebis dacvis saukeTeso, Tu ara erTaderT saSualebad. magram safrangeTis gza demokratiamde amerikasTan SedarebiT gacilebiT ufro grZeli da rTuli aRmoCnda. xuTjer scades frangebma am sistemis warmatebiT awyoba da marTebulad gaTaviseba da marTlac miaRwies amas. dResdReobiT safrangeTs aqvs Zlieri ekonomika (romelic xandaxan mainc awydeba problemebs), Zlieri samoqalaqo sazogadoeba (romelic drodadro studentebis, fermerebisa Tu muSaTa jgufebis saprtotesto aqtivobiTac gamoixateba) da mravalferovani kultura. safrangeTi axali evropis lideria (evrokavSiri), misi SedarebiT didi mezoblis (da istoriuli mowinaaRmdegis) germaniis Tanaswori partniori da Crdilo-atlantikuri aliansis (natos) erT-erTi wamyvani wevri. qsenofobiuri politikis uaryofa umravlesobis mier, rac 2002 wlis saprezidento arCevnebis meore turSi Jan mari le penis damarcxebam cxadyo, safrangeTis eleqtoratis samoqalaqo simwifeze miuTiTebs. safrangeTSi, yvela Sesabamisi parametris mixedviT, demokratia funqcionirebs kargad (ramdenadac es saerTod SesaZlebelia idealurisgan Sors myof msoflioSi).

germania: federalizmi militarizmis winaaRmdeg Tanamedove germaniam Camoyalibeba daiwyo me-19 saukunis bolo periodSi, roca ori STambeWdavi samxedro gamarjvebis (1866 wels avstriaze, xolo 1871 wels safrangeTze) Sedegad aRzevda evropul asparezze. meoce saukunis ganmavlobaSi germaniis mSfoTvare istoriis gasagebad, aucilebelia misi warumatebeli demokratiuli eqsperimentis ganxilvac.


183

vaimaris respublika hitleris mesame raixi aRmocenda vaimaris respublikaSi, romelic Tavis mxriv germaniaSi konstituciuri demokratiis Camoyalibebis pirveli eqsperimenti iyo. bevri eqsperti miiCnevs, rom problema iyo ara vaimaris respublikis warumatebloba TavisTavad, aramed warmatebis Sansis ararseboba. daarsebisTanave, 1919 wels igi asocirebuli iyo germaniis samarcxvino damarcxebasTan pirvel msoflio omSi da SezRuduli iyo versalis samSvidobo xelSekrulebiT dadgenili mkacri pirobebiT. respublikas dakisrebuli hqonda mZime kompensacia gamarjvebulTa aliansis mxridan, ramac gamoiwvia mwvave ekonomikuri problemebi, umuSevrobis maRali done, biznesis Cavardna, swrafi inflacia da Sedegad, vaimaris respublikis Sesusteba. amgvari daZabuli viTarebis fonze, germanulma sazogadoebam polarizeba ganicada ukidures memarjvene da ukidures memarcxene mimdinareobebad. eqstremizmis aRmocenebam ki TavisTavad xelisuflebis krizisi ganapiroba. erT-erTi eqspertis SefasebiT: `stabiluri demokratiuli mmarTveloba vaimaris respublikis arsebobis periodSi mudmivad safrTxis qveS imyofeboda. qveyana imarTeboda... arapopularuli umciresobaTa kabinetebis, Signidan susti `didi koaliciebis~, an kidev, parlaments miRma avtoritaruli saprezidento kabinetebis mier.~7 Tu warsuls gadavavlebT Tvals, aSkaraa, rom vaimaris respublikis dacema gardauvali iyo. rogorc varaudoben, Zalian cota demokratia Tu SeZlebda amgvari winaaRmdegobebis daZlevas. Znelia imis warmodgenac, Sedgeboda Tu ara demokratia pirveli msoflio omis Semdgom germaniaSi ufro ukeTes politikur da ekonomikur pirobebSi. bolos da bolos, kancler oto fon bismarkisa (1871-1890) da vilhelm II-is mmarTvelobis (1888-1891) periodSi germania demokratiulobis ideisagan namdvilad Zalian Sors idga. am avtoritari mmarTvelebis dros, sityvis Tavisufleba, politikuri monawileoba da partiuli politika akrZaluli iyo. metic, mmarTvelisi morCileba germanul Taviseburebad iqca. amdenad, germanuli sazogadoeba 1919 wels, rogorc Cans, moumzadebeli iyo demokratiisaTvis. Tumca amavdroulad, versalis SeTanxmebiT dawesebulma araSorsmWvretelma sadamsjelo politikam kidev ufro daamZima demokratiis ganviTarebisaTvis isedac araxelsayreli garemo. am gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT, 1949 wels erTi ZiriTadi kiTxva gaCnda: saerTod, SesaZlebeli iyo Tu ara demokratiis muSaoba odesme im qveyanaSi, romelic cota xnis win Tavs uxrida sastik tirans (hitlers), emsaxureboda totalitarul mTavrobas (nacistur reJims) da Tvals xuWavda, roca milionobiT udanaSaulo adamians (maT Soris bavSvebs) gazis kamerebSi xocavdnen?

gayofili germania: civi omis minimodeli germaniis federaciuli respublikis (dasavleTi germaniis) safuZvlebis gaanalizeba mniSvnelovania misi Semdgomi ganviTarebis Sesafase-

184


blad. meore msoflio omma daangria germania. qveyana da misi dedaqalaqi berlini gayofili iqna aliansis wevrebs (aSS, didi britaneTi, safrangeTi da sabWoTa kavSiri) Soris. Tavdapirveli ganzraxva iyo saokupacio zonebis gaerTianeba da maTi TviTmmarTvelobisaTvis Semzadeba, magram sabWoTa kavSirma uari ganacxada mis kontrols qveS myofi segmentis daTmobaze. es ukanaskneli gamocxadda germaniis demokratiul respublikad (aRmosavleTi germania), maSin roca dasavleT germaniam danarCeni seqtorebi gaaerTiana. 1949 wlidan 1990 wlamde germaneli eri gayofili iyo. berlini, istoriuli dedaqalaqi, iqca aSS-sa da sabWoTa kavSirs Soris civi omis Ria placdarmad. orad gayofili germania msoflios dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis mkveTr politikur dayofas Seaxsenebda, igi safrTxes uqmnida mTlianad msoflios momavals. miuxedevad imisa, rom aRmosavleT germania aRmosavleT evropis yvelaze ganviTarebul komunistur saxelmwifos warmoadgenda, dasavleT germaniis ekonomikuri mdgomareoba masTan SedarebiT bevrad warmatebuli iyo. dasavleT germaniis ekonomikuri ganviTareba da misi aRmasvlis daujereblad swrafi tempi meore msoflio omis damangreveli efeqtis fonze, saswauladac ki monaTles. 1960 wels dasavleT germania evropis axladCamoyalibebuli saerTo bazris dasayrdenad iqca, rac Semdgom msoflios umsxviles savaWro gaerTianebad da TandaTan erTian evropul ekonomikad Camoyalibda. Cven mas dRes evrokavSiris saxeliT vicnobT. imavdroulad, dasavleT germaniis ekonomika kvlavac rCeba evropis yvelaze dinamiur Zalad. aseve STambeWdavi aRmoCnda demokratiis warmateba dasavleT germaniaSi, misi aRmosavleli komunisti mezoblisagan, germaniis demokratiuli respublikisagan gansxvavebiT. uzarmazari gansxvaveba or germanias Soris gaxda mizezi 1961 wels berlinis kedlis aSenebisa, romelsac aRmosavleT germanelebis (da sxva aRmosavleT evropelebis) izolireba unda moexdina dasavleTisagan da dasavleT berlinis gziT maTi dasavleTSi gaqcevis SesaZlebloba aRekveTa. berlinis kedeli ara mxolod dasavleT da aRmosavleT berlinis wyalgamyofs warmoadgenda, aramed simbolurad gamoxatavda maT Soris arsebul politikur da ekonomikur gansxvavebebs. 30 wlis Semdeg germania isev gaerTianda. Tumca, manamde, cxovrebis gacilebiT dabali standartebis mqone aRmosavleT germanelebs ekrZalebodaT dasavleT germaniaSi emigrireba da vizitic ki. sabWoTa kavSiris liderma, mixeil gorbaCovma (1985-1991) axali realiebi Semoitana sabWoTa kavSiris mier. meore msoflio omis Semdeg aRmosavleT evropaSi damyarebuli arapopularuli da warumatebeli komunisturi reJimebi TandaTan dauZlevel problemad iqca. gorbaCovis periodSi, sabWoTa kavSirs aRar Seswevda am warumatebeli ekonomikuri sistemebisa da dangrevis piras myofi saxelmwifoebis aRorZinebis unari. aRmosavleT germaniis reJimis aRsasruli dadga maSin, roca aRmosavleT evropaSi erovnuli winaaRmdegobis talRa pikSi iyo: poloneTsa da ungreTs ukve gadadgmuli hqonda mniSvnelovani nabijebi komunisturi reJimis rRvevis mimarTulebiT. maT didad ar CamorCeboda Cexoslovakia, rumineTi da bulgareTic. aRmosavleT germaniis komunizmis rRveva daiwyo masobrivi emigraciebiT.


185

asobiT aTasi adamiani gaiqca ungreTis, poloneTisa da Cexoslovakiis mimarTulebiT, sadac iqauri komunisti liderebi uSedegod cdilobdnen azvirTebu li talRis Sekavebas. imavdroulad, adgilze darCenili aTasobiT aRmosav leT germaneli masobriv demonstraciebSi iRebda monawileobas berlinSi, laifcigsa da sxva qalaqebSi. amas mohyva berlinis kedlis ngrevis emociuri epizodebi da aRmosavleT germaniis reJimis rRveva 1989 wels.

gaerTianebuli germania: demokratiis triumfi sul ramdenime kviraSi saxalxo zewolis Sedegad daemxo erix honekeris [aRmosavleT germaniis komunisti lideris _ mTargmn. Sen.] reJimi, ramac gza gauxsna ori germanuli saxelmwifos gaerTianebas. es gaerTianeba ufro swrafad moxda, vidre eqspertTa umravlesoba varaudobda. 1990 wlis gazafxulze germaniis demokratiul respublikaSi Catarebul demokratiul arCevnebSi umravlesobam mxari ar dauWira aRmosavleT germaniis komunistur partias. 1990 wlis oqtomberSi, ori germania gaerTianda saerTo saxelmwifo sivrceSi da berlini aRdgenili iqna rogorc axali germaniis dedaqalaqi. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdgom ki germania evropis wamyvan saxelmwifod iqca. Tumca, germaniis gaerTianeba pirdapiri gagebiT Zalian Zviri aRmoCnda da weliwadSi aTobiT miliardi dolari `dajda.~ aRmosavleT germaniis ekonomikis reabilitaciisTvis dasavleT germanelebs mouxdaT 7,5 procentiT gazrdili saSemosavlo da aseve momatebuli brunvis gadasaxadis gadaxda. gaerTianebas aseve Tan axlda socialuri daZabuloba _ muSaTa gaficvebi, politikuri demonstraciebi, ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Seneleba, umuSevrobis maRali done, imigrant muSaxelTan dapirispireba da aseve, ultramemarjvene da neonacisti eqstremistebis aRzeveba. 1990-iani wlebis miwuruls germaniis aRmosavleTSi umuSevrobis done kvlavac maRal niSnuls, 21 procents utoldeboda _ anu orjer meti iyo, vidre dasavleTSi. germaniaSi erTiani ekonomikisa da erTiani sazogadoebis Camoyalibebas kidev didi dro dasWirdeba.

germanuli federalizmi demokratia namdvilad yvavis germaniaSi. 1989 wlamde germaniis federaciuli respublika 10 federalur miwas (Länder, mxolobiTSi Land) da berlinis dasavleT nawils moicavda. mas daaxloebiT aSS-is oregonis Statis Tanazomadi teritoria ekava. gaerTianebam ki federaluri respublikis struqtura eqvsi axali miwiTa da, Sesabamisad, damatebiTi mosaxleobiTa da teritoriiT gaafarTova. sainteresoa imis aRniSvna, rom gaerTianebuli germaniis analogiuri teritoriuli farTobis mqone 25 saxelmwifoc ki Tavisuflad `daeteoda~ aSS-is kuTvnil teritoriul farTobze. Tumca, germaniis federalizmi, romelic centralur xelisuflebaze mudmiv kontrols uzrunvelyofs, ufro politikuri movlenaa, vidre geografiuli.

186


meore msoflio omis Semdgom mokavSireebma daadgines germanuli miwebis sazRvrebi, romlebic faqtobrivad maT istoriul sazRvrebs emTxveoda. miuxedvad imisa, rom germaniis geografiuli kompaqturoba erTi SexedviT gamoricxavs regionul mravalferovnebas, mniSvnelovani gansxvavebebi CveulebebSi, midgomebSi, dialeqtSi da a.S. mainc TvalSisacemia. TumcaRa, amgvari regionuli Tu adgilobrivi mravalferovneba sulac ar axasiaTebs zogierT miwas da amitomac gasakviri ar aris, rom germaniis federaluri sistemis SigniT am federaluri erTeulebis standartizaciis done ufro maRalia, vidre aSS-is Statebis SemTxvevaSi.

miwebi warmoadgens qvakuTxedebs germanuli sistemisa, romelic Seiqmna politikuri decentralizaciis maRali donis uzrunvelsayofad. miwebis xelisuflebis ZiriTad uflebamosilebas ganekuTvneba adgilze kanonebis amoqmedeba iseT sferoebSi, rogoricaa ganaTleba an kultura. mxolod maT gaaCniaT Sesabamisi berketebi federalur doneze miRebuli kanonebis aRsrulebis uzrunvelsayofad, maT Soris adgilobriv istraciebSi Sesabamisi gankargulebebis gacemisa da saganmanaTleblo sistemis marTvis


187

ufleba, iseve rogorc sapolicio Zalaufleba. dabolos, mxolod maT gaaCniaT presaze limitirebuli, magram mainc garkveuli SezRudvebis dawesebis ufleba. miuxedavad amisa, federaluri xelisufleba namdvilad ar warmoadgens germanuli sistemis sust rgols. berlinSi ganlagebul mTavrobas aqvs eqskluziuri sakanonmdeblo uflebebi sagareo, savaluto da fiskaluri politikis, moqalaqeobis miniWebis, sarkinigzo komunikaciis, safosto momsaxurebisa da telekomunikaciis, agreTve saavtoro uflebebis sferoebSi. zogierTi sxva sakiTxi, kerZod ki samoqalaqo da sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdebloba da ekonomikuri regulaciebi centraluri da regonuli xelisuflebis saerTo kompetenciebis sferos ganekuTvneba. germania ufro federaluria vidre aSS; federaluri miwebi aRWurvilni arian ufro meti ZalauflebiT da gadasaxadebis proporciulad ufro didi wilic adgilobriv biujetSi miemarTeba. magaliTisaTvis, kerZo da korporatiuli saSemosavlo gadasaxadi centrsa da miwebs Soris Tanabrad nawildeba da TiToeuli 40 procents iRebs, danarCen 20 procenti ki qalaqebis biujetSi midis. miwebi aseve iReben damatebiTi Rirebulebis gadasaxadis (dRg) erT mesameds, rac evropaSi udides, magram xSirad dafarul brunvis gadasaxads warmoadgens. Sedegad, maSin roca berlinidan kidev garkveuli damatebiTi Tanxebis gadaricxva xdeba federaluri erTeulebisa da qalaqebis biujetSi, maT ar uwevT ganmeorebiTi mimarTvebis gzavna centrSi aSS-is Statebisa da qalaqebis msgavsad, romlebic cdiloben am gziT miiRon saWiro dafinanseba vaSingtonidan.8

aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba germania warmoadgens saparlamento mmarTvelobis formas danawevrebuli aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebiT. centraluri samTavrobo figura aris kancleri, romelic parlamentis TanxmobiT niSnavs da aTavisuflebs kabinetis wev-rebs. sagangebo mgomareobis SemTxvevaSi, kancleri xdeba armiis mTavarsardali da sajaro politikis SemuSavebasa da ganxorcielebaze pasuxismgebeli piri. saxelmwifos meTauria prezidenti, romelsac metwilad mxolod simboluri funqcia aqvs, garda im gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevisa, Tu parlamenti politikur CixSi moeqceva. did britaneTSi mefisa Tu dedoflis msgavsad, germaniaSi prezidents partiuli politikis miuxedavad SeuZlia SeinarCunos Zalaufleba da amdenad ganasaxierebdes sistemis gangrZobiTobasa da stabilurobas. prezidenti irCeva arapirdapiri arCevnebis gziT xuTi wlis vadiT. parmalentis qveda palataSi umravlesobis partiis lideri xdeba qveynis kancleri. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu vercerTi partia ver moipovebs umravlesobas, da xSirad asec xdeba praqtikaSi, maSin kanclers irCevs ramdenime partiisagan Semdgari mmarTveli koalicia.

188


sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba germaniaSi sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba orad aris gayofili: bundestagi warmoadgens parlamentis qveda palatas da bundesrati _ zeda palatas. iseve rogorc safrangeTsa da did britaneTSi, germaniis orpalatian parlamentSic, qveda palata ufro mniSvnelovania. Tumca, am ori qveynisagan gansxvavebiT, zeda palata (bundesrati) germaniaSi gacilebiT ufro qmediTia da funqciurad datvirTuli. bundestagi. bundestagis Tavmjdomare yovelTvis irCeva umravlesobis partiis liderTagan. proceduruli sakiTxebi mowesrigebulia im normebiT, romlebic raixstagidan (sakanonmdeblo organo omamde) momdinareobs. mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebebi, rogorc aris sakomiteto davalebebis, debatebis dRis wesrigis da saparlamento muSaobis sxva yoveldRiuri sakiTxebis gansazRvra, xdeba uxucesTa sabWos mier. es organo Sedgeba bundestagis prezidentis (Tavmjdomaris), misi moadgileebis da ramdenime sxva wevrisagan, romelTac irCevs TiToeuli partia. bundestagis wevrebi demokratiulad irCevian oTxi wlis vadiT, Tumca, rogorc sxva saparlamento sistemebSi, maTi funqcionirebis vada SesaZloa Semcirebuli iqnes mTavrobisaTvis undoblobis gamocxadebis SemTxvevaSi. amgvar viTarebaSi, kancleri unda gadadges da prezidentma unda daiTxovos parlamenti. Tumca, germaniaSi, sxva saparlamento sistemebisagan gansxvavebiT, ZiriTadi kanoni moiTxovs ùndoblobis xmis konstruqciul~ gamoyenebas, rac imas gulisxmobs, rom kancleri ar SeiZleba daTxovnili iqnas bundestagis mier ùndoblobis xmiT,~ Tu imavdroulad wardgenili da arCeuli ar aris misi Semcvlelis, axali kancleris kandidatura. bundestagis yvelaze mniSvnelovan komponentebs wamoadgens fraqciebi. imisaTvis, rom Camoayalibos fraqcia, politikurma partiam sul mcire 15 adgili unda moipovos parlamentSi. bundestagis procedurebiTa da ganawesiT, mxolod am saparlamento organizaciis meSveobiT SeiZleba deputatebis wardgena komitetebSi da partiebis formaluri aRiareba parlamentSi. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom ZiriTadi sakanonmdeblo samuSao mimdinareobs swored komitetebis SigniT, partiebisaTvis sasicocxlod mniSvnelovania parlamentSi adgilebis sakmarisi raodenobis mopoveba da Sesabamisad fraqciis Camoyalibeba. bundesrati. zeda palatis kompetencias miekuTvneba yvela is sakiTxi, rac centralur da regionul (miwebis) ZalauflebaTa balansis dacvas Tu Secvlas gulisxmobs. bundesratis wevrebi arian miwebis xelisuflebis mier daniSnuli da ara arCeuli deputatebi da blokuri xmis micemis princips iye neben. amrigad, germanul miwebs gaaCniaT qmediTi da efeqtiani berketi, raTa Tavi daicvan fede raluri xelisuflebis mxridan SesaZlo Seviwroebisagan. Sedegad, bundesrati msoflioSi erT-erTi yvelaze ufro qmediTi da mniSvnelovani zeda saparlamento palataa. germaniis miwebi umTavres rols asruleben federaluri politikis ganxorcielebaSi, iseve rogorc


189

saerTo an gamijnuli kompetenciis sferoebisTvis Sesabamisi politikis gansazRvraSi, rogorc es ZiriTadi kanoniT aris gansazRvruli.

politikuri partiebi politikuri partiebis sistema imgvarad iqna Camoyalibebuli, rom partiebis raodenoba garkveul zRvars ar gascileboda da mcire eqstremistur dajgufebebs qveynis politikur cxovrebaSi mniSvnelovani rolis Sesrulebis Sansi ar hqonodaT. partiebma unda gadalaxon xuTprocentiani barieri saerTo arCevnebSi da sul mcire sam saarCevno raionSi moipovon adgilebi imisaTvis, rom bundestagSi iqnan warmodgenilni. kidev erTi faqtori, rac ZiriTadi partiebis gaZlierebas kidev ufro uwyobs xels, aris bundestagis arCevnebis principi. TiToeuli amomrCeveli orjer aZlevs xmas: erTs _ konkretul kandidats, meores _ partiis mier gansazRvrul sias. arCevnebis es Tavisebureba saSualebas aZlevs ZiriTad partiebs gadamwyveti roli Seasrulon politikuri da sajaro karieris mosurneTa momavlis gansazRvraSi, radganac bundestagis Semadgenlobis naxevari proporciuli arCevnebis, anu saarCevno regionebis partiuli siidan xvdeba parlamentSi. (proporciuli warmomadgenlobis sistemaSi politikuri partia ara mxolod gansazRvravs siaSi Casmuli kandidatebis vinaobas, aramed maT ranJirebasac: siaSi pirvels prioritetulad yvelaze didi Sansi aqvs parlamentSi moxvedrisa, ukanasknels ki _ yvelaze naklebi). 1949 wlidan germaniis federalur respublikaSi mxolod ori ZiriTadi partia arsebobda: social-demokratiuli partia (SPD) da konservatiuli qristian-demokratiuli kavSiri / qristian-socialisturi kavSiri (CDU/ CSU). garda amisa, SedarebiT ufro momcro Tavisufal-demokratiuli partia (FDP) axerxebda Zalauflebis SenarCunebas, gaaCnda mniSvnelovani strategiuli funqcia da asrulebda gadamwyvet rols mmarTveli Zalis gansazRvraSi Tanabari Zalis mqone or partias Sors erT-erTTan koaliciuri erTobis CamoyalibebiT. TiTqmis Tanabari xmebis mqone ori msxvili partiisaTvis Tavisufal-demokratebis xmebs xSirad gadamwyveti mniSvneloba hqonda bundestagSi. amitomac, SedarebiT mcire partiis didi gavlena xSirad araproporciulic ki iyo mis masStabTan mimarTebaSi. igi koaliciur mTavrobaTa umravlesobaSi umcrosi partnioris statusiT warmatebiT sargeblobda. axlo warsulSi kidev erTi, mwvaneTa partia damkvidrda rogorc mcire, magram angariSgasawevi Zala. aRniSnuli partia saTaves iRebs garemos dacvis sakiTxebze aRzevebuli socialuri moZraobidan. 1998 wels, rodesac social-demokratebma daamarcxes qristian-demokratebi arCevnebSi, magram ver daag roves xmaTa (da Sesabamisad adgilebis) umravlesoba parlamentSi, maT Seqmnes koalicia mwvaneTa partiasTan mTavrobis Camosayalibeblad, Sedegad gerhard Sroderi, social-demokratebis lideri, gaxda germaniis kancleri, xolo ioSka fiSeri, mwvaneTa lideri _ germaniis sagareo saqmeTa ministri. garda amisa, mwvaneebma ramdenime sxva postic daikaves kabinetSi. es iyo pirveli SemTxveva, roca mwvaneTa partia germa-

190


niis xelisuflebaSi aRmoCnda. amavdroulad, arsebobs ramdenime mcire, magram sakmaod aqtiuri ultra-memarjvene politikuri gaerTianeba, romlebic germanuli nacionalizmis aRzevebisaken miiswrafvian, miuxedavad qveynis mosaxleobis eTnikuri, rasobrivi Tu religiuri mravalferovnebisa, maT Soris muslimuri da ebrauli umciresobiT. amgvar partiebs ganekuTvneba: nacionalur-demokratiuli partia (NPD), germaniis saxalxo kavSiri (GVU) da respublikuri partia. jerjerobiT es ukiduresad memarjvene Zalebi mxolod mcireodeni mxardaWeriT sargeblobs Tumca, germaniaSi ultramemarjvene eqstremizmis gaZliereba TavisTavad SemaSfoTebelia qveynis politikuri warsulis gamo, romelic hitleris reJimsa da holokostTan aris dakavSirebuli.

sasamarTlo

xelisufleba

germaniis sxva federaluri institutebis msgavsad, sasamarTlo sistemac imgvarad iqna Camoyalibebuli, rom Seekavebina centraluri xelisuflebis mier Zalauflebis koncentrirebis safrTxe. sasamarTlo sistema, romlis zemgdom instancias federaluri uzenaesi sasamarTlo warmoadgens, muSaobs oTxi specializebuli tribunalis irgvliv. esenia: Sromis federaluri sasamarTlo, federaluri socialuri sasamarTlo, federaluri finansuri sasamarTlo da federaluri istraciuli sasamarTlo. politikuri TvalsazrisiT, yvelaze mniSvnelovan sasamarTlo struqturas federaluri sakonstitucio sasamarTlo warmoadgens, romelic eqskluziurad konstituciur sakiTxebze muSaobs da uflebamosilia gamoacxados federaluri Tu miwis sakanonmdeblo aqtebi arakonstituciurad. aSS-Si federalur mosamarTleTa arCevis procedurisagan gansxvavebiT, germaniaSi umaRlesi rangis mosamarTleebi (anu federaluri sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mosamarTleebi) airCevian sakanonmdeblo organos mier. bundestagi irCevs am mosamarTleTa erT naxevars, xolo bundesrati _ meores. Tumca, mosamarTleTa umravlesoba airCeva sakonkurso sajaro samsaxuris tipis testirebis safuZvelze da mtkicdeba mTeli sicocxlis vadiT iusticiis minis t ris mier, romelic Sesabamis daxmarebas Tavis mxriv iRebs federaluri da miwebis kanonmdebelTa mier arCeuli nominirebis komitetebisagan. sasamarTloSi ierarqiuli aRmasvlisaTvis, mosamarTle unda dawinaurdes ukve sistemis SigniT, msgavsad saxelmwifo samsaxurSi myofi Cveulebrivi sajaro moxelisa. sasamarTlo damoukidebloba garantirebulia mosamarTleTa sicocxlis xangrZlivobis vadiT daniSvniT. zogadad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sasamarTlo xelisufleba adekvaturad aris aRWurvili imisaTvis, rom efeqtianad daabalansos sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis Zalaufleba da daicvas samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebi.

ZiriTadi kanoni da samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebi samoqalaqo TavisuflebaTa sferoSi, rogorc germanuli politikis


191

erTma mkvlevarma ganacxada `Sesabamisi istoriuli gamocdileba miRebuli iqna mesame raixis dros, roca represiuli reJimis pirobebSi adamianis yvela Tavisuflebebi SezRuduli da uxeSad darRveuli iyo.~9 ZiriTadi kanonis pirveli cxrameti muxli detalurad aRwers yoveli germaneli moqalaqis ganuyofel uflebebs. diskriminaciis yvela forma, maT Soris religiuri da rasobrivi, calsaxad akrZalulia. sityvis, gadaadgilebis, Sekrebisa da gaerTianebis Tavisufleba garantirebulia, im SemTxvevis gamoklebiT, roca es uflebebi gamoyenebulia `Tavisufali demokratiuli wesrigis xelyofisaTvis.~ es ukanaskneli Casworeba aSkarad ori radikaluri polusisaTvis _ erTi mxriv, ultramemarcxene komunizmisa da meore mxriv, ultramemarjvene nacizmisTvis, iyo gamiznuli, romelTa aRzevebam seriozuli kvali daasva germaniis istorias meoce saukuneSi. udavod, es aris omisSemdgomi periodis gamoZaxili, roca mTel atlantikur sivrces da, gansakuTrebuli simZafriT, germaniis aRmosavleT nawils komunizmis seni moedo. Tumca, arc ukiduresad memarjvene Zalebis isev gaZlierebis saSiSroebaa mxolod moCvenebiTi. amitom, aRniSnuli SezRudva omisSemdgom periodSi `Tavisufali demokratiuli wesrigis~ winaaRmdeg mimarTul ZiriTad safrTxed neonacizms gulisxmobs.

muSaobs Tu ara demokratia germaniaSi? ZiriTadi kanonis erT-erTi ZiriTadi mizani iyo àxali germaniis~ instituciuri konstruireba ise, rom gamoricxuli yofiliyo `Zveli germaniis~ ganmeoreba. SezRuduli xelisufleba _ ZiriTadi kanonis Semqmnelebma germanuli konstituciuri demokratiis mSeneblobisaTvis im saZirkvlad moiazres, romelic yvela sxva meqanizmze ukeTesad uzrunvelyofda Zalauflebis centralizaciis potenciurad saSiSi tendenciis Sekavebas, ramac germaniis axal istoriaSi Semzaravi Sedegebi moitana.

germanuli dRis wesrigi: magaliTi yofili germaniis demokratiuli respublikis ekonomika da rekonstruqcia germaniis xelaxla gaerTianeba `Zviri dajda~. yofili aRmosavleT germania dasavleTTan SedarebiT ekonomikurad dasustebuli iyo. infrastruqtura cud mdgomareobaSi iyo, qarxnebi moZvelebuli manqanadanadgarebiT muSaobda, muSebs mniSvnelovani unarebi ar hqondaT, sawarmoTa daxurvis gamo umuSevrobis done maRali iyo da komunisturi epoqis wvrili biurokratia, romelsac Tanamedrove menejmentis araferi gaegeboda, sakuTar poziciebs ar Tmobda. ekonomikam winsvla daiwyo mas Semdeg, rac gaerTianebuli xelisuflebis saTaveSi helmut koli movida. 1994 wlis oqtomberSi koli

192


meoTxe vadiT airCies kanclerad. marTalia, ekonomika 1992 wlidan 1994 wlamde weliwadSi 7-8%-iT izrdeboda, aRmosavleT germaniis ekonomika 1996 wels mxolod 3.5%-iT gaizarda, xolo 1997 wels mxolod 1.0%-iT zrdas elodnen. amrigad, unda vivaraudoT, rom germaniis ekonomika, sadac dasavleTi qveynis mTlian erovnul Sida produqtSi 90%-s iTvlis, male ver Seicvleba.

ucxoeli muSebi, aralegaluri emigrantebi da neofaSisturi reaqcia maRali umuSevroba (aRmosavleT germaniaSi daaxloebiT 21%) gansakuTrebiT mtkivneuli iyo aRmosavleT germanelebisaTvis, romlebic komunisturi mmarTvelobis dros srul dasaqmebas, dasaqmebis garantiasa da dabal samomxmareblo fasebs iyvnen miCveulni. amas garda, aRmosavleT evropidan, yofili sabWoTa kavSiridan da axlo aRmosavleTidan mravali droebiTi muSa da aralegaluri emigranti keTildReobis saZebnelad germaniaSi wavida. aman politikuri uTanxmoeba, eTnikuri daZabuloba da qsenofobiac ki gamoiwvia _ germaneli moqalaqebi wuxdnen, rom maT ers ucxoelebis mier ganadgureba eloda. qsenofobiis yvelaze usiamovno gamovlinebaa neonacistebis (`sqinhedebis~ CaTvliT), moqmedeba da ucxoelebis mimarT ganxorcielebuli Zaladobis aqtebi.

evrokavSiris aRmavloba kolis xelisufleba kvlav ucvlelad uWerda mxars evrokavSirs axali evropuli savaluto kavSiris Seqmnis CaTvliT. germaniisaTvis saerTo evropis idea xelsayrelia, radgan amgvari legitimuri struqturis gareSe, axali germanuli fanatizmis safrTxe dgeba dRis wesrigSi, romlis msgavss 1930-ian wlebSi hitlerma Cauyara safuZveli. meore mizezi is aris, rom germaniam kargad uwyis gaerTianebul evropaSi Tavisi dominanturi Zalauflebis Sesaxeb. misi Zlieri ekonomika imis garantias iZleva, rom mas sxva wevr qveynebze politikuri gavlena da konkurentuli upiratesoba eqneba.

aRmosavleTSi investireba miuxedavad imisa, rom dasavleT germaniis upirvelesi mizani aRmosavleTi nawilis aRorZinebaa, germanelebi istoriulad da geografiuladac centralur evropaSi eZeben bazrebs, nedleuls da investirebis SesaZleblobebs. germania bunebrivi savaWro partnioria poloneTisa da CexeTis respublikisaTvis, aseve didi interesi aqvs gaafarToos vaWroba yofili sabWoTa kavSiris respublikebTan.

evropasa da msoflioSi sakuTari rolis xelaxla gansazRvra Tanamedrove germania gardamaval periodSia. misi mniSvneloba da dinamika gvkarnaxobs, rom evropasa da mis farglebs miRma is lideris rols


193

iTamaSebs, Tumca am rolis zusti buneba bundovania. 1990-iani wlebis Sua xanebSi bosniaSi gaerTianebuli erebis mSvidobis misiis Sesrulebisas germaneli jariskacebi meore msoflio omis Semdeg pirvelad gagzavnes sazRvargareT. germania ar Seurigdeba naxevari saukunis winandel samxedro SezRudvebs. jer ucnobia, kerZod rogori roli eqneba mas evropasa da msoflioSi.

Tumca, federaluri respublikis demokratiuli cxovrebis naxevarsaukunovani gamocdileba namdvilad STambeWdavia. vaimaris istoriuli ganmeoreba ar momxdara. Tu vaimaris respublika mZime ekonomikurma krizisma CixSi moaqcia, 1949 wlis Semdgom dasavleT germaniis swrafi omisSemdgomi reabilitacia da mgdradi industriuli ganviTareba xSirad ekonomikur saswauladac ki moixsenieba. federaciuli respublika dasavleT evropis wamyvan industriul saxelmwifod da `Tavisufali msoflios~ mesame udides ekonomikur Zalad iqca, aSS-sa da iaponiis Semdeg. ekonomikuri warmateba erT-erTi im ZiriTad mizezTagania, ris Sedegadac demokratia warmatebulad ganviTarda meore msoflio omis Semdeg, xolo vaimaris respublika daemxo. swored dinamikuri ekonomikis wyalobiT, Tanamedrove germanelebma SeZles sicocxlisunariani da efeqtiani demokratiis Seqmna im miwaze, sadac erT dros warmoudgeneli iyo demokratiis muSaoba. am warmatebam, yvela sxva calkeul faqtorze ufro metad, daaCqara mezobel aRmosavleT germaniaSi komunizmis marcxi. jer adrea daskvnebis gakeTeba imis Taobaze, Tu ra grZelvadian Sedegebs moitans germaniis gaerTianeba evropisa da mTlianad msofliosaTvis. Tanamedrove germania warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiis erTgulia da misi ekonomika mzardi evrokavSiris farglebSi viTardeba. eWvi TiTqmis aRaravis epareba, rom axali germania evropaSi nebismieri axali politikuri Tu ekonomikuri formaciis wamyvani Zala iqneba. isic eWvgareSea, rom germaniis demokratia kvlavac ganviTardeba im rTuli gamowvevis daZlevis Semdgom, rasac aRmosavleT germaniis momakvdavi diqtaturidan srulfasovan demokratiad gadaqceva warmoadgenda.

iaponia: saparlamento mmarTveloba konsensusis qveyanaSi msgavsad sxva aziuri sazogadoebebisa, iaponiasac ar hqonda demokratiuli cxovrebis gamocdileba 1947 wlamde. metic, misi istoria da kultura zogjer dasavluri demokratiuli ideebs ewinaaRmdegeboda kidec. Tumca, dReisaTvis, iaponia aziis erT-erTi yvelaze xandazmuli saparlamento demokratiaa (meore amgvari tradiciis qveyana indoeTia, sadac saparlamento demokratia imave periodSi Camoyalibda Zalian rTul pirobebSi). imisaTvis, rom kargad gavigoT rogor moxda amgvari transformireba, pirvel rigSi, unda mimovixiloT iaponiis istoria.10

194


istoriuli wanamZRvrebi iaponiaSi feodaluri xana 1868 wels meiZis restavraciamde grZeldeboda. Zveli didebis dabrunebis fonze, taxtze axali imperatori (meiZis dinastiidan) avida da daiwyo iaponiis modernizacia. miuxedavad imisa, rom demokratiuli principebi marginalurad, magram mainc ukve Sesuli iyo qveyanaSi, meiZis dinastiis iaponia kvlavac oligarqiad rCeboda. marTvis sadaveebs uxuces saxelmwifo moRvaweTa sabWo, anu gerno, flobda. imperatoris funqcia, rogorc es istorikosebs didi xnis ganmavlobaSi miaCndaT, simboluri iyo. Tumca, Tanamedrove kvlevebma cxadyo, rom amgvari Sefaseba arasworia. marTlac, miiCnevdnen ra xorciel RvTaebad, imperators Tayvans scemdnen da aRiqvamdnen, rogorc erovnuli erTianobis simbolos. Tumca, amavdroulad, qveynisaTvis kritikul situaciaSi imperatori realurad aqtiur saxelmwifo figurad da gadawyvetilebis mimReb xelisuflad iqceoda xolme.11 iaponiam am periodis ganmavlobaSi mniSvnelovani Sida progresi ganicada. modernizebulma elitam waaxalisa ekonomikuri ganviTareba proteqcionizmisa da subsidirebis gziT. mxolod ZiriTadi an strategiuli mniSvnelobis industiuli dargebi darCa saxelmwifo mflobelobaSi. ekonomikuri modernizaciis modeli didwilad dasavluris msgavsad Seiqmna. miuxedavad miwismflobelTa perioduli winaaRmdegobisa, xelisuflebis ekonomikuri politika kapitalis ganviTarebis programiT xelmZRvanelobda da miznad isaxavda mZime mrewvelobis xelSewyobas. qveynis liderebma meiZis dinastiis mmarTvelobis ramdenime aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi, rogorc erTi mkvlevari aRniSnavs, `gaauqmes feodaluri institutebi, daakanones miwaze kerZo sakuTreba, aamuSaves dasavluri tipis samarTlebrivi sistema, SemoiRes savaldebulo ganaTleba, Camoayalibes centraluri da adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis axleburi formebi da aRmofxvres legaluri barierebi socialur klasebs Soris.~12 pirveli msoflio omisa da meiZis dinastiis mmarTvelobis dasrulebis Semdeg, iaponia politikuri ganviTarebis axal fazaSi Sevida. nacionalizmi, romelsac skolebSic aswavlidnen rogorc disciplinas, erTgvar religiadac ki iqca. xelisufalni Zalian swrafad da qaosurad icvlebodnen. Tumca, iyo demokratiuli reformebis ganxorcilebis garkveuli mcdelobebi: magaliTisaTvis, 1925 wels moixsna arCevnebSi monawileobisaTvis ekonomikuri cenzi da xmis mice-mis uflebiT sargeblobis neba mieca 25 wels gadacilebul yvela mamakacs. magram, 1930-ian wlebSi militarizmis mzardma talRam axladCamoyalibebuli demokratiuli Canasaxi gadafara. ultranacionalistebi acxadebdnen, rom demokratiis mesveuri politikosebi iaponiis Zlevamosilebas akninebdnen da qveyana msoflioSi misi sakadrisi adgilis mopovebas mxolod Zlieri militaristuli mmarTvelobis pirobebSi SeZlebda. militaristebma gaimarjves, magram maTi gamarjveba iaponias meore msoflio omSi samarcxvino damarcxebis fasad daujda.


195

1930-ian wlebSi pirveladi demokratiuli reformebis sakmaod swrafi da umtkivneulo CaSla cxadyofs, rom iaponiaSi realurad arc momxdara konstituciuri mmarTvelobis ideis gatareba. zogadi rwmeniT, suvereniteti gamomdinareobda imperatoris RvTaebriobisagan da ara xalxisgan. amdenad, omamde periodis iaponia demokratiis ideas mxolod zedapirulad Seexo.

axali konstitucia iaponiis 1947 wlis konstitucia, romelic meore msoflio omSi iaponiaze gamarjvebuli aSS-is mier iqna SemoRebuli, miznad isaxavda qveynis politikuri sistemis gardaqmnas. axali konstituciis mixedviT, suverenitetis wyaros ukve xalxi warmoadgenda da ara imperatori. amerikuli gavlena aSkaraa iaponiis konstituciaze, gansakuTrebiT mis preambulaze: Cven, iaponeli xalxi, vmoqmedebT ra erovnul parlamentSi Cven mier arCeuli warmomadgenlebis meSveobiT, viRebT gadavwyvetilebas, CvenTvis da Cveni keTildReobisaTvis davamyaroT mSvidobiani Tanam-

196


Sromloba yvela erTan, davicvaT Tavisufleba am miwaze, aRarasdros davuSvaT omis ganmeoreba da gamowveva xelisuflebis raime qmedebiT, vacxadebT, rom Zalaufleba momdinareobs xalxisgan da vamtkicebT am konstitucias... xelisufleba aRWurvilia xalxis ndobiT, xelisuflebis Zalaufleba momdinareobs xalxisgan da xelisufleba emsaxureba xalxs.

iaponiis 1947 wlis konstituciis avtorebi cdilobdnen warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiis detalurad gawerili sistema SeemuSavebinaT. im fundamentur uflebebs Soris, romelTac konstitucia iTvaliswinebda, iyo moqalaqeTaTvis ganaTlebis miRebis Tanaswori ufleba da muSaTa Sekrebisa da koleqtiuri SeTanxmebis ufleba. iaponiis konstituciis kidev erTi Tavisebureba gaxldaT isic, rom igi erTmniSvnelovnad gmobda oms da acxadebda, rom qveyana arasdros iqoniebda `saxmeleTo, sazRvao da sahaero Zalebs an omis warmoebis sxva potencials~ (Tumca, am daTqmam iaponiis xelisufleba mainc ver SeaCera, Seeqmna limitirebuli `TavdacviTi Zalebi~).

saparlamento demokratia: garegnuli da realuri mxareebi konstituciis mixedviT iaponiaSi saparlamento mmarTvelobis forma damkvidrda. imperatori qveynis formalur mmarTvelad rCeba, Tumca misi funqcia mxolod ceremoniulia. premier-ministri aris qveynis realuri meTauri. konstituciis avtorebma formaluri xelisuflebis uzenaesoba axal orpalatian sakanonmdeblo organos mianiWes. es organo, romelsac asamblea ewodeba, Sedgeba 511 wevriani warmomadgenelTa palatisagan, romelic yovel oTx weliwadSi erTxel irCeva (SesaZlebelia, arCevnebi ufro xSiradac Catardes im SemTxvevaSi, Tu palata daTxovnili iqneba da SedarebiT naklebi gavlenis mqone 252 wevriani mrCevelTa palatisagan, romelic eqvsi wlis vadiT irCeva (misi naxevari sam weliwadSi erTxel axldeba) [es cifrebi SeiZleba icvlebodes _ mTargmn. Sen.]. Tavidan, orive palatis wevrebi kenWs iyridnen mravalmandatiani ubnebidan sayovelTao arCevnebis wesiT, sadac amomrCeveli mxolod erT arCevans akeTebda. am sistemam 1994 wlamde imuSava, anu vidre saarCevno reformis mixedviT ar Seicvala saarCevno ubnebis sazRvrebi da saarCevno procedura warmomadgenelTa palatisaTvis (kerZod, Camoyalibda 300 erTmandatiani saarCevno erTeuli, xolo danarCeni 200 mandati proporciul warmomadgenlobaze gadanawilda). konstitucia acxadebda, rom saxalxo suverenitetis matarebeli organo aris asamblea, romelic erTaderTi kanonSemoqmedi saxelisuflo institutia. Tuki adre premier-ministri da kabineti angariSvaldebulni iyvnen imperatoris winaSe, axla es valdebuleba parlamentis, `rogorc xelisuflebis umaRlesi organos~ winaSe daekisraT. iaponiis uzenaesi sasamarTlo uflebamosili gaxda kanonebi arakonstituciurad gamoecxadebina (rac Zalian iSviaTad xdeba), mosamarTleebi ki maTi daniSvnis Semdgom yoveli aTi


197

weliwadSi xelaxla unda yofiliyvnen damtkicebulni amomrCevelTa mier (am procesma faqtobrivad avtomaturi xasiaTi SeiZina). rogorc qvemoT gavigebT, iaponias mouxda dasavluri institutebis sakuTar, sakmaod Zlier da Tavisebur kulturul tradiciebze morgeba. Sedegad, Camoyalibda unikaluri sistema, romelic axlis (demokratiuli politika da sabazro ekonomika) da Zvelis (politikuri ierarqia, ekonomikuri centralizacia, sazogadoebrivi disciplina) saintereso kombinaciaa.

partiuli sistema liberalur-demokratiuli partia dominirebda iaponur politikaSi 1955-dan 1993 wlamde. marTalia, arsebobda sxvadasxva, ufro mcire politikuri partiebic, magram isini araefeqturni da naklebad gavlenianni iyvnen. am opoziciur partiebs Soris, socialistebma da komunistebma ramdenjerme SeZles xmaTa mniSvnelovani raodenobis dagroveba, magram maTi sakanonmdeblo roli ZiriTadad saparlamento oponirebiT Semoifargleboda. daaxloebiT oTxi aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi, qveynis realuri marTvis sadaveebs TiTqmis eqskluziurad flobda liberalur-demokratiuli partia. Tu erTi partia xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi inarCunebs saparlamento adgilebis umravlesobas Tavisufali arCevnebis pirobebSi, es rogorc wesi, imaze mianiSnebs, rom am partiam SeZlo socialuri interesebis farTo speqtris dakmayofileba. liberal-demokratebis warmateba iaponiaSi ganapiroba iman, rom ldp-m viwro partiul interesebze maRla farTo saxalxo moTxovnebi daayena, gansakuTrebiT mgrZnobiare iyo ramdenime specifikuri da yvelaze aqtualuri interesis mimarT, gaaCnda Zalian didi upiratesoba finansuri da organizaciuli resursebis TvalsazrisiT da kargad sargeblobda politikuri inerciiT. ori mosazrebis Tanaxmad: im mizezebis dadgena, Tu ram gamoiwvia konservatorebis xangrZlivi dominireba, rTuli ar aris. pirvel rigSi, es ganapiroba konservatorebis mier ganxorcielebulma reformebma, romelTac sazogadoebas daanaxes, rom ar xdeboda sruli wyveta warsulTan. damoukideblobis miiRebisTanave gaatares miwis reforma. is cvlilebebi, rac maT ganaxorcieles ufro centralizebuli mmarTvelobis sasargeblod, mimarTuli iyo okupaciuri mmarTvelobis mier daSvebuli aSkara Secdomebis gamosworebisaken. garda amisa, liberal-demokratebs gaaCndaT resursebis kontrolis mniSvnelovani berketi, rac maT saWiro momentSi saWiro ekonomikuri da profesiuli kavSirebis mxadaWeris mopovebaSi uwyobda xels. partia erTdroulad sargeblobda sameurneo da biznes-jgufebis umravlesobis mxardaWeriT, rac mis pozicias kidec ufro aZlierebda. is biurokratiasTan Zalian axlos idga. Tumca, sainteresoa isic, rom mWidrdo kavSirebi biurokratiasTan, biznes-sazogadoebasTan an resursebis kontroli ar iyo sakmarisi. 1955 wels liberalur-demokratiulma partiam daiwyo farTo partiuli

198


aRmSenebloba wevrebis masobrivi mizidviT. partiam namdvilad rTul amocanas gaarTva Tavi qveyanaSi, sadac Znelad warmosadgeni iyo regionul partiul organizacias Caenacvlebina tradiciuli pirovnuli kulti da gamxdariyo is faqtori, ris garSemoc SeiZleboda sazogadoebrivi konsolidacia.13

liberal-demokratebis, rogorc iaponiis umTavresi partiis mier damkvidrebuli konsensusis miRwevis principi qveynis politikis maxasiaTebel niSnad iqca. partia ar warmoadgenda monoliTur politikur bloks, igi iyo sxvadasxva interes-jgufebis erTgvari Tavisufali koalicia, sadac Sida konsensusis miRweva umniSvnelovanes rols TamaSobda. 1993 wlamde partiis mier arCeuli Tavmjdomare, sayovelTao arCevnebis Semdgom, avtomaturad xdeboda qveynis premier- ministri. partiis lideris arCeva ki, rogorc wesi, dakavSirebuli iyo sakmaod intensiur molaparakebebsa da garigebebTan partiis Semadgenel gansxvavebul fraqciebs Soris, romelTac TavianTi liderebi, samoqmedo programebi da mxardamWeri regionebi hyavdaT. iaponiis stabiluri, erTi partiis mier dominirebuli sistema Seirya 1993 wlis istoriuli sayovelTao arCevnebis Sedegad. sinamdvileSi, liberalurdemokratiulma partiam TviTon ganapiroba sakuTari damarcxeba. 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi partia faqtobrivad daiSala: im gaxmaurebuli politikuri skandalebis Semdeg, raSic partiis maRalCinosnebi iyvnen CarTuli da ramac partiis imiji mkveTrad Selaxa, mas gamoeyo ramdenime fraqciis lideri. politikuri skandalebi kiiCi miiaZavas mTavrobis damxobis katalizatorad iqca. ufro Rrma da realur mizezs ki sazogadoebaSi uxvad dagrovili socialuri problemebi warmoadgenda: dRiTidRe mzardi socialuri ukmayofileba, maRali fasebi, grZeli samuSao dReebi da a.S. Tumca, mmarTveli partiis damarcxebas ar gamouwvevia gamokveTili alternativis gaCena: liberal-demokratebi aSkarad damarcxebulebi iyvnen, magram ar Candnen aseTive aSkara gamarjvebulni. rva centristuli, memarcxene-centristuli da memarcxene partiis aramyarma koaliciam axalbeda politikosi morihiro hosokava airCia premier-ministrad. hosokava manamde patara partiis _ àxali iaponiis~ lideri iyo, romelmac mxolod 35 mandati moipova parlamentSi da am parametriT mexuTe adgili daikava liberal-demokratebis (223 mandati), social-demokratebis (70 mandati), iaponiis aRorZinebis partiisa (55 mandati) da `sufTa mmarTvelobis~ partiis (51 mandati) Semdeg. miuxedavad imisa, rom rvave partia erTiandeboda koaliciaSi liberal-demokratebis winaaRmdeg, es gaerTianeba ar iyo sakmarisad erTsulovani imisaTvis, rom xangrZlivad daeWira mxari hosokavas mmarTvelobisaTvis. amrigad, hosokavas mmarTveloba erT weliwadsac ar gagrZelebula. momdevno mTavrobam cutoumo hatas xelmZRvanelobiT kidev ufro mokle xans, sul raRac or Tves dahyo xelisuflebaSi. hosokavas msgavsad, hatac yofili liberal-demokrati iyo, romelic gamoeyo partias imisaTvis, rom axali politikuri organizacia Seeqmna. mis mier Camoyalibebuli partia àxali fronti~ ar aRmoCnda politikurad dRegrZeli, hatam axali politikuri berketi _ nacionaluri partia Seqmna. am da sxva axali organizaciebis erTdrouli gamoCena


199

arenaze iaponiaSi mniSvnelovan politikur transformacias moaswavebda. erT dros Zalze stabiluri partiuli sistema mokle xanSi gadaiqca danawevrebul da Znelad prognozirebad politikur speqtrad. iaponia partiuli Zalebis gadajgufebisa da cvlilebebis procesSi aRmoCnda, romlis saboloo Sedegi sakmaod bundovani iyo. iaponiis politikuri meryeoba kvlav grZeldeboda. 1994 wlis ivnisSi, liberal-demokratebis marTuli koaliciis mier iaponiis mTavrobis axal xelmZRvanelad arCeul iqna socialisturi partiis lideri. amgvari ram, Tundac erTi wliT adre warmoudgeneli iqneboda. weliwadnaxevris Semdgom ki ruiuitaro haSimoto, liberal-demokratebis Tavmjdomare gaxda bolo sami wlis ganmavlobaSi iaponiis ukve rigiT mexuTe premier-ministri. amavdroulad, 1996 wlis arCevnebis Sedegebma moaxdina liberal-demokratebis erTgvari politikuri reabilitaciac sakanonmdeblo organoSi, sadac maT gaimarjves, Tumca aradamajereblad (xmebis umravlesobis mopoveba mainc ver SeZles). partia rCeboda cvlilebebis mowinaaRmdege konservatori liderebis kontrolis qveS da am mouqnelma politikam 1990-iani wlebis bolos ekonomikuri regresi da Sesabamisad, eleqtoratis mxardaWeris Sesusteba gamoiwvia. 2001 wlis gazafxulze, sakmaod daZabuli politikuri brZolis Sedegad, qarizmatuli reformisti, Ziunitiro koiZumi gaxda liberal-demokratiuli partiis Tavmjdomare. koiZumi partiis uxucesTa da maTi mkacrad konservatiuli midgomebis winaaRmdeg gamodioda. sainteresoa, rom mas ar gaaCnda sakuTari partiis saparlamento warmomadgenlobis mxridan sakmarisi mxardaWera, magram partiaSi garkveuli wreebi da aseve zogadad xalxi enTuziazmiT Sexvda koiZumis pirovnul qarizmas, axlebur ideebsa da mizanmimarTulobas. misi xedva Zireul reformebs gulisxmobda, gansakuTrebiT qveynis daxuruli da izolirebuli ekonomikuri sistemis reformirebas, romelmac ganapiroba xangrZlivi ekonomikuri Cavardna, arcTu STambeWdavi mdgomareoba safondo birJaze (kargad gamoixata Nikkei-s indeqsSi [tokios safondo birJis indeqsi _ mTargmn. Sen.]), da uZrav qonebaze fasebis mkveTri dacema (1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi sakuTrebis Rirebuleba zogierT SemTxvevaSi 80 procentiTac ki gaufasurda). Tumca, vidre iaponiis ekonomikur `Semobrunebas~ uzrunvelyofda, koiZumis mouxda 1993 wlidan inicirebuli da Semdgom Seferxebuli politikur-ekonomikuri reformebis bolomde miyvana. tradiciebis erTgul iaponiaSi es udavod rTul da sapasuxismgeblo amocanas warmoadgenda.

politikur cvlilebaTa Semaferxebeli faqtorebi Tanamedrove iaponiis demokratia warmodgens adgilobrivi kulturisa da importirebuli demokratiis unikalur kombinacias. kerZod, 1947 wels iaponia-Si damyarebulma demokratiulma sistemam SeinarCuna tradiciuli politikis maxasiaTebeli imgvari elementebi, rogoric iyo, magaliTad, patron-klienteluri tipis urTierTobebi. es ukanaskneli kargad vlindeba fraqciuli liderebisa da erTguli momxreebis damokidebulebebSi.

200


pirovnuli erTguleba da ndoba aris finansuri daxmarebis, Sidapartiuli Zalauflebis da calkeuli partiuli lideris avtoritetis mopovebis winapiroba. Tumca, Znelia imis zustad Tqma, Tu ramdenad Searyia am sistemis safuZveli liberal-demokratiuli partiis danawevrebam da 1994 wels ganxorcielebulma saarCevno da antikorufciulma reformebma. aSkaraa, rom fragmentirebuli partiuli sistemisa da naklebad stabiluri xelisuflebis pirobebSi, politikuri Zalauflebac ufro aramdgradi da advilad warmavali gaxda. Tumca, ucnobia, am cvlilebebma ramdenad moaxdina gavlena klienteluri tipis urTierTobebze xelisuflebas, biurokratiasa da biznes-elitas Soris kuluarul garigebebSi. liberalur-demokratiuli partiis lideri, premier-ministri Ziunitiro koiZumi 2001 wlis zeda palatis arCevnebSi sakuTari partiis STambeWdav gamarjvebas zeimobs. koiZumim liberalurdemokratiul partias iaponiis politikaSi wamyvani roli daubruna.

kidev erTi tradicia, rac mniSvnelovan politikur cvlilebebs SeiZleba emsxverplos, aris iaponiisaTvis maxasiaTebeli konsensusis principi gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas. erT-erTi eqspertis azriT: es meTodi emyareba winapirobas, rom erTi jgufis _ magaliTad, soflis sabWos wevrebma unda ganagrZon diskusia, molaparakeba da kompromisuli garigebebi manam, sanam konsensusi iqneba miRweuli... demokratiuli normebis gavrcelebis miuxedavad, konsensusiT marTvis tradicia jer kidev aqtualuria da zogjer iwvevs ùmravlesobis tiraniis~ winaaRmdeg xmamaRal gamosvlebs _ magaliTisaTvis, maSin roca mmarTveli Zala axdens imgvari sakanonmdeblo iniciativis gatanas, romelsac opozicia sastikad ewinaaRmdegeba.~14

iseve rogorc patron-klinteluri tipis urTierTobebi, konsensusis principi Rrmad fesvgadgmulia iaponiis kulturasa da tradiciaSi da amitom, naklebad mosalodnelia am Rirebulebebis Canacvleba axlo momavalSi. Tumca, arsebobs imis garkveuli molodinic, rom mravalpartiulobam da politikuri arastabilurobis zrdam SesaZloa gaarTulos da moSalos kidec sazogadoebrivi konsensusis miRwevis principi da gansxvavebul azrs, politikur sistema-Si faruli TanamSromlobisa da Cumi garigebebis nacvlad, pirdapiri oponire-bisaken ubiZgos.


201

sasamarTlo xelisufleba da iaponuri kultura iaponiis sasamarTlo sistema amerikuli da evropuli gavlenis saintereso magaliTs warmoadgens. amerikuli gavlena aSkaraa Tundac iaponiis umaRlesi sasamarTlo organos, uzenaesi sasamarTlos dasaxelebaSi. umaRlesi mosamarTle, mTavrobis wardginebis Semdgom, iniSneba imperatoris mier. danarCeni mosamarTleebi iniSnebian pirdapir kabinetis mier imperatoris yovelgvari formaluri Carevis gareSe. uzenaesi sasamarTlo, misi amerikuli analogis msgavsad, uflebamosilia iuridiuli revizia moaxdinos (anu SeuZlia gamoacxados esa Tu is sakanonmdeblo aqti arakonstituciurad). miuxedavad imisa, rom amerikuli sistemisaTvis ucxo ar aris, mainc eqstraordinaluria ramodenime daniSnuli pirisaTvis imgvari Zalauflebis miniWeba, riTac SesaZlebelia 750 arCeuli piris gadawyvetilebis kanongareSed gamocxadeba da gauqmeba. konstituciuri demokratiebis umravlesobaSi mosamarTleebi kanonmdeblebze amgvari upiratesobiT ar arian aRWurvilni. zogadad, sasamarTlo sistema ufro eropuli modelis mixedviT aris agebuli, magram, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, amerikul gavlenas ganicdis. kulturuli TvalsazrisiT ki iaponelebi amerikelebTan SedarebiT ufro nakleb midrekilni arian sxvadasxva davebis sasamarTlo gziT gadawyvetisaken _ ama Tu im samoqalaqo konfliqtis Tu msubuqi danaSaulis SemTxvevaSi, iuridiul saSualebebze metad socialuri institutebsa da normebs mimarTaven. xSirad, Temis pativsacemi piris, ojaxis ufrosis an samsaxurebrivi xelmZRvanelis warmatebuli Careva amgvar SemTxvevebSi saqmis legaluri msvlelobis aucileblobas xsnis.

muSaobs Tu ara demokratia iaponiaSi? miuxedavad ekonomikuri da politikuri ryevebisa ukanaskneli aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi, demokratia iaponiaSi meore msoflio omis Semdgom periodSi ZiriTadad stabiluri da myaria. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom iaponias manamde ar hqonia saxalxo TviTmmarTvelobis raime gamocdileba, es miRweva ufro STambe-Wdavia. iseve rogorc germaniis SemTxvevaSi, iaponiaSic stabiluri demokratiis CamoyalibebaSi ekonomikam Seasrula wamyvani roli. meore msoflio omis Semdeg ekonomika Zalian swrafad da dinamiurad ganviTarda, xolo omis Sedegad ganadgurebuli qalaqebi (romelebsac simbolurad ganasaxierebda hirosima da nagasaki), gadaiqca efeqtiani da inovaciuri industriuli warmoebis modelebad. reformatori samewarmeo elitis mier ekonomikuri zrdis mizanmimarTuli dagegmare-ba mniSvnelovani iyo iaponiis swrafi aRmasvlisaTvis. aranaklebi wvlili Seitana am saqmeSi msoflio savaWro sistemaSi intensiurma da moculobiTma CarTvam, iseve rogorc koreis omis dros (1950-53 ww.) masobrivma amerikulma Sesyidvebma. eqsportze orientirebulma, merkantilisturma ekonomikurma strategiam momdevno ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi uzarmazari winsvla ganapiroba mZime mrewvelobis dargSi _ kerZod manqanaTmSeneblobaSi, avtomatikisa da samomxmare-

202


blo eleqtronikis warmoebaSi. dResdReobiT iaponia msoflios erT-erT wamyvan ekonomikas warmoadgens miuxedavad òmamde arsebuli teritoriebis 52 procentis dakargvis, kaliforniis Statis farTobis qveyanaSi 5 milionze meti adamianis dabrunebis, sanaosno Zalebis 80%-ze metis ganadgurebisa da sawarmoTa erTi mexuTedis da mravali didi qalaqis dangrevisa.~15 1980-iani wlebis Sua periodSi, iaponiis sabazro ekonomikis warmatebis TvalsaCino niSani gaxda aSS-sTan mravalmiliardiani vaWrobidan miRebuli STambeWdavi mogeba. aSS iaponuri eqsportis mesamedis momxmarebels warmoadgenda. aman aSS-Si iaponiis savaWro strategiis mwvave kritika gamoiwvia. iaponeli xelisufalni irwmunebodnen, rom amerikaSi arsebobda mzardi moTxovna produqciaze iarliyiT `damzadebulia iaponiaSi~ (made in Japan), radgan amerikuli produqcia xarisxiT Camouvardeboda mas. am tipis daZabuloba or ers Soris TiTqmis mTeli aTwleuli grZeldeboda da gamoixateboda iaponiaSi nacionalizmis erTgvari zrdiT, xolo aSS-Si àntiiaponuri~, e.w. `SeiZine amerikuli~ [produqcia] sentimentebis gaZlierebiT. iaponia aRmocenda rogorc aziis pirveli, xolo msoflioSi rigiT meore umZlavresi ekonomika, magram axlo warsulis gamocdileba gvarwmunebs, rom amgvari jansaRi da Zlieri ekonomikac ki ar aris dazRveuli recesiisagan. 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, iaponiaSi ekonomikuri zrdis tempi mkveTrad daeca, ramac stagnacia gamoiwvia. Tavis mxriv es ukavSirdeboda bolo 12 wlis ganmavlobaSi oTxi ekonomikuri recesiis gavlenas. 1996 wlidan iaponiis sabanko sistema uzarmazari zewolis qveS aRmoCnda, radgan saxelmwifo Carevisa da daxmarebis moTxovnam kritikul zRvars miaRwia da amasTanave, aziis mravali ekonomika daeca sabanko da kreditebis daudevari politikisa da finansuri institutebis Zalze araadekvaturi regulirebis gamo. axali aTaswleulis dasawyisSi iaponiis ekonomika ganagrZobda ukusvlas, rasac Tan axlda qveynis sabanko sistemis CixSi Sesvla, mTavrobisagan damoukidebelad gaformebuli msxvili biznes-garigebebis Sedegad ganviTarebul dargebSi gaCenili problemebis gamo. kerZod, imgvari industriebi, rogoricaa mSenebloba, uZravi qonebis biznesi da sacalo vaWoba, iqcnen sabanko sistemidan miRebuli uzarmazari sesxebis nakleb gadaxdisunarian mevaleebad.

iaponiis dRis wesrigi: magaliTi xelisuflebis Tanmimdevrulobis aRdgena 1990-iani wlebSi iaponiis winaSe mdgari yvelaze mZime politikuri sakiTxi bunebiT institucionaluri iyo: liberal-demokratiuli partiis monopoliis mospobis Semdeg, SeZlebda Tu ara iaponia im politikuri stabilurobis aRdgenas, romelic ldp-s mmarTvelobisas hqonda da romlis gareSe meore msoflio omis Semdgomi èkonomikuri saocreba~ iqneb arc momxdariyo? isev iqneboda Tu ara iaponur demokratiaze gavlena xelisuflebis susti koaliciiebiT ganpirobebul ryevebs, farTo masebis mxardaWeris


203

mopovebis an SeTanxmebis miRwevis uunarobas im sazogadoebaSi, sadac mudam fasobda konsensusi gadawyvetilebis miRebisas?

konkurentuli upiratesobis SenarGuneba ukanasknel periodSi aziam aramdgradoba daadastura. Tumca, didi drois ganmavlobaSi iaponiis upiratesi savaWro mdgomareoba aziaSi ramdenime mimarTulebiT awydeboda sirTuleebs. sirTuleTa erTi jgufi e.w. axal samrewvelo qveynebs _ samxreT koreas, taivans da singapurs, moicavs (honkongi am jgufis wevri iyo 1997 wels CineTis kontrolis qveS xelmeored moqcevamde. misi bedi, rogorc msoflio ekonomikis damoukidebeli aqtorisa kvlav bundovania). ganviTarebadi aziuri qveynebis meore talRa, tailandisa da malaiziis winamZRolobiT, aseve ucvlis saxes aziis regionul ekonomikur urTierTobebs. grZelvadian periodSi iaponuri merkantilizmisaTvis gacilebiT did aziur safrTxes globalur ekonomikaSi CineTis swrafad mzardi dominanturi roli warmoadgens.

SeerTebul StatebTan mWidro urTierTobebis SenarGuneba SeerTebuli Statebi iaponiis yvelaze mniSvnelovani mokavSire da savaWro partnioria. SeerTebuli Statebi, rogorc udidesi bazari da investirebisaTvis upiratesi adgili iaponiisaTvis, sasicocxlod arsebiTia am ukanasknelis ekonomikuri keTildReobisaTvis (da piriqiT). wynari okeanis dasavleT auzSi SeerTebuli Statebis samxedro bazebis arsebobam da amerikulma birTvulma dacvam (romelic Teoriulad ara mxolod SeerTebul Statebs, aramed amerikis uaxloes samxedro mokavSireebsac icavs birTvuli Tavdasxmisagan) saSualeba misca iaponias, samomxmareblo mrewvelobis maRali teqnologiebis ganviTarebasa da sagareo bazrebze gadarTuliyo da mTliani Sida produqtis 1%-ze naklebi daexarja Tavdacvaze. miuxedavad amisa, vaWrobis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT Zveli kamaTis gamo daZabulobam da CrdiloeT koreis birTvuli iaraRis ganviTarebis programis irgvliv azrTa sxvadasxvaobam mainc iCina Tavi ormxriv urTierTobebSi. SeerTebuli Statebis xelisuflebis azriT, iaponiasTan mimarTebaSi xangrZlivi amerikuli savaWro deficitis mizezi iaponiis proteqcionisturi politika da Caketili kulturaa, romelic xSirad iaponias potenciuri ucxoeli konkurentebisaTvis TiTqmis miuwvdomels xdis.

cxovrebis maRali donis SenarGuneba 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisidan moyolebuli xangrZlivi ekonomikuri recesiis miuxedavad, iaponia mdidar sazogadoebad rCeba. is patara qveyanaa mravalricxovani mosaxleobiT; misi miwis udidesi nawili mTiania da sacxovreblad gamousadegari. iaponiaSi WarbmosaxleobasTan dakavSirebuli iseTi problemebia gavrcelebuli, rogoricaa haeris dabinZureba, xmauri, sacobebi gzebze, miwis maRali fasi. Tanamedrove teqnologiebi iaponiasa Tu romelime sxva qveyanas jer ver sTavazobs ekonomikuri Warbgan-

204


viTarebis uaryofiT aspeqtebis mogvarebis gzebs.

tradiciisa da Tanamedroveobis balansi iaponuri kultura dRemde did gavlenas axdens iaponuri sazogadoebis iersaxeze. SemTxveviTi damkvirveblisaTvis iaponia Tanamedroveobis gansaxierebaa. Tumca sinamdvileSi iaponelTa umravlesobaSi tradiciuli faseulobebi da damokidebulebebia Zvalsa da rbilSi gamjdari da jiutad ebRauWebian warsuls. amis gamo, ucxoelisTvis Zalze Znelia iaponiaSi saqmis dawyeba da warmatebis miRweva. gauTavebeli debatebis Temaa tradicia da Tanamedroveoba. zogi amtkicebs, rom iaponiam kari unda gauRos sxva xalxebs, sxvebi ki SiSoben, rom isedac mravalgvari ucxouri gavlena dauSves, rac safrTxes uqmnis iaponur kulturas. iaponuri ekonomikis daRmavloba kidev ufro aRrmavebs am arguments da zogs afiqrebinebs, rom iaponiis ekonomikas saswrafod sWirdeba modernizacia da safuZvliani struqturuli reforma. im èkonomikuri saswaulis~ Semdgom, romelic iaponiaSi demokratiis ganviTarebis sawyis aTwleulebs da 1980-iani wlebis ekonomikur bums daemTxva, da rasac STambeWdavi pikidan swrafi vardna mohyva, sainteresoa, aRmoCnda Tu ara safrTxis qveS iaponiis saparlamento demokratia? pasuxia _ ara. miuxedavad 1990-iani wlebis Seferxebebisa, sazogadoebrivi azri pozitiuria: iaponelTa 60 procenti kvlavac kmayofilia arsebuli cxovrebis doniT, rac imaze miuTiTebs rom es maCvenebeli sruliadac ar Secvlila im `Zveli kargi drois~ Semdgom, roca iaponia SesaSurad swrafad viTardeboda da aziisa da mTeli msoflios mowinave qveynad iqca. amgvari optimizmis arseboba qveynisaTvis sakmaod rTul etapze garkveulwilad iZleva im rwmenis safuZvels, rom iaponiaSi demokratia myaria da mas mniSvnelovani safrTxe ar emuqreba. metic, warmateba TavisTavad Sedegiania. SemTxveviTi sulac ar aris, rom ekonomikurma warmatebam ganapiroba imgvari politikuri sistemis Camoyalibeba, romelic samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebs yovelgvar avtoritarul mmarTvelobasa Tu samxedro eqspansionizmze maRla ayenebs.

saparlamento mmarTveloba moulodnel adgilebSi Tuki saparlamento sistema muSaobs evropasa da iaponiaSi (sadac am sistemis danergva iaponiis meore msoflio omSi damarcxebis Semdgom `garedan~ moxda), sainteresoa, ramdenad unariania igi im regionebSi, sadac demokratias ar gaaCnia adgilobrivi wanamZRvrebi an sulac im qveynebSi, romlebic mezoblebTan mudmivi omis mdgomareobaSi imyofebian? indoeTisa da israelis magaliTebi bevris mTqmelia, SeiZleba iTqvas, pasuxis Semcvelic: pasuxi ki namdvilad sasiamovno moulodnelobas warmoadgens saparlamento demokratiis momxreebisTvis.


205

indoeTi: saparlamento saswauli indoeTi uZvelesi civilizaciebisa da didi imperiebis, maT Soris mogolebis (muslimi dampyroblebis) istoriuli samSobloa. igi me-19 saukuneSi didi britaneTis koloniad gadaiqca, Tumca meore msoflio omis Semdgom damoukidebloba aRidgina. mosaxleoba or ZiriTad da gansxvavebul jgufad iyofa: eseni arian indusebi (yvelaze mravalricxovani) da muslimebi, romelebic meore msoflio omamde cxovrobdnen indoeTis istoriul teritoriaze. muslimTa yvelaze mWidro dasaxlebebi indoeTis Crdilo-dasavleT da aRmosavleT nawilebSia koncentrirebuli, maSin roca maT Soris mdebare farTo teritoria (romelic britaneTis rajis mmarTvelobis qveS imyofeboda) dasaxlebulia ZiriTadad indusTa TemebiT. am or religiurad gansxvavebul jgufs Soris konfliqtis Tavidan asacileblad britanelebma koloniis datovebisas teritoria gayves da ori saxelmwifo: indoeTi da pakistani Camoayalibes. pakistanis dasavleT da aRmosavleT nawilebs erTmaneTisagan maT Soris mdebare indoeTis teritoria aSoriSorebda. es geografiuli anomalia, mxolod erT-erTia im mravalricxovan problemaTgan, romelic britanelebma gadauWreli datoves. garda amisa, arsebobda aseve indusebisa da muslimebis dapirispireba Tavad indoeTSi. marTalia, am ukanasknelTa umravlesoba pakistanSi iyo koncentrirebuli, magram sakmaod didi muslimuri umciresoba darCa axlad Camoyalibebuli indoeTis damoukidebeli saxelmwifos teritoriazec. kidev ufro problematur Taviseburebas indoeTisaTvis, rogorc demokratiisaTvis, warmoadgenda misi eTnikuri da kulturuli siWrele. qveyanaSi Zalian bevri lingvisturi jgufia, romlebic sxvadasxva da erTmaneTisaTvis sruliad gaugebar enebze saubroben, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT religiur mravalferovnebaze, siqizmis, jainizmis, qristianobis, induizmisa Tu islamis saxiT. dabolos, aucilebelia imis aRniSvnac, rom Tanamedrove indoeTi xasiaTdeba siRaribis maRali maCvenebeliTa da mosaxleobis feTqebadi zrdis tempiT. es ori problema e.w. ganviTarebadi msoflios bevr qveyanaSi erTmaneTTan kav SirSi da erTmaneTis paralelurad arsebobs. mosaxleobis raodenobis mixedviT indoeTi iyo da kvlavac rCeba msoflioSi meore qveyanad (CineTis Semdgom). dResdReobiT indoeTSi miliardze meti adamiani cxovrobs. aTobiT milioni wera-kiTxvis ucodinaria, asobiT milioni soflis macxovrebeli ki (romlebic mosaxleobis umravlesobas warmoadgnen) _ Zalian Raribi. indoeTma araerTi politikuri areuloba da konfliqti gamoiara, maT Soris omebi mezoblebTan _ CineTTan da pakistanTan. gansakuTrebiT mwvavea konfliqti pakistanTan qaSmiris sadavo teritoriaze. amasTanave, indoeTsac da pakistansac gaaCnia atomuri ganviTarebis programebi da, savaraudod, moqmedi birTvuli iaraRic. or qveyanas Soris daZabulobam ramdenimejer SeiaraRebuli konfliqtic gamoiwvia, maT Soris uaxles warsulSi, 2002 wels. erT-erTi yvelaze kritikuli epizodi Seiqmna 1970-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, roca aRmosavleT pakistani gamoeyo qveynis danarCen teritorias da damoukidebel saxelmwifod _ bangladeSad Camoyalibda.

206


garda amisa, Temebis dapirispireba (indusebis, muslimebis, siqhebis) da eTnikuri Zaladoba mniSvnelovan safrTxes uqmnida indoeTis saxelmwifoebriobasa da stabilurobas. da mainc, saparlamento demokratia ager ukve naxevar saukuneze metia funqcionirebs im sazogadoebaSi, romelic sxvadasxva tipis uamravi da urTulesi problebis winaSe dgas da sadac erTiani saxelmwifos arseboba, erTi xelisuflebis kontrolqveS _ ra formisac unda iyos es xelisufleba _ ukve TavisTavad saocrebaa. erTi SemTxvevis garda (rodesac 1970-iani wlebis bolos premier-ministrma indira gandim gamoacxada sagangebo mdomareoba da SeiTavsa diqtatoruli Zalaufleba), indoeli liderebi (didi javaharlar nerudan moyolebuli) britanuli stilis saparlamento demokratiis CarCoebSi moqmedebdnen. indoeTi federaluri sistemaa arapirdapiri wesiT arCeuli prezidentiT, romelsac xelisuflebaSi metwilad ceremonialuri datvirTva aqvs. realur Zalauflebas flobs xalxis mier arCeuli parlamenti da premier-ministri, romelic arCevnebSi gamarjvebuli umravlesobis lideria (iseve rogorc sxva saparlamento sistemebSi). premier-ministri akompleqtebs kabinets da dasamtkiceblad warudgens parlamentis qveda palatas, romelsac lok sabha ewodeba. parlamentis zeda palata (rajia sabha) arapirdapiri wesiT irCeva. igi erTgvarad qveda palatis `meore xmas~ warmoadgens, Tumca ganixilavs da SeuZlia gaaWianuros kidec kanonis miReba, riTac Tavis wevrebs kanonSemoqmedebisa da gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesze garkveuli gavlenis moxdenis saSualebas aZlevs.

israeli: omis respublika indoeTis msgavsad, israeli meore msoflio omis Semdgom Seiqmna. Tumca, indoeTisagan gansxvavebiT, israeli ara adgilobriv macxovrebelTa, aramed axalCasaxlebulTa saxelmwifod Camoyalibda. indoeTisagan ganmasxvavebeli kidev erTi mkveTri niSani isic aris, rom israelis problema mosaxleobisa da teritoris ukiduresi simcirea, maSin roca indoeTisaTvis problemaa am faqtorebis ukiduresi sidide. mtrulad ganwyobili arabuli saxelmwifoebiT garSemortymuli israeli arsebobis dRidan dapirispirebebisa da winaaRmdegobebis arealad iqca. metic, TviTon israelis Seqmnac ZaladobasTan iyo dakavSirebuli _ xangrZliv da sastik brZolebTan, romelsac israeli adgilobriv palestinel arabebTn awarmoebda. israelis saxelmwifo sekularulia, magram sazogadoeba iudeuria. ebraelTa masobrivi migracia palestinaSi 1930-ian wlebSi germaniaSi hitleris aRzevebasTan erTad daiwyo. Tumca, ebrauli saxemwifosaTvis brZola ufro adre, 1890-ian wlebSi gaiSala. sionizmi (rogorc es moZraoba iwodeboda) gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda 1917 wels (pirveli msoflio omis dros), cnobili balfuris deklaraciis Sedegad, romelic britaneTis maSindeli sagareo saqme-Ta ministris saxels ukavSirdeba da romelmac, Tavis mxriv, pirve-


207

lad oficialurad gamoTqva ebrauli saxelmwifos Seqmnis idea (im dros, palestina faqtobrivad didi britaneTis kolonias warmoadgenda). magram realurad israelis saxelmwifo nacisturi germaniis mier 1939-1945 wlebSi ganxorcielebuli holokostis (ix. V Tavi) pirmSoa. am Semzaravi tragediis Semdgom, masobrivi lozungebis àRarasodes ganmeordes~ fonze, da ori wamyvani qveynis mxardaWeriT, israelis saxelmwifos damaarseblebma 1947 wels gamarjveba izeimes. israeli omisa da cecxlis Sedegad Seiqmna, Tumca mis legitimurobas sami wamyvani Zalis _ aSS-is, didi britaneTisa da gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis (erTa ligis `STamomavali~) _ erToblivi mxardaWera uzrunvelyofda. Tavdapirvelad iyo idea, rom Seqmniliyo ori saxelmwifo: israeli da palestina, xolo ierusalimi, rogorc sami religiis wminda adgili, yofiliyo saerTaSoriso qalaqi gaeros egidis qveS. am ideis ganxorcielebis perspeqtiva CaiSala maSin, roca palestinelma arabebma uaryves amgvari winadadeba (ebraelebma igi miiRes). amis Semdeg, palestinel arabTa umravlesoba gaaZeves teritoriidan. gaZevebulebma Tavi ltolvilTa banakebs Seafares Razas seqtorSi, mdinare iordanes dasavleT sanapirosa da libanSi. nawili ltolvilebisa sxva arabul qveynebSi gaiqca. am movlenebma sasowarkveTiTa da SurisZiebiT aRsavse Zalian mZime memkvidreoba datova, ramac waruSleli daRi daasva axlo aRmosavleTis istorias. israelma sami omi awarmoa egviptesTan da samiveSi gamarjveba moipova: 1956 wlis suecis omi, 1967 wlis eqvsdRiani omi, 1973 wlis iom kipuris omi. 1967 wlis omis Sedegad israelma Tavisi kontrolis qveS moaqcia Razas seqtori da sinais udabno egvipteSi, mdinare iordanes dasavleT sanapiro (iordania), siriis golanis maRlobebi. 1973 wlis omSi israelma moipova imgvari upiratesoba, roca SeeZlo mTeli egviptis dapyroba, magram aSS-is mxridan seriozuli diplomatiuri zewolis Sedegad, gadaifiqra amis ganxorcieleba. 1978 wels aSS-is prezident jimi karteris ZalisxmeviTa da SuamavlobiT gaformda kemp-devidis SeTanxmeba _ zavi israelsa da egviptes Soris. es istoriuli garigeba aSS-is mxridan orive mxarisaTvis gamoyofil seriozul subsidiebs ukavSirdeboda. samagierod, am SeTanxmebam realurad imuSava: israelsa da egviptes 1973 wlis Semdgom, anu ukve sam aTeul weliwadze meti xania, aRar hqoniaT SeiaraRebuli dapirispireba. miuxedavad amisa, samwuxarod, axlo aRmosavleTisa da gansakuTrebiT israelis istoria 1978 wlidan arastabilurobisa da Zaladobis pirobebSi viTardeba. umetes SemTxvevebSi amgvari movlenebis epicentrSi swored israelia. daZabulobisa da konfrontaciebis am dausrulebel jaWvSi libani, libia, siria, erayi da irani warmoadgenen israelis ZiriTad mowinaaRmdegeebs. 1980-ian da 1990-ian wlebSi, okupirebul teritoriebze xangrZlivma palestinurma ajanyebam _ romelsac arabulad intifada ewodeba _ uamravi sicocxle Seiwira da aunazRaurebeli tanjva da danakargi gamoiwvia orive mxares. xSirad or amgvar ajanyebas moixsenieben, Tumca realurad es erTi xangrZlivi procesia, romelic 1990-ian wlebSi samSvidobo garigebis imedad droebiT Sewyda. magram mSvidobis molodini ar gamarTlda. axlac, israeli okupirebul teritoriebis palestinelebTan SeiaraRebul konfliqtSi imy-

208


ofeba, xolo palestinelebi agrZeleben TviTmkvleli teroritebis mier ganxorcielebuli afeTqebebs serias israelSi. yvela am winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad, israeli daarsebis dRidan Seferxebis gareSe funqcionirebda rogorc saparlamento demokratia. didi britaneTis msgavsad, israels ara aqvs dawerili konstitucia. konstituciuri principebis werilobiT gaformebas Tavi aari des im mize zis gamo, rac saparlamento mmarTvelobis SenarCunebisaTvisac mniSvnelovania: arsebobs imis gancda, rom aucilebelia usafrTxoebis eqstremaluri zomebis gatareba, rac iwvevs samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebis garkveul SezRudvas da faqtobrivad 600 000 palestineli arabis sistematiur diskreditacias (SedarebisaTvis, ebrauli mosaxleoba daaxloebiT, 5,1 milionia). Tumca, israelis moqalaqeebs Tavisufal arCevnebSi regularuli monawileobis ufleba da SesaZlebloba aqvT. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom israeli zogierT SemTxvevaSi zedmetad demokratiulic ki aris: arCevnebi, romelic Ria sistemas eyrdnoba, Riaa yvelasaTvis da saSualebas aZlevs Tundac axladCamoyalibebul patara partiebs mandatebis garkveuli raodenoba moipovon qneseTSi (parlamenti), rac zogjer qaosur siWrelesac ki qmnis. yalibdeba koaliciuri mTavrobebi, sadac xSirad SesaZlebelia erTad vixiloT memarjvene da memarcxene Zalebi, gamomdinare qveyanaSi arsebuli viTarebidan, arab mezoblebTan urTierTobebis mdgomareobidan da bunebrivia, arCevnebis Sedegebidan. krizisulma situaciebma da safrTxeebis ganeitralebis mudmivma aucileblobam erTgvarad gadaarCina kidec sazogadoeba winaaRmdegobrivi politikuri kulturis aRzevebis, qaosuri partiuli sistemis Camoyalibebisa da Sedegad, xelisuflebis arastabilurobisagan. Tumca, isreali rCeba erTgvarad saocar ekonomikur da politikur fenomenad, romelic viTardeba daarsebis dRidan misTvis araxelsayrel, xSirad mtrul garemoSi. da Tuki israels ZaluZs qmediTi saparlamento demokratiis SenarCuneba, Tundac aSS-is uzarmazari saxelmwifo Tu sazogadoebrivi mxardaWeriT, SesaZlebelia vivaraudoT, rom nebismier sazogadoebas Sesabamisi kulturuli wanamZRvrebiT, SeuZlia igive. dasavleTis (gansakuTrebiT didi britaneTis) gavlena garkveulwi lad, Tumca ara srulfasovnad, gvexmareba avxsnaT, ra aris demokratiis warmatebis mizezi indoeTSi. am ori qveynis magaliTi, sadac warmoudgenel pirobebSi mu Saobs saparlamento demokratia, ar amtkicebs imas, rom saxalxo TviTmmarT veloba yvelgan iqneboda qmediTi, magram namdvilad cxadyofs, rom igi mu-Saobs zogjer sruliad warmoudgenel adgilebSic ki.

prezidentebi da parlamentebi: SedarebiTi daxasiaTeba sainteresoa, rogor gamoiyureba saparlamento da saprezidento demokratiis sistemebi erTmaneTTan mimarTebaSi? SedarebiTi daxasiaTebis gamartivebisaTvis aSS-sa da didi britaneTis modelebs gamoviyenebT.


209

sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis funqcia nebismier konstituciur demokratiaSi kanonSemoqmdebeba da kanonis amoqmedebaa. am ZiriTadi saerTo niSnis garda, britanuli da amerikuli sakanonmdeblo Stoebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan. britanuli tradiciis mixedviT, parlamenti suverenuli organoa. cnobili britaneli iuristis, ser uiliam bleqstounis (1723-1780 ww.) sityvebiT, parlaments SeuZlia `yvelafris keTeba, rac bunebrivad SeuZlebeli ar aris~. kidev erTi cnobili avtoris Tanaxmad, `saparlamento suverenitetis koncefcias udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs da gamoarCevs britaneTs demokratiuli qveynebis umravlesobisagan. parlaments SeuZlia miiRos nebismieri kanoni, romelsac is miiCnevs mizanSewonilad da arc erT sxva organos ar ZaluZs am kanonis ugulebelyofa misi arakonstituciurad gamocxadebis an arasasurvelad miCnevis motiviT.~16 amerikuli sistema konstitucias kongresze maRlac ki ayenebs. 1803 wlis `marberi medisonis winaaRmdeg~ saqmis Semdgom, aSS-is uzenaesma sasamarTlom warmatebiT daamkvidra sakuTari ufleba da movaleoba kongresis mier damtkicebuli nebismier kanoni `daZiros,~ Tu mas arakonstituciurad miiCnevs.17 aRsaniSnavia, rom ori qveynis sakanonmdeblo Stos bevri msgavsi funqcia aqvs. magaliTad, es arCeuli organo orive sistemaSi uflebamosilia miiRos an `Caagdos~ esa Tu is kanoni, daamtkicos ministrebi aseve, orives gaaCnia ufleba, moiTxovos an moikvlios informacia umaRlesi aRmasruleblis da aseve kabinetis wevrebis Sesaxeb, Tumca es ufleba ufro aSkarad da masStaburad britanul sistemaSi gamoiyeneba, vidre amerikulSi. garda amisa, es organoebi orive qveyanaSi warmoadgens forums qveynis yoveldRiurobaSi yvelaze aqtualuri sakiTxebis Ria ganxilvisaTvis. Tumca, didi britaneTisagan gansxvavebiT, sxva saparlamento demokratiebs (garda israelisa) gaaCnia dawerili konstitucia. rogorc wesi, konstituciis mierve Seqmnili parlamenti ar aris uflebamosili daarRvios uzenaesi kanoni an misiT manipulireba moaxdinos. Sesworebebis Setana, ra Tqma unda, SesaZlebelia, magram es procesi, rogorc wesi, Zalian rTuli da winaaRmdegobrivia. konstitucia iTvaliswinebs specialuri sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Seqmnis SesaZleblobas, rogorc es, magaliTad, germaniaSi, safrangeTsa da espaneTSia, mas miniWebuli aqvs ufleba gamoacxados esa Tu is kanoni an samTavrobo aqti arakonstituciurad. sakanonmdeblo Stos damoukidebloba. marTalia, kongresis Zalauf-leba SezRudulia konstituciiT, magram aSS-is kanonmdeblebs damoukideblad manevrirebisaTvis gacilebiT ufro farTo asparezi aqvT britanel kolegebTan SedarebiT, radgan amerikeli warmomadgenelTa palatis wevrebisa da senatorebis arCevisas pirovnuli faqtori gacilebiT mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs, vidre `partiuli bileTi.~ kongresi faqtobrivad 500-ze meti potenciuri popularuli lideris asambleas warmoadgens. politikur partiebs udavod aqvT garkveuli gavlena, magram aSS-Si naklebad Zlevamosilni arian imisaTvis, rom mtkice da mkacri kontroli ganaxorcielon.

210


aseve, imis realuri SesaZlebloba, rom kongresis erT palataSi erTi partia dominirebdes, xolo meoreSi ki sxva, kompromiss aucileblobadac ki aqcevs, rac, Tavis mxriv, azrs ukargavs mkacri partiuli disciplinisa Tu morCileba-erTgulebis raime saWiroebas. amave albaTobiT, SesaZlebelia kongress akontrolebdnen, magaliTad, demokratebi, xolo TeTr saxls _ respublikelebi (rac sakmaod xSirad xdeba), rasac igive efeqti aqvs.18 dabolos, kongresmenebi ZiriTadad konkretul da lokalur interesebze ufro arian orientirebulni, vidre saqveyno masStabis saerTo sakiTxebze. isini arCeulni arian swored konkretuli Statisa da saarCevno olqis mier imisaTvis, rom adgilobrivi interesebis lobireba moaxdinon, maT Soris, im gavleniani interes-jgufebisa, romelic TiTqmis yvela arCeul kandidats sWirdeba winasaarCevno kampaniis mxardaWerisa da dafinansebisaTvis da amitom gamarjvebis Semdgom `valSi~ arian maTTan. rogorc warmomadgenelTa palatis yofilis spikeri tip o’nili xumrobiT aRniSnavda, `yvela politika adgilobrivia,~ rac garkveulwilad simarTlis marcvalsac Seicavda erT dros. Tumca, dResdReobiT vaSingtonSi nebismieri politika, ramdenad àdgilobrivic~ unda iyos igi garegnulad, finansdeba politikur qmedebaTa komitetis (PAC) [ix. Tavi X. mTargm. Sen.] mier, naclad nebismieri erTeuli Statis Sida resursisa. amitomac, xSirad swored finansebi yovelgvar partiul kuTvnilebaze metadac ki gansazRvravs kanonmdebelTa gadawyvetilebebs sakiTxebis umetesobis irgvliv. saparlamento sistemebis umravlesoba, aSS-sTan SedarebiT, gacilebiT ufro mkacr partiul disciplinas da wesrigs emyareba, gansakuTrebiT im qveynebSi, sadac proporciuli saarCevno sistemaa. am SemTxvevaSi, sakanonmdeblo organos deputatebi airCevian mravalmandatian saarCevno olqebSi partiuli siis mixedviT. imisaTvis, rom esa Tu is kandidati arCeuli iqnas, saWiroa kargi urTierTobebi hqondes partiasTan da mis gavlenian gundTan, romelic wyvets, Casvas Tu ara kandidati saarCevno siaSi da ra nomrad (anu, siis dasawyisSi, bolos Tu Sua nawilSi). siis dasawyisSi myof kandidatebs yvelaze didi Sansi aqvT iyvnen arCeulni. struqturuli sirTule. gavlenisa da Zalauflebis dayofa kongresSi mis struqturas britaneTis parlamentTan SedarebiT gacilebiT ufro kompleqsurs xdis. aRsaniSnavia, rom britaneTis TemTa palataSi mxolod eqvsi mudmivi komitetia, romelic 20-dan 50-mde deputats aerTianebs da ar gaaCnia specializacia, anu ganixilavs kanonproeqtebis mTel rigs Tematikis miuxedavad. Sesabamisad, komitetebi ar arian uflebamosilni moiwvion specialuri mosmena an moiTxovon saeqsperto ganxilva da aseve ar SeuZliaT Tavi aaridon ganxilvas. yvelaze meti, rac maT SeuZliaT, garkveuli teqnikuri da lingvisturi cvlilebebis Setanaa proeqtSi. sakomiteto muSaoba amitom sakmaod mosawyeni da trivialuric ki SeiZleba iyos, Tumca is limitirebul, magram mainc garkveul saSualebas iZleva lobizmisaTvis. amdenad, britaneTis parlamentis sakomiteto sistema Zalian gansxvavdeba aSS-is kongresisagan. warmomadgenelTa palataSi, iseve rogorc senatSi, TxuTmetze meti specializebuli komitetia, romlebic qmnian politikur landSafts. am komitetebs gaaCnia mravalricxovani qvekomitetebi kidev


211

ufro viwro specializaciiT. aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis programebisa da saqmianobis gamoZiebis SemTxvevaSi, komitetebsa da qvekomitetebs SeuZliaT specialuri mosmenis mowveva da mowmeebis sasamarTloSi gamoZaxebis moTxovna. kargad struqturirebuli sakomiteto sistema didwilad gansazRvravs sakanonmdeblo saqmianobas qveyanaSi. imdenad, ramdenadac deputatebi ver iqnebian erTdroulad yvela sakiTxis eqspertebi, isini irCeven konkretul specializacias _ iqneba es soflis murneoba, sagareo politika, SromiTi urTierTobebi da a.S. amasTanave, amgvari specializacia sakmaod did dros moiTxovs. politologebi xSirad saubroben erTgvar sakvalifikacio sistemaze kongresis orive palataSi. zogadad, yvelaze gavleniani da qmediTi kanonmdeblebi arian isini, vinc ukve garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi floben mandats da Sesabamisad, kargad erkvevian ama Tu im sakiTxSi. maT mosazrebas da pozicias gansakuTrebuli wona aqvs. kongresis mxridan mudmivi monitoringisa da kontrolis funqcia sxvadasxva formiT gamoixateba. Secdomebs SesaZloa adgili hqondes kanonSemoqmedebiTi procesis ama Tu im etapze (magaliTad, sabiujeto procesis avtorizaciis da asignebis fazaSi, an sakiTxis mokvlevisa da sakomiteto mosmenis dros). is kanonmdeblebi, romelTac sakmarisi raodenobis profesionali kadrebi hyavT, regularulad axorcieleben programis Sefasebasa da politikis revizias. es kadrebi ki xSirad gavleniani funqcionerebi arian `kulisebidan~, romelTa rCevebsa da eqspertizas eyrdnobian. britanuli saparlamento sistema mkveTrad gansxvavdeba am kuTxiT. angariSvaldebulebis gamoxatvis yvelaze mniSvnelovani meqanizmia SekiTxvebis saaTi, romelic kviris ramdenime dRes tardeba da sadac calkeuli ministrebi parlamentarTa mier miRebul SekiTxvebs pasuxoben. SekiTxvebi TavisTavad SeiZleba iyos rogorc mwvave xasiaTis, ise sakmaod trivialuri, SesaZloa miznad isaxavdes mTavrobisaTvis misi pasuxismgeblobebis Sexsenebas, sajaro yuradRebis miqcevas konkretul sakiTxze, da/an damatebiTi informaciis miRebas. SedarebisaTvis, amerikuli kongresisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli specializacia TiTqmis srulad ignorirebulia angariSvaldebulebis saparlamento sistemaSi. sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebli funqciebis SekavSireba. kidev erTi TvalSisacemi gansxvaveba or politikur sistemas Soris gaxlavT is, Tu ra doziT monawileobs sakanonmdeblo organo aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis dakompleqtebaSi. rogorc adre aRvniSneT, saparlamento sistemaSi parlamenti gadamwyvet rols asrulebs axali istraciis (kabinetis) CamoyalibebaSi. premier-ministri aris saparlamento umravlesobis partiis lideri da kabinetis danarCeni wevrebis SerCevac partiis liderTa rigebidan xdeba. radganac saparlamento sistemaSi `wyalgamyofi xazi~ aRmasrulebel da sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebas Soris arc ise mkafioa, Znelia imis zustad Camoyalibeba, sad iwyeba erTis da mTavrdeba meoris Zalaufleba. ZalTa amgvar gaerTianebas adgili ara aqvs saprezidento sistemaSi. senatorebisa da warmomadgenlebisagan gansxvavebiT, prezidents gaaCnia nacionaluri saxalxo mandati da misi Zalaufleba gamomdinareobs kon-

212


stituciis calke segmentidan. TumcaRa, kongress mainc gaaCnia garkveuli gavlenis moxdenis berketi aRmasruleblis dakompleqtebaze, radgan misma orive palatam unda daamtkicos warmodgenili Semadgenloba da aseve gadawyvitos sxva maRali Tanamdebobis pirebis daniSvnis sakiTxi. Tu aRmasruleblis esa Tu is qmedeba winaaRmdegobrivia an eWvs iwvevs, sakanonmdeblo organos Sesabamis komitets, konstituciis mier miniWebuli makontroleblis funqciis gamoyenebiT, SeuZlia moiTxovos aRmasrulebeli pirebis da/an sxva mowmeebis sasamarTlo dakiTxva. amdenad, adgili aqvs mudmiv urTierTqmedebas sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrule-bel Stoebs Soris. Tumca, britaneTis parlamentisagan gansxvavebiT, aSS-is kongress ar SeuZlia aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis daTxovna ùndoblobis gamocxadebis~ uflebiT. im SemTxvevaSic, Tu kongresi ar miiRebs TeTri saxlis mier warmodgenil raime sakvanZo mniSvnelobis programas, prezidenti darCeba Tanamdebobaze sruli oTxwliani vadiT (eqstraordinaruli SemTxvevebis _ impiCmenti, gardacvaleba, an gadadgoma _ gamoklebiT).

aRmasrulebeli

xelisufleba

xelisuflebis aRmasrulebeli Sto warmodgenilia mTavrobis meTauriT da saxelmwifos meTauriT, kabinetiT da biurokratiuli aparatiT. Zalian bevr msgavsebasTan erTad, ori politikuri sistemis aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas axasiaTebs zogierTi gansxvaveba, romlebsac Cven ganvixilavT. upirvelesad, aSS prezidenti aris mTavrobis meTauri da saxelmwifos meTauri, maSin roca britaneTSi es funqciebi gayofilia premier-ministrsa da monarqs Soris. am ori uflebamosilebis SeTavseba aSS-is prezidentis instituts ufro gavleniansa da prestiJuls xdis britanuli premierministris institutTan SedarebiT. prezidenti ara mxolod uZRveba mTavrobas da gamodis saxelmwifos saxeliT, aramed, britaneTis premierisgan gansxvavebuiT, arCeulia personalurad saerTo erovnul arCevnebSi. aSS-is prezidentis fiqsirebuli samoqmedo vadac sakmaod daculia. bri taneTis premieris pozicia ki mniSvnelovnad damokidebulia imaze, Tu ramdenad SeZlebs igi TemTa palataSi umravlesobis mxardaWerisa da ndobis SenarCunebas. sakmaod xSirad yofila premier-ministris postidan daTxovnis precedentebi, saxalxo ukmayofilebis an parlamentSi sakvanZo umravlesobis dakargvis gamo. mxolod amomrCevlebs SeuZliaT moqmedi prezidentis gadayeneba, Tu ar CavTvliT aseve eqstraordinaruli garemoebebs. amerikis arc erTi prezidenti ar yofila impiCmentis wesiT gadayenebuli (endriu jonsons da uiliam klintons kongresis warmomadgenelTa palatam gamoucxada impiCmenti, magram arc erT SemTxvevaSi senats ar daudasturebia es gadawyvetileba). didi albaTobiT, riCard niqsoni SesaZloa realurad gamxdariyo prezidenti, romelsac impiCmentis wesiT gadaayenebdnen, magram amgvari Sedegis dadgomamde igi Tavad gadadga. saprezidento postis kidev erTi upiratesoba meti avtonomiurobaa


213

gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi. aSS-is kabinetis wevrebs ZiriTadad istraciuli da sakonsultacio funqciebi aqvT da prezidents Sexedulebisamebr SeuZlia gamoiyenos an ar gamoiyenos maTi rCeva ama Tu im gadawyvetilebis miRebisas. britaneTis premier-ministri ki kabinetSi moqmedebs, rogorc `pirveli TanasworTa Soris~. TumcaRa am tradiciam didwilad dakarga Zala, premieri ZiriTadad mainc kolegialur gadawyvetilebebs iRebs [kabinetis danarCen wevrebTan TanamSromlobiT]. imave logikiT moqmedebs koleqtiuri pasuxismgeblobis principic, romelic faqtobrivad gamoricxavs kabinetis wevrebis mxridan xelisuflebis politikis nebismieri aspeqtis kritikas, an saerTo pasuxismgeblobis aridebas. dabolos, prezidenti qveynis mxedarTmTavaria, aseve mTavari kanonmdebeli (ara mxolod misi vetos uflebidan gamomdinare, aramed aseve mis mier wardgenili mravalricxovani sakanonmdeblo proeqtebis gamo) da mTavari diplomatic. aSS-is prezidents uWiravs posti, romelsac demokratiulad arCeul mTavar aRmasruleblebs Soris faqtobrivad yvelaze meti Zalaufleba, uflebamosileba da avtoriteti gaaCnia. Tumca, erT aspeqtSi britaneTis premier-ministris uflebamosilebebi mainc aWarbebs aSS-is prezidentisas. marTalia, prezidenti imavdroulad partiis lideric aris, magram es funqcia mniSvnelovanad SezRudulia partiebis decentralizebuli, susti struqturis gamo. britaneTis premierministri ki gacilebiT ufro metia, vidre mmarTveli partiis tituliani lideri. did britaneTSi partiis xelmZRvaneloba udides rols asrulebs partiuli programisa da politikis warmatebis saqmeSi. premieri swored partiis meSveobiT axorcilebs marTvas. maSin, roca, amerikul sistemaSi partiebs ZaluZT garkveuli gavlenis moxdena maT Tanapartiel konkretul pirebze warmomadgenelTa palataSi an senatSi, britaneTis sistemaSi partiebi orientirebulni arian TemTa palataSi kenWisyrisas maTi deputatebis politikuri qcevis [xmis micemis] saerTo kontrolze. sxva demokratiuli sistemebis umravlesoba am TvalsazrisiT britanul sistemasTan ufro axlos dgas, vidre amerikulTan.

sasamarTlo xelisufleba miuxedavad mniSvnelovani struqturuli gansxvavebebisa amerikul da britanul sasamarTlo sistemebs Soris, maT aerTianebT e.w. saerTo samarTlis (common law) tradicia. saerTo samarTali emyareba mosamarTleTa gadawyvetilebebs, nacvlad werilobiTi kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebul normebisa. es tradicia XII saukunidan iRebs saTaves, kerZod mefe henri IIis mcdelobidan daemkvidrebina sistema, sadac mosamarTleebi valdebulni iqnebodnen aResrulebinaT mefis kanoni adgilobrivi Cveulebebis gaTvaliswinebiT. davebis gadawyvetisas, TiToeuli mosamarTle amzadebda moxsenebas sasamarTlo procesis mimdinareobis Sesaxeb da agzavnida londonSi. wlebis ganmavlobaSi, msgavs saqmeTa Sesaxeb moxsenebebidan gamomdinare, konkretuli midgomebi da iuridiuli principebi Camoyalibda. ramdenadac

214


precedentuli samarTali saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi formulirdeboda, ramdenime cnobili da gaxmaurebuli sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis Sedegad moxda misi popularizacia. droTa ganmavlobaSi, iuridiulma komentatorebma (maT Soris yvelaze cnobili Carlz blakstouni gaxldaT) moaxdines am gadawyvetilebebis precedentebis kodificireba. maTi meSveobiT, amgvari normebi farTod gavrcelda, maT Soris amerikul koloniebSic.

prezidenti, rogorc mTavrobisa da saxelmwifo meTauri yovelwliur moxsenebas amzadebs qveynis politikuri da ekonomikuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb kongresis wevrebisa da amerikeli xalxisaTvis.

saerTo samarTlis wanamZRvrebs Soris msgavsebas Tu ar CavTvliT, britanuli da amerikuli sasamarTlo sistema bevri niSniT gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan: mosamarTleTa SerCevis wesiT, sasamarTlos organizaciiT, sasamarTlo kontrolis ganxorcielebiT da sxva sakvanZo struqturuli aspeqtiT. mosamarTleTa SerCeva. did birtaneTSi ori tipis samarTlis skola arsebobs. qveda donis skolebSi xdeba studentis kvalificireba solisitorad, [iuriskonsulti], anu sasamarTlo moxeled, romelic amzadebs saqmeebs sasamarTlo ganxilvisaTvis, konsultacias uwves klientebs, adgens kontraq tebs, anderZebs da sxva samarTlebriv dokumentebs. eqskluziuri skolebi ki amzadeben baristerebs [umaRlesi donis advokati], romelTac SeuZliaT solisitoris yvela funqciis ganxorcieleba da amavdroulad, aqvT sasamarTloSi gamosvlisa da saqmis warmoebis ufleba. mosamarTleebad iniSnebian mxolod baristerTa rangis mqone pirebi. metic, imisaTvis, rom baristeri daniSnuli iqnes mosamarTled (romelic aSS-is federaluri donis msgavsad mTeli sicocxlis vadiTaa), mas unda hqondes umaRlesi kvalifikacia samarTlis skolidan da amasTanave gaaCndes warmatebuli iuridiuli praqtikis mravalwlia ni gamocdileba. amerikaSi sasamarTlos dakompleqtebis principi ufro politikuria. aqac, mosamarTled SeiZleba daniSnuli iyos piri prestiJuli iuridiuli skolis warCinebiT damTavrebis an gamorCeuli da xangrZlivi praqtikuli sasamarTlo gamocdilebiT, Tumca yovelTvis ara. ufro xSirad, federalur doneze mosamarTleTa SerCeva aSkara politikuri gaTvlebiT aris ganpirobebuli _ iqneba es konkretuli pirisaTvis garkveuli damsaxure-


215

bebis gamo erTgvari jildo, gavleniani kongresmenis Tu adgilobrivi partiuli xelmZRva nelis interesis dakmayofileba, Tu garkveuli geografiuli balansis miRweva mosamarTleTa wamomadgenlobaSi. Statisa da adgilobriv doneebze mosamarTlis posti xSirad arCeviTia. federaluri sasamarTloebi unitarulTan mimarTebaSi. amerikuli sasamarTlo sistema federalur safuZvelzea agebuli, rac imas niSnavs, rom igi moicavs 51 sasamarTlo sistemas. federaluri sasamarTlo ganixilavs im saqmeebs, sadac erT-erT mxares warmoadgens federaluri xelisufleba an miesadageba federaluri kanoni. federaluri sasamarTlo iyofa qvesistemad, romelic warmodgenilia saolqo sasamarTloebiT _ sadac ZiriTadad iwyeba kidec saqmeTa ganxilva, saapelacio sasamarTloebiT _ romelic apelaciis safuZvelze ganixilavs saolqo sasamarTloebis mier warmoebul saqmeebs da uzenaesi sasamarTloTi _ romelic faqtobrivad funqcionirebs rogorc umaRlesi instanciis sasamarTlo, iRebs ra gadawyvetilebebs im gansakuTrebul saqmeebze, sadac winaaRmdegobriv iuridiul interpretacias an konstituciasTan Sesabamisobis dadgenis saWiroebas vawydebiT. federalur sasamarTlo erTeulTan erTad funqcionirebs kidev ormocdaaTi Statis sasamarTlo, romelTa umravlesobas msgavsi samsafexuriani struqtura gaaCnia. Statis sasamarTloebi federaluri sasamarTlosagan srulad gancalkevebuli ar aris. aSS-s uzenaesi sasamarTlo xSirad ganixilavs Statis umaRlesi instanciis sasamarTlodan wamosul saqmes im SemTvevaSi, Tu iuridiul sakiTxebs konstituciuri Sinaarsi aqvs. aSS-sgan gansxvavebiT, britanuli sasamarTlo sistema ufro sworxazovania, rac britaneTis unitaruli wyobis gamoZaxilia. Statis sasamarTloebis analogis ararseboba britanul sistemas amerikuli sistemisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iurisdiqciuli da proceduruli sirTuleebisagan aTavisuflebs. sasamarTlo kontroli. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yvelaze mkveTri politikuri gansxvaveba or sasamarTlo sistemas Soris sasamarTlo gadasinjvis (kontrolis) ganxorcielebas ukavSirdeba, anu sasamarTlos uflebas Tvalyuri adevnos da kanongareSed gamoacxados aRmasrulebeli Tu sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis qmedeba/gadawyvetileba. aSS-Si orives, Statis da federalur sasamarTlos aqvs xelisuflebis sxva Stoebis aqtebis ganxilvis ufleba, pirvels _ Statis konstituciasTan, xolo meores _ federalur konstituciasTan mimarTebaSi. sasamarTlo gadasinjvis mniSvnelobas kidev ufro zrdis dawerili konstituciis arseboba, radgan igi wamoadgens mkveTr sazoms, ris mixedviTac fasdeba Cveulebrivi (statuturi) kanonebi. garkveulwilad, federalurma wyobam rogorc aseTma, TavisTavad ganapiroba sasamarTlo kontrolis aucilebloba. Tu Statis sasamarTloebs eqnebodaT imis ufleba, moexdinaT federaluri kanonis survilisamebr interpretireba, iurisprudenciis nacionaluri organos arseboba dakargavda yovelgvar mniSvnelobas.19 iuridiuli erTgvarovnebis saWiroebisa da im saerTo kanonieri principebis

216


mniSvnelobis gaTaviseba, romelTac nebismier doneze warmodgenili xelisuflebis qmedebebi unda daeqvemdebaros, warmoadgens sasamarTlo kontrolis arsebobis safuZvels ara mxolod aSS-Si, aramed konstituciuri demokratiebis umravlesobaSi. rac Seexeba britanel mosamarTleebs, isini mxolod marginalurad monawileoben qveynis marTvaSi. maSin roca aSS-Si kanonmdeblisa da aRmasruleblis nebismieri gadawyvetileba aqtiurad ganixileba konstituciasTan Sesabamisobis kuTxiT, did britaneTSi sasamarTlos ar ZaluZs parlamentis mier miRebuli aqtebis gauqmeba. maT, amerikeli kolegebisagan gansxvavebiT, ar gaaCniaT samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebis `konstituciuri mcvelebis~ funqcia, maSin roca amerikeli mosamarTleebi ama Tu im sakanonmdeblo aqtze individis uzenaesi uflebebis mtkicebisas, xSirad swored am ampluaSi gvevlinebian. iSviaT SemTxvevebSi, britaneli mosamarTleebi mxolod mianiSneben aRmasulebels Tu igi gascdeba moqmedebis kanonier CarCoebs. erT-erTi SefasebiT: britaneTis mTavrobis Zalaufleba SezRudulia samarTlis formaluri institutebis miuxedavad da ara maT mier. ingliselebi ufro naklebad asaCivreben samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebis an kanonieri samarTlebrivi procesis ugulvebelyofas, vidre im qveynebis moqalaqeebi, romelTac gaaCniaT dawerili konstitucia, adamianis uflebaTa bili an mkveTrad gansazRvruli sasamarTlo kontrolis procedura.20

aSS-is uzenaesi sasamarTlo damoukidebeli organoa, romelic gamiznulad daculia politikuri cxovrebis gavlenisagan. britaneTis sasamarTlo xelisuflebas ki saTaveSi udgas kabinetis wevri _ cnobili lordi kancleris statusiT, romelic amavdroulad aris lordTa palatis Tavmjdomare da iZle-va rekomendaciebs sasamarTlo daniSvnebTan dakavSirebiT. Teoriulad, britaneTis umaRles sasamarTlos lordTa palata warmoadgens. praqtikulad ki es erToba warmodgenilia palatis mxolod ramdenime iuridiuli kvalifikaciis mqone gamorCeuli wevriT. ZalauflebaTa gaerTianeba, romelic zogadad damaxasiaTebelia britaneTis saparlamento sistemisaTvis, am SemTxvevaSi gvxvdeba parlamentis zeda palataSi sakanonmdeblo da sasamarTlo xelisuflebebis SeTavsebiT, iseve rogorc es xdeba mis qveda palataSi sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebel funqciebs Soris.

ori sistemis upiratesobebi da naklovanebebi erT-erTi amerikeli avtoris SefasebiT, `saparlamento sistema [avtomanqana] `kadilakia~ saxelisuflo formebs Soris.~ igive avtori amerikul saprezidento sistemas fordis `modeli T~-s adarebs.21 saparlamento sistemebi iTvaliswinebs xelisuflebis pasuxismgeblobis maRal dones amomrCevlis winaSe. politikuri partiebi saarCevno kampaniebs gansxvavebul da kargad Camoyalibebul politikur platformebze ageben. Tu arCevnebis Sedegebi Zlieri mandatiT aRWurvavs erT romelime partias, maSin am ukanasknels parlamentis mxardaWeriT sakuTari programis ganxorcielebis didi Sansi aqvs. Tu


217

mTavrobis politika arapopularuli, arapraqtikuli an winaaRmdegobrivi aRmoCndeba, SesaZlebelia premier-ministris an mmarTveli partiis Secvla mTeli politikuri sistemis ryevis gareSe. dabolos, zogierTi analitikosi miiCnevs, rom britaneTis partiebis disciplinirebuloba ufro efeqtians xdis mis saparlamento sistemas aSS-is saprezidento sistemasTan SedarebiT. rogorc kritikosebi aRniSnaven, aSS-is saprezidento wyoba xSirad awydeba dilemebs, rac misi samganStoebiani stuqturis gawonasworebisa da dabalanse-bis (checks and balances) principidan gamomdinareobs. Zalian xSirad, erTi partia warmoadgens saprezidento xelisuflebas, xolo meore akontrolebs kongress. metic, Zalian rTulia arakompetenturi da Tundac arapopularuli prezidentis daTxovna. garda amisa, orpartiuli aramoqnili sistema bevr gansxvavebul interesTa jgufs kongresSi warmomadgenlobis saSualebas ar aZlevs. bolos, e.w. prezidentis saxalxo arCevnebi sakmaod iluzorulia: saqme isaa, rom prezidents realurad irCevs aSS-is xmis micemis uflebis mqone mosaxleobis mxolod daaxloebiT 25 procenti. kritikosTa mosazrebiT, maJoritarul principze (winner-takes-all) damyarebuli amomrCevelTa kolegiis arCevis ukve dromoWmuli praqtika xSirad imgvar suraTs qmnis, rom realuri umravlesobis neba ar sruldeba _ magaliTisaTvis gamodgeba 2000 wlis saprezidento arCevnebi, sadac kandidatma al gorma miiRo xmebis realuri umravlesoba, magram jorj buSi umcrosi gamocxadda gamarjvebulad. saprezidento sistemis momxreebi ki aRniSnaven, rom namdvilad aris SemTxvevebi, roca saWiro da mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebebi swored vaSingtonSi miiReba da ara sxvagan (SegviZlia gavixsenoT lindon jonsonisa da ronald reiganis sawyisi sakanonmdeblo warmatetebi). maTive azriT, legalurad fiqsirebuli saprezidento vada swored rom uparatesobaa. miuxedavad sirTuleebisa, rasac xandaxan prezidentis impiCmentis uaRresad rTuli procesi qmnis (magaliTad, riCard niqsonis gadayenebis proceduruli sirTule, miuxedavad mis mier Zalauflebis gadametebis faqtis TvalsaCinoobisa), prezidentisaTvis garantirebuli vadis arseboba pozitiur maxasiaTebels warmoadgens. magaliTad, hari trumani, romelic dResdReobiT amerikis erT-erT udides prezidentad miiCneva, misi mmarTvelobis umetes periodSi sakmaod arapopularuli iyo. aseve, prezidents gaaCnia krizisul viTarebaSi qveynis marTvis efeqtiani konstituciuri berketebi, maSinac ki, roca sazogadoebrivi interesi mas ubiZgebs arapopularuli nabijebis gadadgmisaken. es SesaZloa ganxiluli iqnas, rogorc saprezidento sistemis aSkara upiratesoba.

konstitucia da konteqsti saparlamento mmarTvelobebis Sedegianobis empiriuli Seswavla, maTi gansxvavebulobidan gamomdinare, kidev erTxel adasturebs jer kidev aristoteles mier gamoTqmul mosazrebas, rom politikuri swavlebebi SesaZloa Zalian abstraqtuli gaxdes. aristoteles mixedviT, mTavaria ara is,

218


Tu ra aris umjobesi, aramed is, ra aris SesaZlebeli arsebul garemoebebSi. zogierT SemTxvevaSi saparlamento wyoba amarTlebs, zogan ki _ ver. amdenad, aristoteles mosazrebani dResac aqtualuria: Cven ar unda vfiqrobdeT mxolod imaze, Tu rogori unda iyos idealuri konstitucia. Cven unda vifiqroT imazec, rac praqtikulia [anu, saukeTeso mocemuli pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT] _ da amasTan erTad, advilad ganxorcielebadi da zogadad ufro Sesaferisic... konstituciuri sistemis imgvari forma unda iqnas SerCeuli, rac xalxs advilad daarwmunebs ukve arsebuli sistemis nacvlad misi danergvis aucileblobaSi da SeaZlebinebs kidec amis ganxorcielebas.22

daskvna britanul saparlamento models axasiaTebs ZalauflebaTa Serevisa da gaerTianebis principi, mmarTvelobis ganusazRvreli vadebi, disciplinirebuli partiebi, da ormagi aRmasrulebeli. konstituciuri demokratiis es modeli ufro xSirad gamoiyeneba praqtikaSi (garda laTinuri amerikisa), vidre amerikuli modeli. igi gansakuTrebiT dominanturia evropaSi, sadac britaneTis magaliTis mixedviT Camoyalibda amJamindeli konstituciuri demokratiebis umrvalesoba. safrangeTi konstituciuri demokratiis hibridul formas warmoadgens, romelic aerTianebs britanuli da amerikuli sistemebis maxasiaTeblebs. germania saparlamento demokratiaa, magram gansxvavdeba rogorc britanuli, ise franguli sistemebisagan imiT, rom is ara unitaruli, aramed federaciuli saxelmwifoa (da moicavs federalur miwebs). iaponiac saparlamento demokratiaa, da evropisagan ara imdenad politikuri struqturiT, ramdenadac politikuri kulturiT gansxvavdeba. iaponiis konsensusis principze aRmocenebul sazogadoebas, araformalur da didwilad pirovnul kavSirebze damyarebuli politikuri Zalauflebis mqone da patronaJul urTierTobebze agebuli politikuri struqturebi gaaCnia, romlebic, zedapiruli ganxilvisas SesaZloa misi evropuli analogiebisTvis migvemsgavsebina (Tumca, es institutebi realurad amerikaSi Seiqmna, aSS-is mier meore msoflio omSi iaponiis damarcxebis Semdeg). indoeTi da israeli is ori SemTxvevaa, sadac, erTi SexedviT, respublikuri wyobis arseboba warmoudgenelic ki unda iyos, sinamdvileSi ki orive qveyanaSi saparlamento demokratia ukve naxevari saukunea arsebobs. indoeTisa da israelis magaliTebi cxadyofs, rom britanuli modeli moqnili da adaptirebadia imgvar adgilebSic ki, sadac arCevnebis Catareba da stabiluri xelisuflebis SenarCuneba warmoudgenladac ki gveCveneba Zalze rTul pirobebSi. amerikuli da britanuli sistemebis Sedarebisas ikveTeba msgavsebebic da sakmaod provokaciuli gansxvavebebic sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli


219

da sasamarTlo xelisuflebis struqturirebisa da ganxorcielebis TvalsazrisiT. Tumca Znelia calsaxad imis Tqma, romeli sistemaa ukeTesi. amaze pasuxi TiToeuli qveynis gansakuTrebuli konteqstisa da arsebuli garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT unda ganisazRvros.

sakvanZo sityvebi

saparlamento sistema Sereuli reJimi undoblobis votumi disciplinebuli partiebi erTguli (loialuri) opozicia gaormagbuli aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba (dual executive) nacionaluri asamblea gayofili aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba Tanaarseboba (kohabitocia) vaimaris respublika civi omi bundestagi bundesrati meiZis dinastiis aRorZineba mogolebi

britaneTis raji qaSmiri lok sabha (qveda palata) raja sabha (zeda palata) palestineli arabebi palestina sionizmi balfuris deklaracia kemp devidis SeTanxmeba intifada qneseTi saparlamento suvereniteti SekiTxvebis saaTi saerTo samarTali saapelacio sasamarTlo uzenaesi sasamarTlo sasamarTlo gadasinjva

kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

6. 7. 8.

ratom ganixileba britanuli politikuri sistema xSirad saparlamento demokratiis nimuSad? rogoria saparlamento sistemis ZiriTadi samuSao principebi? rogor cxovroben britanelebi dauwereli konstituciis gareSe? rogor da ra garemoebebSi warmoiSva Tanamedrove franguli respublika? ra msgavseba da gansxvavebaa safrangeTis, SeerTebuli Statebisa da didi britaneTis demokratiebs Soris? (mimaniSnebeli SekiTxva: romeli qveyana gamoiyena safrangeTma sakuTari politikuri sistemis modelad?) rodis da ra garemoebebSi SemoiRo iaponiam saparlamento sistema? SeadareT iaponiis demokratia safrangeTisa da didi britaneTis demokratiebs. rogoria Tqveni mosazrebebi saparlamento demokratiis mniSvnelobaze indoeTsa da israelSi.

220 9.


SeadareT saparlamento da saprezidento xelisuflebis upiratesobebi da naklovanebebi.

SeniSvnebi 1.

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.

1958 wlis the Life Peerage Act (warCinebulTa titulis sasicocxlod miniWebis aqti) mixedviT, monarqi uflebamosilia premier-ministrTan konsultaciis safuZvelze, mianiWos araaristokratiuli warmoSobis pirebs warCinebulis tituli mTeli sicocxlis vadiT, Tumca is memkvidreobiT ar gadaecema mis STamomavals. am iniciativis ZiriTad mizans warmoadgenda partiebis balansis SenarCuneba da lordTa palatis qmediTi wevrebis raodenobis gazrda. lordTa daaxloebiT meoTxedi da lordTa palatis aqtiur wevrTa procentulad kidev ufro didi Semadgenloba swored am gziT flobs warCinebulis tituls. Sidney Bailey, British Parliamentary Democracy, me-3 gamocema (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1978), 130. iqve, 131. Suzanne Berger, The French Political System, 3rd ed. (New York, Random House, 1974), 368. Berger, French Political System, 368. Roy Macradis, red., Modern Political Systems: Europe, (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: PrenticeHall, 1986), 120. Karl Dietrich Bracher, The German Dictatorship, (New York: Holt, 1970), 75. Michael Roskin, Countries and Concepts: An Introduction to Comparative Politics, (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1982), 190. Guido Goldman, The German Political System (New York: Random House, 1974), 56. ix. John W. Dower, Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II, (New York: Norton, 2000). ix. Herbert P. Bix, Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan (New York: HarperCollins, 2000). Franz Michael and George Taylor, The Far East in the Modern World, (New York: Holt, 1964), 263. iqve, 607. Nobutaki Ike, Japanese Politics: Patron-Client Democracy, me-2 gamocema (New York: Knopf, 1972), Michael and Taylor, Far East in the Modern World, 603. iqve, 5. Marbury v. Madison, 1 Cranch 137 (1803). ronald reiganis prezidentobis periodi (1981-1987 ww). kongresis or palatis amgvari gaxleCvis magaliTia, roca respublikelebi senats, xolo demokratebi warmomadgenelTa palatas akontrolebdnen; miuxedavad amisa, ufro gavrcelebulia aRmasrulebeli da sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebebis `gaxleCvis~ SemTxvevebi. rogorc wesi, demokratebi sakanonmdeblo


19. 20. 21. 22.

221

Stos akontrolebdnen maSinac ki, roca prezidenti respublikeli iyo, magram 1994 wlis Sualedur arCevnebSi respublikelebma kongresis orive palataSi kontrolis ufleba demokrat bil klintonis prezidentad arCevidan ori wlis Semdeg moipoves. ix. Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee, 14 U.S. 304 (1816). Richard Rose, “Politics in England”, wignSi Comparative Politics Today: A World View, red. Gabriel Almond (Boston: Little, Brown, 1974), 148. Edward Courtier, Principles of Politics and Government (Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1981), 84. Aristotle, The Politics, mTargm. da red. Ernest Barker (New York: Oxford University Press, 1962), 1288b-89a, 155-56.

T aavv i V I I

saxelmwifoebi gardamaval periodSi axali demokratiebi da aRmocenebadi bazrebi komunizmis kraxi ruseTi: areuloba da tranzicia (Tu mxolod areuloba?) gorbaCovis tranzicia reformis marcxi: sistemis dezintegraTanamedrove sirTuleebi cia bolosdabolos, gamoCnda lisamomavlo perspeqtivebi deri? aRmosavleTi evropa: tranziciuli gzagasayarze: mokvdeba Tu ara odesme Zveli Cvevebi CineTi: gadasvla marTvad kapitalizmze (ra iqneba Semdeg?) mao xelisuflebaSi xelisufdominanti partia alTa cvla ideologiis Sesusteba bazarze gazorientirebuli reformebi rdili pirovnuli Tavisufleba axali saxelmwifoebrivi problemebi politikuri da religiuri represiebi politikuri fragmentaciis amomavali saxelmwifoesafrTxe bi azia: ekonomikuri tranzicia (da Tavisuflebac?) samxreTi korea taivani aziis vefxvebi laTinuri amerika: politikuri tranzicia (da keTildReobac?) reformis anabana (argentina, brazilia, Cile) meqsika

222

a i

saxelmwifoebi gardamaval periodSi

223

1991 wlis dekembris bolo dRes, sabWoTa kavSirma, erT-erTma im or super-saxelmwifoTagan, romlebic dominirebdnen msoflio politikaSi TiTqmis naxevari saukunis manZilze, arseboba Sewyvita. am komunisturi `monstris~ sikvdili XX saukunis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovan politikuri movlenaa. miuxedavad imisa, rom misi aRsasruli sakmaod moulodnelad dadga, es ar momxdara winapirobebis gareSe; piriqiT, 1985 wlidan moyolebuli, sabWoTa kavSirs mimzidveli, Tumca mSfoTvare cvlilebebis periodi daudga, rodesac mixeil gorbaCovma, qveynis axalma qarizmatulma liderma, reformebis mTeli seria wamoiwyo. sabWoTa wyobilebis dezintegraciam saTave daudo axal epoqas msoflio politikaSi. man aseve gamokveTa gardamavali periodis problemebi, rac aRmosavleT evropaSi disfunqciuri politikur-ekonomikuri sistemebis winaSe idga. am qveynebSi tranziciis problemebi, nawilobriv, xelaxali politikuri da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis aucileblobiTaa gamowveuli. tranzicia da ganviTareba (romelic am TavSi iqneba ganxiluli) erTmaneTTan mWidro kavSirSia; tranziciis sakiTxebs gadakveTis mravali wertili aqvs gardamaval procesSi myofi sazogadoebebis ganviTarebis sakiTxebTan. ufro metic, rogorc Semdeg davinaxavT, cneba `saxelmwifoebi tranziciis (gardamaval) periodSi~ dRes bevr qveyanas miesadageba msoflios faqtobrivad yvela regionSi. yofili komunisturi qveynebis problemebis gacnobis Semdeg, Cven mokled SevexebiT azii-sa da laTinuri amerikis sxvadasxva saxelmwifoebs, romlebic sabazro liberaluri demokratiis mimarTulebiT gadasvlis sxvadasxva etapze imyofebian.

komunizmis kraxi is, rasac erT dros `komunistur samyaros~ uwodebdnen, ukve aRar arsebobs. komunizmma, rogorc politikurma Zalam, rogorc erovnul, aseve saerTaSoriso doneebze, mcire gamonaklisebis garda, msoflioSi arseboba Sewyvita. 1988 wels, civi omis dasrulebamde, TxuTmeti saxelmwifo klasificirdeboda rogorc komunisturi. 2002 wlisTvis maTi raodenoba 5-6 saxelmwifomde Semcirda (CineTi, kuba, laosi, CrdiloeT korea, vietnami da, savaraudod, kamboja); TiToeuli maTgani damoukidebel politikas axorcielebs, Sesabamisad dRes `komunistur banakze~ saubari yovelgvar azrs moklebulia. ra moxda? 1989 wels, sabWoTa kavSiris daSlamde ori wliT adre, aRmosavleT evropam moulodnelad uaryo komunisturi mmarTveloba. am droidan moyolebuli, demokratia da privatizacia (saxelmwifos mier marTuli sawarmoebis gadasvla kerZo seqtorSi) poloneTSi, ungreTsa da CexeTis respublikaSi. es procesebi, gansakuTrebiT poloneTsa da ungreTSi, garkveuli politikuri zigzagebiT xasiaTdeboda. am qveynebis amomrCevlebma xelisuflebaSi kvlav yofili komunistebi moiyvanes, Tumca, daiwyo amavdroulad, uaryves centralizebuli, gegmiani ekonomika dasavluri, sabazro ekonomikis mimarTulebiT orientirebuli politikuri kursis sasargeblod. rumineTSi, slovakeTSi, bulgareTsa da albaneTSi demokra-

224


tizaciis mimarTulebiT moZraoba bevrad neli iyo, Tumca mainc SeiniSneboda. gansakuTrebul SemTxvevas yofili aRmosavleT germania warmoadgens, romelic 1990 wels dasavleT germaniasTan gaerTianda. komunisturi reJimebi aziaSi ufro myari gamodga. 1976 wels, maos gardacvalebis Semdeg, CineTis saxalxo respublikam Searbila totalitaruli reJimi da ekonomikis garkveuli liberalizacia moaxdina, Tumca, igi mainc rCeba represiul saxelmwifod. is agrZelebs reformebs sabazro ekonomikis mimarTulebiT, ramac xeli Seuwyo swraf ekonomikur zrdas, gansakuTrebiT mis samxreT sanapiro regionebSi. CrdiloeT korea, stalinisturi marTvis meTodebis erTguli qveyana, amJRavnebs nacnob tendencias qsenofobiis, yvelafris gasaidumloebisa da TviTdawesebuli izolaciis mimarTulebiT. vietnami da laosi rCebian komunisturi mmarTvelobis qveS, magram CrdiloeT koreisagan gansxvavebiT, orive maTgani msubuq saerTaSoriso gavlenas ganicdis da ufro miRebulia saerTaSoriso sazogadoebaSi. dabolos, kambojaSi gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis xangrZlivi mcdeloba xeli Seewyo am saxelmwifoSi demokratiis ganviTarebisaTvis, uSedego aRmoCnda 1997 wels han senis mier organizebuli gadatrialebisa da iq diqtatoruli mTavrobis Camoyalibebis gamo. kubaSi fidel kastro ebRauWeba politikur Zalauflebas [(2008 wlidan qveyanas oficialurad fidelis Zma raul kastro marTavs _ mTargm. Sen.)]. igi cdilobda Caenacvlebina dakarguli sabWoTa daxmareba da amavdroulad, gamklaveboda amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mier dawesebuli ekonomikuri embargos Sedegebs. kubaSi, gansxvavebuli azrisi aratolerantuli policiuri saxelmwifos pirobebSic ki, gaxSirda perio duli saxalxo demonstraciebi, ramac kastros mmarTvelobiT gamowveuli sa xalxo ukmayofilebis Zlieri nakadi gamoamJRavna. 1998 wels romis papis, ioane pavle II-isa da 2002 wels amerikis yofili prezidentis, jimi karteris istoriuli vizitebi _ orive pirveli SemTxveva iyo kubis revoluciis Semdeg _ aRq muli iqna rogorc SesaZlo nabijebi religiuri da politikuri Tavisuflebis mimarTulebiT da rogorc niSani imisa, rom asakovani diqtatori rbildeboda. Tumca, sxva eqspertebi eWvobdnen, rom am procesebs safuZvliani reformebi SeiZleboda mohyoloda da miiCnevdnen, rom erTaderTi ram, rac kastros adardebda, dagrovili politikuri problemebis fonze Zalauflebis SenarCuneba iyo.

ruseTi: areuloba da tranzicia (Tu mxolod areuloba?) 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi sabWoTa kavSiri msoflio imperiebs Soris bolo imperias warmoadgenda. is batonobda dapyrobil xalxebsa da kulturebze, Tumca didi Sida daZabulobebis fonze. SeZleben Tu ara aseTi imperiebi arsebobas im msoflioSi, sadac izrdeba nacionalizmis, egalitarizmis gavlena da TviTgamorkvevis rwmena? Tu yvela aseTi imperia samudamod ganwirulia?


225

stalinisturi saxelmwifo, romelic 1991 wlamde arsebobda, totalitaruli mmarTvelobis yvela Taviseburebas amJRavnebda, maT Soris: centralizebuli kontroli samxedro Zalebze, masmediasa da ekonomikaze; gabatonebuli monopolisti partia; oficialuri ideologia; sistemuri terori saeWvo politikuri oponentebis winaaRmdeg da reJimisaTvis uvargisad an saSiSad miCneuli udanaSaulo adamianebis masobrivi mkvlelobebi. sabWoTa kavSiris totalitaruli warmomavloba arsebiTi safuZvelia dRevandeli ruseTis politikis bunebis gasagebad. 1991 wels, Zveli sabWouri reJimis marcxis Sedegad, axali Semcirebuli rusuli saxelmwifo aRmocenda. postsabWoTa mTavrobam boris elcinis meTaurobiT gawyvita kavSiri warsulTan da Tavdapirvelad konstituciuri de mokratiis dafuZnebas Seecada. Semdeg man Seqmna Zalian susti konfederacia, damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobroba (dsT), romlis SemadgenlobaSi Sevida ruseTi da yofili sabWoTa respublikebi, baltiispireTis qveynebis _ litvis, latviisa da estoneTis gamoklebiT (ix. sqema 7-1).

sqema 7-1. ruseTi da respublikebi wyaro: Based on Milton F. Goodman, Global Studies: Russia, Eurasia, and Central/Eastern Europe, 5th ed. Copyright (c) 1994, the Dushkin Publishing Group, Inc., Guilford, Conn. yvela ufleba daculia. ibeWdeba nebarTviT.

gorbaGovis tranzicia 1985 wels, sabWoTa kavSiris istoriaSi komunisturi partiis erT-erTi yvelaze axalgazrda generaluri mdivani gaxda 54 wlis mixeil gorbaCovi. mis winaSe bevri politikuri da ekonomikuri problema idga. gorbaCovs swamda, rom am problemebis mogvareba mniSvnelovani politikuri da ekonomikuri reformebis gareSe ver moxerxdeboda da radganac politikuri sistema sxva araferi iyo, Tu ara komunisturi partiis Zalauflebisa da gavlenis anarekli, man miiRo sabediswero da amavdroulad mniSvnelovani gadawyvetileba: gardaeqmna komunizmi da partia orive maTganis SenarCunebis mizniT. gor-

226


baCovma am mizniT ganaxorcie-la qmedebebi, rac dasavleTSi perestroikis, glasnostis da demokratizaci-is saxelebiT gaxda cnobili. ratom gariska gorbaCovma. leninis mier 1917 wels Zalauflebis mopovebis Semdeg, ekonomika sabWoTa kavSirSi iyo gegmuri, an sxvanairad, mbrZanebluri, sadac yvela mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri gadawyvetileba (ra da ramdeni unda ewarmoebinaT da a.S.) komunisturi partiis zeda eSelonebSi miiReboda. konkurencia, sargeblisaken swrafva da kerZo sakuTrebis umravlesi formebi akrZaluli iyo, rogorc SeuTavsebeli komunistur principebTan. centraluri dagegmvis am sistemam sabWoTa kavSiri pirveli xarisxis samxedro Zalad aqcia, Tumca didi sabiujeto deficitis fasad. garda amisa, 1980-iani wlebis Sua xanebSi aSkarad gamoCnda, rom centralurma dagegmvam ekonomikuri stagnacia gamoiwvia, ramac sabWoTa kavSiri konkurentunarianobis TvalsazrisiT arasaxarbielo pirobebSi Caayena iseT industriul, demokratiul qveynebTan mimarTebaSi, rogoricaa amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, iaponia da ramdenime evropuli saxelmwifo.1 1985 wlisTvis, qveynis ekonomikuri zrdis tempi 2 procentamde daeca da Seadgina daaxloebiT naxevari imisa, rac aTi wlis win iyo. cxra industriuli sawarmodan sul mcire erTi da saxelmwifo meurneobebis TiTqmis mesamedi kotrdeboda. sakvebi, sacxovrebeli saxlebis mSenebloba, samkurnalo saSualebebi da transporti moTxovnebis sruliad araadekvaturi iyo, rogorc xarisxobrivad, aseve raodenobrivad. sabWoTa moqalaqeTa umetesobis cxovreba zogadad gausaZlisi iyo. rac sabWoeTSi komfortad da xelsayrel pirobebad miiCneoda, dasavleTisTvis Cveulebrivi movlena iyo. maRaziebi xSirad uxeirod an saerTod ar maragdeboda. garkveuli saxis saTadarigo nawilebis Sovna xSirad SeuZlebeli iyo. erT-erTi Sefasebis Tanaxmad, miRebul normas warmoadgenda is faqti, rom qalebi, Cveulebriv, dReSi or saaTs, kviris Svidive dRis ganmavlobaSi rigebSi atarebdnen.2 1980-iani wlebis bolosaTvis, sabWoTa kavSiris mosaxleobis 28 procenti oficialurad miCneul siRaribis zRvars qveviT cxovrobda.3 soflis meurneobis sferoSi sakvebis warmoeba Zlivs uwyobda fexs mosaxleobis zrdas da miuxedavad am sferoSi ganxorcielebuli uxvi investiciebisa, mTavroba bevrs xarjavda importirebul xorcsa da marcvleulSi. amasTanave, soflis meurneobaSi sabWoTa kavSiris sainvesticio prioritetebi aSkarad asaxavda saSineli dagegmarebis arsebobas. produqciis meurneobebidan bazrisaken gadaadgileba, sacavebad gankuTvnili sawarmoebi, sakvebis gadamuSaveba, dafasoeba da sacalo gayidva absoluturad ugulebelyofili iyo. sabWoTa ekonomistebma daiangariSes, rom marcvleulis mTeli mosavlis daaxloebiT erTi meoTxedi yovelwliurad bazarze moxvedramde ikargeboda. gorbaCovma ganacxada, rom 1988 wels danakargi daaxloebiT 4 miliardi amerikuli dolaris Rirebulebis importirebuli marcvleulis raodenobas utoldeboda. amis Sedegad, Cveulebrivi sabWoTa moqalaqis mier xorcisa da rZis produqtebis moxmareba, or aTwleulze ufro mcire droSi, 30 procentiT Semcirda.4 sabWoTa ekonomikis daqveiTebisa da mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis da-


227

ce mis fonze, gauaresebulma socialurma problemebma safrTxe sabWoTa sazogadoebis safuZvels Seuqmna. yvelaze did problemebs Soris iyo alkoholizmi da korufcia. alkoholizmi didi xnis manZilze sabWoTa kavSiris yvelaze myar da Zvir problemas warmoadgenda. alkoholis miReba mavne gavlenas axdenda adamianis janmrTelobasa da ojaxur cxovrebaze, amcirebda produqtiulobas da Sromisunarianobas, zrdida Cvil bavSvTa sikvdilianobas (fexmZimobisas alkoholis miRebis gamo), amcirebda cxovrebis xangrZlivobas da didwilad ganapirobebda axalgazrdebSi damnaSaveobis zrdas. amasTanave, korufciac yvaoda. samomxmareblo saqonlis qronikuli ararseboba da saxelmwifos mier fasebis kontroli Savi bazris ayvavebas iwvevda. sabWoTa cxovrebis mniSvnelovani nawili biurokratizirebuli iyo da nebismier sakiTxze oficialur saxelmwi-fo Tanxmobas saWiroebda, ramac gavlenebis araoficialuri sistemis ganviTareba gamoiwvia. imisaTvis, rom daeCqarebinaT oficialuri Tanxmoba an biurokratiisgan sasurveli mopyrobisaTvis mieRwiaT, sabWoTa moqalaqeebisaTvis nebismieri meTodis gamoyeneba Cveulebriv movlenas warmoadgenda. sxva kritikul problemas 1970-1980-ian wlebSi gaRrmavebuli teqnologiuri CamorCeniloba warmoadgenda _ kompiuteruli revolucia ascda sabWoTa moqalaqeebs maSin, roca maTi ekonomikuri konkurentebi gardaqmna. am sferoSi fulis dabandeba menejerebisTvis araxelsayreli iyo da partiac SiSobda, rom misi farTo moxmareba politikur oponentebs gaaZlierebda. amgvari damokidebu lebis Sedegad sabWoTa industriisa da infrastruqturis modernizacia SeuZlebeli xdeboda. am problemaTa umetesi nawilis safuZvels centraluri dagegmva warmoadgenda, romelic ar uwyobda xels axal iniciativebs, radganac qarxnebis mmarTvelebi da saxelmwifos mier marTuli sawarmoebis direqtorebi centralur gegmaze rCebodnen mibmulni, romelic qarxnisa da meurneobebis warmoebaze mkacr kvotebs awesebda. gegmis Sesruleba sabWoTa ekonomikis yvela is umTavres prioritets warmoadgenda. stalinisturma sistemam xarisxi Seswira raodenobas. garda amisa, zevidan wamosuli instruqciebiT moqmedi menejmentisaTvis ar arsebobda sakmarisi iniciativa Tu SesaZlebloba axali teqnologiebis dasanergad. masalebisa da aRWurvilobebis miwodebis SewyvetiT gamowveulma problemebma moulodnelad Seaferxa aRmSeneblobiTi proeqtebi da qarxnisa da meurneobebis warmoeba Seamcira. warmoebis ambiciur kvotebis miRwevis mizniT da dausrulebeli zewolis gamo, direqtorebi arsebuli Cavardnebis dasafarad xSirad sxvadasxva xrikebs iyenebdnen. mmarTvelTa cinizmi erwymoda sabWoTa muSaxelis dabal morals. igi iyo arasaTanadod dasaqmebuli, uxalisod muSaobda, an romelsac, ubralod samuSao motivacia ar gaaCnda. sando da efeqtiani muSaxelis ararsebobis pirdapiri Sedegi iyo saSinlad dabali produqtiuloba. muSebis cinizmi kargad Canda iseT popularul sabWoTa gamonaTqvamebSi, rogoricaa, `partia Tavs ikatunebs, TiTqos gvixdis da Cvenc Tavs vikatunebT, rom vmuSaobT~. es cinizmi ikvebeboda partiuli muSakebis TvalTmaqcobiT, romlebic mxars uWerdnen egalitarul idealebs, magram cxovrobdnen simdidreSi, maSin

228


roca proletariati, romelsac isini adidebdnen, purisa da sxva pirveladi moTxovnilebis nivTebis SesaZenad grZel rigebSi idga. moxda yvelaze uaresi: bevrma sabWoTa kavSirSi sakuTari politikuri sistemis mimarT rwmena dakarga.5 reaqciuli Zalebi, nacionalistebi da nomenklatura. adamianebs, vinc flobdnen Tanamdebobebs da gavlenas sabWoTa sistemaSi, nomenklaturas uwodebdnen. sabWoTa kavSirSi es adamianebi privilegirebul elitarul klass Seadgendnen.6 maT SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen politikuri biurokratiis wevrebi (e.w. aparatCikebi), ufrosi ekonomikuri mmarTvelebi da samecniero ebi, aseve konkretuli mwerlebi, msaxiobebi, kosmonavtebi, aTletebi da generlebi, romlebic warmoadgendnen sabWoTa saxelmwifos da aZlierebdnen mis reputacias. nomenklaturis arseboba ori mizeziT iyo mniSvnelovani. pirveli: kargad ganviTarebuli, eqskluziuri da umeteswilad SeniRbuli keTilmowyobili binebis infrastruqtura, specialuri maRaziebi, sanatoriumebi, saavyofo ebi, klinikebi, kurortebi da skolebi, am fenas ara marto ganze ayenebda Cveulebrivi sabWoTa moqalaqisagan, aramed sruliad ewinaaRm degeboda Tanasworobisa da samarTlianobis marqsistul da komunistur ide alebs, romelsac komunistebi xSirad qadagebdnen. meore: nomenklatura, ara efeqtiani iyo da ufro metad ainteresebda sakuTari Zalauflebis SenarCunebiT, vidre saxelmwifo politikis Sesruleba. 1980iani wlebis Sua periodisaTvis, aravin iyo ise Sefiqrianebuli politikuri elitis mier ekonomikuri ganvi Tarebis Seferxebis perspeqtiviT, rogorc sabWoTa kavSiris axali lideri, mi xeil gorbaCovi. reformis politika. gorbaCovis sami reformistuli programis _ perestroikis, glasnostis da demokratizaciis mizans warmoadgenda komunizmis gadarCena da ara misi dangreva. perestroikis mizani centraluri dagegmvis dogmaturi sistemis gamococxleba iyo. gorbaCovi am ambiciuri miznis miRwevas qveynis ekonomikuri problemebis socialur da politikur saTaveebze ieriSis mitaniT imedovnebda _ rac niSnavda nomenklaturisa da aparatCikebis gavlenis Semcirebas da amavdroulad, sabWoTa muSaxelis efeqtian omis zrdas. sabediswerod, verc gorbaCovi xvdeboda, an kidev Tvals ar usworebda qveynis ekonomikur struqturaSi radikaluri cvlilebebis gatarebis aucileblobas. Sesabamisad, perestroikis idea ufro mimzidvel politikur slogans warmoadgenda, vidre Tanmimdevrul ekonomikur politikas. gorbaCovis damsaxureba iyo nawilobrivi reformebis gatarebis mcdeloba, romelic miznad isaxavda individualuri iniciativis amaRlebas. xelfasebis gamomuSavebis, ganawilebisa da faswarmoqmnis sistemis reformirebis, zeda eSelonis biurokratebis Zalauflebis Semcirebas, adgilobrivi menejeruli Tavisuflebis xelSewyobis, saxelmwifo sawarmoebisa da muSebis mflobelobaSi arsebuli sawarmoebisa da kooperativebis waxalisebis gziT. gatarda aseve sxva saxis sabazro orientaciis reformebic, magram verc erTma


229

maTganma SeZlo fundamenturad Seecvala ekonomikuri sistema saxelmwifo mmarTvelobaSi arsebuli warmoebis saSualebebisa da centraluri dagegmvidan kerZo sakuTrebisa da individualuri iniciativis mimarTulebiT.

fotoze mixeil gorbaCovisa da misi meuRlis raisas fineTSi vizitia asaxulia 1989 wels. gorbaCovma mmarTvelobis periodSi, 1985 wlis martidan 1991 wlis agvistomde, komunizmisa da komunisturi partiis reformirebis radikaluri politikuri da ekonomikuri politika SeimuSava. saboloo jamSi am wamowyebebma stalinisturi saxelmwifos erozia gaaRrmava da mTel aRmosavleT evropaSi komunizmis damxobas Seuwyo xeli.

1989 wlisTvis, sabWoTa ekonomika swraf dezintegracias ganicdida da or weliwadSi igi srul depresiaSi aRmoCnda; 1991 wlisTvis, sabWoTa kavSiris ekonomika yovelwliurad 10 procentiT mcirdeboda. daisva kiTxva, ra unda moemoqmedaT? mmarTveli elita or nawilad iyo gayofili. radikaluri reformis momxreebi mxars uWerdnen centraluri da mbrZanebluri ekonomikidan mkveTr tranzicias sabazro sistemis mimarTulebiT. Zveli kursis momxre konservatorebi (gansakuTrebiT isini, vinc samxedro da saidumlo policiasTan asocirdebodnen) ewinaaRmdegebodnen aseT revoluciur cvlilebebs. sabWoTa mmarTveli elita cdilobda gamklaveboda mzard ekonomikur kriziss, Tumca, gansxvavebiT den siaopinis droindeli CineTisagan, mas arasodes Camouyalibebia momavlis zusti xedva da ar gaerTianebula kompleqsuri reformebis aucileblobiT. am areulobis fonzec ki, gorbaCovis ekonomikuri Sexedulebebi gaurkveveli rCeboda. Tanamdebobaze yofnis bolo TveebSi aSkara gaxda, rom perestroikam (romelic miznad isaxavda gamoecocxlebina centraluri dagegmva da komunizmi) ar gaamarTla da revoluciuri ekonomikuri cvlileba (ro-

230


melic sabediswerod Tavad perestroikis mier iyo wamowyebuli) Cqardeboda. kerZo sakuTreba da ekonomikuri winapirobebi TandaTanobiT viTardeboda maSin, roca ekonomikuri areuloba da uimedoba matulobda. glasnosti. gorbaCovis ufro metad gaxmaurebulma `glasnostis~ (sajarooba) politikam gaaZliera perestroika da sabWoTa istoriaSi mediasaSualebebze cenzura arnaxulad Seamcira. garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi, am politikam gamoiwvia gorbaCovis mimarT didi simpaTia da warumatebeli ekonomikuri reformebisgan mosaxleobis yuradRebis gadatana. glastnosts aseve didi gamoZaxili hqonda sabWoTa sazRvrebs miRma; man gorbaCovi msoflio presisaTvis Zvirfas pirovnebad da dasavleTis bevr qveyanaSi popularul figurad aqcia. miuxedavad misi sagareo politikuri warmatebebisa, glasnosti, pirvel rigSi, Sida politikis instrumenti iyo. mis sawyis ganzraxvas oficialuri korufciisa da arakompetenturobis gamoaSkaraveba warmoadgenda, rasac gorbaCovi sabWoTa ekonomikis arasrulyofilebis erT-erT mizezad miiCnevda. mas surda masiuri cvlilebis mowinaaRmdege sabWoTa biurokratiis Seryeva da muSaTa klasis gamococxleba. sabWoTa mSromelebs ar hqondaT, erTi mxriv, muSaobis stimuli da, meore mxriv, gaficvis ufleba, ris gamoc apaTiasa da alkoholizmSi Cafluliyvnen. realurad, es bolo, epidemiuri xasiaTis problema _ gaxrwnili sazogadoebis tragikul simptoms warmoadgenda. glasnosti mWidro kavSirSi iyo perestroikasTan: is iyo im komunisturi sazogadoebis gamococxlebis saSualeba, romelsac mamoZravebeli Zala gamoecala da romelmac arsebobis mizani dakarga. politikur liberalizacias unda Seeqmna amaRlebuli ganwyoba, rac sazogadoebas energiuls gaxdida, miecemoda ra mas Zveli, muSaobis araefeqtian maxasiaTeblebisa da mmarTvelobis kritikis uflebas. glasnostma swrafad SeiZina sakuTari mimarTuleba, mas Semdeg, rac adre akrZaluli wignebi da filmebi bevrisTvis xelmisawvdomi gaxda. Tumca, yvelaze gasaocar faqts sabWoTa mediis saxelmwifo politikis moqnili instrumentidan sazogadoebrivi kritikis meqaniz -mad gardaqmna warmoadgenda. popularuli axali satelevizio arxebi sabWoTa oficialuri korufciisa da Zalauflebis uzurpaciis mxilebiT iyvnen dakavebulni, sabWoTa gazeTebi da Jurnalebi ki yavlgasuli politikuri principebisa da wesebis Sesaxeb kritikul statiebs aqveynebdnen. sabWoTa kavSirma sakuTari Tavi realurad erTi Ramis ganmavlobaSi gardaqmna. qveyna, romelic ar uSvebda aranair kritikas, iqca im qveynad, sadac kritika swrafad aclida legitimurobas komunistur partiasa da politikur sistemas, rac didi xnis manZilze misi mmarTvelobis instrumentebs warmoadgenda. demokratizacia. iseve rogorc perestroikis SemTxvevaSi, zustad arc is iyo cnobili, Tu ras gulisxmobda gorbaCovi rusul enaze demokratizaciis xsenebisas. demokratizacia, minimum, moiazreboda rogorc politikuri sistema, sadac arCevnebi iqneboda nebadarTuli, Tumca ra doziT _ gaurkveve-


231

li rCeboda. es xedva asaxuli iyo 1989 wels mTeli saxelmwifos masStabiT Catarebul sakanonmdeblo organos arCevnebSi, romelic amomrCevels uflebas aZlevda xma mieca opoziciisaTvis komunisturi partiis wevrebis winaRmdeg, rac pirveli SemTxveva iyo sabWoTa istoriaSi. amavdroulad, gorbaCovi marTavda rogorc sabWoTa prezidenti (arapirdapiri gziT arCeuli Tanamdeboba, romelic man SemoiRo, rogorc misi politikuri reformis nawili) da ara rogorc komunisturi partiis generaluri mdivani. demokratizaciis Sedegad gamowveuli politikuri cvlilebebi sakmaod gansacvifrebeli iyo da mianiSnebda ufro demokratiuli momavlisaken. is moicavda:

. . . .

opoziciis, gavleniani arakomunisturi da antikomunisturi pirovnebebis da partiebis gaCenas, romelTaganac zogierTi centralur sakanonmdeblo organoSi airCies; komunisturi partiis Sida disciplinis mniSvnelovnad Sesusteba (ra sac mis rigebSi urTierTqiSpisa da azrTa sxvadasxvaobis zrda sdevda Tan) sabWoTa kavSiris masStabiT partiis wevrebis ricxvis Semcirebis fonze; centraluri mTavrobis Zalauflebisa da prestiJis xarjze res-publikebis gavlenisa da Zalauflebis zrda; reformebi mTavrobis SigniT, romelsac ara partiis generaluri mdivani, aramed arCeuli oficialuri pirebi da prezidenti marTavdnen da romelic SeZlebda komunisturi partiisagan realuri, damoukidebeli Zalauflebis ganxorcielebas.

reformis marcxi: sistema iSleba gorbaCovis mcdeloba _ moexdina sabWoTa kavSiris politikuri da ekonomikuri sistemebis cvlileba, marcxiT damTavrda. faqtobrivad, mis mier Zalauflebis mopovebis sawyis etapze arsebuli yvela sazogadoebrivi, politikuri da ekonomikuri problema gacilebiT gamwvavebuli iyo im droisaTvis, roca man, daaxloebiT 6 wlis Semdeg, Tanamdeboba datova. mosaxleobis molodinis zrdis paralelurad, dramatulad mcirdeboda cxovrebis done, rac qmnida politikurad aramdgrad situacias. am yvelafers Tan daerTo axali problema _ swrafi inflacia, ramac kidev ufro Seasusta mTavrobisi ndoba. saxalxo mRelvareba gamoixata sabWoTa kavSirisaTvis iseTi axali fenomenis gaCeniT, rogoricaa muSaTa gaficvebi. sazogadoebrivi mRelvarebis eskalaciasTan erTad, gorbaCovis popularuloba da misi gavlena partiuli da saxelmwifo biurokratiis rigebSi Semcirda. sabWoTa reJimis ukanasknel dReebSi Sida aramdgradobis mTavari mizezi iyo saukunovani erovnuli problema. ricxobrivad yvelaze didi Cvidmeti erovneba sabWoTa kavSiris mosaxleobis 90%-ze mets Seadgenda, maT Soris, rusebi 50%-ze odnav meti, xolo ukrainelebi 16%-ze odnav naklebi wiliT 294 milioniani mosaxleobis 2/3-s Seadgendnen 1991 wels. garda amisa, sabWoTa kavSir-Si daaxloebiT 20 erovnuli jgufi cxovrobda, romelic cal-calke 1 mln adamianze mets iTvlida. am msxvil jgufebs Soris iyo 15 erovneba,

232


romelTa saxelebi ewodeboda respublikebs; aseve, TaTrebi, polonelebi, germanelebi, ebraelebi, CuvaSebi, baSkirebi da mordovelebi (ix. cxrili 7.1). sul yofil ssrk-Si 100-ze meti sxvadasxva erovneba cxovrobda da 130mde enaze saubrobdnen.

cxrili 7.1 ZiriTadi erovnebebi sabWoTa kavSirSi misi daSlis dros (1989) procentuli Semadgenlobaa

erovnebebi

rusebi

50.78

moldovelebi

1.17

ukrainelebi

15.47

litvelebi

1.07

uzbekebi

5.84

Turqebi

0.95

belorusebi

3.50

yirgizebi

0.85

yazaxebi

2.84

germanelebi

0.71

azerbaijanelebi

2.38

CuvaSebi

0.64

TaTrebi

2.32

latvielebi

0.51

somxebi

1.62

ebraelebi b

0.50

tajikebi

1.48

baSkirebi

0.50

qarTvelebi

1.39

polonelebi

0.39

erovnebebi

procentuli Semadgenloba

a. monacemebi aRebulia sabWoTa kavSiris bolo oficialuri saxalxo aRweridan. b. yofili sabWoTa kavSiri ebraelebs calke erad gamoyofda. wyaro: Population Today, November 1991, Population Reference Bureau. ibeWdeba nebarTviT.

istoriulad, sabWoTa mTavroba ararusi jgufebis asimilirebisaTvis Zaladobas mimarTavda. amasTan erTad, saxelmwifo politikis erT-erT mTavar instruments ganaTlebis sistema warmoadgenda: sabWoTa kavSiris yvela skolis yvela moswavle valdebuli iyo Seeswavla rusuli. amis Sedegad, ori enis floba Cveulebrivi movlena gaxda sabWoTa respubli-kebSi _ ararusi mosaxleobis umravlesobas SeeZlo gamarTuli rusuliT esaubra. magram sabWoTa kavSiris ulmobeli mcdeloba, daenerga rusebis kulturuli dominantoba, xSirad sastik winaaRmdegobas awydeboda. komunisturi partiis zeda eSelonebSi eTnikuri rusebi dominirebdnen, romlebic mmarTveli elitis daaxloebiT 70 procents Seadgendnen, rac, Tavis mxriv, kidev ufro zrdida eTnikuri umciresobebis gaRizianebas. sabWoTa kavSiris warumatebelma mcdelobam, moexdina eTnikuri umciresobebis sruli asimilireba, msoflios erT-erT ukanasknel imperias safuZveli gamoacala.


233

moskovs sakmaod kargi safuZveli hqonda efiqra, rom èrovnuli sakiTxi~ adre Tu gvian sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis mizezi gaxdeboda. ironiulad, swored gorbaCovis reformebma Seqmna iseTi situacia, rodesac ararusi erovnebis mosaxleobas SeeZlo gaebeda TviTgamorkvevisa da damoukideblobis moTxovniT moZraobis dawyeba. glasnostma, garkveulwilad, centraluri mTavrobisa da komunisturi partiis kritika waaxalisa. gorbaCovis sabediswero gadawyvetilebam _ neba daerTo yofili `sateliti saxelmwifoebisaTvis~ (poloneTi, aRmosavleT germania, Cexoslovakia, ungreTi, bulgareTi da rumineTi) daetovebinaT sabWoTa gavlenis sfero, aseve gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa. pirvelad damoukideblobisaTvis moZraoba baltiispireTis saxelmwifoebSi daiwyo, sadac litvam, latviam da estoneTma (romlebic damoukidebelni iyvnen 1939 wlamde, sanam stalinma maTi xelSi Cagdeba ar moaxerxa hitlerTan samarcxvino paqtis dadebis Semdeg) reformebs sul sxva simZafre da mimarTuleba misca, vidre gorbaCovs hqonda ganzraxuli. baltiis saxelmwifoebi litvis winamZRolobiT, pirvelebi gamoeyvnen sabWoTa kavSirs. erovnulma demonstraciebma da amboxebebma gadauara sabWoTa imperias, da respublikebi erTmaneTis miyolebiT acxadebdnen damoukideblobas. 1991 wlis bolosTvis sabWoTa kavSiri TavisiT daiSala. gorbaCovis yvela mcdeloba, gadaeWra sabWoTa kavSiris fundamenturi politikuri da ekonomikuri problemebi, marcxiT dasrulda. 1991 wlis agvistoSi, gorbaCovi Zalauflebad Camoacila komunisturi partiis rvakacianma jgufma, romelsac samxedroebTan da e.w. suk-Tan (saxelmwifo uSiSroebis komiteti) hqonda kavSiri, magram gadatrialeba marcxiT dasrulda: demokratiisa da sabazro reformebisaTvis mebrZolma boris elcinma, romelic moskovSi alyaSemortymuli ruseTis parlamentis SenobaSi imyofeboda da STaagonebda quCaSi gamosul uzarmazar masas ebrZola demokratiisaTvis, winaaRmdegoba gauwia saxelmwifo gadatrialebis mcdelobas. elcinis daJinebiT, gorbaCovma kvlav daikava Tavisi yofili Tanamdeboba, 1991 wlis bolos, sabWoTa kavSiris formalur daSlamde, Tumca ruseTs ukve axali gmiri hyavda.

boris elcini: postsabWoTa ruseTis pirveli prezidenti

1991 wlis ivnisSi ruseTis respublikis saprezidento arCevnebSi gamarjvebis mopo-vebis Sedegad boris elcini pirveli saxalxod arCeuli prezidenti gaxda ruseTis istoria-Si. ori Tvis Semdeg, 1991 wlis agvistoSi, man CaaCuma reaqciuli Zalebi, romelTac saxelmwi-fo gadatrialebis gziT daamxes sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebis kavSiris prezidenti mixeil gorbaCovi. dramatul momentSi, rodesac Sedegi jer kidev gaurkveveli rCeboda, elcini avida tankze da waikiTxa axla kargad cnobili manifesti, romelic saxelmwifo gadatrialebas aralegitimurad acxadebda da moiTxovda konstituciuri wesrigis aRdgenas, maT Soris prezident gorbaCovis xelisuflebaSi dabrunebas.

234


es situacia sakmaod ironiuli iyo. boris elcini sabWoTa politikaSi Tavis grandiozul aRmasvlas gorbaCovs umadloda. 1980-iani wlebis Sua xanebSi elcini iyo ucnobi partiuli muSaki sverdlovskSi, rodesac gorbaCovma igi moskovSi partiis adgilobrivi organizaciis xelmZRvanelad gadaiyvana. magram elcini maleve daupirispirda mas; brals sdebda gorbaCovs imaSi, rom igi realuri reformebis gatarebis saqmeSi fexs iTrevda, TviTon ki ufro radikaluri liberalizaciis politikas uWerda mxars. elcinis mkacri da saxalxo kritikiT gaRizianebulma gorbaCovma gansxvavebuli mosazrebebis mqone es adamiani politbiuros 1987 wels CamoaSora. magram elcini ar danebda. igi brZolas agrZelebda da bevri momxrec gaiCina mSobliur ruseTSi. 1991 wlis arCevnebSi gamarjvebiT elcinma daCrdila gorbaCovi, romelic araso-des yofila saxalxod arCeuli da Sesabamisad, aklda ndobis is mandati, romelic elcins gaaCnda. elcinma gadamwyveti roli Seasrula gorbaCovis gaurkveveli, da, savaraudod, fataluri momavlisagan gadarCenaSi, ramac sabolood elcini upirates poziciaSi Caayena gorbaCovTan mimarTebaSi, romlis ndoba da prestiJi da, Sesabamisad, Zalauflebac gaqra saxelmwifo gadatrialebis mcdelobis Semdeg. bolos, gorbaCovi ara mxolod mixvda, rom daetovebina komunisturi partiis generaluri mdivnis Tanamdeboba da ganecalkevebina partia mTavrobisagan, aramed aseve saWirod CaTvala Segueboda sabWoTa kavSiris daSlas. gorbaCovma prezidentis Tanamdeboba 1991 wlis 25 dekembers datova. elcini darCa ruseTis mTavrobis saTaveSi, magram gaRrmavebuli socialuri da ekonomikuri krizisis pirobebSi mas uwevda saparlamento opoziciasTan gamklaveba. elcinis Seusabamo da sastikma damokidebulebam ruseTis separatistuli regionis, CeCneTis mimarT ver gaaumjobesa misi Selaxuli imiji, verc qveynis SigniT da verc mis gareT. misi popularoba, ramac igi uZleveli gaxada 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, 1996 wlis ivnisSi, axali saprezidento arCevnebis win Zalian dacemuli iyo. elcins mouxda Sejibreba prezidentobis komunist kandidat evgeni ziuganovTan, da meore turSi mciredi upiratesobiT mainc gaimarjva. misi triumfi janmrTelobasTan dakavSirebulma problemebma gaafermkrTala. 1996 wlis bolos elcinma gulis operacia gaikeTa. 1997 wlisTvis is gamojanmrTelda, Tumca ar iyo iseTive qmediTi, rogorc wina wlebSi. 2000 wels vladimer putini air-


235

Cies mis memkvidred. putinis winaSec seriozuli problemebi idga, maT Soris: dasneulebuli ekonomika, korufciuli sazogadoeba, sastiki damnaSaveoba da CeCneTSi aalebuli omi.

Tanamedrove sirTuleebi moicavs ra yofili sabWoTa kavSiris teritoriis 75, mosaxleobis 50 da mTliani erovnuli produqtis daaxloebiT 60 procents, ruseTi rCeba evrazi-is gabatonebul Zalad. ruseTis uzarmazari gavlena dsT-s sivrceze bevr fundamentur kiTxvas wamoWris: iqneba Tu ara dsT meqanizmi, romlis meSveobiTac axali damoukidebeli respublikebi ganimtkiceben TavianT damoukideblobas, Tu is iqneba struqtura, romliTac ruseTi daSlili imperiis aRdgenas Seecdeba? 1990-iani wlebis Sua periodSi aSkara niSnebi ikveTeboda meore scenaris sasargeblod, radgan ruseTi Zveli ruseTis imperiisa da slavuri evropis teritoriebze dakarguli gavlenis aRdgenas cdilobda. rusuli jari ganlagebuli iyo bevr yofil sabWoTa respublikaSi, maT Soris latviaSi, estoneTSi, moldovaSi, saqarTveloSi, azerbaijansa da tajikeTSi. konfliqtur saxelmwifoebSi _ azerbaijanSi, tajikeTsa da saqarTveloSi moskovma samxedro intervencia `samSvidobo~ safuZvlebze gaamarTla, rodesac axal damoukidebel respublikebSi, an maT Soris, rogorc Sida, aseve sagareo uTanxmoebebi warmoiSva. danarCeni msoflio gansakuTrebulad Sefiqrianebuli iyo im faqtiT, rom ruseTi, ukraina, yazaxeTi da belorusia maT teritoriebze ganTavsebuli sabWoTa kavSiris birTvuli iaraRis memkvidreebi iyvnen. amis Sedegad msoflioSi moulodnelad gaCnda ramdenime axali birTvuli saxelmwifo da es maSin, roca birTvuli iaraRi kidev ufro amwvavebda daZabulobas axal damoukidebel saxelmwifoebs Soris. politikuri motivebiT ruseTi yofili sabWoTa kavSiris birTvuli iaraRis sakuTar arsenalSi moqcevas Seecada. ukrainamac da yazaxeTmac piroba dades, gadaecaT es iaraRi ruseTisaTvis, Tumca amavdroulad, am nabijis gadadgmamde, moskovisagan ekonomikur da finansur daTmobebs moiTxovdnen, xolo dasavleTisgan _ usafrTxoebis garantiebs. 1996 wlisTvis yvela birTvuli iaraRi, maT Soris belorusiaSi arsebulic, ruseTSi iqna gadatanili. ruseTis uzarmazari masobrivi ganadgurebis biologiuri da qimiuri iaraRis arsenalis usafrTxoebac dasavleTis didi Sefiqrianebis sagans warmoadgenda. 2001 wlis 11 seqtembers amerikis SeerTebul Statebze ganxorcielebuli teroristuli aqtebis Semdeg es problema kidev ufro gamwvavda, ramdenadac arsebobda saSiSroeba, rom zogierTi am momakvdinebel nivTierebaTagan (maT Soris antraqsi) SeiZleboda avRaneTSi da sxvagan dabinavebul saerTaSoriso teroristul dajgufebebs CaegdoT xelSi. ruseTis ganviTarebis procesSi myof politikuri da ekonomikuri proeqtia. Tumca, SeuZlebelia viwinaswarmetyveloT misi momavali perspeqtivebi. is faqti, rom ruseTi rCeba mniSvnelovan da Zlevamosil saxelmwifod, eWvs

236


ar iwvevs. ruseTis warmateba damokidebuli iqneba mis unarze, gaumklavdes sul mcire sam gamowvevas: ekonomikur vardnas, eTnikur fragmentacias da saxelmwifo mSeneblobas. ekonomikuri vardna. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg mudmivma ekonomikurma problemebma did gasaWirSi Caagdo dsT-s saxelmwifoebi. arc ruseTi warmoadgenda am mxriv gamonakliss: misi susti ekonomika ganapirobebs Cveulebrivi moqalaqeebis yoveldRiur duxWir cxovrebas. 1991 wlis Semdeg, dsT-is saxelmwifoTa umravlesobis msgavsad, ruseTma samrewvelo warmoebaSi, sacalo gayidvasa da erovnul SemosavalSi gansacvifrebeli vardna ganicada. gaizarda sabiujeto deficiti. Tavdapirvelad am ekonomikur Cavardnebs Tan axlda farTod gavrcelebuli inflacia. am droidan moyolebuli ekonomikuri gamococxlebis niSnebi gamoCenas agvianebda. ekonomikurma vardnam, romelic asocirdeboda sabWoTa Zalauflebis kolafsTan da elcinis mTavrobis mier Tanmimdevruli da energiuli ekonomikuri reformis gatarebis mcdelobisas gancdil marcxTan, warmoebis masStabebi 1990-iani wlebis Sua periodSi erTi mesamediT Semcirda.7 magram aqve zogierTi dadebiTi simptomic SeimCneoda, maT Soris: fasebis gaTavisuflebiT sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis mcdeloba, Tavdacvis dafinansebis Semcireba, distribuciis Zveli centralizebuli sistemis uaryofa, vauCeruli privatizaciis farTomasStabiani programis gatareba, kerZo bankebis daarseba da sagareo vaWrobis demonopolizacia. 1996 wlisTvis elcinma inflaciis Semcirebisa da rublis stabilizirebis TvalsazrisiTac warmatebas miaRwia. miuxedavad am nabijebisa, ekonomika kvlav daRmavlobas ganagrZobda. mTliani Sida produqti da samrewvelo warmoebis moculoba 6 procentze metiT daeca.8 (Tumca, vardna ufro neli iyo vidre ori wlis win, rodesac is 15 procents Seadgenda.) amaSi nawilobriv ruseTSi privatizaciis SedarebiT dabali done (CexeTis, poloneTisa da ungreTis ufro warmatebul ekonomikebTan SedarebiT) SeiZleba davadanaSauloT, magram sabazro ekonomikis xelSewyobisa da sagareo investiciebis waxalisebis mizniT myari samarTlebrivi safuZvlebis ganviTarebac ver moxerxda, rac ekonomikuri vardnis aseve mniSvnelovani gamomwvevi faqtoria. sxva faqtorTa Soris iyo aqcionerTa zustad gansazRvruli uflebebis, miwis bazrebis ganviTarebis xelSemwyobi kanonebisa da socialuri usafrTxoebis qselis ararseboba, rac sawarmoebs muSebisaTvis SeRavaTebis uzrunvelyofis tvirTisagan gaaTavisuflebda. mniSvnelovan ekonomikur problemas mudmivad aqvs mniSvnelovani socialuri Sedegebi. dRes rusebis umravlesoba miiCnevs, rom maTi mdgomareoba wlebTan erTad uaresdeba. farTod gavrcelebuli jandacvis problemebi (nawilobriv gamowveuli mTavrobis uunarobiT, xeli Seewyo sazogadoebrivi jandacvis programisaTvis), arsebuli xelfasebis Semcireba (inflaciis gamo), saxelfaso davalianebisa da umuSevrobis swrafi zrda kvlav rCeba rusebis SeSfoTebis mTavar mizezebad. 1990-iani wlebis Sua periodSi, daaxloebiT 36.6 milioni rusi, anu mosaxleobis erTi meoTxedi, siRaribis zRvars qvemoT cxovrobda. erTaderT naTel wertils inflaciis tempis Sem-


237

cireba warmoadgenda _ 1998 wlis dasawyisisaTvis 10.2 procentamde. 2001 wels, inflaciam kvlav imata (daaxloebiT 20 procenti), magram rusuli ekonomika, prezident vladimer putinis Zlieri xelmZRvanelobis wyalobiT, aRorZinebis niSnebs amJRavnebda.9 [Semdeg wlebSi ruseTis ekonomikis gajansaRebas ganapirobebda navTobze maRali fasebi _ mTargmn. Sen.] eTnikuri fragmentacia. 1991 wels sabWoTa kavSiris daSlas Zveli imperiis bevr nawilSi samoqalaqo omi, religiuri devna da eTnikuri amboxebebi axlda Tan. ruseTi rCeba eTnikurad mravalferovan qveynad, romelic jer kidev cdilobs gadalaxos konfliqturi eTnikuri jgufebis Zlieri centridanuli Zala, miT umetes, rom zogierT maTgans suverenuli damoukidebloba surs. am jgufebis rusul saxelmwifoSi warmatebuli integracia daumTavrebel saqmed darCa axali aTaswleulis dasawyisSi. 1993 wlis konstituciiT eTnikuri jgufebi ruseTis federaciaSi 21 respublikis safuZvels qmnian. es federaluri erTobebi (msgavsi Statebis mmarTvelobisa amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi) warmodgenilia, rogorc respublikebi ruseTis sakanonmdeblo organos zeda palataSi. Tumca, verc erTi konstitucia ver SeZlebs gadaWras eTnikuri daZabuloba ruseTis SigniT _ dro, urTierTpativiscema da ekonomikuri warmateba dominantur rusul da periferiebze mcxovreb erovnebebs Soris grZelvadiani stabiluri urTierTobis nebismieri receptis aucilebeli ingredientebia (es exeba rogorc ruseTis sazRvrebs SigniT, aseve mis gareT arsebul viTarebas). politikur saxelmwifoSi gansxvavebuli erovnebebis integraciis problemis daZleva sxva sirTulesac ukavSirdeba. tradiciulad, sabWoTa kavSiri biurokratiulad moskovidan regionuli istraciuli erTobebis (oblasti) da eTnikuri (an erovnuli) respublikebis meSveobiT imarTeboda. ormagi iurisdiqciis es sistema ruseTSi sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg kvlav agrZelebda funqcionirebas. magram centraluri mTavrobis Zalaufleba komunizmis marcxis Sedegad Semcirda, maSin roca regionebis Zalaufleba gaizarda. daTrgunulma eTnikurma siamayem da rusuli dominantobis mimarT protestis grZnobam respublikebSi gansxvavebul erovnul jgufebsa da centralur xelisuflebas Soris dapirispirebis ali aanTo. amavdroulad, respublikebi metoqeobas uwevdnen oblastebs ruseTis politikur sistemaSi Zalauflebisa da gavlenis mopovebisaTvis. ruseTis eTnikuri respublikebis mier gamowveulma politikurma problemebma wina planze 1994 wlis dekemberSi wamoiwia, rodesac ruseTma samxedro Tavdasxma ganaxorciela mis SemadgenlobaSi arsebul, eTnikurad muslimur respublikaze, CeCneTze, romelic CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, Sav da kaspiis zRvebs Soris mdebareobs. adre CeCneTma ruseTisagan damoukidebloba gamoacxada. gadawyvita ra bolo moeRo CeCneTis daumorCileblobisaTvis, ruseTis prezidentma elcinma amboxebis CasaxSobad iq rusuli jari gaagzavna. omis msvlelobisas ruseTis samxedro TviTmfrinavebma sastikad dabombes CeCneTis dedaqalaqi _ grozno. CeCeni jariskacebi Zalian motivirebulebi iyvnen, maSin roca rusi jariskacebi, asaxavdnen ra farTod gavrcelebul saxalxo skepticizms, naklebad mondomebulebi iyvnen brZo-

238


laSi Casabmelad (albaT, axsovdaT sastiki omi avRaneTSi 1980-ian wlebSi) da did danakargebsac ganicdidnen. gaWianurebuli `binZuri~ omis Sedegad dasjili ruseTi iswrafvoda mSvidobisaken. 1996 wlis bolos xelmowerilma zavma faqtobrivad separatistuli meamboxeebis gamarjveba aRiara. man ruseTs misca saSualeba 2001 wlamde gadaewyvita, rogor mopyroboda CeCneTis mier damoukideblobis moTxovnas. amavdroulad ZalaSi rCeboda pasuxgaucemeli kiTxvebi:

.. . .

SenarCundeba Tu ara cecxlis Sewyveta? miscems Tu ara ruseTi CeCneTs gamoyofis uflebas? mosalodnelia Tu ara, rom ruseTSi arsebulma ramdenma sxva eTnikurma jgufma mibaZos CeCnebs da moiTxovos damoukidebloba? Caefloba Tu ara uzarmazari birTvuli iaraRis mqone ruseTi anarqiaSi?

eTnikurad mravalferovani ruseTis SenarCuneba da Sida marTva mxolod erTi problemaa; Tumca, sxvadasxva eTnikuri dapirispireba, romelic gavlenas axdens sagareo politikur urTierTobebsa da politikur kavSirebze ruseTsa da yofili sabWoTa kavSiris bevr axal damoukidebel respublikas Soris, gansxvavebuli saxis problemebs warmoSobs. magaliTad, miuxedavad imisa, rom ukraina da ruseTi damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobrobis organizaciis wevrebi arian, maT Soris garkveulma uTanxmoebam mainc iCina Tavi. am problemis erTi nawili istoriulia. ukraina (gansakuTrebiT kievi) ruseTis istoriuli dabadebis adgilia (kievis ruseTi). is, 40 milioniani mosaxleobiT, aRmosavleT evropis erT-erTi yvelaze didi qveyanaa (uxeSad rom vTqvaT, mezobeli poloneTis zomis). ukrainis kuTvnil strategiul naxevarkunZulze, romelic yirimis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili, aris Savi zRvis sanapiroze arsebuli uZravi qonebis mniSvnelovani nawili. yirimis dRevandel mosaxleobas didi rusebi [ukrainelebs mcirerusebs uwodeben _ mTargmn. Sen.] warmoadgenen, romlebmac Caanacvles adgilobrivi mosaxleoba, yirimeli TaTrebi mas Semdeg, rac stalinma isini cimbir Si gadaasaxla 1930-ian wlebSi. rodesac 1994 wlis ianvarSi prorusuli nacionalisti airCies yirimis prezidentad, igi imuqreboda, rom ukrainisagan gamoyofisa da ruseTTan SeerTebis moTxovniT referendums Caatarebda. miuxedavad imisa, rom referendumi ar Catarebula, ukrainis gayofis albaTobas dasavleT (ukrainul) da aRmosavleT (rusul) nawilebad, ver gamovricxavT. krizisi warmatebiT mowesrigda 1990-iani wlebis Sua periodSi. dawesda ormagi kontroli yofil sabWoTa sazRvao sawarmoebsa da samxedro Zalebze samxreT ukrainis saporto qalaq sevastopolSi (yirimis naxevarkunZulze), rac kidev erTxel miuTiTebs momavali konfliqtis SesaZleblobaze ruseTsa da ukrainas Soris. krizisi amoizarda am or yofil partniors Soris arsebuli ambiciuri da konfliqturi interesebidan yofili sabWoTa kavSiris Savi zRvis sazRvao teqnikis mflobelobis sakiTxis garSemo. miuxedavad imisa, rom uTanxmoeba mSvidobianad gadawyda 1997 wels (ruseTma miiRo flotis 80 procenti, Tumca daTanxmda, rom Tavad porti ukrainas ekuTvnoda), es kidev


239

erTxel gvaxsenebs, rom es ori didi slavuri saxelmwifo dRes ufro metoqeebi arian, vidre Zmebi (miuxedavad imisa, rom istoriisa da eTnikurobis TvalsazrisiT isini SeiZleba aRviqvaT, rogorc erTi da imave ojaxis xis ori ganStoeba). aseTive aqtiuri an potenciuri konfliqtis mravali sxva magaliTi arsebobs. magaliTad, 1997 wels yazaxeTSi (romelic ruseTs esazRvreba) mosaxleobis 51 procenti iyo yazaxi da 32 procenti rusi. dapirispireba or jgufs Soris yazaxeTis sazogadoebriv mSvidobas emuqreba imdenad, ramdenadac aseT SemTxvevaSi ruseTis intervenciis SesaZlebloba izrdeba. eTnikuri da politikuri dapirispireba moxda moldovaSi, saxelmwifoSi, romelic esazRvreba rumineTs yofili sabWoTa kavSiris dasavleT sazRvarze. ruseTis mier moldovaSi eTnikuri rusebis mier wamoyenebuli teritoriuli moTxovnebis mxardaWeram (romlebic mTeli mosaxleobis 13 procents Seadgenen), gamoiwvia uTanxmoebebi, erTi mxriv, moldovel rusebsa da adgilobriv moldovelebs (romlebic mosaxleobis 65 procentia) da meore mxriv, ruseTisa da moldoveTis mTavrobebs Soris. saxelmwifos mSenebloba. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg, diskreditirebu li komunisturi partiis Casanacvleblad axali samTavrobo struqturebi da mTavrobebi gaxda saWiro. axladSeqmnil saxelmwifoebs axali samTavrobo struqturebi sWirdebodaT samarTavad, miT ufro araxelsayreli ekonomikuri garemosa da eTnikuri daZabulobis fonze. ruseTma unda gadaWras saxelmwifo mSeneblobis seriozuli problemebi imisaTvis, rom momavali politikuri stabiluroba uzrunvelyos. miuxedavad imisa, rom sakanonmdeblo arCevnebi Catarda 1993 da 1995 wlebSi, xolo saprezidento arCevnebi gaimarTa 1996 da 2000 wlebSi [saparlamento arCevnebi aseve Catarda 1999, 2003, 2007 wlebSi,xolo saprezidento 2004 da 2008 ww. _ mTargmn. Sen.], demokratia ruseTSi kvlav ganviTarebis sawyis etapze rCeba. saxelmwifos mSeneblobis sirTuleebi, romelsac ruseTi politikuri stabilurobis miRwevis mizniT unda gaumklavdes, Semdegia: myife konstitucia: 1993 wels miRebulma ruseTis konstituciam gaaZ-

. .

liera prezidenti parlamentTan mimarTebaSi, ramac elcins saparlamento opoziciaze warmatebis mopovebis saSualeba misca. miuxedavad imisa, rom igi sayovelTaod aRiarebuli politikuri dokumentia, jerjero-biT ar warmoadgens sakadrisi pativiscemis obieqts, rasac, rogorc we-si, aseTi donis dokumentebi imsaxureben. danawevrebuli partiuli sistema: ruseTis partiuli sistema Zalian danawevrebulia. 1995 wlis dekemberSi dumis, ruseTis erovnul sakanonmdeblo organos federaluri yrilobis qveda palatis arCevnebSi 42 partia dafiqsirda. es partiebi saucxood gamoxatavdnen profesiuli, ideologiuri da eTnikuri interesis mTel speqtrs; maT Soris zogierTi gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa: ekologiuri partia, ruseTis qalebi, muslimuri moZraoba, ruseTis advokatTa asociacia da TviT ludis msmelTa partiac ki. ruseTis wamyvani politikuri partiebi warmoadgens or politikur speqtrs _ nacionalistebs, romlebic mxars uWeren Zveli ruseTis imperiis aRorZinebas da komunistebs, romlebic ekonomikuri da demokratiuli reformebis

240

.

.

.


tempis Semcirebis an saerTod gauqmebis momxreebad gvevlinebian. aseTma uTanxmoebam gamoiwvia politikur CixSi Sesvla da radikalizmi _ rac, Tavis mxriv, politikuri SeSfoTebis mizezia. gaurkveveli federalizmi: ruseTis oficialuri saxelwodeba _ ruseTis federacia, gamoxatavs Zalauflebis danawilebas centralur da adgilobriv mTavrobebs Soris. amasTan, konstitucia naTlad ver gamosaxavs centrsa da federaciis wevrebs Soris arsebul uflebamosilebebs. zogierTi damkvirvebeli amtkicebs, rom ZalTa balansi centraluri xelisuflebidan adgilobrivi mTavrobebis sasargeblod inacvlebs. 1993 wlis konstituciis miRebam da Sesabamisma kanonmdeblobam, romelic federaciis sabWoSi (federaluri yrilobis zeda palata) msxdomi adgilobrivi liderebis arCevnebs awesebda, gavleniani liderebis xelmZRvanelobiT regionuli Zalis centrebis Seqmnas Seuwyo xeli. moskovi veRar SeZlebs gamodevnos daumorCilebeli adgilobrivi mTavrobebi; axla mas mouwevs molaparakebebi gamarTos liderebTan qveda doneebze [putinis dros ganxorcielda reforma, romelmac centraluri xelisuflebis gaZlierebas Seuwyo xeli da regionebis moskovis kontrols dauqvemdebara _ mTargmn. Sen] .11 organizebuli danaSaulis zrda. saxelmwifos mSeneblobis aucileblobas kvazisamTavrobo funqciis Sesrulebis msurveli mopaeqre organizaciebis gavlenisa da raodenobis zrdac asaxavs, romlebic am miznis miRwevas damoukideblad an arsebuli samTavrobo struqturebis meSveobiT cdiloben. erT-erTi Sefasebis Tanaxmad, organizebul damnaSaveobaSi dRes daaxloebiT 3 milioni adamiania CarTuli da man rogorc ruseTis, aseve sxva respublikebis policiasa da biurokratiaSic ki SeaRwia. qurduli samyaros gavlena yvelganaa: `dasavleTs aSfoTebs misi SeWra yvela sferoSi: warmoSobis stadiaSi myof Tavisufal bazarze, privatizaciaSi, ganiaraRebaSi, samxedro sferoSi, sagareo humanitarul Semweobasa da finansur daxmarebaSi da TviT saxelmwifos savaluto da oqros rezervebSi.~12 1995 wlis martSi, mafiis mier cnobili Jurnalistis mkvlelobis Semdeg, elcinma ganacxada, rom organizebuli damnaSaveoba seriozul safrTxes uqmnis ruseTis politikur stabilurobas. dasavleTis saxelmwifoebis mTavrobebma gamoxates SeSfoTeba, rom rusul mafias, agreTve im mecnierebs, inJinrebs da teqnologebs, romlebic sakmaod dazaraldnen samsaxurebidan gaTavisuflebebiT da xelfasebis mkveT-ri SemcirebiT, SeiZleba moparuli birTvuli, qimiuri da biologiuri iaraRi Sav bazarze teroristuli dajgufebebisa da urCi saxelmwifoebisaTvis mieyidaT (iaraRiTa da narkotikebiT saerTaSoriso aralegalu-ri vaWroba did bizness warmoadgens). kanonis mimarT upativcemulobis zrda: organizebuli damnaSaveobis zrda, adgilobrivi politikuri bosebis gaCena, korufciis farTod gavrceleba da iseTi sazogadoebrivi problemebi, rogoricaa Cveulebrivi damnaSaveoba, prostitucia da narkotikebis moxmareba, sazogadoebrivi struqturis xarjze ikvebeboda. farTod gavrcelebuli damnaSaveobac asaxavs mTavrobis uunarobas _ daicvas kanoniereba da wesrigi. am problemebis erTi Sedegi aris zogadad kanonis ideis upativcemuloba, romelsac `ruseTis yvelaze did gasaWirs~ uwodebdnen.13


241

bolosdabolos, gamoGnda lideri? 1999 wlis agvistoSi, imdroindelma prezidentma boris elcinma vladi mer putini, yofili suk-is oficeri da politikurad ucnobi adamiani, axal premier-ministrad daasaxela. elcinis oTx wina premier-ministrTagan didi xniT arc erTi darCenila am Tanamdebobaze, Sesabamisad putinis moulodneli da winaureba SesaZloa didi ambavi sulac ar yofiliyo. realurad ki es marT-la didi garigeba aRmoCnda: rva Tvis Semdeg putini ruseTis axlad arCeuli prezidenti gaxda. Tu elcini saprezidento Tanamdebobaze putinis memkvidreobas gegmavda, maSin 1999 wlis saparlamento arCevnebs gadamwyveti mniSvneloba hqonda. putinma, Tavis mxriv, ori ram gaakeTa, ramac gaamyara misi poziciebi amomrCevlebSi. pirvel rigSi, CeCneTis omTan mimarTebaSi mkacri kursis aRebis Sedegad, man swrafad moipova bevri rusis mxardaWera. misi winamorbedebi am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT didi xnis ganmavlobaSi veranair gadawyvetilebas ver iRebdnen (winamorbedebSi, ra Tqma unda, prezidenti elcinic igulisxmeba). meore, man gabedulad dauWira mxari or moulodnelad gamoCenil partias _ erTobas (mas aseve uwodebdnen medveds, rac daTvs niSnavs), romelic bolo wuTis koalicias warmoadgenda da aravin icoda misi politikuri programa da memarjvene ZalTa kavSirs, liberal-reformatorTa partias. erToba lamis pirvel adgilze gavida da mcirediT CamorCeboda komunistebs, maSin roca memarjvene ZalTa gaerTianeba meoTxe adgilze gavida. erTad am orive partiam amomrCevelTa xmebis mTeli raodenobis erTi mesamedi moagrova da komunistebTan SedarebiT odnav naklebi adgili miiRo dumaSi. ruseTis parlamentSi erTmaneTis pirispir pirvelad aRmoCnda ori bloki warmodgenili _ erTi centridan marcxniv, xolo meore centridan marjvniv. xdeboda Tu ara ruseTis politikuri partiuli sistema bolos da bolos naklebad qaosuri, SesaZloa, ufro normaluric? mTlad asec ar iyo saqme. axlad arCeuli dumis pirvel Sekrebaze, komunistebma da erTobam (ZiriTa pro-putiniseulma partiam) ucnauri aliansi Sekres, erTmaneTSi inawilebdnen ra mTavari komitetebis Tavmjdomareebis Tanamdebobebs. komunistebi ukeTes mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndnen: maT SeinarCunes dumis Tavmjdomaris Tanamdeboba da miiRes cxra komitetis Tavmjdomaris posti. samagierod, maT mxardaWera aRuTqves putinis mier SeTavazebuli premier-ministris kandidaturas da axal mTavrobas, aseve reformis programas. opoziciurma partiebma wesebis darRvevaze gamoTqves ukmayofileba (yofilma premier-ministrma, evgeni primakovma, am garigebas `wabilwva~ uwoda). miuxedavad yvelafrisa, ruseTis axalgazrda demokratiisaTvis es pirveli garigeba iyo: aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas arasdros hyolia gamokveTili umravlesoba parlamentSi. retrospeqtulad, elcinis gadawyvetileba gaexada putini premier-ministri 1999 wels, warmoadgenda pirvel scenas dramis saboloo aqtSi, romelic daaxloebiT aTi wlis win daiwyo. xelisuflebaSi mosvlis Semdeg putinma swrafad scada ruseTis Sida da sagareo politikisaTvis Tavisi `xelwera~ daetyo. qveynis SigniT man wamoiwyo moZraoba organizebuli damna-

242


Saveobisa da ruseTis cnobili òligarqebis~ (mdidari finansuri magnatebi, romelTac elcinis dros moipoves kontroli sabWoTa ekonomikis uzarmazar nawilze) winaaRmdeg; qveynis gareT, man ruseTis sagareo politikas axali ieri misca, Seamcira ra Tavidan daZabuloba yofil sabWoTa respublikebTan, daxura ruseTis mosasmeni posti vietnamSi da sazRvao baza kubaSi, ganaaxla msoflio savaWro organizaciaSi gawevrianebis moTxovna da myarad dauWira mxari amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis kampanias terorizmis winaaRmdeg 2001 wlis bolos. putinma aseve jerovani yuradReba dauTmo ekonomikur reformebs, maT Soris cvlilebebs sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobaSi da fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad finansuri dazvervis samsaxuris Seqmna. 1990-iani wlebis bolos navTobze gazrdili fasebis wyalobiT amotivtivebuli ruseTis ekonomika gamococxlebis niSnebs amJRavnebda. amaSi mas 1998 wels rublis gaufasurebac daexmara. magram ruseTis proteqcionistuli, karteluri ekonomikis struqtura ucvleli darCa, maT Soris misi mTavari seqtorebi: sawarmoebi, bankebi da saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi arsebuli dawesebulebebi. arc politikuri landSafti Secvlila fundamenturad: regionebSi kvlav gamefebulia intriga da korufcia, biurokratia aris imperiuli da SeuRwevadi, damoukidebeli pre-sa saxelmwifosagan TiTqmis daucvelia (muqarebi Jurnalistebis misamarTiT romlebic Jurnalistur gamoZiebas awarmoeben, ar warmoadgens uCveulo movlenas da ar SeiZleba amis ugulebelyofa). sabolood, komunisturi mmarTvelobis safarvelis mocilebidan aTi wlis Semdegac, dasavleTisa da msofliosaTvis ruseTi kvlav gamocanas warmoadgens. putinis swrafi gaZliereba da myari mmarTveloba adasturebs or rames: rogorc araprognozirebadobas, aseve ruseTis mier demokratiis sakuTari eqsperimentis dawyebas.

momavlis perspeqtiveb i dRes ismis kiTxva: ruseTi daqveiTebis, daqucmacebisa da anarqiis proces-Si myofi didi imperiis narCenia Tu igi moaxerxebs stabilizacias da msoflio mniSvnelobis saxelmwifod da imperiad xelmeored aRmocenebas? rogor daas-rulebs ruseTi tranziciis process: rogorc demokratiuli Tu rogorc avtoritaruli saxelmwifo? es ori kiTxva gansazRvravs nebismier varauds ruseTis momavlis Sesaxeb. ekonomikuri, eTnikuri da politikuri uwesrigobis pirobebSi, ruseTi itanjeba identobis krizisiT. rwmenaTa romeli sistema miscems azrs mosaxleobis cxovrebas, gansakuTrebiT, arasaxarbielo politikur da ekonomikur pirobebSi? komunizmma, rogorc gavlenianma rwmenaTa sistemam, TandaTanobiT dakarga ndoba stalinis sikvdilis Semdeg da sabolood, marcxi ganicada. rusuli marTlmadidebeli eklesia bevrs sTavazobs nugeSiscemas, Tumca miuxedavad komunizmis marcxisa, mainc ibrZvis farTod gavrcelebuli politikuri gavlenisagan gaTavisuflebisaTvis. rogorc vnaxeT, zogierTs rusuli mafia sTavazobs Zalauflebis sacdurs da gavlenis moxveWas. albaT, yvelaze


243

sanukvari xati aRdge-nili, Zlieri, imperialisturi ruseTia, romelic farTod gavrcelebuli nostalgiiTa da ruseTis istoriaSi Rrmad fesvgadgmuli samSoblos siyvaruliT aris motivirebuli. rogorc Cans, putini swored patriotizmis am Tandayolil grZnobasa da erovnul siamayes mimarTavs demagogiuri mowodebebisa Tu ukidures memarjveneTa gulis mogebis gareSe. saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi despotizmisa da centralizebuli marTvis gamo demokratia ruseTSi yovelTvis gaurkvevel perspeqtivas warmoadgenda. jer kidev 1990-ian wlebSi optimistebs sjerodaT, rom ruseTi demokratiis da Tavisufali sabazro ekonomikis mimarTulebiT moZraobda. mogvianebiT imave aTwleulSi, waawyda ra uamrav kulturul, politikur da ekonomikur dabrkolebas, politikuri da ekonomikuri liberalizacia Soreul imedad iqca. sanam ruseTis momavali uwonadobis mdgomareobaSia, demokratia kvlav myife rCeba sxvadasxva politikuri jgufebis arsebobis fonze, romelTaTvisac eTnikuri aratolerantuloba da warsulis nostalgia saerTo maxasiaTeblebia. ruseTis liberalur-demokratiuli konstitucia qaRaldze sakmaod damaimedeblad gamoiyureba. Tumca, mniSvnelovania ara is, Tu rogor gamoiyureba konstitucia qaRaldze, aramed is, Tu rogor muSaobs igi praqtikaSi. aSkaraa, rom momaval wlebSi demokratias ruseTSi bevri mkacri gamocdis Cabareba mouwevs. Tu ruseTs gadawyvetili aqvs daasrulos tranzicia Ria da liberaluri sazogadoebis SeqmniT, es, erTi mxriv, ganpirobebuli una iyos brZnuli da gabeduli mmarTvelobiT da, meore mxriv, sazogadoebis uzarmazari SeupovrobiT. Cven axla mokled gavecnobiT aRmosavleT evropas. es aris regioni tranziciis procesSi myofi saxelmwifoebiT. Tqven ver naxavT or qveyanasac ki, romlebsac gardaqmnis procesSi absoluturad msgavsi politikuri da ekonomikuri problemebi hqondea. Sesabamisad, yvelaze warmatebul da warumatebel saxelmwifo-ebs Soris Zalian didia zRvari.

aRmosavleTi evropa gzagasayarze (mokvdeba Tu ara odesme Zveli Cvevebi) am regionis axali damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebi oTx aTwleulze met xans komunisturi mmarTvelobis qveS imyofeboda. sabWoTa `didi Zmis~ msgavsad, maTac centralizebuli dagegmili ekonomikis uReli edga. centralurma dagegmvam grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi ver gaamarTla rogorc sabWoTa kavSirSi, aseve sxvaganac. rodesac komunizmi sabolood gaqra, aRmosavleT evropis didi xnis manZilze natanj xalxs ukeTesi momavlis imedi gauCnda. ocnebebi TiTqmis yvelgan maleve daingra da eiforia imedgacruebam Secvala. es fenomeni universaluri iyo regionSi, magram imedgacruebis masStabi da siRrme ekonomikuri ganviTarebis pirdapirproporciulad icvleboda. dReisaTvis aRmosavleT evropaSi yvelaze dinamikuri ekonomikebis mqone saxelmwifoebi, sadac yvelaze mkacri reformebi gatarda, aris poloneTi, CexeTis respublika da ungreTi. poloneTi moulodnelad gadaeSva ekonomikur reformebSi 1989 wlis Semdeg, rodesac iq `Sokuri Terapiis~ saxelwo-

244


debiT cnobili ekonomikuri politikis mTeli seria wamoiwyes, romelic miznad isaxavda moqmedi bazrebis Seqmnas da komunisturi mmarTvelobis danatovari araefeqtiani saxelmwifo sawarmoebis privatizacias. marTalia poloneTs mcire ker-Zo seqtori komunizmis pirobebSic ki hqonda, magram dRes iq or milionamde oficia-lurad registrirebuli biznesia. poloneTis mtkice midgomam reformisi 1990-ian wlebSi STambeWdavi Sedegebi gamoiRo. regionis bevri aRmocenebadi bazrisagan gansxvavebiT (maT Soris ungreTisa da CexeTis respublikis CaTvliT), poloneTma aicila vardnebi da savaluto krizisi. amavdroulad, poloneTis ekonomika ufro swrafad viTardeboda, vidre misi yofili komunisturi mezoblebis: 1995 da 2000 wlebs Soris ekonomikuri zrda yovelwliurad saSualod xuT procentze mets Seadgenda. poloneTma aseve moaxerxa daeZlia inflacia, romelic regionis masStabiT socialuri da ekonomikuri stabilurobis mTavar safrTxes warmoadgenda. gasul wlebSi am ekonomikurma nabijebma poloneTSi didi raodenobiT sagareo investiciebis Sedineba gamoiwvia. meore mxriv, mniSvnelovan problemas gazrdili umuSevroba warmoadgenda, gansakuTrebiT im qveynisaTvis, sadac komunisturi mmarTvelobis oTx aTwleulze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi samsaxuri yvela axalgazrdisaTvis garantirebu-li iyo. mzardi uTanasworoba mdidar da Rarib, qalaqisa da soflis mosaxleobas Soris aseve seriozul sakiTxs warmoadgenda, radganac gaRaribebuli soflis mosaxleoba ufro da ufro CamorCeboda qalaqis saSualo fenis mosaxleobas. poloneTis mosaxleobis ukiduresad Raribi fenebi dResac dasaqmebulia soflad arsebuli SinameurneobebSi.14 mniSvnelovania aqve aRvniSnoT, rom poloneTis soflis meurneobas koleqtivizaciis procesi ar Sexebia. poloneTSi, iseve rogorc yvelgan regionSi, aris SemaZrwunebeli urTierTdamokidebuleba, erTi mxriv, uTanasworobasa da siRaribes, xolo meore mxriv, damnaSaveobas Soris. gamokvlevam aCvena, rom polonelTa umetesoba poloneTs sacxovreblad usafrTxo adgilad aRar miiCnevs. garda amisa, oficialurma korufciam mTavrobisi sazogadoebis ndobas Ziri gamouTxara. ar aris gasaocari, rom oTxi poloneli amomrCevlidan da gadasaxadis gadamxdelidan sami miiCnevs, rom qveyana araswori mimarTulebiT viTardeba. CexeTis respublikaSi premier-ministri vaclav klausi qebas asxamda sabazro ekonomikis Rirsebebs da vauCerizaciis ambiciuri gegma ganaxorciela, rac CexeTis yvela moqalaqes Teoriulad axlad privatizirebuli (adre saxelmwifos mflobelobaSi arsebuli) sawarmoebis wilebis miRebis uflebas aZlevda. magram ganawileba ganxorcielda adekvaturi garantiebis gareSe da ver SeZlo uzrunveleyo misi erT-erTi mTavari mizani _ mieca CexebisaTvis fsoni axal sabazro ekonomikaSi. realurad, biurokratebma miisakuTres ZiriTdi saaqcio kapitali (romelTa umetesoba arasodes yofila xelmisawvdomi sazogadoebisaTvis) da gamoiyenes kavSirebi, rom xelSi CaegdoT yvelaze mniSvnelovani qoneba. sabediswerod, reformis gatarebis am areul-dareulma mcdelobam, nacvlad imisa, rom ganemtkicebina sazogadoebrivi mxardaWera, rogorc es Tavidan iyo Cafiqrebuli, gamoiwvia Cexebis apaTia demokratiisa da kapitalizmis mimarT. inflaciam, samsaxuris dakargvis


245

SiSma, korufciam maRal Tanamdebobebze, mzardma zRvarma mdidrebis jgufsa da umravlesobas Soris, imis mtkivneulma Segnebam, Tu rogor CamorCnen dasavleTs aRmosavleT evropelebi da, kerZod, Cexebi, kidev ufro gaaRrmava imedgacrueba bneli mewarmeebisa da TviTgandidebuli politikosebis mimarT, vinc xalxis TvalSi sistemasTan gaigivdnen. farTod gavrcelebuli saxalxo ukmayofilebis miuxedavad cxovrebis zogadi donis gaumjobesebis tempiT, CexeTi mainc Semdgari respublikaa (Cexoslovakia Seiqmna I msoflio omis Semdeg, rogorc srulmasStabiani saparlamento demokratia _ saxalxo TviTmmarTvelobis erTaderTi magaliTi aRmosavleT evropaSi 1989 wlamde). garda amisa, CexeTis ekonomikam, romlis ganviTareba TiTqmis aTwleulis manZilze iyo Seferxebuli, 19971999 wlebis recesiis Semdeg aSkara ganaxleba moaxerxa. struqturulma reformebma (magaliTad, sabanko seqtorSi) xeli Seuwyo am Sedegebis miRwevas. Tumca, rac zemoT iTqva poloneTis SemTxvevaSi, aseve vrceldeba CexeTis respublikazec: Cexebis umravlesoba ukmayofiloa im mimarTulebiT, rac dRes aqvs qveyanas arCeuli. amavdroulad, is arc imdenad didia, rom mosaxleobis umravlesobas komunizmis, centraluri dagegmvis da totalitaruli saxelmwifos nostalgia gauCndes. ungreTi iyo pirveli qveyana aRmosavleT evropaSi, romelmac ekonomikuri reformebi komunizmis marcxamde wamoiwyo. 1968 wels, CexoslovakiaSi praRis xmauriani gazafxulis Tanadroulad, ungreTis komunisturma mTavrobam Seqmna axali ekonomikuri meqanizmi, romelic miznad isaxavda ekonomikis SezRudul decentralizacias da sabazro mimarTulebis mqone sxva reformebis gatarebas. axali ekonomikuri meqanizmis sawyis fazaSi zomieri warmatebis miRweva gaxda SesaZlebeli. samomxmareblo saqonlis warmoeba (rac, yovelTvis naklebad prioritetuli iyo sabWouri tipis ekonomikebSi) gaizarda da ungrelebis cxovrebis done zogadad gaumjobesda. magram reaqcioneri komunistebi Sin da gareT (kerZod sabWoTa kavSirSi) am reformebs winaaRmdegobas uwevdnen. 1980–ian wlebSi axali ekonomikuri meqanizmi gaauqmes. marTlia ekonomikis ganviTareba am drois ganmavlobaSi swrafad Semcirda, ungreTi maleve miubrunda dasavleTs savaWrod, daxmarebisa da investirebisaTvis. liberalizacia, romelic Tan sdevda am politikas, uSvebda kerZo bizness da saerTaSoriso mravalerovnul kompaniebTan TanamSromlobas. ase rom, ungreTis SezRudulma mcdelobam reformis mimarTulebiT mas kargi sastarto mdgomareoba misca im droisaTvis, rodesac komunizmma TviTon mouRo bolo sakuTar Tavs 1980-iani wlebis dasasruls. 1989 wlis Semdeg ungreTis axalma liberal-demokratiulma mTavrobam daaCqara Tavisufali bazris reformebis tempi. kerZod, rogorc wamyvanma aRmoceneba bazarma regionSi, ungreTma aRmosavleT evropaSi ganxorcielebuli pirdapiri sagareo investiciebis naxevarze meti miizida, miuxedavad imisa, rom ungreTis mosaxleoba (daaxloebiT 10 milioni) wamoadgenda poloneTis mosaxleobis (40 milioni) mxolod 25 procents da ruseTis 147 milionian mosaxleobasTan SedarebiT mxolod umniSvnelo nawils. postkomunisturma ungreTma swrafad moaxdina saxelmwifos mflobelobaSi arsebuli sawarmoebis privatizacia: 1993 wlisaTvis kerZo seqtoris wilma mTlian

246


Sida produqtSi 50 procenti Seadgina. privatizaciis tempi TandaTan Semcirda, rodesac socialistebma moipoves umravlesoba parlamentSi 1994 wels, magram momdevno wels imave parlamentma gamosca kanoni, romelsac unda daeCqarebina saxelmwifos mflobelobaSi arsebuli sawarmoebis privatizacia, agreTve moemzadebina gasayidad sazogadoebrivi saqoneli da foladisa da eleqtroenergiis strategiuli sawarmoebi. miuxedavad restruqturizaciis am seriozuli mcdelobebisa, ungreTi ganicdida inflaciisa da umuSevrobis iseT maRal dones, romelic komunizmis dros ar arsebobda. dadebiTi kuTxiT Tu SevxedavT, dRes ungreTi myarad aris damkvidrebuli evropuli saxelmwifoebis liberalur-demokratiul kategoriaSi. 1989 wlidan pirvel sam Tavisufal arCevnebSi TiToeul SemTxvevaSi sxvadasxva partiam moipova kontroli mTavrobaze _ rac, Tavis mxriv, partiuli konkurenciisa da politikuri pluralizmis arsebobis niSania. ufro metic, am cvlilebebs ar gamouwvevia mkveTri gadaxrebi marcxniv an marjvniv da arc politikuri sistemis destabilizaciis wyaro gamxdara. sabolood, ungreTis ekonomika aCvenebs, rom igi stabiluri ganviTarebis gzaze dgas. Tu am sam qveyanaSi tranziciis procesebi dausrulebelia, maSin sxva bevri yofili komunisturi respublika, maT Soris ukraina, bulgareTi da rumineTi ufro cud mdgomareobaSia. slovenia, adre yofili iugoslaviis federaciis nawili, aris erTi mniSvnelovani gamonaklisi, romelic Crdilavs danarCen qveynebs (maT Soris poloneTs, ungreTs da CexeTis respublikas). zogadi keTildReobiT slovenia aRemateba evropis kavSiris or wevrs, saberZneTsa da portugalias da mcirediT CamorCeba evrokavSiris kidev erT wevrs _ espaneTs. slovakeTi (adre Cexoslovakiis nawili) da xorvatia(aseve iugoslaviis nawili mis daSlamde) axlos arian sam wamyvan qveyanasTan da sakmaod win zozina qveynebTan SedarebiT. belorusia, moldova, makedonia da albaneTi am regionSi warumatebel qveynebs Soris arian. rac Seexeba serbeTsa da montenegros, am saxelmwifoebs merve TavSi ganvixilavT. am nawilSi aRmosavleT evropis ori subregioni imsaxurebs mokled aRniSvnas. baltiis saxelmwifoebi _ latvia, litva da estoneTi liderebsa da CamorCenilebs Soris Tavsdebian. samxreT kavkasiis sami saxelmwifo _ saqarTvelo, somxeTi da azerbaijani _ slavur aRmosavleT evropasa da Turqul axlo aRmosavleTsa da centralur azias Soris bundovan geografiul da kulturul zonaSi mdebareoben. tranziciis SejibrSi isini bolo rigebis siaxloves dganan, magram mdidari navTobis sabadoebi kaspiis zRvaSi am regions strategiul Rirebulebas aniWebs, rac mas sxva SemTxvevaSi ar eqneboda. jamSi, komunizmi gauCinarda evropis rukidan, Tumca komunisturi partiebi (xSirad axali saxelebiT) kvlav arsebobs. Tavisufali da samarTliani arCevnebi tardeba TiTqmis yvelgan da WeSmariti saparlamento demokratiebi mTavrobis yvelaze gavrcelebul formas warmoadgens. magram yvela am qveyanam aRmoaCina, rom bevrad martivia ganaxorcielo politikuri cvlilebebi institucionalur doneze, vidre Secvalo politikuri kultura. maT aseve iswavles, rom arCevnebis Catareba ufro martivia, vidre inflaciisa da deficitis moTokva da rom politikuri struqturebis Secvla bevrad martivia, vidre ekonomikuris. iqac ki, sadac tranzicia politikuri plu-


247

ralizmisa da sabazro ekonomikis mimarTulebiT yvelaze Sors wavida, xalxi gamoxatavs zogad ukmayofilebas reformebis tempiTa da mimarTulebiT. ase rom, komunizmis marcxis ambavi savsea moulodnelobebiT. dReisaTvis is kvlav sanaxevrod dawerilia, misi dasasruli saidumloebiTaa moculi manam, sanam gardamavali epoqa sabolood ar dasruldeba _ sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, komunizmi mxolod mravali wlis Semdeg dasruldeba.

CineTi: marTvad kapitalizmze gadasvla (ra iqneba Semdeg?) axla, roca sabWoTa kavSiri da `msoflio socialisturi sistema~ (rogorc mas moskovi uwodebda) istorias Cabarda, CineTi erTaderT mTavar komunistur saxelmwifod rCeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom iaponiasTan, samxreT koreasa da singapurTan SedarebiT CineTi Raribi qveyanaa, is iafi muSaxelis (misi mosaxleoba 1.3 miliardia) udidesi mimwodebeli da Zlieri ekonomikis mqone qveyanaa, rac windaxeduli optimizmis ori mizezia. mkvlevarTa umravlesoba Tanxmdeba imaze, rom CineTma memkvidreobiT miiRo maoisturi totalitaruli mmarTveloba (ix. Tavi 5); mxolod zogierTisaTvis aris sakamaTo, rom is represiul, avtoritarul saxelmwifod rCeba. Zalauflebisaken gza, romelic mao Zedunis CineTis komunisturma partiam airCia, mkveTrad gansxvavdeboda leninis bolSevikebiseuli gzisagan. maos gamarjveba iaponiisa da Can kai-Sis CineTis erovnuli xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg gaWianurebul partizanul oms mohyva. armiam gacilebiT didi roli iTamaSa maoseuli revoluciis Teoriasa da praqtikaSi, vidre leniniseulSi. roca Cineli komunistebi 1949 wels xelisuflebaSi movidnen, armia da partia erT organizaciad iyo Serwymuli. virtualuri xelisuflebis rolSi armias ara marto brZola, aramed istrirebac evaleboda, rac moicavda kanonisa da wesrigis dacvas, mSeneblobasa da sazogadoebriv saqmianobas, ekonomikis marTvas, ganaTlebasa da ideologiur muSaobas. arsebiTad armia saxalxo respublikis birTvi gaxda, CineTis axali xelisufleba.

mao xelisuflebaSi 1950-iani wlebis dasawyisSi CineTis saxalxo respublika (Csr) mniSvnelovanwilad iyo damokidebuli sabWoTa kavSiris politikur, ekonomikur da samxedro daxmarebaze. es damokidebuleba kidev ufro gazarda koreis omma (1950-53). ssrk, romelsac xandazmuli stalini marTavda, daJinebiT moiTxovda, rom pekinis axalbeda komunistur xelisuflebas staliniseuli modeli gadaeRo. amrigad, CineTis saxelmwifos politikuri struqtura iseve, rogorc misi ekonomikuri da sagareo politika Zalze hgavda sabWoTa kavSirisas. yvelaferi, dawyebuli soflis meurneobis koleqtivizaciiT, samrewvelo investiciebze calsaxa aqcentiT da damTavrebuli sabWoTa ganaTlebis sistemiT, TiTqmis cvlilebis gareSe iqna gadaRebuli.

248


gardatexis momenti dadga, rodesac stalinis memkvidrem, nikita xruSCovma 1956 wels moxseneba gaakeTa partiis XX yrilobaze, romelzec man aRiara stalinis danaSaulebani da ganacxada dasavleTTan mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobis epoqis dasawyisis Sesaxeb. im droidan dawyebuli CineTis komunistebma maos eqscentriuli mmarTvelobiT sakuTari uCveulo gziT gaagrZeles svla. 1958 wels dawyebuli `didi naxtomis~ politika warmoadgenda maos gancxadebas samrewvelo ganviTarebis sabWouri modelisagan damoukideblobis Sesaxeb. staliniseul mZime mrewvelobaze, gansakuTrebiT farTomasStabian mopovebiT da metalurgiul kompleqsebze aqcentis nacvlad didma naxtomma xazi gausva decentralizebul samrewvelo warmoebas, raTa warmatebiT gamoeyenebina CineTis udidesi bunebrivi resursi _ adamianuri Sroma. uamravi mciremasStabiani moZvelebuli foladsadnobi Rumeli am Sromatevadi midgomis simbolo xdeba. maoseulma `masobrivi mobilizaciis~ midgomam, romlis mixedviT yvelafris miRweva SeiZleba glexTa masebis STagonebuli ZalisxmeviT, Caanacvla sabWoTa partiis saxelmwifo biurokratia, rogorc sazogadoebis revoluciuri gardaqmnis (transformaciis) mamoZravebeli Zala. didi proletarul-kulturuli revolucia – maos mier STagonebuli reaqcia nebismieri biurokratiis winaaRmdeg, am midgomis kulminacia iyo. CineTisaTvis sabWoTa sistema kontrrevoluciis modeli gaxda.

xelisufalTa cvla saxalxo rspublikis ori didi fuZemdeblis CJou enlaisa da mao Zedunis gardacvalebam 1976 weli Tanamedrove CineTis istoriis wyalgamyofad aqcia. erT-erTi Cineli mecnieris azriT, `maos sikvdili epoqis dasasruli iyo; bundovani iyo, momaval eraSi vin gauZRveboda CineTs da ra mimarTulebiT~.15 Seferxebuli reformebidan ori wlis Semdeg qveyanas den siaopini marTavda (is maom orjer amxila moCvenebiTi revoluciuri suliskveTebis braldebiT), romelmac wamoiwyo ZiriTadi kampania ideologiuri dogmis ukugdebisa da pragmatizmis adaptirebis mizniT. am kampaniis simbolo iyo lozungebi: `praqtika WeSmaritebis erTaderTi kriteriumia~ da `veZeboT WeSmariteba faqtebSi~.16 ekonomikurma ganviTarebam Caanacvla klasTa brZola,mtavrobam kari gauxsna investiciebisa da savaWro kavSirebis dasaleTidan. uaryves masobrivi kampaniebi, damkvreluri programebi, gmiris (pirovnebis) kulti da ideologiuri fanatizmi, rogorc maoizmis simboloebi. vaWrobis gafarToeba, gansakuTrebiT samrewvelo demokratiis mqone qveynebTan, pekinis diplomatiis principul miznad iqca. denis ekonomikuri reformebi TandaTanobiT gatarda 1978-1982 wlebSi, roca man frTxilad da moTminebiT moaxdina sakuTari Zalauflebis konsolidacia mmarTveli politbiuros farglebSi. 1982 wlis SemodgomisaTvis reformebis sulisCmdgmel dens sruli Zalaufleba hqonda. deni sikvdilamde CineTis umaRlesi xelisufali iyo. is 92 wlisa garda-


249

icvala 1997 wlis 19 Tebervals. Tavdapirvelad misi adgili denis yofili oTxi Tanapartielis koleqtiurma mmarTvelobam Secvala, romelTa Soris Zian Zeminma gaimarjva da komunisturi partiis generaluri mdivani da qveynis prezidenti gaxda. profesiiT inJineri Ziani 1989 wels komunisturi partiis liderobamde Sanhais meri iyo. qveynis liderad gaxdomis Semdeg Zianma detaluri miTiTebebi gasca denis politikuri da ekonomikuri politikisa da institutebis gagrZelebis Taobaze. am politikisa da institutebis gamorCeuli Taviseburebebi Semdeg qveTavSia aRwerili.

dominanti partia CineTs isev komunisturi partia marTavs. is daaxloebiT 57 milion wevrs _ CineTis mTeli mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 5 procents aerTianebs. partiis wevrebi politikur elitas Seadgenen, romelTac gansakuTrebuli privilegiebi aqvT. amas garda, maRali rangi partiaSi politikuri Zalauflebis winapirobad rCeba. mmarTvelobis mTel periodSi deni komunisturi partiis xelSewyobas cdilobda. maosagan gansxvavebiT, romelic xSirad yuradRebis centrSi yofnas cdilobda da romlis socialuri da politikuri aRmasvlebi Zirs uTxrida CineTis komunistur partias, deni mSvidad idga scenis miRma da Tavis ormag rols asrulebda _ qveynis didi stabilizatorisa da partiis damcvelisa. misi memkvidre Zian Zemini denis cxovrebis wess agrZelebda. amrigad, im dros, roca zogierTi damkvirvebeli amtkicebda, rom CineTi samarTavad ufro da ufro rTuli qveyana xdeba, komunistur partias Seswevs Zala myarad eWiros CineTis politikis sadaveebi.17

ideologiis Sesusteba 1978 wlamde marqsizmis maoseuli adaptacia CineTis oficialuri ideologia iyo. 1978 wlis Semdeg upiratesi gaxda denis pragmatuli xedva, rom ekonomikuri zrda da ara klasTa brZola unda iyos rogorc partiis, ise qveynis warmatebis sazomi. partias aRar sWirdeba marqsistuli ideologiis moSvelieba sakuTari programebis an politikis gasamarTleblad an partiis mmarTvelobis dasakanoneblad.18 marTlac rom saintereso movlenaa komunisturi partia, romelic sakuTar Tavs komunizmisgan Sors iWers. utopiur dapirebebze moraluri imedis nacvlad CineTis komunisturi partia sakuTar rols pragmatulad gansazRvravs: myari politikuri wesrigis dacva da warmatebuli ekonomikis xelSewyoba. politikuri legitimurobis da xSirad sastiki mmarTvelobis gamarTlebis safuZvels dRes calkeuli tendenciebi ufro qmnis, vidre komunikaciuri ideologiis koreqtivebi.

250


bazarze orientirebuli reformebi rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, maos sikvdilis Semdeg denis orientireba ekonomikur ganviTarebaze arsebiTi cvlileba iyo, romelic radikalurad gascilda marqsistul models. igi akeTebda aqcents SedarebiT Tavisufal bazrebze, biznesis kerZo sakuTrebas da sabazro stimulebze, mogebis CaTvliT. am politikis gasatareblad pekini TavgamodebiT cdilobs ucxouri sesxebisa da pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis mopovebas, upiratesad dasavleTidan (da amrigad, arRvevs myar ideologiur tabus). dasavleTTan urTierTobebisi CineTis axleburi `Ria karis~ midgomis mizani qveynis ekonomikis (rogorc soflis meurneobis, aseve mrewvelobis) rac SeiZleba swrafi modernizeba iyo. am midgomam gaamarTla, rogorc ki dasavluri investiciebi da sesxi Sevida qveyanaSi 1980-ian 1990-ian wlebSi da uzrunvelyo CineTi modernizebisaTvis Zalze saWiro kapitaliT (ix. sqema 7-2).

ucxouri sesxi pirdapiri ucxouri investicia ucxouri sesxi da pirdapiri ucxouri investicia

*

sqema 7-2 ucxouri kapitalis Semodineba (mlrd dolari) *1998 wels jamuri 42.6 mlrd dolari moicavs rogorc ucxour sesxebs, aseve pirdapir ucxour investiciebs. wyaro: Economist, 22 Tebervali, 1997, gv. 22; 2000 World Bank Atlas (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2000), gv. 56.

amave dros, mniSvnelovani transformacia moxda soflis meurneobaSic. arsebiTi sityva iyo – dekoleqtivizacia – soflis meurneobaSi saxelmwifo sakuTrebis uaryofa da saojaxo meurneobaze damyarebul fermerobaze mibruneba. mravali eqsperimentis Semdeg reJimi SeCerda iseT sistemaze, sadac saxelmwifo xelSekrulebebs debs individualur saojaxo meurneobebTan gansazRvruli produqciis Sesyidvaze. reforma warmatebuli aRmoCnda, radgan fermerebma rekorduli mosavali miiRes da kerZo bazarze gayides. mrewvelobasa da vaWrobaSic CineTi win sabazro Zalebze dayrdnobiT miiw-


251

evda. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia erTi statistikuri monacemi: 1978 wels CineTSi arc erTi kerZo biznesi ar arsebobda; daaxloebiT 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi mTeli biznesis erTi mesamedi kerZo sakuTrebaSi iyo (ix. sqema 7-3). CineTis soflis meurneobasa da mrewvelobaSi momxdari revoluciis Sedegebi STambeWdavi iyo. maos mmarTvelobiT gamowveuli uwesrigobis aTwleulebis Semdeg CineTis ekonomika gamococxlda. faqtobrivad, dRes CineTs msoflioSi erT-erTi yvelaze swrafad mzardi ekonomika aqvs, Tumca is kvlavindeburad Raribia erT sul mosaxleze simdidris mixedviT. magaliTad, CineTis mTliani Sida produqti germaniis naxevars udris, Tumca germaniis mosaxleoba CineTis mosaxleobis daaxloebiT erTi meTeqvsmetedia. am pirobebSic ki, zogierTi Sefasebis mixedviT daaxloebiT 150-200 milionma adamianma (dasavleT evropis mosaxleobis naxevris toli) Tavi daaRwia ukidures siRatakes. maSin roca umiwo CinelTa sami meoTxedi kvlav Raribi rCeba, sasoflo sameurneo reformebis gatarebis kvaldakval fermebis Semosavali mkveTrad izrdeba.19

saxelmwifo

kerZo

Sereuli

sqema 7-3 aRmocenebadi (ganviTarebadi) kerZo seqtori biznesis kerZo mflobeloba CineTSi mniSvnelovnad gaizarda. * nawilobriv saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi arsebuli. wyaro: Newsweek, 3 marti 1997, Tavi. cxxxix, #9, gv. 27. gamokvleva ekuTvnis mosaxleobis fondsa da saerTaSoriso savaluto fonds, avtorebi arian ana kuCmenti da dante Cini. © 1997 Newsweek, Inc. yvela ufleba daculia. ibeWdeba nebarTviT.

maos sikvdilis Semdeg meoTxedi saukunis ganmavlobaSi gadadgmuli uzarmazari nabijebis miuxedavad, CineTi Rarib qveynad rCeba (SedarebiTi monacemebisaTvis ix. cxrili 7-2). miuxedavad imisa, rom CineTma 1990-ian wlebSi oficialurad aRiara siRatakeSi mcxovrebi 80-100 milioni adamiani, sxva Sefasebebis mixedviT, magaliTad, msoflio bankis mier, es cifri 350 milions udris.20 Semosavlebis indikatorebi umravlesobis, iseve rogorc moqalaqeTa cxovrebis janmrTelobisa da keTildReobis xarisxis indikatorTa mixedviT (rogoricaa CvilTa sikvdilianobis maCvenebeli), CineTi klasificirdeba rogorc ganviTarebadi qveyana an rogorc aRmocenebadi bazari.

252


arsebobda sxva ekonomikuri sirTuleebic. maRali inflacia zogjer aferxebs qveynis ekonomikas. amas garda, CineTSi Semosavlis mkveTri uTanasworobac arsebobs. TvalSisacemi uTanasworoba uamrav soflel Rarib glexsa da mzardi raodenobis SedarebiT mdidar qalaqel Cinels (mdidari mewarme elitis CaTvliT) Soris, romlebic CineTis swrafad mzard sanapiro qalaqebSi cxovroben. mzardi axali klasi CineTis sezonur migrantebTan Tanacxovrobs, romelic 100 milioni umuSevris an minimalurad dasaqmebuli adamianisagan Sedgeba. isini provinciebidan qalaqebSi Cadian samuSaosa da ukeTesi cxovrebis ZiebaSi. aRmosavleTis sanapiro provinciebi gacilebiT swrafad izrdeba, vidre centraluri da dasavleT CineTi. oficialuri statistikis mixedviT maT amJamad Sida provinciebTan SedarebiT 2-4-jer meti Semosavali aqvT.21 Sanxai ekonomikuri eqspansiis gansakuTrebiT STambeWdavi magaliTia _ 1997 wels mas, msoflios udides qalaqebTan SedarebiT, ekonomikuri zrdis erT-erTi yvelze maRali tempi hqonda. uZvelesi saporto qalaqi mdinare ianZis piras mdebareobs centralur aRmosavleT CineTSi. misi upiratesoba imaSia, rom pirdapiri kvSiri aqvs aziis sxva mniSvnelovan portebTan da swrafad viTardeba msoflio mniSvnelobis safinanso da savaWro centrad. cxrili 7.2 CineTi da SeerTebuli Statebi _ cxovrebis donis SedarebiTi indikatorebi cxovrebis donis indikatorebi

CineTi

SeerTebuli Statebi

mosaxleoba mosaxleobis wliuri zrda qalaqis mosaxleoba sicocxlis xangrZlivoba (wlebi) CvilTa sikvdilianoba (1000 axalSobilze) Sobadoba (bavSvi erT qalze) mSp erT sul mosaxleze (1998) safondo birJis kapitalizacia (1998) eleqtroenergiis moxmareba erT sulze kilovati (1998) wera-kiTxvis mcodne erTi telefoni mosaxleobaze erTi televizori mosaxleobaze personaluri kompiuteri 1000 adamianze (1998)

1,203,097,268 1.04% 30% 68.08 52.1 1.84 3,051 aSS dol. 330 mlrd. dol.

284,796,887 1.02% 76% 75.99 7.88 2.08 29,240 aSS dol. 13.451 tril. dol.

714 78% 36.4 6.7 8.9

11,822 97% 1.3 1.2 458.6

wyaro: Newsweek, 3 marti 1997, Tavi. cxxxix, #9, gv. 27. gamokvleva ekuTvnis heritijis fondsa da saerTaSoriso savaluto fonds, avtorebi arian ana kuCmenti da dante Cini. © 1997 Newsweek, Inc. yvela ufleba daculia. ibeWdeba nebarTviT. 2000 World Bank Atlas (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2000), gv. 50-51; U.S. Census Bureau, www.census.gov, 2002 wlis 13 maisi.


253

dabolos, Tavisufali bazris principebi da marTvadi kapitalizmi Tanamedrove CineTSi rogorc Semosavlebis, aseve uTanasworobis stimuli gaxda. mniSvnelovani kiTxva kiTxvad rCeba: ramdenad Sors SeiZleba wavides CineTis Tavisufali mewarmeoba? CineTSi privatizacia neli tempiT mimdinareobs, udidesi firmebi _ araefeqtiani, intensiurad subsidirebuli da valebSi Cafluli _ isev saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSia. saxelmwifo ar apirebs xelidan gauSvas yvelaze strategiuli mrewveloba, maT Soris manqanaTmSenebloba da iaraRis mwarmoebeli kompaniebis. CineTs arasrulyofili progresi aqvs privatizaciis mimarTulebiT (ix. sqema 7-3). aTi wlis win warmoudgeneli iyo, rom Cinur kompaniaTa aqciebi niu iorkis safondo birJaze gaiyideboda (rogorc dRes iyideba). CineTis ufro liberaluri ekonomikisaken mibrunebas SeerTebulma Statebma imiT upasuxa, rom winaaRmdegoba aRar gauwia CineTis gawevrianebas msoflio savaWro organizaciaSi (mso); 2001 wels CineTi formalurad gawevrianda mso-Si. Jurnal èkonomistis~ mixedviT `CineTis gawevrianeba mso-Si. . . qveynis udidesi nabijia ekonomikuri sistemis kapitalistur dasavleTTan integraciisaken mas Semdeg, rac 50 welze meti xnis win daiwyo komunisturi mmarTveloba~.22

gazrdili pirovnuli Tavisufleba CineTis saxalxo respublikaSi totalitarizmis dasasrulis erT-erTi niSani is aris, rom CineTi `mravali adamianisaTvis yoveldRiuri cxovrebis TvalsazrisiT ufro Tavisufali xdeba~.23 adamianebs SeuZliaT samsaxuris Secvla, qveynis erTi adgilidan meoreSi gadasvla, ufro meti individualobis gamomJRavneba Cacmulobasa da sakuTari Tavis gamoxatvaSi, aqvT Tavisufali arCevani iseT mniSvnelovan pirovnul sakiTxebSi, rogoricaa qorwineba da gayra. aseTi individualuri Tavisuflebebi Znelad warmosadgeni iyo maos CineTSi. es axali Tavisuflebebi jer kidev Zalze Sors aris dasavleTisTvis Cveuli konstituciuri uflebebisagan. magaliTad, xelisuflebis SezRudviT wyvils mxolod erTi Svili unda hyavdes. rogorc vnaxavT, ar arsebobs politikuri da religiuri Tavisuflebebi.

axali sazogadoebrivi problemebi saocaria, magram CineTs zogierTi iseTi problemac awuxebs, romelic gavlenas axdens dasavlur demokratiaze. erTi eqspertis azriT, àvtoritetis tradiciuli formebis Sesustebis Sedegad CineTSi danaSaulis talRa gaizrda~.24 qalaqebSi gavrcelebuli qurdoba da yaCaRoba, narkotikebTan dakavSirebuli danaSaulisa da prostituciis zrda _ CineTis ekonomikuri eqspansiis uaryofiTi Sedegebia. korufcia CineTis cxovrebis wesi xdeba. saxelmwifo da kerZo seqtorebs Soris zRvris waSlasa da CineTis mzard ekonomikaSi fulis udidesi masis mimoqcevasTan erTad biznesisa da politikisaTvis Cveuli xdeba meqrTameoba,

254


nepotizmi da àraoficialuri favoritizmi~.

politikuri da religiuri represiebi ekonomikasa da sazogadoebriv sferoebSi liberalizaciis miuxedavad, CineTSi ar wydeba politikuri da religiuri devna. CineTis amJamindeli xelisufalni araviTar miniSnebas ar iZlevian am aSkarad Seusabamo kursisagan Tavis daRwevis Taobaze, romelsac safuZveli den siapinma Cauyara. dengis mmarTvelobis dasawyisSi iyo raRac momenti, roca TiTqos raRacis Secvla SeiZleboda. 1978 wels demokratiis kedlis saxelwodebiT cnobilma fenomenma msoflio yuradReba miipyro. am kedelze, romelic pekinis centrSi idga, oficialuri kursis sawinaaRmdego mosazrebebi da Sexedulebebi, arsebuli sistemisa da liderebis uxeSi kritikis CaTvliT, xelisuflebis Cumi sanqciiT gamoCnda. demokratiis kedelTan presis am uprecedento Tavisuflebis garda sityvis axlad aRmoCenilma Tavisuflebamac gaSala frTa. magram 1979 wels xelisuflebam gadawyvita gansxvavebuli azrisaTvis bolo moeRo. Semdgomma dapatimrebebma, saCvenebelma sasamarTlo procesebma da politikuri represiebis sxva sayovelTaod cnobilma formebma cxadyo, rom CineTis komunisturi partia ar apirebda rkinis marwuxebis modunebas poltikuri Zalauflebis berketebze. aTi wlis Semdeg tiananmenis moedanze momxdarma Jletvam gamoaaSkarava CineTis xelisuflebis mtroba adamianuri uflebebis winaaRmdeg. 1989 wels studentebma da muSebma masobrivi gamosvla moawyes pekinSi partiis privilegiebisa da kopufciis gasaprotesteblad da demokratiuli reformebis moTxovniT. protesti gamZafrda mas Semdeg, rac demonstratebi tiananmenis moedanze dabanakda da sityviT gamosvlebi da lozungebis Zaxili daiwyes. msoflio aRfrTovanebuli yuradRebiT adevnebda Tvalyurs movlenebs, roca dasavleTis satelevizio kamerebis win drama ganviTarda. im faqtma, rom mixeil gorbaCovi `komunizmis reformis~ mama pekins swored im TveSi (sami aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi pirvel Cinur-sabWour samitze) stumrobda drama kidev ufro gaamZafra. rodesac mRelvareba mTel CineTSi gavrcelda, pekinma savsebiT usargeblo samxedro mdgomareoba gamoacxada. 3 ivniss CineTis dedaqalaqSi tankebiTa da iaraRiT Sevida armia. male aSkara gaxda, rom Zalis demonstrireba blefi ar iyo. damsjelma RonisZiebebma demokratiuli moZraoba sisxlian dasasrulamde miiyvana. asobiT (SesaZloa aTasobiT) protestanti daiRupa an daiWra, kidev ufro meti daapatimres. Semdeg usafrTxoebis Zalebma Tavi mouyares aTasobiT disidents da sul mcire 31 awames da sikvdiliT dasajes. uiaraRo moqalaqeebis mimarT sisastikem cxadyo, rom CineTi jer kidev represiuli saxelmwifo iyo. tiananmenis movlenebi CineTSi kritikosebisa da disidentebis devnis simbolo iyo, gansakuTrebiT ki maTi, vinc gabedavda da partiis umaRles liderebs gaakritikebda. meore sakiTxi iyo, rogor epyrobodnen politikur patimrebs. bevri maTgani monasaviT qancis gawyvetamde muSaobda fabrikebSi, sadac saeqsportod iaffasian saqonels awarmoebdnen sagareo vaWrobisaTvis.


255

kidev erTi problema iyo CineTis xelisuflebis mier religiuri jgufebis gamudmebuli devna. garkveulwilad mTavrobis mier religiis mimdevarTa dapatimreba religiis mimarT marqsizmis ideologiuri undoblobisa da mtrobis naSTi iyo. ufro metad ki, is asaxavda partiis gamudmebul gancdas, rom religia politikur safrTxes warmoadgenda reJimis mTlianobisa da sijansaRisaTvis. mTavroba akontrolebs religias religiuri institutebis (eklesiebis, monastrebis, meCeTebis da sxv.) licenzirebisa da zedamxedvelobis gziT. budistebs, muslimebsa da qristianebs lamis sakuTari rwmenisaTvis apatimreben. Cinelebi gansakuTrebiT daundoblebi iyvnen tibetSi, sadac maT daxures budisturi monastrebi, daapatimres da gaasamarTles morwmuneebi da gadaasaxles tibetis religiuri lideri dalai lama. 1997 wlis dasawyisSi antiCinuri masobrivi areulobebi tibetis Crdilo-dasavleTiT mdebare upiratesad muslimur provincia sinZianSi CineTis xelisuflebis mxridan represiebis mizezad iqva [igive ganmeorda 2009 wels _ mTargmn. Sen.]. CineTis mier adamianis uflebaTa Selaxva SeumCneveli ar darCa SeerTebul Statebs. iseTi organizaciebi, rogoricaa qristianTa koalicia gansakuTrebiT kritikuli iyo CineTSi qristianTa devnis mimarT. CineTis mier adamianis uflebaTa Selaxva. is sakiTxi daisva SeerTebuli Statebis kongresSi maT mier, vinc ewinaaRmdegeboda CineTisTvis upiratesi xelSewyobis savaWro reJimis aRdgenas, rac gaafarToebda CineTis eqsports SeerTebul StatebSi iseTive SedarebiT dabali tarifiT, romliTac amerikis savaWro partniorebi sargeblobdnen. cinikuria, rom statusis aRdgenis Taobaze debatebis centri SeerTebul StatebSi idelistebsa da pragmatistebs Soris disputi iyo. oponentebi amtkicebdnen, rom ekonomikuri zewola yvelaze naTlad gamoxatavda moralur gakicxvas da imavdroulad CineTs realurad azRvevinebda adamianis uflebaTa Selaxvis gamo. upiratesi xelSewyobis savaWro statusis miniWebis momxreebi ki amtkicebdnen, rom amgvari poziciiT mxolod amerikuli biznesi dazaraldeboda, maSin roca msoflios sxva qveynebi didi siamovnebiT daakavebdnen aSS-s bazris wils. mxardamWerebi aseve acxadebdnen, rom grZelvadian periodSi vaWroba da ara ekonomikuri izolacia Seasustebda politikur devnas CineTSi. 2000 wlis seqtemberSi SeerTebuli Statebis kongresma CineTisTvis keTilsasurveli eris (MFN) statusis miniWeba damokidebuli gaxada. mas Semdeg Cinur imports aRar emuqreba satarifo diskriminaciis gameoreba SeerTebuli Statebis uzarmazar bazarze.

politikuri fragmentaciis safrTxeSi miuxedavad imisa, rom komunisturi partia kvlav mkacrad akontrolebs sazogadoebas, Sida problemac uxvad aqvs.25 erT-erTi sirTule CineTis Soreul regionebSi arsebuli daZabulobaa. meore _ vaWrobis pirobebis Sesaxeb kamaTi bunebrivi resursebiT mdidar qveynis centrSi mdebare pro-

256


vinciebsa da sanapiro provinciebs Soris, romlebic mza produqcias awarmoeben da hyidian. kidev erTi problemaa isic, rom CineTis provinciebi da olqebi drodadro savaWro barierebsa da tarifebs aweseben konkurenciisagan adgilobrivi mrewvelobis dacvis mizniT. magaliTad, 1997 wels Sanxais municipalurma mTavrobam folksvagenis mwarmoebeli adgilobrivi manqanaTmSenebeli qarxanis sasargeblod axali standartebi daawesa (Zravis zoma, sabargulis tevadoba da a.S.) im manqanebisaTvis, romlebic taqsis funqcias asrulebdnen. CineTi kvlav agrZelebs adgilobrivi liderebis rotaciuli wesiT moZraobas mTeli qveynis masStabiT, imisaTvis, rom Tavidan aicilos maT mimarT adgilobrivi simpaTiebisa da loialurobis gaCena.

amomavali zesaxelmwifo garda imisa, rom ukanaskneli aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi CineTi regionis dominanturi saxelmwifo xdeba, is aseve swrafad yalibdeba globaluri Zaladac. msoflioSi yvelaze mravalricxovani mosaxleobiT CineTis saxalxo respublika Zalze advilad SeZlebs axalwveulebis moZebnas Tavisi SeiaraRebuli ZalebisaTvis, romelic isedac 3 milion jariskacs iTvlis. 1970-iani wlebis miwurulidan CineTi sakuTari samxedro SesaZleblobebis modernizebas cdilobs. dRes mas msoflios uZlieres saxelmwifoebTan SedarebiT SeiaraRebaze yvelaze mzardi xarjebi aqvs. CineTma msoflio yuradReba imiTac miipyro, rom agrZelebs birTvuli iaraRis gamocdasa da uaxlesi SeaiaraRebis gayidvas saerTaSoriso bazarze (zogjer im momxmareblisaTvis, romelsac SeerTebuli Statebis xelisufleba saerTaSoriso mSvidobisa da wesrigis safrTxed miiCnevs).

amerikis vaWroba CineTTan: ineTTan: problema Tu SesaZlebloba? SeerTebul Statebsa da CineTs Soris vaWroba diskusiis sagania. didi xnis ganmavlobaSi amerikuli biznesi CineTs erT uzarmazar, ganuviTarebel bazrad miiCnevda: 1 miliardi Cineli mouTmenlad eloda amerikuli saqonlis SeZenas. mravalma amerikulma mravalerovnulma korporaciam Zal-Rone ar daiSura imisaTvis, rom gavlena moexdina saerTaSoriso vaWrobaze da amerikis mTavrobis lobirebiT CineTTan kargi urTierToba SeenarCunebina. Zalze saintereso tendencia ganviTarda. SeerTebul Statebis savaWro balanss CineTTan maRali deficiti hqonda (rac imas niSnavs, rom SeerTebuli Statebi gacilebiT met saqonels yidulobs CineTisagan, vidre CineTi SeerTebuli Statebisagan). 1990-iani wlebis miwuruls SeerTebuli Statebis savaWro deficiti CineTTan iaponiasTan deficits gautolda (romelTanac SeerTebul Statebs savaWro balansis udidesi deficiti hqonda) da zogierTi ekonomisti varaudobda, rom male CineTi gauswrebda iaponias. CineTs saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi udidesi upiratesoba aqvs: is iafad awarmoebs saq-


257

onels, radgan dabal xelfass uxdis Cinel muSebs. emuqreba Tu ara SeerTebuli Statebisa da CineTis savaWro urTierTobebs iseTive daZabuloba, rogoric SeerTebul Statebsa da iaponias aqvs? SeiZleba, ara! acxadebs zogierTi eqsperti. safeiqro nawarmis garda Cinuri saqoneli pirdapir konkurencias ver uwevs amerikul saqonels; Cinuri produqcia dabalteqnologiuria (magaliTad, tansacmeli, safeiqro nawarmi, saTamaSoebi da nedleuli), maSin roca iaponia maRalteqnologiur produqcias awarmoebs (manqanebs, kompiuterebs, eleqtrosaqonels da telesakomunikacio mowyobilobas). garda amisa, iaponiisagan gansxvavebiT, CineTidan Semosuli yvela saqoneli Cinuri ar aris, rac imas niSnavs, rom savaWro balansis maCveneblebi arasaimedoa. ratom? imitom, rom CineTidan eqsportirebuli saqonlis daaxloebiT 50% im sawarmoebSi iwarmoeba, romelsac erToblivad floben an marTaven araCinelebi. rogorc Cans, dabali danaxarjebi, romelic mimzidvels xdis Cinur eqsports SeerTebul StatebSi, aseve mimzidvels xdis CineTis biznes-SesaZleblobebs araCineli mewarmeebisa da biznesisaTvis.

CineTis mzardi samxedro Zalaufleba SeumCneveli ar darCa arc aziasa da arc mTel msoflioSi.26 indoeTis winaaRmdegoba uari erTqva birTvuli iaraRis sakuTar programebze SesaZloa nawilobriv CineTis mimarT misi frTxili damokidebulebiTac iyos gamowveuli. imave mizeziT, iaponiis liderebi CineTis samxedro modernizacias cudad SeniRbuli gangaSiT uyureben. vietnamelebs ar daviwyebiaT 1979 wels CineTTan sasazRvro omi da periodulad samxreT-aRmosavleT aziis usafrTxoebis aliansis Seqmnis mcdelobas iwyeben CrdiloeTis kolosis winaaRmdeg. filipinebs, wynari okeanis dasavleTSi amerikis Zvel erTgul mokavSires, gadauWreli dava aqvs CineTTan samxreT CineTis zRvaSi mdebare potenciurad navTobiT mdidari kunZulebis Taobaze. yvelaze saSiS mdgomareobaSi taivani imyofeba, romelsac pekini CineTis nawilad miiCnevs da romlis SemoerTebis survili aqvs. CineTis perioduli samxedro-sazRvao wvrTnebi am SiSs aZlierebs, miuxedavad imisa, rom taivani simtkicis SenarCunebas cdilobs SeerTebuli Statebis samxedro-sazRvao flotis mxardaWeriT. kidev erTi potenciurad feTqebadi sakiTxi gadaiWra incidentis gareSe, roca 1997 wels didma britaneTma formalurad daabruna honkongi CineTis kontrolis qveS. es aqti, romelmac wertili dausva TiTqmis saukunenaxevris ganmavlobaSi britanul mmarTvelobas xmaurian saerTaSoriso savaWro da finansuri centrze, pekinma msoflio politikaSi CineTis axali statusis niSanad. CineTi amomavali zesaxelmwifoa, ara ubralod ekonomikuri, aramed samxedro TvalsazriTac (ix. sqema 7-4). zogierTi damkvirvebeli miiCnevs, rom XXI saukuneSi CineTi SesaZloa SeerTebuli Statebis metoqedac ki mogvevlinos. ase rom, amerikuli perspeqtividan mniSvnelovani kiTxva ikveTeba: iTanamSromleben da SeinarCuneben Tu ara CineTi da SeerTebuli Statebi karg urTierTobebs, Tu metoqeobisaTvis, an SesaZloa mtrobisTvisac ki arian isni ganwirulni?

258


sabrZolo TviTmfrinavi CineTi indoeTi CrdiloeT korea ruseTi SeerTebuli

5 224 700 730 4500 4 971

samxedro gemi

tanki

110 39 26

9 400

299 237

mln jariskaci

3500 4.200 17 000 12 500

3.0 1.1 1.1 1.5 1.5

birTvuli qobini

300 + 25 n/a 6.000 6.000

mSp-Si samxedro xarjebis %-li wili 5.7 2.5 25.2 7.4 3.8

Statebi

sqema 7-4 CineTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis modernizeba denis erT-erTi prioriteti iyo, rac safiqrals aCenda, rom `mzard CineTs~ aziis samxedro balansis darRveva SeeZlo. wyaro: Newsweek, 3 marti 1997, Tavi. cxxxix, #9, gv. 28. gamokvleva ekuTvnis heritiqis fondsa da saerTaSoriso savaluto fonds, avtorebi arian ana kuCmenti da dante Cini. © 1997 Newsweek, Inc. yvela ufleba daculia. ibeWdeba nebarTviT.

azia: ekonomikuri tranzicia (da Tavisuflebac?) miuxedavad imisa, rom CineTi aziis giganturi saxelmwifoa, yvelaze STambeWdavi ekonomikuri miRwevebi am regionSi mainc sxvagan dafiqsirda. iaponiis Semdeg yvelaze warmatebuli, eqsportze orientirebuli ekonomikuri ganviTarebis strategiebi Semdegma saxelmwifoebma SeimuSaves: samxreT koream, taivanma, honkongma (CineTis naxevrad damoukidebeli nawili 1997 wlidan) da singapurma. am oTxi saxelmwifos mier miRweulma warmatebebma, romelTac xSirad oTx patara drakons an aziis vefxvebs uwodeben, dasabami misca saxelmwifoTa axali kategoriis _ axali industriuli qveynebis (NIC) _ warmoSobas. aziis sxva saxelmwifoebmac, maT Soris tailandma, malaiziam da indoneziam, kursi Tavisufali sabazro ekonomikuri reformebisaken aiRes, im mizniT, rom sagareo investiciebi miezidaT da eqsportis ganviTarebisaTvis SeewyoT xeli. Cveni yuradRebis centrSi am etapze samxreT korea da taivani moeqceva, radgan isini saeqsporto bazrebisaTvis konkurencias iaponias uweven da amavdroulad, politikuri liberalizaciis mimarTulebiTac gadadges nabijebi. am mxriv, isini mkveTrad gansxvavdebian regionis uzarmazari saxelmwifosagan, CineTisagan, romelic yovelTvis ewinaaRmdegeboda fundamentur politikur cvlilebebs. nax. 4

samxreTi korea samxreT koreis ekonomikuri transformacia Raribi, soflis meurneobaze damokidebuli qveynidan Zalamokrebil, teqnologiurad dawinaurebuli mewarmeobis seqtoris mqone Tanamedrove industriul saxelmwifod XX sau-


259

kunis miwurulisaTvis dasrulebul faqts warmoadgenda. samxreT koreis mTliani Sida produqti (mSp) erT sul mosaxleze, uxeSad rom vTqvaT, mas imave doneze ayenebs, ra donezec portugalia da saberZneTia, orive evrokavSiris wevri. ra Tqma unda, es ukanasknelni evropis mdidar saxelmwifoebTan SedarebiT RaribTa ricxvSi Sedian. ukeTesad rom warmovaCinoT samxreT koreis miRwevebi, sakmarisia mxolod aRvniSnoT, rom samxreT koreis mTliani Sida produqti erT sul mosaxleze metia laTinuri amerikis yvelaze mdidari qveynis, argentinis Sesabamis maCvenebelze da orjer meti braziliis, Ciles, meqsikis da venesuelis, regionis oTxi wamyvani saxelmwifos maCveneblebze, romlebic aseve tranziciis procesSi imyofebian. 1990-ian wlebSi, rodesac samxreT koreis ekonomikam stagnacia daiwyo, mTavrobam prezident kim de iungis meTaurobiT gabeduli reformebis prog rama wamoiwyo. tradiciulad, samxreT koreis ekonomikaSi uzarmazari industriuli konglomeratebi da regulirebisagan Tavisufali didi bankebi dominirebdnen: specifikuri interesebis gavlenis gazrdam Sedegad konkurenciis CaxSoba moitana. 1990-iani wlebis bolos aziuri gripis saxelwodebiT cnobili aziis finansuri krizisi marTalia samxreT koreaSi ar dawyebula, magram iqac gamanadgurebeli gavlena hqonda. didma bankebma fuli didi biznesis warmomadgenlebs yovelgvari finansuri garantiebis gareSe asesxes. am situaciam da qveynis ekonomikis gamococxlebis zoga saWiroebam daarwmuna saxalxod arCeuli prezidenti, rom aucilebeli iyo agresiuli saxelmwifo Careva ganexorcielebina _ SewinaaRmdegeboda mTavrobis mier ekonomikis kontrols da amavdroulad, moqmedebis meti Tavisufleba sabazro ZalebisaTvis mieca. Sedegad, gvian 1990-ian wlebSi samxreT koreis mTavrobam tranziciis meore ZiriTadi procesi wamoiwyo, romelic moicavda sxvadasxva didi industriuli konglomeratebis restruqturizacias da sabanko reformebs, ramac Zalian dadebiTi Sedegebi gamoiRo. 2000 wels samxreT koreis ekonomika Zlier aRmavlobas da dabal inflacias ganicdida. ramdenad iyo es meore tranzicia politikuri da amavdroulad ekonomikuric? eWvgareSea, rom politikam mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa. aziis sxva sazogadoebaTa msgavsad, koreelebic mudam avtoritaruli saxelmwifos mier imarTebodnen. CrdiloeT korea meore msoflio omis periodidan iyo (da aris) komunisturi, maSin roca samxreT korea, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis axlo mokavSire saxelmwifo, antikomunisturia. miuxedavad amisa, samxreTkoreuli `demokratia~ sxva araferi iyo, Tu ara prodasavluri politikis mqone saxelmwifos fasadi. magram 1997 wels, gaprezidentebis wina ori warumatebeli mcdelobis Semdeg, kim de iungi gaxda samxreT koreaSi pirveli opozicioneri kandidati, romelic prezidentad airCies, (iseve rogorc, visente foqsi gaxda pirveli arCeuli opozicioneri prezidenti meqsikaSi, sadac mis arCevamde sul raRac sami wliT adre erTpartiuli sistema iyo gabatonebuli). opozicioneri kandidatis prezidentad arCeva garRvevaa nebismier qveyanaSi, romelic liberaluri demokratiuli mmarTvelobis mimarTulebiT politikuri tranziciis procesSi imyofeba. rogorc vnaxavT, 2000 wels aseTi garRveva kidev sul mcire erT adgilas moxda.

260


taivani taivani damoukidebeli II msoflio omis Semdeg gaxda, rodesac Cinelma komunistebma, mao Zedunis meTaurobiT, daamarcxes Can kaiSis nacionalistebi. 1972 wlamde, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi aRiarebda taivans, rogorc CineTis legitimur mTavrobas, Tumca isic aSkara iyo, rom qveynis kontinentur nawils pekinis komunisturi reJimi akontrolebda. 1972 wlidan taivani gaxda damoukidebeli, Tumca mas suverenul sa xelmwifod ar aRiareben. amis mizezi ki is gaxlavT, rom CineTis saxalxo respublikam miaRwia eRiarebinaT misi moTxovna, rom taivani aris CineTis nawili, rom arsebobs mxolod erTi CineTi da rom pekini aris CineTis dedaqalaqi. miuxedavad amisa, taivani inarCunebs mWidro ekonomikur kavSirebs aSSTan, kvlav sargeblobs misi samxedro ZlierebiTa da diplomatiuri keTili nebiT. taivanis ekonomika erT-erTi yvelaze dinamikuria aziaSi, didi tempiT uswrebs ra samxreT koreas. realurad, taivani evropaSi rom iyos, erT sulze mosaxleze mTliani Sida produqtis mixedviT ufro win iqneboda, vidre portugalia da saberZneTi da imave ligaSi, sadac aris espaneTi. am èkonomikur saswaulSi~ araferia axali, magram taivanis bolodroindeli moZraoba liberaluri sazogadoebrivi da politikuri wesrigisaken namdvilad axalia. 1988 wels, li ten-hui gaxda pirveli adgilobrivi taivaneli lideri, romelmac moipova prezidentoba da amavdroulad iyo pirveli saxalxod arCeuli prezidenti taivanis istoriaSi. lim, misi Tormetwliani prezidentobis dros, gaatara radikaluri politikuri reformebi, agrZelebda ra 1980-iani wlebis SuaxanebSi Tavisi winamorbedis, Can Cin-kuos (Can kaiSis vaJi) mier wamowyebul procesebs. nacionalisturi partiis rkinis xelis CamoSorebis yvelaze didi Sedegi iyo 2000 wlis arCevnebSi opoziciis kandidatis, Cen Sui-binis gamarjveba. esec erT-erTi pirveli SemTxveva iyo taivanis politikur istoriaSi.

aziis vefxvebi samxreT koreasa da taivanSi dRes arsebuli politikuri liberalizacia mas Semdeg daiwyo, rac ekonomikurma cvlilebebma am ori sazogadoebis transformacia moaxdina. ekonomikuri liberalizaciis aseTi forma, garkveuli mniSvnelovani politikuri cvlilebis gareSe, damaxasiaTebelia mTeli aziisaTvis. realurad, aziis yvelaze warmatebul ekonomikas qalaq-saxelmwifo singapuri warmoadgens, romlis mmarTveloba mTlianad uaryofda dasavluri tipis liberalur-demokratiul institutebs. filipinebmac da tailandmac da SedarebiT naklebad malaiziam da indoneziam, liberalizaciis reformebi gansxvavebuli xarisxiT ganaxorcieles. magram iseTi qveynebi, rogoricaa CrdiloeT korea, vietnami, laosi da mianma (birma) Caflulni rCebian im struqturebsa da sistemebSi, ramac fundamenturi ekonomikuri da politikuri cvlilebebi SeuZlebeli gaxada.


261

maSin roca tranziciis procesi aziis saxelmwifoebma ekonomikuri reformebiT daiwyes, laTinurma amerikam igive procesi politikuri cvlilebiT daiwyo. 1980-ian wlebSi laTinuri politikis demokratizaciis procesi swrafi iyo da myari, magram laTinuri amerika kvlav rCeba ekonomikuri aRorZinebis receptis Zebnis procesSi myof regionad.

laTinuri amerika: politikuri tranzicia (da keTildReobac?) me-19 saukunis pirvel meoTxedSi mopovebuli damoukideblobidan moyolebuli samxedro-biurokratiuli mmarTveloba saukuneebis manZilze laTinur amerika-Si tradicias warmoadgenda. laTinuri amerikis saxelmwifoebi (adre portugaliis an espaneTis koloniebi) damoukidebelni gaxdnen didi xniT adre, vidre msoflios sxva nawilebSi evropuli koloniuri imperiebi daiSlebodnen. samxedro diqtatura praqtikaSi da liberalur-demokratiul Rirebulebebi TeoriaSi didi xani Tanaarsebobdnen. saxalxod arCeuli samoqalaqo mTavroba 1980 wlamde mxolod ramdenime qveyanaSi iyo _ kolumbia, venesuela da kosta-rika. magram viTareba Seicvala _ sakmarisi cvlilebebi moxda imisaTvis, rom daiwyos axali epoqa laTinuri amerikis istoriaSi, axali gverdi laTinuri amerikis politikaSi da savaraudod, axali etapi laTinuri amerikis ekonomikur ganviTarebaSi.

reformis anabana (argentina, brazilia, Gile) 1980-ian wlebSi samxedro diqtaturebi erTi meoris miyolebiT tovebda politikur arenas da adgils demokratiulad arCeul samoqalaqo mTavrobas uTmobda. dRes, regionSi faqtobrivad yvela mTavroba liberalur demokratias warmoadgens. politikuri tranziciebi sxvadasxva qveynebSi erTmaneTs daemTxva, rac gulisxmobda, rom laTinuri amerika momwifebuli iyo politikuri reformisaTvis. aRsaniSnavia, rom politikur cvlilebas Zala ekonomikuri reformebis saWiroebam SesZina, rasac am regionis mravali saxelmwifos uzarmazari sagareo valic adasturebda. valebis simZimem, gaerTianebulma moZvelebul ekonomikur struqturebTan da arakonkurentunarian sawamoebTan, maRal inflaciasTan, masobriv umuSevrobasTan, farTod gavrcelebul siRaribesTan da Sokis momgvrel uTanasworobasTan mdidarsa da Rarib fenebs Soris, regionSi TviTrwmenis krizisi da moxmarebis arnaxuli vardna gamoiwvia (milionobiT adamians, gansakuTrebiT kampesinoebs [glexebs _ mTargmn. Sen.] soflebSi, gadarCenisaTvis brZola saarsebo minimumis pirobebSi uwevT). Cilem gezi sakuTari ekonomikis reformirebaze aiRo. faqtobrivad, Cile gamonaklisia laTinur amerikaSi, radgan qveyanam sabazro reformebi sakuTari politikuri sistemis demokratizaciamde ganaxorciela. augusto pinoCetis mmarTvelobis pirobebSi (1974-1990), Cile erT-erT yvelaze mkveTrad

262


gamokveTil samxedro diqtaturas warmoadgenda, magram sabazro Zalebis mier stimulirebuli Ciles ekonomika mainc gamococxlda. amis msgavsi warmateba sxvagan laTinur amerikaSi ar momxdara, rac, Tavis mxriv, gvexmareba avxsnaT 1980-ian wlebSi samxedro mmarTvelobis dacemis mizezebi. braziliaSi 1985 wels samxedro mmarTvelobam gza samoqalaqo mTavrobas dauTmo da sami wlis Semdeg man axali konstitucia miiRo, romelmac prezidentis pirdapiri arCevenebis Catareba uzrunvelyo. braziliis mTvroba ekonomikis restruqturizaciasa da reformirebas cdilobs. qveyanas mZime tvirTad awevs didi sagareo valebi, qronikuli sabiujeto deficiti, eqstensiuri siRaribe soflad da aSkara uTanasworoba. brazilias saswrafod sWirdeba socialuri usafrTxoebis sistemis arsebiTi gadaxedva da sagadasaxado reforma, raTa gaawonasworos sazogadoebis mdgomareoba. magram es zomebi qveyanaSi, sadac konstituciuri demokratia jer kidev misi siWabukis (Tu ara Cvilobis) asakSia, politikurad urTules sakiTxs warmoadgens. argentinis samxedro mmarTvelebi gaecalnen qveyanas mas Semdeg, rac isini britaneTTan folklendis kunZulebisaTvis omSi samarcxvinod damarcxdnen (1982w). saprezidento demokratia _ argentina erT sul mosaxleze mTliani Sida produqtis maCveneblis mixedviT umdidres qveyanas warmoadgens samxreT amerikaSi. Tumca, argentinis ekonomikuri qmedebebi aseve imedgacruebas iwvevda. imisaTvis, rom SeekavebinaT inflacia da sabiujeto deficiti, argentinis valebiT datvirTulma mTavrobam gadawyvita wasuliyo mkacr sabiujeto ekonomiaze (maRali gadasaxadebi da SezRudvebi xarjvaze). amis Sedegad, umuSevroba daaxloebiT 15 procents Seadgenda gasul wlebSi, mag ram `muxruWze fexis aSvebis SemTxvevaSi~, mTavroba SiSobs, rom ucxoel investorebs daafrTxobs. problemebi, romlis winaSec dganan brazilia da argentina, mTeli danarCeni regionisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. laTinur amerikaSi politikuri reforma (demokratizacia) aRmoCnda ufro martivi, vidre ekonomikuri reforma da aRorZineba. amis mizezi bevri da gansxvavebulia; yvelaze ufro gadauWreli problemebi arsebiTad socialuri da kulturuli problemebia. laTinur amerikuli sazogadoeba didi xnis ganmavlobaSi iyo zedmetad elitisturi da usamarTlo. uTanasworoba imdenad didia da simdidre imdenad aris koncentrirebuli, rom mosaxleobis umravlesobas ara aqvs sakmarisi msyidvelobiTi SesaZlebloba imisaTvis, rom iyos momxmarebeli, am sityvis yvelanairi mniSvnelobiT. myarad mzardi ekonomika yovelTvis asocirdeba masobrivi moxmarebis fenomenTan. laTinur amerikaSi masebs xSirad ar gaaCniaT kargi samsaxuri an mdgradi Semosavali da Sesabamisad ver CaerTvebian im saxis moxmarebaSi, romelic, eqsportTan erTad, swraf ekonomikur ganviTarebas iwvevs. ase rom `simdidris ganawileba~ ara mxolod zneobrivi imperativia, aramed ekonomikuri imperativicaa _ simdidris mudmivi cirkulacis pirobebSi, rodesac am procesSi mTeli sazogadoeba araa CarTuli, rTulia, Tu ara SeuZlebeli, daasrulo tranzicia sasoflo tipis, neli tempebiT mzardi, proteqcionistuli ekonomikidan Tanamedrove, bazarze dafuZnebuli, saqalaqo-industriuli, eqsportze orientirebuli ekonomikis mimarTulebiT. Tumca, sabolood rogorc Cans, laTinuri amerika mainc mi-


263

aRwevs am mizans, magram regionis gaRaribebul masebs iq misasvlelad didi dro dasWirdebaT.

meqsika bolos, Cven mivubrundebiT amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis samxreTel mezobels _ meqsikas. meqsika aris kargi magaliTi im istoriuli winaaRmdegobisa, romelic laTinuri amerikis Zalian bevr qveyanaSi SeimCneva _ romantikuli mikuTvnebuloba demokratiuli idealebisi, romelic respublikis mantiaSi gamowyobil avtoritarul reJimTan Tanaarsebobda. I msoflio omidan moyolebuli meqsika warmoadgenda liberalur demokratias, oRond qaRaldze. realobaSi ki, 2000 wlamde meqsikaSi konkurentuli arCevnebis msgavsi araferi yofila. sabolood, instituciur _ revoluciuri partiis erTpartiuli mmarTvelobis aTwleulebis Semdeg, meqsikel amomrCevlebs realuri arCevani da realuri SesaZlebloba miecaT. arCevani iyo instituciur _ revoluciuri partiis kandidatsa da opoziciis sxva kandidatebs Soris. es iyo pirveli SesaZlebloba meqsikaSi _ Tavisufali da samarTliani arCevnebi. Sedegi iyo gamaognebeli: opoziciis kandidatma visente foqsma, romelic erovnuli mmedebis partias warmoadgenda, gamarjveba moipova. 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi meqsika amerikis SeerTebul StatebTan da kanadasTan erTad SeuerTda CrdiloeT amerikis Tavisufali vaWrobis SeTanxmebas (NAFTA), ramac biZgi misca meqsikis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis perspeqtivas. Tumca, araefeqtiani saxelmwifo kompaniebis (magaliTad, sanavTobo monopolisti PEMEX) myarad momagrebuli interesebis da korumpirebuli, sakuTari privilegiebis dakargvis SiSiT Sepyrobili biurokratiis pirobebSi Sida sabazro reformebis gatareba sakmaod rTulia. CrdiloeT amerikis Tavisufali vaWrobis asociaciaSi wevroba meqsikas uxsnis gzas amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis bazrebTan. is aseve aZlevs aSS-s meqsikis mTavrobaze zemoqmedebis meqanizmebs imisaTvis, rom man ekonomikuri reformebi daaCqaros. roca prezident foqsi xelisuflebaSi movida, igi pirobas debda, rom zustad amas gaakeTebda. es ar iqneba ufro advili meqsikaSi, vidre iyo mTels danarCen laTinur amerikaSi, magram meqsikas, sxva arCevani arc aqvs Tu mas surs konkurencia gauwios amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa da kanadas, rogorc NAFTA-s Tanasworma wevrma. regionis masStabiT laTinurma amerikam politikuri pluralizmisa da liberaluri demokratiis mimarTulebiT mkveTri Semobruneba moaxdina. magram liberalizaciis ekonomikuri sargebeli jer kidev gansaxorcielebelia da elodeba sul mcire or rames: pirveli, gabedul reformebs umaRles xelisuflebasa da fesvgadgmul biurokratias Soris arsebuli dapirispirebis da cvlilebis momxreebsa da mdidar miwaTmflobel elitas Soris konfliqtis fonze; meore, saarCevno uflebaminiWebuli da gaZlierebuli glexebis mobilizacias, visac pirvelad mie-ca sistemaSi sakuTari sityvis Tqmis SesaZlebloba.

264


daskvna komunisturma xelisuflebam TiTqmis mTels msoflioSi marcxi ganicada. sabWoTa kavSiris daSla am fenomenis yvelaze naTeli magaliTia. miuxedavad amisa, ramdenime saxelmwifom _ gansakuTrebiT CineTma _ gaagrZela komunisturi mmarTveloba. komunizmis marcxi yuradRebas miapyrobs yofili sabWoTa blokis saxelmwifoebis tranziciis problemebze. sxva qveynebi, rogoricaa samxreT korea da taivani aziaSi da argentina, brazilia da Cile laTinur amerikaSi aseve gadian politikuri da ekonomikuri tranziciis process. tradiciulad, sabWoTa sistema iyo totalitaruli, stalinis imijis Sesaferisad Seqmnili. mixeil gorbaCovamde mxolod nikita xruSCovma scada misi Serbileba. sabWoTa sistemaSi marTavda komunisturi partia da Tanamdeboba partiaSi iyo saukeTeso indikatori pirovnebis politikuri Zalauflebis Sesafaseblad. rodesac gorbaCovi dawinaurda komunisturi partiis wamyvan Tanamdebobaze 1985 wels, mis winaSe idga rogorc rTuli ekonomikuri, aseve socialuri problemebi, romelic centraluri dagegmvis marcxiT iyo gamowveuli. damatebiT, mas aseve unda daeZlia sabWoTa elitis, nomenklaturis TviTkmayofileba da winaaRmdegoba. komunisturi sistemis reorganizaciis mcdelobisas, gorbaCovma gaatara ekonomikuri reformebi (perestroika), politikuri liberalizacia (glasnosti) da demokratiul politikuri reformebi (demokratizacia). es zomebi arasakmarisi aRmoCnda yofili sabWoTa kavSiris gadasarCenad. ruseTi (boris elcinis mmarTvelobis dros) da damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobroba, sabWoTa kavSiris memkvidreobas warmoadgenda. elcinic saSiSi politikuri gamowvevebis winaSe idga, maT Soris: mudmivi ekonomikuri uwesrigoba, eTnikuri fragmentacia da saxelmwifos mSeneblobis aucilebloba. Tu ramdenad warmatebulad Sexvdeba ruseTi am gamowvevebs, amazea damokidebuli am qveynis momavali, aseve, iqneba Tu ara igi demokratiuli. samxreTi korea da taivani tranziciis procesSi myofi aziuri sazogadoebis ori magaliTia. orive qveyanam tranzicia ganaxorciela jer sabazro (Tumca naxevrad proteqcionistuli) ekonomikis mimarTulebiT da Semdeg miubrunda politikur reformebs. samxreT koream axlaxan wamoiwyo reformis axali programa, romelic miznad isaxavda bolo moeRo ganviTarebis Semaferxebeli monopolisturi struqturebisa da saqmianobisaTvis. taivans aqvs erT-erTi yvelaze dinamikuri ekonomika aziaSi, magram bolo dromde is nacionaluri partiis erTpartiul diqtaturas warmoadgenda. politikurma reformebma 2000 wels opoziciis kandidatis Cen Sui binis arCeva gamoiwvia. tranziciis procesi laTinur amerikaSi warmoadgens aziis Sebrunebul variants. argentina, brazilia, Cile da meqsika regionis oTxi ZiriTadi qveyanaa. tranzicia liberaluri demokratiis mimarTulebiT am qveynebSi, garda meqsikisa, ekonomikuri reformebis gatarebamde ganxorcielda. laTinuri amerika politikuri ekonomiis Teoriasa da praqtikaSi `tranziciasa~ da `ganviTarebas~ Soris waSlili zRvris ilustraciaa. sanam laTinuri amerikis


265

qveynebi Zalian mdidre-bad (umciresoba) da Zalian Raribebad (umravlesoba) dayofili sazogadoebis tranzicias daasruleben, SesaZloa ekonomikuri ganviTareba Seferxdes.

sakvanZo sityvebi damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobroba (dsT) nomenklatura perestroika (gardaqmna) glasnosti (sajarooba) liberalizacia demokratizacia federaluri asamblea (ruseTis federaciis sakanonmdeblo organo) federaciis sabWo (ruseTis federaciis sakanonmdeblo organos

zeda palata) duma (saTaTbiro, ruseTis federaciis sakanonmdeblo organos qveda palata) politbiuro (komunisturi partiis centraluri aRmasrulebeli oragno) axali industriuli qveynebi aziuri gripi CrdiloT amerikis Tavisufali vaWrobis xelSekruleba (NAFTA)


4. 5. 6.

ra problemebis winaSe idga sabWoTa kavSiri 1985 wels? rogor daupirispirda prezidenti gorbaCovi sabWoTa kavSiris problemebs? ramdenad warmatebuli iyo igi? axseniT. erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani kiTxva, romelic dRes dgas ruseTis winaSe, aris Semdegi: SeZlebs Tu ara igi stabilur demokratiad Camoyalibebas? gaakeTe komentari ruseTis tranziciis problemebze. aqamde romelma qveynebma moaxdina yvelaze warmatebuli tranzicia? Seadare tranziciis procesebi aRmosavleT evropasa da laTinur amerikaSi. Seadare tranziciis procesebi aziasa da laTinur amerikaSi.

SeniSvnebi Thomas M. Magstadt, Nations and Governments: Comparative Politics in Regional Perspective (New York: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2002), 226-235. 2. Hedrick Smith, The Russians (New York: Time Books, 1978), 83. 3. ixileT, Susan Dentzer, Jeff Triamble, and Bruce Auster, `The Soviet Econ1.

266


omy in Shambles,~ US News&World Report, November 20, 1989, 25-29,32, 35-37, and 39. 4. 5. 6. 7.

8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

iqve., 25 da 26 gv.

Walter Laquer, The Dream That Failed (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 71-73. ixileT, Milovan Djilas, The New Class ( New York,: Praeger, 1957); and Hedrick Smith, The Russians (New York: Time Books, 1978), 30-67. `Russia,~ World Factbook (electronic edition), Central Intelligence Agency, 1996, 6. Èmerging Market Indicators,~ Economist, March 15, 1997, 108. ix. Èmerging Market Indicators,~ Economist, April 13, 2002,104. Vera Tolz, `Thorny Road toward Federalism in Russia,~ Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Research Report 48 (December 1993): 1. `Russia’s Regions: Fiefs and Chiefs,Èconomist, January 25, 1997, 47. Claire Sterling, `Redfellas: The Growing Power of Russia’s Mob,~ New Republic, 11 a prili, 1994, 19. Xan Smiley, `Russia’s Wobbles Ahead,`The World in 1997 (ekonomistis weliwleuli)., 39. ix. Matthew Valencia, `Lipming Towards Normality: A Survey of Poland,~ The Economist, October 27, 2001, 3-16

15. A. Doak Barnett, `Ten Years after Mao,~ Foreign Affairs (Summer 1986): 38. 16. iqve, 39. 17. ix. Peter Ferdinand, `Social Change and the Chinese Communist Party,~ Journal of International Affairs 49, no. 2 (Winter 1996): 478-492. 18. `Deng’s China,~ Economist, February 22,1997,21. 19. iqve. ix. aseve Johanna McGeary, `The Next China,~ Time, March 3,1997, 52-53. 20. es 1996 wlis monacemebia. gansxvaveba aixsneba im faqtiT, rom msoflio banki siRaribis standartad miiCnevs dReSi 1 aSS dolaris gamomuSavebas. CineTis standarti gansazRvravs ramdeni Cinelia Raribi CineTis keTildReobis standartis mixedviT. ix. World Bank News, October 25, 1996, 5. ix. aseve msoflio bankis pres-relizi # 96/41 EAP. 21. `China’s Feuding Regions,~ Economist, April 20,1996,27. 22. `China Learns the World’s Rule,~ The World in 2001 (London: The Economist Newspaper Limited, 2000), 85-86. 23. Ferdinand, `Social Change and the Chinese Communist party,~ 483. 24. iqve, 478. 25. es msjeloba ZiriTadad eyrdnoba `China’s Feuding Regions,~ 27-28. 26. ix., `Charting the Deng Revolution,~ Newsweek, March 3,1997,26-27. 27. Robert G. Wesson, Communism and communist systems (Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall, 1978), 172-173.

T aavv i V II III

ganviTarebadi qveynebi demokratia Tu diqtatura ganviTarebadi qveynebis klasifikacia ganviTarebadi qveynebis Seswavla kolonializmis memkvidreoba politikuri ganviTareba: oTxi gamowveva demokratia da ganviTarebadi qveynebi demokratiis korelatebi demokratiuli strategiebi demokratia ganviTarebad qveynebSi: tendencia Tu iluzia? ganviTarebis Tavsatexi ganviTarebis motivebi ganviTarebis sazogadoebrivi barierebi ganviTarebis winaSe mdgari fsiqologiuri barierebi ekonomikuri ganviTarebis dabrkolebebi ganviTarebis marcxi disfunqciuri saxelmwifoebi: somali iugoslavia siera leone avRaneTi ganviTarebis Teoria: tendenciuri msjeloba? WarbganviTareba: kapitalizmis patara binZuri saidumlo

267

268


amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi arc eri-saxelmwifod da arc zeaxelmwifod meoce saukunemde ar Camoyalibebula. geografiulma izolirebam, energiulma xalxma, uxvma bunebrivma resursebma da uzarmazarma teritoriebma xeli Seuwyo mis ganviTarebas, brZenma damfuZneblebma da iRbalma ki msoflio liderobisaken misi saboloo aRmasvla ganapiroba. ekonomikurad sakmaod mdidari aSS-s sazogadoeba industriuli da samecniero kuTxiT ganviTarebulia: amerikeli xalxis mniSvnelovani procenti inawilebs qveynis simdidres, aris nakiTxi da ganaTlebuli da sakuTar Tavs didi sazogadoebis wevrad miiCnevs. politikurad _ aSS-s mTavroba kargad Camoyalibebulia, igi efeqtianad qmnis politikuri Zalauflebis gadacemis winapirobas da uzrunvelyofs sayofacxovrebo momsaxurebasa da individualur usafrTxoebas. amis sapirispirod, ganviTarebadi qveynebi (romlebsac agreTve naklebad ganviTarebul qveynebs, modernizirebad an mesame samyaros eri-saxelmwifoebs uwodeben) ver akmayofileben erT an ramdenime CamoTvlil kriteriums. xSirad, yovelive amas dramatuli xasiaTi aqvs. amgvari warumateblobis mtkivneuli Sedegebia: siRaribe, eTnikuri, religiuri da traibaluri (tomTaSorisi) konfliqtebis maRali maCvenebeli, farTod gavrcelebuli gaunaTlebloba, politikuri areulobebi da mniSvnelovani klasobrivi dayofa. dRes mravali afrikuli, aziuri da laTinur-amerikuli eri miiswrafvis imgvari ayvavebulobisa da stabilurobisaken, romelic aqvs evropisa da wynari okeanis sartyelis qveyne-bs (avstralia, axali zelandia da iaponia), agreTve amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa da kanadas. egreT wodebuli ganviTarebadi qveynebi sruli politikuri, ekonomikuri da socialuri ganviTarebisaken mimaval saxifaTo bilikze udides dabrkolebebs awydebian. yvelaze cud SemTxvevebSi, ekonomika ganicdis mkveTr vardnas, mTavroba uaRresad warumatebelia, sazogadoeba nawilebad ixliCeba da mTeli mosaxleoba CaTreulia swored imgvar koSmarul samoqalaqo omSi, romelsac cnobili ingliseli politikis filosofosi Tomas hobsi meCvidmete saukuneSi moiazrebda rogorc `yvelas oms yvelas winaaRmdeg~. amgvari saSineli winaswarmetyveleba realobad iqca iseT adgilebSi, rogoricaa yofili iugoslavia, avRaneTi, afrikis qveynebi (maT Soris somali, ruanda, kongo da siera leone). imisaTvis, rom ukeTesad gavigoT is eqstremaluri sirTuleebi, romlebsac ganviTarebadi qveynebi awydebian, saWiroa ufro axlodan SevxedoT egreT wodebuli `mesame samyaros~ (termini, romelic kvlav moxerxebulia, magram drois Sesaferisi aRaraa) politikur konteqsts.

ganviTarebadi qveynebis klasifikacia adamianebi pirobiT aRniSvnebs an Jargonebs, rogorc semantikur instruments, yoveldRiur saubrebSi xSirad iyeneben. amasTan, es terminebi banalurobis elfers iZens, xSirad maTi gamoyeneba sasargeblo ar aris. swored amgvar SemTxvevasTan gvaqvs saqme ganviTarebadi qveynebis `mesame samyarod~ moxseniebisas. es termini civi omis dros popularuli klasifikaciis sqemidan momdinareobs, rodesac pirveli samyaro Crdilo-amerikis, dasavleT

ganviTarebadi qveynebi

269

evropis, iaponiis, avstraliis da axali zelandiis mowinave industriuli demokratiebisagan Sedgeboda, xolo meore samyaro komunistur qveynebs aerTianebda da moicavda yofil sabWoTa kavSirs, mis satelitur qveynebs centralur da aRmosavleT evropaSi, sxvadasxva komunistur saxelmwifoebs aziaSi, kubasa da CineTs. yvela sxva danarCeni qveyana, romelic arc ekonomikurad ganviTarebuli da arc komunisturi iyo, mesame samyarod iwodeboda. asea Tu ise, komunizmis kraxisa da yofil komunistur saxelmwifoebSi transformaciis dawyebis Sedegad (ix. Tavi VII) mesame samyaros cnebas azri daekarga _ Tuki meore samyaro gaqra, mesame rogor iarsebebs (Tu mesame samyarom meoris adgili daikava maSin, roca meore jerac ar Serwymia pirvels?). termini kvlav gamoiyeneba, Tumca ukve iSviaTad. ganviTarebad qveynebs `samxreTsac~ uwodebdnen, rac ekvatoris CrdiloeTiT mdebare ganviTarebul industriul qveynebsa da samxreTis naklebad ganviTarebul qveynebs Soris udides uTanasworobas asaxavs. zogierT damkvirvebels miaCnia, rom CrdiloeTis mdidari erebi ekonomikur eqspluatacias uweven samxreTis Rarib erebs, rasac `CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis~ konfliqtsac ki uwodeben. amgvari kategorizacia damabnevelia. `CrdiloeTad da samxreTad~ dayofis sityva-sityviT ganmarteba gulisxmobs ara marto samxreTis ekonomikurad Rarib qveynebs, aramed agreTve avstraliasa da axal zelandiasac _ or qveyanas, romlebic aSkarad igive kategorias miekuTvnebian, rasac dasavleT evropis mdidari liberaluri demokratiebi. erovnuli simdidris, politikuri institutebis da saerTaSoriso statusis mixedviT, iseTi gansxvavebuli qveynebi, rogorebicaa saudis arabeTi, samxreT afrika da brazilia ar Seesabamebian CrdiloeTis da samxreTis paradigmas. aseve samxreTi korea, taivani, honkongi da singapuric. Cven vuyurebT ganviTarebad samyaros da gviCndeba kiTxva `vin?~. romelia im samyaros qveynebi, romelic ganviTarebis sirTuleebs gadis? sinamdvileSi, yvela qveyana an viTardeba, an ingreva. is, rac zogadad termin `ganviTarebad qveynebSi~ igulisxmeba, aris Semdegi: msoflios xalxTa (erTa) umetesobas ara aqvs ganaTlebis, dasaqmebis, dasvenebis, mogzaurobis an Warbi moxmarebis saSualeba, rac dasavleT evropis qveynebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli (ara marto dasavleTis, aramed iaponiis, avstraliis, axali zelandiisa da ramodenime sxva qveynisTvisac). ufro metic, mravali qveyana ver daikvexnis kargi mTavrobiT, anu pasuxismgeblobis mqone, stabiluri da sufTa (arakorumpirebuli) mTavrobiT. Sedegad, rodesac vambobT, rom qveyana viTardeba, vgulisxmobT, rom is jer araa WeSmaritad modernizebuli (dasavleTis qveynebis analogiurad) da vvaraudobT, rom rodesac (Tu) es qveynebi ganviTardebian, isini ufro da ufro metad daemsgavsebian SeerTebul Statebs (urbanizaciis, sekularizaciis, materializmisa da teqnologiebze damokidebulebis TvalsazrisiT).

ganviTarebadi qveynebis Seswavla ganviTarebadi qveynebis martivad ganzogadeba SeuZlebeli Tu ara, Zalze rTulia. ar arsebobs im qveynebis kategoriebad dayofis advili gza, romle-

270


bic dedamiwis zedapiris TiTqmis naxevars faraven da msoflios mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 60 procents Seadgenen1 (ix. cxrili 8-1). uxeSad rom vTqvaT, dedamiwaze arsebuli 190 qveynidan 115-s SeiZleba ganviTarebadi ewodos; amaTgan mTeli 40% saharis samxreTiT mdebare afrikaze modis; TiTqmis 25% laTinur amerikaze, xolo danarCeni sruliad Tanabrad nawildeba aziis, wynari okeanis auzis da arabuli samyaros qveynebze (axlo aRmosavleTi da CrdiloeT afrika). sinamdvileSi, mravalferovneba ganviTarebadi qveynebis erT-erTi umTavresi damaxasiaTebeli niSania. zogierTi maTgani uzarmazaria _ braziliis teritoria sam milion kvadratul kilometrs Seadgens (ufro didia, vidre kontinenturi SeerTebuli Statebi), xolo mosaxleoba ki _ 160 milions; indoeTSi ki milion kvadratul kilometrze mcxovrebi mosaxleoba miliards aWarbebs. es gigantebi kontrastulad gansxvavdebian iseTi Zalian patara kunZulisaxelmwifoebisagan, rogoricaa barbadosi (teritoria 166 kvadratuli ki lometri; mosaxleoba 252 aTasi) karibis zRvaSi; kiribati (teritoria 266 kvadra-tuli kilometri; mosaxleoba 61 aTasi) wynar okeaneSi. wynari okeanis kunZuli nauru albaT yvelaze `juja~ saxelmwifos prizs miiRebda. aq 8000 adamiani cxovrobs aT kvadratul kilometrze. nauru SeiZleba pataraa, magram ara Raribi: fosforis eqsportiT erT sul mosaxleze misi yovelwliuri Semosavali 20.000 dolars aWarbebs. nauru ganviTarebad samyaroSi gamonaklisia _ aq, zogadad, siRaribe batonobs. ganviTarebadi ekonomikebis umetesoba jer kidev uSualod aris damokidebuli soflis meurneobaze. mxolod ramodenime maTganis ekonomika eyrdnoba mineralur resursebs, ZiriTadad sparseTis yuris navTobiT mdidari qveynebi (bahreini, quveiTi, omani, saudis arabeTi da arabeTis gaerTianebuli saamiroebi). mcire gamonaklisis garda, ganviTarebad qveynebze modis msoflios mosaxleobis zrdis udidesi tempi (msoflios mosaxleobis yovelwliuri zrdis tempi daaxloebiT 1.48%-ia; am tempiT, igi ormocdarva weliwadSi gaormagdeba). mosaxleobis mkveTri zrda ekonomikur, socialur da politikur struqturebs SeiZleba uzarmazar tvirTad daawves da xeli SeuSalos maT ganviTarebas. Sedarebebi xSirad siurprizebs gvTavazobs. magaliTisaTvis, meqsikis mosaxleoba daaxloebiT iseTive siswrafiT izrdeba, rogorc indoeTisa. aziaSi, romelic msoflioSi yvelaze mWidrod dasaxlebuli regionia, msoflios mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 60 procenti cxovrobs, magram mxolod misi teritoriis 18 procentze. aziisa da egviptis garda, romlis mosaxleobac mdinare nilosis gaswvrivaa gansaxlebuli, mosaxleobis simWidrove ganviTarebad qveynebSi SedarebiT dabalia. afrikis mosaxleobis saSualo simWidrove mxolod 24 adamiania kvadratul kilometrze, gansxvavebiT indoeTisa (sadac es maCvenebeli 296-ia) da singapurisagan (5571). israelSi mosaxleobis zustad iseTive simWidrovea, rogorc indoeTSi, Tumca israeli jer kidev miesalmeba emigrantebs. amas garda, amgvari cifrebi ar iTvaliswinebs im faqts, teritoriis ra nawilia sacxovreblad vargisi (magaliTad, urbanizaciis SemTxvevaSi). aRsaniSnavia, rom afrikas SedarebiT meti


271

saxnav-saTesi miwa aqvs erT sul mosaxleze, vidre nebismier sxva ganviTarebad regions. amavdroulad, mosaxleobis zrdis tempi saharis mimdebare afrikis qveynebSi (maT Soris somali, uganda, kongo, nigeria, angola da burkina-faso) erT-erTi yvelaze maRalia. msoflioSi yvelaze swrafad mzardi mosaxleoba mdinare iordanes dasavleT sanapirosa da Razas seqtoris israelis mier okupirebul teritoriebzea; iemeni da avRaneTi, Sesabamisad, meore da mesame adgilebzea. mTlianobaSi, islamuri da arabuli mosaxleoba demografiuli afeTqebis msgavss ganicdis. muslimTa raodenoba CrdiloeT afrikaSi, axlo aRmosavleTsa da samxreT aziis qveregionSi, zogierTi gamoTvlis mixedviT, 1,5 miliards uaxlovdeba. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom ekonomikuri socialuri da politikuri ganviTareba mxolod ganviTarebad qveynebSi ar xdeba. marTlac, erTdrouli ganviTareba da daRmasvla mTeli msofliosTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli _ arcerTi maTgani ar aris statikuri. magram ganviTareba araTanabrad xdeba; zogierTi eri, rogoricaa avRaneTi, bangladeSi, burundi, Cadi, kongo, eritrea, eTiopia, gvinea-bisau, mali, malavi, mianma, ruanda, siera-leone, somali da sudani, uaRresad Raribi da gaWirvebulia (yuradReba miaqcieT, am RaribTa Soris uRari-bes qveyanaTa CamonaTvalSi ramdeni mdebareobs saharis samxreTiT mdebare afrikaSi). es globaluri uTanasworoba konfliqtebisa da Zaladobis potenciuri wyaroa, iseve, rogorc ufro maRali kategoriis moraluri sakiTxi. ratom arian Raribi qveynebi Raribebi? ganicdian Tu ara isini resursebis naklebobas? iqneb es bunebis sastiki xumrobaa? iqneb, dasavleTia damnaSave (kolonializmi da neokolonializmi)? es kiTxvebi Semdeg TavebSia ganxiluli.

kolonializmis memkvidreoba gaerTianebuli erebis orgnizaciis dRevandel wevrTagan 1800 wels mxolod 23 qveyana iyo damoukidebeli. am saxelmwifoTa naxevarze meti evropaSia; sias avRaneTi, CineTi, eTiopia, iaponia, irani, nepali, omani, ruseTi, tailandi, TurqeTi da SeerTebuli Statebi agvirgvinebs2. mas Semdeg damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa ricxvi rvajer (da ufro metadac) gaizarda. meore msoflio omi (1945-1949) warmoadgenda mijnas, vinaidan man evropuli koloniuri imperiebi swraf daSlamde miiyvana. dRes arsebuli qveynebis naxevarze meti ukanaskneli sami aTwleulis manZilze warmoiSva da maTi umravlesoba SeiZleba ganviTarebad qvey-nad CaiTvalos. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlam uSualod gamoiwvia axali damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebis Seqmna aRmosavleT evropaSi, samxreT kavkasiasa da centralur aziaSi. meore talRa zogierTi ukve damoukidebeli saxelmwifos dezintegraciis an dayofis Sedegad warmoiqmna (magaliTad Cexoslovakia da iugoslavia). 1994 wlisTvis, dezintegraciis procesis Sedegad daaxloebiT 25 axali damoukidebeli saxelmwifo Seiqmna.3 saukuneebis manZilze evropis zesaxelmwifoebi msoflios uSores kuTxeebSi ganlagebuli, susti da teqnologiurad naklebad ganviTarebuli xalxebisa da teritoriebis koloniur mpyrob-

272


elobaSi, marTvasa da gamgeblobaSi ejibrebodnen erTmaneTs. es koloniuri samflobeloebi ara mxolod prestiJis, aramed (rac ufro mniSvnelovania) ekonomikuri upiratesobis wyarosac warmoadgenda. mizezTa da mizezTa gamo afrika kolonizaciisaTvis gansakuTrebiT xelsayreli iyo da evropulma Zalebmac mecxramete saukunis bolomde faqtobrivad mTeli afrika dainawiles da miiTvises. meoce saukunis dasawyisisaTvis britaneTi, safrangeTi, belgia, germania, portugalia, holandia, italia da espaneTi (iseve, rogorc TurqeTi) kolonializmis an imperializmis erTgulni iyvnen. saxelis miuxedavad, es evrocentruli sistema adgilobrivi afrikeli, azieli da laTinoamerikeli xalxis TvalSi `fermkrTali ucxoelebis~ mier daqvemdebarebisa da eqsploataciisa sinonimad iqca. arsebobs azrTa sxvadasxvaoba imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom kolonializmi sxva araferi iyo, Tu ara evropelebis batonoba adgilobriv xalxze da rom igi efuZneboda rasobrivi upiratesobisa da religiuri swrafvebis Ria da dafarul warmodgenebs. asea Tu ise, kolonizatorTa Zalebis mier gamoyenebul meTodebsa da saSualebebs Soris udidesi gansxvaveba arsebobda. magaliTad, britanuli midgoma xazs usvamda kanonis uzenaesobas da bevrad ufro rbili iyo, vidre espanu-ri koloniuri mmarTveloba, romelic sisastikiT gamoirCeoda. portugalielebi da frangebi cdilobdnen koloniuri xalxebis asimilirebas (magaliTad, frangebi alJirelebs erovnul sakanonmdeblo organoSi da nacionalur kabinetSi adgilebiT ajildovebdnen), maSin roca holandielebi nebas rTavdnen adgilobriv mmarTvelebs Zalaufleba SeenarCunebinaT. britaneTi orive am strategias misde-vda, iTvaliswinebda ra adgilobrivi avtoritetebis Sexedulebebs, raTa maT SeenarCunebinaT samarTlianoba da wesrigi da, amave dros, adgilobrivi mosaxleobis niWier warmomadgenlebs sajaro istraciaSi karieris gakeTebis, britanul skolebsa da universitetebSi swavlis saSualebas aZlevda.4 miuxedavad amisa, koloniuri xalxebis umravlesobisaTvis Semzaravi iyo imis gaazreba, rom Soreuli qveynis mier xar marTuli. maT sabolood, ZiriTadad, Zaladobis mravali formis gamoyenebiT moipoves damoukidebloba. indoeTSi mahaTma gandi waruZRva araZaladobrivi winaaRmdegobis saerToerovnul kampanias (satiagraha) - es meTodi, romelsac agreTve samoqalaqo daumorCileblobas uwodebdnen, mogvianebiT, 1960-ian wlebSi martin luTer king umcrosis, SeerTebul StatebSi adamianis uflebaTa moZraobis didi lideris mier iqna gamoyenebuli (sainteresoa, rom orive, gandic da kingic, mokles). kolonializmis saboloo memkvidreoba winaaRmdegobrivi rCeba. pozitiuri mniSvneloba aqvs evropelebis mier modernizaciis zogierTi elementis gavrcelebas, rac jandacvis (saavyofoebi), ganaTlebis (skolebi) da transportis (gzebi) umniSvnelo gaumjobesebas gulisxmobs. miuxedavad amisa, am cvlilebaTa gavlena xSirad sakmaod SezRuduli iyo da ekonomikuri da politikuri TviTkmarobis, agreTve cxovrebis tradiciuli gzebis xarjze xdeboda. amasTan, nebismieri mogeba danakargebTan mimarTebaSi izomeba. danakargebi ki Zalian didia: Seuracxyofa, Cagvra, avyofobebi (evropelebis mier gavrcelebuli epidemiuri daavadebebi, romelsac adgi-


273

lobrivi mosaxleoba ewireboda), _ es yvelaferi koloniur mmarTvelobas ukavSirdeba.5 sadavo xdeba iseTi SemTxvevebic, rodesac ganviTarebadi qveynebi damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdegac mdidari dasavluri qveynebis eqsploataciis qveS rCebian. magaliTisTvis, e.w. damokidebulebis Teoretikosebi amtkicebd-nen, rom ganuviTarebloba araa bunebrivi movlena, igi dasavluri eqsploata-ciis Sedegia. isini askvnian, rom jer bunebrivi resursebis iafad miRebiT, Semdeg ki samecniero da teqnologiuri miRwevebis gamoyenebiT am resursebis ZviradRirebul produqtebad gardaqmniT industriulma qveynebma ara marto eqsploatacia gauwies ganviTarebad qveynebs, aramed yvelaferi gaakeTes imisaTvis, rom isini sustebad da Raribebad darCeniliyvnen. sxva mkvlevarebi uaryofen am mosazrebas da ganviTarebadi qveynebis mZime mdgomareobis mizezad iseT endemur faqtorebs miiCneven, rogorebicaa klimati da bunebrivi resursebi, saxnav-saTesi miwa, mosaxleobis ricxovnoba da misi zrda, epidemiebi, eTnikuri winaaRmdegobebi da Rirebulebebi. kolonializmis Sedegebi Tanamedrove msoflioSic gvxvdeba. koloniuri imperiebi manamde arsebuli eTnikuri identobebis, teritoriuli sazRvrebisa da adgilobrivi mosaxleobis loialurobis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe Seiqmna. rodesac evropulma Zalebma ukan daixies, maT warmoSves uazro, axali, naglej-nagleji saxelmwifoebi, romelTa sazRvrebic sruliad gauazrebeli iyo, vinaidan isini tradiciul religiebs, eTnosebs da tomobriv-teritoriul xazebs kveTdnen. mosalodnelma Sedegmac ar daayovna: qronikuli politikuri arastabiluroba, gadatrialebebi, revoluciebi, samoqalaqo omebi da TviT genocidic ki. kolonializmis am mware memkvidreobam gasul wlebSi mravali ganviTarebadi saxelmwifo daRupa, maT Soris angola, burundi, kamboja (yofili kampuCia), kongo (yofili zairi), eTiopia, liberia, nigeria, ruanda, siera-leona da Sri-lanka.

politikuri ganviTareba: oTxi sirTule qveynebi, romlebic modernizaciis strategiebs misdeven, cdiloben daafuZnon stabiluri mTavroba; uzrunvelyon sajaro momsaxureba (policia, saxanZro samsaxuri, ganaTleba, jandacva da sanitaruli pirobebi); daamkvidron samarTlebrivi sistema (kanonebi da sasamarTloebi). es elementebi politikuri ganviTarebis minimaluri da socialuri da ekonomikuri progresis winapirobaa. Tumca, am miznebis miRweva, farTod gavrcelebuli korufciis, siRaribis, gaunaTleblobis da uTanxmoebis pirobebSi, imgvar sirTuled iqceva, romelsac Zalian cota ganviTarebadi saxelmwifo Tu arTmevs Tavs. vinaidan ganviTarebis procesi TavisTavad ryevebiT xasiaTdeba, mravali ganviTarebadi saxelmwifos mTavroba xSirad qronikulad arastabiluria. es mTavrobebi TiTqmis yovelTvis avtoritarulia, midrekilia gadatrialebebisaken da krizisebiTaa garemoculi. ganviTarebadi qveynebis winaSe, rogorc wesi, oTxi fundamenturi sirTulea: eris Camoyalibeba, saxelmwi-

274


fos mSenebloba, monawi-leoba (CarTuloba) da gadanawileba.6 am sirTuleTagan umTavresi eris mSeneblobaa, procesi, romlis Sedegadac mocemuli teritoriis yvela macxovrebeli, miuxedavad TiToeuli maTganis eTnikuri, tomobrivi, religiuri an lingvisturi gansxavebebulobisa, sakuTari Tavis identificirebas saxelmwifos simboloebTan da institutebTan axdens da saerTo bedis gancdas iziarebs. Teoriulad, erovnulobis axali gancda, rasac axali eri hqvia, procesis bolos yalibdeba. magram, praqtikulad, ganviTarebadi qveynebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli, udidesi mravalferovnebis gamo es mizani uaRresad rTulad miRwevadi rCeba. zogierTi ganviTarebadi qveyana ver gaumklavda am sirTules, rasac Sedegad mtanjveli samoqalaqo omebi da zogi qveynis daSlac ki mohyva. aseTi qveynis magaliTebia pakistani (bangladeSi 1971 wlamde aRmosavleT pakistani iyo) da kongo (yofili zairi). samoqalaqo omebma gaaCanaga agreTve nigeriis, Cadis, angolis, ruandas da somalis sazogadoebebi _ da es mxolod mcire CamonaTvalia. xSirad politikuri liderebi Sida dapirispirebebisaken am gamaognebel midrekilebas kolonializmsa da imperializms abraleben. aseve, xSirad damoukideb-lobisaTvis brZola TavisTavad xdeba saerTo mizeziT axali eris gaerTianebis saSualeba. droSebi, aRlumebi da TviT erovnuli aviaxazebic ki (romelic SeiZleba mxolod erTi an ori samgzavro TviTmfrinavisagan Sedgebodes, romelsac zed qveynis saxeli da ferebi eqneba gamoxatuli) SeiZleba erovnuli identobis grZnobis gaCenas exmarebodes. mezobeli saxelmwifoebisagan momdinare safrTxe _ realuri, moCvenebiTi Tu gamogonili _ SeiZleba agreTve sasargeblo aRmoCndes. dabolos, qarizmatuli erovnuli lideris arseboba erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi cvladia. sagulisxmo magaliTebia egvipteli jamal abdel naseri (romelic qveyanas1954 wlidan 1970 wlamde marTavda), keniis jomo keniata (1963-1978), indoeTis javaharlal nesiu (1947-64), indonezieli axmed sukarno (1949-65) da libieli muamar kadafi, romelic kvlav xelisuflebaSia. politikuri ganviTarebis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani aspeqtia saxelmwifos mSenebloba _ politikuri institutebis Seqmna, kerZod ki centraluri mTavrobisa, romelic mTel sazogadoebaze SeZlebs Zalauflebis ganxorcielebas. politikuri SeRwevis es tipi iseTi saSualebebiT, rogoricaa infrastruqturis Seqmna (gzebi, xidebi, satelefono xazebi) xels uwyobs integrirebuli erovnuli ekonomikisaTvis aucilebel ekonomikur ganviTarebasa da sazogadoebriv erTobas. amgvari infrastruqturis Seqmnis dasafinanseblad mTavrobas, rogorc minimumi, gadasaxadebis daweseba da Segroveba unda SeeZlos (efeqtiani mTavro-bis maxasiaTebeli). magram ganviTarebadi qveynebis mTavrobebs xSirad ar SeuZ-liaT gadasaxadebisagan adekvaturi Semosavlebis miReba im martivi mizezis gamo, rom dasabegri araferia (an arasakmarisadaa). esaa `mojadoebuli wre~, romlisagan Tavis daRwevac mxolod ucxouri kapitalis SemodinebiT SeiZleba (vaWroba, daxmareba da, rac mTavaria, investiciebi). magram ucxouri investiciebi (gare cvladi) damokidebulia politikur stabilurobaze (Sida cvladi). ganviTarebad qveynebSi `mojadoebul wreTa~ yvela saxeoba gvxvdeba. kidev erTi sirTule, romlis winaSe ganviTarebadi qveynebi jer kidev


275

dganan, monawileobaa. imisaTvis, rom axali sazogadoebebi ekonomikurad gaizardos da ayvavdes, xalxi ganviTarebis procesSi aqtiurad unda iyos Cabmuli. ganviTarebis nebismieri, kargad gaazrebuli strategiis aucilebeli Semadgeneli nawilia xalxis mobilizeba, sazogadoebis erTi konkretuli mimarTulebiT wasayvanad. magram mobilizacia politikur dilemas aCens: vinaidan mobilizebuli xalxi ufro aqtiuradaa Cabmuli politikaSi da ganicdis mTavrobis (karg an cud) zegavlenas, is mmarTvelis arCevasa da mmarTvelobis formis gansazRvraSi ufro meti xmis uflebas iTxovs. Tuki monawileobis saxalxo moTxovna win uswrebs institutebis ganviTarebasa da mTavrobis SesaZleblobas _ moaxdinos pozitiuri reagireba, saxelmwifos epizoduri da qronikuli arastabilurobis seriozuli safrTxe daemuqreba. aqedan gamomdinare, monawileobis gamowvevaa: rogor iqnes gamoyenebuli saxalxo energia ise, rom ar amoZravdnen politikuri dezintegraciisa da revoluciis Zalebi. azriani monawileoba politikur organizacias saWiroebs. agrarul sazogadoebebSi saxalxo monawileobis mane arsebuli modelebi xSirad naTesaur kavSirebsa da (gansakuTrebiT aziaSi) patron-klientelur urTierTobebzea dafuZnebuli. am ukanasknelSi, `patronebi~ gavleniani figurebia, romlebic TavianT statuss, simdidresa da politikur kavSirebs erovnul da provinciul doneebze iyeneben, raTa uzrunvelyon materialuri sargebeli` klientebisTvis~ (samsaxurebi, skolebi, gzebi da a.S). sapasuxod, `klientebi~ mxars uWeren `patronebs~, rac am ukanasknelT politikuri saqmianobisaTvis esaWiroebaT. amgvar damokidebulebaSi igulisxmeba loialuri mxardaWera, fizikuri dacva, naturaluri gadaxda (magaliTad, moxaliseTa Sroma), da saarCevno xmebi. vinaidan socialuri sistema ierarqiulia, erT doneze `patronebi~ meore doneze `klientebi~ arian. ganviTarebas ki iwvevs urTierTdakavSirebuli personaluri loialurobis CaxlarTuli qseli, rac naTesaur, kulturul an geografiul kavSirebs efuZneba. amgvarad, iqmneba eqskluziuri interesTa jgufebi, romelTa meSveobiTac politikuri moTxovne-bi, instruqciebi da gadawyvetilebebi SeiZleba gadaicemodes rogorc vertikalurad, aseve horizontaluradac. `patron-klienteluri~ urTierTobebis eqskluziuri da partikularuli xasiaTidan gamomdinare, viTardeba qselebis sistema, romelSic TiToeuli qseli ayalibebs daxarisxebis politikur `meqanizms~. am struqturaTagan Tanamedrove politikuri sistemis prototipi SeiZleba Seiqmnas (Tumca, dasavleTis samarTlebrivi politikuri kulturisgan sapirispiro principebze dafuZnebuli). meoTxe miSvnelovani sirTule ganviTarebadi qveynebis mTavrobebisaTvis aris gadanawileba _ imis uzrunvelyofa, rom ar moxdes simdidris, sakuTrebisa da Zalauflebis zedmeti koncentrireba, rac xSirad axasiaTebs tradiciul da gardamaval sazogadoebebs. resursebis amgvar zedmet koncentrirebas usamarTlobis gancdis gavrceleba da masiuri amboxebis gamowveva SeuZlia (ix. Tavi XIV). usamarTlobis amgvari gancda xSirad dakavSirebulia grZnobasTan, rom sazogadoebrivi sikeTeebi usamarTlodaa ganawilebuli (mdidrebi eqspluatacias uweven Raribebs) da rom revolucia realuri cvlilebebis moxdenis erTaderTi gzaa. marqsistuli Teoriisa da ideologiis

276


gavlena xSirad igrZnoba ara mxolod komunistur CineTsa da vietnamSi, aramed agreTve iseT Soreul da moulodnel adgilebSi, rogorebicaa iemeni, angola, eTiopia, kamboja, laosi, indonezia, filipinebi, Cile, kuba, nikaragua, el salvadori da kolumbia (es grZeli CamonaTvalic ki arasrulia). mTavrobebi gadanawilebis gamowvevas zogjer miwis reformis meSveobiT pasuxoben. amis Semdgom isini axdenen sagadasaxado tvirTis koreqtirebas da SeiZleba TviT socialuri keTildReobis kanonmdeblobac ki aamoqmedon. magram amgvari nabijebi damokidebulia ekonomikuri warmatebis maCveneblebze, romlebic yofil koloniebs xSirad ar wyalobs.

demokratia da ganviTarebadi qveynebi rogorc vnaxeT, politikur ganviTarebas ufro farTo politikuri monawileobisken mivyavarT. magram moiTxovs ki igi xelisuflebis demokratiul formas? sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, ganviTareba da konstituciuri demokratia aucileblad moiTxovs erTmaneTs Tu ara? aris Tu ara demokratiuli xelisufleba politikuri ganviTarebis TavisTavadi niSani? rogorc III TavSi aRvniSneT, pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba konstituciuri demokratiis Tvisebaa. Tumca demokratiuli saxelmwifoebi mainc SezRudulebi arian zogierT uflebasTan, wesTan, kanonTan da, rasakvirvelia, sazogadoebriv azrTan dakavSirebul qmedebaSi. ase rom, demokratiis da ganviTarebis Tanaarseboba xSirad advili ar aris. ganviTarebadi qveynebis umravlesobaSi xelisufleba arc demokratiulad aris arCeuli da arc samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebis Tavgadakluli damcvelia. Camoyalibebis procesSi myofi erebis umravlesobas samxedroebi marTaven an akontroleben. samoqalaqo xelisuflebebi ki, rogorc wesi, avtoritarulia da (damfuZnebeli) mama-marCenalis iseTi figuris garSemoa Semokrebili, rogorebic iyvnen jomo keniata (kenia), joSua (kvame) nkruma (gana), jamal abdel naseri (egvipte), javaharlal neru (indoeTi) da axmed sukarno (indonezia). dasavleli damkvirveblebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli tendenciis mixedviT demokratia politikuri ganviTarebis niSnad aRiqmeba. demokratiul saxelmwifoTa umravlesoba ganviTarebuli eria, Tumca ara yvela; arc yvela ganviTarebuli eria aucileblad demokratiuli, Tumca umravlesoba aris. magram faqti saxezea _ warmomadgenlobiTi demokratia erT-erTia im mraval maxasiaTebels Soris, romlebic politikurad ganviTarebul qveynebSi xSirad gvxvdeba.

demokratiis korelatebi stabiluri xelisuflebis Camoyalibeba, romelsac efeqtiani marTva SeeZleba, advili amocana ar aris. demokratiuli xelisuflebis Camoyalibeba gansakuTrebiT garTulebulia im sazogadoebebSi, romlebic modernizaciis gamowvevebs waawydnen. imisaTvis, rom sicocxlisunariani iyos, demokratia garkveuli mniSvnelovani maxasiaTeblebis arsebobas moiTxovs. ganviTareba-


277

di eris mier demokratiis miRwevis potencialis gazomvis erT-erT gzas warmoadgens demokratiis korelatebze (dakavSirebul cnebebze) fokusireba. sadac es korelatebi yvelaze didi ricxviTi mniSvnelobiTa da sididiT arsebobs, iq demokratiis albaToba yvela-ze didia; da piriqiT, sadac maTi seriozuli naklebobaa, iq demokratias warma-tebis yvelaze mcire Sansi aqvs.7 ekonomikuri korelatebi albaT yvelaze mniSvnelovania:

. .

. . .

erovnuli simdidre. keTildReoba zogadad kavSirSia demokratiasTan. siRaribe ki, piriqiT, demokratias xels ar uwyobs. magram Tu demokratia is fufunebaa, romelic Raribi erebisTvis araa gankuTvnili, rogor avxsnaT indoeTis SemTxveva, romelic damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg demokratiuli, metismetad mravalferovani da Zalian Raribia? sabazro an Sereuli ekonomika. sabazro ekonomika iTvaliswinebs warmoebis da ganawilebis faqtorebis rogorc kerZo, aseve saxelmwifo sakuTrebas. aseTi tipis ekonomikur sistemaSi mosaxerxebelia sabazro ekonomikis elementebis Serwyma sxvadasxva formis da xarisxis saxelmwifoebriv intervenciasTan. yvelaze mTavari is aris, rom aseT sistemaSi ekonomikuri gadawyvetilebebi, romlebic produqciis da momsaxurebis warmoebas da ganawilebas exeba, mTlianad kerZo mesakuTreebis da momxmareblebis mier miiReba. msgavs gadawyvetilebebSi farTo masStabis centralizebuli saxelmwifoebrivi dagegmareba araviTar rols ar TamaSobs. saSualo fena. es korelati ufro sazogadoebaze simdidris gadanawilebas usvams xazs, vidre mis zogad uTanasworo ganawilebas. socialur fenebs Soris mkveTri gansxvavebebi xels ar uwyobs demokratiis stabilurobas. politikuri korelatebia:

komunikaciis Tavisufleba. demokratia moiTxovs gamWvirvalobas (mxolod ukiduresad aucilebeli informacia unda iyos gasaidumloebuli). amdenad, gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebis Tavisufali gaSuqeba, presis Tavisufleba da informaciis Tavisufali gacvla demokratiis mniSvnelovani korelatebia.amis sapirispirod, iq, sadac presaze cenzura xorcieldeba da Jurnalistebs emuqrebian an apatimreben, demokratiis ganviTareba SeuZlebelia. stabiluri partiuli sistema. es politikuri korelati xazs usvams politikuri partiebis arsebobis saWiroebas, raTa moxdes sxvadasxva individTa da jgufebis interesebis reprezentacia. sistemis efeqtianobisaTvis aucilebelia erTze meti partiis arseboba; amavdroulad, TiToeul partias unda hqondes moq-

278


. . .

. . . .

medebis Tavisufleba da ar unda ganicdides zewolas da muqaras saxelmwifos mxridan. samoqalaqo kontroli samxedro seqtorze. vinaidan samxedro seqtori ganviTarebad saxelmwifoebSi xSirad miiswrafis Zalauflebisken, is samoqalaqo wesrigisTvis realur safrTxes warmoadgens. Zlieri da damoukidebeli sasamarTlo xelisufleba. demokratiis efeqtianad funqcionirebisTvis aucilebelia samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebis da umciresobebis uflebebis dacva, rac, Tavis mxriv, Zlieri da damoukidebeli sasamarTlo sistemis arsebobazea damokidebuli. politikuri da socialuri pluralizmi. miuxedavad imisa, rom qveynis SigniT mkveTrma politikurma da socialurma dayofam SeiZleba safrTxe Seuqmnas demokratiis ganviTarebas, xSirad miiCneva, rom gansxvavebuli politikuri jgufebi da nebayoflobiTi gaerTianebebi (profkavSirebi, savaWro samrewvelo gaerTianebebi, inteleqtualuri, saganmanaTleblo da religiuri dawesebulebebi, amxanagobebi, samoqalaqo gaerTianebebi, romelTa mizania samoqalaqo ganaTlebis donis amaRleba da mTavrobis angariSvaldebulebis gazrda) warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiuli politikuri kompromisisaTvis legitimur da aucilebel safuZvels warmoadgens.8 ori yvelaze mniSvnelovani fsiqokulturuli korelati aris:

gansxvavebul individTa da jgufTa mimarT tolerantuloba. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom demokratia moiTxovs sxvaTa uflebebis aRiarebas, socialuri da kulturuli gansxvavebebis pativiscema demokratiuli mTavrobis mniSnelovan korelats warmoadgens. SeuZlebelia demokratiis ganviTareba gavrcelebuli sazogadoebrivi undoblobis pirobebSi, romlis mizezi gamokveTili eTikuri, religiuri da traibaluri gansxvavebebia. demokratiis mtkice rwmena. es korelati axnas ar saWiroebs: xalxs ver aiZu-leb, rom Tavisufali iyos. bolo wyvili istoriuli, anu garemoebiTi korelatebisaa:

demokratiis adrindeli gamocdileba. zogierT saxelmwifos, magaliTad, Ciles, ekvadorsa da urugvais aqvsdemokratiuli mmarTvelobis gamocdileba. aq demokratiul xelisuflebas periodulad cvlidnen avtoritaruli mTavrobebi. im qveynebSi, sadac demokratiuli mmarTveloba sazogadoebis koleqtiur mexsierebaSia SemorCenili, demokratiis ganviTarebis albaToba sagrZnoblad izrdeba. demokratiuli saxelmwifoebis mezobloba. mezobeli warmate-


279

buli qveynebis mmarTvelobis formebs dadebiTi gavlenis moxdena SeuZliaT. espaneTsa da portugaliais xSirad asaxleben im erebis magaliTad, romelTa politikur momavalze didi gavlena iqonia evropaSi warmatebuli demokratiuli saxelmwifoebis arsebobam. erTma politologma demokratiis korelatTa yovlismomcvel Teorias Zalauflebis resursebis ganawilebis Teoria uwoda.9 es indeqsi moicavs eqvs specifikur korelats, romelTa mizania eris SigniT ekonomikuri da inteleqtualuri resursebis ganawilebis gazomva (am Teoriis mixedviT, rac ufro didia gadanawileba, miT metia demokratiis ganviTarebis Sansi). erT-erTi aseTi sazomi damokidebulia urbanizaciis doneze. Teoriulad, rac ufro maRalia urbanizaciis done, miT ufro mravalferovania ekonomika, dasaqmebis SesaZleblobebi da unar-Cvevebi da, Sesabamisad, adgili aqvs Semosavlebis ufro mravalferovan da farTo gadanawilebas. meore sazomi, romelic ekonomikuri resursebis sasurvel ganawilebasTan asocirdeba, damokidebulia saojaxo meurneobaTa procentze. ufro rTuli sazomebi zomaven araagraruli ekonomikis decentralizaciis dones. dabolos, inteleqtualuri resursebis ganawilebis gasazomad xdeba mosaxleobis ganaTlebis donisa da saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebis raodenobrivi Sefaseba.

demokratiuli strategiebi ganviTarebad qveynebSi demokratiuli mmarTvelobis danergva advil amocanas ar warmoadgens. ra strategia unda gamoiyenos demokratiuli tradiciis armqone saxelmwifom? am SekiTxvis aqtualobas 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi yofili komunisturi saxelmwifoebi awydebodnen. sakiTxavia, jer politikuri reformebi unda ganxorcieldes da mere unda moxdes ekonomikis restruqturizacia sabazro ekonomikad (`glasnostis~ pirveladobis modeli) Tu jer ekonomikuri reformebi unda ganxorcieldes (`perestroikis~ pirveladobis modeli)?10 erTi mxriv, yofili sabWoTa qveynebis magaliTi, romlebmac jer politikuri reformebi gaatares da ukidures socialur da ekonomikur siZneleebs waawydnen da, meore mxriv, meqsikis, Ciles, samxreT koreis, CineTis, taivanis, singapuris, tailandis da malaiziis SedarebiTi warmateba, rasac am qveynebma Tavdapirvelad ekonomikuri reformebis ganxorcielebiT miaRwies, amtkicebs, rom jer ekonomikuri reformebis gatareba unda moxdes. amis ori mTavari mizezi arsebobs: pirveli, ZiriTadi ekonomikuri moTxovnebis dakmayofileba mTvarobis ufro fundamentur valdebulebas warmoadgens, vidre politikuri Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofa. Tu xalxi mSieri, avyofi da usaxlkaroa, samoqalaqo uflebebi mas saerTod ar ainteresebs. meorec, ekonomikis ganviTareba ufro adre axdens pozitiur gavlenas cxovrebis doneze, socialur momsaxurebaze, infrastruqturasa da ganaTlebis SesaZleblobebze, vidre politikuri struqturebis reformireba.

280


demokratia ganviTarebad qveynebSi: tendencia Tu iluzia? 1974-1990 wlebSi samxreT da aRmosavleT evropis, laTinuri amerikis da aRmosavleT aziis ocdaaT saxelmwifoze meti avtoritarulidan demokratiul mmarTvelobaze gadavida. erT-erTma cnobilma mecnierma am movlenas globaluri revolucia da meoce saukunis meore naxevris yvelaze mniSvnelovani movlena uwoda.11 yvelaze dramatuli cvlilebebi 1980-ian wlebSi laTinur amerikaSi moxda, sadac samxedro diqtaturebi erTimeoris miyolebiT Seicvala sayovelTao arCevnebSi gamarjvebuli mTavrobebiTa da mravalpartiuli demokratiuli mmarTvelobebiT. aseT cvlilebebs adgili hqonda braziliaSi, argentinaSi, CileSi da sxva qveynebSi. nikaraguasa da panamaSic moxda diqtaturis Canacvleba arCeuli mTavrobebiT. meqsikaSi, sadac mravali aTwleulis manZilze dominirebda institucionaluri revoluciuri partia, 2000 wels prezidentad arCeuli iqna visente foqsi; prezidenti foqsi bolo samocdaaTi wlis manZilze pirveli opozicioneri iyo, romelic qveyanas Caudga saTaveSi. SesaZlebelia Tu ara momavalSi paralelurad warimarTos ganviTarebisa da demokratizaciis laTinur amerikaSi demokratiis saboloo triumfze laparaki jer Zalian adrea, radgan zogierT SemTxvevaSi samoqalaqo mTavrobebi mwvave winaaRmdegobas awydebian. regions mTavrobebis umravlesobas xan erTi, xanac meore saxis destabilizaciasTan uwevs gamklaveba. didi sagareo valis garda saxelmwifoebs did dartymas ayenebs umuSevroba, inflacia, savaluto krizisi da sxva uaryofiTi movlenebi. 1990-ian wlebSi terorizmi destabilizacias qmnida perusa da meqsikaSi. kolumbia, romelsac ufro xangrZlivi demokratiuli tradiciebi aqvs vidre laTinuri amerikis qveynebis umravlesobas, ZiriTad siZneleebs narkobaronebis didi gavlenis da memarcxene partizanebis gamudmebuli Tavdasxmebis gamo awydeboda. istoriac gviCvenebs, rom laTinuri amerikis demokratiulobis Sesaxeb Tamami gancxadebebis gakeTeba ar SeiZleba. regionSi bolo dromde mTavar rols samxedro Zala TamaSobda. 1980-ian wlebamde laTinuri amerikis Zalian cota qveyanaSi Tu iyo demokratiuli mmarTveloba. xSirad, sayovelTao arCevnebi plebiscits emsgavseboda, riTac avtoritaruli mmarTvelobisTvis mandats iRebda. sxva SemTxvevebSi, kaudilo (Zlieri lideri) samxedro maRalCinosnebis xuntebi ubralod auqmebdnen arCevnebis Sedegebs da Zalauflebas ukanonod itacebdnen. adreul 1990-ian wlebSi `defeqtiani~ demokratia gavrcelda saharis samxreTiT mdebare afrikaSic.12 1990 da 1991 wlebSi am regionis sul cota cxra qveyanaSi, maT Soris beninSi, kabo-verdesa da gabonSi gaimarTa Tavisufali arCevnebi, rac am qveynebis umetesobisaTvis pirveli SemTxveva iyo. 1991 wlis martSi beninis prezidenti generali meTiu kereku gaxda pirveli afrikeli lideri, romelic mosaxleobam gadairCia. regionis sxva qveynebma, maT Soris mozambikma da kongom, gaatares gamiznuli reformebi demokratiuli mmarTvelobis gaZlierebisaTvis. 1990-ian wlebSi samxreT afrikis respublikam gansacvifrebeli cvlilebebi ganicada. Savkaniani umravlesobis


281

mmarTvelobam Secvala burebis (holandielebis) TeTrkanianTa upiratesobaze dafuZnebuli mmarTveloba. 1997 wlisaTvis benini, bocvana, gvineabisau, madagaskari, mali, namibia da san tome, iseve rogorc samxreT afrikis respublika, namdvilad mravalpartiuli saxelmwifoebi iyvnen, sadac adamianis uflebaTa pativiscema da kanonis uzenaesoba arsebobda.13 saharis samxrTiT mimdebare afrikis `demokratiuli romansi~ uaRresad mouxeSavi da uwesrigo aRmoCnda. nigerielma samxedro mmarTvelebma 1993 wels gaauqmes arCevnebis Sedegebi. kot-divuaris mTavrobamac igive gaakeTa (nigeriam swori mimarTulebiT svla sabolood 1999 wels daiwyo, rodesac olusegun obasanjo 1983 wlis Semdeg qveynis pirveli demokratiulad arCeuli prezidenti gaxda). 1992 da 1993 wlis arCevnebs keniaSi, kamerunsa da gabonSi areulobebma da korufciam miayena Crdili. ruanda 1994 wels genocidis asparezad iqca. 1996 wels samxedro mTavrobebi CadiSi, gambiasa da nigeriaSi nacionaluri arCevnebiT manipulirebdnen, raTa sasurveli SedegisaTvis mieRwiaT. arc sxva afrikuli saxelmwifoebis sazogadoebebia gamorCeulad stabiluri (da demokratiisaTvis xelsayreli). liberiam da siera leonem sakmaod sisxliani samoqalaqo omebi gadaitanes, xolo kongos demokratiuli respublika (yofili zairi) 1990 wlebis bolosaTvis anarqiam moicva. klanobrivi da tomobrivi dapirispirebebi safrTxes uqmnis Sida stabilurobas saharis samxreTiT afrikis mraval saxelmwifoSi, sadac nebismieri tendencia demokratiisaken mZlavr sawinaaRmdego tendencias awydeba.14

ganviTarebis Tavsatexi politikuri ganviTareba, romelic demokratiuli xelisuflebis SenarCunebis Zalisxmevasac moicavs, modernizaciis jer kidev mtkivneuli da dausrulebeli procesis nawilia. xalxTa Soris tradiciul kavSirebs Ziri eTxreba, xalxi sakuTar fesvebsaa mowyvetili, xolo kulturis saxecvlileba xSirad Seuqcevadi procesia. sakvebis ukmarisoba da socialuri ukmayofileba xSirad industrializaciis Tanmdevi movlenebia. maS ratom surT ganviTarebadi qveynebis liderebs modernizaciasTan dakavSirebul riskebze wasvla?

ganviTarebis motivebi ganviTarebad qveynebs xSirad modernizaciis garda sxva arCevani ar gaaCniaT. mxolod cotaa iseTi iRbliani, rogorc, magaliTad, yatari (arabeTis naxevarkunZulze), romelsac uxvad aqvs navTobi da mcire mosaxleobac yavs. venesuelac navTobis didi maragis mflobeli. imisaTvis, rom es bunebrivi resursebi fulad eqciaT, TviT venesuelasa da yatarsac ki dasWirda WaburRilebis gaTxra, gzebis gayvana, navTobis specialistebis gamozrda, navTobgadamamuSavebeli da sawyobi infrastruqturebis ageba, navTobsadenebis gayvana, sabanko sistemis dafuZneba, saeqsporto bazrebis ganviTareba, anu,

282


sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, modernizeba. naklebad iRbliani ganviTarebadi qveynebisaTvis ekonomikuri ganviTareba gabatonebuli siRaribisagan Tavis daRwevis erTaderTi imedia. am qveyanaTa umetesoba Raribia. RaribTa Soris uRaribes qveynebSi, romlebsac xandaxan yvelaze ganuviTarebel qveynebs uwodeben, yovelwliuri Semosavali erT sul mosaxleze 250 dolarze naklebia. TviT is erebic, romlebic SedarebiT ganviTarebulni arian, farTod gavrcelebuli siRaribiT itanjebian. aqedan gamomdinare, 1990-iani wlebis Sua periodSi erT sul mosaxleze wliuri Semosavali afrikis da aziis mxolod ramodenime qveyanaSi aRemateboda 1000 dolars. ganviTarebis kidev erTi stimuli Tanamedrove SeiaraRebis nebismier fasad SeZenis survilia, rac erovnul siamayes ukavSirdeba. meore msoflio omis Semdeg TiTqmis yvela omi mesame samyaroSi mimdinareobda.15 mesame samyaros qveynebis dapirispirebis yvelaze TvalsaCino magaliTebia iranisa da erayis, pakistanisa da indoeTis, vietnamisa da CineTis, libiisa da Cadis, eTiopiisa da somalis omebi, laTinuri amerikis mravali qveyana agreTve Cabmulia mezoblebTan konfliqtSi. magaliTisaTvis, Cile Caeba samxedro SetakebebSi samive mezobel saxelmwifosTan: argentinasTan, boliviasa da perusTan. amas garda, perus ekvadorTan sasazRvro dava hqonda. urTierTobebi kolumbiasa da venesuelas Soris sazRvris sakiTxis mougvareblobis gamo drodadro mwvavdeboda. ra Tqma unda, saomar moqmedebebs, izidavs ra xelisuflebis mTel yuradRebas, SeuZlia Seafrexos, an saerTod SeaCeros saxelmwifos ganviTareba da bolomde amouwuros isedac SezRuduli resursebi. Tavad ganviTarebadi qveynebis arseboba uzrunvelyofs ganviTarebis sti-mulis gaCenas. Tanamedrove globaluri komunikaciebi, satransporto sistema da msoflio urTierTdamokidebulebis sul ufro metad gaRrmaveba calkeuli erebis Zalasa da simdidres kidev ufro TvalSisacems xdis. aqedan gamomdinare, mravali industriuli saxelmwifos warmateba dasabams udebs (rogorc amas Cveulebriv uwodeben) mzardi molodinebis revolucias, sazogadoebrivi, romlis miznebis ganxorcielebac mxolod ganviTarebis meSveobiTaa SesaZlebeli. ra konkretul problemebs unda gaumklavdnen ganviTarebadi qveynebi, rom farTomasStabiani ganviTareba warmatebiT ganaxorcielon? adre ganxiluli politikuri gamowvevebis garda, ganviTarebis gzaze xSiria agreTve socialuri, ekonomikuri da fsiqologiuri winaRobebi.

ganviTarebis sazogadoebrivi barierebi mravali ganviTarebadi saxelmwifo yofili koloniuri samflobeloebisagan warmoiSva da moklebulia mocemuli teritoriis geografiul Tu istoriul Sinaarss, agreTve adgilobriv eTnikur, religiur, tomobriv Tu lingvistur modelebs. yovelive amis Sedegad, kulturuli mravalferovneba mesame samyaros mravali qveynisaTvis TvalSisacemi maxasiaTebelia. zogjer es mra-


283

valferovnebac axali èrovnuli~ politikuri kulturis kategoriaSia ayvanili, Tumca, ufro xSirad, igi eTnikur davebsa da samoqalaqo omebs iwvevs. yvela SemTxvevaSi, ganviTareba aCens damafiqrebel problemebs. fragmentirebuli mosaxleobis pirobebSi, rac eri-saxelmwifos koncefciaSi ar jdeba, esaa eris idea. warmatebuli ganviTarebis erT-erTi umTavresi elementia erTi erovnuli identobis gamoWedva da saerTo politikuri bedisweris gancda. ufro metic, zogierTi meomari jgufi an moZraoba SeiZleba socialuri integraciisa da mSvidobiani modernizaciisi mtruladac ki iyos ganwyobili. magaliTisaTvis, islami Cveulebriv, modernizaciis dabrkolebad aris miCneuli, vinaidan mis mier yuradRebis gamaxvileba RvTismosaobaze, erTgulebaze da alahze, agreTve yoveldRiuri locvebi (xuTjer dReSi) iseve rogorc misi moraluri qcevis mkacri wesebi, religias Seuwynarebels xdis sekularizaciis, seqsualuri revoluciis, materializmisa da yovelgvari siamovnebis mimarT, rac evropaSi, CrdiloeT amerikaSi da yvelgan Tan axlda socialur cvlilebebs. sabolood, aRniSnul eTnikur, religiur, tomobriv an lingvistur gansxvavebulobaTa gamo, arabunebrivia, rom mocemuli ganviTarebadi qveynis mosaxleobis mniSvnelovanma umravlesobam arsebuli mTavroba legitimurad aRiqvas. specifikuri magaliTebi saukeTesod aRwers mosaxleobis mravalferovnebiT gamowveul praqtikul problemebs. nigeria da indoeTi ganviTarebadi qveynebia uaRresad mravalferovani mosaxleobiT. nigeria. dasavleT afrikis es didi qveyana ramodenime, erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebul eTnikur jgufs moicavs, romelTa gavlena qveynis sxvadasxva nawilebSi vrceldeba.16 garda amisa, arsebobs mravali patara tomi. isini erTmaneTisgan sruliad gansxvavebul enebze laparakoben (daaxloebiT 400 damoukidebeli ena). gansakuTrebuli daZabulobaa qristianebsa da muslimebs Soris. religiuri, eTnikuri da enobrivi gansxvavebebiT ganpirobebulma mtrulma damokidebulebam qveyana 1967 wlis samoqalaqo omamde miiyvana, rodesac nigerias aRmosavleT nawili gamoeyo da biafras damoukidebel saxelmwifod gamocxadda. omma, romelic sami weli grZeldeboda da biafrelebis damarcxebiT dasrulda, 600 aTasi adamianis sicocxle Seiwira. 1967 wlidan nigerias umetesad korumpirebuli samxedro reJimebi marTavda. miuxedavad saxelmwifos kuTvnili navTobis maragebisa, romlis eqsportsac qveynisTvis sakmaod didi Semosavali mohqonda, nigeriis ekonomika sul ufro da ufro metad efloboda WaobSi da nigeriis mosaxleobis udidesi umravlesoba (106 milioni 2000 wels) sakvebis fuls Zlivs Soulobda. nigeriaSi erT sul mosaxleze Semosavali, romelic daaxloebiT 300 dolars Seadgenda, orjer naklebi iyo indoneziis maCvenebelze, miuxedavad imisa, rom indoneziis mosaxleoba nigeriisas orjer aRemateba. aqedan gamomdinare, nigeria, yvela standartis mixedviT, yovlad uunaro ekonomikis mqone qveynad iTvleboda. Cndeba kiTxva: ratom? pasuxi sakmaod naTelia. amis pirveli mizezi cudi mTavrobaa. 1967 wlidan TiTqmis ganuwyvetliv qveyanas korumpirebuli samxedro reJimebi marTavda. moqmedi diqtatorebi xSirad iZleodnen sayovel-

284


Tao arCevnebis gamarTvis pirobas da ramodenime SemTxvevaSi Caatares kidec arCevnebi, magram, rogorc wesi, Sedegebs an winaswar adgendnen, an Tu samxedro generlebs ar moewonebodaT, saerTod auqmebdnen, rogorc es 1993 wels gaakeTes. nigerieli generlebis sisastikis da ulmoblobis wyalobiT qveyana 1990 wlisTvis saerTaSoriso borotebis kerad gadaiqca, romelic odnav Tu CamorCeboda Sav siaSi moxvedril saxelmwifoebs: irans, erays da CrdiloeT koreas. didi roli iTamaSa saerTaSoriso zewolam, romlis gavleniTac bolos da bolos nigeriis samxedro mmarTvelebi arCevnebis Catarebaze daTaxmdnen da aRiares misi Sedegebi. am arCevnebSi, pirvelad oci wlis manZilze, prezidentobis popularulma kandidatma gaimarjva [nigeriaze ix.Tavi IV _ mTargmn. Sen.]. indoeTi. es qveyanac bevri gansxvavebuli eTnikuri jgufisagan Sedgeba, romlebic gansxvavebul enebze laparakoben. indoeTi mosaxleobis mixedviT msoflioSi meore adgilzea (1 miliardze meti adamiani). igi amave dros erT-erTi yvelaze mravalferovani qveyanaa. indoeTis konstitucia Teqvsmet enas aRiarebs, magram aRweris mixedviT indoeTSi, dialeqtebis CaTvliT, 1500-ze met enaze saubroben. sami yvelaze gavrcelebuli saxelmwifo enebia: inglisuri, hindi, urdu. hindize indoeTis mosaxleobis erTi mesamedi laparakobs. inglisuri elitaruli mosaxleobis enas warmoadgens, masze ZiriTadad sauniversiteto ganaTlebis mqone adamianebi laparakoben. urdu ki indoeli muslimebis enaa, romlebic qveynis yvelaze did umciresobas warmoadgenen. eTnikuri da lingvisturi gansxvavebebis garda, indoeTi religiuri niSniTac mkveTrad dayofili qveyanaa. induizmi indoeTis mosaxleobis umravlesobis religiaa, magram muslimuri mosaxleobis ricxvic sakmaod didia (mTliani mosaxleobis 11%). arian sxva mniSvnelovani religiuri umciresobebi (siqhebi, jainebi, parsiebi, budistebi da qristianebi). indoeTis mier damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg periodulad adgili hqonda mowinaaRmdege religiurTemebs Soris dapirispirebas. zogjer erT-erT religiuri jgufis warmomadgeneli meore jgufis wevrebs xocavda. aseTi SemTxvevebi indusebs da muslimebs erTmaneTis winaaRmdeg ganawyobda. msgavsi dapirispirebebi xdeboda indusebsa da siqhebs Sorisac. 1984 wels siqhma pira mcvelma mokla indoeTis indusi premier-ministri indira gandi. 1991 wels mokles indoeTis yofili premier ministri, indira gandis vaJi rajiv gandi, romelic premier-ministris postis xelaxla dasakaveblad saarCevno kampanias awarmoebda. ZaladobiT aRsavse warsuli amZafrebs uaryofiT damokidebulebas da xels uSlis Serigebas da kompromiss. indoeTSi arsebuli tradiciuli kasturi sistema ganviTarebisTvis damatebiT bariers warmoadgens. am sistemaSi yvela ibadeba ama Tu im socioekonomikur kastaSi da mTeli cxovreba iq rCeba. cxadia, rom aseT sistemaSi SeuZlebelia socialuri mobiloba, rac aucilebel safuZvels warmoadgens tradiciulidan Tanamedrove sistemaze gadasasvlelad. tradiciul indoeTSi yvelaze dabali klasis warmomadgenlebs _ miukareblebs _ araviTari uflebebi da SesaZleblobebi ar gaaCniaT. indoeTis mTavrobam axlaxan akrZa-


285

la `miukarebloba~, magram Zveli Sexedulebebis gavlena indoeTis tradiciul soflis sazogadoebebSi Zalian nela sustdeba (mosaxleobis 75-80% patara soflebSi cxovrobs). indoeTis mravalferovani mosaxleobis minimum kidev erTi maxasiaTebeli imsaxurebs yuradRebas: tendenciuri socialuri dayofebi Sesustebis nacvlad kidev ufro mZafrdeba. indoeli muslimebi mxolod TavianT gansxvavebul religias ki ar misdeven, aramed isini agreTve TavianT Caketil teritoriebze cxovroben, aqvT gansxvavebuli eTnikuri memkvidreoba da saubroben sakuTar enaze. TiTqmis igives Tqma SeiZleba siqhebze, ianebze da sxva jgufebze. indoeTis socialuri jgufebis mier maT saTemo dayofis gacnobierebas uamravi faqtori ganapirobebs, amave dros igi Zirs uTxris centraluri xelisuflebis mcdelobas, Seqmnas erovnuli erTobis gancda. xSirad es dayofebi separatizms iwvevs, risi magaliTic aris siqhebis mier Crdilo-dasavleT indoeTSi damoukidebeli saxelmwifos gamocxadeba (sadac isini kkompaqturad cxovroben). Cven yuradReba gavamaxvileT nigeriasa da indoeTze. aseTive problemebi mravali sxva ganviTarebadi qveynisTvisacaa damaxasiaTebeli. magaliTad, Sri-lanka gaxleCilia sinhalelebis umravlesobasa (74%, romlebic umetesad budistebi arian) da tamilebs Soris (18%, romelTa umetesobac induizmis mimdevaria da qveynis CrdiloeT da aRmosavleT nawilebSia dasaxlebuli). mavrebi, evropelebi da vedebi aborigeni Seadgenen qveynis mosaxleobis darCenil 8 procents. tamilTa mebrZoli jgufebi gamoyofisaken iswrafvian, teroristul aqtebs awyoben da partizanul oms awarmoeben centraluri xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg (mas Semdeg, rac 1983 wels adgilobriv TemSi momxdar areulobebs 2000 tamilis sicocxle Seewira).17 Sri-lanka, indoeTis msgavsad, mkveTri sazogadoebrivi dayofis mqone kulturuli mravalferovnebis models warmoadgens. afrikis saxelmwifoTa umravlesobas da mraval aziur Tu laTinuramerikul saxelmwifos sazogadoebrivi mravalferovnebis maRli done axasiaTebs. 132 qveynis kvlevam aCvena, rom 53 maTganis (anu 40 procentis) mosaxleoba xuTze met msxvil jgufad iyofoda.18 ase rom, mesame samyaroSi `mozaikuri sazogadoebebi~ sakmaod farTodaa gavrcelebuli. es mravalferovneba xSirad mniSvelovan barierebs uqmnis ganviTarebas.

ganviTarebis fsiqologiuri barierebi individis identobis gansazRvrisas mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs rogorc individis urTierToba socialur jgufTan, aseve am jgufis statusi sazogadoebaSi. es urTierTobebi aseve gvexmareba imis gagebaSi, Tu ramdenad aigivebs xalxi Tavs erovnul xelisuflebasTan da aRiarebs misi mmarTvelobis uflebas (mis legitimurobas). am kuTxiT, didi mniSvneloba aqvs mocemul kulturaSi fesvgamdgar Cvevebsa da rwmenebsac. warmatebuli ganviTarebisaTvis saWiroa, rom Seicvalos fsiqologiuri mdgomareoba da individTa moraluri Rirebulebebi ganviTarebad qveynebSi. vnaxoT, ratomaa ase. amerikelebis umetesoba Tanamedroved azrovnebs. amis gamo, amerike-

286


lebs xSirad uWirT gaugon sxva kulturis xalxebs, gansakuTrebiT, ganviTarebad erebs. magaliTad, adamianebi amgvar tradiciul sazogadoebebSi, gansazRvre-bidanve gamomdinare, Zlier damokidebulni arian yoveldRiuri cxovrebis Zvelebur wesze. amerikelebi (ufro metad, vidre dasavleTSi mcxovrebTa ume-tesoba) arad agdeben tradiciebs. is soflebi, romlebic tradiciuli cxovrebiT cxovroben, rogorc wesi, Znelad eguebian cvlilebebs, Zvalsa da rbilSi gamjdari Cveulebebi maTTvis usafrTxo da saimedoa, xolo axlisa da uCveulosi xSirad eSiniaT. gaurkvevlobis da siaxlis SiSisi Tavis aridebis tendencia gasagebia, rodesac garemo xifaTiT aRsavse uamravi gaurkvevlobiTaa savse. tradiciulad ganwyobili adamianebi bunebas mokrZalebiT da mowiwebiT uyureben, isini bunebis keTilganwyobis mopovebas misi TayvaniscemiT cdiloben. tradiciuli xalxebi naklebad endobian ucnobebs (anu yvelas, visac isini ar icnoben). ra Tqma unda, maT iSviaTad aqvT urTierToba ucnobebTan; zogadad, maTi socialuri urTierTqmedeba izRudeba ojaxiT, klaniT Tu maTive soflis macxovreblebiT. ucnobebis SiSis, bunebis stiqiebis Sesaxeb fatalisturi warmodgenebis da sakuTari Tavis rwmenis uqonlobis gamo tradiciuli wesebiT mcxovrebi soflis mosaxleobas ar uyvars gariskva. advili warmosadgenia, rogor aferxebs ganviTarebas msgavsi Cvevebi. frTxil da konservatiulad ganwyobil adamianebs naklebi midrekileba aqvT siaxleebisi, iqneba es kulturuli, Tu agrokulturuli teqnologiuri siaxleebi. es adamianebi Znelad eguebian da xSirad ganicdian identobasTan dakavSirebul problemebs, rodesac ganviTarebis procesi maT qalaqSi sacxovreblad gadasvlas da im soflis datovebas aiZulebs, sadac maT da maTma winaprebma cxovrebis udidesi nawili gaaatares. ganviTarebis Semaferxebeli SeiZleba iyos sxva tradiciuli Cvevebic. tradiciul adamianebs naklebad aqvT drois gancda, iSviaTad gegmaven winaswar TavianT saqmianobas da ara aqvT sakuTari Tavis rwmena, gansxvavebiT im adamianebisgan, romlebic miCveulni arian Tanamedrove cxovrebas. individualuri miRwevebis, socialur kibeze maRla moZraobis, piradi damsaxurebis da interesTa dakmayofilebis ideebi ucxoa maTTvis, vinc SezRudulia tradiciuli RirebulebebiT da CveulebebiT. es yvelaferi gamomdinareobs tradiciuli sazogadoebebis midrekilebidan askriptiuli sazogadoebebisaken (risi yvelaze mkafio magaliTicaa indoeTis kasturi sistema) _ rac gulisxmobs imas, rom pirovnebis statusi da mdgomareoba sazogadoebaSi ganisazRvreba misi religiis, asakis da a. S. mixedviT. statusi da mdgomareoba aseve mniSvnelovanwilad damokidebulia sqesze mamakacebis socialuri da politikuri upiratesoba gacilebiT ufro aSkarad gamokveTilia ganviTarebad qveynebSi, romelTac axasiaTebT dabali teqnologiuri done, dawyebuli mZime teqnikis uqonlobiT da damTavrebuli Sobadobis kontrolis meqanizmebis ararsebobiT, axalSobilTa sikvdilianobis maRali maCveneblebiT da tradiciuli genderuli rolebiT da CveulebebiT. amrigad, ganviTarebad erebSi, piradi Tavisuflebis ideebi da individualuri miswrafebebi xSirad iTrguneba wesCveulebebiT da tradiciuli sazogadoebebis Temuri bunebiT.


287

ekonomikuri ganviTarebis dabrkolebebi ganviTarebad erebs Soris ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa da erovnuli simdidris ganawilebis doneebSi arsebuli mniSvnelovani gansxvavebebis miuxedavad, maTi umetesoba Raribia. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, siRaribe, yvela sxva faqtorebze ufro metad, ubiZgebs am qveynebs ganviTarebisaken. siRaribes ganapirobebs vaWrobis araxelsayreli pirobebi, didi sagareo vali, mosaxleobis swrafi zrda, miwis sakuTrebis problema, avyofobebi da cudi kveba, ganaTlebisa da teqnologiebis dabali done da mZime bunebrivi pirobebi. miuxedavad optimisturi molodinebisa, es problemebi siRrmiseulia. isini gvevlinebian siRaribis mizezad da amavdroulad aferxeben ekonomikur ganviTarebas, romlis saSualebiTac SesaZlebeli iqneboda siRaribis daZleva. ganviTarebadi qveynebis ekonomikebi umeteswilad efuZneba soflis meurneobas da nedleulis mopovebas _ Raribi mosaxleobis soflidan qalaqebSi migraciis maRali (da zrdadi) donis miuxedavad. Sedegad, cxovrebis standartebis zrda, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, Zalian nela xdeba, farTo ekonomikuri uTanasworoba ki kvlav arsebobs (ix. cxrili 8-1). gadaWarbebul damokidebulebas soflis meurneobasa da nedleulis mopovebaze rTuli problemebi sdevs. zogierT ganviTarebad qveyanas mohyavs mxolod erTi saxeobis mcenare (rasac monokultura ewodeba). bangladeSi, magaliTd, saeqsportod mxolod juTs awarmoebs. roca juTze fasi ecema, bangladeSs _ erT-erT uRaribes ganviTarebad saxelmwifos _ araferi rCeba. eTiopiis ekonomika Zalianaa damokidebuli yavaze, kubas saeqsportod ZiriTadad sigara gaaqvs, hondurass _ banani da a. S. zogierTi ganviTarebadi qveyana ekonomikurad damokidebulia aralegaluri, magram momgebiani mcenareebis moyvanaze: magaliTad, kolumbieli, ekvadoreli, perueli glexebi saeqsportod kokains awarmoeben. avRaneTi msoflioSi heroinis nomer pirveli wyaroa. miuxedavad imisa, rom ganviTarebadi qveynebis umravlesobas ramdenime saxeobis mcenare an mineraluri resursi gaaCnia, maTgan cotas Tu aqvs imdenad diversificirebuli ekonomika, rom soflis meurneobisa da mrewvelobis jansaRi Serwyma moaxerxos. ganviTarebisaTvis am qveynebma unda moaxdinon samrewvelo produqciis importi; aRniSnuli produqciis fasis gadasaxdelad maT unda gaitanon sakvebi, qsovilebi da madani, magram vaWrobis kanonebi maT sawinaRmdegod moqmedebs: samrewvelo produqciis fasi maRalia, im dros, rodesac sasoflo produqciis da nedleulis fasi xSirad dabalia. ufro metic, msoflio bazarze saqonlis fasebi Zalian meryeobs, rac gaurkvevlobas uqmnis am qveynebs da zrdis maT sagareo vals. amasTan erTad, zogierTi ganviTarebadi qveyana awydeba seriozul demografiul problemas. industriul demokratiebSi mosaxleobis zrda erT procentze naklebia da 1990 wlisaTvis zogierTma dasavlurma evropulma qveyanam `miaRwia~ mosaxleobis nulovan, an uaryofiT zrdasac ki; maSin roca, ganviTarebadi qveynebis umravlesobaSi mosaxleobis zrdis yovelwliuri maCvenebeli ori an sami procentia (ix. sqema 8-1 da 8-2). Tumca, zogierT qveyanaSi, magaliTad, nigeriaSi, eTiopiasa da angolaSi, mosaxleoba gacilebiT

288


ufro swrafi tempebiT izrdeba. . cxrili 8-1 erT sul mosaxleze mTliani erovnuli produqti (mep) regionis mixedviT regioni

afrika saharis samx. afrika CrdiloeT afrika aRmosavleT afrika dasavleT afrika centraluri afrika samxreT afrika

mep-i erT sul mosaxleze (aSS dolarebSi) $1,790 1,370 3,070 1,000 850 _ 8160 31,260

CrdiloeT amerika 6,460 laTinuri amerika da karibis zRvis auzi centraluri amerika karibis zRvis kunZulebi samxreT amerika azia azia, CineTis garda dasavleT azia centraluri aziis samxreTi samxreT-aRmosavleT azia aRmosavleT azia evropa CrdiloeT evropa dasavleT evropa aRmosavleT evropa samxreT evropa

6,900 _ 6,730 3,930 4,130 4,810 2,250 3,210 5,750 14,970 21,460 23,480 6,770 16,520 17,880

okeaneTi wyaro: 2001 wlis msoflio mosaxleobis monacemebi, cxrili 5, Population Reference Bureau, www.prb.org, 16 maisi, 2002.

rogorc wesi, mosaxleobis swrafi mateba yvelaze metad urbanul


289

arealebze aisaxeba. soflebSi arsebuli siRaribe da xelisuflebis politika ganapirobebs migracias qalaqebSi. swrafi urbanizacia problematuria, ramdenadac ganviTarebad qveynebs ar gaaCniaT saTanado resursebi saxelmwifo momsaxurebebiT mosaxleobis uzrunvelsayofad da axali skolebis, saavyofoebis, sacxovrebeli kompleqsebis da rac yvelaze mTavaria, samuSao adgilebis Sesaqmnelad. mosaxleobis matebis da migraciis pirobebSi, TviT optimaluri klimatisa da ekonomikuri winamZRvrebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSic ki, ganviTarebadi qveynebis fermerebisaTvis sul ufro Zneli xdeba sakvebis warmoebis sakmarisad swrafad gazrda, raTa fexi auwyon mosaxleobis zrdis temps. miuxedavad rig ganviTarebad qveynebSi (maT Soris indoeTSi, meqsikaSi, taivansa da filipinebSi) mwvane revoluciad wodebuli warmoebis mkveTri zrdisa, rodesac xorblis da brinjis maRalmosavliani jiSebis moyvana Seuxames Tanamedrove sairigacio sistemebsa da sinTetikur sasuqebs _ es qveynebi kvlav siZneleebis winaSe rCebian. vaWrobis araxelsayreli pirobebis, mzardi sagareo valis da demografiuli afeTqebis garda, ganviTarebad qveynebs warmatebuli ganviTarebis gzaze sami umniSvnelovanesi winaaRmdegoba eRobebaT: dabali teqnologiuri done, miwis sakuTrebis seriozuli problema da mZime garemo pirobebi. mwvane revolucia SesaZlebelia mxolod iq, sadac ganviTarebuli sasoflo-sameurneo teqnologiebi arsebobs, gaumjobesebuli Teslis, pesticidebis, herbicidebis, xelovnuri sasuqis, irigaciis, mecxoveleobis, fermidan bazramde misasvleli gzisa da sawyobebis CaTvliT. es, Tavis mxriv, sainvesticio kapitalisa da ucxouri rezervebis xelmisawvdomobas gulisxmobs. mraval ganviTarebad qveyanaSi miwis sakuTrebac mniSvnelovan problemas warmoadgens. miwis sakuTrebis sqemebi sxvadasxva qveyanaSi (da regionSi) sxvadasxvaa, magram ganviTarebadi qveynebidan efeqtianad mxolod erTeulebma gaarTves Tavi am sferos problemebs. es imitom xdeba, rom tradicia yvelaze ufro metad damabrkolebeli soflis garemoSia, sadac Camoyalibebuli wesebi da meTodebi Zalian nela icvleba. umTavresi problema miwis nakveTebis usamarTlo an ekonomikurad araswori ganawilebaa. qveynis zogierT nawilSi miwaze sakuTreba (da adgilobrivi xelisufleba) metismetad koncentrirebulia, sxva adgilebSi ki miwa mcire fragmentebadaa dayofili, rac mogebis saSualebas ar iZleva. laTinur amerikaSi es ori problema gverdigverd arsebobs _ uzarmazari samflobeloebis (e. w. latifundiebis) gverdiT gvxvdeba Zalzed patara nakveTebi (minifundiebi). msgavsi problema arsebobs egvipteSic. ufro metic, bevr ganviTarebad qveyanaSi Cveulebrivi ambavia, rodesac glexebi ijariT amuSaveben miwas da damokidebulni arian didi miwaTmflobelebis neba-survilze. afrikaSi gavrcelebulia sasoflo miwebis erToblivi sakuTreba. aq Cndeba sxva tipis problemebi. soflis macxovreblebs ekuTvniT miwis nakveTebi da inawileben mosavals, romlis didi nawili maT mierve moixmareba da ar iyideba. Tumca, bolo dros sul ufro vrceldeba komerciuli plantaciebi, momgebiani naTesebi enacvleba naklebad momgebian tradiciul kulturebs. rac yvelaze uaresia, umuSevrobis gamo axalgazrdebi iZulebulni arian datovon soflebi; bevri maTgani samuSaod ewyoba fermaSi da kidev ufro

sqema 8-1. msoflios mosaxleoba, 1995: 5,692,210,000 © 1997 The Washington Post. ibeWdeba nebarTviT.

sqema 8-2. msoflios mosaxleoba, 2030: 8,474,017,000 (49%-iT gaizarda 1995 wlis msoflio mosaxlobasTan SedarebiT) rukebi 8-1 da 8-2 gviCvenebs mosaxleobis mosalodnel zrdas 1995-2030 wlebSi. rukebi isea Sedgenili, rom yoveli qveynis zoma misi mosaxleobis proporciulia. rukebi xazs usvams im garemoebas, rom mosaxleobis mosalodneli zrda upiratesad ganviTarebad qveynebSi moxdeba. wyaro : Boyce Ransberger, `Damping the World’s Population: Birthrates Are Falling Now but More Needs to Be Done in the Long Term~, Washington Post Ntional Weekly Edition. September 12-18, 1994, 10-40. © 1994 The Washington Post. ibeWdeba nebarTviT.

292


metad efloba siRaribesa da uimedobaSi. aziaSi mdgomareoba garkveulwilad gansxvavebulia, magram miwis ganawilebis problemebi iqac xels uSlis xelisuflebas, gadaaxalisos jer kidev soflis meurneobis wamyvan rolze dafuZnebuli ekonomika da modernizaciis gziT xeli Seuwyos saerTo ekonomikur zrdas. bunebrivi pirobebi xSirad yvelaze ufro seriozul winaaRmdegobas uqmnis ekonomikur ganviTarebas. yvelaze saSineli is tragediebia, romlebic bunebriv katastrofebsa da adamianebis ugunurobas aerTianebs. magaliTad, 1980-ian wlebSi saZovrebis zedmetad intensiurma gamoyenebam gaamwvava uwyloobis problema afrikis Sua sartyelis udides nawilSi. msgavsad amisa, wyaldidobebi zogierT ganviTarebad qveyanaSi nawilobriv mainc gamowveuli iyo xe-tyis masalis intensiuri gamoyenebis mizniT mdinareebis napirebze tyis gaCexviT. amgvari bunebrivi katastrofebis yvelaze xSiri Sedegia farTomasStabiani da Zalagamomcleli SimSilianoba. Tumca, amgvari tragediebisa da xSirad maTi Tanmdevi epidemiebis gareSec ki, sakvebis ukmarisobis problema kvlavac dgas asobiT milioni adamianis winaSe ganviTarebad qveynebSi, gansakuTrebiT afrikaSi. adamianebs, romlebic ganicdian ukidures SimSils, ar gaaCniaT warmoebis energia, rac bevr ganviTarebad qveyanas Caketil wreSi aqcevs: isini arian Raribebi imitom, rom ar arian sakmarisad produqtiulebi, da ar arian sakmarisad produqtiulebi imitom, rom arian Raribebi.

ganviTarebis marcxi erebi viTardebian politikuri, fsiqologiuri, sazogadoebrivi da ekonomikuri ganzomilebis mqone mravalmxrivi procesebis Sedegad. Secdoma iqneboda gvevarauda, rom ganviTareba uwyveti, an Seuqcevadi procesia. ganviTarebis nebismier safexurze myofi eri-saxelmwifoebi da sazogadoebebi SeiZleba iqcnen arastabilurobis da dakninebis gamomwvevi Zalebis msxverplad. arc erT mkvlevars, romelic Seiswavlis amerikis samoqalaqo oms, an iseTi qveynebis uaxles istorias, rogorebicaa somali, yofili iugoslavia da Tanamedrove egvipte, ar SeuZlia ignorireba gaukeTos dezintegraciiis safrTxeebs, romlebic SeiZleba daemuqros rogorc ganviTarebad, aseve ganviTarebul industriul qveynebs. ra iwvevs dezontegracias? sainteresoa, rom politikuri daknineba xSirad gamomdinareobs eris uunarobidan, gadawyvitos ganviTarebis Semaferxebeli siRrmiseuli problemebi. mTavrobebi, romelTac ar SeuZliaT daZlion religiur, eTnikur, rasobriv an kulturul jgufebs Soris daZabulobaTa niadagze warmoSobili problemebi, xSirad amJRavneben dakninebis SesamCnev niSnebs. XIX saukunis Sua periodSi amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi idga umniSvnelovanesi sirTulis winaSe, rac momdinareobda monobis gadauwyveteli sakiTxidan. dRevandel msoflioSi uamravi msgavsi da gansxvavebuli problemaa. egviptis xelisufleba mniSvnelovnad aris Sesustebuli fundamentalisturi muslimuri opoziciis arsebobiT. Sri-lanka (yofili ceiloni)


293

dasustebulia perioduli dapirispirebiT tamil umciresobasa da sinhalel umravlesobas Soris. ruandaSi hutus da tutsis tomebis Soris sisxliani konfliqtis Sedegad gamudmebuli samoqalaqo omebi da Zaladoba mZvinvarebs. ekonomikurma warumateblobebma aseve SeiZleba gamoiwvios sazogadobrivi da politikuri daknineba. ara marto qveynis Sida ekonomikuri mdgomareoba, aramed msoflio masStabis makroekonomikuri cvlilebebic SesaZloa gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani aRmoCndes. 1970-ian wlebSi adgili hqonda movlenas, romelic zemoTqmulis arcTu maxasiaTebel, magram istoriul magaliTad SeiZleba gamodges: mcire resursebisa da saeqsporto Semosavlebis mqone mesame samyaros bevr qveyanas udidesi problemebi Seuqmna navTobze fasebis mkveTma zrdam. am qveynebis mTavrobebis mier gatarebul mkacr zomebs Tan mohyva politikuri sirTuleebi da socialuri areulobebi. Sedegad, afrikis, aziis da laTinuri amerikis qveynebis umravlesobaSi gaizarda sagareo vali da TiTqmis ori aTwleulis manZilze adgili hqonda ekonomikur arastabilurobas. sabolood, dezintegracia SeiZleba gamowveul iqnas politikur sistemaSi arsebuli uTanasworobebiTac. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, rodesac xelisufleba ver uzrunvelyofs gafantuli erovnuli grZnobebis erT identobad SekavSirebas, moqalaqeTa politikur monawileobas, an simdidris mTel sazogadoebaze gadanawilebas, politikuri ganviTareba wydeba. amas garda, rogorc ukve didi xania aRniSnaven politologebi, ganviTareba SeiZleba SeCerdes maSinac, rodesac xelisuflebas SeuZlia am miznebis miRweva (magaliTad, ganaTlebis xelSewyobiT, masobrivi komunikaciebis ganviTarebiT, saarCevno monawileobiT da urbanuli cxovrebiT), magram ar gaaCnia institutebi, gamocdileba an SesaZlebloba, rom efeqtianad gaarTvas Tavi politikur cvlilebebs.19 amgvar SemTxvevebSi, politikuri daknineba SeiZleba iqces ganviTarebis bnel mxared. rogorc politologi semuel hantingtoni aRniSnavs, `modernizacia praqtikaSi yovelTvis gulisxmobs cvlilebebs da xSirad tradiciuli politikuri sistemis daSlasac, magram igi yovelTvis ar gulisxmobs ganviTarebas Tanamedrove politikuri sistemis mimarTulebiT... magram xSirad varaudoben, rom Tu mimdinareobs sazogadoebrivi modernizacia, paralelurad mimdinareobs politikuri modernizaciac~.20

disfunqciuri saxelmwifoebi bolo aTwleulebSi msoflio gaxda ramdenime sazogadoebis TviTganadgurebis mowme, ramac gamoiwvia destabilizacia mezobel qveynebSi da daemuqra mSvidobas mTlianad msoflioSi. disfunqciuri saxelmwifoebi is usixarulo adgilebia, sadac ukiduresobebi normadaa qceuli, sadac mTavrobebi an metismetad represiulia, an metismetad susti, imdenad, rom ar SeuZliaT uzrunvelyon elementaruli wesrigi da kanoniereba. qalaqis quCebSi kriminaluri da politikuri Zaladobaa gamefebuli, rac emuqreba policiisgan daucvel soflebsa da Tavisufal presas. msoflio xSirad dReebis, kvirebis da zogjer Tveebis manZilzec ki ver amCnevs am saSinele-

294


bebs. es SemaSfoTebeli suraTia, Tumca metismetad realuria msoflios Zalian bevr adgilSi. am TavSi Cven ganvixilavT oTx magaliTs iseTi politikuri sistemebisa, romlebic arian (an iyvnen) disfunqciuri _ samwuxarod, am magaliTebiT ar amoiwureba kandidatebis sruli sia, romelSic yofili sabWoTa kavSiric Sedis (ix. Tavi VII).

somali afrikaSi mdebareobs ramdenime uRaribesi qveyana, maT Soris sudani, somali, eritrea da eTiopia. 1980-ian da 1990-ian wlebSi am regionSi gvalva, SimSili, saerTaSoriso konfliqtebi, samoqalaqo omebi da yvelanairi saxis Zaladoba mZvinvarebda. 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi sakvebis yvelaze katastrofuli ukmarisoba somaliSi iyo, sadac samoqalaqo omma da gvalvam adamianTa saSineli tanjva gamoiwvia. 1992 wlis agvistoSi gaeros bavSvTa fondi (UNICEF) masiuri saerTaSoriso daxmarebis mozidvas Seecada, rodesac ganacxada, rom ori milioni somaleli (qveynis mTliani mosaxleoba odnav aRemateba rva milions) eqvsi Tvis ganmavlobaSi SimSilobda. Zaladobisa da amgvari gausaZlisi mdgomareobis winaaRmdeg amboxebulebma 1991 w. ianvarSi daamxes somalis diqtatori siad bare, romelic didi xnis ganmavlobaSi marTavda qveyanas. amas mohyva Setakebebi da SimSili, ramac Seiwira 300 aTasi adamianis sicocxle da milionobiT adamiani safrTxis winaSe daayena. kanonisa da wesrigis TiTqmis absoluturi ararsebobis pirobebSi qveyana anarqiam moicva; qalebi da bavSvebi SeiaraRebuli banditebis mowyalebis imedad darCnen. maT CaSales saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mxridan mosaxleobisaTvis daxmarebis gawevis yvela mcdeloba, iparavdnen bavSvebisaTvis gankuTvnil sakvebs da xocavdnen humanitaruli misiebis TanamSromlebs. 1992 w. bolos, aSS-s prezidentma jorj buSma (ufrosma), Tavisi saprezidento vadis miwuruls wamoiwyo samxedro intervencia, raTa uzrunveleyo humanitaruli daxmarebis usafrTxoeba. mdgomareoba imdenad qaoturi iyo, rom wesrigis da kanonierebis aRdgena SeuZlebeli Canda. mas Semdeg, rac ZiriTadad amerikelebisgan Semdgarma gaeros Zalebma datova qveyana 1995 w. martSi (ramdenime amerikeli jariskacis sastiki mkvlelobis Semdeg), somali darCa erovnuli xelisuflebis gareSe _ qveynis rukaze aRniSnuli iyo romeli dajgufeba romel teritorias akontrolebda, rac ufro Tavsatex suraTs waagavda, vidre politikur gaerTianebas. somali rCeba afrikis erT-erT uRaribes qveyanad, romlis mTliani Sida produqti (mSp) erT sul mosaxleze 500 dolarze naklebia, xolo wera-kiTxvis armcodne mosaxleobis wili 75 procents Seadgens. somali ganuviTarebelia ara marto ekonomikurad, aramed aseve politikuradac. somalis sazogadoebis struqtura efuZneba naTesaur kavSirebs, anu klanebs, xolo samoqalaqo omi, faqtobrivad, klanebs Soris gaCaRebuli omia. Tu somali ver ipovis politikuri stabilurobis formulas, igi ver aaRorZinebs ekonomikas. samarTliania Sebrunebuli debulebac: stabiluroba damokidebulia ekonomikur da socialur progresze. jer adrea saubari, ipovis Tu ara


295

somali efeqtiani xelisuflebis recepts. misi reputacia ki, rogorc disfunqciuri saxelmwifosi, ar Seicvle-ba, sanam Tavad somali ar Seicvleba.

iugoslavia am saxelmwifosagan mxolod saxeliRa arsebobs. civi omis periodis udides nawilSi igi SedarebiT Tavisufali saxelmwifo iyo, magram daiSala mas Semdeg, rac sabWoTa kavSiris ngrevam Secvala evropis geopolitikuri ruka 1990-ian wlebSi. yofili iugoslaviis daSlam wina planze wamowia is, rasac zogierTi mkvlevari `koSmarul scenars~ uwodebs _ politikuri kolafsis perspeqtiva, romelsac eTnikuri siZulvili kvebavs da rac, sxvadasxva albaTobiT, bevr yofil komunistur saxelmwifos emuqreba.

balkanuri krizisi istoriul perspeqtivaSi. iugoslaviis urTierToba sabWoTa kavSirTan 1945 wlidan II msoflio omis Semdgom Seqmnili specifikuri pirobebis safuZvelze Camoyalibda. aRmosavleT evropis sxva qveynebisgan gansxvavebiT, romlebic germanuli okupaciisgan sabWoTa armiam gaaTavisufla, iugoslavia gaaTavisufla marSal iosip broz titos partizanulma Zalebma. iugoslaviuri winaaRmdegobis moZraobaSi Setanili wvlilis gamo, tito erovnuli gmiri gaxda da sabolood axali iugoslavuri nacionalizmis simbolod iqca. omis Semdgom periodSi tito uars ambobda moskovidan miRebuli brZanebebis Sesrulebazea stalinma iugoslavias samagiero komunisturi Tanamegobrobidan gaZevebiT gadauxada. cota xnis Semdeg, titom daiwyo garkveuli nabijebis gadadgma sakuTari mmarTvelobis popularizaciisaTvis, pirvel rigSi sasoflo-sameurneo koleqtivizaciis tempis SenelebiT, xolo SemdgomSi misi srulebiT gauqmebiT. iugoslavurma komunizmma gamorCeuli kvali datova samrewvelo urTierTobebSi. ukiduresi centralizacia, romelic axasiaTebda sabWoTa kavSirs, uaryofil iqna da mis sanacvlod titom saTave daudo socialisturi ekonomikuri organizaciis axal formas, romelic TviTregulirebas efuZneboda. man farTo regionuli avtonomia mianiWa iugoslaviis federaciaSi Semaval eqvs respublikas, yovel SemTxvevaSi, formalurad. rac ufro mniSvnelovania, amas ekonomikur sawarmoebSi muSaTa sabWoebis Seqmna mohyva. qarxnis, an sxva tipis sawarmos muSaTa mier mier arCeuli sabWoebi Tavis mxriv irCevdnen mmarTvel komitetebs, xolo mmarTveli komitetebi ikribebodnen rogorc regionuli asociaciebi da irCevdnen sxvadasxva sawarmoTa direqtorebs partiis TanxmobiT. 1950 wels mSromelebs mieniWaT gaficvis ufleba, profkavSirebi gamocxadda damoukideblad, xolo pirdapiri gegmuri ekonomika Seicvala naklebad iZulebiTi `gegmuri xelmZRvanelobiT~. 1970-ian wlebSi moxda kontrolis zogadi gamkacreba iugoslaviis ekonomikasa da sazogadoebaze, rodesac xelisufleba Seecada bolo moeRo azrTa sxvadasxvaobisaTvis da miZinebuli ekonomikas gamoecocxlebina.

296


sqema 8-3. yofili iugoslaviis dayofa wyaro: adaptirebuli yofili iugoslaviis 728104, CIA 1993 da bosniisa da hercegovinis (politikuri) 802474, CIA 1997 rukebidan.

miuxedavad amisa, iugoslavia unikaluri iyo sxva komunistur reJimebs Soris. erTma mkvlevarma Semdeg nawyvetSi asaxa qveynis cxovreba titos mmarTve-lobis pirobebSi: `xelovnebisa da literaturis umetesi nawili apolitikuria da mxatvrebs da mwerlebs SeuZliaT imoRvaweon Tavisuflad, Tu maTi Semoqmedeba xelisuflebis mkveTr kritikas ar Seicavs. ar arsebobs winaswari cenzura, mxolod sasamarTlos SeuZlia saboloo jamSi akrZalos nawarmoebi; xolo kerZo gamomcemlebi TiTqmis imdenive wigns uSveben, ramdensac oficialuri gamomcemlobebi. gazeTebi TiTqmis erTsa da imaves weren, magram isini gacilebiT ufro informatiuli arian, vidre sxva aRmosavleT evropuli komunisturi qveynebis gazeTebi, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT sabWoTa kavSirze. Tavisuflad iyideba ucxouri presa.


297

partiis oratorebi gmoben dasavleTis gavlenebs presaSi, magram Jurnalebi misdeven sensaciurobasa da siSiSvles, rac ucxoa komunisturi moralisTvis. savaraudod, yovelwliurad 15 milioni adamiani kveTs sazRvars. arsebobs gaerTianebebis Tavisufleba, Tu es partiis winaaRmdeg ar aris mimarTuli. titos arasdros dauxvretia da iSviaTad Tu daupatimrebia oponentebi.~21

1980-iani wlebis ganmavlobaSi iugoslaviis centraluri xelisuflebis Zalaufleba da avtoriteti mkveTrad daeca. iugoslavia warmoadgenda xelovnur qveyanas, romelic Sedgeboda mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebuli eTnikuri warmomavlobis, religiis da kulturuli fesvebis mqone adamianebisgan _ marTlmadidebeli serbebi da Cernogorielebi kaTolike xorvatebi da slovenebi, muslimi umciresobebi serbiaSi da Sereuli bosnielebi, hercegovinelebi da dalmatebi. maT erTmaneTTan titos prestiJi da avtoriteti akavSirebdaT. 1980 wels, rodesac tito gardaicvala, bzarebi, romlebic didi xnis ganmavlobaSi arsebobda, gadaizarda iugoslaviis erTiani struqturis aSkara gaxleCvaSi. aRmosavleT evropaSi komunizmis dacemam daaCqara daSlis procesi. 1990-ian wlebSi demokratiam da Tavisufalma arCevnebma Secvala komunizmi. es didxans ar gagrZelebula. 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi ekonomikas amZimebda ucxouri vali (16 miliardi dolari), 100 procentiani inflacia da umuSevrobis maRali done (20 procenti). iugoslaviis sazogadoeba moicva didi xnis ganmavlobaSi dafarulma eTnikurma mtrobam da centraluri xelisufleba moiSala respublikebs Soris konfliqtebis Sedegad. politikurad warmatebuli slovenia da xorvatia eqiSpebodnen tradiciulad dominant serbebs eris bedis gansazRvraSi. serbiis sworxazovan prezidents, slobodan miloSeviCs surda sicocxle SeenarCunebina iugoslaviis komunisturi centralizebuli federaluri sistemisaTvis, xolo slovenias da xorvatias surdaT Tavisufali konfederacia da sabazro ekonomika. sabolood gaimarjves nacionalisturma Zalebma. 1991 wlis ivnisSi sloveniam da xorvatiam damoukidebloba gamoacxades da daiwyo sisxliani samoqalaqo omi serbias da xorvatias Soris, romelmac daaxloebiT 10 aTasi adamianis sicocxle Seiwira. Tumca, sloveniis da xorvatiis mcdeloba warmatebuli gamodga da 1992 wlis ianvarSi orive maTgani sayovelTaod cnes, rogorc damoukidebeli eri-saxelmwifoebi.

bosniuri da kosovos tragedia. didi xani ar gasula serbiisa da xorvatiis konfliqtis dasrulebidan, rodesac axalma konfliqtma ifeTqa, amjerad bosnia-hercegovinis respublikaSi. bosnia warmoadgens eTnikuri daZabulobiT gajerebul sazogadoebas, romlis mosaxleobac Sedgeba sami ZiriTadi eTnikuri jgufisgan _ serbebis, xorvatebis da bosnieli muslimebisgan. ukanaskneli jgufi yvelaze mravalricxovania, Tumca isini yvelaze mcire teritoriaze arian koncentrirebulni. eTnikur gansxvavebebs aZlierebs religiuri faqtori (xorvatebi kaTolikeebi arian, serbebi ki miekuTvnebian marTlmadideblur eklesias) da istoriuli mtrobac, romelsac ganapirobebs am jgufebis mier erTmaneTisaT vis warsulSi miyenebuli wyena.

298


bosniuri konfliqti iyo brZola teritoriisaTvis daamave dros, Zveli angariSebis gasworeba. mas sami ganzomileba hqonda: serbebi xorvatebis winaaRmdeg, muslimebi xorvatebis winaaRmdeg da yvelaze metad, serbebi muslimebis winaaRmdeg. serbebis da muslimebis brZola bosniaSi yvelaze sastiki da uTanasworo iyo. serbebma daikaves teritoriis didi nawili. maT aseve ganaxorcieles masiuri eTnikuri wmenda _ gaupatiurebebi, Zarcva da masiuri mkvlelobebi, ramac gamoiwvia yvela muslimis da araserbis gandevna im qalaqebidan da soflebidan, romlebic serbebma daikaves da serbuli saxelmwifo serbskas SemadgenlobaSi Seyvana scades. 1993-94 wlebSi bosnielma serbebma, romelTac zurgs serbia umagrebda, alya Semoartyes saraevos, bosniis dedaqalaqs da ramdenime did muslimur qalaqs. saraevos alya dasrulda mxolod maSin, rodesac moxda natos da gaeros intervencia. sxva SemTxvevaSi alya gagrZeldeboda, miuxedavad gaeros araefeqtiani rezoluciebisa, romlebic safrTxis winaSe mdgom am qalaqebs ùsafrTxo TavSesafrad~ acxadebda. gaerom daadanaSaula agreTve xorvatia bosniasTan konfliqtis gaRvivebaSi Setanili wvlilisaTvis. igi aseve daemuqra bosniel serbebs natos sahaero ieriSebiT. intensiur saSuamavlo mcdelobebTan (gansakuTrebiT ruseTis mxridan) Sejerebulma am RonisZiebebma Sedegi moitana. 1994 wlis TebervalSi serbebi daTanxmdnen mZime iaraRis gamotanaze saraevodan da erTi kviris Tavze bosniis mTavrobam da bosnielma xorvatebma xeli moaweres SeTanxmebas cecxlis Sewyvetis Taobaze. 1994 wlis martSi droebiT gaCnda mSvidobis perspeqtiva, rodesac xorvatulma xelisuflebam da adgilobrivma serbma mmarTvelebmac dades SeTanxmeba cecxlis Sewyvetis Taobaze, romelsac bolo unda moeRo mtrobisTvis. Tumca, mSvidoba mxolod iluzia aRmoCnda. rodesac gaeros Zalebi gaemarTnen bosniaSi humanitaruli daxmarebis gasawevad, bosnielma serbebma moulodnelad Seuties maT da ganagrZes brZolebi. natos sahaero dartymebi, romlebic ganxorcielda 1994 wlis aprilsa da noemberSi da 1995 wlis maisSi, miznad isaxavda daecva gaeros samSvidobo Zalebis usafrTxoeba. bosnia kidev erTxel moicva sisxlianma anarqiam. sabolood, gaeros ganaxlebuli samSvidobo gegma gaxda axali Tanacxovrebis safuZveli. yvela dapirispirebulma mxarem SeimuSava samSvidobo gegma 1995 wlis noemberSi deitonSi, ohaios StatSi (aSS) da xeli moawera deitonis samSvidobo SeTanxmebas parizSi 14 dekembers. SeTanxmebis mixedviT, bosniis 49 procenti gadaeca bosniis serbul respublikas da 51 procenti muslim-xorvatul federacias. saraevo rCeba dedaqalaqad muslimurxorvatuli federaciis teritoriaze. centraluri xelisufleba, romelic Sedgeba prezidentis koleqtiuri postisa da parlamentisgan, warmarTavs sagareo politikas, ekonomikas, finansebs da sxva saqmeebs. bosniis TiToeul naxevars sakuTari SeiaraRebuli Zalebi da policia gaaCnia. bosniaSi samSvidobo procesis monitoringisaTvis natos meTaurobiT gaigzavna 60 aTasi jariskacisgan Semdgari saerTaSoriso Zalebi. miuxedavad sxvadasxva darRvevebisa, arCevnebi Catarda 1996 wlis seqtemberSi. magram cota vinme Tu eloda deitonis SeTanxmebis SenarCunebas. ukve 1997 wlis


299

SuaxanebSi nacionalistma serbebma da xorvatebma bosniaSi moindomes bosniis gayofa eTnikurad `wminda~ teritoriebad. 1998 wlis martSi regioni SeZra serbiis mier zurggamagrebulma Zaladobam albaneli umravlesobis winaaRmdeg kosovos avtonomiur provinciaSi. amgvari teritoriuli ambiciebis da gauTavebeli eTnikuri emociebis fonze, SeuZlebeli Canda imis warmodgena, rom bosnia gaagrZelebda arsebobas erTiani mravaleTnikuri da mravalreligiuri saxelmwifos saxiT. srulmasStabiani samoqalaqo omi kosovoSi 1990-iani wlebis bolos daiwyo. omis mizezi avtonomiis sakiTxi iyo _ kosovoelebi iTxovdnen mas, xolo serbebi uars acxadebdnen. serbulma Zalebma ar daindes mSvidobiani mosaxleoba, sistematurad aZevebdnen kosovarebs (albanel serbebs) qveynidan (kosovodan). im droisTvis, rodesac natos intervenciam sabolood daaCoqa miloSeviCis mTavroba, milionze meti kosovari (daaxloebiT sami mexuTedi eTnikurad albaneli mosaxleobisa) ltolvilad iyo qceuli. mSvidoba kosovos mxolod kosovos gaTavisuflebis armiis gaafTrebuli brZolebis da gaeros da saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis intervenciis Semdeg daubrunda. brZolebis tkivilian dasasruls Tan axlda Tavsmoxveuli mSvidoba. gaerom moaxdina sakuTari `droebiTi istraciis~ formireba, natos Zalebi ki garkveulwilad policiis funqcias asrulebdnen. deklarirebuli mizani iyo àrsebiTi avtonomia da TviTmmarTveloba~ provinciisTvis. gaeronatos reJimma ganaiaraRa kosovos gaTavisuflebis armia da dado mcirericxovani (5 procentiani) serbuli umciresobis ganrisxebuli albanelebis SurisZiebisagan dacvis piroba. es piroba srulad ar Sesrulda, ramdenadac xSiri iyo kosovoSi serbebze Tavdasxmisa da muqaris SemTxvevebi. saboloo jamSi, gadawyvetilebis miReba ver moxerxda. miloSeviCis xelisuflebaSi yofnisas gaeros proteqtorats bolo ar uCanda. keTili survilebis miuxedavad, gaerom kidev erTxel daamtkica, rom ar iyo mzad mmarTvelobis gansaxorcieleblad. gaeros istracia ar icnobda adgilobriv Cveulebebs da awydeboda Znelad gadasalax enobriv bariers. natos Zalebi, romlebmac axla serbebis dacvis rTuli misia ikisres, uflebaSelaxuli kosovarebisgan mtrul damokidebulebas waawydnen. amavdroulad, Seiqmna institucionaluri da samarTlebrivi vakuumi, sadac ar arsebobda arc kanoni, arc sasamarTloebi, arc adgilobrivi policia, raTa gamklavebodnen Cveulebriv (da arcTu mTlad Cveulebriv) kriminals [(2008 wlis TebervalSi kosovom damoukidebloba gamoacxada, rac ukve aRiara ramdenime saxelmwifom _ mTargmn. Sen)]. sisxliani diqtatori miloSeviCi sabolood daamxes saprezidento arCevnebSi 2000 wels (igi ecada arCevnebis gayalbebas, magram daamxo saxalxo opoziciis mZlavrma talRam) [miloSeviCi haagis saerTaSoriso tribunals gadasces 2001 wels. igi gulis SetviT gardaicvala cixeSi 2006 w. _ mTargmn. Sen.]. mxolod dro aCvenebs, SeZleben Tu ara miloSeviCis memkvidre (an memkvidreebi) daubrunon politikuri wesrigi da saerTaSoriso pativiscema dangreuli ekonomikis mqone am daqucmacebul ers.

300


siera leone rogorc ukve aRiniSna, demokratia sulac ar aris Cveuli ambavi saharis samxreTiT mdebare afrikaSi. iqac ki, sadac igi TiTqos muSaobda, damarcxda _ zogierT SemTxvevaSi, sruliad unugeSod. arsad igi ise umowyalod ar damarcxebula, rogorc siera leoneSi. 1986 wels siera leoneSi sakanonmdeblo organos arCevnebi gaimarTa da partiam saxelwodebiT `saerTo saxalxo kongresi~ (saxeli marjved iyo SerCeuli), SearCia 335 kandidati, raTa ebrZola 105 adgilisaTvis. partia Cveulebriv ayenebda sam konkurents TiToeul adgilze, rac gavrcelebuli praqtikaa regionis erTpartiul qveynebSi. amrigad, amomrCevlebs siera leoneSi faqtobrivad hqondaT meti arCevani _ sul mcire, pirovnebebTan mimarTebaSi _ vidre amomrCevlebs aSS-is sakanonmdeblo organos arCevnebis umravles SemTxvevaSi. miuxedavad amisa, siera leone 1990-ian wlebSi anarqiaSi gadaeSva. 1996 da 1998 wlebs Soris mTavroba oTxjer gamoicvala. Semdeg daiwyo sruli koSmari da ajanyebulebma (e. w. erTiani revoluciuri frontis wevrebma) sisxliani areulobebi moawyves. isini itacebdnen patara biWebs da maT seqsualuri Zaladobis msxverplad da mkvlelebad aqcevdnen. SeuZlebelia, da arc aris saWiro, aRwero siera leoneSi momxdari yvela saSineleba. am qveyanaSi ar Camoyalibebula arc politikuri institutebi da arc samoqalaqo kultura, rac aucilebelia demokratiis mdgradi ganviTarebisaTvis. ramdenime aTwleulis manZilze, garegnuli demokratiis miRma iniRbeboda sazogadoeba, romelic nebismier momentSi mzad iyo samoqalaqo Zaladobis vulkanisebri amofrqvevisaTvis.

avRaneTi dabolos, yuradRebas SevaCerebT avRaneTze, sadac saerTaSoriso mxardaWeriT zurggamagrebulma aSS-m moaxdina samxedro intervencia msoflio savaWro centrsa da pentagonze 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris teroristuli Tavdasxmebis Semdeg. erT dReSi avRaneTi amerikelebisTvis rukaze ararsebuli qveynidan iqca qveynad, romelzec yvelaze mets saubroben msoflioSi. amerikelebma uceb gaiges, rom sastiki banditebis xrova, romelic mokalaTebuli iyo Talibebis saxelwodebiT cnobil totalitarul reJimSi, daCagrul da uaRresad gaRatakebul qveyanas gaukuRmarTebuli islamis saxeliT marTavda. maT aseve gaiges, rom Taliburi reJimi warmoadgenda myudro TavSesafars osama bin ladenisa da misi teroristuli qselis _ al-qaidasTvis. cotas Tu esmoda istoriuli foni: avRaneTi iyo msoflios erT-erTi yvelaze ufro disfunqciuri saxelmwifo sami aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi im movlenebamde, romlebmac uSualod gamoiwvia avRaneTis miwaze amerikis specialuri Zalebis Sesvla. 1970 wlamdec ki avRaneTi msoflios erT-erTi uRatakesi qveyana iyo; mdgomareoba swrafad gauaresda monarqiis damxobis Semdgom ramdenime aTwleulSi. 2001 wels mTeli qveyana nangrevebSi iyo da milionobiT adamiani,


301

gansakuTrebiT qalebi da bavSvebi, sikvdilis zRvarze cxovrobdnen. avRaneTSi mravali eTnikuri jgufi cxovrobs, romlebic enaTesavebian mezobeli qveynebis _ pakistanis, iranis, TurqmeneTis, tajikeTis, uzbekeTisa da CineTis mosaxleobas. udidesi jgufi, puStunebi, mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 40 procents Seadgens (rac 2000 wels 26 milioni iyo). amrigad, qveyanaSi ar arsebobs umravlesobis jgufi, cxovroben mxolod sxvadasxva zomis umciresobebi. avRanelebis daaxloebiT 99 procenti muslimia, aqedan 15 procenti Siitia (msgavsad iranelebis umravlesobisa). avRaneTi 1747-1973 wlebSi monarqia iyo. rodesac qveyanam daSla daiwyo, maSinve aSkara gaxda, rom am mravalferovan sazogadoebaSi bevri bzari arsebobda. sxvadasxva jgufebi ibrZodnen upiratesobis mosapoveblad 1973 wlidan, sanam sabWoTa kavSirma ar gamoitana sabediswero gadawyvetileba SeWriliyo avRaneTSi misi favoriti dajgufebis (komunistebis) saxeliT. sabWoTa kavSiris avRaneTSi SeWras Sedegad mohyva sastiki da xangrZlivi omi, damarcxebulma sabWoTa kavSirma sakuTari Zalebi sabolood 1989 wels gaiyvana, aTi wlis damangreveli (da damamcirebeli) brZolebis Semdeg. 1992 wels oponentebma daamxes komunisturi reJimi da xelSi Caigdes Zalaufleba. rodesac misi vada amoiwura, xelisuflebam uari ganacxada Zalauflebis daTmobaze, magram Talibebma ieriSi miitanes dedaqalaqze da daaamxes igi 1996 wels. axalma reJimma daamyara totalitaruli Zalaufleba, romelic islamis enasa da ideebs qadagebda, magram efuZneboda yuranis (wminda werilis) Tavnebur interpretirebas da SariaTis kanonebs (muslimi sasuliero pirebis, anu molebis swavlebas). qalebi da gogonebi iZulebulni iyvnen sazogadoebaSi Cadri etarebinaT da maT aekrZalaT saxlis gareT muSaoba, skolaSi siaruli da oficialurisagan gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebis gamoxatva. aikrZala televizia, filmebi, musika, cekva da `garyvnili~ garTobis sxva elementebi. SezRuduli iqna TviT bavSvTa TamaSebic ki (presis monacemebis mixedviT, magaliTad, aikrZala qaRaldis franiT TamaSi). avRaneTi yvelaze cnobili magaliTia disfunqciuri saxelmwifosi, magram ara erTaderTi. rogorc misi istoriis bolo sami aTwleuli gviCvenebs, disfunqciuri saxelmwifoebi SeiZleba Zalian saxifaToni aRmoCndnen regionuli stabilurobisa da TviT msoflio wesrigisTvisac ki. am problemis gasaRebis povna iseve advilia, rogorc Znelia misi ganxorcieleba: ekonomikuri da politikuri ganviTareba ukeTes cxovrebas qmnis ZaladobiT, SimSiliT, avyofobiT da uimedobiT daCagruli sazogadoebebisaTvis.

ganviTarebis Teoria: tendenciuri msjeloba? dasavleTSi ganviTareba da demokratia xSirad sinonimebad ganixileba da ganviTarebis yvela aspeqti sasurvelad miiCneva. politikuri mecnierebis ena da ganviTarebis Sesaxeb literatura ufro bevr rames aaSkaravebs. igulisxmeba, rom ganuviTarebel qveyanas ganviTarebuli sjobia. daukvirdiT am ukanaskneli terminis antonimebs: sustad ganviTarebeli, naklebad ganvi-

302


Tarebuli, ganviTarebadi, tradiciuli an CamorCenilic ki. zogjer, politikuri koreqtulobis mizniT, politologebi termin `premodernulsac~ ki iyeneben ganviTarebis adreul safexurebze myof sazogadoebaTa dasaxasiaTeblad. amdenad, ganviTarebis Teoria gulisxmobs, rom ganviTareba kargia. amis mizezi SesaZlebelia isic iyos, rom yvelaze nakleb ganviTarebuli da araTanamedrove sazogadoebebi imavdroulad, rogorc wesi, uRaribesebic arian. rogorc vnaxeT, ekonomikuri ganviTareba da sazogadoebrvi modernizacia zogjer politikur demokratiasTanac asocirdeba. Tuki asea, maSin ismis kiTxva: arian ki Tanamedrove moqalaqeebi industriulad ganviTarebul eri-saxelmwifoebSi ufro bednierni, vidre afrikuli tomis wevrebi, romlebic SedarebiT ioli cxovrebiT cxovroben, romelTa moTxovnilebebi dakmayofilebulia tomis mier (im Temis mier, romelSic cxovroben) da romelTa religiur da metafizikur SekiTxvebs calsaxa pasuxebi gaaCnia Taobidan Taobaze gadacemuli rwmenebis safuZvelze? daxvewili medasavleTeebi amgvar cxovrebas primitiulad da CamorCenilad miiCneven. maTi azriT crurwmenebi, miTebi da warsulis mkvdari xeli aferxebs rogorc individebis, aseve sazogadoebis ganviTarebas. magram zogierTi kritikosi aRniSnavs, rom diskusiebi ganviTarebis Sesaxeb xSirad ar scdeba dasavluri yaidis ganviTarebis qebas da adanaSaulebs dasavlel eqspertebs eTnocentrizmSi.22 sinamdvileSi, dasavleli filosofosebi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi ebrZodnen am problemas. 1750 wels frangi filosofosi Jan Jak ruso werda: `Cveni sulebi damaxinjebulia mecnierebisa da xelovnebis srulyofisaken Cveni swrafvis Sesabamisad~.23 rusos politikuri filosofia efuZneba ideas, rom Tanamedrove civilizaciam ufro gamofita, vidre gaamdidra Cveni adamianuri buneba. udavoa, rom ganviTarebad qveynebSi bevri adamiani, romelic iZulebuli iqna mietovebina sofeli da SeCveoda qalaqis cxovrebis cvalebadobas (xSirad WuWyian jurRmulebSi), daeTanxmeboda am ideas.

WarbganviTareba: kapitalizmis patara binZuri saidumlo dasawyisSi Cven gamovTqviT varaudi, rom ganviTareba mxolod dasavleTsa da mis farglebs myof erTeul qveynebSi ar xdeba. yvela sazogadoeba mudmivi cvlilebebis procesSia, isini ganicdian an aRmavlobas, an dacemas, magram erTi ram cxadia: isini arasdros iyinebian erT adgilze. sazogadoebebi sxvadasxva gziT, tempiT da sxvadasaxva dros viTardebian. Tanamedrove epoqaSi, dasavlurma sazogadoebebma pirvelebma gaikvlies gza _ isini ganviTardnen ekonomikuri da teqnologiuri ganviTarebis paralelurad, ganaviTares politikuri institutebi. maT am perspeqtivaSi, ganviTareba Tanamedrove gagebiT, warmoadgenda bunebriv process, romlis saTavec am sazogadoebebSia. ganviTarebadi qveynebisTvis xSirad sapirispirod xdeba:


303

ganviTareba ucxo procesia, romelic saTaves garedan iRebs (anu msoflios sabazro Zalebisgan, saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis zewolisgan, ucxouri kapitalidan, romelic iaf samuSao Zalas eZebs da a. S.). amdenad, ganviTareba dasavleTSi zogadad naklebad damangreveli iyo, vidre mesame samyaros bevr qveyanaSi. magram ganviTarebis istoria ar mTavrdeba postindustriuli periodis mosvliT. dasavlurma sazogadoebebma gaiares ganviTarebis agraruli da industriuli safexurebi da Seqmnes maRalteqnologiuri ekonomikebi, romlebic momxmarebels sTavazoben komerciuli da finansuri servisebis farTo speqtrs (ra Tqma unda, es qveynebi kvlavac CarTulni arian soflis meurneobaSi, madneulis mopovebasa da mrewvelobaSi, magram ekonomikis es seqtorebi daCrdila maRalteqnologiuri produqciis mniSvnelobam, maT Soris kompiuterulma programebma, finansurma servisebma, mecnierebasa da kvlevaze dafuZnebulma produqciam, rogoricaa, magaliTad, medikamentebis warmoeba da sxva). es axali produqtebi cxovrebis axal xarisxs qmnis momxmareblebisaTvis, magram am yvelafers Tan sdevs gverdiTi efeqtebic: transportis sacobebi, qalaqis gadaWedva, atmosferos dabinZureba da xmauri, stresuli daavadebebi, ojaxebis dangrevis maRali maCveneblebi, narkomania, Zaladobrivi kriminalis zrda, gadaWarbebuli moxmareba, qalaqebis uzomod zrda, energiis ukmarisoba (mag. kaliforniaSi), narCenebis ganadgurebis problema, miwisqveSa wylebis dabinZureba, toqsikuri wvimebi, globaluri daTboba, ozonis fenaSi xvrelebis gaCena, mcenareTa da cxovelTa uamravi saxeobis ganadgureba da bevri sxva boroteba, rac, Cveulebriv, ganviTarebis Tanmdevi movlenebia. postindustriuli qveynebis winaSe mdgari am problemebidan mxolod zogierTis dasaxelebac ki gviCvenebs, rom ganviTarebis maRal safexurebs Tavisi sirTuleebi gaaCnia. es sirTuleebi sxvadasxvagvaria, magram yvela Tavisebur safrTxes Seicavs. kargi iqneboda, Tu WarbganviTarebuli qveynebi _ is qveynebi, sadac ganviTarebam gaaswro sazogadoebis SesaZleblobebs gamklavebodnen aCqarebuli tempis teqnologiuri da socialuri cvlilebebis Tanmdev arasasurvel gverdiT efeqtebs _ met yuradRebas dauTmobdnen maT winaSe mdgar problemebs, da ara ganuviTarebeli qveynebis aRzrda-swavlebas _ ra da rogor gaakeTon.

daskvna ganviTarebad qveynebs ase imitom uwodeben, rom isini ekonomikurad naklebad ganviTarebulni da naklebad modernizebulni arian, vidre dasavluri liberaluri demokratiebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom SesaZlebelia ganviTarebadi qveynebis damaxasiaTebeli saerTo niSnebis gamoyofa (magaliTad, siRaribe, Sobadobis maRali maCveneblebi, soflis meurneobis wamyvani roli), es qveyneba uaRresad mravalferovania. ganviTarebadi qveynebis istoriuli memkvidreoba _ gansakuTrebiT evropuli kolonializmi – Raribi samxreTis

304


gaunelebeli aRSfoTebis mizezia mdidari CrdiloeTis mimarT. am istoriuli memkvidreobis nawilia arajansaRi politikuri ruka: sazRvrebi xSirad ar asaxavs adgilobriv eTnikur, religiur da tomobriv danawilebas da amrigad, politikuri arastabilurobis, maT Soris ajanyebebis, samoqalaqo omebis da genocidis mizezic ki xdeba. politikuri ganviTareba qveynis liderebisgan moiTxovs mosaxleobis warmatebul gaerTianebas (eris mSenebloba), xelisuflebis iseTi institutebis Seqmnas, romlebic asaxaven xalxis nebas (saxelmwifos mSenebloba), moqalaqeTa monawileobis uzrunvelyofas da simdidris, Zalauflebisa da sakuTrebis samarTliani ganawilebis xelSewyobas. konkretulad, politikuri ganviTareba moiTxovs, rom mTavrobam marTos efeqtianad da moxdes xelisuflebebis um-tkivneulo cvlilebebi. rogorc wesi, politikuri ganviTareba aseve gulisxmobs progress demokratiuli mmarTvelobis mimarTulebiTac. demokratia ganviTarebad qveynebSi dakavSirebulia garkveuli ekonomikuri, politikuri, socialuri da qceviTi pirobebis arsebobasTan. demokratiuli reformebis gasatareblad, erma an politikuri, an ekonomikuri reformebis ganxorcieleba unda daiwyos, magram ekonomikuri reformebis pirveladobis strategia ufro metad ralur perspeqtivebs qmnis demokratiis warmatebisTvis. 1974-dan 1990 wlamde mravali ganviTarebadi eri gaxda demokratiuli, magram es tendencia Seqcevadia. ganviTareba SesaZloa rTuli amocana iyos. ganviTarebisaken mimarTuli programebis gatarebisas erebi motivirebulni arian ekonomikuri siZneleebiT, politikuri qiSpobiT da maRali molodinebiT, Tumca am procesSi maT mniSvnelovani barierebi eRobebaT win. maTi mosaxleoba xSirad socialurad fragmentirebulia, individebi fsiqologiurad Zlier damokidebulni arian tradiciebze da xSirad ewinaaRmdegebian cvlilebebs. ekonomikaSi arsebuli problema uamravia _ vaWrobis araxelsayreli pirobebi, didi ucxouri vali, mosaxleobis swrafi zrda, teqnologiebis dabali done, miwis nakveTebis ganawileba, mkacri bunebrivi pirobebi da a.S. rodesac politikuri liderebi ver axerxeben warmatebiT daakmayofilon ganviTarebis socialuri, ekonomikuri da politikuri moTxovnebi (mraval mizezTa gamo), ganviTareba wydeba da erebSi ganxeTqilebebi iwyeba. zogierTi sazogadoeba ganviTarebis nacvlad dakninebisa da daSlis msxverpli xdeba. amis bolodroindeli magaliTebia somali, iugoslavia, siera leone da avRaneTi. sabWoTa kavSiri da bevri sxva qveyanac gamodgeba daSlis da daqveiTebis magaliTad. WarbganviTareba (ganuviTareblobis sapirispirod) warmoadgens problemas, romelic bevr dasavlur sazogadoebas awuxebs. Tanamedrove diskusiebi ganviTarebis Temaze upiratesad ganviTarebis qeba-didebas warmoadgens, Tumca misi aserigad sasurveloba SeiZleba eWvqveS dadges.


305

sakvanZo sityvebi ganviTarebadi qveynebi pirveli samyaro meore samyaro mesame samyaro kolonializmi araZaladobrivi winaaRmdegoba samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba politikuri ganviTareba eris mSenebloba saxelmwifos mSenebloba politikuri SeRweva monawileoba patron-klienturi urTierTobebi

demokratiis korelatebi `glasnost~-is pirveladobis modeli `perestroik~-is pirveladobis modeli mzardi molodinebis revolucia mozaikuri sazogadoebebi tradiciuli sazogadoebebi askriptiuli sazogadoebebi mwvane revolucia eTnikuri wmenda deitonis SeTanxmebebi

kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

ra aris e. w. mesame samyaros ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi? rogor ukavSirdeba es maxasiaTeblebi ganviTarebis process? daasaxeleT demokratiis korelatebi. axseniT, ramdenad marTebulia analizis amgvari mimarTuleba. ra aris modernizaciis miznebi? ra uSlis xels mas? mivyavarT Tu ara ganviTarebas yovelTvis demokratiisken? Tu piriqiT? moitaneT magaliTebi. ra dabrkolebebi eRobeba ganviTarebas? Tu ganviTareba ase Znelia, ratom eswrafvian mas? rogor ukavSirdeba erTmaneTs ganviTareba da daknineba? Cerdebian Tu ara saxelmwifoebi da sazogadoebebi odesme erT adgilze? axseniT. daasaxeleT oTxi disfunqciuri saxelmwifo da erT-erTi maTganis magaliTze aRwereT disfunqciuri saxelmwifos buneba.

SeniSvnebi 1. es monacemebi WeSmaritia klasifikaciis TiTqmis yvela sistemis mixedviT, Tumca CineTis ganviTarebad qveynad CaTvla/arCaTvla mniSvnelovnad imoqmedebs zust maCveneblebze. Cvens cxrilSi CineTi ganviTarebad qveynad aris miCneuli. 2. John Allen, Student Atlas of World Politics (Guilford, Conn.: Dushkin, 1994),

306


16. tailands maSin siami ewodeboda, irans ki sparseTi. 3. iqve, 17. Tumca, Tanamedrove politikis, gansakuTrebiT ki yofili iugoslaviis, cvalebadobis gamo es maCvenebeli Zalze aramyaria. 4. rogorc aRniSnavs Robert Clark, Power and Politics in the Third World, 4th ed. (New York: Macmullian, 1991), 26. 5. ix. Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fate of Human Societies: (New Yaork: Norton, 1997). 6. am sakiTxebs sazogadod esmeba xazi literaturaSi. ix. James A. Bill da Robert L. Hardgrave, Jr, Comparative Politics: The Quest fir Theory (Websterville, Ohio: Merrill, 1973), 70-71. 7. magaliTisaTvis ix. Seymour Lipset, Political man: The Social gases of Democracy (Garden City. N.Y. Doubleday, 1983); Tatu Vanhamen, The Process of Democratization: A Comperative Study of 147 States, 1980-1988 (Bristol, Pa: Taylor & Francis, 1990); da Samuel P. Huntington, “Will More countries Become Democratic?” Political Science Quarterly 99 (1984): 193-218. aseve sainteresoa Thomas Scanton, “Democracy’s Fragile Flower Spreads Its Roots”, Time, July 13, 1987.10-11. amgvar korelatebze dafuZnebul, demokratiis optimistur xedvas gvTavazobs Carl Garsman, “Democracy as the Wave of the Future: World Revolution”, Current, (May 1989): 18-23. aseve ix. Morton Kondracke, “Freedom Bummer”, New Republic, November 26, 1990, 21-24. 8. Gershman “Democracy as the Wave of the Future”, 23. 9. Vanhamen, Process of Democratization, 51-65. 10. ix. Kondracke, ”Freedom Bummer,~ 23 11. Samuel Hantington `How Countries Democratize”, Political Science Quarterly 106, (1991-1992): 579. 12. magaliTisaTvis ix. Robert M. Press “Africa’s Strugle for for Democracy”, Christian Science Monitor, March 21, 1991, 7; da Kennet B. Noble, “Despots Dwindle as Reform Alters Face of Africa”, New York Times, April 13, 1991, 1. 13. rogorc aRniSnavs Thomas R. Lansner “Out of Africa”, Wall Street Journal, December 10, 1996. A18. 14. Huntington, “How Countries Democratize”, 12. 15. Cveulebriv, mesame samyaros qveynebis mier. ukanaskneli periodis mniSvnelovani gamonaklisi iyo 1991 wlis dasawyisSi SeerTebuli Statebis winamZRolobiT gaerTianebuli erebis jarebisa da erays Soris omi. 16. Jean Herskovits, “Nigeria: Power and Democracy in Africa”, Headline Series 527 (January-February 1982): 18. 17. Vyvyan Tenorio, “Sri Lanka Process at Delicate point”, Cristian Science Monitor, September 2, 1986,11. 18. Robert E. Gamer, Developing Nations: A Comparative Perspective, 2nd ed. (Dubuque, Lowa: William C Brown, 1982), 312-314. 19. Samuel Huntington, "Political Development and Political Decay," Worlds Politics 17 (April 1965): 386-430. 20. Samuel Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1968), 35.


307

21. Robert G. Wesson, Communism and Communist Systems (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1978), 172-173. 22. magaliTisaTvis ix. Bill and Hardgrave, Comparative Politics, 58-59. 23. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, “The First Discourse,” wignSi The First and Second Discourses, red. Roger D. Masters (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1964), 39.

308

nawili

III

politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba Tavi IX po l lit itik ik u r i s oc o c iiaa l iz ac a c iiaa : m o q aal l a q is GGaa mo m o y a l ib e ba ba Tavi X po l lit itik ik u r i m on o n a w il e ob oba: g a v l een n is s a fa s u r i Ta v i X XII po l itik u r i l id i dee r o b a : Z a la l a u fl e b iiss m r a v aal l s a x e o ba ba Ta v i X XIIII s a z o g ad a d o e b ri r ivv i k e Til T ild d R e o b iiss z R u b l z e : id eeo o l o g ie b i d a iz m e b i Ta v i X XIIII I s a j a ro r o po l iititik is pr o b l e m e bi b i:: p r in c ip pr ipee b i, pr io r ite t tee b i d a pr a q tik ti k a

309

T aavv i I X

politikuri socializacia m o qqaa la qis qis G aam m o y ali a li b eb eba

kargi moqalaqe da kargi pirovneba sapirispiro ganmartebebi klasikuri xedva politikuri socializacia ojaxi Tanatolebi masmedia kanoni ZiriTadi politikuri Rirebulebebi: rogor vipovoT oqros Sualedi? politikuri socializaciis marcxi

311

312

politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba

1932 welia. sabWoTa kavSiri sakvebis saSinel naklebobas ganicdis, milionobiT adamiani SimSilobs. ioseb stalinma, komunisturi partiis liderma da sabWoTa xelisuflebis Tavkacma, wamoiwyo sabWoTa soflis meurneobis Zirfesviani reorganizacia, rac miwaTmflobelTa mTeli socialuri klasis (kulakebis) mospobasa da mTliani miwebis koleqtivizacias gulisxmobda _ amieridan miwis yoveli nakveTi da masze moweuli produqti saxelmwifos ekuTvnis. imisaTvis, rom ar momxdariyo aw ukve saxelmwifos mflobelobaSi arsebuli qonebis qurdoba, sabWoTa xelisuflebam SemoiRo kanoni, romliTac TiToeul glexs aekrZala piradi moxmarebisaTvis marcvlelulis nebismieri raodenobis miTviseba. am kanonis gavleniT, patara biWma mamamisi marcvleulis damalvisaTvis xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebTan daasmina. mama saxelmwifo qonebis qurdobis gamo daxvrites. amis Semdeg didi dro ar gasula da glexebis jgufma, romelsac am biWis saqcieliT ganrisxebuli biZa winamZRolobda, igi sicocxles gamoasalma. xelisuflebam, romelic SemTxvevas sruliad gansxvavebuli kuTxiT ganixilavda, biWi tanjul gmirad Seracxa.

kargi moqalaqe da kargi pirovneba stalini am patara biWs samagaliTo moqalaqed, gmirad miiCnevda. is faqti, rom sakuTari mamis damsmeni bavSvi SeiZleba karg moqalaqed CaTvliliyo, miuTiTebs gansxvavebaze romelic pirvelad aristotelem aRniSna: karg moqalaqes gansazRvravs kanonebi, reJimebi da wesebi, magram kargi pirovnebis zneob-rivi saxe (da universaluri Tvisebebi) myaria da nebismieri politikuri reJimis moTxovnebze maRla dgas.1 amrigad, kargi moqalaqeoba gulisxmobs saxelmwifoSi da sazogadoebaSi arsebuli wesebis, normebisa da molodinis Tanaxmad moqcevas. magram kargi moqalaqeobis arsebuli kriteriumebi, SesaZloa, Zlier gansxvavdebodes (da es asecaa) sxvadasxva erSi. 1930-iani wlebis sabWoTa ruseTSi kargi moqalaqe iyo is, vinc, upirveles yovlisa, komunisturi partiis erTguli iyo. kargi moqalaqeobis sazomi totalitarul saxelmwifoSi aseTia: kargi moqalaqe mzad unda iyos politikuri xelisuflebis nebas (brZanebas) dauqvemdebaros yovelgvari piradi Sexedulebebi da ojaxis erTgulebac ki, da mihyves diqtatoris neba-survils, saiTac ar unda iyos igi mimarTuli. konstituciur demokratiebSi arsebuli moqalaqeobis standartebi mkveTrad gansxvavebulia: waxalisebuli da daculia pirovnebis samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebi, daemorCilon saku-Tar sindiss da gamoxaton Tavisi mosazrebebi. maSin, rodesac abstraqtuli kargi moqalaqisi arsebuli moTxovnebi (romlebsac yovelTvis saxelmwifo gansazRvravs) upirispirdeba realuri adamianebis (moqalaqeebis, rogorc keTili da TanamgrZnobi adamianebis)zneobriv orientirebs da sadac saxelmwifo cdilobs mospos gansxvaveba am ors Soris, warmoiSoba seriozuli Teoriuli da praqtikuli saxis problemebi. rodis wyvets adamiani namdvil moqalaqed yofnas da iqceva ubralo, rigiT subieqtad, SeiZleba monadac ki? adamiani saxelmwifos emorCileba Tu sakuTari sindisis karnaxs?

politikuri socializacia

313

istoriis ganmavlobaSi sxvadasxva zneobrivi mrwamsis adamianebi iCemebdnen sazogadoebis karg moqalaqeobas. moqalaqis zneobriv saxes da mmarTvelobis sxvadasxva formas Soris arsebuli urTierTkavSiri xazs usvams (aZlierebs) aristoteles mosazrebas, rom politikuri sistemis WeSmariti sazomi is moqalaqea, romelsac igi ayalibebs. am Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, kargi saxelmwifo isaa, romlis sanimuSo moqalaqe kargi pirovnebacaa; cudia saxelmwifo, romlis sanimuSo moqalaqe ise emorCileba brZanebas, rom Tavs ar iwuxebs keTilisa da borotis Sesaxeb kiTxvebze pasuxiT. raoden martivic ar unda iyos amgvari formulireba, igi mniSvnelovan mosazrebas gvTavazobs mmarTvelobasa da moqalaqes Soris urTierTobaze da magaliTad, imazec miuTiTebs, rom samoqalaqo saTnoeba (sazogadoebrivi zneoba) ganuyofelia individualuri keTilsindisierebisagan (piradi moraluri principebisagan).

sapirispiro ganmartebebi gasakviri araa, rom sxvadasxva politikur sistemaSi moqalaqeobis gansxvavebuli definiciaa miRebuli. bevr avtoritarul saxelmwifoSi adamianebis moqalaqeebad kvalificireba mxolod am sityvis Zalian viwro gagebiT SeiZleba, anu isini cxovroben romeliRac konkretuli saxelmwifos teritoriaze da mis kanonebs emorCilebian. aseTi saxelmwifos da moqalaqis urTierToba calmxrivi moZraobis quCas hgavs: rogorc rigiTi moqalaqeebi, isini ar monawileoben imis gadawyvetaSi, vin da rogor marTavs (maSinac ki, rodesac isini arCevnebSi monawileoben). zogadad, Tuki isini sistemis mimarT damTmobni arian, mTavroba maT ar awuxebs. gansxvavebiT amisagan, totalitarul saxelmwifoebSi, romlebSic xelisufleba cdilobs Secvalos sazogadoeba da axali tipis moqalaqe Camoayalibos, adamianebi iZulebuli arian CaerTon politikur sistemaSi. Tumca, moqalaqis poziciidan msgavs monawileobas azri ara aqvs, radgan es ar aris nebayoflobiTi da gulisxmobs valdebulebebs Sesabamisi uflebebis gareSe. kargi moqalaqeo-bis ganmsazRvrelia erTguleba da fanatizmi, ramac SeiZleba aiZulos isini maTTvis moralurad miuRebeli brZanebebic ki Seasrulon. demokratiul sazogadoebebSi, adamianebi moqalaqeobas sul sxvagvarad ganmartaven. dawyebiT skolaSi karg moqalaqed iTvleba is mowafe, romelic karg magaliTs iZleva, pativs scems sxvebs, wesierad iqceva da davalebebs droze asrulebs. mozrdilebi karg moqalaqeebad iTvlebian, Tuki seriozulad ekidebian moqalaqeobriv valdebulebebs, icaven kanonebs, ixdian gadasaxadebs da regularulad monawileoben arCevnebSi. demokratiul saxelmwifoSi kargi moqalaqeobis definicia kanonebSia mocemuli, kanonebs ki kanonmdeblebi weren, romelTac xalxi irCevs _ sxva sityvebiT, WeSmariti respublika Slis, spobs (an amcirebs mainc) daZabulobas moqalaqeobasa da sindiss Soris. bevri adamiani, libertarianelebis CaTvliT, amtkicebs, rom moqalaqeobis arsi individualur uflebebsa da pirad TavisuflebaSia. amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi moqalaqeobisi formaluri moTxovnebi minim-

314


aluria, moqalaqeobis uparatesobebi ki iseTi, rom msoflioSi nebismier adamians SeSurdeba (amitomac, aSS-Si imigrantebis uwyveti nakadia aSS-dan sxva qveynebSi moqalaqeTa mcire gadinebis fonze). meToTxmete Sesworebis Tanaxmad, `yvela piri, romelic dabadebulia an naturalizebulia amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi da mis iurisdiqciaSi imyofeba, aris moqalaqe amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisa da im Statisa, romelSic cxovrobs~. aRsaniSnavia, rom am qveyanaSi moqalaqeoba gansazRvrulia/ganmartebulia konstituciiT. aseve aRsaniSnavia, rom amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis moqalaqeebi moqalaqeobis armqoneTagan imis mixedviT ki ar arian gamorCeuli, ras akeTeben an adre ra aqvT gakeTebuli, aramed, ubralod, dabadebis adgilis mixedviT. amis safuZveli ki isaa, rom Tu erTxel gaxdi moqalaqe, sul iqnebi moqalaqe, Tuki raime gansakuTrebuli danaSauli ar Caidine (rogoricaa Ralati) an nebayoflobiT ar Tqvi uari moqalaqeobaze. mSvidobis dros amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis moqalaqeobis miRebaze arsebuli moTxovnebi, rogorc wesi, sakmaod sustia.

klasikuri xedva SesaZloa moqalaqeobis minimalisturi xedva sakmarisia imisaTvis, rom erTmaneTisgan ganvasxvavoT `Sinaurebi da ùcxoebi~, magram is ar iTvaliswinebs erTi koncefciis WeSmarit arss, romelsac dasavlur civilizaciaSi didi xnis ganmav-lobaSi gansakuTrebul pativs scmdnen. Zveli berZnebisTvis moqalaqeoba mxolod nawilobriv iyo dakavSirebuli dabadebis faqtsa da politikur geografiasTan; moqalaqeobis umniSvnelovanes kriteriums warmoadgenda sazogadoebis sajaro saqmeebSi seriozuli da uangaro monawileoba. aristoteles miaCnda, rom `moqalaqis cnebas yvelaze ukeT gansazRvravs sasamarTlosa da saxelmwifos marTvaSi monawileobis ufleba~.2 aristotelesdroindeli aTeni patara politikuri sazogadoeba, qalaqi-saxelmwifo iyo, romelSic moqalaqeTa proporciulad did nawils miniWebuli hqonda gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi monawileobis ufleba. moqalaqeoba iyo pativi, romlis saSualebiTac saTanado mondomebisa da ganaTlebis mqone Tavisufali adamianebi marTavdnen sxva Tavisufal adamianebs, TviTon ki imarTebodnen maT mier da amiT emsaxurebodnen winsvlas, sazogadoebriv wesrigsa da keTildReobas. meTvramete saukunis evropaSi berZnuli ideali modernizebuli formiT xelaxla gacocxlda. moqalaqe iqca terminad, romliTac axasiaTebdnen imaT, vinc ibrZoda uflebisaTvis, TxovniT miemarTa an eCivla mTavrobisaTvis. moqalaqeebs ganasxvavebdnen monebisagan, romelTac qonebad Tvlidnen da moTxovnebi da uflebebi ar SeiZleba hqonodaT. moqalaqeebi gansxvavdebodnen aseve qveSevrdomebisagan (vasali), romelTa pirveli da yvelaze mniSvnelovani valdebuleba xelmwifis erTguleba da morCileba iyo. germaneli filosofosis imanuel kantis (1724-1804ww.) mixedviT, moqalaqeebs, monebisa da qveSevrdomebisagan gansxvavebiT, hqondaT konstituciuri Tavisufleba anu ufleba, damorCilebodnen mxolod kanonebs, romlebzec maT sakuTari


315

Tanxmoba hqondaT micemuli. kanti aseve amtkicebda, rom moqalaqeebs hqondaT samoqalaqo Tanasworoba da politikuri damoukidebloba. pirveli aTavisuflebda maT im kanonisa Tu wesisgan, romelic avaldebulebda Tavis Soris ufrosi eRiarebinaT, meore ki imis aRmniSvneli iyo, rom pirovnebis politikuri statusi fundamenturi uflebebidan gamomdinareobda da ara vinmes nebidan.3 moqalaqeobis cnebis aSkarad ganuyofeli nawili yovelTvis iyo pirovnuli Rirsebis idea. moqalaqes unda moqceodnen rogorc Tavisufal da Tanaswor pirovnebas, romelsac unari Seswevs gansazRvros, ra Sedis mis interesebSi. moqalaqeebi sxvebs ar unda emarTaT TviTneburad (despoturad); rogorc gonieri arsebebi, isini imsaxureben pativiscemiT mopyrobas. moqalaqeobis am idealTan yvelaze axlos respublikuri mmarTveloba mivida. sabolood, rogorc kanti da meTvramete saukunis sxva moazrovneebi aRiarebdnen, moqalaqeobisagan ganuyofeli Tavisufleba da Rirseba mxolod respublikuri mmarTvelobisas ganmtkicdeboda da aseTi mmarTveloba ki funqcionirebas SeZlebda mxolod maSin, Tuki misi rigiTi wevrebi gaiazrebdnen da gasaqans miscemdnen moqalaqeobis valdebulebebs. amJamad ukve gacilebiT meti adamiani kanonierad iwonebs Tavs `moqalaqeobiT~ ara marto msoflio masStabiT, aramed calkeul qveynebSic. magaliTad, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, rasobriv umciresobebs, qalebs da qonebis armqone pirebs mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi uxdebodaT brZola arCevnebSi monawileobis uflebisa da sakuTari samoqalaqo uflebebis kanonis farglebSi dasacavad. es procesi ar mimdinareobda Secdomebisa da Cavardnebis gareSe. ga izarda ra moqalaqeTa (da saerTod adamianebis) raodenoba, ufro rTuli gaxda efeqturi politikuri monawileobac: gaZlierda zemoqmedeba mTavrobazec, raTa man uzrunvelyos samoqalaqo ganaTleba da socialuri garemo, rac imisaTvisaa aucilebeli, rom yvela moqalaqem SeZlos Tavisi uflebebis saTanadod dacva. Zvel aTenSi, qalaqis SedarebiT mcire zomisa da moqalaqeTa mcire raodenobis gamo (monebi da qalebi moqalaqeebad ar iTvlebodnen), nebismier moqalaqes SeeZlo daekavebina saxelmwifo Tanamdeboba da aqtiuri monawileoba mieRo kanonebisa da politikis CamoyalibebaSi. mzard erebSi, milionobiT moqalaqiT, sadac TiTqmis yvela srulwlovans moqalaqis statusi aqvs, Sinaarsiani da efeqtiani monawileoba xSirad miuwvdomel idealad rCeba.

politikuri socializacia miuxedavad imisa, rom moqalaqeobis zust ganmartebaze SeiZleba vikamaToT, zogadad yvela aRiarebs: karg moqalaqed ki ar ibadebian, aramed yalibdebian. bavSvebi xdebian pasuxismgeblobiT aRWurvili moqalaqeebi sxvadasxva gavlenisa da institutis urTierTqmedebis Sedegad; esaa ojaxi, religia, skola, Tanatolebi, masmedia da kanoni, romlebic uyalibeben moqalaqis valdebulebisa da sakuTari Tavis rwmenis SegrZnebas. socializacia ewodeba process, romliTac adamiani iZulebuli xdeba ifiqros da imoqmedos sazoga-

316


doebrivad misaRebi formiT.

politikuri socializacia aris procesi, romelSic moqalaqes uyalibdeba Rirebulebebi, Sexedulebebi da azrebi, romelTa saSualebiTac maT SeuZliaT politikur sistemas daexmaron.4 yoveli TviTkmari sazogadoeba moqalaqeebs Caunergavs garkveul ZiriTad Rirebulebebs. eWvgareSea, nebismieri saxelmwifosaTvis aucilebeli saSeni masala (aguri) saerTo Sexedulebebia. iseTi Seudrekeli individualistic ki, rogoric ingliseli filosofosi jon stiuart mili iyo (1806-1873ww.), acnobierebda, rom loialobis da erTgulebis moqalaqeobrivi grZnoba `SeiZleba sxvadasxva obieqts Seexebodes da mmarTvelobis romelime erT formaze ar iyos mijaWvuli; magram demokratiasa Tu monarqiaSi misi arsi yovelTvis isaa, rom saxelwifos konstituciaSi aris raRac gansazRvruli, samudamo, rac eWvs ar iwvevs, rasac sayovelTao SeTanxmebis safuZvelze, aqvs ufleba iyos iq, sadac aris da rac ar unda Seicvalos, iyos daculi da xeluxlebeli~.5 aqedan gamomdinare, verc erTi xelisufleba, ra legitimuric ar unda iyos igi, ver miscems Tavs uflebas ugulebelyos moqalaqeTa mier politikuri Sexedulebebis Camoyalibebis gza. es procesi ojaxSi iwyeba.

ojaxi ojaxi axdens pirvelad da yvelaze mniSvnelovan gavlenas pirovnuli (individualuri) Rirebulebebis formirebaze. sxvadasxva politikuri reJimi sxvadasxvagvarad ganixilavs ojaxs. zogierTi mTavroba mxarSi udgas da mfarvelobs ojaxs; sxva reJimebi gulgrili arian mis mimarT; zogierTi cdilobs mas niadagi gamoacalos, radganac ojaxuri kavSirebidan gamomdinare siyvarulsa da erTgulebas saxelmwifosaTvis ZirgamomTxrelad miiCnevs. miuxedavad am gansxvavebuli damokidebulebebisa, yvela mTavroba aRiarebs ojaxis mniSvnelobas socializaciis procesSi. im erebmac ki, romlebic Riad aRiareben tradiciul ojaxur Rirebulebebs, SeiZleba ver moaxerxon sazogadoebaSi misi warmatebis uzrunvelyofa. magaliTad, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi 1960-iani wlebis Semdeg martoxela mSoblebTan mcxovrebi bavSvebis ricxvi, ganqorwinebebisa da martoxela qalebs Soris Sobadobis zrdis Sedegad, sagrZnoblad gaizarda (ix. sqema 91). Tu 1970 wels axalSobilTa daaxloebiT 12 procenti modioda martoxela qalebze, 1996 wlisaTvis igi 33%-s miuaxlovda. zogierT SemTxvevaSi bavSvis mamisagan mitovebuli deda iZulebulia marto itvirTos bavSvis movlisa da ojaxis patronobis mZime tvirTi. orsuloba TineijerebSi (mozardebSi), siRaribe da ganaTlebis dabali done pirdapir kavSirSia amgvar danawevrebul ojaxebTan. problemis gamo izrdeba socialuri uzrunvelyofis xarjebi, magaliTad `gaWirvebuli ojaxebis droebiTi daxmarebis~ da sakvebze talonebis programebis meSveobiT.


317

sqema 9-1. martoxela ojaxebSi mcxovrebi amerikeli bavSvebi, 1960-95ww wyaro: “Keeping Track”, New York Times, 20 ivlisi, 1994, A7. momavalSi mosalodnelia problemiT gamowveuli ekonomikuri da socialuri xarjebis sagrZnobi zrda. rogorc kvlevebi adasturebs, martoxela mSoblis mier gazrdil bavSvebs skolidan garicxvis, kriminalTa da narkotikebis momxmarebelTa wreSi moxvedris, ara Tavisi specialobiT muSaobis da siRaribeSi darCenis, mozrdilobaSi ki uiRblo piradi kavSirebis da uiRblo ojaxebis Seqmnis ufro realuri riski emuqrebaT, vidre orive mSobelTan aRzrdil bavSvebs.6 ra Tqma unda, xSirad erTmSobliani ojaxebic warmatebuli arian xolme da maTi aRzrdili bavSvebic mSvenivrad uReben alRos cxovrebas. im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki erT-erTi mSobeli bavSvze negatiur fizikur an emociur gavlenas axdens, bavSvisTvis SeiZleba ukeTesic iyos calke im mSobelTan cxovreba, romelic aseT zemoqmedebas ar mimarTavs. bavSvi Tavdapirvel socializacias sakuTar saxlSi, ojaxSi gadis da iRebs ra Tavisi yoveldRiuri qcevisTvis jildos an sasjels, swavlobs, ra aris daSvebuli da ra ara. amgvarad, bavSvi erkveva, ra valdebulebebi aqvs ojaxis da sxvebis mimarT. nel-nela is xdeba ojaxis moqalaqe (wevri), rogorc wesi, mkafiod gansazRvruli movaleobebiT, nawilobriv, uflebebiTa da privilegiebiT. gansakuTrebulad esmeva xazi mniSvnelovan moralur wesebs maSinac ki, Tu bavSvs ar ganumartaven am wesebis mizezebs (`giTxari da gaakeTe~). ndoba, TanamSromloba, Tavisi Tavis pativiscema, sxvebis pativiscema da TanagrZnoba fesvgadgmulia ojaxur urTierTobebSi, maT efuZneba pirovnebis qceviTi da zneobrivi ganviTareba.7 ojaxi aseve gvexmareba gavarkvioT, sad migviyvans sabolood bavSvebis politikuri socializacia da ramdenad warmatebuli iqneba igi. partiuli orientacia da kuTvnilebac ki xSirad ojaxidan modis, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac orive mSobeli erTi partiis wevria. amas garda, ojaxi mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens rwmenaze (religiur Sexedulebebze), rac mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli rogorc partiul kuTvnilebasTan, aseve konkretul politikur

318


Sexedulebeb-Tan (fundamentalisti protestanebi, rogorc wesi, abortis winaaRmdegi arian; ebraelebi israels uWeren mxars da a. S.).8 SeerTebul StatebSi, im bavSvebis daaxloebiT 70 procenti, romelTa orive mSobelic erT partias uWers mxars, TviTonac imave partias aniWebs upiratesobas.9 Tumca, rogorc kvlevebma aCvena, rodesac saqme midis ufro abstraqtul politikur sakiTxebamde, mSoblebis gavlena sakmaod SezRuduli xdeba.10 dabolos, im faqts, rom ukve zrdasrulebi, xSirad ar veTanxmebiT Cveni mSoblebis Sexedulebebs politikaze (sxva raRacebTan erTad), miaweren xolme `TaobaTa Soris~ gansxvavebas. socialuri klasi da umciresobis statusi. ramdenime kvlevam aCvena, rom politikuri socializaciis struqtura (modeli) mSobelTa sxvadasxva socialur klasSi umniSvnelod gansxvavdeba.11 saSualo da maRali fenis bavSvebis politikaSi aqtiuri Cabmis albaToba ufro maRalia, radgan iTvleba, rom politikiT ojaxis daintereseba socialur statusTan erTad izrdeba. daba li fenebis ojaxebidan gamosuli bavSvebs politikaze naklebi informacia aqvT da ufro iSviaTadac monawileoben politikur RonisZiebebSi.12 ojaxis farglebSi, umciresobis statusma SeiZleba mniSvnelovani roli Seasrulos politikuri socializaciis procesSi. magaliTad, zogierTma mkvlevarma daadgina, rom amerikis SeerTebuli StatebSi afro-amerikeli bavSvebi ufro naklebad endobian mTavrobas, vidre maTi TeTrkaniani Tanatolebi. es bavSvebi aseve naklebad arian darwmunebuli mTavrobaze gavlenis moxdenis sakuTar SesaZleblobebSi.13 gasakviri araa, rom amdagvarive damokidebulebaa politikur SexedulebaTa mimarTac; amgvarad, Savkaniani amerikelebi (aRiareben ra klasebs Soris arsebul gansxvavebebs mudmiv, ucvlel mocemulobad), ekonomikuri da sagareo politikis umravles sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi (Tumca, es ganwyoba yvela politikur sakiTxze rodi vceldeba, risi magaliTicaa danaSaulis mimarT damokidebuleba) ufro politikurad liberalur ganwyobebs amJRavneben, vid-re TeTrkaniani amerikelebi. amis msgavsad, aziuri warmoSobis amerikelebi, xelisuflebis da tradiciuli ojaxis struqturisi maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli pativiscemidan gamomdinare, TeTrkanian eTnikur jgufebTan ufro axlos dganan, vidre SavkanianTa jgufebTan, gansakuTrebiT sayofacxovrebo sakiTxebSi. espanurenovan amerikelebs SeiZleba Savkanian da TeTrkanian amerikelebs Soris mivakuTvnoT adgili, Tumca ojaxuri socializaciis da politikuri Sexedulebebis gadacemis efeqtma gavlena iqonia kubel amerikelebze, romlebic, rogorc calke jgufi, ufro mtkice konservatorebad Camoyalibdnen (gansakuTrebiT sagareo politikis sakiTxebSi), vidre sxva espanurenovani amerikelebi, meqsikelebisa da puertorikoelebis CaTvliT. amis erT-erTi mizezi isaa, rom rodesac revoluciis dros kubelebis nawili amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi gaiqca, kubis liderma fidel kastrom maT qoneba CamoarTva da kubaSi darCenil maTi ojaxis wevrebs devna dauwyo. genderi da politika. amerikul politikaSi mamakacebsa da qalebs xandaxan mmarTvelobis da politikis gansxvavebuli xedva aqvT; klasebsa da rasebs


319

Soris gansxvavebis msgavsad, sqesTa Soris arsebuli gansxvavebac SeiZleba politikuri qcevis da Sexedulebebis mniSvnelovani damoukidebeli korelatebi iyos. rogorc Cans, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, zogierT politikur sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi SegviZlia visaubroT erTgvar genderul gansvlaze, anu im gansxvavebebze, rasac fiqroben da mxars uWeren mTlianobaSi mamakacebi da qalebi. magaliTad, 1996 wlis sayovelTao arCevnebSi qalebis 54 procentma xma misca demokrat bil klintons, xolo 37 procentma _ konservator bob douls; sruliad gansxvavebuli maCveneblebi hqondaT mamakacebs, romelTa xmebi TiTqmis Tanabrad gaiyo klintonsa da douls Soris (TiToeulma 44 procenti miiRo). imave arCevnebSi, qveynis masStabiT, warmomadgenelTa palatis arCevnebSi qalebis 55 procentma xma demokratebs misca, xolo mamakacebis 54 procentma _ respublikelebs. rogor SeiZleba aixsnas es fenomeni? zogierTi mkvlevari sqesTa Soris arsebul gansxvavebas ojaxSi gancdil adrindel gamocdilebasa da molodinebs ukavSirebs; sxvebi amtkiceben, rom arsebobs Tandayolili gansxvavebebi kacebisa da qalebis zneobrivi da politikuri Segnebis Camoyalibebis procesis mimdinareobaSi. erTi Teoriis mixedviT, socilizaciis da biologiis garkveuli kombinaciis Sedegad, qals, rogorc dedas da bavSvis ZiriTad momvlels, uviTardeba moraluri da politikuri xedva, romelSic gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba TanagrZnobasa da adamianis sicocxlis dacvas.14 sxva, alternatiuli Teoriis Tanaxmad, genderze dafuZnebuli politikuri gansxvavebebi safuZvels iRebs zogierTi qalis gviandel cxovrebiseul gamocdilebebSi. xmis micemis kanonzomierebaTa erTma amaswindelma kvlevam aCvena, rom `gaTxovili qalebi, gansakuTrebiT isini, romelTac arasodes hyoliaT bavSvi, mamakacebis msgavs arCevans akeTeben, martoxela da gaSorebuli qalebi ki lamis memarcxene frTis proletariats warmoadgenen~.15 rogoric unda iyos gansxvavebebis wyaro, isini ar warmoiqmneba mxolod sqesTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebidan _ magaliTad, sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxvebma ver gamoavlina veraviTari gansxvaveba samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebis an Tanasworuflebianobis sxva sakiTxebis Sesaxeb mamakacebisa da qalebis damokidebulebaSi. rogorc Cans, sqesTa Soris erTi mniSvnelovani politikuri gansxvaveba ukavSirdeba mTavrobis mier Zalis gamoyenebis sakiTxs. zogadad, qalebi naklebad arian ganwyobili omis mxardasaWerad, ufro ewinaaRmdegebian sikvdiliT dasjas da ixrebian iraRze kontrolis gamkacrebisaken. aseve, qalebi ufro metad emxrobian ojaxebis, RaribTa da xelmokleTa dasaxmareblad gamiznuli socialuri uzrunvelyofis programebs. am gansxvavebaTa meSveobiT, SesaZlebeli xdeba avxsnaT, ratom daexmara sqesTa Soris arsebuli sxvadasxvaoba ukanasknel wlebSi demokratebs aSS-Si. religia. eklesiac da saxelmwifoc SeiZleba sakuTar Tavs moraluri avtoritetis WeSmarit wyarod warmoadgendes, ris gamoc religias socializaciis procesSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba. iseve rogorc religias SeuZlia moaxdinos gavlena Camoyalibebis procesSi myofi axalgazrdis

320


politikur Sexedulebebze, aseve politikas SeuZlia gadamwyveti roli Seasrulos ojaxSi religiis faqtoris damkvidrebaSi da gansazRvros is adgili, romelsac religia sabolood politikur wesrigSi daikavebs. xandaxan religia arsebul Cveulebebs legitimurobas aniWebs da gardamaval periodSi myof sazogadoebas stabilurobas sZens. magaliTad, induizmi indoeTSi cvalebadi politikuri institutebisaTvis misaRebi aRmoCnda. induizmi, romelic erTma eqspertma daaxasiaTa, rogorc `mravali Sris mqone rTuli warmonaqmni, romelic aRiarebs mravali RmerTis, mravali inkarnaciis, WeSmaritebis mravali Sris arsebobas,~16 istoriulad, arsebuli mdgomareobis SenarCunebas uwyobda xolme xels. maSinac ki, rodesac arsebuli mdgomareoba (status quo) ufro dabal safexurze mdgomis (`xelSeuxebelTa~ kastis) sistematur diskriminacias gulisxmobda, induizmi qadagebda moTminebasa da gamZleobas momavali cxovrebis molodinSi. samyaros sxva mxareebSi, sxvadasxva religiurma doqtrinam agresiul politikas mimarTa. magaliTad libiasa da iranSi, islamuri fundamentalizmis daxmarebiT gaCaRda agresiuli sagareo da omis mxardaWe-ris politika. religia da politika xandaxan erTmaneTs upirispirdeba. magaliTad, nacisturi mTavroba geramaniaSi ebrZoda luTeranul da kaTolikur eklesiebs. yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi, reJimi funqcionirebis saSaulebas aZlevda istoriulad damkvidrebul rusul marTlmadideblur eklesias, magram zRudavda da Tvalyurs adevnebda mis saqmianobas, xSirad devnida morwmuneebs.17 amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, religia da politika erTmaneTs ramdenime doneze aZlierebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom umaRlesi sasamarTlos ganmartebiT konstitucia krZalavs xelisuflebis mier religiis pirdapir mxardaWeras, konstituciis pirveli damateba aseve krZalavs xelisuflebis mier pirovnebis religiuri rwmenis Tavisuflad ganxorcilebaSi xelis SeSlas. amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi religiis absoluturi Tavisuflebaa. àmerikelTa 90 procentze meti Tavs miakuTvnebs romelime religiur mimdinareobas da 40 procentze meti kviraobiT dadis eklesiaSi~. ufro metic, `TiTqmis yvela maCvenebliT amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi SeiZleba nebismier evropul saxelmwifoze ufro religi-ur qveynad CaiTvalos, irlandiisa da poloneTis gamoklebiT.~18 miuxedavad imisa, rom dRes religia bevri amerikelis cxovrebaSi ufro naklebad mniSvnelovania, vidre winaT iyo, is mainc rCeba mniSvnelovan Zalad amerikul sazogadoebaSi, kulturasa da politikaSi (ix. sqema 9-2). amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi kvlavac dominirebs iudeur-qristianuli tradicia, romelSic mniSvnelovani mravalferovneba SeiniSneba. mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 30 procenti protestantia; 20 procenti _ kaTolike; 20 procenti TeTri evangelistur-protestantuli eklesiebis mimdevaria; 8 procenti ki Savi protestantuli eklesiisa; 3 procenti iudevelia. 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris teroristuli Tavdasxmis Semdeg sazogadoebam da masmediamac yuradReba gaamaxviles im faqtze, rom amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi mniSvnelovani muslimuri umciresobac aris.

amerikelebis %-li raodenoba


321

religiis pirovnuli mniSvneloba adamianebi, romlebic kiTxvaze `rogor SeafasebdiT religiis mniSvnelobas Tqvens cxovrebaSi _ Zalze mniSvnelovania, sakmaod mniSvnelovania, Tu arc ise mniSvnelovania?~ pasuxoben, rom `Zalze mniSvnelovania~.

sqema 9-2. amerikelebisaTvis religiis mniSvneloba, 1952-96ww. wyaro: “Influence, Relevance of Religion in Today’s Society” (28-30 marti, 1994; Survey GO 422041), Gallup Poll Monthly, 2-4 aprili, 1994 da “Importance of Religion”, Gallup Poll (21-24 noemberi, 1996).

zogierTi mniSvnelovani politikuri gansxvaveba kavSirSia religiur gansxvavebebTan da SeiZleba religiuri doqtrinebidanac ki gamomdinareobdes. magaliTad, kvakerebi da menonitebi pacifistebi arian, fundamentalisti protestanebi, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, abortis winaaRmdeg gamodian, xolo iudevelebi israelis damcvelebi arian. aseve, protestantuli eklesiis Savkaniani mimdevrebi politikurad ufro liberalurad ganwyobilni arian, vidre ZiriTadi mimdinareobis protestantul eklesiaTa wevrebi, es ukanasknelni ki ufro liberalurad ganwyobilni, vidre evangelistur-protestantuli eklesiis mimdevrebi. ufro zogadad, politikuri konservatizmis da liber-

322


alizmis Skalaze, protestantebi kaTolikeebze cota ufro konservatorebad da iudevelebze gacilebiT konservatorebad warmogvidgebian. iudevelebi da kaTolikeebi istoriulad demokratiul partiasTan ufro aigivebdnen Tavs, maSin rodesac protestanebi respublikuri partiisken ixrebodnen. Tumca, religiasa da partiul kuTvnilebas Soris arsebuli korela-cia sul ufro klebulobs. SesaZlebelia amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi religias utilitaruli politikuri Rirebulebac aqvs. am TvalsazrisiT, religias sargebloba moaqvs sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisTvis, vinaidan, jorj vaSingtonis sityvebiT àucilebeli mxardaWeris~ aRmomCenia warmomadgenlobiTi xelisuflebisaTvis. qadagebs ra RmerTis winaSe yvelas Tanasworobas, religia nergavs pirovnul/kerZo zneobriobas, romelic akeTilSobilebs sazogadoebriv cxovrebas. xandaxan politikuri liderebi mimarTaven religiur ideebs (saxeebs) raTa gaaerTianon moqalaqeebi Tanamedroveobis saerTo aRqmaSi an STaagonon maT momavlis ufro Rirseuli xedva.19 magaliTad, cnobilma amerikelma sasuliero pirma da samoqalaqo uflebaTa damcvelma martin luTer kingma sakuTari ocnebiT ers im dRis dadgoma STaunerga, `rodesac yvela RvTis Svili, TeTri da Savkaniani, ebraeli da urwmuno, protestanti da kaTolike, xelixelCakidebuli erTad imRerebda SavkanianTa Zvel saeklesio simReras `Free at last! Free at last! Thank God Almighty, we are free at last~. kingis tragikulma sikvdilma (mkvlelobam), iseve rogorc erTi saukuniT adre abraam linkolnis mkvlelobam, amerikeli xalxi rasobrivi uTanasworobis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad darazma. osama bin ladenma da al-qaidas teroristulma qselma warmogvidgina religiis da politikis Serwymis bneli mxaris Tanamedrove magaliTi, rodesac isini 2001 wlis Semodgomaze Seecadnen msoflios 1.3 miliardi muslimi gaeerTianebinaT `jvarosnebis~ (qristianebisa da ebraelebis) winaaRmdeg jihadSi (saRvTo omSi). es ganzraxva CaiSala, magram is faqti, rom bin ladeni Seecada religia politikur ideologiad da Tavisi moZraobis dasavleTis (ZiriTadad aSS-s) winaaRmdeg mimarTuli sapropagando kampaniis safuZvlad gamoeyenebina, Wkuis saswavlebelia. es kidev erTxel gviCevenebs, rom religia SeiZleba yvelaze keTilSobili an yvelaze boroti miznebis samsaxurSi aRmoCndes. skola. skola samoqalaqo ganaTlebaSi, anu axalgazrdebSi sazogadoebis fundamentur RirebulebaTa da SexedulebaTa CanergvaSi umniSvnelovanes rols asrulebs. sajaro ganaTlebis meSveobiT saxelmwifo cdilobs gavlena moaxdinos axalgazrdebze manam, sanam maTi zneobrivi saxe sabolood Camoyalibdeba. yvela qveyana skolas politikuri socializaciis saSualebad iyenebs. zogierTi mTavroba ubralod samoqalaqo ganaTlebis an istoriis erT-or kurss awesebs savaldebulod, moiTxovs, rom moswavleebi droSas miesalmon da skolis kedlebze erovnuli gmirebis suraTebi ekidos. zogierTi mTavroba mTel saskolo programas karnaxobs, bavSvebs TavSi lozungebs uWedavs,


323

mkacr cenzuras awesebs saxelmZRvaneloebsa da sabiblioTeko Sesyidvebze da maswavleblebs erTgulebis niSniT arCevs. yvela saxelmwifo cdilobs samudamod ùkvdavyos~ zogierTi ZiriTadi Rirebuleba, magram am RirebulebaTa arsi, iseve rogorc maTi damkvidrebis meTodebi, SeiZleba Zalian mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebodes. gansxvavebuli reJimebi gansxvavebul Rirebulebebs amkvidrebs. zogierTi reJimis dros (magaliTad, 1930-ian wlebis sabWoTa kavSirSi) xelisuflebis brma morCileba norma iyo. sxvagan xdeba patriotizmis waxaliseba, magram amave dros xels uwyoben kritikuli da damoukidebeli azrovnebis unarsac. socializaciis kvlevebma kargad gviCvena, rogor swavloben bavSvebi politikur sakiTxebTan dakavSirebul Rirebulebebs amerikul sajaro skolebSi.20 dawyebiT skolaSi amerikel bavSvebs dadebiTi emociuri ganwyoba uyalibdebaT iseTi ZiriTadi politikuri cnebebis mimarT, rogoricaa Tavisufleba, demok ratia da erTmaneTis pativiscema. garda amisa, bavSvebi, rogorc wesi, xelisuflebas aRiqvamen avtoritetis mqone piris _ policielis, prezidentis da a.S. saxiT. asakTan erTad, bavSvebi naklebemociurad da ufro SemecnebiT reagireben, igeben iseTi abstraqtuli cnebis detalebs, rogoricaa demokratia. ymawvilobasa da adreul mowifulobaSi, maTi damokidebuleba xelisuflebisi xSirad radikalurad icvleba. mSoblebis zedamxedvelobis Sesustebasa da damoukideblobis matebasTan erTad, bavSvebi aRar emorCilebian avtoritets usityvod (SekiTxvebis, eWvis gareSe). isini sul ufro metad cdiloben damoukideblad miiRon gadawyvetilebebi. es damokidebuleba politikis sferoSic advilad gadadis. miuxedavad imisa, rom zogierTi mkvlevari saSualo skolis samoqalaqo ganaTlebis tipur gakveTils kargi moqalaqeobisaTvis aucilebeli yvelaze mniSvnelovani formaluri treiningis (wvrTnis) asparezad ganixilavs, ramdenime kvlevam aCvena, rom samoqalaqo ganaTlebis gakveTilebi naklebmniSvnelovania, vidre swavlis gamocdilebis saerTo konteqsti.21 gavlenis mqone faqtorebSi Sedis maswavleblebis damokidebuleba demokratiisi; saxelmZRvaneloSi eris istoriis, kulturis, ekonomikuri sistemisa da a.S. dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebis warmodgenis xasiaTi; mTlianad saswavlo programa; formaluri ritualebi, rogoricaa droSasTan ficis dadeba da patriotuli simRerebis Sesruleba; klasgareSe RonisZiebebi, musika da sporti, naTlad gviCvenebs keTilsindisieri monawileobisa da saerTo miznisaTvis muSaobis mniSvnelobas. saskolo gazeTze muSaoba naTelyofs mediis rols sazogadoebriv saqmeebSi. debatebis klubebSi moswavleebi ecnobian politikur, socialur da ekonomikur sakiTxebs da swavloben, rom yovel sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi sul cota ori azri SeiZleba arsebobdes. dabolos, moswavleTa TviTmmarTvelobaSi monawileoba maT politikuri procesis fundamentur wesebs acnobs. zogadad, rac ufro maRalia ganaTlebis done, moswavles politikaze informaciis miRebisa da masSi monawileobis miT meti interesi aqvs. ufro zustad, arsebobs pozitiuri kavSiri (urTierTdamokidebuleba) ganaTlebis done-sa (moswavlis codna imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra gavlena aqvs xelisuflebas in-

324


dividze, interesi axali ambebis mimarT, politikis Sesaxeb saerTo ganaTleba, SexedulebaTa horizonti) da politikaze msjelobis, gansakuTrebiT ki bevr gansxvavebul adamianTan msjelobis survils Soris. dabolos, ganaTlebis maRali done dakavSirebulia imis SegnebasTan, rom adamians SeuZlia gavlena moaxdinos xelisuflebaze, aseve sakuTari SesaZleblobebis rwmenasa da sxvebis ndobasTan.22 umaRlesi ganaTlebis gavlena. Znelia gansazRvro, ramdenad didia umaRlesi ganaTlebis gavlena politikur socializaciaze. amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi kolejis saswavlo programa xSirad profesiul-teqnikuri wvrTnis (treningis) da liberaluri ganaTlebis nazavia; es ukanaskneli moicavs literaturas, filosofias, zust mecnierebas, istorias da lingvistikas da gansakuTrebul yuradRebas amaxvilebs kritikuli azrovnebis ganviTarebaze.23 liberaluri ganaTlebis momxreebi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqceven imas, rom studentebi iZulebuli arian iazrovnon naTlad, zustad weron da sworad imetyvelon. maT usvamen xelovnebisa da mecnierebis maradiul SekiTxvebs da acnoben diad ideebs, Tanac agulianeben gadaxedon (kritikuli TvaliT Sexedon) im zneobriv da materialur Rirebulebebs, romlebic mocemul epoqaSi aRiarebul WeSmaritebas warmoadgenen. am TvalTaxedvis momxreebi amtkiceben, rom liberaluri ganaTlebis mqone studentebi SeiZenen im inteleqtualur saSualebebs, romelic dasWirdebaT imisaTvis, rom itvirTon demokratiuli moqalaqeobis valdebulebebi. amerikuli umaRlesi ganaTlebis zogierTi konservatori kritikosi adanaSaulebs akademiur wreebs imaSi, rom isini metwilad memarcxene (memarcxeneobasTan axlomyof) politikur Sexedulebebs aniWeben upiratesobas, rac gavlenas axdens swavlebisa da swavlis Sinaarsze. marTlac, arsebobs garkveuli mtkicebuleba, rom studentTa politikur Sexedulebebze gavlenas axdens kolejis maRal inteleqtze gaTvlili wignebi, ideebi da maswavleblebi; Tumca, naTeli araa, pirdapir mivyavarT Tu ara kolejis gamocdilebas ufro liberalur azrovnebasTan. is SesaZleblobis farglebSi axerxebs imas, rom zrdis adamianebs, romelTac SeuZliaT kritikuli azrovneba. anu, amerikuli kolejis kursdamTavrebulebi ufro aqtiurad dauWeren mxars samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebs da saxelmwifo socialur programebs.24 liberaluri ganaTlebis ideali advilad jdeba konstituciuri demokratiis sqemaSi, sadac daculia xelisuflebaze eWvis mitanis ufleba. amave dros, ganaTlebis maRali done ubiZgebs moqalaqeebs Sinaarsianad Caeban politikaSi.25 im qveynebSi, sadac xelisuflebas usityvod emorCilebian, moqalaqeebs ar gamoumuSavdebaT politikuri monawileobis unar-Cvevebi. liberaluri ganaTlebis mizania moamzados msgavsi unarebis, gansakuTrebiT ki kritikul azrovnebaze dafuZnebuli unarebis mqone moqalaqeebi. demokratiul sazogadoebaSi kargi moqalaqe xotbas asxams mTavrobas, roca mTavroba amis Rirsia da akritikebs, Tuki is kritikas imsaxurebs. amitom, mxolod demokratiul sazogadoebaSi ar iTvleba damoukidebeli azrovneba da gansxvavebuli azri mavneblobad. gaixseneT, berZeni filosofosi sokrate mavneblad CaTvales da sikvdili miusajes (sawamlavis miRebiT) ara imitom,


325

rom Tavis mowafeebs aswavlida ra efiqraT, aramed imitom, rom aswavlida rogor eazrovnaT.

Tanatolebi adamianTa umravleobas gacnobierebuli aqvs, rom Tanatolebi mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdenen Cvens politikur qmedebebsa da Sexedulebebze, magram ori sakiTxSi mainc saWiroa garkveuli sicxadis Setana. jererTi, am termins Tandayolili orazrovneba axlavs. TanatolTa jgufi SeiZleba ewodos megobrebis jgufs an erTi asakisa da damaxasiaTebeli niSnebis mqone adamianTa jgufs. orive SemTxvevaSi, cneba yuradRebas amaxvilebs `pirovnebaTa midrekilebaze, Tavi gaaigivon Tavis msgavss adamianTa jgufebTan~.26 meore, da ufro seriozuli sakiTxi _ sirTules is qmnis, rom am sferoSi Zalze cota kvlevaa Catarebuli. magaliTad, 1930-ian wlebSi Catarebulma kvlevam, romelic beningtonis kolejis student gogonaTa politikur Sexedulebebze TanatolTa jgufis gavlenas Seiswavlida, aCvena rom jgufis gavleniT mis wevrTa Sexedulebebi ufro liberaluri gaxda. 1965 wlis kvlevisas sxvadasxva politikur sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT studentebze TanatolTa jgufebisa da mSoblebis gavlena Seadares da daadgines, rom zogierT politikur sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi mSobelTa gavlena ufro mniSvnelovani iyo _ magaliTad, partiuli identifikaciis an saprezidento arCevnebze xmis micemis gadawyvetilebis miRebisas. es kvlevebi bevr kiTxvas pasuxobs, magram amdenive kiTxva upasuxod rCeba.27 genderi (sqesi) TanatolTa jgufebTan dakavSirebuli kidev erTi gamocanaa. Cven viciT, rom biWebi midrekilni arian Seqmnan jgufebi sxva biWebTan erTad da gogonebi ki gogonebTan erTiandebian, da vvaraudobT, rom aseTi jgufebis politikuri Sexedulebebi gansxvavebulia. magaliTad, miviCnevT, rom mesamedan merve klasamde biWebs Tanatol gogonebze ufro Camoyalibebuli da naklebad idealisturi warmodgena aqvT prezidentobaze, Tumca amis damadasturebeli (an uarmyofi) kvlevis Sedegebi xelT ara gvaqvs.28 gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa mamrobiTi sqesis kanondamrRvev mozardTa antisocialuri Sexedulebebis ganviTarebasa da TanamoazreTa jgufebSi (da bandebSi) maT wevrobas Soris arsebuli kavSiri. igi miuTiTebs siZneleze, rac Tan axlavs im gavlenis gansazRvras, rasac TanatolTa jgufebi axdenen pirovnebis Sexedulebebze. am sferoSic SedarebiT naklebi kvlevaa Catarebuli.29 miuxedavad imasa, rom TanatolTa jgufebisa da bandebis cnebis gageba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania TineijerTa danaSaulis gasagebad, mainc bolomde cxadi araa `kargi~ biWebi (da gogonebi) xdebian `cudi wris~ uaryofiTi gavlenis da TanatolTa antisocialuri Sexedulebebis msxverpli Tu axalgazrdebis dajgufebebi izidaven kriminaluri midrekilebebis, antisocialuri ganwyobebis mqone pirebs. axlo urTierToba msgavs dajgufebasTan, gansakuTrebiT bandis wevroba zrdis saSualo statistikuri Tineijeris mier danaSaulis Cadenis sixSires. Tanatolebi da bandebi `gavlenas axdenen pirovnebis mier danaSaulis CadenisaTvis miniWebuli

326


jildos Rirebulebaze~ (amas emateba nadavlis Rirebulebis an qmedebis pirdapiri jildos gamo kolegebis mier gamoTqmuli mowoneba).30 fsiqologiurad, TanatolTa jgufebi adastureben maTi wevrebis survilis ganxorcielebis aucileblobas, rac gavlenas axdens politikuri Sexedulebis da rwmenis Camoyalibebaze. zogadad, TanatolTa jgufebi iqmneba nebayoflobiT da araformalurad. Tuki TanatolTa jgufebis cnebas ise gavafarTovebT, rom man moicvas iseTi organizaciebi, rogoricaa gogona skautebi, axalgazrda demokratebi, studentTa Jurnalisturi klubi da sxva politikur konteqstSi moqmedi msgavsi organizaciebi _ saintereso aRmoCenas gavakeTebT. totalitarul saxelmwifoebSi, sadac xelisufleba cdilobs Secvalos politikuri wesrigi Sexedulebebisa da rwmenis radikaluri cvlilebis gziT, msgavsi jgufebi SeiZleba saxelmwifom Seqmnas rogorc axalgazrdebisaTvis, aseve zrdasrulebisaTvis. es aranebayoflobiTi gaerTianebebi reJimis gzavnilis gasavrceleblad da moqalaqeebisTvis ganaTlebis an xelaxali ganaTlebis misacemad aris Seqmnili. es fonemeni aRwerilia sqemaze 9-3, sadac Cans, rogor axerxebda nacisturi partiis ierarqia (aRniSnulia po-Ti _ partiuli organizacia) farTomasStabiani saxalxo moZraobis marTvas, romlis saboloo mizani germanuli sazogadoebis saxecvlileba iyo. nacional-socialisturi (aRniSnulia ns-Ti) partiis mmarTvelobisas germaniis cxovrebis organizeba xdeboda erTi centris mier marTuli TanasworTa jgufebis kargad gaTvlili qselis saSualebiT, rasac unda uzrunveleyo droTa ganmavlobaSi yvela germanelis mier `swori~ politikuri Sexedulebebis SeTviseba da axal nacistur saxelmwifoSi saTanadod socializeba. amis msgavsad, sabWoTa kavSiris komunisturma partiam Seqmna yovlismomcveli erTi centris mier marTuli sazogadoebrivi organizaciebi (klubebis da samoqalaqo gaerTianebebis safarvelis qveS).

masmedia masmediac mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs politikur socializaciasa da moqalaqeTa Semdgom aRzrdaSi. arademokratiul saxelmwifoebSi, masmedia (televizia, radio, gazeTebi da didtiraJiani Jurnalebi) TiTqmis yovelTvis saxel-mwifos mflobelobaSia an mis mier kontroldeba. zogierTi demokratiuli xelisuflebac axdens radio da telemauwyeblobis monopolizebas (rogorc es daniaSia) an flobs da amuSavebs satelevizio qsels (rogorc es did britaneTSia). aseT SemTxvevebSi, ZiriTadi gansxvaveba demokratiul da arademokratiul saxelmwifoebs Soris isaa, rom demokratiuli saxelmwifoebi iReben kanonebs an SeimuSaveben procedurebs, romlebic uzrunvelyofen masmediis samarTlianobasa da obieqturobas. aSS-Si, sadac TiTqmis yvela satelevizio da radioqseli da individualuri sadguri kerZo sakuTrebaSia, komunikaciebis federaluri komisia, maregulirebeli saagento, romelic uflebamosilia gansazRvros radio da satelevizio sadgurebis erovnuli licenzirebis politika, drodadro aqveynebs dadgenilebebs, romlebic uzrunvelyofen politikur mauwyeblobaSi mxareTa


327

Tanasworobas. dadgenilia wesebic, romlebic arasasurveli da saSiSi qcevis Tavidan acilebas emsaxureba. swored am mizezebiT, aSS-Si satelevizio sadgurebs ekrZalebaT sigaretis reklamis eTerSi gaSveba.

germanel qalTa kavSiri

ns omis veteranTa zrunvis liga

ns mebrZolTa liga

ns teqnologiebis liga

ns saaviacio SenaerTebi hitleruli axalgazrdoba ns germanel studentTa liga

imperiis sakvebi fondi

germanel sajaro moxeleTa saimperio liga

ns maswavlebelTa liga

ns qalTa liga

ns iuristebis liga

germanel TemTa asociacia

po

ns motorizebuli SenaerTebi

germanel studentTa asociacia

ss

SromiTi servisi ns universitetis maswavleblebi sa

germanuli Sromis fronti

ns saxalxo keTildReobis organizacia

ns universitetis kursdamTavrebulTa asociacia

ns eqimebis liga

ns fizikuri kulturis imperiuli liga

sqema 9-3. nacisturi moZraobis organizaciebi wyaro: Mark N. Hagopian, Regimes, Movements, and Ideologies, me-2 gamocema (White Plains, N.Y.: Longman, 1984). saavtoro ufleba © 1984 Longman Inc. yvela ufleba daculia.

maRalganviTarebul qveynebSi ukanaskneli ramdenime aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi swrafad viTardeboda e.w. eleqtronuli media (radio da televizia). aSS-Si bevrs kamaToben televiziis mzard gavlenaze. zogi amerikeli, kongresis zogierTi wevris CaTvliT, wuxs televiziiT Zaladobis didi odenobiT Cvenebisa da im gavlenis gamo, rasac igi moqalaqeTa qcevaze axdens. sxvebi miuTiTeben, rom televizia uazro, vulgaruli da zedmetad Tamamia. SeSfoTebis sababs iZleva aseve masmediis politikur procesSi gamoyene-

328


bis sakiTxic. magaliTad, satelevizio politikuri reklama sul ufro mniSvnelovani xdeba, vinaidan amerikelebi gazeTebs sul ufro naklebad kiTxuloben da politikuri partiebis Sekrebebsac ufro iSviaTad eswrebian.31 aq mniSvnelovania msgavsi reklamis maRali safasuri, misgan imedgacruebuli kandidatebis raodenoba, misi efeqtianoba, is Tu ramdenadaa misi Sinaarsi gansazRvruli mediakonsultantebis mier, radgan yvelaferi es SeiZleba Seexos (da es asec xdeba xolme) ara mxolod kampaniis xarisxs, aramed kandidatsac. aseve SemaSfoTebelia sareklamo rgolebis Sinaarsic. 1970-iani wlebidan, amerikis politikur kampaniebSi dominirebda mokle, emociuri, ieriSis stilis reklama (gansxvavebiT adre gavrcelebuli dokumenturi xasiaTis gancxadebebisagan), romelic TiTqmis yovelTvis martivi, simboluri da personificirebulia. xSirad amgvar reklamebSi Warbobs muqi ferebi, avismomaswavebeli musika, dabali xma da simboloebi, romelTac negatiuri datvirTva aqvT. maTi samiznea politikuri kandidatebis keTilsindisiereba, motivebi an maTi warsuli. Zalze saeWvoa isic, rogor gvawvdian axal ambebs, gansakuTrebiT televiziiT. zogierTi konservatori kritikosi amtkicebs, rom satelevizio axali ambebi (da zogadad media) asaxavs politikur dRis wesrigs an JurnalistTa da diqtorTa Sexedulebebs, rac, Tavis mxriv, ZiriTadad liberaluri aris xolme. garda amisa, radio da televizia xSirad zedmetad zedapiruli da sensaciebs gamodevnebulia. isini cud ambebs ufro eZeben, vidre mniSvnelovan siaxleebs. magaliTad, saarCevno kampaniebis teleasaxva yuradRebas amaxvilebs kandidatis Zalisxmevaze, romelic mimarTulia startegiuli upiratesobis mosapoveblad, imis magivrad, rom xazi gausvas im politikasa da ideebs, romlebsac isini qadageben da xSirad did dros uTmoben SeuTavseblobebs da Secdomebs _ rogor waiborZika da Camovarda prezidenti vertmfrenis safexuridan an cudad gaxda iaponiaSi yofnisas erT-erT oficialur vaxSamze. amasobaSi, nebismiers SeuZlia isargeblos internetteqnologiebiT, Seqmnas veb-gverdi, sadac asaxuli iqneba saxelmwifo moRvaweTa piradi cxovreba da amgvarad gavceldeba Worebi. gasakviri araa, rom medias adanaSauleben ukanasknel oTx aTwleulSi sazogadoebaSi gavrcelebul mware cinizmSi. marTlac, rogorc erTi politologi amtkicebs àSS-Si saRi kampania manam ver iarsebebs, sanam is axal ambebze iqneba agebuli~.32 vinaidan qseluri da sakabelo satelevizio biznesis Semosavlebi damokidebulia mayurebelTa maRali reitingebis SenarCunebaze, satelevizio axali ambebi Sinaarsis nacvlad garTobasa da tragediaze akeTeben aqcents. magaliTad, iSviaTi araa saRamos axal ambebSi ixiloT cxare kamaTi mowmesa da senatis romelime komitetis Tavmjdomares Soris maSin, rodesac micemuli Cvenebis Sinaarss aranairi yuradReba ar eqceva. es Segnebuli korporaciuli gadawyvetilebaa. televiziis xelmZRvanelebma ician, rom konfliqti da dapirispireba xalxs arTobs da, rogorc wesi, cud ambebs kargi reitingi moaqvs xolme. amis gamoc, televizia TiTqmis yovelTvis warmoaCens saprezidento arCevnebs rogorc `doRs~, xazs usvams, vin aris win, vin moigo da vin waago raime Secdomis Tu samxilis gamo. telearxebi erTmaneTs ejibrebian, vin daaswrebs ramdenime wuTiT da gamoacxadebs raime siaxles arCevnebis


329

Sesaxeb. amitom bevri moqalaqisaTvis, saprezindento kampaniasa da arCevnebSi swored Sejibria yvelaze mniSvnelovani da ara Sedegebi. ufro metic, axali ambebis saRamos gamoSvebebSi, telearxebi sul ufro nakleb dros uTmoben informacias amerikis politikuri liderebis Sesaxeb. axali ambebis gaSuqebis kvlevam aCvena, rom 1968 da 1988 wlebSi prezidentis gamonaTqvamebis citirebis saSualo xangrZlivobam 45 wamidan 9 wamamde iklo.33 reportioris mokle Sesavali da prezidentis SedarebiT xangrZlivi sityva Seicvala reportioris SesavaliT da komentarebiT, romlis fonze prezidentis komentarebi ukve mokrZalebulad gamoiyureba. imave sqemiT moqmedeben telearxebi adgilobriv doneze (regionebSi) _ isinic mniSvnelovnad, SeiZleba iTqvas zedmetad arian damokidebuli imave faqtorebze razec didi telearxebi. kandidatebma da saarCevno kampaniis menejerebmac kargad gaiTavises axali ambebis gaSuqebis es Taviseburebani, amitom winaswar amzadeben Wkvianur gamonaTqvamebs, imisaTvis, rom moxvdnen mediis zedapiruli da xSirad myvirala axali ambebis saTaurebSi. rogorc kritikosebi amboben, Rrma analizi didi xania iqca manipulaciebis obieqtad mediakonsultantebis, piarspecialistebisa da politikis guruebis mxridan, romlebic amisTvis did gasamrjelos iReben. kidev erTi aSkara tendencia, romelic SeSfoTebis mizezs iZleva, satelevizio axal ambebSi e.w. tabloiduri (bulvaruli, dabali donis) Jurnalistikis mimarTulebiT gadaxraa. Worebsa da insinuaciebze (arapirdapir miniSnebebze) aqcenti mediis mier xSirad gamoiyeneba, rogorc axali ambebis dafaruli mxareebis ganxilvis saSualeba; gaxmaurebuli sasamarTlo procesebis gaSuqebisas aqcenti keTdeba ZiriTadad ambis uCveulo da gaukuRmarTebul mxareze. satelevizio Jurnalistikis amgvarma midrekilebam gaabundovana an saerTod waSala gansxvaveba sensaciebs gamokidebul yovelkvireul gamocemebsa da seriozul axal ambebs Soris. mayureblis yvelaze cxovelur instinqtebze gaTvlilma axali ambebis gaSuqebis stilma SeiZleba eTeridan gandevnos ufro seriozuli da kompleqsuri axali ambebi.

uaryofiTi reklama _ patiosani Tu upatiosno TamaSi? masmedia sul ufro da ufro met uaryofiT politikur reklamas gvawvdis. es reklamebi SesaZloa simarTles an Seesabamebodes an ara, magram xSirad Zalze efeqtiania. zogjer erTgvar politikur `Casafrebad~ warmodgenili, is politikuri oponentebis zedmiwevniT Seswavlis Sedegia da kampaniis periodSi strategiuli mniSvnelobis momentebSi gadaicema masmediis saSualebiT. ganvixiloT sandra Sulc niumenis SemTxveva, romelic 1993 wlis Semodgomaze pensilvaniis mosamarTleobaze iyrida kenWs. niumens, filadelfiis gareubnis advokats, aranairi politikuri gamocdileba ar hqonda, magram man politikuri konsultantebis gundi daiqirava. mis oponents jozef mistiks ukeT icnobdnen _ pitsburgeli advokati meriaSi muSaobda da adgilobrivi zonebisa da dagegmarebis sabWos wevri iyo.

330


niumenis konsultantTa gundma mistikis warsulis dasadgenad mkvlevarebi daiqirava. maT pitsburgis Zveli gazeTidan eqvsi wlis winandeli ambavi amoqeqes. masSi naTqvami iyo, rom pitsburgis zonebad dayofis komisiaSi muSaobisas mistikma sakuTari biznes-partniorebis sasargeblod, arc meti arc naklebi, 40-jer warmarTa saqme. niumenis gundma ocdaaTwamiani reklama moamzada, romelSic mistiks politikur arakoreqtulobaSi adanaSaulebdnen. reklama kampaniis dasrulebamde ramdenime dRiT adre gauSves, ris gamoc mistiks TiTqmis ar darCa dro pasuxis gasacemad. niumeni gamarjvebas zeimobda maSin, roca damarcxebuli mistiki zonebad dayofis seqciaSi muSaobisas sakuTar patiosnebas amtkicebda. wyaro: adaptirebulia James M. Perry-is ”Young Guns: A Second Generation of Political Handlers Outduels Forebears”, Wall Street Journal, ianvari 10, 1994, 6. ibeWdeba Wall Street Journal-is nebarTviT, saavtoro ufleba © 1994, Dow Jones & Company, Inc. yvela ufleba daculia msoflios masStabiT.

miuxedavad imisa, rom aseT kritikulobas garkveuli Sedegi moaqvs, mainc saWiroa TavSekaveba. televizia aris Sejibrze damokidebuli industria, romelzec gavlenas axdens momxmareblis gemovneba da survilebi. aqdan gamomdinare, axali ambebi gasarTobi xasiaTisaa, radgan mayurebels unda, rom is aseTi iyos. metic, vinaidan saSualo mayurebeli yuradRebis koncentrirebas mxolod mcire droiT axdens, televiziis xelmZRvanelebi upiratesobas aniWeben eqstravagantur videoteqnologiebs, myvirala kompiuterul grafikasa da blic-interviuebs, swrafad cvlian ambebs, adgilebsa da kameris dayenebis kuTxes. televiziis xelmZRvanelebs esmiT, rom mayurebels urCevnia axali ambebi winaswar damuSavebuli ulufebiT miiRos. damRleli samuSao dRis bolos, mayurebelTa didi nawili sulac araa rTuli politikuri debatebis xasiaTze _ politikuri sakiTxebi xom, rogorc wesi, rTulia. mediis tendencia, yuradReba gaamaxvilos negatiur ambebze, Segvaxsenebs, rom sityvis Tavisufleba da xelisuflebis kritika liberalur demokratiebSi daculi uflebebia. marTlac, gazeTebis Sinaarsi, radioTi da televiziiT gocemuli axali ambebi erT-erTi indikatoria imisa, rogoria Tavisuflebis xarisxi am qveyanaSi. iq, sadac daSvebulia mTavrobis kritika, rogorc wesi, Tavisufleba daculia. sabolood, demokratiul saxelmwifoebSi masmedia pirovnuli Tavisuflebis sazomicaa da garantic.

kanoni zogierT sazogadoebaSi kanonSi ukve asaxulia moqalaqeTa Rirebulebebi da Sexedulebebi, magram kanoni aseve exmareba am Rirebulebebisa da Sexedulebebis formirebasac. ra Tqma unda, zogierTi kanoni ubralod sazogadoebrivi wesrigis dacvas emsaxureba (magaliTad, quCis marjvena mxares


331

moZraobis ufleba). Tumca sxva kanonebi krZalavs iseT qmedebebs, romlebsac sazogadoeba Tavisi arsiT borotebad miiCnevs, rogoricaa, magaliTad, mkvlelobasTan, pedofiliasTan, qurdobasa da rasobriv diskriminaciasTan dakavSirebuli kanonebi. msgavsi kanonebis miReba da cxovrebaSi gatareba sazogadoebisaTvis gankuTvnili gzavnilebia (gansakuTrebiT ki sazogadoebis axalgazrda wevrebisaTvis, romelTa moraluri Rirebulebebi msgavsi kanonebis saSualebiT yalibdeba), romelic iuwyeba, rom mkvleloba, yalbi Cvenebis micema, qurdoba da rasobrivi diskriminacia kanonis TvalSi danaSaulia da mas sasjeli mohyveba. moqalaqeTa politikur socializaciaze am gzavnilis gavlena damokidebulia imaze, Tu ramdenad xdeba misi miReba, gageba da cxovrebaSi ganxorcieleba.

ZiriTadi politikuri Rirebulebebi: rogor vipovoT oqros Sualedi? eris politikur kulturas safuZvlad udevs is fundamenturi Rirebulebebi, romlebic Zvirfasia misi xalxisaTvis. araa aucilebeli es Rirebulebebi mTlianad Tanmimdevruli iyos, isini SeiZleba xandaxan konfliqturic aRmoCndes. amas garda, araa aucilebeli, rom pirovnebaTa yoveldRiuri politikuri Sexedulebebi da qmedebebi yovelTvis standarts emTxveodes (xSirad asec xdeba).34 Tumca, politikuri kulturis logika gulisxmobs politikuri Rirebulebebis arsebobas, maT farTo aRiarebas da mTavrobis politikis Sesafaseblad am Rirebulebebis gamoyenebas. am erTobliv RirebulebaTa ubralo arsebobac ki, momaval moqalaqeTa socializaciis procesSi samoqalaqo Rirsebebis Sesaxeb mocemuli sazogadoebis warmodgenis Camoyalibebis sulisCamdgmeli Zala xdeba. es procesi aseve gansazRvravs im temps, romliTac eris ZiriTadi politikuri Rirebulebebi viTardeba mimdinare cvlilebaTa fonze (maT Soris samecnieroteqnologiuri cvlilebebis). yvelaze mniSvnelovani isaa, rom farTod aRiarebuli Rirebulebebi saukeTeso dacvaa im problemebisgan, romelic sazogadoebas SeiZleba Seeqmnas qronikuli (an Tundac epizoduri) arastabilurobis gamo. amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, piradi Rirebulebebi axlo kavSirSia ZiriTad sazogadoebriv (an samoqalaqo) RirebulebebTan.35 amerikelebs Zvalsa da rbilSi aqvT gamjdari iseTi fundamenturi Rirebulebebis myari rwmena, rogoricaa pirovnuli Tavisufleba, politikuri Tanasworoba, kerZo sakuTreba da religiuri Semwynarebloba. es ara marto asaxulia eris ZiriTad dokumentebSi, damoukideblobis deklaraciis, konstituciis da `federalistis~ CaTvliT, isini amerikel axalgazrdebSi inergeba socialicaziis sxvadasxva strategiis daxmarebiT. sxva demokratiul sazogadoebebSi, socialicaziis procesi amis msgavsad mimdinareobs da imave miznebs emsaxureba rasac aSS-Si, magram iseTi ZiriTadi Rirebulebebis gamoxatva rogoricaa Tavisufleba, Tanasworoba, usafrTxoeba, keTildReoba da samarTlianoba (ix. Tavi XIII), iseve rogorc maTi zusti

332


Sinaarsi da maT Soris balansi sxvadasxva qveyanaSi sagrZnoblad gansxvavebulia. magaliTad, skandinaviis qveynebSi (da zogadad evropaSi), Tanasworobas gaaCnia rogorc socialuri (klasobrivi), aseve politikuri ganzomileba (samoqalaqo uflebebi). Sesabamisad, saxelmwifo awarmoebs gacilebiT met socialur momsaxurebas (magaliTad, yvelasaTvis garantirebuli jandacva), vidre amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi. aseve, bevr evropul saxelmwifoSi Tavisufleba ar uSlis xels policias kriminaluri gamoZiebis dros ise, rogorc es aSS-Si xdeba xolme da aseve ar zRudavs saxelmwifos mkacri antiteroristuli RonisZiebebis gatarebaSi (rogoricaa, magaliTad, ZiriTad saerTaSoriso aeroportebSi mZimed SeiraRebuli samxedro piradi Semadgenlobisa da specialuri aparaturis gamoyeneba).

politikuri socializaciis marcxi rodesac mravaleTnikuri eri ver axerxebs moaxdinos didi raodenobis moqalaqeTa erTi Temis (erTobis) wevrebad (axal erad) socializacia (politikuri TvalsazrisiT), amas SeiZleba Sors mimavali Sedegebi mohyves. Tuki arsebobs mravali Temi (erToba), iarsebebs mravali procesi da mravali politikuri kultura damkvidrdeba. ar moxdeba sxvadasxva erovnuli Temis wevrebis politikur sistemaSi warmatebuli integrireba; maT ar eqnebaT saerTo normebi, wesebi da kanonebi. msgavsi warumatebloba SeiZleba daemuqros eri-saxelmwifod Camoyalibebis msurvel, mravaleTnikur an raime sxva mizeziT Sinaganad gaxleCili sazogadoebis arsebobasac. ukanasknel aTwleulebSi msoflio masStabiT gaxSirebuli studenturi gamosvlebi gvafiqrebinebs, rom bevr sazogadoebaSi axalgazrdebis politikuri socializacia aRaraa iseTi efeqtiani, rogoric odesRac iyo. magaliTad, 1987 wlis Semdeg samxreT koreaSi studentebma moawyves ramdenime masobrivi gamosvla, rac xSirad policiasTan fizikur dapirispirebaSi gadaizarda. am studentTagan bevrma daufaravad gamoucxada undobloba mTlianad sistemas, da ara mxolod romelime konkretul politikas. aSS-Si rasobrivi amboxebebi los-anjelesSi 1992 wels, iseve rogorc ufro gviandeli msoflio bankis sawinaaRmdego demonstraciebi (magaliTad, 2000 wels sietlSi) iyo aSS-is xelisuflebis mimarT gaucxoebisa da undoblobis gamomxatveli gzavnili. zogierTi moqalaqis sruli politikuri socializacia SeiZleba arc arasodes moxdes. politikuri reJimis uunaroba, moaxdinos moqalaqeTa sociali-zacia SeiZleba moqalaqeTa mimarT xelisuflebis araerTgvarovani an usamarTlo mopyrobiT iyos gamowveuli. aseTma damokidebulebam SeiZleba gamoiwvios moqalaqeTa gabrazeba, cinizmi, gamwareba an maTi danaSaulSi CarTva da revoluciac ki. ukiduresi usamarTlobis, tiranuli mmarTvelobis SemTxvevaSi SesaZloa moqalaqeTa `danaSaulebani~ gavamarTloT kidec. amgvarad, Tuki politikuri socializaciis warumatebloba xelisuflebaSi myofi ZalebisaTvis yovelTvis zianis momtania, msgavsi warumateblobis zneobrivi da politikuri Sedegebi yovelTvis advilad Sesafasebeli sulac araa.


333

daskvna moqalaqeobis koncefcias sxvadasxva xelisufleba sxvadasxvagvarad udgeba. ra Tqma unda, yvela saxelmwifo moiTxovs wesebis (kanonebis) dacvas da umravlesoba dabadebas an naturalizacias politikur sistemaSi moqalaqeobis sine qua non (aucilebel pirobad) miiCnevs. demokratiul saxelmwifoebSi moqalaqeobis koncefcia aseve dakavSirebulia Tanasworobisa da Tavisuflebis ideebTan, iseve rogorc politikaSi monawileobis ideasTan (magaliTad, perioduli arCevnebi). demokratiuli moqalaqeobis es ideali dasabams iRebs Zveli berZnuli qalaq-saxelmwifoebidan, romlis moqalaqeebi imdenad mcirericxovanni iyvnen, rom pirdapiri demokratiis saSualebas iZleodnen (xmis uflebis mqone moqalaqeebi piradad eswrebodnen sajaro Sekrebebsa da plebiscitebs). rogor yalibdeba moqalaqe? politikuri socializacia aris procesi, romelSic moqalaqes uyalibdeba Rirebulebebi, Sexedulebebi, rwmena da azrebi, romelTa saSualebiT igi kavSirs amyarebs da moqmedebs politikur sistemaSi. ganviTarebis procesSi myof moqalaqeze gansakuTrebuli gavlena aqvs ojaxs, religias, sajaro ganaTlebas, masmedias, kanons, Tanatolebsa da ZiriTad politikur Rirebulebebs. politikuri socializacia udidesi mniSvnelobisaa; Tu eri ver axerxebs moqalaqeTa didi nawilis socializacias, am eris politikuri stabiluroba safrTxeSi aRmoCndeba.

sakvanZo sityvebi moqalaqeoba politikuri socializacia genderuli gasvla samoqalaqo ganaTleba

liberaluri ganaTleba TanatolTa jgufebi masmedia

kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis 1. 2.

3.

ratom iyo moqalaqeobis cneba aristotelesa da sxva politikuri moazrovneebisaTvis centraluri mniSvnelobis? rogoria sxvadasxva politikur sistemaSi moqalaqeobis ganmarteba? romeli maTgani aRwers saukeTesod moqalaqeobis Tqveneul gagebas? daasabuTeT sakuTari mosazreba. xandaxan amtkiceben, rom WeSmarit moqalaqeebs mxolod demokratiul saxelmwifoSi SexvdebiT. ras gulisxmoben amiT?

334 4.


romeli faqtorebi axdens gavlenas moqalaqeTa politikur socializaciaze?

SeniSvnebi 1. 2. 3. 4.

5. 6.

7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

Aristotle, The Politics, Targm. da red. Ernest Barker (New York: Oxford University Press, 1962), 1276b, 101-102. iqve, 1274b, 93. Immanuel Kant, The Science of Right, tomi 42 (Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica, 1952), 436. politikuri socializaciis Tanamedrove Seswavla mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli xasiaTis Camoyalibebis berZnul midgomasTan. maT Soris erTerTi ZiriTadi gansxvaveba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom qceviTi politikuri mecniereba ZiriTadad im proceszea koncentrirebuli, romlis Sedegad politikuri Sexedulebebi yalibdeba, xolo berZnuli, yvela kargi moqalaqisaTvis aucilebeli xasiaTis Taviseburebebs usvams xazs. John Stuart Mill, A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Deductive, tomi 2 (London: Longmans, Green, 1879), 518. damajerebeli samxili moaqvs Barbara Defoe Whitehead-s naSromSi “Dan Quayle Was Right”, Atlantic (aprili 1993), 41. Tumca, ojaxi martoxela mSobliT arSemdgari ojaxis mxolod erTi mizezia. aRsaniSnavia, James Q. Wilson-is azri: erT-erTi mizezi òjaxis dasustebisa, imaSia, rom sul ufro meti bavSvi izrdeba martoxela mSoblis ojaxSi da xSirad es martoxela mSobeli Tineijeri dedaa. meore mizezi im drois simcirea, romelsac martoxela an srulfasovani ojaxebi imeteben sakuTari SvilebisaTvis da aqedan gamomdinare, arasaxarbielo aRzrda”. ormSobliani ojaxebis Sesaxeb akademiuri msjelobisaTvis ix. James Q. Wilson-is “The Family-Values Debate”, Commentary (aprili 1993), 24-31. citata motanilia 24-e gverdidan. ix. James Q. Wilson-is The Moral Sense (New York: Free Press, 1995), 141-163. Harry Holloway da John George, Public Opinion, me-2 gamocema (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1985), 73-77. Herbert Winter da Thomas Bellows, People and Politics (New York: Wiley, 1977), 120. Dean Jaros, Socialization to Politics (New York: Praeger, 1973), 87-88. iqve, 83. ix. M. Margaret Conway da Frank Fergert, Political Analysis: An Introduction (Boston: Allyn & Bacon, 1972), 106. Holloway da George, Public Opinion, 79. ix. M. Kent Jennings-is “Preface”; Henry Kenst-is “The Gender Factor in a Changing Electorate”; da Arthur Miller-is “Gender and the Vote”, wignSi The Politics of the Gender Gap: The Social Construction of Political Influence, red. Carol Mueller (Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage, 1987). politikur literaturaSi mxars uWeren im

335

15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22.

23.

24. 25. 26.

27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33.

politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba politikuri socializacia

335

mosazrebas, rom sqesTa Soris bunebrivi gansxvaveba ganviTarebis fsiqologiaSi garkveul codnas moicavs; ix. Carol Gilligan-is In a Different Voice (Camridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1982); da M. Belenky-is, B. Clinchyis, W. Goldberger-isa da J. Tarule-is Women’s Ways of Knowing: The Development of Self, Voice, and Mind (New York: Basic Books, 1986). Michael Barone da Grant Ujifusa, The Almanac of American Politics, 1994 (Washington, D.C.: National Journal, 1994), xxvii. Ralph Buuljens, “India: Religion, Political Legitimacy, and the Secular State”, Annals of Political and Social Sciences 483 (ianvari 1986): 107. James Billington, “The Case for Orthodoxy”, New Republic, 30 maisi 1994, 26. A. James Reichley, Religion in American Public Life (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1985), 2. amiT imas ar uarvyofT, rom religia uprincipo liderebis mier samarcxvino miznebiT SeiZleba iqnes gamoyenebuli. msjeloba agebulia William Flanigan-isa da Nancy Zingale-is, Political Behavior of the American Electorate (Boston: Allyn & Bacon, 1979), 184-187. Kenneth Langton da M. Kent Jennings, “Political Socialization and the High School Civics Curriculum”, American Political Science Review (seqtemberi 1968): 851. Conway da Fergert, Political Analysis, 110. ix. aseve, Judith Torney-Purta, “From Attitudes and Knowledge to Schemata: Expanding the outcomes at political Socialization Research”, wignSi Political Socialization, Citizenship Education, and Democracy, red. Orit Ichilov (New York: Teachers College Press, 1990), 99. an ase Cans. mniSvnelovania ganvsazRvroT ara marto is, Tu ras vswavlobT, aramed isic, Tu rogor vswavlobT. ix. Albert Speer-is komentarebi germanuli ganaTlebis Sesaxeb wignSi Inside the Third Reich, R. Winston-isa da C. Winston-is Targm. (New York: Avon, 1971), 35. Robert Erikson, Norman Luttbeg da Kent Tedin, American Public Opinion (New York: Macmillan, 1991), 113. iqve, 7. es sayovelTaod aRiarebulia. ix. James MacGregor Burns, J. W. Peltason, Thomas E. Cronin, da David B. Magleby, Government by the People, me-17 gamoc. (Upper Saddle River, N. J.: Prentice Hall, 1998), 293. iqve, 49-50. Richard Dawson da sxvebi, Political Socialization, me-2 gamoc. (Boston: Little, Brown, 1977), 62-63. James Q. Wilson da Richard Hernstein, Crime and Human Nature (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1985), 293. iqve, 311. es nawili agebulia Montague Kent-iseul analizze wignSi Thirty-Second Politics: Political Advertising in the Eighties (New York: Praeger, 1989). Thomas E. Patterson, Out of Order (New York: Vintage, 1994), 25. Daniel Hallin-is kvleva citirebulia rogorc ufro vrceli diskusia am sakiTxze Samuel Popkin-is wignSi The Reasoning Voter: Communication and Persuasion in Presidential Campaigns (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991), 228229.

336


34. amitom daaskvna qcevis Semswavleli erT-erTi cnobili kvlevis avtorma `Tavisuflebisa da demokratiis principebs naklebi enTuziazmiT uWeren mxars, roca isini maTeul specifikur an praqtikul formebs ewinaaRmdegebian~. ix. Herbert McCloskey-is “Consensus and Ideology in American Democracy”, American Political Science Review 58 (ivnisi 1964): 361-384. 35. Donald Devine, The Political Culture of the United States (Boston: Little, Brown 1972), 187-230. amerikuli kredos Semadgeneli faseulobebis Sesaxeb farTo msjelobisaTvis ix. aseve Seymour Martin Lipset-is American Exceptionalism: A Double-Edged Sword (New York: Norton, 1996)

T aavv i X

politikuri monawileoba g aavl v leen n i s saf sa f a sur i monawileobis formebi samarTlebrivi formebi arasamarTlebrivi formebi moqalaqeTa monawileobis gansazRvreba sazogadoebrivi azri gamokiTxvebi arCevnebi saarCevno sistemebi pirdapiri demokratia monawileobis Sefaseba: ratom mivceT xma? xmis micema amerikisSeerTebul StatebSi monawileobis tendenciebi individualizmi da sazogadoebrivi monawileoba politikuri apaTia: amerikuli daavadeba? monawileobis Sefaseba: ra ician amomrCevlebma? monawileobis Sefaseba: mbrunavi kari elitisturi Teoriebi: rkinis kanonebi da demokratiis ironia pluralistebi da elitistebi politikuri monawileoba avtoritarul saxelmwifoSi politikuri partiebi istoriuli winamZRvrebi ZiriTadi miznebi erTpartiuli sistema orpartiuli sistema mravalpartiuli sistema partiuli sistemebis ganmsazRvrelebi perspeqtivebi: politikuri partiebis daknineba? interesTa jgufebi interesTa jgufebis tipebi zegavlenis wyaroebi da meTodebi interesTa jgufebis bumi interesTa jgufebi demokratiebSi iklebs Tu ara sazogadoebisi interesi? interesTa jgufebi avtoritarul qveynebSi

337

338


XI TavSi vnaxeT, rom politikaSi mniSvnelovani monawileoba kargi moqalaqeobis Semadgeneli atributia. imisaTvis, rom iyos mniSvnelovani, monawileoba minimum nebayoflobiTi da Tanmimdevruli unda iyos. miuxedavad imisa, rom politikuri monawileoba SeiZleba Zalian martiv da wesier saqmed gveCvenos, ufro axlos gacnobisas mis arasasurvel mxareebsac davinaxavT. magaliTad, miuxedavad imisa, rom totalitarul sazogadoebebSi monawileoba TiTqos uzrunvelyofilia, mas aranairi azri ar gaaCnia, vinaidan saxelmwifo yvelas aiZulebs cru arCevnebSi monawileobas da mmarTveli partiis SerCeuli kadidatebisaTvis xmis micemas. amis sawinaaRmdegod, demokratiul qveynebSi politikuri monawileoba nebayoflobiTia; moqalaqeebs aq miniWebuli aqvT sruli Tavisufleba, maT Soris armonawileobis. bevr amerikels garkveuli dausabuTebeli varaudi aqvs demokratiasa da politikur monawileobaze: • rac ufro meti moqalaqe monawileobs, miT ufro jansaRia demokratia; • monawileoba bunebrivia, anu moqalaqeebs undaT monawileoba; • saSualo amomrCeveli kargad informirebulia, anu monawileebma ician da esmiT is politikuri arCevani, romelsac akeTeben; • sazogadoebrivi azri mniSvnelovania.

am Sexedulebebs ufro axlos gavecnobiT politikur procesSi moqalaqeTa monawileobis sxvadasxva formis ganxilvis Semdeg.

monawileobis formebi moqalaqeebs, romlebsac surT politikaSi monawileoba, ori alternativa aqvT _ isini SeiZleba CaerTon samarTlebriv an arasamarTlebriv saqmianobebSi. moqalaqeTa umetesoba samarTlebriv monawileobas irCevs an saerTod ar monawileobs.

samarTlebrivi formebi politikuri monawileobis yvelaze gavrcelebuli tipebi arsebuli institutebis farglebSi konvenciuri samarTlebriv saqmianobebs moicavs. moqalaqeTa umetesoba politikaSi metwilad simbolurad, pasiurad an ritualurad monawileobs _ magaliTad, eswreba politikur mitingebs, monawileobs politikur gamokiTxvebSi, werils wers adgilobrivi gazeTis redaqtors an sakuTar manqanaze afiSas akravs. xmis micema tradiciuli monawileobis yvelaze TvalsaCino formaa. Tumca, xmis micemis efeqtianoba, rogorc aqtiuri moqalaqis monawileobis sazomi, damokidebulia ramdenime faqtorze: ramdenad patiosnad aris daTvlili xmebi, eleqtoratis sididesa (rac ufro metia amomrCeveli, miT ufro naklebi gavlena aqvs TiToeul xmas) da realuri arCevanis arsebobaze. xmis micemas mniSvnelovani gzavnilis gocema SeuZlia; is SeiZleba

politikuri monawileoba

339

Zlieri an komikuri elferis mSvidobiani protestis forma iyos. magaliTad, 1959 wels san-paulos (braziliis) ukmayofilo mosaxleobam qalaqis sabWoSi airCia martorqa adgilobrivi zooparkidan!1 analogiurad, gasuli sami aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi, SeerTebul StatebSi Sedegze orientirebuli iniciativebisa da referendumebis raodenobis zrdis mowmeni viyaviT; am periodis manZilze saxelmwifo amomrCeveli gansjida iseTi gansxvavebuli sakiTxebis avkargianobas, rogoricaa sakuTrebis gadasaxadis Semcireba an gayinva, homoseqsuali mamakacebisa da qalebisaTvis samarTlebrivi dacvis donis gansazRvra da usafrTxoebis Rvedebisa da motociklistis Cafxutis gamoyenebis moTxovna. SeerTebuli Statebis moqalaqeTa meoTxedi Tu iqneba met-naklebad aqtiurad CarTuli politikaSi.2 politikur aqtivistTa didi nawili politikuri partiebisaTvis xarjavs drosa da fuls, miekuTvneba sazogadoebriv interesTa jgufs da nebayoflobiT iRebs monawileobas Tavisi favoriti kandidatis kampaniaSi. bevri moqalaqe muSaobs samTavrobo organoebSi, gansakuTrebiT saxelmwifo da adgilobriv doneze rogorc aqtivisti. xSirad es moqalaqeebi anazRaurebas ar iReben. realurad SeerTebul StatebSi bevr adgilobriv mTavrobaSi saerTod aravin iRebs xelfass. adgilobriv doneze sajaro samsaxuri momavali profesionali politikosisaTvis garkveul skolas warmoadgens, romelic procedurebis, normebisa da marTvis praqtikis sferoSi Rirebul pirvelad gamocdilebas uzrunvelyofs. SeerTebul StatebSi politikuri aqtivistebi sakmaod iSviaTad gvxvdebian, magram mcirea im adamianTa ricxvi, vinc politikur karieras umiznebs. kidev ufro. es im xalxis jgufia, romlebic warmoadgenen xelisuflebas anazRaurebad politikur an arCeviT Tanamdebobaze (partiuli Tanamdebobebi, lobistebi, daniSvniTi Tanamdebobebi, saStato mosamsaxureebi, kanonmdeblebi da sxva). ra Tqma unda, yvela Tanamdebobis piri ar iwyebs saqmianobas profesional politikosad. marTlac, demokratiul sazogadoebebSi SedarebiT gamoucdeli kandidats iSviaTad irCeven maRal Tanamdebobaze. politikuri saqmianobis samarTlebrivi, Tumca moqalaqeTa um ra v lesobisaTvis miuRebeli forma, arakonvenciuri monawileobaa . bu neb rivia, misaRebi politikuri qceva gavrcelebul politikur kulturazea damokidebuli da mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba qveynebis mixedviT. SeerTebul StatebSi, sadac moqalaqeTa umetesobisTvis kanoni da wesrigi didi Rirebule baa, umetesoba tradiciulad ar iwonebda protestebs da demonstraciebs. es prin cipi garkveulwilad Seicvala boboqar 1960-ian wlebSi da 70-ianis da sawyisSi, romelic rasobrivi TanasworuflebianobisaTvis brZolisa da viet namis omis sawinaaRmdego sayovelTao studenturi gamosvlebis aRmasvliT gamoirCeoda. Tumca, uotergeitis skandalis Semdegac ki, ramac prezidenti riCard niqsoni 1974 wels aiZula gadamdgariyo, sazogadoebis mxolod 8 procenti uWerda mxars raime saxis demonstraciebs, magaliTad mjdomare aqcias, masobriv gamosvlas, mitinsi an samTavrobo saqmianobis obstruqcias.3 imave wlis gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom SeerTebuli Statebis mosaxleobis umetesoba arakonvenciuri politikuri qmedebis aTi formidan mxolod sams

340


afasebda dadebiTad: peticiebis xelmoweras, kanonier demonstraciebSi monawi-leobas da boikots (rogoric aris salaTis furclis yidvisgan Tavis Sekaveba dabalanazRaurebadi migranti muSebisi solidarobis niSnad)4 gamokiTxulTa mxolod 2 procenti amarTlebda politikuri miznebis misaRwevad Zaladobis gamoyenebas. arakonvenciuri monawileobis rbili formebis mxardaWera ufro maRalia im SemTxvevaSi, Tu amgvari qmedeba ar gadacdeba samarTlebriv zRvars.

arasamarTlebrivi formebi politikuri reJimebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan imiT, ras aniWeben isini arasamarTlebrivi monawileobis klasifikacias da ramdenad mkacrad sjian aseT qcevas. rogorc wesi, avtoritaruli mTavrobebi politikur saqmianobis ufro met formas acxadeben ukanonod, vidre demokratiuli mTavrobebi. magaliTad, demokratiuli mmarTvelobis pirobebSi sul ramdenime (an saerTod arc erTi) politikuri partia cxaddeba aralegalurad da moqalaqeebs, rogorc wesi, SeuZliaT Sevidnen nebismier partiaSi sakuTari neba-surviliT, totalitaruli mmarTvelobis SemTxvevaSi ki, erTis garda yvela partia aralegaluria. metic, avtoritaruli mTavrobebi `politikur danaSauls~ metad ganazogadeben da ufro mkacrad sjian `politikur damnaSaveebs~, vidre maTi demokratiuli analogebi.

amerikelTa umravlesobisaTvis misaRebia kanonieri demonstraciebi, rogorc politikuri protestis forma. fotoze 1997 wels United Parcel Serviceis winaaRmdeg mowyobili gaficvaa asaxuli.

zogierTi ukanono qmedeba _ gansakuTrebiT samoqalaqo daumorCileblobad wodebuli _ miznad isaxavs erovnuli TviTSegnebis gaRvivebas (amitomac zogierT qveyanaSi isini ufro efeqtiania, vidre sxvagan). samoqalaqo


341

daumorCilebloba niSnavs konkretuli kanonebis darRvevas maTi usamarTlobis demonstrirebis mizniT. mahaTma gandim (1869-1948ww.) samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba gamoiyena didi britaneTisgan indoeTis gaTavisuflebisaTvis brZolisas. martin luTer kingmac (1929-1968ww.) SeerTebul StatebSi rasobrivi Tanasworobis miRwevis mizniT araZalismieri protestis mZlavri talRa aagora. samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba uars ambobs Zaladobaze da mouwodebs monawileebs, sasjeli legitimurad aRiaron. speqtris meore mxares ki dgas: politikuri terorizmi, romelic oponentTa demoralizebis, daSinebisa da damorCilebisaTvis Zaladobas an Zaladobis muqaras mimarTavs; sabotaJi, mTavrobis damxobis mcdeloba, rac xSirad gareSe Zalebis daxmarebiT xorcieldeba; ajanyebisken waqezeba, buntisa da antisamTavrobo qmedebebis provocireba. yoveli maTgani revoluciuri qmedebaa. Tumca, imis mixedviT, ra reJimTan gvaqvs saqme, sabotaJad da provokacid SeiZleba miCneul iqnes aralegalur SexvedraSi monawileoba an ukanono politikur partiaSi Sesvla, mTavrobis gamakritikebeli proklamaciebis dabeWdva an oficialuri politikisa da ideologiisagan gansxvavebuli azris qona. bevr avtoritarul saxelmwifoSi mTavrobis nebismieri saxis oponireba, Tundac iseTi uwyinari ram, rogoricaa, vTqvaT, megobrisaTvis werilis miwera, romelic Seicavs saTaveSi myofi xelisuflebis farul kritikas, SeiZleba CaiTvalos mTavrobis ZirgamomTxrel saqmianobad. mTavrobis sawinaaRmdego, winaswar dagegmili teroristuli aqtebi yovelTvis revoluciuria. aseTi aqtebi ukanonoa im qveynebSic ki, romelTac TviTmarqvia revoluciuri reJimebi marTavs (ix. Tavi XV).

moqalaqeTa monawileobis gansazRvreba demokratiul qveynebSi moqalaqeebi monawileoben politikaSi azris gamoxatvisa da xmis micemis gziT. gamokiTxvebi yuradRebas amaxvilebs sazogadoebriv azrze da gamoxatavs mas. pirvelad sazogadoebriv azrs ganvixilavT.

sazogadoebrivi azri gamokiTxvebs, romlebic mkafiod gamokveTil sazogadoebriv azrs an mis arsebiT cvlilebebs gviCveneben, SeuZliaT saxelmwifo Tanamdebobis pirTa gadawyvetilebebze, qmedebebsa da politikaze iqonion gavlena. demokratiul qveynebSi sazogadoebrivi azri imitomac aris legitimuri, rom mTavroba angariSvaldebulia amomrCevlebis winaSe. sazogadoebriv azrs imitom SeuZlia gavlenis moxdena politikaze, rom politikosebs survili aqvT iyvnen arCeulni da rac SeiZleba met xans darCnen Tanamdebobaze. magram rodesac sazogadoebrivi azri iyofa, rac iSviaTad ar xdeba, arCeul pirebs xSirad SeuZliaT misi ignorireba moaxdinon.

342


sazogadoebrivi azrisa da misi gavlenis Sefaseba SeiZleba bundovani iyos. misi gavlena maqsimaluria, rodesac: (1) moqalaqeTa mniSvnelovan raodenobas calkeul problemaze sakuTari Sexeduleba aqvs da smi mimarT ubralod indiferentuli ar aris; (2) is stabiluria xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi; (3) is garkveuli mimarTulebiT calsaxadaa gadaxrili; (4) is aSkarad sagrZnobia; da (5) sakiTxi, romelsac igi exeba, yvelasaTvis cnobilia anu amomrCevlebi mas prioritetad miiCneven. ramdenad seriozulad unda iTvaliswinebdnen liderebi moqalaqeTa azrs mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebis miRebis dros? am sakiTxis ganxilvisas ar unda daviviwyoT, rom sazogadoebrivi azri xSirad naklebadaa racionaluri gaazrebis Sedegi da, rogorc wesi, narTauli gamonaTqvamebis, eWvebisa da varaudebis nazavia, rac Tavis mxriv efuZneba crurwmenebs, winaTgrZnobebs da im adamianebis arasrul informacias, romlebic, Cveulebriv, politikas did yuradRebas ar aqceven.

gamokiTxvebi yvela mTavroba cdilobs sazogadoebrivi azris Sefasebasa da gaanalizebas. demokratiul saxelmwifoSi sazogadoebrivi azri sxvadasxva problemaze Tavisuflad fasdeba da ganixileba ara mxolod sazogadoebrivi dawesebulebebis, aramed agreTve politikuri partiebisa da kandidatebis, mediis, sxvadasxva kerZo organizaciis, kvleviTi institutebisa da mkvlevarebis mier. imis gansasazRvrad, ra damokidebuleba gaaCnia sazogadoebas mocemul sakiTxze, organizaciebi eyrdnobian sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxvas (moqalaqeTaTvis maTi azris gamokiTxva), romelic yvelaze popularuli da sazogadoebrivi azris cvlilebebis gansazRvrisa da grafikulad gamosaxvis zusti saSualeba gaxda. sazogadoebrivi azris gazomvis pirveli mcdeloba iyo `Calis gamokiTxvebi~ (straw polls), romelic mecxramete saukuneSi gazeTebma ganaviTares. miuxedavad imisa, rom es gamokiTxvebi daumuSavebeli iyo, xSirad swor prognozs akeTebda gamarjvebulis Taobaze. lokalur doneze gazeTebi, radio da televizia dResac iyeneben am meTods. amgvari gamokiTxvebis mTavari problema isaa, rom ar iZleva imis garkvevis saSualebas, ramdenad asaxavs aseTi gamokiTxva mTliani mosaxleobis azrs. Jurnal Literary Digest-is gamokiTxva, romelmac iwinaswarmetyvela, rom alf lendoni daamarcxebda franklin d. ruzvelts 1936 wels, aris yvelaze cnobili magaliTi imisa, rogor SeiZleba aramecnieruli gamokiTxva damRupveli aRmoCndes _ am SemTxvevaSi im JurnalisTvis, romelmac es gamokiTxva Caatara. ra iyo am konkretuli gamokiTxvis Secdoma? moqalaqeTa SerCevisas gamoiyenes satelefono cnobari da manqanebis registraciis siebi _ ori Zalian arareprezentantuli reestri, vinaidan 1930-ian wlebSi (didi depresiis periodi) mxolod mdidrebs SeeZloT telefonisa da avtomobilis SeZena. Tumca, SerCevis imave meTodiT Literary Digest-ma zustad iwinaswarmetyvela wina sami saprezidento arCevnebis Sedegebi. miuxedavad amisa, 1936 wels


343

gamokiTxva `Secda~ _ ruzveltma didi upiratesobiT moigo. sxvaTa Soris, amiT dasrulda Literary Digest–is gamokiTxvebi da, faqtobrivad Tavad Jurnalis arsebobac. 1938 wlidan man arseboba Sewyvita. ukanaskneli ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxvebis teqnologiebma ufro seriozuli saxe miiRo. gamokiTxvaTa umetesoba adamianebs ekiTxeba eTanxmebian Tu ara isini ama Tu im debulebas an politikas. zogierTi gamokiTxva moqalaqeebs sTxovs sxvadasxva politikur alternativas Soris airCion erT-erTi (Tumca bevri Tvlis, rom es meTodi xelovnurad zrdis politikuri Sexedulebis mqone adamianTa raodenobas). aseTi gamokiTxvis meTodebiT mkvlevarebi SedarebiT mcire raodenobis respondentTa pasuxebis safuZvelze mosaxleobis didi nawilis poziciis prognozs akeTeben. yvelaze xSirad mimarTaven SemTxveviT SerCevis meTods, rodesac xdeba mTeli mosaxleobidan (`generaluri erToblioba~) SemTxveviT SerCeul moqalaqeTa gamokiTxva (statistikosebma daadgines, rom 1500 respodentis SerCeva idealuria iseTi gamokiTxvebisaTvis, romlebmac xalxis didi raodenoba unda moicvas). amgvari SerCevisas asakobrivi, rasobrivi, religiuri, politikuri, ganaTlebis niSniT SerCeuli da sxva jgufebi met-naklebad unda Seesabamebodes mTel mosaxleobas.

gamokiTxvebis politikuri da borotad gamoyeneba tradiciulad, gamokiTxvebi afasebda sazogadoebriv azrs mas Semdeg, rac politikuri liderebi ikavebdnen Tanamdebobas an amtkicebdnen kanons. Tumca, saarCevno kampaniaSi gamokiTxva ufro da ufro metad gaxda momavlis orientiri _ igi gamoiyeneba imis gansasazRvrad, ra pozicia unda daikavon kandidatebma, rogor gavidnen mowinave poziciaze, an rogori politikuri gancxadebebi Seuqmnis maT pozitiur imijs. amas xandaxan strategiuli gamokiTxva (strategic polling) ewodeba. imisaTvis, rom ganisazRvros, romeli politikuri gancxadeba an pozicia iqneba popularuli, gamoiyeneba fokus jgufebi (focus groups) _ xalxis mcire raodenoba komunikaciebis profesionali eqspertis xelmZRvanelobiT ganixilavs politikuri gzavnilis konkretul sakiTxebs. ufro gvian ganviTarda eleqtronuli gamokiTxva, romelmac moicva satelefono jgufebic (dial groups), romelic saSualebas aZlevs moqalaqeebs darekviT daaregistriron dadebiTi an uaryofiTi pasuxi. strategiuli gamokiTxva jimi karteris prezidentobis Semdeg gaxda politikuri cxovrebis wesi, maT Soris Tanamdebobis pirTaTvisac ki. prezidenti bil klintoni mniSvnelovnad eyrdnoboda gamokiTxvebs imis gansasazRvrad, romeli sakiTxebisaTvis mieqcia gansakuTrebuli yuradReba da rogor waredgina isini.

imis gamo, rom yovelTvis ar aris SesaZlebeli asobiT calkeuli in-

344


tervius Catareba, mkvlevarebi xandaxan winaswar irCeven respondentTa mcirericxovan jgufebs, iseTi sakvanZo maxasiaTeblebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rogoricaa asaki, religia, Semosavali da partiis wevroba. gamokiTxvis am meTods stratificirebul SerCevas (strarified sampling) uwodeben. egzitpolebi, romlebic televiziebs saSualebas aZlevs saarCevno ubnebis daxurvis Semdeg iwinaswarmetyvelon politikuri gamarjvebulebi, warmoadgens stratificirebuli SerCevis or dones. pirvel rigSi mkvlevarebi adgenen saarCevno ubans, romelic statistikurad uaxlovdeba ufro did politikur erTeuls (saarCevno olqs, Stats an qveyanas). Semdeg isini, vinc atareben egzit-polis intervius, cdiloben ise moaxdinon adamianTa SerCeva, rom is yvelaze kargad asaxavdes saarCevno ubnis saerTo maxasiaTeblebs. ganmeorebad gamokiTxvaSi, anu adamianTa erTi da imave jgufis mravaljerad gamokiTxvebSi (tracking polls), rasac xSirad kandidatebi saxelwifo organizaciebisaTvis, kampaniis mimdinareobisas atareben, erTi da igive amomrCevlebi monawileoben ganmeorebiT. aseTi gamokiTxvebiT cdiloben daadginon cvlilebebi amomrCevlis damokidebulebaSi da daakavSiron is mediis strategiasTan, sakiTxebis cvlilebebTan, kandidatebis SecdomebTan da a.S. amgvari gamokiTxvebis mizania kandidats miawodos informacia imis Sesaxeb, romeli strategia muSaobs (da romeli ara) mocemuli kampaniis dros. amgvari strategiuli gamokiTxvebi xSirad gamoiyeneba fokus-jgufebTan da kampaniis sxva saSualebebTan erTad. gamokiTxvebi, Cveulebriv, sakmaod zustia, magram iSviaTad _ uSecdomo; TviT umaRles doneze organizebul gamokiTxvebSic ki SeiZleba iyos cdomilebebi. rogorc wesi, 0.05 sarwmunoobis xarisxis SemTxvevaSi maT aqvT 3 procentiani cdomilebis zRvari, rac imas niSnavs, rom 100-dan 95 SemTxvevaSi nebismieri mimarTulebiT cdomileba araumetes 3 procentia. gamokiTxvis ama Tu im meTodSi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania kiTxvis zusti da cxadi formulireba, gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevebSi roca xalxs ar gaaCnia kargad Camoyalibebuli mosazreba; ori alternatiuli politikis arCevanis SemTxvevaSi (magaliTad, `federalurma mTavrobam unda aiRos sakuTar Tavze mosaxleobis sacxovrebliT uzrunvelyofa, Tu adamianebma TviTon unda izrunon sakuTar saxlebze?~) zogierTi respondenti SeiZleba imdenad moeqces alternativaTa Tanmimdevrobis gavlenis qveS, rom aman or arCevans Soris 30 procentiani gansxvaveba gamoiwvios. es damokidebulia mxolod imaze, pirvelad romeli alternativaa mocemuli.5 ufro metic, imave kiTxvis imgvarad dasma, rom sakiTxis mxolod erTi alternativa iyos naxsenebi (magaliTad, `federalurma mTavrobam unda aiRos Tu ara sakuTar Tavze mosaxleobis adeqvaturi sacxovrebliT uzrunvelyofa?~) savaraudod, gamoiwvevs ufro met dadebiT pasuxs, vidre im SemTxvevaSi, Tu am kiTxvis formulirebaSi Sevidoda mocemuli sakiTxis erTze meti alternativa. calkeuli gamokiTxvis Sedegebidan daskvnebis gamotanis arasaimedoba naTlad Cans 10-1 sqemidan (òri erTi da igive gamokiTxva, gansxvavebuli Sedegebi~). es magaliTi agreTve gviCvenebs, rogor SeuZlia gamokiTxvebs ara marto gazomos sazogadoebrivi azri, aramed gavlenac iqonios masze. magaliTad, Tu respondentebs usvamen kiTxvas Tambaqos mowevis Sesaxeb in-


345

dividualuri arCevanis uflebis kuTxiT, ufro meti iqneba Tanaxma, vidre im SemTxvevaSi, Tu igive kiTxvaSi moxseniebuli iqneba safrTxe, romelsac moweva uqmnis sxvebis janmrTelobas. kandidatebi, korporaciebi da sxva organizebuli interesTa jgufebi, visac surs aCvenos ama Tu im poziciis an produqtis popularoba, maTTvis sasurvel Sedegebs xSirad iReben kiTxvis Sesabamisi formulirebis gziT. samwuxarod, aseTi midgoma aprobirebuli meTodia rogorc saxelmwifo, ise kerZo seqtorSi. `noemberSi saprezidento arCevnebTan dakavSirebiT ... prezidentis arCevnebi dRes rom Catarebuliyo da kandidatebi bil klintoni da bob douli yofiliyvnen.. vis miscemdiT xmas?~

klintoni

douli

ar gadauwyvetia

gamokiTxva Catarda 1996 wlis 8-11 ivliss

`damdeg saprezidento arCevnebSi visTvis apirebT xmis micemas, Tu jer ar gadagiwyvetiaT? danamdvilebiT iciT, rom xmas (saxeli) aZlevT, Tu jer ar gadagiwyvetiaT?~

klintoni

douli

ar gadauwyvetia

gamokiTxva Catarda 1996 wlis 29 ivnisi-2 ivlisi

sqema 10-1. ori erTi da igive gamokiTxva: gansxvavebuli Sedegebi es ori gamokiTxva TiTqmis erTdroulad Catarda, magram Sedegebi radikalurad gansxvavebulia. es faqti nawilobriv mainc gamowveulia kiTxvebis formulirebiT.

wyaro: The Polling Company National Survey, reprinted from John H. Fund, `The Perils of Polling,~ Wall Street Journal, August 13, 1996, A12. ibeWdeba Wall Street Journal-is nebarTviT. Copyright © 1996 Dow Jones & Company, Inc. yvela ufleba daculia msoflio masStabiT.

samwuxarod Tu sabednierod, gamokiTxvebma saprezidento arCevnebis kampaniebSi did roli Seasrula. 1996 wlis arCevnebis ganmavlobaSi marto CNN-ma daaxloebiT 200 gamokiTxva Caatara. SeadareT es 1992 wlis prezidentis saarCevno kampanias, rodesac yvela mediasaSualebam erTad Caatara 125150 gamokiTxva.6 xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi gamokiTxvebis popularobam mniSvnelovnad imata. erTma mkvlevarma aRniSna, rom 1968 wels Sromis dResa da arCevnebis dRes Soris (maisidan noembramde _ mTargm. Sen.) mxolod 10 saerTo erovnulma gamokiTxvam mimarTa amomrCevlebs kiTxviT: `vis miscemdiT xmas, arCevnebi dRes rom tardebodes?~ 1996 wlis saprezidento arCevnebis dros ki 300 saerTo erovnulma gamokiTxvam dasva igive kiTxva.7

346


cxrili 10.1 1996 wlis saprezidento arCevnebis saboloo gamokiTxvis prognozi gamokiTxvis organizatori

klintoni

douli

pero

gamarjvebulis zRvari

CBS/New York Times

53%

35%

9%

18

Pew Research

49%

36%

8%

13

ABC News

51%

39%

7%

12

Harris

51%

39%

7%

12

NBC/Wall Street Journal

49%

37%

9%

12

USA Today/CNN/Gallup

52%

41%

7%

11

HOTLINE/Battleground

45%

36%

8%

9

Reuters/Zogby

49%

41%

8%

8

realuri Sedegebi

49%

41%

8%

8

wyaro: From Everett C. Ladd’s `The Pollster’s Waterloo~ in the Wall Street Journal (November 19, 1995), p. A-22. monacemebi mogvawoda koneqtikutis universitetis sazogadoebrivi kvlavis Roper Center-ma. ibeWdeba avtoris nebarTviT.

bolo wlebSi sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxva ufro saimedo gaxda. magaliTad, jorj buSsa da el gors Soris 2000 wlis saprezidento maraTonis dros CNN/USA Today/Gallup-sa da CNN/Time-is gamokiTxvebi saprezidento arCevnebis wina dRes orive kandidatisTvis erTnair Sedegs winaswarmetyvelebda. sabolood buSma gamarjvebisaTvis sakmarisi amomrCevelTa kolegiis xmebi daagrova floridis sakmaod saeWvo arCevnebis Semdeg. Sedegebi mogvianebiT uzenaesma sasamarTlomac daadastura, realurad ki gorma ufro meti xma miiRo, vidre buSma. gamokiTxvis Sedegebma gaamarTla. gamokiTxvebi mainc ar aris yovelTvis zusti an SedarebiT zusti, rogorc es naCvenebia 10-1 cxrilSi. yvela politikuri gamokiTxva garkveul risks Seicavs. gamokiTxva, pirvel rigSi, drois mcire monakveTSi arsebuli sazogadoebrivi azris gamovlenis saSualebaa, xolo sazogadoebrivi azri Zalian xSirad icvleba. meorec, gamokiTxvebi farTod gavrcelda da momabezrebeli gaxda, ris gamoc moqalaqeebi naklebi enTuziazmiT iReben maTSi monawileobas. mesamec, sxvadasxva gamokiTxvas Soris mniSvnelovani meTodologiuri gansxvavebebi arsebobs. arCevnebs Soris Catarebuli gamokiTxvebi Tavisi mniSvnelobiT SeiZleba ewinaaRmdegebodes saarCevno kampaniebis dros Catarebul gamokiTxvebs. magaliTad, prezidentis popularoba, romelsac zomavs sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxva, xels uwyobs imis gansazRvras, ra gavlena aqvs prezidents ama Tu im politikur sakiTxze. imaves Tqma SeiZleba prezidentisa da kongresis urTierTobebze, gansa-


347

kuTrebiT maSin, rodesac mowinaaRmdege partias umravlesoba hyavs erT-erT an orive palataSi.

arGevnebi mniSvnelovani arCevnebi gamokiTxvebs yvelaze saWiro politikur gamarTlebasa da gamoyenebas uZebnis. arCevnebis gareSe gamokiTxvebis politikuri gamoyeneba mniSvnelovnad SezRuduli iqneboda. arCevnebis funqciebi. raoden saocaric ar unda iyos, gansxvavebul politikur sistemebSi arCevnebs gansxvavebuli funqciebi aqvs. samxedro diqtaturebis SemTxvevaSi, rogorc wesi, regularuli arCevnebi, ubralod, ar tardeba _ rac aseT reJimebSi samoqalaqo monawileobis minimalur an srul ararsebobaze mianiSnebs. Tu arCevnebi totalitarul saxelmwifoSi mainc tardeba, maT ubralo politikuri ritualis saxe aqvs, rac mmarTvelebs maTi xelisuflebis legitimaciis saSualebas aZlevs. maTgan gansxvavebiT, konstituciuri demokratiebis pirobebSi arCevnebi principuli saSualebaa moqalaqeTa mier mmarTvelis gansasazRvrad. arCevnebi iribad imasac gansazRvravs, ra saxis politika iqneba gatarebuli momavalSi. Tavisufali arCevnebi TavisTavad gulisxmobs warmomadgenlobis koncefcias. warmomadgenlebi, romlebic moqmedeben amomrCevelTa saxeliT, iReben sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebel gadawyvetilebebs, romlebsac moqalaqeebi, maTi didi raodenobis gaTvaliswinebiT, erToblivad ver miiRebdnen. Tanamedrove konstituciuri mmarTvelobis ZiriTadi idea ukve gulisxmobs, rom arCevnebi umniSvnelovanesia WeSmaritad warmomadgenlobiTi sistemis funqcionirebisaTvis. arCevnebis SezRudvebi. idealur SemTxvevaSi arCevnebma demokratiul sazogadoebas Tavisi moqalaqeebis survilebis kanonebsa da politikaSi asaxvis saSualeba unda misces. Tumca, realurad arCevnebs yovelTvis ar mosdevs idealuri Sedegebi. arCevnebs, rogorc sazogadoebrivi arCevanis saSualebas, Semdegi Tanmdevi SezRudvebi gaaCnia: 1. Tu umniSvnelovanes movlenaze sazogadoebrivi azri arasworad gansazRvruli an daqsaqsulia, axladarCeuli Tanamdebobis pirebi amomrCevelTagan ver miiReben mkafiod gansazRvrul mandats. Tu aseTi mandati mainc iqneba micemuli, Tanamdebobis pirebma SeiZleba konkretul sakiTxze sazogadoebrivi azri an arasworad gaigon, an ugulebelyon, an Secvalon. 2. saxelmwifo Tanamdebobis dasakaveblad saWiro saarCevno kampanias Zalian didi dro da uamravi fuli sWirdeba, ris gamoc bevri kvalificiuri kandidati ver iRebs arCevnebSi monawileobas, an zog SemTxvevaSi upiratesoba usamarTlod eniWeba ama Tu im kandidats. 3. rac SeiZleba meti amomrCevlisa da interesTa jgufis mozidvis mizniT sajaro moxeleobis kandidatma SeiZleba ama Tu im sakiTxze aramyari

348


pozicia daikavos. am winaswar ganzraxulma gaurkvevlobam SeiZleba patiosan amomrCevels gonivruli arCevanis gakeTeba gaurTulos. 4. kandidatebi xSirad iZlevian dapirebebs, romelTa Sesrulebac maT ar SeuZliaT, vinaidan saTanadod ver afaseben mosalodnel sirTuleebs. SeerTebul StatebSi rTulia politikuri cvlilebebis gatareba, radgan xSirad prezidentis da kongresis politika gansxvavdeba. winaaRmdegobas qmnis isic, rom warmoudgenlad CaxlarTuli sabiujeto procesi mTel yuradRebas iqcevs da xSirad kongresis paralizebasac ki iwvevs. 5. Tanamdebobaze arCevis Semdeg kandidatma SeiZleba ubralod Seicvalos Sexeduleba konkretuli politikis sasurvelobasa da vargisianobaze. specifikuri interesebis Zlierma zegavlenam, ufro meti da ukeTesi informaciis xelmisawvdomobam an gansxvavebuli saSinao da sagareo politikis CaxlarTuli urTierTdamokidebulebis gacnobierebam kongresis axalarCeul wevrze SeiZleba arsebiTi gavlena iqonios.

Tanamedrove konstituciuri xelisuflebis idea gulisxmobs politikur warmomadgenlobas, xolo WeSmaritad warmomadgenlobiTi sistemis funqcionirebisaTvis arCevnebi arsebiTia. fotoze kenieli amomrCeveli biuletens agdebs.

miuxedavad SezRudvebisa, sxva meTodebTan SedarebiT, arCevnebi saukeTeso saSualebaa moqalaqeTa azrebis saxelmwifo politikad realizaciisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT ki did da mravalferovan sazogadoebaSi. realurad arsebobs kargi safuZveli vifiqroT, rom politikuri dapirebebi ufro xSirad sruldeba, vidre irRveva.8 xandaxan Tanamdebobis pirebi imedebs gvicrueben, Tumca siurprizebsac iSviaTad gviwyoben. amomrCevels sakmaod


349

kargad aqvs warmodgenili, ras unda elodos konkretuli kandidatisgan, romelsac igi irCevs. dabolos, xandaxan kandidatebs darRveuli piroba Zvirad ujdebaT.

saarGevno sistemebi saarCevno sistemebi SeiZleba struqturulad sxvadasxvagvari iyos maJoritaruli, roca mogebuli iRebs yvela mandats (gamarjvebuls yvelaferi miaqvs) da proporciuli warmomadgenlobiTi sistemebi arCeviTi warmomadgenlobis yvelaze farTod gavrcelebuli meTodebia. maJoritaruli sistema _ gamarjvebuls yvelaferi miaqvs (Winner-take-all). SeerTebul StatebSi kongresis wevrs irCeven erTmandatiani saarCevno ubnidan xmaTa martivi umravlesobiT; anu am sistemaSi mxolod erTi warmomadgeneli airCeva TiToeuli saarCevno ubnidan da is kandidati, vinc yvelaze met xmas daagrovebs, ikavebs Tanamdebobas. vinaidan Statis ori senatori irCeva sxvadasxva wlebSi, mTliani Stati warmoadgens erTmandatian saarCevno ubans. dabolos, saprezidento arCevnebis drosac, ormocdaaTive Stati erTmandatiani saarCevno ubania, vinaidan yvela saarCevno xma eniWeba prezidentobis im kandidats, romelic iRebs xmaTa umravlesobas am Tu im konkretul StatSi. aseTi sistemis praqtikuli politikuri Sedegebi mravalferovania. erTmandatian saarCevno ubanSi nebismieri arCevnebis dros, rodesac mxolod ori kandidatia, erT-erTi maTgani aucileblad miiRebs martiv umravlesobas, romelic amomrCevelTa yvelaze did gaerTianebad ganisazRvreba. Tu sami an meti kandidati ibrZvis gamarjvebisaTvis, arCeulad iTvleba is, vinc miiRebs yvelaze met xmas: xuTi kandidatis SemTxvevaSi SesaZloa gaimarjvos iman, vinc miiRebs xmaTa 25 procents (an naklebs). rogorc vnaxavT, es meTodi xels uwyobs orpartiuli sistemis Camoyalibebas. maJoritaruli sistemis _ aseve cnobili, rogorc first past the post saarCevno sistemis Sedegebi, aSS kongresis arCevnebis hipoTetur cxrilSi 102 aris grafikulad asaxuli. gaiTvaliswineT, rom am sistemas aqvs minimum erTi upiratesoba mainc: igi gansazRvravs sufTa gamarjvebulebs. ubralo umravlesoba wyvets, vin iqneba saarCevno ubnis warmomadgeneli. cxrilSi moyvanil magaliTSi liberali joni aris sufTa gamarjvebuli. magram am xelsayreli SedegisaTvis safasuri unda iqnes gadaxdili _ umravlesobam (amomrCevelTa 57 procentma) ar misca xma liberals. ubralod, maT SeeZloT darCeniliyvnen saxlSi. arc konservatori jeinisa da upartio aimas politika da arc umravlesobis mier miniWebuli upiratesobebi am saarCevno ubnidan warmodgenili ar iqneba. maJoritarul saarCevno sistemas SeuZlia qveyanaSi arsebuli politikuri naklovanebebi warmoaCinos. Cvens hipoTetur arCevnebSi liberalma gaimarjva saarCevno ubnis xmaTa mxolod 43 procentiT, magram igi gaxda 100 procentiani warmomadgeneli. ra Tqma unda, misi kandidatura dafinansebu-

350


li iyo Zlieri organizaciis ori wamyvani amerikuli politikuri partiidan erT-erTis mier. amas garda, es ori partia inerciis wyalobiTac igebs _ xmas aZleven Cveulebis da ara rwmenis gamo. cxrili 10.2 hipoTeturi politikuri maraToni partia

kandidati

miRebuli xmebi

xmebis procentuli raodenoba

demokratiuli

liberali joni

25,800

43

respublikuri

konservatori jei-

24,600

41

damoukidebeli

ni

9,600

16

upartio aima

aseTi sistemis dros ori mTavari partiidan erT-erTi yoveli arCevnebis Sedegad mudmivad iRebs warmomadgenlobis uflebas, rac arCevnebSi monawile meore partiisa da meorexarisxovani partiebis xarjze miRebuli saarCevno xmebis proporciuli ar aris. amgvarad, mTavarma partiam, romelic amomrCevlis 40-dan 45 procentamde xmas iRebs, SeiZleba mandatebis umravlesoba miiRos, rogorc es ZiriTadad xdeba britanul arCevnebSi. arCevnebis suraTis aseTi damaxinjeba imdenad gavrcelebulia did britaneTSi, rom mTavar partias, romelic iRebs xmebis naxevarze naklebs, SeuZlia damajereblad gaimarjvos (xmaTa SedarebiTi umravlesobis miRebis Sedegad iRebs saparlamento umravlesobas). amgvarad, maJoritaruli saarCevno sistema xels uwyobs ori mTavari politikuri partiis Camoyalibebas da arTulebs mcire politikuri partiebis zrdas. mravalpartiul sistemasTan SedarebiTi upiratesoba gamoixateba ufro met politikur stabilurobaSi. Tumca, zogierTi kritikosis azriT, amgvari stabiluroba miiRweva warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiisTvis misi dedaazris mospobiT _ anu aqcentis gakeTebiT mTavrobaze, romelic umravlesobis survils (da preferenciebs) gamoxatavs. imis gamo, rom es sistema ar warmoaCens amomrCevlis mTeli speqtris azrebsa da interesebs, igi iswrafvis gazardos mmarTveli partiis (an partiebis) sakanonmdeblo Zalaufleba da dabrkolebebi Seuqmnas umciresobis partiaTa mcdelobas, Seiqmnan sakanonmdeblo niadagi. proporciuli warmomadgenlobiTi sistemebi. maJoritaruli sistemebis alternativas warmoadgens proporciul warmomadgenlobaze dafuZnebuli saarCevno sistema, romlis mizania uzrunvelyos sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebaSi partiebisaTvis eleqtoratis mxardaWeris TiTqmis Sesabamisi warmomadgenloba. rogorc wesi, aseTi sistemis SemTxvevaSi qveyana dayofilia saarCevno ubnebad, saidanac irCeven ramdenime deputats. maT Soris Tanam-


351

debobebi nawildeba partiebis mier TiToeul ubanSi miRebuli xmebis raodenobis Sesabamisad. im mraval qveyanas Soris, romlebmac danerges es sistema, aris israeli, italia, belgia, norvegia da irlandia. germaniac iyenebs proporciuli warmomadgenlobis sistemas bundestagis (parlamentis qveda palatis) wevrTa naxevris asarCevad. rogorc wesi, kandidati ubanze igebs arCevnebs, Tu igi miiRebs xmaTa garkveul raodenobas. xmaTa minimaluri raodenoba ganisazRvreba gamoyofil mandatebze xmaTa raodenobis gayofiT. magaliTad, warmovidginoT, rom 10-2 cxrilis SemTxvevaSi proporciul warmomadgenlobasTan gvaqvs saqme. saarCevno ubanze gamoyofilia sami mandati da amomrCevelTa saerTo raodenoba 60 000-ia. aseTi viTarebaSi kandidati arCeuli iqneba partiis mier miRebuli yoveli 20 000 xmis SemTxvevaSi. am formulis mixedviT orive kandidati, liberalic da konservatoric arCeulad CaiTvleba, vinaidan TiToeulma 20 000-ze meti xma miiRo. saarCevno ubnis mesame warmomadgeneli ganisazRvreba regionuli gadanawilebis principiT, romelic Semdegnairad moqmedebs: demokratebis 5 800, respublikelebis 4 600 da damoukidebeli kandidatebis 9 600 xma gadaecema regions, sadac igi sxva saarCevno ubnebis xmebTan erTad daiTvleba da xelaxla gadanawildeba. im SemTvevaSi, Tu regionuli gadanawilebiT kandidati ver airCeva, SeiZleba saWiro gaxdes qveynis masStabiT gadanawileba. amgvarad, proporciuli warmomadgenlobiTi sistema uzrunvelyofs, rom arc erTi sarCevno xma ar ikargeba. Tumca, zogierTma qveyanam patara, umniSvnelo partiebis momravlebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT proporciuli warmomadgenlobis sistemis modificireba moaxdina. aseT qveynebSi umciresobis partiebma unda miiRon gansazRvruli minimaluri xmebis raodenoba (saarCevno barieri _ mTargm. Sen.), raTa saarCevno ubnidan hyavdeT TavianTi warmomadgeneli. germaniasa da ruseTSi es minimumi 5 procentia, sxva qveynebSi SeiZleba 15 procenti da metic ki iyos.

saarCevno siebi proporciuli warmomadgenlobis gamoyenebis yvelaze gavrcelebuli meTodia. amgvari sistemis dros partias SeuZlia saarCevno ubanze ramdenic surs, imdeni kandidati waradginos. am SemTxvevaSi partiam saarCevno biuletenSi unda moaxdinos maTi ranJireba _ Tu partia miiRebs xmaTa raodenobas, romelic sakmarisia mxolod erTi mandatis mosapoveblad, mandats miiRebs saarCevno siaSi miTiTebuli pirveli kandidati; Tu partia daagrovebs ori mandatis mosapoveblad sakmaris xmaTa raodenobas, maSin siaSi miTiTebuli meore kandidatic miiRebs mandats da a.S. saarCevno siebis sistema mniSvnelovnad aZlierebs partiebs, vinaidan moqalaqeebi xmas aZleven partias (da ara kandidats) da partia akontrolebs kandidatTa Tanmimdevrobas saarCevno biuletenebSi. arsebobs saarCevno siebis alternatiuli sistemebi. erT-erTi maTgani emyareba calkeul, gardamaval xmis micemas da ufro metad aqcents akeTebs individualur kandidatebsa da personebze, vidre partiebze. kandidatebi Tavisuflad ecilebian erTmaneTs dasakavebel Tanamdebobebs. kvota winaswar aris gansazRvruli da yvela kandidati, vinc daagrovebs xmaTa saWiro

352


raodenobas, iTvleba arCeulad. magram es sistema ucnaur xriks Seicavs: yvela amomrCeveli miuTiTebs pirvel da meore arCevans. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu pirveladi arCevanis xmebis daTvlis Semdeg kidev rCeba auTvisebeli mandatebi, zedmeti xmebi, amomrCevlis meore arCevanis gaTvaliswinebiT, gadadis darCenil kandidatebze. saarCevno sistemaTa Sedareba. proporciul warmomadgenlobiT sistemas maJoritarul warmomadgenlobiT sistemasTan SedarebiT garkveuli upiratesobebi gaaCnia. ufro naklebi xma ikargeba, SexedulebaTa ufro farTo speqtria warmodgenili da sakanonmdeblo organoSi ufro met partias SeuZlia hyavdes warmomadgeneli. es sistema mandatebi ufro samarTliani da miukerZoebelia, vinaidan Tanamdebobebi partiebs Soris nawildeba maT mier miRebuli xmebis raodenobis Sesabamisad. Tumca, proporciul warmomadgenlobas, gansakuTrebiT saarCevno siebis SemTxvevaSi, ramdenime arasasurveli movlena axasiaTebs, maT Soris partiis centralizaciis aSkara tendencia, erT sakiTxze koncentrirebuli partiebis aRmoceneba, ufro intensiuri saparlamento fraqcionalizmi, qveynis masStabiT konsensusis miRwevis garTuleba, politikuri partiebis, rogorc politikuri arCevanis ZiriTadi saSualebebis sasargeblod individualuri kandidatebis ugulebelyofa. zogierTi am movlenaTagani SeiZleba sasurvelic ki iyos. miuxedavad maJoritaruli sistemis xarvezebisa, amerikelTa umetesoba ar emxroba axali, ucnobi sistemiT mis Canacvlebas. siaxlisi SiSi amerikuli politikis mTavari mamoZravebeli Zalaa.

pirdapiri demokratia pirdapiri demokratia niSnavs, rom politikur sakiTxebs amomrCeveli TviTon wyvets. albaT amis sayovelTaod cnobili modelia qalaq niu-inglendis municipalitetis Sexvedra. konstitucia, arCeuli warmomadgenlebis uzrunvelyofiT, warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiis sasargeblod uaryofs pirdapiri demokratiis ideas. dRes bevrgan pirdapiri demokratia Tanaarsebobs warmomadgenlobiT demokratiasTan. zogierT demokratiul qveyanaSi, rogoricaa Sveicaria da avstralia, agreTve amerikis ramdenime Stati, moqalaqeebs SeuZliaT gverdi auaron kanons an Caanacvlon igi sajaro politikis specifikur sakiTxebze pirdapiri kenWisyriT. rogorc wesi, aseT kenWisyras plebisciti ewodeba. SeerTebul StatebSi arsebobs pirdapiri demokratiuli monawileobas sami forma. referendumi tardeba maSin, rodesac kanonmdebloba an konstitucia sakiTxs an sajaro politikas gansaxilvelad warudgens amomrCevlebs. zogierT SemTxvevaSi xmis micemas ufro sarekomendacio xasiaTi aqvs (eleqtoratis preferencie bis maCvenebelia); sxva SemTxvevebSi ki imisaTvis, rom kenWisyraze dayenebuli sakiTxi ZalaSi Sevides, amomrCevlis Tanxmobaa saWiro. sakanonmdeblo iniciativis SemTxvevaSi sakiTxi amomrCevels TviTon gaaqvs gansaxilvelad xelmoweraTa winaswar dadgenili raodenobis


iniciativa, referendumi da impiCmenti

impiCmenti

iniciativa da referendumi

referendumi

iniciativa

arc erTi

353

sqema 10-2. moqalaqeTa mier safuZvelCayrili iniciativa, referendumi da impiCmenti tatebis doneze wyaro: ibeWdeba Thomas E. Cronin-is wignis Direct Democracy: The Politics of Initiative, Referendum, and Recall-is gamomcemelTa nebarTviT (Cambride, Mass.: Harvard University Press). saavtoro ufleba 1989, Twentieth Century Fund, Inc. ganaxlebulia Thomas Magstadt-is mier, 2002w.

Segrovebis Semdeg. gawveva aris politikuri meqanizmi arCeuli Tanamdebobis piris gadasayeneblad. igi iniciativis msgavsia da gansaxilvelad gadis moqalaqeTa xelmowerebis winaswar gansazRvruli raodenobis Segrovebis Semdeg. [saqarTvelos referendums xelisuflebisaTvis savaldebulo xasiaTi aqvs, xolo plebiscits _ sarekomendacio _ mTargmn. Sen.].

iniciativa da referendumi arsebobs ori saxis iniciativa _ pirdapiri da iribi; referendumic ori saxis arsebobs _ saxalxo da sakanonmdeblo. ocdasamma Statma Statis masStabiT daakanona iniciativa an saxalxo referendumi 1898-1959 wlebSi; oTxma Statma ki _ 1958 wlis Semdeg.

354


• ocdaSvid Stats aqvs garkveuli saxis iniciativa an saxalxo referendumi. • ocdaoTx Stats aqvs iniciativis raRac forma. • ocdaoTx Stats aqvs saxalxo referendumi. • ormocdacxra Stats gaaCnia sakanonmdeblo referendumi. • pirveli Stati, romelmac 1778 wels Caatara sakanonmdeblo referendumi konstituciis miRebis mizniT, iyo masaCusetsi. • pirveli Stati, romelmac 1898 wels daakanona iniciativa da saxalxo referendumi, iyo samxreT dakota. • pirveli Stati, sadac 1904 wels iniciativas eyara kenWi, iyo oregoni. • pirveli Stati, romelmac 1897 wels qalaqebs misca iniciativisa da saxalxo referendumis Catarebis ufleba, iyo nebraska. • pirveli Stati, romelmac 1907 wels sakuTar konstituciaSi gaiTvaliswina iniciativa da saxalxo referendumi, iyo oklahoma. • ukanaskneli Stati, romelmac 1992 wels daakanona iniciativa, iyo misisipi.

wyaro: adaptirebulia Initiative and Referendum Institute, http://www.iandrinstitute.org/factsheets/quickfacts.htm, accessed May 15, 2002.

mravali demokratia politikur sakiTxTa pirdapiri xmis micemiT gadawyvetis cnobil magaliTebs gviCvenebs. 1962 wels safrangeTis prezidentma, Sarl de golma prezidentis pirdapiri arCevnebis Casatareblad referendumis gziT Sesworeba Seitana konstituciaSi. 1973 wels didma britaneTma, pirvelad mis istoriaSi, Caatara referendumi imis gansasazRvrad, gawevrianebuliyo Tu ara saerTo bazarSi (evropis ekonomikuri Tanamegobrobis araoficialuri saxelwodeba). (xmaTa mcire upiratesobiT sazogadoebam mxari gawevrianebas dauWira). SeerTebul StatebSi pirdapiri demokratiis Tanamedrove periodi saTaves iRebs 1978 wlis kaliforniis cnobili Proposition 13-dan (sakanonmdeblo cvlileba), romelmac ara marto minimum gaanaxevra gadasaxadi kerZo sakuTrebaze, aramed safuZveli Cauyara sxvadasxva inicitivisa da referendumis saqveyno Catarebas. pirdapiri demokratiis mravali RonisZieba sakamaToa. magaliTad, 1996 wels miRebulma kaliforniis samoqalaqo uflebaTa iniciativam kaliforniis konstituciis Secvlis gziT SezRuda pozitiuri diskriminaciis programebi da akrZala upiratesi damokidebuleba `sajaro samsaxurSi, sazogadoebriv ganaTlebaSi an saxelmwifo kontraqtebis dadebisas rasobrivi, sqesobrivi, kanis feris, eTnikuri kuTvnilebis an erovnuli warmomavlobis safuZvelze. iniciativis damcvelebisa da mowinaaRmdegeebis brZola gagrZelda misi miRebis Semdegac, rodesac mowinaaRmdegeebma sasamarTloebSi iniciativis arakonstituciurobis damtkicebis gziT misi ganxorcielebis gadadebas miaRwies. sasamarTlos Careva am SemTxvevaSi asaxavs saerTo tendencia: sasamarTloebi konstituciur problemebs pouloben


355

pirdapiri demokratiis gziT gatarebul bevr RonisZiebaSi da aferxeben pirdapiri demokratiis realizacias. sakiTxis amgvari ganxilva mniSvnelovania, radgan pirdapiri demokratiis farglebSi ganxorcielebuli sxvadasxva qmedeba mudam demokratiis gamaZlierebel saSualebad aRiqmeboda. amgvar RonisZiebebSi igulisxmeboda mTavrobis mgrZnobiarobisa da pasuxismgeblobis gazrda, amomrCevlis monawileobis gaaqtiureba da arCeul korumpirebul, Seusabamo an upasuxismgeblo warmomadgenlebze adeqvaturi reagireba.9 pirdapiri demokratiis oponentebi amtkiceben, rom fulma da sxvagvarma dainteresebam SeiZleba Seusabamod didi roli iTamaSos amgvar specialur kenWisyraSi, vidre Cveulebriv sakanonmdeblo procesSi. isini imasac amboben, rom iniciativebi da referendumebi xSirad teqnikurad imdenad rTulia, rom saSualo amomrCeveli verc erkveva gansaxilveli sakiTxebis arsSi. Tumc,a am azrs ar iziarebs am procesis erT-erTi cnobili mkvlevari, romelic amtkicebs: `Statebis gamocdileba aCvenebs, rom amomrCevlebs, rogorc wesi, kargad esmiT im sakiTxis arsi, romelsac isini xmas aZleven da Sesabamisad kompetenturad moqmedeben, gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu es sakiTxi farTod iyo gaSuqebuli.~10 amgvarad, pirdapiri demokratiis mier gatarebuli RonisZiebebis negatiuri Sefasebebi gadametebulia. ra Tqma unda, oponentebis mxridan imis mtkiceba, rom fuli savaraudod daamaxinjebs plebiscitis Sedegebs, saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi TvalTmaqcobaa _ dRes fuli aris ZiriTadi (SesaZlebelia, umniSvnelovanesic) faqtori faqtobrivad yvela mniSvnelobis amerikul arCevnebSi. niSnavs es imas, rom iniciativebisa da referendumebis gavrceleba absoluturi sikeTea? ara, es ar aris aucilebeli. Zalian gadaWarbebulma demokratiam SeiZleba problema Seqmnas. problemis gadaWra moicavs mis sworad dabalansebas. aseTi zomebi lokalur doneze TviTmmarTvelobas aZlierebs. magram Tu es zomebi mravalricxvovania da sakiTxebic rTulia, specifikuri interesebi izrdeba da kompetenturi amomrCevelis arsebobis albaToba klebulobs. dRes am mizezTa gamo pirdapiri demokratia aRiqmeba, rogorc warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiis damateba da ara misi Semcvleli.

monawileobis Sefaseba: ratom mivceT xma? pirdapiri demokratiis Sesaxeb msjelobisas varaudi efuZneba imas, rom moqalaqeTa monawileoba bunebrivia _ maT undaT monawileoba miiRon demokratiul mmarTvelobaSi, magram zogjer isini procesSi ar daiSvebian. amgvari Sexeduleba sakmaod damajerebelia. ubralo mamakacebi da qalebi mTel msoflioSi ibrZodnen arCevnebSi monawileobis uflebisaTvis, vinaidan isini didad afaseben Tavisufal arCevnebs da xmis micemis uflebas. is uflebebi, romelTa mopovebac adreuli TaobebisaTvis Zalian rTuli iyo, amJamad TavisTavad, cxad mocemulobad iTvleba. es gansakuTrebiT naTlad Cans SeerTebuli Statebis magaliTze. Cndeba kiTva: ratom?

xmis micema amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi

356


xmis micemis asakis mosaxleobis procentuli raodenoba

SeerTebul StatebSi arCevnebSi monawileobis gasagebad yvelaze mniSvnelovani faqtia is, rom arCevnebSi monawileTa procentuli maCvenebeli dabalia da droTa ganmavlobaSi sul ufro klebulobs. 1960 wels kenediniqsonis arCevnebSi zrdasruli mosaxleobis TiTqmis 63 procentma miiRo monawileoba. 1996 wels raodenoba Semcirda 49 procentamde da odnav maRali iyo 2000 wels (50.4 procenti). 2000 wlis arCevnebi respublikelma jorj buSma amomrCevelTa kolegiaSi (romelic irCeva SeerTebul StatebSi prezidentisa da vice-prezidentis asarCevad) Zalian mcire upiratesobiT moigo mas Semdeg, rac qveynis masStabiT faqtobrivad damarcxda. odnav met adamians rom mieRo monawileoba arCevnebSi floridis (zrdasruli mosaxleobis mxolod naxevarze naklebi mivida arCevnebze) an ramdenime sxva StatSi, arCevnebs namdvilad demokrati al gori moigebda.

Sualedur arCevnebze amomrCevelTa maCvenebeli kvlav dabalia. is mkveTrad daeca mas Semdeg, rac 1971 wels xmis micemis asakma 18 wlamde daiwia da kvlav daRmavlobis tendenciiT xasiaTdeboda, Tu ar CavTvliT odnav matebas recesiis periodSi 1982 wels da mniSvnelovan matebas 1994 wels. misisipis Statis qalaq tenesisa da luizianaSi (sadac mxolod amomrCevelTa erTi olqi dafiqsirda noemberSi) amomrCevelTa maCvenebelma 20%-sac ki ver miaRwia. mxolod oTx StatSi miiRo monawileoba xmis micemis uflebis mqone mosaxleobis umravlesobam warmomadgenelTa palatis arCevnebSi: meni (55.6 procenti), minesota (54.8 procenti), montana (54.6 procenti) da alaska (52.5 procenti).

sqema 10-3. SeerTebul StatebSi Sualedur arCevnebSi amomrCevelTa raodenoba, 1962-94w. eyrdnoba warmomadgenelTa palatis arCevnebis monacemebs (xmis micemis asakis mosaxleobis procentuli raodenoba) wyaro: adaptirebulia Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, 23 Tebervali, 1991w., 484.

arCevnebSi monawileobis sxva sazomi aris Sualeduri arCevnebi (rodesac ar tardeba saprezidento arCevnebi). 1962 wels Sualedur arCevnebSi monawileoba miiRo amomrCevelTa 46,3 procentma, 1994 wels es ricxvi 38.7-mde Sem-


357

cirda (ix. sqema 10-3); 1998 wels mxolod 36 procenti (mesamedze odnav meti) mivida gamokiTxvaze. arCevnebSi monawileTa raodenobas meore msoflio omis Semdeg 45 procentisTvis ar gadauWarbebia. sxva demokratiebTan SedarebiT (magaliTad italiaSi, belgiaSi, SvedeTSi, saberZneTSi, holandiaSi, avstraliaSi, daniasa da norvegiaSi saSualod eleqtoratis 80 procenti iRebs monawileobas saprezidento an mis ekvivalentur arCevnebSi), amomrCevelTa aqtiuroba SeerTebul StatebSi samarcxvinod dabalia.11 amomrCevlis dabali aqtiuroba aris gamocana (da sircxvili), vinaidan igi im cvlilebaTa safuZvelze warmoiSva, romlebsac sruliad sxva efeqti unda hqonda. rogorc orma eqspertma aRniSna, amomrCevlis aqtiurobis klebis periodSi moxda bevri iseTi ram, rasac Teoriulad amomrCevlis monawileobis mateba unda gamoewvia. pirvel rigSi iyo grZelvadiani cvlilebebi kanonmdeblobaSi: wesebi, dadgenilebebi, romlebic arTulebda kenWisyraSi amomrCevlis daSvebas, rogoric iyo saarCevno gadasaxadis daweseba, ganaTlebis cenzisa da qveyanaSi xangrZlivi binadrobis moTxovnebi, TiTqmis srulad gauqmda. xmis micemis minimalurma asakma 18 wlamde daiwia. Sedegad qveyanam Seqmna (struqturulad da iuridiulad) eleqtoratis didi masis arsebobis potenciali, romelSic mcire gamonaklisis garda, faqtobrivad yvela zrdasruli adamiani Sevidoda.12 ufro metic, 1993 wels e.w. `mZRoli-amomrCevelis kanoni~ miRebiT axal amomrCevels SeuZlia daregistrirdes marTvis mowmobis aRebis an ganaxlebis dros. dabolos, dabali saarCevno maCvenebeli asve moulodnelia iqidan gamomdinare, rom `farTomasStabianma cvlilebebma mosaxleobaSi aamaRla ganaTlebis, Semosavlisa da dasaqmebis done, rac dakavSirebulia arCevnebSi aqtiurobis maRal maCvelebelTan~.13 sinamdvileSi, albaT, upriania kiTxva ara `vin aZlevs xmas?~ aramed `vin ar aZlevs xmas?~

monawileobis modelebi aqsiomaa, rom politikaSi amerikis moqalaqeTa mxolod umciresoba iRebs aqtiur monawileobas. erT-erTma pirvelma kvlevam, romelic Caatares julian vudvordma da elmo ruperma 1950 wels, aCvena, rom zrdasruli mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 70 procenti politikurad pasiuri iyo.14 mogvianebiT Catarebulma kvlevebma cxadyo, rom amerikis mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 26 procenti SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT aqtivistebs. mosaxleobis danarCeni nawilis monawileoba Semoifargleba mxolod xmis micemiT an saerTod politikisaTvis Tavis aridebiT.15 aqtiuri monawileebis dadgena iolad aris SesaZlebeli: ufro metad aqtiurebi arian Suaxnis moqalaqeebi, vidre axalgazrdebi an xanSi Sesulebi; ufro metad ofisSi momuSaveni, vidre warmoebaSi dakavebulni; ufro metad daqorwinebulni, vidre martoxelebi; ufro metad TeTrkanianebi, vidre Savkanianebi da ufro metad Savkanianebi, vidre laTinoamerikelebi. maT, vinc monawileobas iRebs politikaSi (xmis micemis gziT mainc), rogorc wesi, gavlenis moxdenis ufro didi rwmena aqvT. ar aris gasakviri, rom politikuri qmedunarianobis amgvari SegrZneba xSirad asaxavs bunebriv SesaZleblobaTa, individualuri mdgomareobisa da socialur garemoebaTa

358


nazavs. Tumca ZalaSi rCeba kiTxva: ratom aris, rom amdeni amerikeli xmasac ki ar aZlevs da miuxedavad perioduli zrdisa, ukanasknel sam aTwleulSi maCvenebeli klebulobs? zogierTi mkvlevari eyrdnoba 1971 wels saarCevno asakis Tvramet wlamde dawevas da miuTiTebs, rom Tvrametidan ocdaerT wlamde moqalaqeTa arCevnebSi monawileobis maCvenebeli SedarebiT dabalia. moqalaqeTa gazrdili mobiluroba, damokidebulebis faqtorebi, gansakuTrebiT ki partiasTan identifikaciis kleba da mzardi SegrZneba imisa, rom individualuri qmedebebi araefeqtiania, politika ki mosawyeni an xelovnuri gaxda, sruli pasuxis mxolod nawilebia. arsebobs Zalian bevri mtkicebuleba mosaxleobis generalur erTobliobaSi samoqalaqo valdebulebebis Semcirebisa. dabolos, xangrZlivi politikuri kampaniebi (gansakuTrebiT saprezidento arCevnebis dros) da ugemovno satelevizio reklamebis arnaxuli Semoteva aRizianebs Zalian bevr amomrCevels.

individualizmi da sazogadoebrivi monawileoba am faqtorebma SeiZleba naTeli mofinos amomrCevlis monawileobis saerTo klebas. magram ras SeiZleba mivaweroT amomrCevlis aqtiurobis mudmivad dabali done? zogierTi sociologi Tvlis, rom SeerTebul StatebSi politikuri monawileobis SedarebiT dabali done farTod gavrcelebuli gaucxoebis damamtkicebelia, raSic amerikelebis mxridan mTavrobis undoblobas gulisxmoben. magram amerikelebis umetesoba sakuTar Tavs ar Tvlis gaucxoebulad an ukmayofilod miuxedavad imisa, rom ukanaskneli ormoci wlis ganmavlobaSi isini gacilebiT ufro cinikurebi gaxdnen (ix. sqema 10-4). mTavrobisi undobloba mxolod nawilobriv xsnis amomrCevlis monawileobis klebas. ufro srulyofili axsna sxvagan unda veZioT. didi xnis win frangma mweralma aleqsis de tokvilma (1805-1859) dakvirvebis Sedegad daadgina, rom Tu Tanasworobis rwmena farTodaa gavrcelebuli, individebi sakuTar TavSi moralurad darwmunebulni xdebian. aseT SemTxvevebSi socialur orientirTa sxva wyaroebs _ religias, ojaxs, monarqias, tradiciasa Tu mTavrobas _ iseTi wona ara aqvs, rogoric bevr tradiciul sazogadoebaSi. tokvili am socialur Taviseburebas, romelsac individualizms uwodebda, ganixilavda, rogorc egoizmis moralur ekvivalents. is wer-

da, rom individualizmi momwifebulobisa da simSvidis gancdaa, romelic Temis TiToeul wevrs axlobeli adamianebisagan gasamijnad ganawyobs; CamoaSorebs ojaxs da megobrebs imisaTvis, rom sakuTari patara wris formirebis Semdeg man xalisiT datovos sazogadoeba, romelsac Tavdapirvelad miekuTvneboda.16

tokvilis azriT, amerikelebi imdenad egocentristebi (da zogadad egoistebi) arian, rom sajaro sikeTeze zrunva gaqrobis safrTxis winaSe


359

dadga. am sazogadoebaSi, warmateba ganisazRvreba, rogorc `mezoblebs Soris materialur keTildReobaSi Sejibri, rac amerikelebs pirad ambiciebze gamodevnebisaken ubiZgebs~. aqedan gamomdinare is askvnida, rom àmerikaSi fizikuri keTildReobisi swrafva... yvelaferSi igrZnoba~ da rom `kargi nivTebis SeZenis survili amerikeli xalxis umTavresi vnebaa~.17 èndobiT Tu ara vaSingtonis xelisuflebis qmedebis marTebulobas?~

sqema 10-4. amerikuli cinizmis zrda wyaro: Thomas D. Gallagher-is Wall Street Weighs the Election. © 1Lehman Brothers. ibeWdeba Americans Talk Issues Foundation-is nebarTviT.

tokvilis azriT, individualizmis damRupvel efeqts garkveulwilad ewinaaRmdegeboda is, rom amerikelebi gawevrianebuli iyvnen Zalian mravalricxovan da mravalferovan samoqalaqo asociaciebSi. es asociaciebi afarToebdnen saSualo amerikelis Tvalsawiers da amavdroulad sazogadoebrivi TanamSromlobis waxalisebiT, sxvaTa azris pativiscemis swavlebiT da kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli procedurebisa da umravlesobis ZalauflebisaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis miniWebiT, aZlierebdnen demokratiis safuZvels. dRes zogierT eqsperts swams, rom yvela saxis jgufSi monawileoba da jgufuri aqtivoba SeerTebul StatebSi klebulobs. 1980-dan 1993 wlamde boulingis moTamaSeTa ricxvi 10 procentiT gaizarda maSin, rodesac amave periodSi boulingis ligis wevrTa 40 procentiT Semcirda. es daskvna mocemulia robert patnemis cnobil naSromSi, romlis mixedviTac boulingi amerikuli cxovrebaSi cvlilebebissimbolod iqca.18 amomrCevlis Semcirebuli aqtivoba am fenomenis politikuri analogiaa. patnemma agreTve miuTiTa, rom religiur ritualebSi da jgufebSi, profkavSirebSi, maswavleblebisa da mSoblebis asociaciaSi, tradiciul qalTa jgufebSi, rogoric aris amomrCevel qalTa liga da sazogadoebriv klubebSi, vTqvaT, masonebSi, ukanaskneli ocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi monawileoba Semcirda. asevea mox-

360


aliseTa servis-organizaciebSi, magaliTad, boi skautebSi. dRes amerikelebi mezoblebTanac nakleb dros atareben, vidre ocdaaTi wlis win. Sedegebi SemaSfoTebelia: Temis SegrZnebis Sesusteba da sxvebze zrunvis Semcireba _ rac samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ori umniSvnelovanesi komponentia.

politikuri apaTia: amerikuli daavadeba? rogorc vnaxeT, SeerTebuli Statebi politikuri ukmayofilebisgan Tavisufali ar aris. politikosebis misamarTiT amerikelebi sul ufro mzard ukmayofilebas gamoTqvamen. magram amomrCevlis apaTia ZiriTadad gamomdinareobs ara rwmenidan, rom arCeul Tanamdebobis pirTa umetesi nawili korumpirebulia an politikuri sistema daingra da aRdgenas aRar eqvemdebareba; politikis mimarT amerikelebis gulgrilobis mizezi ufro metad aris is, rom maT ar emuqrebaT safrTxe, zewola, ar ixdian uzarmazar gadasaxadebs, ar ganicdian sxvagvar Seviwroebas mTavrobis mxridan (rodesac ase xdeba, amomrCevlis aqtiuroba matulobs). Tu am kuTxiT SevxedavT, politikuri apaTia erTgvari fufunebaa. mxolod mdidar da kmayofil sazogadoebaSi Tvlis xalxi xmis micemis uflebas bunebrivad, an epyroba mas, rogorc trivialur nivTs. metic, zogadi dakvirveba, rom farTod gavrcelebuli politikuri apaTia politikis gadagvarebis niSania, SeiZleba mcdaric iyos. piriqiT, amerikuli demokratia funqcionirebda, rogorc stabiluri politikuri sistema da harmoniulad Tanaarsebobda mudmivad mzard ekonomikasTan, miuxedavad politikuri monawileobis Zalian dabali donisa. rodesac Cveulebriv SemTxvevebSi apaTiuri adamianebi ucabedad politikiT gansakuTrebiT interesdebian, rogorc wesi, es imis maCvenebelia, rom qveyanaSi yvelaferi kargad ar aris. magaliTad, samoqalaqo omamde cota xniT adre politikuri apaTia TiTqmis gaqra monobasa da Statebis uflebebze davis gamo, Tumca qveyana daSlis piras iyo. rodesac azrebi ise mkveTrad aris gayofili, rom kompromisis miRweva SeuZlebeli Cans da sakiTxi iseTi mniSvnelovania, rom moqalaqeTa did wres exeba, monawileoba da arastabiluroba erTdroulad izrdeba. Tumca, Secdoma iqneboda dagveskvna, rom radgan amerikul demokratias SeuZlia funqcionireba miuxedavad apaTiisa, xolo arastabiluroba xSirad asocirdeba mzard monawileobasTan, amitom apaTia kargia da monawileoba cudi. erTi mxriv, apaTia, romelic aRmocendeba gaucxoebis Rrma grZnobidan, seriozuli dafiqrebis safuZvelia; meore mxriv, monawileobis maRali xarisxi, romelic sazogadoebrivi sikeTis WeSmarit erTgulebas efuZneba, saukeTeso saSualebaa zedmetad maRali xarisxis individualizmis sawinaaRmdegod. dabolos, unda iTqvas, rom miuxedavad imisa, rom monawileobis maRali xarisxi demokratiisaTvis ar aris savaldebulo, warmomadgenlobiTi xelisuflebis efeqtiani muSaobisaTvis amomrCevelTa minimaluri daintereseba mainc aucilebelia.


361

monawileobis Sefaseba: ra ician amomrCevlebma? mravalma zrdasrulma amerikelma ar icis mTavrobis liderTa saxelebi, ar icnobs saarCevno sakiTxebs da ar esmis politika. saxelmwifo samsaxurSi umaq-nis kandidatebs irCeven; damnaSaveebi, romlebic garTobis mizniT kenWs iyrian ama Tu im saxelmwifo Tanamdebobaze, iReben aTasobiT xmas. politikurma konsultantebma miuTiTes, rom bevr saarCevno maraTonSi (gansakuTrebiT qalaqebsa da soflebSi, sadac grZeli saarCevno biuletenia), asobiT an aTasobiT xma SeiZleba miiRos iman, vinc saarCevno siaSi ubralod pirvelia. ukanasknelma kvlevebma cxadyo, rom aTidan oTxma amerikelma ver SeZlo sworad daesaxelebina vice-prezidenti, xolo orma mesamedma ver SeZlo daesaxelebina pirovneba, vinc warmoadgens maT saarCevno ubans warmomadgenelTa palataSi. amerikelebma amaze ukeT verc maTi mTavrobis funqcionirebis elementaruli faqtebis gansazRvra SeZles. TiTqmis naxevarma ar icoda, rom kanonis konstituciurobis dasadgenad saboloo instancia uzenaesi sasamarTloa, xolo oTxidan samma ar icoda, rom senatorebs irCeven eqvsi wlis vadiT.19 rodesac aseT ucodinrobasTan gvaqvs saqme, rogor SeiZleba amerikelebma miiRon gaazrebuli an gonivruli gadawyvetileba? saqmis amgvari viTareba problemuri iqneboda, jansaRi demokratia mxolod informirebuli da Wkviani moqalaqeebis arsebobac rom moiTxovdes. magram mdgomareoba arc ise mZimea, rogorc amas zogierTi mkvlevari warmoaCens. pirvel rigSi iq, sadac xmis micemis asakis mqone mosaxleobis umciresoba monawileobs arCevnebSi, es umciresoba, rogorc wesi, ukeT aris informirebuli, vidre is, vinc ar monawileobs. meorec, vinaidan moqalaqeebi Zalian cudad informirebuli arian, amerikelebma politikaze imdenive ician, ramdenic 1940-ian wlebSi (da qveyanam es monakveTi sakmaod kargad gamoiara).20 mesame _ is, rom amerikelebma ar ician bevri, SesaZloa bunebrivic iyos. amerikis mTavrobis gavleniani eqspertis, jeims vilsonis azriT problema aris ara is, `rom amerikeli xalxi aris uvici, arastabiluri an mimndobi, aramed is, rom amerikelebs ar miaCniaT saWirod politikaze fiqrSi im drois xarjva, romelsac isini atareben samsaxurSi, ojaxSi da megobrebTan.~21 meoTxec, bevri amerikuli arCevnebi rTulia da moicavs mraval gaurkvevel saxelwifo da adgilobriv kandidats da sakiTxs (da amiT gansxvavdeba evropuli qveynebis arCevnebisagan, sadac moqalaqeebi mxolod partiebs aZleven xmas). mexuTec, bevr kandidats ar gaaCnia naTeli politikuri pozicia, xolo visac gaaCnia, ganzrax abundovnebs mas. dabolos, Tumca es gamokiTxvebi da kvlevebi aaSkaravebs farTod gavrcelebul politikur umecrebas, agreTve gviCvenebs, rom amerikelebma raRac ma-inc ician mTavrobisa da politikis Sesaxeb. magaliTad, am nawilis SesavalSi ganxiluli kvlevisas aRmoCnda, rom respodentTa umetesobam icoda prezidentis arCevis vadis SezRudulobis Sesaxeb da rom uotergeitis skandalis dros prezidenti iyo riCard niqsoni. aTidan TiTqmis cxram icoda, rom prezidenti klintoni demokratiuli partiis wevri iyo da aTidan rvam icoda, rom kongresma miiRo kanoni, romlis mixedviT kerZo struqturebs daevalaT TanamSromelTa SvebulebiT uzrunvelyofa bavSvis gaCenis an

362


ojaxuri aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi. realurad safuZveli gvaqvs vivaraudoT, rom amomrCevels SeuZlia kandidatebsa da sakiTxebze saRad msjeloba maSinac ki, Tu isini naklbad informirebulni arian.22

mkvlelma 33.000 xma miiRo

zogierTma amomrCevelma ar icis an ar anaRvlebs, vis aZlevs xmas. magaliTisTvis moviyvanoT leonard riCardsi, romelmac 1990 wels minesotas winaswar arCevnebze 33 004 xma miiRo da mesame adgilze gavida. gamarjvebulma, maikl makgratma miiRo 148 617 xma. riCardss ar uwarmoebia saarCevno kampania, vinaidan henpinis cixeSi imyofeboda da mis mier Cadenil mkvlelobaze saqmis ganmeorebiT ganxilvas elodeboda. 1987 wlidan riCardsi sasjels ixdida sagadasaxado agentis sasikvdilod daWrisaTvis. saqmis ganmeorebiT ganxilvis ufleba mas misca minesotas uzenaesma sasamarTlom, radgan pirvel SemTxvevaSi mas ar mieca ufleba piradad yofiliyo sakuTari Tavis advokati. saqmis xelmeored ganxilvam riCards saSualeba misca wamoeyenebina Tavisi kandidatura arCevnebSi da amiT teqnikurad SeeCerebina procesis warmoeba. kampaniis dros riCardsis suraTebi daibeWda gazeTSi. mis misamarTad miTiTebuli iyo cixe, sadac sasjels ixdida. arCevnebis Sedegebze reaqcia sxvadasxvagvari iyo. `SeuZlebelia amomrCevelma Zalian bevri icodes yvela kandidatis Sesaxeb~, _ SeniSna saxelmwifo mdivanma joan gruvma. ùnda gaxsovdeT, rom winaswari arCevnebi aris mxolod erTi safexuri. amitomac gvaqvs amdeni safexuri da imedia, aseTi ram aRar ganmeordeba. es ar aris srulyofili sistema, magram igi gasagebia. es aris realuri, Ria demokratiis buneba~. winaswari arCevnebis gamarjvebulma, makgratma Tqva: `me ar maqvs aranairi axsna imisa, ratom unda mieca misTvis vinmes xma~ da daamata: `me masze mxolod kargi vTqvi.~ arCevnebis Semdeg riCardsi isev gaasamarTles da sagadasaxado agentis mkvlelobis gamo samudamo patimroba miusajes. 1994 wlis maisSi mas sakuTari naxevari dis mkvlelobis bralic daemata.

wyaro: adaptirebulia Kevin Diaz, ‘Blind Ballots? 33,004 Voted for Candidate Who’s in Jail’, Star Tribune, September 13, 1990, 1A, 17A; da Margaret Zack, ‘Richards Convicted of Killing Half Sister: Case has been Long and Costly, ‘Star Tribune, May 13, 1994, 1B, 4B.

politologi samuel popkinsi kargad xsnis, Tu informaciis uqonlobis dros rogor axerxeben amomrCevlebi xmis micemas gaazrebulad. is amtkicebs, rom amomrCevlebi iyeneben mwiri informaciis racionalobas, aerTianeben ra `codnasa da informacias warsuli gamocdilebidan, yoveldRiuri cxovrebidan, mediidan da politikuri kampaniebidan~.23 amomrCevelma SeiZleba ar icodes, romeli partia warmoadgens kongresSi umravle-


363

sobas da vin aris maTi senatori, magram maT ician ekonomikis, maTi Svilebis skolebis, sapensio gegmebis, abortis Taobaze Sexedulebebisa da a.S. Sesaxeb. moqalaqeebi politikuri mjelobisas `Semoklebebsa~ da `gamartivebul varaudebs~ iyeneben, magaliTad kandidatebze msjelobisas an partiis identificirebisa. popkinsiseuli naklebi informaciis mqone amomrCeveli arc idealuri moqalaqea, vinc sruli informaciis safuZvelze Wkvianurad aZlevs xmas da arc sruliad suleli. albaT samarTliania imis Tqma, rom bevri moqalaqe xmis micemas, uxeSad rom vTqvaT, imdenive dros da energias andomebs, ramdensac manqanis yidvas. aSkarad arakeTilgonivrulma arCevanma da manqanis sulelurma SeZenam SeiZleba Sedegebi gamoiRos, magram es ufro metad gamonaklisia, vidre wesi. Tumca gadamwyveti gansxvaveba manqanis myidvelebsa da amomrCevlebs Soris aris is, rom amomrCevlebs, rodesac midian saarCevno ubanze, gacilebiT mcire arCevani aqvT, vidre manqanis myidvelebs _ es aris problema da misi mogvareba mxolod arCeul warmomadgenlebs SeuZliaT, romlebic, samwuxarod, misi armogvarebis kanonieri ufleba aqvT. dabolos, unda avxsnaT, ratom irCevs amomrCeveli kongresSi xelaxla Zvel warmomadgenels maSin, rodesac kongress, rogorc instituts, ar endoba. xSirad es SeiZleba iyos amomrCevlis mcdeloba, ganamtkicos sakuTari ekonomikuri da politikuri interesi am interesis damcveli yvelaze Sesaferisi warmomadgenlis arCeviT, gansakuTrebiT sxva Statebidan wamosuli konkurenciis fonze. miuxedavad imisa, rom Tanamdebobis pirTa arCevisi amgvari midgoma mTlad kargad gasagebi ar aris, is racionaluria adgilobriv doneze. demokratiisaTvis dilemas ki qmnis is faqti, rom amgvari `komfortuli xmis micema~ mTlianobaSi aucileblad racionaluri ar aris saxelmwifo doneze _ umniSvnelovanesi gadawyvetilebebis, kanonebisa da politikis doneze.

monawileobis Sefaseba: mbrunavi kari zogierTi gavleniani politikuri Teoretikosi amtkicebs, rom `mmarTveli elita~ politikur process Tavidan bolomde akontrolebs. am Teoriis yvelaze popularuli versiis mixedviT, rigiT moqalaqeebs arCevnebisa da sazogadoebrivi azris kvlevebis Sedegebis miuxedavad, didi gavlenis moxdena arasodes SeuZliaT. politikuri sistemiT manipulireba zemodan ufro xdeba, vidre qvemodan. manipulatori ki aris Zalauflebis mqone elita, individebis mcire jgufi, romelsac aqvs ra eris bedze zemoqmedebis uzarmazari Zalaufleba, Sedis da gadis `mbrunav karSi~ industriis mmarTvelebsa da xelisuflebis daxvewil eSelonebs Soris. am mudmivi politikuri klasis statusi, simdidre da Zalaufleba uzrulvelyofs, rom mTavrobis yvela doneze xelmisawvdomoba mxolod ramdenime individis mier iyos monopolizebuli. mmarTveli elita xelisuflebas iyenebs piradi da ara sazogado interesebisTvis.

364


elitisturi Teoriebi: rkinis kanonebi da demokratiis ironia am Teoriebis mixedviT demokratias amomrCevlebi an sazogadoebrivi azri da sxvadasxva konkurentuli interesebi ki ar marTavs, aramed mdidar individTa mcire jgufi. am Teoriam mniSvneloba da gavlena 1950-ian wlebSi moipova mas Semdeg, rac misiT sociologi rait milsi dainteresda.24 milsma Seiswavla SeerTebuli Statebis mmarTveli fena, romelic saTuTad inaxavs politikuri Tanasworobis princips. `mmarTveli elitisaTvis~ sayovelTao yuradRebis mipyrobiT sadavo gaxada `xalxis mmarTvelobis~ idea da gaCnda seriozuli kiTxva _ arsebobs (an odesme arsebobda) Tu ara igi amerikaSi. robert mixelsma aseve Seqmna elitizmis Teoria, magram misi mosazreba exeboda yvela Tanamedrove biurokratul organizacias. misi daskvnebi eyrdnoboda germaniis social-demokratiuli partiis analizs, romelic pirveli msoflio omis gaCaRebamde yvelaze didi socialisturi partia iyo msoflioSi. mixelsi Tvlida, rom vinaidan partia mxars uWerda simdidrisa da statusis Tanasworobas, is demokratiuli principebis erTguli unda yofiliyo. amis magivrad man aRmoaCina, rom partias marTavdnen elituri jgufebi, romlebic Zalauflebas da xelisuflebas iRebdnen kargad ganviTarebuli organizaciuli unar-CvevebiT.

SeZenili imunodeficitis sindromis koaliciam niu-iorkis safondo birJis win moawyo saprotesto aqcia, romlis drosac simbolurad ganasaxieres sikvdili. sabolood, mwarmoebelma Burroughs Wellcome-ma Seamcira wamlis Rirebuleba da xelmisawvdomi gaxada is imunodeficitis virusisa da SeZenili imunodeficitis sindromis mqone adamianebisaTvis.

am aRmoCenam mixelsi miiyvana oligarqiis rkinis kanonis cnobil postulatamde, romlis mixedviT yvela msxvili organizacia, maT Soris mTav-


365

roba, imarTeba erTnairad. mas sjeroda, rom rodesac demokratiuli organizaciebi iwyeben saqmianobas, droTa ganmavlobaSi isini aucileblad ufro oligarqiuli, biurokratuli da centralizebuli xdebian, vinaidan saTaveSi myofni iReben met informacias, codnas, komunikaciebze kontrolis SesaZleblobasa da daxvewil organizaciul unar-Cvevebs. xolo masa (an moqalaqeebi) rCeba apolitikuri, misi wevrebi dakavebuli arian piradi saqmeebiT da abnevT mravalricxvovani sakiTxebis sirTule. am Sexedulebis mixedviT, xalxi, vis sasargeblodac Seiqmna demokratiuli institutebi, gardauvlad gamoidevneba politikuri da organizaciuli procesebidan, iseve rogorc korporaciul organizaciebSi mosamsaxureebi da biurokratebi marTaven rigiTi aqcioneris anu xalxis saxeliT. elitistur TeoriebSi demokratia aRqmulia, rogorc mistifikacia an miTi: ara aqvs mniSvneloba, ras fiqrobs, ambobs an akeTebs xalxi, vinaidan mas ar gaaCnia realuri gavlena sazogadoebriv politikaze. Tu xalxis umetesobas sjera, rom sazogadoebrivi azri mniSvnelovania, mxolod imitom, rom isini gulubryviloebi arian da ver xvdebian, rogor muSaobs `sistema~. umetesobas sjera, rom `demokratia ramdenimesTvis~ mmarTvelobis arss ewinaaRmdegeba, magram mxolod ramdenime Teoretikosi amtkicebs, rom amerikuli politikuri sistema marTulia ramdenime privilegirebulis mier da yvelani mniSvnelovnad varT maTze damokidebuli, vinaidan xalxi, rogorc erTi mTliani, ver marTavs sakuTar Tavs. am Sexedulebis mixedviT, `masebi arian avtoritarulebi, aratolerantulebi, arainteleqtualurebi, atavistebi, gaucxoebu-lebi, zizRiT aRsavseni da moZaladeebi~.25 am kuTxiT `demokratiis ironia~ naTelia: xalxisaTvis realuri Zalauflebis micema _ marTvis ufleba, gamoiwvevs mxolod antidemokratiuli survilebis da politikis ganxorcielebas.

pluralistebi da elitistebi elitisturi azrovnebis skolis mTavari mowinaaRmdegeebi arian pluralistebi. pluralistebic da elitistebic eTanxmebian mosazrebas, rom yvela sazogadoebaSi arsebobs Zalauflebis gradacia da gansazRvruli jgufebi an individebi ama Tu im politikur sakiTxze araproporciul gavlenas axdenen. isini ver Tanxmdebian politikuri sistemis arsze. pluralistebis azriT, amerikuli politikuri sistema rTuli da decentralizebulia. isini aRiareben, rom interesTa sxvadasxva organizebuli jgufebi mTeli Tavisi energiis, resursebis da yuradRebis koncentrirebas axdenen erT sakiTxze (an sakiTxTa erT sferoze) da araproporciul gavlenas axdenen politikis am specifikur sferoze. isini agreTve aRniSnaven, rom drodadro uqoneli an arapopularuli jgufebi SeiZleba araadekvaturad iyos warmodgenili. magram arc erT individs an jgufs ar SeuZlia sazogadoebrivi politikis mTel speqtrze moaxdinos totaluri gavlena. politikuri sistema zedmetad mravalferovani, Tavisuflad moZravi da instituciurad danawevrebulia imisaTvis, rom Zalis aseTi akumulireba dauSvas. erTi cnobili pluralistis azriT:

366


SeerTebul StatebSi sazogadoebrivi cvlilebis damabrkolebeli mniSvnelovani garemoebaa ara Zalauflebis koncentracia, aramed misi gabneva... Zalaufleba sakmarisad koncentrirebuli rom yofiliyo, cvlilebis msurvels mxolod am Zalauflebis mqonesTan mouwevda molaparakeba da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi masze zewolasac moaxdenda. magram Zalaufleba imdenad gabneulia, rom bevr instanciaSi aravin aris, visTanac SeiZleba molaparakeba an viszec ganxorcieldeboda zewola.26

ra Tqma unda, is faqti, rom milionobiT amerikelisTvis arsebobs saxelmwifo dawesebulebaTa mxolod mcire raodenoba, niSnavs imas, rom pirdapiri politikuri monawileoba SezRudulia. magram vinaidan Zalaufleba ase gabneulia da politikuri zewolis ganxorcielebis mravali saSualeba arsebobs, plura-listebis mtkicebiT, sazogadoebrivi interesi _ romelic ganimarteba, rogorc kerZo interesebis erToblioba _ sxva sistemebTan SedarebiT ukeTesad muSaobs konstituciuri demokratiis pirobebSi. pluralistebi ar uaryofen, rom maT, visac maRali Tanamdebobebi ukaviaT mTavrobasa da biznesSi, msgavsi warsuli da Tvisebebi axasiaTebT: eWvgareSea, rom Ivy League (amerikis Crdilo-aRmosavleTSi mdebare 8 privilegiuri universitetis gaerTianeba) ganaTlebamiRebulTa umetesoba mdidari WASP (TeTri anglo-saqsuri protestanti) ojaxis mamakacebi arian. magram pluralistTa azriT, mxolod is faqti, rom simdidre, statusi da ganaTleba axlo kavSirSia politikur monawileobasTan, ar amtkicebs sistemis Caketilobas da sazogadoebrivi politikis winaswar gansazRvrulobas; arc imas, rom demokratiuli moqalaqeoba simulaciaa. Znelia elitisturi Teoriebis uaryofa. Tumca, sazogadoebrivi politika drodadro sazogadoebrivi azris gavlenis qveS namdvilad iyo. magaliTad, vietnamis omis winaaRmdeg farTod gavrcelebuli da mudmivad mzardi sazogadoebrivi ganwyoba efeqtiani saSualeba iyo amerikis konfliqtidan gamosayvanad. SeerTebul StatebSi sazogadoebrivi azri SeiZleba xSirad danawevrebuli iyos, magram es ar niSnavs, rom igi ar arsebobs an ararelevanturia.

politikuri monawileoba avtoritarul saxelmwifoSi demokratiulisgan gansxvavebiT, politikaSi mniSvnelovani monawileoba avtoritarul qveynebSi iSviaTad gvxvdeba. avtoritarul saxelmwifoebSi moqalaqeebi TiTqmis arasodes monawileoben TavianTi qveynis mmarTvelobaSi. SedarebisTvis, totalitarul qveynebSi moqalaqeTa monawileoba xSirad waxalisebuli an savaldebuloa. masobrivi mitingebi da politikur an partiul Sexvedrebze xSiri daswreba monawileobis imitaciaa da damkvirveblebi totalitaruli saxelmwifoebis yvelaze aqtiur safexurs masobrivi mobilizaciis reJimad moixsenieben. aseT saxelmwifoebSi moqalaqeebi CarTuli arian politikaSi, magram mxolod maTze ideologiuri zemoqmedebisa da kontrolis, da ara maTi Sexedulebis gagebis mizniT.


367

avtoritarul xelisuflebas ara aqvs kerZo gamokiTxvebis Catarebis mizezi, agreTve gamokiTxvebis gamoyenebis saWiroeba (Tumca sabWoTa kavSiris arsebobis ukanasknel dReebSi mTavrobam daafinansa sazogadoebrivi gamokiTxvebi). zogierT avtoritarul saxelmwifoSi arCevnebi daSvebulia da zogjer moqalaqeebs moeTxovebaT kidec arCevnebSi monawileobis miReba, Tumca Sedegebi TiTqmis yovelTvis gayalbebuli da amis gamo azrs moklebulia. avtoritarul saxelmwifoebSi moqalaqeTa mniSvnelovani monawileobis formebis umetesoba. amis gamo, moqalaqeTa monawileobis waxalisebas (da demokratiis mxardaWeras) xelisufleba ZiriTadad afasebs, rogorc kanondarRvevas da mkacrad sjis. zogjer mniSvnelovani monawileoba SeiZleba aixsnas mTavrobis winaaRmdeg mimarTul protestad da boikotis formac ki miiRos. erTi magaliTi SeiZleba iyos arCevnebSi monawileobisgan Tavis Sekaveba maSin, rodesac monawileoba savaldebuloa, magram azrs moklebulia. moqalaqeTa mier monawileobis protestis ukiduresi formaa emigraciaSi wasvla da sakuTari qveynidan gaqceva. amgvari reJimebis udides ironiad SeiZleba CavTvaloT, rom misi moqalaqeebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani protesti _ qveynis datovebaa.

politikuri partiebi mraval Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi erTi individualuri xma Zalian sustia imisTvis, rom is sazogadoebam gaigos. imisaTvis, rom moqalaqeTa xmebs sazogadoebam yuradReba miaqcios, maTi raodenoba bevrad unda gaizardos. amis gamo, moqalaqeTa monawileobis yvelaze efeqtiani forma individualuri interesebisa da Sexedulebebis gaerTianebaa. politikuri partiebi da interesTa jgufebi aris ori struqturuli tipi, romelic gamodgeba gaerTianebis funqciis Sesasruleblad. ama Tu im sazogadoebaSi aseTi struqturebis xelmisawvdomoba an efeqtianoba didadaa damokidebuli imaze, ra zomiT icavs xelisufleba politikur da samoqalaqo uflebebs da ramdenad mgrZnobiarea xalxis moTxovnebis mimarT. farTo speqtris politikuri partiebi sxvadasxva gansakuTrebul interess erTi qolgis qveS aerTianeben. ukanasknel wlebSi interesTa jgufebis gavlena SeerTebul StatebSica da evropaSic gaizarda; amave dros politikuri partiebis roli Semcirda. axla ganvixilavT amgvari ganviTarebis mizezebsa da mis Sedegebs demokratiebisaTvis. politikuri partiis mizania arCeviT Tanamdebobaze kandidatebis SerCeva, dasaxeleba da mxardaWera. politikuri partiebi yvela liberaluri demokratiis, maT Soris SeerTebuli Statebis ucvleli nawili gaxda. gasakviria, rom politikuri partiebi ar Sedioda damfuZnebel mamaTa Tavdapirvel gegmaSi. orpartiuli sistemis gaCena aSS-is istoriaSi umniSvnelovanesi movlena gaxda.

istoriuli winamZRvrebi aSS-iskonstituciaSi politikuri partiebi ar aris naxsenebi; damfuZnebe-

368


li mamebis umetesoba partiebs ver itanda. jorj vaSingtonma Seqmna kabineti, romlis SemadgenlobaSic Sediodnen im drois yvelaze niWieri adamianebi, magaliTad, Tomas jefersoni saxelmwifo mdivnisa da aleqsandre hamiltoni finansTa ministris Tanamdebobebze. amgvari kabinetis SeqmniT igi partiulobis Tavidan acilebas cdilobda. am ori niWieri, magram msoflmxedvelobiT urTierTdapirispirebuli pirovnebis daniSvna asaxavda vaSingtonis rwmenas, rom eris yvelaze Wkviani da yvelaze sazogadoebrivad moazrovne moqalaqeebis TanamSromloba sazogadoebisaTvis sikeTis momtani iqneboda. samwuxarod, partiuli politikis Tavidan acilebis vaSingtoniseuli keTilSobiluri mcdeloba Cavarda. jefersonsa da hamiltons Soris piradi uTanxmoeba warmoiqmna metwilad xelisuflebisa da sazogadoebrivi politikis urTierTsawinaaRmdego gagebis irgvliv, ris gamoc es ori adamiani erTmaneTis dauZinebeli mteri gaxda. 1790-iani wlebis bolos jefersonma da misma mimdevrebma sakmaod sustad organizebuli respublikuri partia Camoayalibes. am partiis mTavari mizani iyo federalistebis (romelTa warmomadgenlebi iyvnen, magaliTad, jon adamsi da aleqsandre hamiltoni), Zlieri antifranguli politikisaTvis winaaRmdegobis gaweva. Tumca,1789 wels Tavad jefersonma dawera: `Tu CemTvis samoTxeSi wasvla mxolod Cems partiasTan erTad iqneboda SesaZlebeli, saerTod uars vityodi samoTxeze~.27 ratom ucxadebda undoblobas politikur partiebs jefersonis Taobis amdeni saxelmwifo moRvawe? jefersonis SemTxvevaSi partiebisi antipaTia amerikisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli individualizmidan momdinareobda, romelic dRemde arsebobs. `SemeZlo sakuTari azri mqonoda, Tavad mefiqra, Cemi religiuri, filosofiuri, politikuri an sxva romelime SexedulebaTa sistema arasodes damiqvemdebarebia aranairi partiis kredosTvis, rogori Semadgenlobisac ar unda yofiliyo igi,~ ambobda igi da askvnida, rom aseTi midrekileba Tavisuflebisa da moralis warmoudgeneli degradaciaa.28 jefersonis Taobis sxva amerikelebs da zogierT maT inglisel kolegas sjeroda, rom politikuri partiebi zogadi an sazogadoebrivi interesebis xarjze viwro pirad interesebs aRvivebda. am azriT politikur partiebs xSirad aRiqvamdnen, rogorc sazogadoebis doneze gavrcelebul egoizms. partiulobam es damRa mxolod TandaTanobiT dakarga. sxvadasxva politikuri filosofiis ganmasaxierebeli politikuri partiebisagan sargeblis miRebis (magaliTad politikis alternativebis warmodgeniT) ideam inglisSi meCvidmete saukunis bolos daiwyo gavrceleba. mowinave amerikeli saxelwifo moxeleebis gamocdilebam saukuniT gvian amerikac analogiur daskvnamde miiyvana, rom politikuri partiebi demokratiuli procesisaTvis sasicocxlod aucilebelia.

ZiriTadi miznebi politikuri partiebi, rogorc wesi, politiuri Zalauflebis mopovebis an SenarCunebisaken miiswrafvian, rac praqtikulad xelisuflebaze kontrolis mopovebas niSnavs. vinaidan konstituciur demokratiaSi marTvis ufle-


369

bas arCevnebi gansazRvravs, demokratiul saxelmwifoebSi politikuri partiebis Zalisxmeva arCevnebis mogebazea koncentrirebuli. isini cdiloben mravlismomcveli konsensusis Seqmnas sakuTari partiis platformisaTvis, romelic Camoyalibebulia sxva partiis an partiebis mimzidveli alternativis gaTvaliswinebiT. rogorc wesi, warmatebuli politikuri partia qmnis uTvalavi ekonomikuri, socialuri, eTnikuri da kulturuli interesebis saerTo saqveyno konsensuss. partia unda iTvaliswinebdes mravali amomrCevlis interesebs da amav-droulad SeZlos maTi gaerTianeba damyol umravlesobad. Tu partias ara aqvs imedi umravlesobis xmebis mopovebisa, misi gavlena da sakanonmdeblo Zala, rogorc wesi, damokidebulia miRebuli xmebis saerTo raodenobasa da ganawilebaze, romelic, Tavis mxriv, asaxavs mis warmatebas SedarebiT farTo speqt-ris amomrCevlis mizidvaSi. xmebis miRebis mizniT kandidatebi xSirad iZlevian dapirebas, rom amomrCevlis interesebis _ e.w. saarsebo saSualebebis mimarT iqnebian ufro metad pasuxismgeblebi da energiulebi, vidre maTi oponentebi. Tumca xandaxan kandidatebi da partiebi aqcents akeTeben ideologiur sakiTxebze an saSinao da sagareo politikis sadavo iniciativebze. am strategiebis gamoyenebiT partiebi xSirad qmnian politikur alternativebs memarcxene liberalur da memarjvene konservatiul politikas Soris. es gansakuTrebiT exeba did britaneTs da kontinenturi evropis saparlamento da kvazi-saparlamento demokratiebs, sadac xSirad ramdenime partia ibrZvis xmebis mosapoveblad da TiToeuls SeuZlia gansxvavebuli saSinao da sagareo politikis alternativebi Camoayalibos. aseT sistemebSi umravlesobis partiebis politikuri platforma ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre calkeuli kandidatis piradi popularoba, vinaidan saparlamento sistemis dros partiebi cdiloben moipovon da SeinarCunon rac SeiZleba meti adgili parlamentSi. amgvarad, partia, romelic akontrolebs parlaments, mTavrobasac akontrolebs. Sedegad saparlamento sistemis dros politikuri partiebi, maTi amerikuli analogebisgan gansxvavebiT, cdiloben iyvnen ara mxolod disciplinirebuli, ierarqiuli da centralizebuli, aramed ufro metad politikaze orientirebuli da mkafio ideologiis matarebeli. SeerTebul StatebSi, sadac sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba gamijnulia da kandidatebs Tanamdebobaze xSirad irCeven ufro pirovnuli, vidre politikuri Tvisebebis gamo, partiebi iSviaTad mimarTaven mkveTr politikur alternativebs. rogorc wesi, prezidentobis kandidatebidan airCeva is, vinc politikur centrTan ufro axlos aris.29 amerikuli orpartiuli sistema, misi momxreebis azriT, qmnis stabilurobas, politikurad zomier kandidats da xels uSlis mZafr ideologiasa da politikur polarizacias. kritikosebi _ gansakuTrebiT isini, vinc aRfrTovanebulia imiT, rogor funqcionireben partiebi britanul saparlamento sistemaSi an sxva mravalpartiuli sistemebSi _ amerikis saprezidento arCevnebs ubralod popularobaSi gajibrebad aRiqvamen. miuxedavad amisa, konstituciur demokratiaSi yvela partia cdilobs miaRwios konsensuss da sxvadasxva um-

370


niSvnelovanesi qmedebis Sedegad, rogoricaa kandidatebis SerCeva an waxaliseba, finansuri saxsrebis mozidva, mediakampaniebis warmarTva fasiani politikuri reklamebis CaTvliT da sxv. Seqmnas alternativebi. partiis platformaSi SemoTavazebebi da politika imnairad aris formulirebuli, rom daakmayofilos mTavari interesTa jgufebi, romlebic Tavis mxriv mxars dauWeren partiis kandidatebs finansebiTa da saarCevno xmebiT. arCevnebs Soris partiebs sxva mniSvnelovani funqciebi akisriaT. britanuli stilis saparlamento sistemaSi gamarjvebuli partia an koalicia mTavrobis organizebas axdens; saprezidento sistemaSi, magaliTad, aSS-s SemTxvevaSi, sadac aRmasrulebeli da sakanonmdeblo sferoebi gayofilia, politikuri partiebi xels uwyoben am ori sferos moqmedebaTa koordinirebas, gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu erTi da igive partia dominirebs orive sferoSi. ramdenadac gamarjvebuli partia umniSvnelovanes rols TamaSobs qveynis politikuri dRis wesrigis Camoyalibebisa da samTavrobo moqmedebebis fasilitaciaSi, imdenadve damarcxebuli partia kisrulobs arsebuli mTavrobis oponirebisa da kritikis umniSvnelovanes funqcias da sazogadoebas sTavazobs alternativas momaval arCevnebSi. mxolod iSviaTad SeiZleba xelisuflebaSi myofma partiam srulad daakmayofilos eleqtorati (liberalur-demokratiuli partia iaponiaSi SeiZ-leba gamonaklisad ganvixiloT); rodesac inflacia gaizrdeba an umuSevroba dauSvebel zRvars miaRwevs, amomrCevlebi axali liderisa da axali politikuri alternativis Zebnas iwyeben.

erTpartiuli sistema aqamde ganvixilavdiT konstituciur demokratiebs, sadac partiebi arCevnebis mosagebad cdiloben miaRwion saqveyno konsensuss da moqalaqeebs SesTavazon politikuri alternativebi. Tumca, politikuri partiebi SeiZleba Camoyalibdes iseT qveynebSic, sadac Tavisufali arCevnebi ar tardeba. avtoritarul saxelmwifoebSi partia arsebobs mxolod imisTvis, rom CaaxSos politikuri alternativebi, iseve, rogorc saxalxo konsensusi. xSirad, rogorc mmarTveli reJimis mTavari iaraRi, igi gamoiyeneba saxelmwifo Zala-uflebis gansamtkiceblad da politikuri opoziciis aRsakveTad. totalitarul saxelmwifoebSi partia mraval funqcias asrulebs, maT Soris politikuri rekrutirebis, indoqtrinaciis, mobilizaciisa da zedamxedvelobis. faSistur germaniaSi, iseve rogorc komunisturi qveynebis umetesobaSi, partia mTavrobad iqca. ramdenadac viTardeboda es saxelmwifoebi, mTavrobis yvela umniSvnelovanesi funqcia nel-nela srulad gadadioda an pirdapir partiis, an partiis liderebs daqvemdebarebuli biurokratiuli moxeleebis xelSi. amgvarad, partiis koncefcia, rogorc saxalxo nebis gamoxatvis saSualeba, Tavdayira dadga da partiebi centralizebuli sazogadoebrivi kontrolis meqanizmi gaxda, romelsac srulad SeeZlo individualuri TviTgamoxatvis nebismieri mcdelobis CaxSoba. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, amgvar garemoebebSi masobrivi monawileoba reJimis


371

antidemokratiuli bunebis miCqmalvis gamiznuli niRabia. miuxedavad imisa, rom erTpartiuli sistema ZiriTadad avtoritarul saxelmwifoebSi arsebobs, zogierTi maTgani met-naklebad demokratiul politikaSic gvxvdeba. magaliTad, 2000-ian wlebamde meqsikis instituciurrevoluciuri partia dominirebda meqsikur politikaSi. indoeTSi damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdgom periodSi politikuri Zalaufleba TiTqmis eqskluziurad indoeTis kongress (saxelis miuxedavad, igi politikuri partiaa) ekuTvnoda. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, liberalur-demokratiuli partia dominirebda iaponiis politikaSi 1950-iani wlebis Sua periodidan. SeerTebul StatebSic ki, romelic ar aris erTpartiuli tendenciis mqone qveyana, samxreTSi samoqalaqo omis Semdeg demokratiuli partia TiTqmis erTi saukune dominirebda. meqsikis SemTxvevaSi instituciur-revoluciurma partiam dominanturi roli SeinarCuna korufciis, daSinebisa da arCevnebis gayalbebis kombinaciiT. indoeTSi, iaponiasa da samxreT amerikaSi es faqtorebi mcire rols asrulebda, Tumca korufcia yvela am SemTxvevaSi 2000 wels visente foqsi pirveli opozicioneri kandidati iyo, romelic daaxloebiT 70 wlis ganmavlobaSi meqsikis arCeuli prezidenti gaxda. foqsis istoriul gamarjvebamde instituciur-revoluciur partias monopolia hqonda prezidentobaze da mTlianad akontrolebda meqsikis xelisuflebas. foqsma daifica, rom SeebrZoleboda korufcias da safuZvels Cauyrida Sorsmimaval ekonomikur da politikur reformebs.

arsebobda, xolo daSineba da arCevnebis gayalbeba samxreT amerikaSi ZalaSi rCeboda1960-iani wlebis samoqalaqo uflebebis moZraobis ganviTarebamde _ am regionis politikis transformaciamde. demokratiuli erTpartiuli sistemebi SedarebiT iSviaTia. aseTi partiebi gansakuTrebiT amJRavneben korufciul midrekilebebs; politikuri Zalauflebis virtualuri monopolia biznes-liderebs, bankirebs, fesvgadgmul biurokratebsa da umaRles saxelmwifo moxeleebs sarfiani garigebebisken ubiZgebs. amgvarad, ar aris moulodneli, rom ukanasknel wlebSi meqsikasa da iaponiaSi korufciaSi braldebebma erTi partiis dominirebis droebiT SeCerebaSi (da ara dasrulebaSi), mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula.

372


orpartiuli sistema orpartiuli sistemis dros amomrCevelTa didi umralesoba mxars uWers erT-erT ZiriTad partias. mxolod ZiriTadi partiis wevrebs aqvT Tanamdebobaze arCevis meti Sansi, xolo opoziciuri partia konstituciis mier daculia xelisuflebis mxridan zewolis an daSinebisgan. orpartiuli sistemis mniSvnelovani upiratesoba aris SedarebiT stabiluri mTavroba, vinaidan umravlesoba iziarebs ZiriTad politikur Sexedulebebs, romelic miRebulia saSualo fenaSi, aris kulturulad da eTnikurad homogenuri, rac iSviaTobaa ganviTarebad qveynebSi. garkveulwilad gangrZobadoba uzrunvelyofilia Tavad sistemis mier, vinaidan ori ZiriTadi partia awonasworebs interesTa farTo speqtrs. amave dros mudmivad arsebobs farTo masebisTvis misaRebi opoziciuri partia, romelic mzad aris xelisuflebaSi mosasvlelad. orpartiuli sistema samarTlebrivad da konstituciurad ar aris SezRuduli mxolod ori partiiT. mcire partiebs SeuZliaT iarsebon da arseboben kidec, Tumca SeerTebul StatebSi maTi warmateba erTob mokrZalebulia. ZiriTadad mcire partiebi fuZndeba im calkeuli politikuri figuris Zalisxmevis Sedegad, romelic gaemijneba erT an orive ZiriTad partias (magaliTad, Teodor ruzveltis [aSS-is prezidenti 1901-1909 w. _ mTarmn. Sen.] progresuli partia 1912 wels an ros pero reformebis partia 1990ian wlebSi). germaniaSi, sadac II msoflio omis Semdeg ori ZiriTadi partia cvlis erTmaneTs xelisuflebis saTaveSi, mcirericxovani Tavisufal-demokratiuli partia Tavis masStabTan SedarebiT Zalian didi ZalauflebiT da gavleniT sargeblob-da 1990-iani wlebis bolomde, vidre mwvaneTa partia social-demokratebTan ` wiTel -mwvane~ koaliciur mTavrobaSi umcros partniorad Sevida.

mravalpartiuli sistema mravalpartiuli sistema Cndeba iq, sadac orze meti partia sakmaod Zlieria imisTvis, rom xelisuflebaSi mosvlisaTvis konkurencia gauwios erTmaneTs. aseT sistemaSi mudmivad arc erTi partia ar aris umravlesobaSi; ama Tu im arCevnebSi nebismier partias SeuZlia moipovos mandatebis didi umravlesoba, Tumca xSirad imarjveben absolutur umravlesobaze naklebi xmebiT. mravalpartiuli saparlamento sistemis dros individualuri partiebi arCevnebisas dros gaurbian kompromisebs da specifikur sakiTxebsa da programebze laparaks. axali mTavrobis formirebisaTvis mxolod xmebis daTvlis Semdeg xdeba saWiro kompromisebis daSveba. rogorc wesi, uZlieresi partia mmarTveli umravlesobis Seqmnis mizniT cdilobs Camoayalibos koaliciuri mTavroba sxva partiasTan an partiebTan erTad. koaliciis formirebis Semdeg igi marTavs momaval arCevnebamde, an koaliciis daSlamde. es procesi amerikelebisaTvis ucnaurad JRers, magram evropelebisTvis, azielebisa da sxva saparlamento demokratiul qveynebSi


373

mcxovrebTaTvis igi normaluria. mravalpartiuli sistemis mTavari upiratesoba aris is, rom amomrCevels farTo arCevani aqvs. misi mTavari uaryofiTi Tviseba aris arastabiluri xelisufleba _ zogierT qveyanaSi es arastabiluroba SeiZleba qronikulic ki gaxdes. procesi SeiZleba TavisTavad ganviTardes: daZabulobas moaqvs fraqciaTaSorisi dapirispirebebi mTavrobaSi, politikis centrSi saerTo areulobas _ ndobis krizisi, xolo es krizisi Tavis mxriv ufro met daZabulobas iwvevs. II msoflio omis Semdeg italia am fenomenis saukeTeso magaliTad rCeba evropaSi.

partiuli sistemis ganmsazRvrelebi ra gansazRvravs politikuri partiebis raodenobas ama Tu im qveyanaSi? pirvel rigSi, gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs mmarTvelobis formas _ mxolod konstituciur demokratiebSi SeuZliaT politikur partiebs ibrZolon politikur sistemaze droebiTi (Semdgom arCevnebamde) kontrolis mopovebisTvis. meore, demokratiul qveynebSi saarCevno sistemis saxeobam SeiZleba gavlena iqonios partiuli sistemis tipze. mcire partiebis warmatebas xels uSlis iseTi sistema, romelic dafuZnebulia erTmandatian saarCevno ubanze, sadac nebismieri kandidati igebs erTi xmis upiratesobiT (xmaTa ubralo umravlesobiT) erTaderT arsebul mandats. patara partiebs uWirT moizidon amomrCevlebi, vinaidan maT kandidatebs mogebis Zalian mcire Sansi aqvT. amis sawinaaRmdegod, proporciuli warmomadgenlobiTi sistema, sadac ramdenime kandidati irCeva TiToeuli saarCevno ubnidan, ufro mcire partiebs mogebis gacilebiT did Sanss aZlevs. amgvarad, proporciuli warmomadgenlobiTi saarCevno sistemis SemTxvevaSi, gansxvavebiT im sistemisagan, sadac kandidati ubralo umravlesobiT igebs, mravalpartiuli politikuri sistemis arseboba ufro savaraudoa. mesame, politikuri partiuli sistema, iseve, rogorc xelisuflebis ZiriTadi forma, xandaxan gansazRvrulia konstituciiT. konstituciebi gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan partiuli sistemebis mimarT damokidebulebiT. zogierTi, magaliTad, aSS-is konstitucia, saerTod ar exeba am sakiTxs, zogi ki pirdapir an iribad asaxavs mas. rogorc ar unda iyos, yovelTvis arsebobs aSkara gamijvna partiasa da biurokratias Soris. pirveli exmareba politikisa da mTavrobis organizebas, xolo meores evaleba mTavrobis istrireba; iq, sadac am or sferos Soris gansxvaveba an Zalian mcirea, an saerTod ar arsebobs, demokratiac an Zalian mcirea, an saerTod ar arsebobs. meoTxe, tradicia gavlenas axdens qveynis marTvelobis formasa da mis partiul sistemaze. vinaidan ganviTarebad qveyanaTa umetesobaSi avtoritaruli reJimebi arsebobs, romelTac TiTqmis ar gaaCniaT demokratiis tradicia, ar aris gasakviri, rom mesame samyaroSi Zalian xSirad gvxvdeba erTpartiuli sistema. am tendenciis ori yvelaze cnobili gamonaklisia

374


laTinuri amerikis venesuela da kolumbia. II msoflio omis Semdeg orive am qveyanaSi Zalian STambeWdavi demokratiuli tradiciebi ganviTarda. orive maTganis mTavroba Zalian stabiluri iyo; kolumbiaSi ki xangrZlivma ajanyebebmac ver SeZles sistemisTvis seriozuli zianis miyeneba (Tumca venesuelaSi sistemam Sva apopulisti ugo Cavesi, romelmac demokratia farsad aqcia _ mTargmn. Sen.). mexuTe, sadac arsebobs Rrma socialuri, ekonomikuri, kulturuli an religiuri gansxvavebebi, rogorc wesi, politikuri cxovreba polarizebulia, gajerebulia emociiTa da ideologiiT. amgvari garemoebebi upiratesad mravalpartiul sistemebs aviTarebs da ara orpartiuls. partiebi erTmaneTisagan mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba gansxvavebul demokratiebSi. zogierT maTganSi Zalaufleba Zlier struqtuirebulia da mTlianad saTaveSia koncentrirebuli. magaliTad, britanuli politikuri partiebi ufro disciplinirebuli da centralizirebuli arian, vidre ori mTavari partia SeerTebul StatebSi. partiis centralizacia mniSvnelovania saparlamento sistemaSi, radgan sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebebis Serevisas kanonmdeblebi an unda `gahyvnen partiis xazs,~ an mudmivad hqondeT xelisuflebaSi opoziciis mosvlis SiSi. centralizebul partias yvelaze kargad SeuZlia ganaxorcielos politikuri zewola partiuli disciplinis Camosayalibeblad. metic, vinaidan saparlamento sistemaSi mniSvnelovania partiis programa da ara individualuri kandidatis pirovneba, dagegmva, organizeba da finansuri kampaniebi qveynis doneze yvelaze kargad muSaobs. aseve isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, Tavad politikuri sistema centralizebulia Tu decentralizebuli. federalur sistemaSi partiebi cdiloben federaluri struqturis mTavrobis analogiiT moaxdinon sakuTari partiebis struqtuTireba. am sakiTxis praqtikuli warmoCenisTvis erT magaliTs ganvixilavT. SeerTebul StatebSi maJoritaruli sistemiT saprezidento arCevnebis dros xmaTa mTliani raodenoba mTeli qveynis masStabiT ganisazRvreba, magram iTvleba (da Sejereba xdeba) Statebis mixedviT. amgvarad, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, jorj buSma gaimarjva 2000 wlis arCevnebSi miuxedavad imisa, rom misma oponentma al gorma qveynis masStabiT ufro meti xma miiRo. gasamarjveblad politikurma partiebma unda gaimarjvon ara erT, aramed 50 arCevnebSi. aseT politikur garemoSi decentralizebuli struqtura mniSvnelovania. erovnul doneze Zlieri partiuli organizacia xels uwyobs senatorebis, warmomadgenlebisa da saxelmwifo da adgilobrivi Tanamdebobis pirebis arCevas. msgavsi sistema gvxvdeba sxva federalur sistemebSic. Tumca, amerikuli politikuri partiebi SedarebiT sustia. isini ar arian ufro Zlierni nawilobrivi imis gamoc, rom es ar sWirdebaT. SeerTebuli Statebi didwilad saSualo fenis sazogadoebaa, romlis wevrTa Soris politikis ZiriTad principebze konsensusi arsebobs. es niSnavs, rom arcerTi ZiriTadi partiaa ideologiurad dogmaturi da moTxovnebSi SezRuduli; partia ufro metad gansxvavebuli jgufebisa da interesebis koaliciaa, vidre TanamoazreTa monoliTuri organizmi. SeerTebul StatebSi mTav-


375

robis saqmianobis xelmZRvanelobasa da koordinaciaSi prezidenti ufro mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs, vidre politikuri partiebi; saparlamento sistemebSi politikuri partia (an partiebis koalicia) axali mTavrobis ZiriTadi birTvia. politikuri partiebi _ Tuki isini gamoiyeneben liberalur-demokratiul konstituciur sistemas konstituciis gasanadgureblad _ SeiZleba totalitaruli moZraobis safuZvlad iqcnen (amis klasikuri magaliTia nacional-socialisturi anu nacisturi partia germaniaSi or msoflio oms Soris). xelisuflebaSi mosvlis Semdeg totalitaruli partia ganicdis transformacias da yalibdeba mTavrobad. avtoritaruli partiebis SesaZleblobebi SedarebiT ufro viwroa. es partiebi axorcieleben mmarTvelis survilebsa da politikas, magram ara sayovelTao mobilizaciis kampaniebs, grandiozul samSeneblo proeqtebs an `revolucias zemodan,~ romelic mimarTulia sazogadoebis transformaciis an ganwmendisaken. miuxedavad imisa, rom orive tipis partia _ totalitarulic da avtoritarulic, rogoc wesi, centralizebulia da reJims eqvemdebareba, isini yovelTvis araa efeqtiani. avtoritaruli partiebi sruliadac ar aris Tavisufali mflangvelobisagan, degradaciisa da konfliqturi interesebisagan, romelic SeiZleba Segvxvdes yvela sxva biurokratiaSi.

perspeqtivebi: politikuri partiebis daknineba? bevri eqsperti Tvlis, rom politikuri partiebis mniSvneloba SeerTebul StatebSi nel-nela iklebs. isini saubroben sazogadoebriv gamokiTxvebze, romlebic avlenen sazogadoebaSi partiebis pativiscemis klebas: xalxis azriT, partiebs ar gaaCniaT unari, aiZulon Tanamdebobis pirebi _ pasuximgeblobiT moekidon amomrCevelTa moTxovnebs. amomrCeveli sul ufro iSviaTad aigivebs sakuTar Tavs partiasTan da saarCevno biuleteni sxvadasxva partiis kandidatiT Cveulebrivi movlenaa. politologebi ixrebian sazogadoebriv azrisaken: politikuri partiebi araefeqtiania. ram ganapiroba amgvari damokidebulebis Camoyalibeba? zogierTi mimomxilveli amtkicebs, rom bevri sponsori arCevs fuli misces pirdapir kandidats da ara partias, vinaidan unda, rom momavali Tanamdebobis piri misgan iyos `davalebuli.~ sxvebi Tvlian, rom bevri amomrCeveli ararealur imeds amyarebs partiebze an partiebi Sromasa da bizness Soris klasobrivi brZolis Sedegi iyo, ramac mniSvneloba dakarga.30 zogierTi ki maT warumatebeli politikuri procesis nawilad ganixilavs. bolo aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi SeerTebul StatebSi partiuli politikis idea winaaRmdegobaSi movida demokratiis idealTan. rogorc adgilobriv, aseve saxelmwifo doneze demokratebi da respublikelebi erTnairad cdilobdnen SeemcirebinaT partiuli profesionalebis gavlena kandidatis SerCevis procesze. demokratiis amerikul koncefcias ewinaaRdegeba gabolil oTaxSi partiuli xelmZRvanelis usiamovno imiji, romelic wyvets rom-

376


eli uwyeba vin unda marTos. am imijma, realurma Tu warmosaxviTma, xeli Seuwyo saarCevno reformebs (Tumca arCevnebis sistemis namdvili reforma dRemde Zalze efemerulia). kandidatis wamoyenebis procesis demokratizaciis mcdeloba gansakuTrebiT popularulia. Statis doneze winaswari arCevnebi, erT dros gamonaklisi, wesad iqca. axla Statebi erTmaneTs winaswari arCevnebis ufro adre CatarebaSi ejibrebian. Tavad arCevnebi zogierTi StatisTvis sarfian saqmed iqca, vinaidan didi Semosavali da mediis yuradReba moaqvs. sxva Statebi atareben Sidapartiul daxurul sxdomebs, sadac partiis rigiTi wevrebi irCeven delegatebs, romlebic Semdgom monawileobas iReben Statis yrilobaSi, sadac, Tavis mxriv, irCeven delegatebs, romlebsac davalebuli aqvT ama Tu im konkretuli kandidatis mxardaWera partiis nacionalur yrilobaze. aseTi reformebi agrZnobinebs moqalaqeTa saSualo fenas, rom isini monawileoben partiis nominaciis procesSi da amcirebs Statisa da erovnuli partiis erTgul mxardamWerTa Zalauflebas. Tumca, rac ufro meti Stati atarebs winaswar arCevnebs, amerikis saprezidento arCevnebi miT ufro daZabuli, Zvirad Rirebuli da gaxangrZlivebulia; prezidentis nominaciisa da arCevnebis procesma SeiZleba erT welsac gastanos (masTan SedrebiT, britanuli saparlamento arCevnebi xSirad erT Tveze nakleb xans grZeldeba da gacilebiT iafi jdeba, vidre amerikuli arCevnebi.) ufro metic, finansebis mozidva udidesi mniSvnelobis faqtori gaxda ara marto prezidentobis msurvelTaTvis, aramed senatisa da palatis seriozuli kandidatebisaTvisac, rac cinikosebs safuZvels aZlevs SeniSnon, rom SeerTebul StatebSi arCevnebi mudmiv RonisZiebad iqca. es situacia unikaluria SeerTebul StatebSi. arc erTi liberaluri demokratia msoflioSi ar xarjavs imden drosa da finansebs Tanamdebobis pirebis arCevaze, rogorc amerika. ramdenad SueZlia amgvar demokratias pasuxismgeblobiT moekidos amomrCevelTa survilebsa da moTxovnebs, upasuxo kiTxvad rCeba. partiebi jer kidev exmarebian kandidatebs arCevaSi, magram isini axlosac ver mivlen SeerTebul StatebSi arCevnebisaTvis saWiro finansebTan. rogor ivseba es deficiti? vis mimarTaven kandidatebi finansuri mxardaWerisaTvis? rogorc vnaxavT, interesTa jgufebi iswrafvian Seavson deficiti, magram amis sanacvlod wina planze iwevs kiTxvebi, romlebic eris demokratiis idealebs exeba.

interesTa jgufebi interesTa jgufebi ar cdiloben xelisuflebaSi mosvlas, ar monawileoben sajaro Tanamdebobis pirebis rekrutirebasa, wardgenasa da arCevaSi. samagierod, Zal-Rones ar iSureben, raTa zegavlena moaxdinon kanonmdeblobaze, politikasa da programebze, maTi specialuri, gansakuTrebuli interesis sferoebis mixedviT (aqenad modis specialuri interesis cnebac) _ magaliTad, korporaciebis (mogebis) gadasaxadi da subsidiebi (didi biznesebi), sabanko regulaciebi, subsidiebi soflis meurneobisaTvis, fed-


377

eraluri daxmareba ganaTlebis sferoSi, an garemos dacva. Cveni ganxilva interesTa jgufebis sxvadasxva tipis SeswavliT daviwyoT.

interesTa jgufebis tipebi interesTa jgufebis klasifikaciis yvelaze gavrcelebuli sqema ekuTvnis profesor gabriel almonds, romelic ganasxvavebda oTx ZiriTad tips.31 pirveli da yvelaze gavrcelebulia asociaciis tipis interesTa jgufebi, romlebsac, rogorc wesi, aqvT saxelwodeba, erovnuli Stabbina, hyavT profesionali Ta namSromlebi, da a.S. amis magaliTia mewarmeTa erovnuli asociacia, iaraRis moyvarulTa asociacia da sxva. meorea araasociaciuri tipis interesTa jufebi, romlebsac ara aqvT saxelwodeba da formaluri struqtura, magram gamoxataven socialur, eTnikur, kulturul an religiur intresebs da SeuZliaT saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi Seerwyan Zlier politikur Zalebs. aseTi interesTa jgufebi yvelaze xSirad gvxvdeba ganviTarebadi aziis, arabuli samyaros, laTinuri amerikisa da saha-ris samxreTiT mdebare afrikis qveynebSi. mesamea instituciuri interesTa jgufebi, romlebic mTavrobis SigniT arseboben. samTavrobo departamentebsa da saagentoebs sakuTari interesi gaaCniaT sxvadasxva gadawyvetilebebisa da programebis mimarT, risTvisac isini Signidan _ xSirad sazogadoebis TvalTaxedvis miRma, lobireben. magaliTad, pentagoni urigdeba Tavdacvis sferos kontraqtorebs SeiaraRebis programebis erToblivi ZaliT `gasatanad~; Sromis, soflis meurneobisa da ganaTlebis departamentebs xSirad sdeben brals, rom isini im interesTa jgufebis tyveebi arian, romelTa interesebi am departamentebis mier marTul programebs emTxveva. meoTxe, anomikuri (anomic) interesTa jgufebi spontanurad yalibdeba, rodesac bevri adamiani ewinaaRmdegeba raime politikas. am fenomenis brwyinvale magaliTia studenturi demonstraciebi 1960-iani wlebis bolos da 1970iani wlebis dasawyisSi mTeli qveynis masStabiT. almondi ambobs, rom quCis areulobebi da zogierTi mkvlelobac ki amave kategoriaSi SeiZleba moeqces. interesTa jgufebis kategorizaciis kidev erTi gzaa maTi dayofa viwro da sazogadoebriv interesTa jgufebad. Common Cause (saerTo saqme) _ organizacia, romelic daaarsa jandacvis, ganaTlebis da socuzrunvelyofis yofilma mdivanma (ministrma) da romelic 300 000-ze met wevrs aerTianebs, aseTi tipis interesTa jgu-fis magaliTia. interesTa jgufebi marto imiT ar gansxvavdebian, ra sakiTxebze muSaoben, aramed imiTac, rom isini gansxvavebul aqcentebs svamen. Zalze viwro aqcentebi yvelaze xSirad damaxasiaTebelia eTnikuri (magaliTad, amerikel italielTa fondi), religiuri (amerikel ebraelTa kongresi), profesiuli (universitetebis profesorTa amerikuli asociacia), asakobrivi niSniT gansazRvruli (pensionerTa amerikuli asociacia) da sxva mravali jgufisaTvis, romelTaTvisac romelime kategoriaSi adgilis miCneva Zalze rTulia (magaliTad, amerikel unarSezRudul veteranTa organizacia). yovel

378


aseT SemTxvevaSi kerZo intersTa jgufebi, pirvel rigSi, cdiloben Tavis wevrTa interesebis dacvas. sazogadoebriv interesTa jgufebis interesTa sfero ufro farToa. isini ibrZvian im sakiTxebis mosagvareblad, romlebsac, maTi azriT, mTeli sazogadoebisaTvis SeuZlia sargeblobis motana. aseTi organizaciis erTi magaliTia siera klubi, romelic lobirebs mkacr da konsercaciul garemosdacviT politikas. miuxedavad imisa, rom yvela ar eTanxmeba siera klubis miznebs, veravin daadanaSaulebs mis wevrebs viwro piradi interesebisaTvis brZolaSi; marTlac, sufTa haeri da wyali xom yvela moqalaqisTvis sasargebloa. asociaciuri tipis interesTa jgufebi Zlier gansxvavdebian kapitaliTa da TvisebebiT. ZiriTadi gansxvavebebi dakavSirebulia imasTan, ramdeni fulis Sekreba SeuZliaT maT, ramdeni da ramdenad araerTgvarovani tipis wevrebi hyavT, rogori kavSirebi aqvT kanonmdeblebTan da gadawyvetilebis mimReb pirebTan, aqvT Tu ara kvalificirebuli TanamSromlebis daqiravebis saSua leba. garda amisa, interesTa jgufebi gansxvavdebian maT mier arCeuli moqmedebis taqtikiTac, iqneba es xelisuflebis wevrebTan erTi-erTze lobireba, politikuri Semowirulobebi, masobrivi safosto gzavnilebi, sasamarTlo sarCelebi, demonstraciebis da gamosvlebis organizeba Tu mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis Sesaxeb kvlevebis dafinanseba.

zegavlenis wyaroebi da meTodebi interesTa jgufebi, rogorc wesi, cdiloben Secvalon sajaro politika arCeul Tanamdebobis pirebs da sazogadoebriv azrze (saxelmwifo an regionul doneze) zegavlenis moxdeniT. amas isini sami ZiriTadi gziT axerxeben: (1) arCevnebSi maTi ndobiT aRWurvili pirebis gamarjvebis miRweviT; (2) cdiloben arCeul Tanamdebobis pirebTan dakavSirebas da (3) masobrivi sainformacio saSualebebiT kampaniebis gaCaRebiT. interesTa jgufebi eZeben pirdapir kavSirebs gadawyvetilebis mimRebebTan. bevri interesTa jgufi qiraobs lobists, romelic sxvadasxva gziT cdilobs kanonmdebelTa ndobisa da maTze gavlenis mopovebas. lobisti eqspertebis specifikuri codnis safuZvelze, isini gamodian sakanonmdeblo komitetebis winaSe, Suamdgomloben axlo megobrebsa Tu amomrCevlebs maTi Sexedulebebis cxovrebaSi gasatareblad. lobistebi aseve organizebas ukeTeben da sargebloben piar-kampaniebiT, satelefono Tu internetkavSirebiT; saerTo sakanonmdeblo miznebis misaRwevad koordinirebas axdenen da TanamSromloben Tanamoazre lobistebTan; cdiloben gaafarToon kanonmdeblebTan urTierTobis SesaZleblobebi (magaliTad, marTaven wveulebebs an afinanseben saqvelmoqmedo RonisZiebebs).32 cxadia, zogierTi interesTa jgufi sxvebze ufro warmatebulia. gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs or faqtors – finansebsa da wevrobas. organizaciebs, romlebic warmoadgenen saerTo interesis mqone moqalaqeTa ufro did da gamorCeul nawils, aSkara upiratesoba gaaCnia. es gansakuTrebiT aSkaraa, rodesac saqme exeba specifikur sakiTxebs da rodesac ar arsebobs sxva, imave sakiTxiT dainteresebuli konkurenti an dapirispirebuli interesTa


379

pensionerTa amerikuli asociaciis wevrebi amerikel xandazmulTaTvis xelisuflebis mxardaWeris gasaZliereblad da SesanarCuneblad demonstracias awyoben, raTa xazi gausvan sakuTar wuxilsa da politikur Sexedulebebs.

jgufebi. didi raodenobis TanamoazreTa lobis saukeTeso magaliTia pensionerTa amerikuli asociciacia (daaxloebiT 33 milioni wevriT), romelic xandazmul moqalaqeTa samTavrobo daxmarebis gazrdis da SenarCunebis sakiTxSi namdvili monopolistia da masTan dapirispirebisas verc erTma organizaciam warmatebas ver miaRwia. am organizaciis wevria 50 wels gadacilebul amerikelTa 48 procenti (amomrCevelTa 20 procenti), ris gamoc igi qveyanaSi rigiT meore aramomgebiani organizaciaa romaul-kaTolikuri eklesiis Semdeg. 18 registrirebuli lobistiT, 1700 daqiravebuli adamianiTa da TiTqmis 500 milioniani biujetiT es asociacia, romelic sakuTar Tavs amerikel xandazmulTa damcvelad warmoaCens, aSS-is yvelaze gavleniani lobia. iaraRis moyvarulTa erovnuli asociacia gavleniani interesTa jgufis magaliTia. igi erTi viwro interesis garSemoa Seqmnili, Tumca bolo aTwleulebSi misi gavlena Semcirda. am asociaciis mxridan iaraRze nebismieri formis kontrolis dawesebaze medgari winaaRmdegoba kritikis qarcecxlSi gaexva mas Semdeg, rac aSS-is sazogadoebrioba ufro da ufro met kavSirs xedavs cecxlsasrol iaraRsa da gansakuTrebuli sisastikiT Cadenil danaSaulebebs Soris. ufro warumatebeli arian axla fermerebi; maT ramdenime organizacia Seqmnes, romelTac Camoayalibes soflis meurneobis sakiTxebis Zalze daqucmacebuli lobi. interesTa jgufebis warmatebasTan dakavSirebuli faqtorebia: 1) moqalaqeTa raodenoba, romelsac warmoadgens jgufi; 2) jgufis wevrTa Se-

380


sabamis sakiTxTan (interesTan) gaigivebis (identifikaciis) xarisxi; 3) im konkurent jgufTa arseboba an ararseboba, romlebmac SeiZleba Seasuston interesTa jgufis mier xelisuflebaze mopovebuli gavlena. magram araferia amerikul politikaSi fulze ufro mniSvnelovani. xandaxan SeZlebul moqalaqeTa SedarebiT mcirericxovanma jgufma SeiZleba politikur procesze uzarmazari gavlena moaxdinos, magaliTad, ZviradRirebuli mediakampaniasa Tu politikur kampaniisaTvis didi Tanxebis Sewirvis wyalobiT. amas garda, aseT jgufTa wevrebs, rogorc wesi, gaaCniaT piradi kavSirebi da politikuri kontaqtebi, rac SeiZleba gadamwyveti aRmoCndes, rodesac saqme Seexeba warmomadgenlis an senatoris mier kenWisyraze dayenebul ama Tu im sakiTxis mxardaWeras. interesTa jgufebi xSirad upiratesobas moipoveben Tu kavSirebi aqvT politikur partiasTan. dasavleT evropaSi udidesi profkavSirebi axlo kavSirSia mSromelTa klasis warmomadgenel politikur partiebTan (magaliTad, did britaneTSi leiboristuli partia da profkavSirebis kongresi, romlebsac mxars uWers didi britaneTis organizebul profkavSirTa wevrebis 85 procenti). amisgan gansxvavebiT, aSS-Si interesTa jgufebi politikur partiebs saerTod gverds uvlian da pirdapir im kandidatebs afinanseben, romlebsac TviTon uWeren mxars. zogierT SemTxvevaSi, interesTa jgufebi Tavs izRveven da saarCevno kampaniaSi orive dapirispirebul kandidats afinanseben. interesTa jgufis warmatebis mniSvnelovani gasaRebia pirdapiri gzavnilis (fosta, elfosta) saSualebiT moTxovnili fondebi, magram aseve mniSvnelovania dinamikuri xelmZRvanelobac. interesTa jgufebis xelmZRvanelebi (liderebi) warmarTaven da xSirad TviTonve iCenen lobistur iniciativas, cdiloben konfidencialuri Sexvedrebisas daarwmunon kanonmdeblebi da gadawyvetilebebis mimRebni, mxari dauWiron (an ar dauWiron) ama Tu im sakiTxs. interesTa jgufis warmatebuloba xSirad damokidebulia lobistis pirovnul Rirsebebsa da reputaciaze. amis gaTvaliswinebiT, interesTa jgufebi vaSingtonSi xSirad cdiloben prezidentebis yofili mrCevlebis `xelSi Cagdebas~ sakuTari interesebis damcvelebad (da amisTvis karg gasamrjelosac uxdian xolme).

interesTa jgufebis bumi miuxedavad imisa, rom arsebuli savaraudo monacemebi sakmaod gansxvavdeba, eqspertebi Tanxmdebian imaze, rom interesTa jgufebisa da maT mier daqiravebul lobistTa raodenoba aSS-Si bolo sami aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi sul mcire 50 procentiT gaizarda. dRes es asociaciebi vaSingtonSi sididiT mesamea xelisuflebisa da turizmis Semdeg. erT-erTi wyaros monacemebiT, 1991 wels daaxloebiT 6 000 lobisti iyo registrirebuli da daaxloebiT 80 000 adamiani muSaobda im asociaciebisTvis, romlebic kongresSi lobirebdnen.34 vaSingtonSi lobis TiTqmis ori mesamedi biznesisa


381

da savaWro wreebidan modis. 1994 wlis erT-erTi gamokvleva kidev ufro SemaSfoTebel suraTs aaSkaravebs: magaliTad aviRoT geilis kvlevaSi asociaciebis nciklopedia mocemuli jgufebis raodenoba. Tu 1956 wels maTi ricxvi 5000 iyo, dReisaTvis 20 000-mde gaizarda. ra Tqma unda, isini amerikis interesTa jgufebis samyaros mxolod mcire nawils warmoadgenen. mxolod garemos dacvis organizaciebi iTvlian daaxloebiT 7 000 jgufs, Tuki maT adgilobriv moxalise damsufTaveblebsac mivaTvliT; Washington Blade-is cnobarSi Setanilia 400-ze meti gei-jgufi, maSin rodesac 1990 wels aseTi mxolod 300 iyo. 1961 da 1982 wlebs Soris vaSingtonSi korporaciuli ofisebis raodenoba aTjer gaizarda. kidev ufro dramatulad imata sazogadoebrivi interesebis dasacavad Seqmnilma organizaciebma da farTo masebis sainiacitivo jgufebma. 1960-ian wlebamde aseTi jgufebi TiTqmis ar arsebobda; dRes aseTi organizacia aTiaTasobiTaa da politolog ronald Saikos TqmiT, 40 milioni moqalaqisagan 4 miliard dolarze metsac agroveben. 35

interesTa jgufebis momravlebis mizezia saxelmwifo daxmarebebis mniSvnelovani zrda, politikuri partiebis gavlenis Sesusteba, amerikuli sazogadoebis mzardi mravalferovneba, axali socialur-ekonomikuri jgufebis Camoyalibeba, ramac xeli Seuwyo mravali viwro interesis garSemo Seqmnili jgufis gaCenas.36 amave dros, safosto da kompiuteruli teqnologiebi msgavsi organizaciebis daarsebas SedarebiT aiolebs. ganaTlebis donis amaRlebam gazarda moqalaqeTa interesi msgavsi asociaciebis mimarT, xolo SedarebiTma keTildReobam saSualeba misca maT ixadon sawevro gadasaxadebi. 1970-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi popularuli gaxda axali tipis interesTa jgufebi, romlebic politikuri qmedebis komitetebis (PAC) saxeliTaa cnobili. 1971 wels kongresma aukrZala korporaciebsa da SromiT kavSirebs politikuri kampaniebisaTvis fulis pirdapiri wesiT gaReba, riTac arCevnebis dros darRvevebis aRkveTas Seecada. Tumca, kanonma, im saxiT, rogoriTac kongresSi misi damtkiceba da sasamarTloebis mier interepretireba moxda, xeli ver SeuSala viwro interesTa jgufebs arapirdapiri gziT _ specialurad am mizniT Seqmnili komitetebis meSveobiT _ fulis xarjvaSi. 1980-iani wlebis Sua periodamde politikur qmedebaTa komitetebis ricxvi mniSvnelovnad izrdeboda, rogorc es 10-5 sqemidan Cans. didi da gavleniani politikuri qmedebis komitetebi gaaCnia Semdeg interesTa jgufebs: amerikis medikosTa asociacias, uZravi qonebiT movaWreTa erovnul asociacias, dilerebis erovnul asociacias, fostalionTa erovnul asociacias, amerikis stomatologTa asociacias, saxelmwifo, saolqo da municipalur doneze dasaqmebulTa amerikul federacias.

382


sqema 10-5. politikuri qmedebis komitetebis raodenobis zrda, 1972-96ww. politikuri qmedebis komitetebis raodenoba stabiluria 1984 wlidan. wyaro:adaptirebulia Theodore L. Lowi-sa da Benjamin Ginsberg-is wignidan American Government: Freedom and Power, me-3 gamocema (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1994), 345, da “Midyear and Year-End PAC Counts, 1990-1996,” Federal Election Commission Record, Tavi 27, nomeri 9, seqtemberi 1996, 7.

politikuri qmedebis komitetebs gadamwyveti roli aqvT Sesrulebuli erovnul da saStato doneze kandidatebisa da sakiTxebis dafinansebaSi. amave dros, arCevnebis fasi _ sul ufro damokidebuli satelevizio reklamaze _ gaizarda. daian fainstaini, demokrati senatori kaliforniidan, 1994 wlis arCevnebisas Svidi Tvis ganmavlobaSi yoveldRiurad 22 000 dolars agrovebda; es rom biznesi yofiliyo, igi mosalodneli SemosavliT amerikis wamyvan korporaciaTa 5 procentSi moxvdeboda.37 daujerebelia, magram fainstainze meti Tanxa daxarja misma respublikelma oponentma maikl hafingtonma, romelmac daaxloebiT 29 milioni dolari gaatana qars kampaniaSi, romelic fainstainma miugo. arCevnebis mzardi fasis kidev erTi magaliTia 1996 wlis virjiniis Statis sasenatoro arCevnebi, romelSic damarcxebulma demokratma kandidatma mark uornerma 11 milioni dolari daxarja (TiToeul amomrCevelze 3.30 dolari, maSin rodesac hafingtonma 2.03 dolari daxarja). amgvarad, miuxedavad imisa, rom politikuri qmedebis komitetebis SezRudva popularuli reformistuli winadadeba gamodga, dRevandeli saaarCevno kampaniebis xangrZlivoba da maRali xarjebi, romlis gaRebis aranairi survili sazogadoebas ara aqvs, iZleva imis garantias,


383

rom politikosebi ver Seelevian politikuri qmedebis komitetebis mier gaRebul fuls. bevri damkvirvebeli gmobs amerikul politikaSi finansebis mzard gavlenas. fuli yovelTvis mniSvnelovani faqtori iyo politikaSi, magram ukanasknel aTwleulebSi igi iqca faqtorad, romlis gareSe gamarjveba ubralod warmoudgenelia. Tuki warmomadgenlobiT palataSi adgilis mopovebis saSualo xarji 1976 wels 73 aTasdolars Seadgenda, 1996 wlisaTvis igi 80 aTasdolaramde gaizarda; igive periodSi, senatSi adgilis mosapoveblad xarji 595 000 dolaridan 3,8 milion dolaramde gaizarda. erT-erTi gancxadebiT, martivad rom vTqvaT, fuli is sawvavia, romelic amoZravebs amJamindel sakampanio sistemas. interesTa jgufebi, kandidatebi da partiebi agroveben fuls imisaTvis, rom daiqiravon konsultantebi da awarmoon ZviradRirebuli satelevizio sareklamo kampaniebi.38

Tavis mxriv, aranakleb STambeWdavi iyo interesTa jgufebis aRmasvla dasavleT evropis saparlamento demokratiebSic.39 zogierT evropul saxelmwifoSi interesTa jgufebi mTavrobam oficialurad aRiara da maT naxevrad oficialur statussac miaRwies. magaliTad, SvedeTsa da norvegiaSi saministro, romelic istraciul qmedebas gegmavs, valdebulia SeuTanxmdes jgufebs, romlebsac es qmedeba SesaZloa Seexos da pirdapir CarTos interesTa jgufebi politikis SemuSavebis procesSi. safrangeTSi mTavrobasa da kerZo seqtors Soris konsultaciebis saxelmwifo sistema moicavs 500-mde sabWos, 200 komitetsa da 300 komisias. TiToeuli aseTi samTavrobo organos wevrebi arian rogorc mTavrobis, aseve interesTa jgufebis warmomadgenlebi. amrigad, amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa da dasavleT evropaSi interesTa jgufebma aRmasvla ganicades. amerikelebi specialur (viwro) interesebs xSirad kninobiT formaSi moixsenieben. es negatiuri imiji kidev ufro gaaZliera politikuri qmedebaTa komitetebis da didi fulis politikis gaZlierebam. interesTa jgufebi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs, magram raki ar arsebobs rbil fulze (fuli, romelsac aZleven politikur partiebs viTomda arasakampanio miznebisaTvis da fuli, romelic damoukideblad ixarjeba kandidatebis an partiebis saxeliT) raime efeqtiani SezRudva, isini sul ufro xSirad xdebian im sistemuri korufciis nawili, romlis legaluri an politikuri wamalic dResdReobiT ar moipoveba. ori aTwleulis win interesTa jgufebi frTxilobdnen da Tavis qmedebebs maRalfardovani argumentebiT niRbavdnen. dRes sul ufro gulaxdili politikuri saubrebi ismis. mravali kerZo interesTa jgufis lideri (es jgufebi warmoadgenen saSualo klasis gadamxdelebs, saxlebis mflobelebs, espanurenovan amerikelebs, xandazmulebs da sxv.) mourideblad acxadebs protests imis gamo, rom ver miiRo sajaro sikeTis kuTvnili wili. sul ufro naklebad saubroben sazogadoebriv interesze; ufro da ufro xSirad, amerikul politikas ganixilaven rogorc Sejibrs, romlis gamarjvebulebi – rogorc wesi, gavleniani viwro interesebis mqone lobi _ Tanamdebobis pirebisagan jildos moe-

384


lian arCevnebSi mopovebul gamarjvebaSi gaweuli daxmarebisaTvis. rTulia gamoiTvalo sazogadoebrivi suliskveTebisa da sazogadoebrivi zneobis fasi, magram udavoa, rom igi Zalze maRalia da Tavs mxolod nelnela gamoaCens. erTi ram cxadia: interTa jgufebis gavlenis zrdasTan erTad, sazogadoebac ufro advilad egueba amerikuli politikuri cxovrebis ganmsazRvrel Zalad egoisturi interesis aRiarebas.

interesTa jgufebi demokratiul qveynebSi rigiT moqalaqeebs miaCniaT xolme, rom politika pirad interesze maRla unda idges da xSirad cneba _ specialuri interesi _ maTSi antipaTias iwvevs. miuxedavad amisa, demokratia zewolis jgufebis gareSe Zneli warmosadgenia sul mcire sami mizeziT. pirveli da yvelaze mniSvnelovani isaa, rom konstituciuri mmarTveloba icavs individualur Tavisuflebebs, maT Soris gamoxatvisa da Sekrebis Tavisuflebas. amrigad, interesTa jgufebi SeiZleba CaiTvalos Tavisufali sazogadoebis mniSvnelovan nawilad da, amasTanave, mis gardauval Sedegad. rogorc jeims medisoni, damfuZnebel mamaTagan yvelaze gamoCenili politikis Teoretikosi federalistSi aRniSnavda, Tavisufleba fraqciebisaTvis (interesTa jgufebisaTvis) igivea, rac haeri cecxlisaTvis. fraqciebi SeiZleba SezRudo, magram amisaTvis unda moispos Tavisuflebac.40

interesTa jgufebi sakuTari azris gamoxatvisa da sazogadoebriv azrze gavlenis moxdenis mizniT yalibdeba. xSirad isini cnobil adamianebs iwveven sakuTari Zalisxmevis warmosaCenad. fotoze msaxiobi riCard giri protests gamoxatavs tibetSi CineTs mxridan represiis winaaRmdeg.

meore, demokratiuli sazogadoebebi politikuri da ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT avtoritarul sazogadoebebze ufro rTuladaa mowyobili. de-


385

mokratiaSi, sadac pirovnebas aqvs SesaZlebloba gamoxatos da imoqmedos Tavisi Sexedulebebisa da interesebis mixedviT, politikuri Tavisufleba iwvevs interesTa zrdas. amis gamo, demokratiisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia politikuri, ekonomikuri da socialuri interesebis mravalferovneba. amas adasturebs cxadi magaliTi ekonomikis sferodan. dasavluri ekonomika SeiZleba davyoT ìseT sxvadasxvagvar biznes-organizaciebad, rogoricaa giganturi korporaciebi, mcire biznesi, mZime industria, momsaxurebis sferos firmebi, profkavSirebis mqone da armqone mrewveloba, soflis meurneobis firmebi, mravalerovnuli korporaciebi da nacionalizebuli an saxelmwifos mflobelobaSi arsebuli sawarmoebi _ yvela maTgans sakuTari politikuri moTxovnebi da interesebi gaaCnia~.41 mesame mizezi konstituciur demokratiebSi interesTa jgufebis warmatebisa aris is, rom mTavroba regularulad anawilebs mogebas (Semosavals). yovelwliur “sabiujeto brZolaSi” Semosavlebis ganawilebisaTvis namdvili taciaoba imarTeba. dasavlur demokratiebSi keTildReobis saxelmwifos ganviTarebasTan erTad imata interesTa jgufebmac, romlebic Semosavlebidan ufro didi wilis xelSi Casagdebad erTmaneTs ejibrebian. aSS-Si axali interesTa jgufebis gaCenas xeli Seuwyo axalgazrdebsa da xandazmulebs Soris Semosavlebis Tanabrad ganawilebisaken mimarTulma RonisZiebebma sxvadasxva an skolebSi Hot-lunch-is programebis farglebSi. da, raRa Tqma unda, msgavsi programebis ganxorcielebasa da sazogadoebisaTvis miwodebis saqmeSi Tavisi interesi aqvs saxelmwifo saagentoebsa da im monawile mxareebs (kompaniebs), romle-bic programebis ganxorcielebiT arian dakavebuli.

iklebs Tu ara sazogadoebrivi interesi? xSirad, rodesac moqalaqeebi ukmayofilebas gamoTqvamen gavleniani viwro interes-jgufebis gamo, isini gulisxmoben im lobistebs an zewolis jgufebs, romlebic sxvaTa interesebs icaven; xolo rodesac isini Cvens interesebs icaven, Cven vamarTlebT da taSs vukravT maT. magaliTad, interesTa jgufebs, romlebic studentebisaTvis sesxebis programebs eqomagebian, igive xalxi asxams xotbas (ganaTlebis sferos muSakebi), romlebic zogadad msgavsi jgufebis gadaWarbebul gavlenaze Civian. ra problemebs uqmnis sinamdvileSi interesTa jgufebi sazogadoebriv interess? zogierTi kritikosi amtkicebs, rom amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa da dasavleT evropaSi interesTa jgufebis momravlebam sazogadoebis yvelaze ufro daucvel segments Seuqmna gansakuTrebuli siZneleebi. Raribebs Zalze mcire gavlena aqvT interesTa jgufebis politikur arenaze, mdidrebs ki _ uaRresad didi. am TvalsazrisiT, demokratiebSi interesTa jgufebis aRmasvlam Camoayaliba sistema, romelic sustebisa da daCagrulebis xarjze yvelaze gavlenianTa interesebis xelisSemwyobia. kritikosebi aseve SeSfoTebas gamoxataven imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom sul meti Tanamdebobis piri tovebs sajaro samsaxurs da samuSaod midis im kompaniebSi, romlebTanac maT saqmiani urTierToba hqondaT. magaliTad,

386


pentagonis yofili Tanamdebobis pirebs xSirad Tavdacvis sferoSi arsebuli firmebi qiraoben, prezidentebis yofili mrCevlebi ki lobistebi an media-komentatorebi xdebian, an sxva maRalanazRaurebad samsaxurebSi gadadian. 1978 wels kongresma aukrZala yofil maRalCinosan moxeleebs sajaro samsaxuris datovebidan erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi yovelgvari kontaqti im saagentoebTan, romlebSic isini muSaobdnen da aseve, aukrZala yovelgvari mcdeloba im sferos politikaze gavlenis moxdenisa, romelSic maT ori wlis ganmavlobaSi gaaCndaT òficialuri pasuxismgebloba.~ arsebuli sistemis damcvelebi ki amtkiceben, rom moqalaqeTa umravlesoba saTanadodaa warmodgenili (hyavT warmomadgeneli). maTi azriT, interesTa jgufebis simravle imis dadasturebaa, rom dapirispirebuli Zalebi am jgufebs TiTqmis mudmivad akontroleben. magram, keTildReobis saxelmwifos zrda da misi Tanmdevi xarjebi zogierTi konservatoris seriozul SeSfoTebas iwvevs, maSin rodesac politikur qmedebaTa komitetebis (PAC) gavlenis zrda erTnairad aSfoTebs liberalebsa da reformebis momxre zomierebsac. politikuri zewola (interesTa jgufebi aseve cnobili arian, rogorc `zewolis jgufebi”) zustad asaxavs sazogadoebis sxvadasxva segmentis politikur upiratesobas; problemac swored esaa. rogor SeiZleba mTavrobam imoqmedos obieqturad, rodesac eqceva sazogadoebis didi nawilis saerTo azris gamomxatveli, Zlieri interesTa jgufis zewolas qveS? meore mxriv, rodesac erTi sakiTxis damcveli interesTa jgufi romelime Zalian specifikuri wesis an kanonisaTvis ibrZvis _ romelic moqalaqeTa did nawils sul ar anaRvlebs an araviTar yuradRebas ar aqcevs _ ra SeiZleba iyos stimuli kanonmdeblebis an biurokratebisaTvis, romelic daexmareba maT, gauZlon zewolas viwro interesebis jgufebis mxridan? did qveyanaSi, sadac xelisuflebis ramodenime done arsebobs, gasakviri araa, rom bevri kanoni an politika xdeba rutinuli ganxilvis sagani. rodesac zewolis jgufebi mondomebiT lobireben raime sakiTxs, romelsac saerTod araviTari an Zalze mcire kavSiri aqvs sazogadoebriv interesTan da, aqedan gamomdinare, sazogadoeba mas faqtobrivad mxars ar uWers, mosalodnelia, rom politikuri procesi gaixrwnas (korumpirebuli gaxdes).

interesTa jgufebi avtoritarul qveynebSi avtoritarul saxelmwifoebSi interesTa jgufebs arseboba uWirT, radgan zogadad, opocizia idevneba. vinaidan avtoritarul saxelmwifoTagan bevri ekonomikuri ganviTarebis adreul etapze imyofeba, individualuri interesebi xSirad naTesaur kavSirebze dafuZnebuli jgufebis meSveobiT aris gamoxatuli (tomebi an klanebi). rogorc wesi, mniSvnelovani gavlena aqvT samxedroebs, maSinac ki, rodesac isini mmarTvelobis saTaveSi ar imyofebian, radgan maTi mxardaWera xelisuflebisaTvis aucilebelia Zalauflebis SesanarCuneblad. ganviTarebad qveynebSi `profkavSirebi


387

xSirad politikuri par tiebis Semadgeneli nawili xdeba da maT daqvemdebarebaSi eqceva.~42 dasavleTSi, rogorc wesi, organizebuli profkavSiri politikuri partiebisagan damoukidebelia. yvelaze gavleniani lobistebi avtoritarul saxelmwifoebSi xSirad interesTa jgufebi ki ar aris, romlebic moqalaqeTa interesebs warmoadgenen, aramed biurokratiuli jgufebi da partiis Sida fraqciebi, romlebic SezRuduli sabiujeto saxsrebis centralizebuli ganawilebisas upiratesobis mopovebisaTvis ejibrebian erTmaneTs.43 eseni, Cveulebrivi gagebiT, interesTa jgufebi ar arian, magram mainc SemoaqvaT pluralizmis elementi iseT politikur reJimebSi, romlebic opoziciis mimarT tolerantobiT ar xasiaTdeba.

daskvna

moqalaqeebs saSualeba aqvT sxvadasxva kanonieri gziT monawileoba miiRon politikur procesSi: pirobiTad, arCevnebSi xmis micemiT da sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxvebSi monawileobiT; organizaciuli TvalsazrisiT, SesaZlebelia politikur partiaSi an interesTa jgufSi gawevrianeba; profesiuli TvalsazrisiT, moqalaqes SeuZlia aseT organizaciaSi muSaobis dawyeba. politikuri monawileobis zogierTi forma araa Cveulebrivi, magaliTad, protestebSi an ekonomikur boikotSi CarTva. monawileobis arasamarTlebrivi formebi amaze ufro Sors midis _ ganzrax Cadenili araZaladobrivi qmedebebiT (samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba) dawyebuli da ukiduresad sastiki moqmedebebiT damTavrebuli (terorizmi). xelisuflebaze gavlenis mosaxdenad, moqalaqeebma konstituciur demokratiebSi individualuri Sexedulebebisa da interesebis koleqtiur mosazrebebad da interesebad gadaqceva unda SeZlon. politologebi am process interesTa agregacias uwodeben. sazogadoebrivi azri SeiZleba gamoixatos sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxvisas, rasac politikur procesze didi gavlena aqvs xolme. arCevnebi, miuxedavad Tandayolili SezRudvebisa, masobrivi Sexedulebebis sajaro politikad qcevis saukeTeso saSualebaa. arsebobs gansxvavebuli saarCevno sistemebi, magram umTavresi oria: maJoritaruli sistema (amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa da did britaneTSi) da warmomadgenlobis proporciuli sistema (warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiebis umravlesobaSi). demokratiul respublikebSi amomrCevlebi irCeven kanonmdeblebs, maRali Tanamdebobis pirebs aRmasrulebel xelisuflebaSi da zogjer mosamarTleebsac. pirdapiri demokratiis instrumentebia referendumi, iniciativa da Tanamdebobis pirebis gamowveva, rac saSualebas aZlevs moqalaqeebs pirdapir miiRon monawileoba sajaro politikis formirebaSi. amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi arCevnebSi monawilobis (xmis micemis) dab-

388


ali maCvenebelia da igi kidev ufro klebulobs. amomrCevlebi, rogorc wesi, ar arian gaTviTcnobierebulni. zogierTi mkvlevris azriT, masebis politikuri monawileoba ufro iluzorulia da Zalaufleba sinamdvileSi gavlenian pirTa mcirericxovani, elitaruli jgufebis xelSia moqceuli. am elitistur Teorias ar eTanxmebian pluralizmis damcvelebi. isini amtkiceben, rom demokratiul sazogadoebaSi Zalaufleba ufro gabneulia, vidre koncentrirebuli da rom politikuri movlenebi Zalze rTulia saimisod, rom isini elitisturi Teoriis martiv gagebamde davakninoT. avtoritarul saxelmwifoebSi srulfasovani monawileoba iSviaTia. Tuki aseTi ram xdeba, igi emsaxureba ara moqalaqeTa monawileobis xelSewyobas, aramed mTavrobis mier kontrolis gamtkicebasa da ganxorcielebas. demokratiul qveynebSi moqalaqeebi cdiloben gavlena moaxdinon sajaro politikaze politikuri partiebisa da interesTa jgufebis meSveobiT. avtoritarul qveynebSi partiebi mTavrobis iaraRia da ara xalxis nebis gamomxatveli instrumenti. interesTa jgufebi, Tuki aseT qveynebSi isini arseboben, gacilebiT ufro SezRudul rols asruleben, vidre demokratiul qveynebSi. amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi partiebs Tavdapirvelad uyurebdnen rogorc ganxeTqilebis Semomtanebs. dRes maT sayovelTaod aRiqvamen demokratiul saxelmwifoSi ZiriTadi funqciis ganmaxorcieleblad, ramdenadac isini aRweven erovnul Tanxmobas da gvTavazoben alternativebs. gansakuTrebiT arCevnebis procesSi, isini gvexmarebian xelisuflebis CamoyalibebaSi. politikuri partiebi moqmedeben erTpartiuli, orpartiuli an mravalpartiuli sistemebis konteqstSi. partiebis siZlieresa da organizaciaze ama Tu im qveyanaSi ramdenime faqtori SeiZleba axdendes gavlenas, maT Soris, tradiciebi, konstitucia, qveynis kulturuli da ekonomikuri mravalferovneba. bolo dros politikuri partiebis gavlena Semcirda. interesTa jgufebis klasifikacia SeiZleba sxvadasxvanairad moxdes: erTi meTodiT SeiZleba kerZo interesTa jgufebis sazogadoebriv interesTa jgufebisagan gansxvaveba. am jgufebis efeqtianobas ramdenime faqtori gansazRvravs, sididis, wevrebis politikur mosazrebaTa intensiurobis, dafinansebis da liderebis CaTvliT. ukanasknel wlebSi am asociaciaTa ricxvi da Zalaufleba gaizarda. zogierTi mkvlevari SiSobs, rom isini zedmetad gavleniani gaxdnen, Tumca sxvebs miaCniaT, rom jgufebis mravalricxovnoba da mravalferovneba xels uwyobs politikuri stabilurobisa da damoukidebeli institutebis SenarCunebas.


389

sakvanZo sityvebi konvenciuri monawileoba arakonvenciuri monawileoba arasamarTlebrivi monawileoba samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba terorizmi sabotaJi warmomadgenlobiTi demokratia sazogadoebriv azri `Calis~ gamokiTxva SemTxveviTi SerCeva strategiuli gamokiTxva fokus jgufebi stratificirebuli SerCeva ganmeorebadi gamokiTxva ubralo umravlesoba maJoritaruli sistema gamarjvebuls yvelaferi miaqvs (winner-takes-all)

proporciuli siebis sistema pirdapiri demokratia plebisciti

referendumi gawveva politikuri qmediTunarianoba gaucxoeba individualizmi politikuri apaTia mwiri informaciis racionaloba oligarqiis rkinis kanoni pluralistebi masobrivi mobilizaciis reJimi politikuri partia koaliciuri mTavroba interesTa jgufebi kerZo interesTa jgufebi sazogadoebriv interesTa jgufebi lobistebi politikuri qmedebis komiteti (PAC) `rbili fuli~ (soft money)

kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

9.

rogor SeuZliaT moqalaqeebs monawileoba miiRon politikur procesSi? saarCevno sistemebis ra formebi arsebobs? SeadareT maTi Zlieri da susti mxareebi. aris Tu ara demokratiul saxelmwifoSi apaTia moqalaqis valis srulfasovnad Sesrulebis xelisSemSleli faqtori? pasuxi daasabuTeT. riTi gansxvadeba demokratiis elitisturi Teoriebi pluralistuli modelisagan? ras amboben, rogorc wesi, demokratiul saxlmwifoSi politikuri monawileobis Sesaxeb? marTalia Tu ara es? pasuxi daasabuTeT. ra gansxvavebaa erT-, or-, da mravalpartiul sistemebs Soris? ramdenad aris interesTa jgufebis qmediToba damokidebuli im politikur sistemaze, romelSic isini moqmedeben? ratom gaizarda interesTa jgufebis gavlena politikuri partiebis gavlenis SesustebasTan erTad. aris Tu ara es ori movlena erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli? ras niSnavs debuleba _ “yvela interesTa jgufi araa Tanaswori”?

390


SeniSvnebi 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

6. 7. 8.

9. 10. 11.

12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22.

M. Margaret Conway, Political Participation in the United States (Washington, D.C.: C.Q. Press, 1987), 10. mogvianebiT am TavSi ufro detalurad ganvixilavT SeerTebul StatebSi xmis micemis formebs. Conway, Political Participation, 52-53. iqve. Howard Schuman and Stanley Presser, Questions and answers in Attitude Surveys (Orlando, Fla.: Academic Press, 1981), 70-71. es kvleva TvalsaCinod aris warmodgenili James Q. Wilson-is American Government, me-4 gamocema (Lexington, Mass.: Heath, 1989), 99. John L. Fund, “It’ll Be Close,” Wall Street Journal, 1 noemberi 1997w., 12. Everett Carll Ladd, “The Pollsters’ Waterloo,” Wall Street Journal, 19 noemberi 1997w., 22. erT-erTi kvleviT dadginda, rom wamyvani partiis platformis dapirebaTa ori mesamedi sruldeba; ix. Gerald M. Pomper-isa da Susan Lederman-is Elections in America: Control and Influence in Democratic Politics, me-2 gamocema (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1980), 161. Thomas Cronin, Direct Democracy: The Politics of Initiative, Referendum, and Recall (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1989). iqve, 87. is garemoeba, rom mraval demokratiul qveyanaSi amomrCevels daregistrireba ar sWirdeba, xSirad maTi monawileobis maRali maCveneblis mizezad miiCneva. zogierT qveyanaSi (avstraliisa da belgiis CaTvliT) is moqalaqeebi, romlebic xmas ar aZleven, jarimdebian. Harry Holloway and John George, Public Opinion: Coalitions, Elites, and Masses, me-2 gamocema (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1986), 161. iqve, 162-163. ix. Julian L. Woodward and Elmo Roper, “Political Activity of American Citizens,” American Political Science Review 44 (1950): 822-885. Sidney Verba and Norman Nie, Participation in America (New York: Harper & Row, 1972), 79-80. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, tomi 2 (New York: Schocken Books, 1961), 18. iqve, 153, 159. Robert D. Putnam, “Bowling Alone: America’s Declining Social Capital,” Journal of Democracy (ianvari 1995), 65-78. Richard Morin, “Who’s In Control? Many Don’t Know or Care,” Washington Post, 29 ianvari 1996, 6. iqve. James Q. Wilson, American Government, 100. Richard Niemi and Herbert Weisberg, Controversies in Voting Behavior, me-3 gamocema (Washington, D.C.: C.Q. Press, 1992), 103.


391

23. Samuel Popkin, The Reasoning Voter and Persuasion in Presidential Campaigns (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991), 212-216. 24. C. Wright Mills, The Power Elite (New York: Oxford University Press, 1956). 25. Thomas Dye and L. Harmon Ziegler, The Irony of Democracy: An Uncommon Introduction to American Government, me-4 gamocema (North Scituate, Mass.: Duxbury Press, 1978), 374. 26. Andrew Greeley, “Power Is Diffused throughout Society,” wignSi Taking Sides: Clashing Views on Controversial Political Isuues, red. George McKenna da Stanley Feingad (Guilford, Conn.: Dushkin, 1983), 23. ix. aseve Arnold Rose, The Power Structure: Political Process in American Society (London: Oxford University Press, 1967), 483-493. 27. Thomas Jefferson-isa da Francis Hopkinson-is mimowera, 13 marti 1789w. wignSi The Political Writings of Thomas Jefferson, red. Edward Dumbauld (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1955), 46. 28. iqve. 29. Teoria warmodgenilia Harry Jaffa-s wignSi quality and Liberty: Theory and Practice in American Politics (New York: Oxford University Press, 1965), 3-32. 30. Paul Best, Kul Rai and David Walsh, Politics in Three Worlds: An Introduction to Political Science (New York: Wiley, 1986), 271-272. 31. Gabriel Almond and G. Bingham Powell, Comparative Politics: A Developmental Approach (Boston: Little, Brown, 1966), Tavi 4. 32. am msjelobisaTvis unda vumadlodeT William Keefe-sa da Morris Ogul-s wignSi The American Legislation Process: Congress and the States, me-8 gamocema (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1992), 334. 33. Thomas DiLorenzo, “Who Really Speaks For the Elderly?” Consumers Research 79 (seqtemberi 1996): 15 da Charles Morris, The AARP: America’s Most Powerful Lobby and the Clash of Generations (New York: Times Books, 1996), 4, 10-11. 34. Jeffrey Birnbaum, “Overhaul of Lobbying Laws Unlikely to Succeed Thanks to Opposition of Lobbyists Themselves,” Wall Street Journal, 30 maisi 1991, A 20. 35. Jonathan Rauch, “The Hyperpluralism Trap,” New Republic, 6 ivnisi 1994. 22. 36. iqve, 2-3. 37. John Harwood, “Political Treill: For California Senator, Fundraising Becomes Overwhelming Burden,” Wall Street Journal, 2 marti 1994. A1. fainstiniseuli Tanxis mozidvis Zalisxmevas safuZvlad edo is faqti, rom 1992 wels man arCevnebSi mxolod orwliani vadiT gaimarjva. Harwood-is SefasebiT 1992 wels brZola da 1990 wels gubernatoris arCevnebSi damarcxeba fainstainis daaxloebiT 30 mln dolari daujda. 38. ix. “Campaign finance reform” Pew Charitable Trusts veb-gverdze www. pewtrusts.com/ideas/. 39. es paragrafi eyrdnoba Best, Rai and Walsh, Politics in Three Worlds, 228-229. 40. Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay, The Federalist (New York: Modern Library, uTariRo), nomeri 10, 55. 41. Best, Rai and Walsh, Politics in Three Worlds, 220. 42. iqve, 240. 43. Gordon Skilling-sa da Franklyn Griffiths-is redaqtorobiT Interest Groups in Soviet Politics (Printceton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1971).

392


Tav T a v i XI

politikuri lideroba Z alauflebis Zalau fleb is mrav m rav alsaxe alsaxeo ob ba namdvili liderebi marTvis xelovnebis arsi xibli lideris oTxi tipi knineba? demagogebi politikosebi

didebis

liderobis da-

kanonmdeblebi, rogorc delegatebi kanonmdeblebi, rogorc meurveebi politikanebi

damSoSmineblebi

samoqalaqo liderebi

392

politikuri lideroba

393

Tanamedrove cxovrebaSi politikosebi ufro erTian jgufad aRiqmebian da stereotipebiT fasdebian, vidre gamoCenili sportsmenebi, eqimebi, biznesis liderebi an Tundac garTobis industriis moRvaweebi. miuxedavad amisa, yovelTvis, rodesac wvlili Segvaqvs politikur kampaniebSi an xmas vaZlevT arCevnebSi, upiratesobas vaniWebT erT kandidats meoresTan SedarebiT da, Sesabamisad, vaaSkaravebT im bazisur rwmenas, rom CvenTvis mniSvnelovania, romeli kandidatia arCeuli. iseve, rogorc TviTmfrinavis mgzavrebs ar SeuZliaT indiferentulebi iyvnen ekipaJis gamocdilebisa da unaris mimarT, moqalaqeebsac ar ZaluZT gulgrilni darCnen saxelmwifo liderebis xasiaTisa da gonierebis mimarT. erebis keTildReoba xSirad damokidebulia liderebis unarze, gaakeTon brZnuli arCevani da imoqmedon keTilgonivrulad. prezident jorj buSis gadawyvetileba, daesaja borotmoqmedebi 2001 wlis 11 seqtembers amerikis SeerTebul Statebze ganxorcielebuli teroristuli Tavdasxmis gamo aucilebel da Sesabamis nabijad iqna aRqmuli amerikeli xalxis umravlesobis mier. mamamisis [jorj buSi ufrosis] mier 1990 wels miRebulma gadawyvetilebam, jarebi gaegzvana quveiTSi iq SeWrili sadam huseinisTvis winaaRmdegobis gasawevad, saSualeba misca Statebs daecva navTobis sabazro fasi msoflio bazarze da amgvarad, Tavidan aeridebina navTobis mkacri deficiti (magram amave dros, erayis diqtatoris xelisuflebaSi datovebam or saxelmwifos Soris xangrZlivi daZabuloba da urTierTobis gamwvaveba gamoiwvia); prezident riCard niqsonis uotergeitis qmedebebma amerikeli eri konstituciuri krizisis zRvarze miiyvana; prezident lindon b. jonsonis gadawyvetilebiT vietnamSi 500 aTasi amerikeli jariskacis gagzavnam da omis gamwvavebam mZime Sedegebi gamoiRo rogorc amerikisTvis, aseve mTeli msofliosTvis. cxadia, lideroba politikis mniSvnelovani faqtoria. II msoflio omis Semdeg perezidentma hari trumenma [1945-1953] istoriuli gadawyvetilebebis mTeli seria miiRo: marSalis gegmis farglebSi evropis aRorZineba, axali samxedro aliansebis, maT Soris CrdiloeT atlantikuri TanamSromlobis organizaciis (nato) Seqmna, agreTve Sekavebis mkacri politikis saSualebiT sabWoTa kavSiris sagrZnobi gafarToebisTvis winaaRmdegobis gaweva. savaraudoa, rom magaliTad, uoren hardingi [aSS prezidenti 1921-1923] aseT strategiebs ver SeimuSavebda. erT-erTi gamoCenili mkvlevaris azriT, `politika Tavisi arsiT lideroba an nebismieri formis politikuri erTobis marTvis mcdelobaa~.1 politikuri liderobis Zala is faqtoria, romlis arsebiT gavlenas yovelTvis ganicdis yvela saxis erToba da yvela qveyana. magaliTad, wlobiT cixeSi yofnis Semdeg 1994 wlis maisSi antiaparteiduli afrikis erovnuli kongresis yofili Tavmjdomare nelson mandela arCeul iqna rasobrivad mravalferovani samxreT afrikis respublikis prezidentad. TviTnaswavlma, sayovelTao ndobiT aRWurvilma, da bevrisTvis sayvarelma samocdaTxuTmeti wlis nelson mandelam warmatebiT SeZlo Zalauflebis mSvidobianad Secvla, riTac daasrula TeTrkanianTa xangrZlivi batonobis reJimi. SesaZloa, sxva veravin SeZlebda am amocanisTvis Tavis garTmevas. magram mainc, revoluciuri moZraobis moTaveoba da qveynis marTva ori sxvadasxva amo-

394


canaa. marTalia mandela didi lideris mravali Tvisebis mqone pirovnebaa, jer kidev adrea daskvnebis gakeTeba imis Taobaze, rogor moaxerxa man axali samxreT afrikis lideroba. am TavSi ganvixilavT oTxi tipis liderebs: namdvil liderebs, demagogebs, Cveulebriv politikosebs da samoqalaqo liderebs. amgvari dayofa umeteswilad xdeba maTi miRwevebis, Tvisebebis, meTodebisa da miznebis mixedviT. namdvili liderebi arian politikuri arqiteqtorebi, romlebic axal saxelmwifoebs qmnian, mSvidobismyofelebi, romlebic konfliqtebs agvareben da oratorebi, romlebsac erovnuli krizisis dros xalxis STagoneba SeuZliaT. isini arian warsulis damfuZneblebi, awmyos gzamkvlevebi da momavlis legendebi. demagogebi atyueben xalxs da manipulireben misi ndobiT Tavisi kerZo miznis misaRwevad. isini intriganebi, wamqezeblebi da omis gamCaReblebi arian. Cveulebrivi politikosebi ar sCadian arc did borotebas da arc did sikeTes, maTi qmedebebi koncentrirebulia arCevasa da gadarCevaze. samoqalaqo liderebs ara aqvT oficialuri sajaro Tanamdebobebi, magram aqtiurad arian Cabmulni eris politikaSi da mniSvnelovanwilad SeuZliaT misi gansazRvra. xSirad aseTi gansxvaveba Teoriulad gacilebiT iolia, vidre misi praqtikaSi gadatana. magaliTad, SeiZleba vinmes franklin delano ruzvelti [aSS prezidenti 1933-1945] gansakuTrebul liderad miaCndes, sxva ki mas Cveulebriv politikosad, gzasacdenil liderad, da iqneb demagogadac ki aRiqvamdes. SesaZloa sazogado cxovrebis, karieris sxvadasxva etapze esa Tu is politikosi oTxive tips Seesabamebodes, da mainc, sxvaobac naTelia _ sayovelTao azria, rom adolf hitleri demagogi iyo, xolo uinston CerCili _ II msoflio omis yvelaze mZime dReebSi didi britaneTis gmiruli dacvis arqiteqtori.

namdvili liderebi namdvili liderebi marTvis xelovnebas, saxelmwifos gonivrul gaZRolas arian naziarebi. liderobis es ideali didi xnis win Camoyalibda. platoni da aristotele ganixilavdnen mas TavianT naSromebSi. platoni aRwers sokrates, romelic monawileobs dialogSi saxelmwifo moRvawis Sesaxeb _ terminiT, romliTac tradiciulad mimarTaven an moixseneben politikuri niWiT dajildoebul liders. XX saukunis ganmavlobaSi termini saxelmwifo moRvawe (marTebulad Tu umarTebulod) bevri msoflio lideris mimarT gamoiyeneboda, iugoslaviis damaarsebel, iosip broz titodan (1945-1980) dawyebuli, viskonsinis Statis qalaq miluokis skolis maswavlebliT, golda meieriT (1969-1974) damTavrebuli, romelic israelis meoTxe premierministri gaxda 1969 wels. liderebi, romlebic xangrZlivi vadiT qmnian gansxvavebul istorias, iSviaTi Tvisebebis mqone adamianebi arian, mSvidobis, harmoniisa da sazogado sikeTis ideis erTgulni da amJRavneben praqtikul sibrZnes. amasTan, krizisis dros es adamianebi ers winamZRolobas uweven gadarCenis gzaze.

politikuri lideroba

395

am tipis liderebs Soris gansakuTrebuli adgili ukaviaT axali erebis Semqmnelebs, romelTa xedvis, sibrZnisa da STamagonebeli liderobis gareSe konkretuli eri an mTavroba saerTod ver iarsebebda. jorj vaSingtoni amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis erT-erTi damfuZnebeli mamaa bevr sxva ersac hyavs damfuZnebeli mamebi, romlebsac xalxi eTayvaneba da gansakuTrebul dReebSi ixsenebs (magaliTad, erovnuli damoukideblobis dRes).

marTvis xelovnebis arsi idealuri lideris tipis gansazRvra ioli ar aris. kargi liderobis unars safuZvlad udevs iseTi SeumCneveli Tvisebebi, rogoricaa intuicia, STagoneba, saRad azrovnebis unari; arsebiTia sxva Tvisebebic _ inteleqti da TavSekavebuloba. cnobili moazrovne da sagazeTo svetis avtori uolter lipmani `moralis SesavalSi~ Seecada gamoeyo es Tvisebebi ganaTlebuli liderebis ubralo liderebTan Sedarebis saSualebiT. lipmanis mixedviT, politikosebis umetesoba `muSaobs mikerZoebuli (konkretuli) interesisTvis~. amis magaliTia politikosebi, romlebic sakuTar `budeebs~ iSeneben an monurad mihyvebian partiul xazs. cnebaSi _ saxelmwifo moRvaweoba _ amis sapirispirod `moiazreba adamiani, romlis azrovneba mokamaTe partiebis konfliqtze gacilebiT maRla dgas da saSualebas aZlevs mas ganaxorcielos is qmedebebi, romlebic moicaven da iTvaliswineben interesTa farTo speqtrs xangrZliv perspeqtivaSi~.2 lipmani aRiarebda, rom wyalgamyofi Cveulebriv politikossa da namdvil liders Soris xSirad bundovania. arcTu iSviaTad WeSmarit liderebsac ki ar ZaluZT specifikuri interesis ugulebelyofa. demokratiul qveyanaSi yvela lideri xandaxan unda iqceodes ise, rogorc politikosi. miuxedavad amisa, politikosi liderad gadaiqceva, rogorc ki Seecdeba Sewyvitos mxolod Tavisi amomrCevlebis myisieri survilebis dakmayofileba. amisTvis ukeTesi gzaa daarwmuno xalxi (amomrCevlebi), rom saerTo, sazogadoebrivi interesebisken swrafva umTavresia da rom kerZo interesebi ar aris (arc unda iyos) politikis upirvelesi sazrunavi. sazogadoebrivi sikeTisaken swrafva. WeSmariti lideri motivirebulia ara myife egoizmiT an viwro jgufuri kuTvnilebiT, aramed sayovelTao sazogadoebrivi sikeTis gaazrebiT. ori ukiduresobis dapirispirebiT, `ras CaTvlis sabolood xalxi kargad, imis sapirispirod, ra surs xalxs mocemul momentSi~, lipmani askvnida, rom namdvilma liderebma Tavi unda aaridon swraf popularobas. maT uari unda Tqvan politikurad SeuZlebel dapirebebze, rac imas niSnavs, rom iyvnen patiosani da gawonasworebuli liderebi da ara mliqvneli politikosebi. aseTi gadawyvetileba liderisgan moiTxovs `simamaces, romelic Sorsaa mocemuli momentis agitaciebisgan~ da aseve `codnas, romelsac safuZvlad udevs faqtebis obieqturi da Rrma codna da `civi~ miukerZoebloba~. marTalia, sazogadoebrivi sikeTisTvis zrunva SeiZleba aRweril iqnes ga-

396


wonasworebulobis, miukerZoeblobis, codnisa da patiosnebis farglebSi, is mainc ar iZleva cxadi ganzogadebis saSualebas. magaliTad, patiosneba siqvelea, magram politikur cxovrebaSi gamonaklisebic arsebobs. rodesac fsonebi maRalia, sruli patiosneba warmatebisTvis winaRobaa da eris sanukvari intresebi SeiZleba ganxorcieldes mxolod eSmakobis an sicruis saSualebiT, amitom WeSmariti lideri xandaxan patiosnebis aseT `daTmobazec~ midis. gansakuTrebuli garemoebebi politikosebisagan gansakuTrebul zomebs moiTxovs. magaliTad, abraam linkolni [aSS prezidenti 1861-65], rogorc samoqalaqo omamde, ise omis dros ganuxrelad akninebda monobis sakiTxs im motiviT, rom upiratesobas aniWebda Statebis kavSiris gadarCenas. linkolni xvdeboda, rom monobis sakiTxze yuradRebis gamaxvileba mis sust koaliciaSi zogi wevris gaucxoebas gamoiwvevda da am kavSirze damyarebul popularobas dakargavda, riTac avnebda rogorc kavSirs, ise monebis gaTavisuflebis sakiTxs.3 praqtikuli sibrZne. WeSmarit liderebs axasiaTebT is, rasac aristotele keTilgonierebas, anu praqtikul sibrZnes uwodebda. sazogadoebrivi sikeTis yovlismomcveli xedva usargebloa, Tu ar ici, rogor miaRwio mas. liderebi acnobiereben kavSirs dauyovnebliv qmedebasa da saboloo Sedegebs Soris da SeuZliaT gaTvalon rogorc moyvasis, ise mtris reaqcia am qmedebebze. dabolos, maT SeuZliaT erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavon xangrZlivi da efemeruli, fundamenturi da umniSvnelo, SesaZlo da miuRweveli miznebi. mokled, saxelmwifo moRvaweoba moiTxovs iSviaT codnas da rogorc problemis gamocnobis, ise misi gadaWris gzebis moZiebis unars. am TvalsazrisiT, Wkviani liderebi gvagoneben eqimebs, romelTa warmateba gamoixateba ara dolarebis odenobiT, aramed im erTobis janmrTelobiT, romelsac isini emsaxurebian. politikuri unarebi. araa sakmarisi, rom, magaliTad, prezidents gulSi hqondes CabeWdili erovnuli interesi, arsebiTia SemoTavazebuli programebis da politikis organizebuli mxardaWera. demokratiul qveyanaSi kanoni da politika (arCevnebis SemTxvevaSi Tavad liderebi) marTulTa Tanxmobas moiTxovs. Wkuisa da Tanxmobis Tanafardoba swrafad cvalebad sajaro sivrceSi lideris erT-erTi ZiriTadi amocanaa. politikis yoveldRiur samyaroSi liderma aseve unda SeZlos uzarmazari biurokratiis marTva da uSualod daqvemdebarebuli kadrebis xelmZRvaneloba; imuSaos kanonmdeblebTan, raTa uzrunvelyos mTavrobis programebis damtkiceba da gaaerTianos sazogadoebrivi azri mTavrobis politikis mxardasaWerad. warmatebulma aRmasrulebelma unda gamoamJRavnos organizatoruli niWi, adamianTa darwmunebisa da sxva politikuri qmedebebis unari. politikuri keTilgoniereba gulisxmobs, rom liderobis unari kargi da saWiro saqmisTvis gamoiyeneba. politikuri alRo maSinaa saqebi, rodesac lideris unari sazogadoebrivi sikeTiskenaa mimarTuli. Tuki es unari imisTvis gamoiyeneba, rom liderTa warmatebuli kariera an jibis gasqeleba

politikuri lideroba

397

uzrunvelyos, maSin lideris warmateba demokratiuli sistemis marcxs niSnavs. igive SeiZleba iTqvas im SemTxvevaSic, Tu lideris miznebi mosawonia, magram maTi miRwevis gzebi _ miuRebeli. politikuri liderebi, romlebic cdiloben saWiro sazogadoebrivi reformebis gatarebisas warmoqmnili winaRobebi ngreviT, dapatimrebebiT an oponentebis likvidaciiT gadalaxon, ver iqnebian misaRebi, ragind sasargeblo iyos maT mier gatarebuli politika. gansakuTrebuli SesaZleblobebi. xangrZlivi dakvirvebis safuZvelze istorikosebi askvnian, rom diadi dro diad liderebs qmnis. imisTvis, rom gaxdes WeSmariti lideri, pirovnebam unda icxovros iseT dros, rodesac xelisuflebis qmedebebi da miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi arsebiT gansxvavebas qmnis sazogadoebis da SesaZloa, mTeli msoflios cxovrebaSic ki. aseTi lideri SesaZloa WeSmaritad zrunavdes sazogadoebriv sikeTeze, hqondes gansakuTrebuli politikuri unar-Cvevebi da didi praqtikuli sibrZne, magram movlenaTa ganviTarebaze mainc ver moaxdinos arsebiTi an xangrZlivi gavlena. yvelaze unarian liderebsac ki yovelTvis ara aqvT saSualeba, gamoscadon TavianTi gansakuTrebuli niWi. maS, ra qmnis politikur didebas: pirovnebebi Tu dro? aq isev gamodgeba medicinasTan analogia. sayovelTao aRiareba im eqims ki ara aqvs, romelic pacientebs yoveldRiur rCevebs aZlevs, aramed imas, romelic sicocxlisTvis saSiS daavadebebsa da travmebs umklavdeba. adamianTa msgavsad, erebic ganicdian kriziss, rac maT arsebobas uqmnis safrTxes. aseT dros zneobrivi gamxneveba da politikuri codna arsebiTia eris gadasarCenad; aseTi situacia xelsayreli saxelmwifo moRvaweobis unarisa da codnis gamosacdelad. bedis wyaloba. gamorCeuli liderobis saboloo winapiroba gamarTlebaa. arc erTi politikuri lideri araa warmatebuli Tu bedi odnav mainc ar swyalobs. SemTxveviTi manevri politikuri brZolis dros, gaazrebuli, magram arTqmuli (an dagvianebiT naTqvami) gancxadeba, da araerTi TiTqosda umniSvnelo SemTxveva da qmedeba SesaZloa wamgebiani aRmoCndes. warmateba, ra Tqma unda, ar SeiZleba mTlianad bedis wyalobas mivaweroT, magram Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im rTul garemos, romelSic liderebi moRvaweoben, gamarTleba xSirad qmnis warmatebisa da marcxis pirobas.

didebis xibli politikuri liderebi xSirad Tavis Tavze iReben iseT sajaro pasuxismgeblobas, rac sakmaod Zvirad SeiZleba daujdeT. maT sakmaod didi xnis ganmavlobaSi uxdebaT ojaxis wevrebTan daSoreba, maRalanazRaurebad samsaxurze uaris Tqma da sazogadoebrivi kritikis mudmiv obieqtad qceva. TavisTavad Cndeba kiTxva: ratom uZRvnian gansakuTrebuli niWis mqone adamianebi Tavisi nayofieri cxovrebis saukeTeso wlebs politikaSi Tavis gamoCenis survils? ra ubiZgebs aseT adamianebs, iRvawon sazogadoebrivi sikeTisTvis xSirad ufro aSkara da gamokveTili sakuTari interesebis xarjze?

398


istorikos duglas aderis azriT, amerikis damfuZnebeli mamebi, upirvels yovlisa, motivirebuli iyvnen didebis ideiT. jorj vaSingtonis, jeims medisonis, aleqsander hamiltonisa da benjamin franklinisaTvis viwro kerZo interesi, rac SeiZleba pirad Zalauflebasa da simdidreSi gamoxatuliyo, ar iyo upirvelesi sazrunavi. amis ganmsazRvreli arc piradi Rirseba iyo, rac aderis gansazRvrebiT `qcevis iseTi tipia, romelic mimarTulia socialurad Tanaswori an upiratesobis mqone Tanamedroveebisagan qeba-didebis miRebis survilze~.4 damfuZnebeli mamebis mamoZravebeli Zala didebis survili iyo, risi ideac, aderis ganmartebiT, klasikuri periodidan moyolebuli Rrmad iyo gamjdari dasavlur filosofiur da literaturul tradiciaSi. iyenebs ra am interpretacias amerikis damfuZnebeli mamebis mimarT, aderi wers: ra Tqma unda, isini patriotebi iyvnen, ra Tqma unda, maT eamayebodaT Tavisi qveynis samsaxuri gasaWiris dros, magram vaSingtoni, adamsi, jefersoni da medisoni ar iyvnen sruliad mowyvetili sakuTar interesebs. didebisken ltolva, rac maT ganaTlebiT hqondaT SeTvisebuli, iyo saSualeba, riTac SeZles sakuTari egoisturi da gandidebis impulsebi sazogadoebis samsaxurSi gadaetanaT. maT naswavli hqondaT, rom kerZo interesebisagan Tavisufali keTilSobiluri sazogadoebrivi moRvaweoba saukeTeso gza iyo sakuTari saxelis ukvdavsayofi `maradi monumentebis~ asagebad da Semdgomi Taobebis mexsierebaSi sakuTari Rvawlis dasatoveblad.5

iseve, rogorc yvela politikuri lideri (SesaZloa maTi umetesobac) araa brZeni, yvela brZeni lideric rodia ganmsWvaluli didebis surviliT. zogjer martivi survili, gaakeTo kargi saqme da moipovo xalxis mxardaWera, aseve sakmarisi stimulia moRvaweobisTvis. magram, rogorc Cans, udidesi liderebi yovelTvis motivirebulni iyvnen mxolod didebis surviliT. marTlac, rogorc aleqsander hamiltonma SeniSna, didebis siyvaruli ` gonebis mmarTveli yvelaze keTilSobiluri vnebaa~,6 ukvdavebis survili ki _ Zlieri eleqsiri.

lideris oTxi tipi istoriis ganmavlobaSi WeSmariti liderebi sxvadasxva dros da sxvadasxva adgilas gamoCenilan. msoflioSi cnobili oTxi lideris qvemoT motanili politikuri biografiebi cxadyofs, rom liderobis umaRles safexurs miRweuli politikosebis codnaSi, Tvisebebsa da motivebSi bevr msgavsebasTan erTad gansxvavebac bevria. romulo betankuri (1908-1981). 1830 wels venesuela damoukidebeli saxelmwifo gaxda. am periodidan 1959 wlamde, sanam romulo betankuri gaxdeboda qveynis arCeuli prezidenti, arc erT demokrat liders ar gauZlia prezidentis Tanamdebobaze or welze metxans. betankurma araTu SeZlo ga-

politikuri lideroba

399

daelaxa TiTqmis warmoudgeneli sirTuleebi da SeenarCunebina Tanamdeboba, aramed moaxerxa Tavisi sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobis gaSlac da gamoacocxla Tavisi qveynis susti demokratia. marTalia, is Zlieri prezidentisTvis damaxasiaTebeli maneriT marTavda, magram SeZlo daecva zRvari demokratiul mmarTvelobasa da Zalauflebis avtoritarul, borotad gamoyenebas Soris. man xeli Seuwyo zomierebis, kompromisisa da tolerantobis politikis ganviTarebas. igi iTvaliswinebda xelisuflebis sxva Stoebis legitimur Zalauflebas, icavda konstitucias, pativs scemda moqalaqeTa uflebebs da calsaxad aridebda Tavs materialuri upiratesobis mosapoveblad Zalauflebis gamoyenebas (aseve sxvebs ar aZlevda amis Cadenis saSualebas).7 prezidentobis xuTwliani vadis amowurvis Semdeg betankurma gaakeTa is, rac manamde venesuelis arc erT liders ar gaukeTebia _ rogorc misi mmarTvelobis periodSi dawerili konstitucia iTxovda, man Zalaufleba Tavis demokratiulad arCeul Semcvlels gadaabara. am mizezebis gamo romulo betankuri SeiZleba samarTlianad CaiTvalos venesuelaSi demokratiis fuZemdeblad. am TvalsazrisiT igi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba XX saukunis sxva damfuZnebeli liderebisagan, rogorebic arian pol poti da fidel kastro. maT saguldagulod daafuZnes da bejiTad Seudgnen SeuzRudavi piradi politikuri Zalauflebis ganxorcielebas ise, rom ugulebelyves individTa uflebebi. ufro metic, betankurma Zalaufleba gamoiyena ara ZalauflebisTvis, aramed im sazogado sikeTis misaRwevad, risTvisac igi arsebobs. swored amis gamo mas iolad SeeZlo Zalauflebas nebayoflobiT Seleoda da sworad gaego politikuri liderobis didi gakveTili: gamorCeuli liderebi gangeb axdenen TavianTi rolis dakninebas imisTvis, rom xalxma Tavad SeZlos sakuTari Tavis marTva maSin, rodesac lideri ar eyoleba.8 betankuris politikuri kariera maSin daiwyo, rodesac is jer kidev studenti iyo da venesuelas samxedro diqtatori xuan visente gomesi (19081935) ganagebda. 1928 wels 20 wlis betankuri studentebis lideri gaxda revoluciaSi, romelic damarcxda da igi cixeSi moxvda. cixidan gamosvlis Semdeg igi rva wlis ganmavlobaSi cxovrobda devnilobaSi kosta rikaSi da venesuelaSi diqtatoris gardacvalebis Semdeg dabrunda. 1930-iani wlebidan igi gamoCenili politikuri moRvawe gaxda da saqmianobas 1959 wlamde eweoda. politikuri moRvaweobis adreul wlebSi betankuris simpaTiebi komunistebis mxres iyo, magram raRac periodis Semdeg misi Sexedulebebi ufro zomieri gaxda da demokratiuli socializmisken gadaixara. am periodSi betankuris yvelaze mniSvnelovani miRweva iyo is, rom saTave daudo SemdgomSi venesuelis wamyvan politikur partias demokratiuli qmedebis partias. Tavisi opoziciuri moRvaweobis TiTqmis mTeli periodis ganmavlobaSi betankuri da misi partia Tanmimdevrulad ibrZodnen yvela moqalaqis farTo demokratiuli monawileobisTvis, agraruli reformisaTvis, garantirebuli sayovelTao ganaTlebis uflebisaTvis, erovnuli jandacvis sistemisaTvis, da ekonomikuri diversifikaciisaTvis (venesuela mTlianad damokidebuli iyo navTobis eqsportze). betankuri SeuerTda (da zogi versiiT xelmZRvanelobda kidec) samxedro

400


reformatorTa jgufs 1945 wlis oqtombris saxelmwifo gadatrialebaSi venesuelis samxedro xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg. betankuri am procesebis Sedegad prezidenti gaxda da sagareo urTierTobebis erT-erT ZiriTad mimarTulebad aqcia samxedro diqtaturebTan yovelgvar diplomatiur kavSirebze uaris Tqmis politika. amavdroulad, misi mTavroba mouwodebda regionis sxva saxelmwifoebs igive midgoma gamoeCinaT. Sida politikis TvalsazrisiT ki siaxle iyo is, rom betankurma daavaldebula didi navTobkompaniebi Semosavlebis naxevari saxelmwifosTvis gadaecaT, riTac mTavrobas saSualeba miecemoda ganexorcielebina skolebis, saavyofoebis, sanitaruli samsaxurebis, sazogadoebrivi wyalmomaragebis sistemisa da iafi sacxovreblebis mSeneblobis xangrZlivvadiani programebi. misi iniciativiT 1947 wels daiwera axali konstitucia, manve gamoacxada arCevnebi da ganacxada, rom ar ibrZolebda prezidentobisTvis. kandidati, romelmac romulo betankuri Secvala, postze mxolod cxra Tve darCa, sanam samxedro gadatrialebam misi mTavroba ar daamxo. 1959 wlamde, sanam betankuri prezidentad ar airCies, venesuela demokratiisken ar Sebrunebula. prezidentobis xuTwliani vadis ganmavlobaSi betankurma im progresuli politikis gatareba daiwyo, romliskenac yovelTvis miiswrafvoda. konkretulad, aRsaniSnavia misi mcdeloba, moezida ucxouri investiciebi da ganeviTarebina urbanuli mSenebloba. betankurma aseve miwis reformirebis inicireba moaxdina. misi ekonomikuri da politikuri miRwevebi gamorCeuli iyo, vinaidan misi xelisuflebis saTaveSi mosvlis droisaTvis venesuela ekonomikur krizisSi iyo Cafluli, samxedroebi mis reJims mxars ar uWerdnen da rogorc memarcxene, ise memarjvene samxedro-politikuri jgufebis mxridan saxelmwifo gadatrialebis mcdelobebi xels uSlida mis mmarTvelobas (betankuri mkvlelobis araerT mcdelobas gadaurCa). sabolood betankurma gaimarjva da igi Seiyvara Tavisma xalxma. ram Seitana wvlili misi, rogorc demokratiuli politikuri lideris warmatebaSi im qveyanaSi, romelsac avtoritarizmis xangrZlivi tradicia hqonda? rogorc Cans, betankurs hqonda zebunebrivi unari, gamoecno sxvebis motivebi da xasiaTi; TiTqmis uSecdomod ganesaja, rodis mdgariyo jiutad Tavis poziciaze da rodis wasuliyo daTmobaze; moesmina rCevebi, magram darCeniliyo Tavis azrze; hqonda imis Zala, rom mieRo rTuli gadawyvetilebebi; SeeZlo sakuTari Tavis kontroli da pirovnulad iyo gambedavi. man es Tvisebebi Seazava maRali donis praqtikul idealizmTan, rac imaSi gamoixateboda, rom naTla icoda, ra surda mas Tavisi qveynisTvis da erTguli iyo im Rirebulebebisa, romlebic warmarTavdnen mis qmedebebs saxelmwifo politikaSi.9 romulo betankuri venesuelisTvis iyo sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani lideri, romelmac rTul dartymebs gauZlo. erT-erTi misi biografTagani, robert aleqsanderi SeniSnavs: `vercerTi misi Tanamedrove venesueleli lideri ver iqneboda warmatebuli im pirobebSi~10. istorikosi jon fagi werda: `Tu moraluri avtoriteti da maRali zneobrivi principebi mniSvnelovania, maSin romulo betankuri venesuelis istoriaSi titanad gvevlineba.~11 gamorCeuli liderebi arsebobdnen bevrgan da sxvadasxva dros, magram isini

politikuri lideroba

401

namdvilad iSviaTad arseboben; venesuelas gaumarTla, rom erT-erTi maTgani hyavda. uinston CerCili (1874-1965). sanam 1940 wlis maisSi britaneTis premieri gaxdeboda, CerCils cvalebadi sajaro kariera hqonda. igi iyo gonebamaxvili, momxiblveli, Wkviani, kamaTis moyvaruli, saqmis mimarT skrupulozuri da simamaciT gamorCeuli pirovneba. misi sazogadoebrivi moRvaweoba asaxavda politikuri Tavisuflebis mimarT ganuxrel erTgulebas. ufro metic, yovelTvis, rodesac Tavisuflebas safrTxe eqmneboda, saWiro dros saWiro adgilze Cndeboda. 1930-iani wlebis wamyvan politikur figurebs Soris is TiTqmis erTaderTi iyo, romelic mudmivad miuTiTebda nacisturi germaniis safrTxeze. SeZlo ra am safrTxeebis gamocnoba gamoaSkaravebamde, CerCilma sakuTari Tavi im epoqis yvelaze alRoian damkvirveblad warmoaCina. uinston CerCili daibada warCinebul inglisur ojaxSi, romelic saTaves jon CerCilidan, malbros pirveli hercogidan iRebda. mamamisi inglisis parlamentisa da ministrTa kabinetis gamorCeuli wevri iyo, dedamisi ki amerikeli gaxldaT. Tavad is parlamentis wevrad airCies ocdaxuTi wlis asakSi da TiTqmis maSinve moipova enamWevri da gulwrfeli politikosis reputacia. 1911 wels igi sairalos pirvel lordad dainiSna da es posti pirveli msoflio omis pirvel wlamde ekava. 1915 wels CerCili aiZules gadamdgariyo TurqeTze dardanelis srutis gavliT sazRvao-saxmeleTo Setevis CaSlis gamo, romelsac igi mxars uWerda. CerCilis politikuri prestiJi warmoudgenlad daeca, Tumca SeZlo ndobis imdenad aRdgena, rom 1917 wels samxedro uzrunvelyofis ministrad dainiSna. 1920-ian wlebSi CerCili konservatiuli partiis warmomadgeneli iyo parlamentSi da sakmaod didi xnis ganmavlobaSi didi britaneTis xazinis kancleris sapatio Tanamdebobac ekava. miuxedavad sajaro samsaxurSi dagrovili soliduri gamocdilebisa, 1930-iani wlebis politikaSi mainc politikuri gandegilis saxiT Sevida _ igi gaucxovda Tavisi partiis liderebisgan. miuxedvad imisa, rom Zalaufleba konservatorebs ekuTvnodaT, igi mTavrobidan garicxes, ris gamoc parlamentSi izolirebul mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda. ormocdaTeqvsmeti wlis asakSi CerCils Tavisi politikuri karieris udroo dasasruli eloda. magram CerCils garkveuli saxis naTelmxilvelobis unari hqonda, rac ase iSviaTia politikaSi. mas SeeZlo naTlad daenaxa movlenebi maSin, rodesac sxvebi gzaabneulebi iyvnen. xelisuflebis saTaveSi hitleris aRzevebis droidan, CerCilma daiwyo dasavluri demokratiebis gafrTxileba mosalodneli safrTxis _ germaniis swrafi SeiaraRebis Sesaxeb, miuTiTebda aseve britaneTis Tavdacvisunarianobis SedarebiT sisusteze, gansakuTrebiT sahaero Zalebis TvalsazrisiT. politikuri amindis Semqmnelma bevrma politikosma da komentatorma sasacilod aigdo CerCili da panikiori daarqva. misi biografis sityvebiT, CerCilis naTqvami rCeboda `xmad mRaRadeblisad udabnosa Sina~.12

402


sasowarkveTilebis epoqaSi uiston CerCilis mizandasaxulobam da Tavdajerebulobam britaneli eri Semdegi sityvebiT gaaerTiana: àr unda movdundeT da arc davmarcxdeT. Cven miznamde unda mivideT... arasdros davnebdeT~.

1930-iani wlebis bolos, rogorc ki CerCilis gafrTxilebebma eris gamoRviZeba daiwyo, misTvis mainc ar moiZebna adgili Tavisi partiis kabinetSi. mxolod maSin, rodesac didi britaneTi II msoflio omSi Caeba, CerCils sTxoves mTavrobaSi dabruneba, jer Tavis pirvandel Tanamdebobaze (sairaloSi), Semdeg premieris rangSi. misi STamagonebeli sityvebi da magaliTi damajerebeli iyo, vinaidan britaneTi am droisTvis marto aRmoCnda `RerZis aliansis~ [germania, italia, iaponia] pirispir, CerCilis sityvebiT ~marto, magram kacobriobis yoveli keTilSobili gulis ZgeriT zurggamagrebulma, Cven gamoviwvieT tirani Tavisi triumfis Jams~.13 CerCils liderobis iSviaTi Tvisebebi hqonda. man kargad icoda adamianuri bunebis bneli mxareebi da amgvarad gaTvala is safrTxe, rasac hitleri civilizacias umzadebda. igi Tamamad icavda Tavis rwmenas da ar ufrTxoda sazogadoebriv azrs, Tundac sakuTari partiidan gariyvis SiSiT. misi ritorika STamagonebeli iyo erisTvis sasikvdilo safrTxisa da umowyalo dabombvebis dros. movlenebma daadastura misi mware simarTle moaxloebuli saSiSroebis, hitleris avismomaswavebeli SeiaraRebisa da TavdacvisTvis saswrafo mzadebis aucileblobis Sesaxeb. marTalia, misi gafrTxilebis (rom kidev erTi saSineli omi axlovdeboda, Tu britaneTi ar Seecdeboda mis Tavidan acilebas) mosmena is Tanamemamuleebs ar surdaT, magram CerCils es ar aSinebda, ufro imaze zrunavda, ra unda gaego mis xalxs. CerCilma aCvena liderobis Zala, samkvdro-sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis sakiTxebis ganWvretis unari kritikul dros. abraam linkolni (1809-1865). CerCilma Tavisi eri sagareo safrTxeebis winaaRmdeg gaaerTiana, linkolnma ki eri sakuTari Tavisganve ixsna. linkolnis dros ZiriTadi sakiTxi monoba iyo. CerCilma SeZlo britaneTis sazogadoebrivi azris Secvla II msoflio omamde, magram linkolns ar hqonda aranairi SesaZlebloba, rom daerwmunebina samxreTelebis umravlesoba monobis gauqmebis aucileblobaSi. samxreTis ekonomikuri damokideb-

politikuri lideroba

403

uleba monobaze, aseve CrdiloeTis rasobrivi stereotipebi imis winapirobas qmnida, rom monobis dauyovneblad gauqmebis momxre verc erTi politikuri lideri ver imsaxurebda erTiani saxelmwifos umaRlesi xelmZRvanelis Tanamdebobaze. es iyo is konteqsti, romelSic abraam linkolnma prezidentobisTvis brZola daiwyo. 1860 wels igi prezidentad airCies. linkolnis politika emyareboda ZiriTad zneobriv principebs da Rrma praqtikul mosazrebebs. zneobrivi principi, romelsac igi gamudmebiT imeorebda 1858 wels senatis arCevnebSi Tavis oponent stiven duglasTan paeqrobisas, imaSi mdgomareobda, rom monoba principulad mcdari iyo yvelgan da gamonaklisis gareSe. monobis usamarTlo da uzneo movlenad gamocxadebiT linkolni ganzogadebul filosofias ki ar efareboda, aramed pirdapir mianiSnebda damoukideblobis deklaraciaze, romelSic weria: `yvela adamiani Tanasworia~. amgvarad, linkolnisTvis monoba amerikis politikuri wesrigis yvelaze fundamenturi principis darRveva iyo. linkolni iyenebda uCveulod praqtikul msjelobas im pirobebis Sefasebisas, romelSic monoba SesaZloa aRmofxvriliyo amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi. upirveles yovlisa, mas swamda, rom kavSiri Statebs Soris unda SenarCunebuliyo geografiuli erTobis saxiT, iseve, rogorc unda momxdariyo misi erTianobis dacva konstituciuri demokratiis farglebSi. mxolod CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis erTi, centralizebuli xelisuflebis pirobebSi iqneboda SesaZlebeli monobis dasruleba (Tumca, es gardauvali ar iyo). Sesabamisad, kavSiris SesaZlo daSla niSnavda monobis gaurkveveli vadiT gagrZelebas, yovel SemTxvevaSi, samxreTSi mainc. politikuri Tanasworobis linkolniseuli rwmena da misi mosazrebebi imis Sesaxeb, rom aseTi Tanasworoba mxolod kavSiris SenarCunebiT iqneboda SesaZlebeli, xsnis im nabijebs, romlebic samoqalaqo omis win mis mier iqna gadadgmuli an Tavidan acilebuli. marTalia, mas swamda, rom monoba zneobrivad gaumarTlebeli iyo, magram ar SemouTavazebia misi dauyovnebliv gauqmeba, radgan icoda, rom aseTi SeTavazeba samxreTs gamoyofisken ubiZgebda da am regionSi monobis SenarCunebas Seuwyobda xels. arc Crdiloeli abolicionistebisTvis [gamoyofis momxreebis _ mTargmn. Sen.] dauWeria mxari, romlebic kavSirSidan gamoyofvas eswrebodnen im mosazrebiT, rom igi monobis sakiTxs. da kidev, linkolni xvdeboda, rom aseTi politika mxolod gaamyarebda monobas, romlis aRmofxvrac mas ase surda. sabolood, igi upiripirdeboda duglasis `saxalxo suverenitetis~ formulas, romlis mixedviT yvela axal Stats damoukideblad SeeZleboda gadaewyvita, mxars uWerda monobas Tu ara. monobis sakiTxi, linkolnis rwmeniT, zedmetad fundamenturi iyo imisTvis, rom misi gadawyveta politikuri bazris kaprizebisTvis miendo. imis magivrad, rom romelime am politikas gahyoloda, linkolnma arCia monobis gavrcelebisTvis bolo moeRo da mxolod is axali Statebi mieRo kavSirSi, sadac monoba ar iyo. linkolnis azriT, es monobis sawinaaRmdego erTaderTi politika iyo, romelic SeiZleboda mieRo sazogadoebas. misi strategiis ZiriTadi elementebi moTmineba da udrekoba iyo. misi gegmis miReba aucileblad bolos mouRebda monobas mTels kavSirSi, rogorc ki monaT-

404


mflobeluri Statebis wona da kanonmdeblobiTi Zala droTa ganmavlobaSi Semcirdeboda kavSirSi axali, monobisagan Tavisufali Statebis miRebiT. rodesac cxadi gaxda, rom linkolnis politika ver gaimarjvebda, man miiRo samoqalaqo omis albaToba, rogorc garduvaloba. da mainc, konfliqtis ganmavlobaSi Seqmnili pirobebis kvalobaze misi pozicia monobis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT icvleboda. rogorc zemoT ukve aRiniSna, rodesac brZolebi kavSirisTvis arasaxarbielod warimarTa da omis bedi kavSirSi darCenil monaTmflobelur Statebze iyo damokidebuli, linkolnma Searbila monobis sakiTxze zewola. raki kavSiris gadarCena upirveles amocanad rCeboda, CrdiloeTs samxedro gamarjvebebi esaWiroeboda da ara gancxadebebi. mas aseve swamda, rom kavSiri ver gadarCeboda, Tuki igi `naxevrad Tavisufali da naxevrad monaTmflobeluri~ darCeboda. linkolnis mier samoqalaqo omis mxardaWeris mizezi paradoqsuli iyo _ kavSiris im saxiT gadarCena, rogorc damfuZnebel mamebs hqondaT Cafiqrebuli. rogorc samoqalaqo omamde, ise mis Semdeg, linkolnis politika mimarTuli iyo maqsimaluri sazogadoebrivi sikeTis miRwevaze sayovelTao Tanxmobis pirobebSi. rogorc umaRlesma mTavarsardalma, man Tavisi legitimuri Zalauflebis maqsimumi gamoiyena (da, zogis azriT, gadaaWarba kidec). iseve rogorc mSvidobianobis dros kavSiris SenarCunebaze mimarTul kompromiss ar Seuryevia misi ZiriTadi mizani, aseve arc misi zneobrivi saxe ar Seryvnila omis droindeli diqtatoruli ZalauflebiT. yvela am mizezis gamo linkolni sanimuSo lideria, romlis mkacri qmedebebi da gadawyvetilebebi mxolod saSualeba iyo omis dros kavSiris gadarCenisTvis. anvar al-sadaTi (1918-1981). axlo aRmosavleTi didi xania msoflios erTerTi yvelaze arastabiluri da ZaladobiT aRsavse teritoriaa. 1993 wlis bolos israelis premierma icxak rabinma da palestinis gaTavisuflebis organizaciis liderma iasir arafatma, erTmaneTis dauZinebelma mtrebma, xeli moaweres SeTanxmebas, romlis Tanaxmadac palestinelebs SezRuduli avtonomia miecaT israelis mier okupirebul md. iordanes dasavleTis sanapirosa da Razas seqtorSi. es SeTanxmeba potenciurad mSvidobisken gadadgmuli udidesi nabiji iyo, magram ara pirveli nabiji. mSvidobis damyarebis precedentis politikuri Semoqmedi anvar al-sadaTi iyo. sadaTi egviptis prezidenti 1970 wels gaxda da es posti mkvlelobamde aRsasrulamde, 1981 wlamde eWira. man egviptis xelmZRvanelis postze jamal abdel naseri Secvala, romelic arabuli samyaros da II msoflio omis Semdgomi antikoloniuri moZraobis aRiarebuli lideri iyo. naseri avtokrati mmarTveli iyo, romelic rkinis xeliT marTavda egviptes da ewinaaRmdegeboda israelis saxelmwifos arsebobas. egviptis konstituciis Tanaxmad, naseris mkvlelobis Semdeg sadaTs, rogorc qveynis vice-prezidents, mTavrobisTvis droebiT, samoci dRiT unda exelmZRvanela, sanam erovnuli asamblea prezidentis Semcvlels ar airCevda. garkveuli ironiis Semcvelia is faqtori, rom egviptis sakanonmdeblo organom sadaTi naseris kursis ganuxrel mimdevrad CaTvala da prezidentis postze igi daamtkica. ra Tqma unda, sadaTisgan sxva molodinis safuZveli arc arsebobda, vi-

politikuri lideroba

405

naidan Tavisi adrindeli politikuri cxovreba man didi britaneTisgan egviptis damoukideblobis dacvas miuZRvna. II msoflio omis dros misi antibritanuli qmedebebi germanelebTan kavSirSi gamoixateboda. amis gamo sadaTma ori weli sapatimro banakSic ki gaatara. mogvianebiT, mas kidev emuqreboda 3-wliani patimrobis safrTxe (1946-1949) britaneli Cinosanis mkvlelobis braldebiT. im nacionalisturi strategiis CarCoebSi, romelic egvipteSi arsebul antibritanul ganwyobebs efuZneboda, sadaTi da naseri Tanamoazreebi iyvnen. swored sadaTma gamoacxada sajarod egvipturi monarqiis damxoba da naseris xelmZRvanelobiT axali damoukidebeli respublikis daarseba 1952 wlis ivlisSi. am istoriis gaTvaliswinebiT warmoudgeneli iyo, rom prezidenti sadaTi naseris politikas ar gahyoloda. rogorc movlenebis ganviTarebam cxadyo, molodini ar gamarTlda. 1971 wels igi arabuli respublikebis federaciis erT-erTi damaarsebeli iyo, romelSic egvipte, libia da siria erTiandeboda. es movlena arabuli samyaros gaerTianebis naseriseuli politikiT iyo motivirebuli. male aRmoCnda, rom federacia warumatebeli proeqti iyo magram ara sadaTis damsaxurebisa Tu survilis gamo. 1973 wels sadaTma egvipte israelTan omSi Caaba. marTalia, egvipte omSi damarcxda, magram sadaTma yuradReba gaamaxvila misi armiis mier gadamwyveti brZolis mogebaze _ misi azriT, am gamarjvebam aRadgina egviptis erovnuli Rirseba. omis Semdeg sadaTis mebrZoli arabi nacionalistis pozicia mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobis politikis erTgulebiT Seicvala. es gardaqmna imiT dasrulda, rom sadaTma gaugonari precedenti dauSva: igi saxelmwifo vizitiT ewvia israels, sadac STambeWdavi sityva warmoTqva qneseTSi (israelis parlamenti) 1977 wlis 20 noembers. Tavad sityvaze ufro mniSvnelovani da simboluri iyo misi oficialuri viziti israelSi. amiT egvipte pirveli arabuli qveyana gaxda, romelmac israeli, rogorc suverenuli saxelmwifo aRiara. sadaTis mier ase dramatulad warmarTulma molaparakebebma Semdeg wels gza gakvala kemp-devidis molaparakebebisken. egviptesa da israels Soris miRweulma SeTanxmebam kemp-devidSi (merilendis Stati), ramac ganapiroba israelis gasvla okupirebuli sinas naxevarkunZulidan, gaaoca ucxoeli damkvirveblebi da arabuli samyaro. sadaTs mouxda sxva arabi liderebis mwvave Setevebis mogerieba, romlebic mas palestinis saqmis RalatSi adanaSaulebdnen. arabebisTvis, iseve rogorc bevri sxva gare damkvirveblisTvis, sadaTis Tamami nabijebi xangrZlivi israul-arabuli mSvidobisaken moulodneli iyo imdenad, ramdenadac uprecedento. ratom gadadga sadaTma es uCveulo nabiji? zogi eqsperti varaudobs, rom sadaTi acnobierebda im garemobebs, rom misi gaRaribebuli, mWidrod dasaxlebuli qveyana ver gauZlebda israelTan mudmiv oms. sxvebi fiqroben, rom israelma dazvervis informacia miawoda egviptes mis mimarT ufro da ufro mtrulad ganwyobili mezoblis _ libiis qmedebebis Sesaxeb. dabolos, gavrcelebuli azriT, sadaTi pragmatikosi politikosi iyo, romelic xvdeboda, rom israelTan samSvidobo SeTanxmebis gareSe SeuZlebeli iqneboda jer kidev 1967 wels dakarguli sinas naxevarkunZulis dabruneba.

406


miuxedavad imisa, rom aSkaraa _ yvela am faqtors albaT SeeZlo Camoeyalibebina sadaTis gaTvlebi, mainc araa cxadi samSvidobo politikis im RonisZiebebis intensiuroba da masStabebi, rac sadaTma ganaxorciela da risTvisac sakuTar Tavze uamravi piradi da politikuri pasuxismgebloba aiRo. man kargad icoda, rom Tavisi qmedebebiT arabuli samyarosa da sakuTari moqalaqeebis umetesobisgan gaucxoeba mouwevda. rogorc Cans, swored iseve, rogorc axalgazrda sadaTi Tavisufali da damoukdiebeli egviptis ideals mihyveboda (romlis xorcSesxmaSi uzarmazari wvlili swored mas miuZRoda), asakovan sadaTs aSkarad ufro keTilSobiluri zraxvebi amoZravebda. rogorc Tavad ganacxada kemp- devidis SeTanxmebebis xelmowerisas: dae, aRar iyos omebi da sisxlisRvra arabebsa da ebraelebs Soris; dae, aRar iyos Cagvra da uflebebis Selaxva; dae, aRar iyos sasowarkveTa da rwmenis dakargva; dae, arc erT dedas ar mouwios Svilis dakargvis gamo glova; dae, arc erT axalgazrda kacs ar mouwios Tavisi sicocxlis uazrod dakargva konfliqtSi, romelSic ar arian gamarjvebulebi. modiT, erTad vimuSavoT, sanam ar mova dRe, rodesac xmlebs saxnavebad da isrebs namglebad gadaakeTeben.14

regionSi siZulvilis, religiuri fanatizmisa da mudmivi omianobis Sewyveta, rac aqamde, didi xnis ganmavlobaSi cxovrebis wesi iyo, ra Tqma unda, saxelmwifoebrivi Senebis diad aqtad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. SesaZloa, axlo aRmosavleTSi mSvidobis damkvidrebis mcdeloba ukvdavebaze sadaTis pirovnuli ganacxadi iyo. aravin icis, icoda Tu ara man aleqsander hamiltonis Sexedulebebi liderobis Sesaxeb, magram Tavisi qmedebebiT sadaTma gaamarTla hamiltonis dakvirveba, rom didebis siyvaruli istoriis yvelaze gamorCeuli liderebis `mmarTveli grZnobaa~. linkolnis msgavsad sadaTic erT-erTma misma Tanamemamulem mokla. ucnauria, magram xSirad aseTia istoriis udides mSvidobismyofelTa bedi (XX saukunis araZaladobrivi brZolis moqadage mahaTma gandic mokles). marTalia, xangrZlivi mSvidoba axlo aRmosavleTSi ver damyarda, magram egviptesa da israels Soris mSvidobiani Tanacxovreba or aTwleulze metxans grZeldeba, rac anvar al-sadaTis pirad sibrZnesa da gambedaobaze dafuZnebulma samSvidobo SeTanxmebam moitana.

liderobis daknineba? SeiZleba ucnaurad mogveCvenos politikuri liderobis Sesaxeb TavSi gamorCeul liderebze esoden didi yuradRebis gamaxvileba. yvelafers rom Tavi davaneboT, amerikul politikaSi kargad cnobili gamonaTqvami amtkicebs, rom saxelmwifo moRvawe sxva aravinaa, Tu ara didi xnis win gardacvlili politikosi. im winaswarmetyvelisa ar iyos, romelic Tavis qveyanaSi dafasebuli ar iyo, WeSmarit liderebs xSirad ar afaseben Tanamedorveni. aseT mmarTvelebs, rogorc wesi, sakmarisi drois gasvlis Semdeg aRiareben,

politikuri lideroba

407

rodesac maTi SorsmWvreteluri politikis praqtikuli Sedegebi yvelasaTvis TvalsaCino xdeba. da mainc, epoqaSi, rodesac politikuri liderebi skandalebiT arian moculni da maTi winadadebebi da politika asaxavs mxolod fokusjgufebisa da sagangebod dakveTili gamokiTxvebis Sedegebs, gamokveTili politikuri lideroba TiTqos Soreul idealad rCeba. aq arsebobs uSualod TanamedroveobiT ganpirobebuli sxva mizezi, ris gamoc am tipis lideroba ase daufasebelia amerikis politikur cxovrebaSi: misi arseboba, da SesaZleblobac ki, eWvs iwvevs. radgan amerikis moqalaqe didi eWviT uyurebs nebismieri arCeuli sajaro moxelis sajaro gancxadebebs (xSir SemTxvevaSi cdilobs amoicnos Rrmad damaluli piradi interesebi da politikuri motivebi, rac marTlac zedapiris miRma imaleba), amitom fiqrobs, rom gansakuTrebuli liderebi mxolod Zveli drois Zalian Wkviani da warmatebuli politikosebi arian. aRsaniSnavia, rom Tuki 1934 wels gamocemuli socialur mecnierebaTa enciklopedia moicavda britaneli mkvlevaris mokle, magram mwvave eses politikuri liderobis Sesaxeb, ufro Tanamedrove gamocema gulgrilad moixseniebs saxelmwifo moRvaweobis nebismier aspeqts politikuri azrovnebis kategoriaSi. amasTan, politikuri gonierebis ideis gadafaseba aseve asaxavs im damokidebulebas, ra mcire mniSvneloba aqvs gamorCeulobas egalitarul epoqaSi.15 raki Tanamderove demokratiebi aTvalwunebiT uyureben yvela socialur da ekonomikur gansxvavebas, naklebad moduri xdeba imis aRiareba, rom vinme SeiZleba gamoirCeodes. es tendencia gansakuTrebiT mkveTria iq, sadac politika profesiad moiazreba. azrovnebis am CarCoebidan gamomdinareobs Tanamedroveobis swrafva gaacamtveros sanimuSo da brZnuli liderobis idea. am midgomis momxreTaTvis istoriis mamoZravebeli Zalebi gaurkveveli istoriuli determinantebi da viwro kerZo interesebia da ara Tavisufali neba. maTTvis gulubryvilobaa imis dajereba, rom zogi lideri marTla zrunavs sazogado sikeTeze. aseTi cinikuri midgoma msoflio istoriis gamorCeuli liderebis radikalurad SezRudul xedvas iZleva. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom `Zveli istoriebi mefeebisa da mxedarTmTavrebis Sesaxeb, romlebsac Cveni winaprebi SecdomiT da sulelurad gmirebad aRiqvamdnen... Wkviani manipulatorebis didebis panTeoniT unda Seicvalos~.16 politikuri miRwevebis mimarT aseTi mzardi antipaTiis yvelaze seriozuli Sedegi isaa, rom igi politikur cxovrebas naklebad mimzidvels xdis unariani da patiosani pirovnebebisTvis, romlebsac SesaZloa, erCiaT sazogado da ara kerZo interesebis samsaxurSi gamoeCinaT Tavi. demokratiul sazogadoebas sakuTari TavisTvis zianis miyenebac SeuZlia imiT, rom sajaro moxeleebs jerovan pativs ar miagebs. is yovlismomcveli rwmena, rom yvelgan mxolod korumpirebuli da saSualo unaris mqone politikosebi arian, SeiZleba TviTrealizebadi avi winaswarmetyveleba aRmoCndes da swored aseTma pirovnebebma daikavon sajaro Tanamdebobebi.

408


demagogebi gulwrfeli da maRali zneobrivi principebis mqone, magram SecdomaSi Seyvanili nevil Cemberlenisgan [britaneli politikosi, premier-ministri 1937-1940] gansxvavebiT, adolf hitleri oportunisti lideri iyo da politikosebis yvelaze saSiS tips, demagogebs ganekuTvneboda. Tavdapirveli gagebiT, Zvel saberZneTSi demagogi iyo lideri, romelic Cveulebrivi xalxis saqmisTvis iRvwoda. dReisTvis demagogs uwodeben iseTi liders, romelic politikuri Zalauflebis mopovebisTvis xalxis rwmenis eqspluatacias eweva, ayalbebs simarTles da cru dapirebebs iZleva. zogadad, demagogi iTavsebs SeuzRudav pirad ambicias, mouzomav meTodebsa da farTo saxalxo mimzidvelobas. Tuki WeSmariti liderebi ideals warmoadgenen, demagogebi ryvnian rogorc WeSmaritebis, ise liderobis arss. gamorCeuli liderebi cdiloben samarTlianobisa da sazogado sikeTis damkvidrebas, demagogebi ki aseTi RirebulebebisTvis mxolod imdenad iRvwian, ramdenadac es maT saSualebas miscems moipovon sakuTari piradi ambiciebis dasakmayofileblad saWiro uzomo Zalaufleba, rac swored sazogadoebrivi interesebis xarjze xdeba. demagogebi uwinaresad demokratiul sazogadoebaSi Cndebian, sadac xalxis mxardaWeris mopoveba aucilebelia umaRlesi Tanamdebobebis dasakaveblad. didi demokrati liderebisgan gansxvavebiT, demagogebs sazogadoeba iSviaTad Tu imaxsovrebs maTi xelisuflebidan wasvlis Semdeg. zog SemTxvevaSi isini waruSlel kvals toveben, rac maTi sidiadis ki ara, piriqiT, maTive samarcxvino saqmianobis Sedegia. amerikis politikur istoriaSi mravladaa demagogebis aRzevebisa da dacemis magaliTebi. zogi maTganis saqmianobas mxolod viwro lokaluri gavlena hqonda, zogisa ki mTel ers Seexo. yoveli maTgani sazogadoebis mexsierebaSi zizRis grZnobiTaa Semonaxuli. Teodor bilbo (1877-1947). bilbo misisipis politikaSi wamyvani figura iyo 1920-1940-ian wlebSi, rogorc Statis gubernatori da Semdeg senatori. is erTnairad sastiki iyo rogorc Savkanianebis, ise Tavisi politikuri oponentebis mimarT. misi ritorika mravalferovani da Seuracmyofeli iyo. erT-erTi politikuri kampaniis dros man Tavis oponents àfTarisa da mawanwala ZaRlis najvari... saflavSi SuaRamiT naSobi, Roris gamozrdili da sulelis mier aRzrdili~17 uwoda. marTalia, bilbos TeTrkanianTa upiratesobisa da enis politikam bevri misisipelis guli moigo, Tumca yvelaSi erTnairi aRfrTovaneba ar gamouwvevia. misi politikuri mokavSireebic ki bilbos sakuTari interesebis gamtarebel manipulatorad aRiqvamdnen. erT-erTi gocemis mixedviT `Statis senatma 1911 wels, bilbo sakanonmdeblo organoSi wesier da patiosan adamianebTan erTad jdomisTvis Seuferebel pirovnebad gamoacxada, misma erT-erTma Tayvanismcemelma ufro mwvavedac daaxasiaTa: `patara moxerxebuli nabiWvari~18. erT-erTi gzeTis redaqtoris TvalSi bilbo iyo adamiani, romelic àr iRwvoda arafrisTvis, rac amaRlebuli an konstruqciulia... arafrisTvis, rac vnebis,

politikuri lideroba

409

crurwmenisa da siZulvilisgan gvicavs... arafrisTvis, rac Rirebulia”.19 hiu longi (1893-1935). Teodor bilbo iolad gaeqca amerikel istorikosTa umetesobis yuradRebas, hiui longi ki, misisipis mezobel Stat luizianaSi moRvawe politikosi, vera. hiui longi, romelic Tavisi keijuneli [keijunebi _ frankofonuri eTnosi, romelic luizianas StatSi cxovrobs. mTargmn. Sen.] amomrCevlebisTvis, cnobili iyo rogorc kingfiSi [mefe-Tevzi _ es zedmetsaxeli longma TviTon dairqva. mTargmn. Sen.], gacilebiT ufro ambiciuri gaxldaT, vidre bilbo. igi mdabio warmomavlobis iyo, daasrula samwliani samarTlis kursi Tuleinis universitetSi, Caabara specialuri gamocda luizianas umaRles sasamarTloSi da ocdaerTi wlis asakSi licenzirebuli advokati gaxda. misive sityvebiT, is `sasamarTlo darbazidan imisTvis gamovida, rom TanamdebobisTvis ebrZola~.20 sami wlis Semdeg longi Statis rkinigzis rwmunebulad airCies, 1928 wels ki luizianas gubernatoric gaxda. hiui longi gubernatorobis oTxi wlis ganmavlobaSi (1928-1932), aseve senatorobis drosac luizianas rkinis xeliT marTavda, sanam ar mokles1935 wels. rogorc gubernatori, longi Statis politikuri cxovrebis yvela aspeqts marTavda. mcvelebiTa da politikuri manqaniT garemoculi, Statis policias da milicias (saxalxo laSqris) is amomrCevlebis dasaSineblad iyenebda, sakadro politikaSi xelmZRvanelobda patronaJisa da favoritizmis principebiT, Seqmna Statis sagamomcemlo organo, raTa xeli SeeSala damoukidebeli da mis mimarT opoziciuri presisTvis, adamianis gatacebis brZaneba gasca arCevnebis wina dRes, raTa Tavidan aecilebina garTulebebi, da saerTod, igi ufro despoti mmarTveliviT iqceoda, vidre Statis demokratiulad arCeuli gubernatoris sakadrisad. misi avtoritaruli mmarTvelobis periodSi àdamianebi SeiZleba yofiliyvnen da iyvnen kidec dapatimrebuli amoucnobi pirebis, misi saidumlo policiis wevrebis mier. maT ar hqondaT gare samyarosTan urTierTobis saSualeba, awamebdnen da SeTiTxnil braldebebiT scnobdnen damnaSaveebad. Statis umaRlesi sasamarTlos wevrTa umetesoba urcxvad misi momxre gaxda... mkvlelma, romelmac winaswarganzraxuli mkvleloba Caidina _ Tavi gauxeTqa longis oponents _ sasamarTloSi jibidan Sewyalebis winaswar xelmowerili sabuTi amoiRo~.21

am SemTxvevebisa da fufunebis mimarT swrafvis miuxedavad, longi yovelTvis cdilobda ezruna sakuTari Tavis ùbralo biWad~ warmoCenaze. misi azriT, WeSmariti borotmoqmedebi mdidari korporaciebi iyvnen, magaliTad, standard oili, romlebic ubralo adamianebs aRaribebdnen da mxolod kompaniis ramdenime moxeles amdidrebdnen. didi biznesis mier xalxis savaraudo ZarcvisTvis `xelSesaSlelad~ da 1936 wlis saprezidento arCevnebisTvis farTo saxalxo mxardaWeris mobilizebisaTvis longma SeimuSava utopiuri, magram popularuli programa

410


hiu longi (1893-1935) luizianas gaxmaurebuli gubernatori, xolo mogvianebiT SeerTebuli Statebis senatori, Statis mZlavri politikuri manqanis demagogiuri kontrolis magaliTia. populistis niRbiT longma Zalauflebis mopoveba amomrCevelTaTvis imedis SeTavazebiT SeZlo.

`gaanawile simdidre~. es programa didi depresiiT dazaralebuli adamianebis grZnobebsa da gaWirvebaze iyo gaTvlili da morgebuli. longis programa gulisxmobda simdidris zRvaris gansazRvras, sazRvravda minimalur da maqsimalur Semosavals, gulisxmobda grantebis saSualebiT daxmarebis gawevas yvela fermeris ojaxisTvis, ufaso umaRles ganaTlebas, danamatebs veteranebisTvis da pensiebs asakovani adamianebisTvis, aseve hpirdeboda amomrCevels radioebis, avtomobilebisa da sakvebis subsidirebas saxelmwifo Sesyidvebis xarjze. ramdenadac ararealisturi da arapraqtikuli unda iyos es programebi, sagulisxmoa, rom adamianebs, romlebsac hiui longi mimarTavda, am TvalsazrisiT eWvi da kiTxva ar gasCeniaT. maT sWirdebodaT vinme, visi rwmenac eqnebodaT. sxva demagogebis msgavsad, longma Zalaufleba uimedoTaTvis imedis micemiT moipova. demagogebi ZiriTadad amtkiceben, rom daamarcxeben borot Zalebs, romelTa bralic aris xalxis gaWirvebul mdgomareobaSi yofna. ra Tqma unda, es Zalebi, bilbos SemTxevaSi Savkanianebi da longis SemTxevvaSi korporaciebi, sinamdvileSi ar floben iseT Zalas, rom xalxis bedi gansazRvron. rogorc ki warmoidgenen, rom ubralo xalxis mtrebs ebrZvian, isini Tavad ixiblebian amiT. demagogebs xSirad hqoniaT imis SesaZlebloba, rom moulodneli farTo mxardaWera da popularoba mieRoT sakuTari ukanono miznebis gansaxorcieleblad. jozef makkarti (1908-1957). 1950-iani wlebis ganmavlobaSi arafriT gamorCeulma politikosma viskonsinidan, jozef makkartim, gamoaaSkarava demoni, amerikeli xalxis udidesi mteri da Semdeg gamudmebiT cdilobda am boroti Zalis kvalis povnas sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferoSi. respublikelma senatorma makkartim sayovelTao yuradReba imiT mi-

politikuri lideroba

411

ipyro, rom saxelmwifo departamentSi mokalaTebuli komunistebis Sokis momgvreli `mxileba~ moaxdina. daaxloebiT oTxi wlis ganmavlobaSi is Ralatis braldebiT adanaSaulebda sajaro moxeleebis farTo speqtrs, kolejis profesorebsa da holivudis varskvlavebs. iyenebda ra Tavis mdgomareobas, sagamoZiebo komitetis xelmZRvanelobas senatSi, makkarti aSantaJebda, aSinebda da Rirsebas ulaxavda uamrav adamians mTavrobaSi da mis gareT. raki misi braldebebi SiSis atmosferos qmnida, saxelmwifoSi misi Zalauflebac izrdeboda da vinc mas winaaRmdegobas uwevda, amas sakuTari mdgomareobis riskis fasad akeTebda. 1954 wels makkartim jorj marSali (yofili saxelmwifo da Tavdacvis mdivani) ucxoeTis jaSuSuri qselis moqmedebis Sesaxeb informaciis damalvaSi daadanaSaula. es braldebebi general jorj marSalis, prezident duait eizenhaueris Semdeg SesaZloa amerikaSi yvelaze pativsacemi sajaro piris winaaRmdeg wayenebul sxva insinuaciebTan erTad, gardatexis wertilad iqca. makkartim Zalian Sors Setopa. ironiulia, rom misi upasuxismgeblo braldebebi da mouxeSavi meTodebi senatis gamoZiebis sagani gaxda. am sakiTxze senatSi gamarTuli mosmenebi gadaicemoda radioTi da Suqdeboda televiziiT, es Tema yvela mniSvnelovani gazeTis pirvel gverdebze ibeWdeboda. sabolood, makkarti iseve swrafad mieca daviwyebas, rogor swrafadac SemoiWra qveynis yuradRebis centrSi.

politikosebi demokratiul saxelmwifoTa moqalaqeebi xSirad damamcireblad moixsenieben politikosebs ise, rom ar iTvaliswineben rogorebi arian isini sinamdvileSi. politikosebi arian adamianebi, romelTa upirvelesi (magram ara erTaderTi) mizani arCeviTi Tanamdebobis mopoveba da SenarCunebaa; isini TavianT amomrCevlebs warmoadgenen, akeTeben imas, rasac saWirod an sworad Tvlian (an akeTeben imas, rac iolad gauvaT) da swored amisTvis sWirdebaT politikuri Zalaufleba. politikosebs mniSvneloba aqvT imdenad, ramdenadac maTi arseboba mxolod demokratiul qveynebSia SesaZlebeli. politikosebs iseve, rogorc nebismieri Tanamdebobis mqone pirTa umetesobas, arc diadi xedvebi aqvT, arc gansakuTrebuli unarebi. dRidan dRemde isini TavianTi SesaZlebloebis maqsimums akeTeben im SezRudvebis piorbebSi, romlebSic maT moqmedeba uwevT. yovelTvis, rodesac maT kargi saqmis gakeTeba surT, sirTules qmnis moraluri da eTikuri sakiTxebis calsaxad dacva. ufro met sirTules ki is qmnis, rom Tavze politikuri riskis aReba uwevT. zogadad isini korumpirebulni ar arian, magram xSirad korufciisi midrekilebas amJRavneben. isini adamianebis umetes nawilze arc ukeTesebi arian da arc uaresebi _ isini Cveulebrivebi arian. problema maSin warmoiSoba, rodesac moqalaqeebs gansakuTrebuli lideris moTxovnileba uCndebaT. demokratiebSi politikosebs urTerTsawinaaRmdego molodinebs Soris lavireba uwevT. maTgan moelian imas, rom iseTive Cveulebrivebi iyvnen, rogorc rigiTi moqalaqeebi; amavdroulad,

412


maTgan TavianTi movaleobebisa da qveynisi uCveulo Tavdadebis gamomJRavnebas moiTxoven. demokratiul sazogadoebaSi savaraudo lideri maradiuli kiTxvis winaSe dgas: imoqmedos, rogorc Tavisi amomrCevlebis delegatma da aRasrulos maTi survilebi, Tu imoqmedos, rogorc ndobiT aRWurvilma pirma da damoukideblad imsjelos xalxis saxeliT. Tavad politikuri sistema moiTxovs arCeuli warmomadgenlebisgan, iyvnen gulisxmierni, Tuki maT surT kvlavac airCion. magram WeSmariti liderebi ar mihyvebian masas, isini mas win miuZRvian da swored amaSia politikosobis dilema.

kanonmdeblebi, rogorc delegatebi iseT did qveyanaSi, rogoric SeerTebuli Statebia, rom araferi vTqvaT indoeTze, SeuZlebelia calke aRebulma individma Tavad uzrunvelyos sakuTari interesebis warmodgena da dacva. saxelmwifo sakanonmdeblo organo am sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani funqciis ganxorcielebis ZiriTadi meqanizmia, radgan isaa xelisuflebis Stoebs Soris yvelaze warmomadgenlobiTi instituti. warmomadgenlobis delegaciuri Teoriis mixedviT sakanonmdeblo organo~warmomadgenlobiTia maSin, rodesac mTliani politikuri organizmis yvela elements Sesabamisi proporciiT moicavs. es Cveni anareklia, Cveni mikrokosmosi~.22 warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiis am modelSi arCeuli warmomadgenlebi valdebulni arian imoqmedon rogorc darigebulma delegatebma. am Teoriis mixedviT warmomadgeneli sazogadoebrivi azris matarebelia, aqedan gamomdinare, amomrCevlebi qiraoben mas, rogorc garkveuli saxis rwmunebuls sakanonmdeblo organoSi. am TvalsazrisiT sazogadoebasTan kavSirisTvis, sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxvebisa da fokusjgufebis saSualebiT, SesaZlebeli xdeba mocemuli momentisTvis sazogadoebrivad mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis SerCeva. arCeuli warmomadgenlisaTvis, romelmac Tavi gamoiCina rogorc yvelaze gulisxmierma da pasuxismgeblobis grZnobis mqone delegatma, jildos saxiT xelaxla arCevis SesaZlebloba arsebobs (Tumca, SeerTebul StatebSi ukve arCeuli Tanamdebobis pirebs ganuzomeli upiratesoba aqvT). delegaciuri Teoriis safuZveli xalxis saRi azri da wesierebis rwmenaa. am Teoriis erT-erTi gamoCenili mqadagebeli, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom àrsebobs SedarebiTi Tanasworoba warmomadgenlebisa da amomrCevlebis SesaZleblobebsa da Wkuas Soris~, amtkicebda, rom `TavkerZuli da gaumarTlebeli iqneboda warmomadgenlebis mier xalxis azris da survilebis gauTvaliswinebloba~ da rom politikuri sakiTxebi xSirad ùfro iracionalur da pirad mosazrebebze da ara saxalxo ganxilvasa da Tanxmobaze dafuZnebul xedvebs moicavs... aucilebelia warmomadgenlebma rCeva hkiTxon xalxs da gaiTvaliswinon maTi arCevani~.23 es midgoma, misi mqadageblebis azriT, aseve xels uSlis korufcias. kanonmdeblebi, romlebic amomrCevlebis azris gaTvaliswinebiT moqmedeben, SezRudul-

politikuri lideroba

413

ni arian da maT saqmianobaSi ukanono garigebebisTvis mcire sivrce rCeba.

kanonmdeblebi, rogorc meurveebi warmomadgenlobis delegaciuri Teoriis kritikosebi amboben, rom am midgomis Tanaxmad, arCeuli pirebi pasiurebi arian, vinaidan isini moqmedeben rogorc xalxis azris mimdevrebi da ara rogorc liderebi. am Teoriis gamorCeuli kritikosi iyo edmund berki (1729-1797), XVIII saukunis cnobili ingliseli moazrovne da kanonmdebeli. berki amtkicebda, rom kanonmdeblebma fiqrisa da moqmedebis garkveuli xarisxis Tavisufleba unda daitovon. ufro konkretulad, berki am mosazrebas imiT amtkicebda, rom arCeul warmomadgenels sWirdeba yofiT sakiTxebze mowuwune da TavSeukavebeli (SesaZloa iracionaluri) eleqtoratis garkveuli problemebisagan izolireba. is amtkicebda, rom politikosma, rogorc kanonmdebelma, unda moisminos misi amomrCevlis mosazrebebi, magram yvela problemas Tanabari mniSvneloba ar unda mianiWos: kompetentur kanonmdebels unda hqondes unari, rom erTmaneTisgan ganasaxvavos adamianuri bunebis naklovanebidan gamomdinare saCivari Tu sawuxari (romlis dakmayofileba ver moxerxdeba) im problemebisgan, romlebic `mocemuli momentis konkretuli satkivaris simptomebs moicavs~.24 am TvalsazrisiT, xalxis ganwyoba Rirebuli barometria imisTvis, rom konkretuli sakiTxis aqtualuroba gansazRvro. politikur warmomadgenlobasa da sazogadoebriv azrs Soris am urTierTqmedebis gaTvaliswinebiT sainteresoa, ra adgils uCens berki kanonmdebels. pirdapir rom vTqvaT, mas swamda, rom mmarTveloba bunebrivi aristokratiis xvedria, romelic gamorCeuli da saukeTeso pirebisgan Sedgeba da arCeuli mmarTvelebi unda moqmedebdnen ise, rogorc TavianTi amomrCevlebis meurveebi. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, kanonmdeblebi unda moqmedebdnen sazogadoebrivi sikeTis sakuTari gagebis safuZvelze da ara rogorc amomrCevlebis marionetebi. rogorc Tavad berkma aRniSna amomrCevlebisi Tavis cnobil mimarTvaSi: `Tqveni warmomadgeneli Tqven winaSe valdebulia aramarto Tavisi saqmianobiT, aramed Tavisi azrovnebiT; da is gRalatobT, Tuki Tqven samsaxurs Tqven mosazrebebze dabla daayenebs da maT Seswiravs msxverplad~.25 berkiseuli warmomadgenlobis meurveobiTi Teoria mmarTvelobis miseul farTo filosofiaSia mocemuli. misi azriT, kargi mmarTveloba unda moicavdes ara marto keTil nebas, aramed `siqvelesa da gonebasac~. warmomadgenlobiTi mmarTveloba qmediTi iyos, is unda emyarebodes swor qcevas da frTxil gansjas imisaTvis, rom aRmoaCinos da ganaxorcielos WeSmariti sazogadoebrivi sikeTe. berkma parlamenti ganmarta, rogorc èrTi interesis mqone erTi qveynis saTaTbiro asamblea, sadac lokaluri miznebi da lokaluri xedvebi ki ar unda uZRodes msjelobas, aramed sajaro sikeTe, romelic erTi da ganuyofeli saerTo gonidan gamomdinareobs~.26 berks swamda, rom kanonmdeblebsa da Cveulebriv amomrCevlebs Soris

414


didi gansxvavebaa. misi azriT, Zlier respublikaSi warmomadgenlebi ufro gonierebi da ukeT informirebulni unda iyvnen, vidre amomrCevlebi da, Sesabamisad, unda hqondeT imis unari, rom frTxili ganxilvis Semdeg qveynis winaSe mdgari politikuri problemebi gadawyviton. sabolood igi amtkicebda, rom qveynis, rogorc mTlianis keTildReoba (erovnuli Tu sazogadoebrivi interesi) misi Semadgeneli nawilebis (lokaluri an raime konkretuli jgufis) keTildReobasa da interesebze ufro maRla unda idges. amis gaTvaliswinebiT berki xazs usvamda kanonmdeblis, rogorc lideris mniSvnelobas da mas ufro maRla ayenebda, vidre kanonmdebels, rogorc amomrCevlis azris gamomxatvelsa da sazogadoebrivi ganwyobis mimdevars.

`politiko~ zogierTi amerikeli politologi termin politikos iyenebs im politikosebis dasaxasiaTeblad, romlebic warmatebiT axerxeben kanonmdeblis, rogorc delegatisa da meurvis funqciebis SeTavsebas. Sesabamisad, `politikoebi~ arian is politikosebi, romlebic amomrCevlebis zedapiruli interesebiT mowonebuli `sayvelpuro~ kanonebis damtkicebisTvis ibrZvian da ar dgamen damoukidebel nabijebs im sakiTxebis gadasawyvetad, romlebic pirdapir ar exeba maTi amomrCevlebis moTxovnebs. magaliTad, kanzasis meoTxe sakanonmdeblo regioni cnobilia rogorc amerikis saaviacio centri (boingis korporaciis samxedro biznesis Tavmoyris adgili), amitom gasakviri araa, rom aqauri warmomadgeneli kongresSi amomrCevelTa interesebs erovnuli usafrTxoebis sakiTxebze konservatiulad ganwyobilTa xmebis mopovebiT asaxavs.27 `politikoebi~ zogadad TavianTi olqis an Statis specifikuri ekonomikuri interesebisTvis ibrZvian, poziciebi, romlebsac isini ikaveben, xSirad konkretul sakiTxebzea orientirebuli. ase rom, gasakviri araa vixiloT, Tu rogor ewinaaRmdegebian iaraRze kontrolis Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobas sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianobis mimdevari Statebis liberali senatorebi, riTac xazs usvamen TavianTi amomrCevlebis poziciebis erTgulebas. arkanzaselma senatorma uiliam fulbraitma (1905-1995) meore msoflio omis dasrulebisTanave sityva warmoTqva Cikagos universitetSi, romelSic man demokratiuli liderobisi `politikos~ midgoma gamoxata: saSualo statistikuri kanonmdebeli Tavisi karieris dasawyisSive aRmoaCens, rom arsebobs amomrCevelTa garkveuli interesebi an stereotipebi, romlebTanac araseriozuli damokidebuleba sakmaod saSiSia. am stereotipebis nawili SeiZleba ar iyos eris keTildReobisTvis fundamenturi mniSvnelobisa, am SemTxvevaSi kanonmdebeli SeiZleba ar eTanxmebodes, magram waaxalisos es stereotipebi. ufro saSiSia SemTxveva, rodesac stereotipi qveynis keTildReobis fundamentur politikas exeba. am SemTxvevaSi kargi kanonmdeblis kvalifikacia imaSi gamoixateba, Tu ramdenad Seswevs unari ganasxvavos fun-

politikuri lideroba

415

damenturi saWiroeba zedapirulisgan da moaxerxos am ukanasknelis gamijvna. imis sailustraciod, rasac vgulisxmob, modiT, moviyvanoT izolacionizmis da suladobrivi gadasaxadis [gadasaxadi, romelic Tanabrad ekisreba gadasaxadis yvela gadamxdels Semosavlebisa da mdgomareobis miuxedavad] magaliTi. miuxedavad imisa, raoden damajereblebic unda iyvnen Cemi kolegebi da erovnuli media suladobrivi gadasaxadis borotebis Sesaxeb saubrisas, me ver vxedav mis fundamentur mniSvnelobas da vemxrobi Cemi Statis xalxis azrs. SesaZloa, mravalTaTvis samwuxaro pirobebi simboluri mogveCvenos, magram veWvob rom am kanonis gauqmebam romelime Cveni ZiriTadi problema gadawyvitos. meore mxriv, miuxedavad imisa, raoden Seupovradac unda ewinaaRmdegebodnen Cemi amomrCevlebi gaerTianebuli erebis Zlieri organizaciis Seqmnas da masSi monawileobas, me ver davuWer maT mxars manam, sanam ar davrwmundebi mis ganuxorcieleblobaSi.28

fulbraitis kariera senatSi (1945-1975) SesaZloa `politikos~ moqmedebis magaliTad gamodges. xSirad igi iseTi kanonebis winaaRmdeg aZlevda xmas, gansakuTrebiT samoqalaqo uflebebis sferoSi, romelTa mimarT, SesaZloa piradi simpaTiac ki hqonda. is xvdeboda, rom Zalauflebis SesanarCuneblad winaaRmdegoba ar unda gaewia Tavisi arkanzaseli amomrCevlebis umravlesobis rasistuli stereotipebisTvis maSin, rodesac Tavad mas sruliad sawinaaRmdego Sexedulebebi hqonda. fulbraiti xSirad Tavs imarTlebda imiT, rom samoqalaqo uflebis zogi sakiTxi fundamenturi mniSvnelobis ar iyo. rasobriv sakiTxze sakuTari Statis umravlesobis azris mimarT pativiscemam fulbraits farTo asparezi misca sagareo politikaSi, romlis mimarT arkanzasel amomrCevlebs naklebi interesi hqondaT. is senatis sagareo urTierTobaTa komitetis Tavmjdomare gaxda da miuxedavad imisa, rom ukiduresad konservatiul Stats warmoadgenda, aRiareba moipova, rogorc sagareo politikaSi liberalizmis principebis gamJRerebelma.

damSoSmineblebi politikosebi, romlebsac ZaluZT `saqmis keTeba~ pativiscemas da aRiarebas imaxureben . igulisxmeba, rom isini cud saqmes ar akeTebn. damSoSmineblebi Cveulebrivi politikosebis saintereso qvejgufia: is, rac maTi warmodgeniT SeiZleba iyos sazogado sikeTe da is, rac realurad aris kargi qveynisTvis, xSirad ori urTierTsawinaaRmdego ram aRmoCndeba. ase rom, Tavad Tu gaimarjvebs, SeiZleba qveyanam waagos. SesaZloa damTmobis saukeTeso (an yvelaze cudi) magaliTi iyos nevil Cemberleni, romelic didi britaneTis premier-ministri iyo 1937-1940 wlebSi. retrospeqtivas Tu gadavxedavT, meore msoflio omamde germania daCqarebul gadaiaraRebas awarmoebda, magram Cemberlens patiosnad swamda, rom omi da SeiaraReba fuWi da zedapiruli saqmianoba iyo. mas imisic swamda,

416


rom molaparakebebi da daTmobebi yovelgvari politikis, maT Soris saerTaSoriso politikis safuZveli unda gamxdariyo. 1938 wlis oqtomberSi Cemberleni TemTa palataSi amtkicebda, rom `Cven winaSe ganiaraRebis sakiTxis mimarT axali SesaZleblobebi iSleba da me mwams, isini iseTive imedis momcemni arian dRes, rogorc winaT~. is agreTve ambobda: aseT amocanebs zurgs umagrebs imis rwmena, rom qveynebs Soris mtroba etapobrivad daiZleva. TandaTanobiT, manam, sanam erebi ar igrZnoben, rom maT uSiSrad SeuZliaT dauSvan iaraRi... me visurvebdi, rom am Tanamdebobaze Cems xelT arsebuli dro... maT mier dasaxul miznebsa da miRweul Sedegebs Soris didi ufskrulia xolme. da mTeli Cemi energia mimeZRvna am amocanisTvis.29

miuxedavad Cemberlenis rwmenisa, bevri britaneli axalgazrda brZolis velze daeca hitleris ukompromiso militarizmis wyalobiT. saerTaSoriso politikis uprecedentod civiluri Cemberleniseuli analizi, romelic safuZvlad edo veluri diqtatoris moTvinierebis mcdelobas, ar iyo moklebuli principul xedvas Tu gulwrfelobas, magram is ubralod mcdari iyo.

samoqalaqo liderebi vaclav haveli. 1960-iani wlebis Sua xanebSi ocdacxra wlis vaclav haveli (daibada1936 wels) ukve cnobili iyo msoflioSi Tavisi satiruli, absurdistuli piesebiT _ `wveuleba baRSi~ (1964) da `memorandumi~ (1965). 1968 wlis zafxulSi havelma da CexeTis kulturis ocdaaTma sxva moRvawem xeli moaweres gancxadebas, romliTac isini komunistebis mier kontrolirebul CexoslovakiaSi kanongareSed gamocxadebuli social-demokratiuli partiis aRdgenas iTxovdnen. CexoslovakiaSi 1963 wels dawyebuli liberalizaciis frTxili, magram mzardi tendencia 1968 wlis agvistoSi sabWoTa armiis SeWriT dasrulda, riTac qveyana mkacr sabWoTa kontrols daubrunda. am konfliqtis periodSi havelma gadamwyveti roli Seasrula CexeTis Tavisufali radios CamoyalibebaSi igi am iatakqveSa radios yoveldRiur translacias iyenebda dasavleli inteleqtualebisaTvis xmis misawvdenad _ daxmarebodnen CexeTs. Semdegi ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi haveli Cexoslovakiis yvelaze cnobili dramaturgi gaxda. misi piesebi praRis mmarTveli komunistebis mwvave satiras Seicavda. magram havelis mzardi popularobis safuZveli mxolod misi piesebi rodi iyo. is Cexoslovakiis gamoCenili disidenti da adamianis uflebebisTvis mebrZoli lideri gaxda. haveli iyo Tanaavtori 1977 wels dawerili samocdameCvidmete manifestisa, romelSic igi Cexoslovakiis komunistur mTavrobas helsinkis 1975 wlis SeTanxmebebisa da, Sesabamisad, qveyanaSi adamianis uflebebis darRvevaSi amxelda. politikuri winaaRmdegobis am faqtebis gamo haveli daapatimres da iseTi sasjeli dauweses, romelic mZime fizikuri samuSaos Sesrulebas iTvaliswinebda;

politikuri lideroba

417

Tumca, misi gaCumeba mainc ver SeZles. 1989 wlis dekemberSi, saxalxo protestis Sedegad, Cexoslovakiis komunisturi mTavroba daeca da haveli saxalxo konsensusis Sedegad arCeuli prezidenti gaxda. Zalauflebisken aseT aRmasvlaSi yvelaze metad aRsaniSnavi is gaxldaT, rom jer kidev 1989 wlis dasawyisSi haveli cixeSi imyofeboda, magram isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom CexoslovakiaSi arc erT sazogado moRvawes ar hqonda iseTi moraluri avtoriteti, rogoric ocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi samoqalaqo moRvaweobis Sedegad moipova havelma. haveli Tanamdebobaze sami weli darCa, sanam Cexoslovakia or eTnikur saxelmwifod _ CexeTad da slovakeTad ar gaiyo. qveynis politikuri ganviTarebis am etapze igi Tanamdebobidan gadadga. magram havelma gaagrZela sazogadoebrivi moRvaweoba. 1993 wlis 26 ianvars, gadadgomidan sul raRac eqvsi Tvis Semdeg, CexeTis parlamentma igi respublikis prezidentad xuTwliani vadiT airCia. miuxedavad Tavisi gamorCeuli poziciisa, haveli yovelTvis ar TamaSobda wamyvan rols qveynis marTvaSi, Tumca, igi eris mniSvnelovan figured rCeboda. marTalia, Cexebis umetesoba undoblad da gulgrilad uyurebda Tavis politikosebs, magram havels pativs scemdnen, rogorc adamians, romelic ara marto werda da qadagebda `simarTliT cxovrebas~, aramed Tavisi piradi magaliTiT auCvenebda igives. martin luTer kingi umcrosi (1929-1968). igi gamoCenili samoqalaqo lideri iyo. 1957 wels martin luTer kingi axlad aRmocenebuli samxreTis qristian liderTa konferenciis prezidenti gaxda da am droidan misi mniSvnelovneba swrafad izrdeboda. is uZRveboda mjdomare aqciebs, msvlelobebs, demonstraciebs, romlebic rasobrivi segregaciisa da diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli rogorc SromiTi, ise sacxovrebelze uflebebis sferoSi. kingis mimdevrebi araZaladobrivi daumorCileblobis aqtebiT xSirad Riad arRvevdnen im kanonebs, romlebic iTvaliswinebdnen afroamerikelebis segregacias sasadiloebSi, transportSi da a. S. kanonis darRvevis Semdeg isini nebayoflobiT iRebdnen sasjels. kings ganzraxuli hqonda Seewuxebina kanonmdeblebis, mosamarTleebisa da Sesabamisad, amerikeli xalxis sindisi. rogorc is 1963 wels birminhemis cixidan (kingi wavida birminhemSi, alabamaSi, raTa eTava boikotis mowyoba sazogado adgilebis desegregaciis moTxovniT; man moawyo arasanqcirebuli msvleloba, ris gamoc dapatimrebul iqna) Tavis cnobil werilSi aRniSnavda: me vacxadeb, rom adamiani, romelic arRvevs kanons, romelsac misi sindisi usamarTlod miiCnevs da nebayoflobiT iRebs sasjels, rCeba cixeSi da amiT sazogadoebas kanonis usamarTlobaze miuTiTebs, sinamdvileSi gamoxatavs udides pativiscemas kanonis mimarT.30

kingi imedovnebda: `Cven unda davinaxoT araZaladobrivi krazanebis saWiroebis aucilebloba, unda SevqmnaT daZabuloba sazogadoebaSi, romelic saSualebas miscems adamians stereotipebis da rasizmis bneli jurRmulebi-

418


dan, urTierTgagebisa da Zmobis brwyinvale simaRleebze gamoaRwios~.31 kingis da samoqalaqo uflebebisTvis mebrZoli sxva afroamerikeli liderebis _ roi uilkinsis, malkolm iqsis, uitni iangis, jes jeqsonis da vernon jordanis gavlena udidesi iyo. maTi xSirad ukiduresad urTierTsawinaaR-mdego qmedebebi safuZvlad daedo 1964 wels miRebul samoqalaqo uflebebis aqts, romelmac gaauqma rasobrivi diskriminacia dasaqmebasa da sazogadoebrivi TavSeyris adgilebSi. mogvianebiT miRebul iqna samoqlaqo uflebebis damcveli sxva kanonebic. 1964 wels kings Tavisi saqmianobisTvis nobelis premia mieniWa mSvidobis dargSi. oTxi wlis Semdeg, ocdacxrameti wlis asakSi, kingi mokles. roza parksi (1913-2005). roza parksma simamacis erTi gamovlinebiT eris sindisi gamoaRviZa. montgomeriSi, alabamas StatSi, 1955 wlis 1 dekembers samsaxuridan gamosuli roza parksi avtobusSi avida da Tavisufal adgilze dajda. cota xanSi fexze mdgomma TeTrkanianma mamakacma adgilis gaTavisufleba mosTxova (montgomeris satransporto momsaxurebis regulaciaTa Tanaxmad, Tu TeTrkanians ar SeeZlo sxva TeTrkanianis paralelurad adgilis povna, misTvis oTx Savkanians unda daeTmo dasajdomi adgili, vinaidan Savkanians ufleba ar hqonda TeTrkanianis mjdariyo),32 razec roza parksma uari Tqva: vfiqrobdi, rom erTaderTi gza meCvenebina maTTvis, ras vgrZnobdi, rodesac usamarTlod meqceodnen, iyo is, rac gavakeTe _ winaaRmdegoba gavuwie kanons. amaze winaswar ar mifiqria, es TavisTavad moxda da Semdeg ubralod gadavwyvite, rom ar avdgebodi. daRlili viyavi da Tavs kargad ar vgrZnobdi, magram amas Semdeg bevri sxva dRe mohyva, rodesac Tavs kargad ar vgrZnobdi.33

avtobusis mZRolma roza parksi daakava, ris Semdegac igi daapatimres. bevri istorikosi amerikis samoqalaqo uflebebisTvis moZraobis aTvlis wertilad miiCnevs montgomeriSi roza parksis dapatimrebas, rasac montgomeris avtobusebis saxeliT cnobili saxalxo aqcia mohyva. misi daumorCileblobis erT simbolur qmedebas dRes aRviqvamT politikuri gmirobis aqtad, romelmac yuradReba miapyro rasobriv usamarTlobas da gamoiwvia movlenebis mTeli jaWvi, ris Sedegadac qveyana samudamod Seicvala. pati uoterlingi. sent-jozefeli (minesotas Stati) oTxi Svilis deda pati uoterlingi yvelafers gaiRebda, politikuri aqtivisti rom ar gamxdariyo. 1989 wlis 11 oqtombers niRbianma mamakacma misi TerTmeti wlis vaJi jeikobi gaitaca. patis amis Semdeg Tavisi Svili aRar unaxavs. Tavdapirvelad erTaderTi ram, risi gakeTebac mas SeeZlo, Svilis Zieba da glova iyo. mogvianebiT man jeikob uoterlingis fondi Camoayaliba, romlis erT-erTi mizani gatacebisa da sqesobrivi Zaladobisgan bavSvebis damcveli kanonmdeblobis lobireba iyo Statisa da federalur sakanonmdeblo organoebSi. 1991 wels man warmatebiT gaitana kanoni, romlis Tanaxmadac sqesobriv ZaladobaSi mxile-

politikuri lideroba

419

buli pirebi valdebulni iyvnen gaevloT registracia mudmiv sacxovrebel adgilebSi Statis meTvalyureobis qveS. 1996 wels nawilobriv pati uoterlingis ZalisxmeviT minesotas kongresma miiRo sazogadoebis informirebis programa, romlis mixedviTac Statis xelisufleba valdebuli iyo Seefasebina sqesobrivi ZaladobisTvis sasjelmoxdilTa uvnebloba sazogadoebisTvis da im SemTxvevaSi, Tu konkretuli piri miCneuli iqnebda sazogadoebrivad saSiSad, Seetyobinebina amis Sesaxeb sazogadoebisTvis. gamocdileba uCvenebs, rom aseTi moZaladeebi Znelad gadian reabilitacias da Cadenili danaSaulis mimarT Semdgomi recidivebis maRali done axasiaTebT. 1994 wels pati uoterlingma SeZlo daerwmunebina kongresi, mieRo kanoni (jeikob uoterlingis aqti) romelic axalisebs Statebs miiRon kanonmdebloba, romlis Tanaxmad cixidan gamosuli moZaladeebi valdebulni arian daregistrirdnen samarTaldamcav organoebSi, da romelic saSualebas aZlevs am organoebs informacia (saxelebis, misamarTebis, fotoebis CaTvliT) gaavrcelon am pirebis Sesaxeb.34 pati uoterlingis saqmianobas bevri mSobeli adidebs, magram bevri samoqalaqo uflebis damcveli miiCnevs, rom es kanonebi im damnaSaveebis piradi cxovrebis uflebasa da Tavisuflebebs arRvevs, romlebmac Cadenili danaSaulisTvis sasjeli ukve moixades.35 miuxedavad amisa, pati uoterlingi samoqalaqo lideris kargi magaliTia, romelmac miuxedavad eniT gamouTqmeli borotebisa da autaneli tkivilisa, Seabija politikaSi da cvlilebebsac miaRwia.

daskvna politikuri liderebi, romlebic samTavrobo Tanamdebobebze arian, SeiZleba davajgufoT namdvil liderebad, demagogebad an Cveulebriv politikosebad. samoqalaqo liderebs ara aqvT aranairi Tanamdeboba, magram SeiZleba seriozuli politikuri gavlena hqondeT. namdvili liderebi, romlebic SedarebiT iSviaTni arian, sazogadoebriv sikeTeze zrunaven, gamoirCevian lideris TvisebebiT, praqtikuli WkuiT eqstraordinarul situaciaSi, rodesac eris keTildReoba dgas dRis wesrigSi. istoriulad isini motivirebulni iyvnen, rogorc minimum, didebis surviliT. saxelmwifo moRvaweobis am gagebis mimarT Tanamedroveobis gulgriloba zog damkvirvebels aiZulebs am tipis moRvaweoba momakvdav xelovnebad aRiaros. warmomadgenlobiT demokratiebSi yvelaze metni Cveulebrivi politikosebi arian. yvela arCeul politikoss uwevs arCevanis gakeTeba _ pozitiuri lideris roli itvirTos Tu ubralod Tavisi amomrCevlebis azri warmoaCinos. demokratiuli warmomadgenlobis delegaciuri Teoriis mixedviT politikosebi unda iqceodnen, rogorc Tavisi eleqtoratis survilebis gamtareblebi. meurveobiTi Teoria, piriqiT, aqcents akeTebs poli-

420


tikaSi damoukidebeli moqmedebis aucileblobaze. politikosebs, romlebic cdiloben am ori midgomis gaerTianebas, `politikoebs~ veZaxiT. zogi Cveulebrivi politikosi SeiZleba damSoSmineblad SevafasoT. isini xSirad SesaZloa keTilSobiluri ganzraxvebiTac xelmZRvaneloben, magram arakompetenturobis Tu gulubryvilobis gamo maTi gadawyvetilebebi SeiZleba katastrofis safuZveli gaxdes. politikaSi ufro avbediTebi demagogebi arian. isini aerTianeben usazRvro pirad ambicias, mouxeSav meTodebs da qarizmatulobis moTxovnilebas. demagogebi Warbad arian demokratiul qveynebSi, sadac maTi dacema xSirad iseve moulodnelia xolme, rogorc maTi aRzeveba. samoqalaqo liderebi aCveneben Tavdadebas saqmisi, pirad SesaZleblobebs da garkveuli saxis magnetizms, agreTve samTavrobo politikis mimarT winaaRmdegobas. isini STaagoneben adamianebs an izidaven mimdevrebs msoflios masStabiT, avlenen moralur Zalauflebas, romelic maTi saqmianobidan gamomdinareobs.

sakvanZo sityvebi demagogebi Cveulebrivi politikosebi samoqalaqo liderebi saxelmwifo moRvawe warmomadgenlobis delegaciuri

Teoria warmomadgenlobis Teoria `politiko~

meurveobiTi


6.

ra jgufebad SeiZleba davyoT politikosebi? ra gansxvavebaa sxvadasxva kategoriebs Soris? ratom aris politikuri liderebis kvleva saerTod politikuri kvlevebis mniSvnelovani aspeqti? ratom arian namdvili liderebi ase iSviaTni? aRwereT warmomadgenlobis ori urTierTsawinaaRmdego Teoria. romeli maTgania TqvenTvis misaRebi da ratom? ra aris demagogi? daasaxeleT romelime demagogi. ra amoZravebT demagogebs? aqvs Tu ara demokratias raime bunebrivi dacviTi meqanizmi demagogiisgan? Tu asea, ra aris es meqanizmi? ra aris sanimuSo liderobis arsi? daasaxeleT oTxi sanimuSo lideri da detalurad axseniT, ra xdis TiToeul maTgans sanimuSod.

politikuri lideroba

421

SeniSvnebi 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

17.

18. 19. 20. 21. 22.

23. 24.

Robert C. Tucker, Politics as Leadership (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1995), iii. Walter Lippmann, A Preface to Morals (Boston: Beacon Press, 1960), 280. momdevno citirebebi aris 279-283 gverdebidan. ix. Harry Jaffa, “The Emancipation Proclamation”, wignSi 100 Years of Emancipation, red. Robert Goldwin (Skokie, III.: Rand McNally, 1964), 1-24. Douglas Adair, “Fame and the Founding Fathers” wignSi Fame and the Founding Fathers: Essays by Douglas Adair (New York: Norton 1974), 10. iqve, 8 Alexander Hamilton, John jay, and James Madison, The Federalist (New York: Modern Library, n.d.), 470. Robert J. Alexander, Romulo Betancourt and the Transformation of Venezuela (New Brunswick, NJ.: Transaction Books, 1982), 435. Aaron Wildavsky, The Nursing Father: Moses as a Political Leader (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1984). Alexander, Romulo Betancourt, 436. iqve. John Edwin Fagg, Latin America: A General History, me-2 gamocema (New York: McMillan, 1969), 627. Martin Gilbert, Churchill (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1980), 100-126. iqve, 127. U.S. Department of State, Selected Documents, 1979 wlis aprili. Alexis de Toqueville, Democracy in America, vol. 2 (NY, Schoken Books, 1961), 102106. Morton Frisch and Richard Stevens, “Introduction” wignSi American Political Thought: The Philosophic Dimension of American Statemanship, red. Morton Frisch da Richard Stevens (Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt, 1976), 5 citirebulia Roman J. Zorn, “Theodore G. Bilbo: Shibboleths for Statemanship”, reprinted in A Treasury of Southern Folklore: Stories, Ballads, Traditions, and Folkways of the People of South, red. B.A. Brotkin (New York: Crown, 1949), 304. James W. Silver, Mississippi: The Closed Society (Orlando, Fla.: Harcourt, 1964), 19. iqve. Hodding Carter, “Huey Long: American Dictator”, wignSi The Aspirin Age: 19191949, red. Isabel Leighton (New York: Simon & Schuster 1949), 347 iqve. 361. Joseph Tussman, citirebulia Marie Collins Swaley, “A Quantitative View”, krebulSi Representation, red. Hannah Pitkin (New York: Atherton Press, 1969), 83. Hannah Pitkin, “The Concept of Representation”, krebulSi Representation, red. Pitkin, 21. citirebulia Harvey Mansfield, Jr., Statesmanship and Party Government: A

422


Study of Burke and Bolingbroke (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965), 23. 25. Edmund Burke, “The English Constitutional System”, wignSi Representation, red. Pitkin, 175. 26. iqve. 27. 1964 wels amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis konstituciis ocdameoTxe Sesworebis miRebamde, arsebobda suladobrivi saarCevno gadasaxadi federalur da Statebis arCevnebSi monawileobisTvis. konstituciis ocdameoTxe Sesworebam akrZala am gadasaxadis moqmedeba federaluri donis arCevnebSi. 1966 wels aSS umaRlesma sasamarTlom es gadasaxadi Statebis arCevnebis SemTxvevaSic antikonstituciurad scno da gaauqma. 28. citirebulia Malcolm Jewell and Samuel Patterson, The Legislative Process in the Unites States (NY. Random House, 1966), 32. 29. Martin Gilbert, Churchill: A Life (NY.: Henry Holt 1996), 993. 30. Martin Luther King, Jr., “Letter from Birmingham City Jail” wignSi Civil Disobedience: Theory and Practice (NY.: Pegasus, 1969), 78-79. 31. iqve. 75. 32. David J. Garrow, Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, 1955-1968 (NY.: Random House, 1988), 11. 33. iqve. 12. 34. sakanonmdeblo cvlileba, romelic Txovda Statebs miewodebinaT sazogadoebisTvis informacia moZaladeebis Sesaxeb, romlebmac danaSauli sqesobriv niadagze Caidines, cnobilia rogorc meganis kanoni. megan kanka Svidi wlis gogona iyo niu jersidan, romelic 1994 wels mezobelma gaaupatiura da mokla. meganis mSoblebma, iseve rogorc pati uoterlingma, intensiuri kampana awarmoes imisTvis, rom Statisa da federalur sakanonmdeblo orga-noebs mieRoT kanonmdebloba sqesobrivi Zaladobis winaaRmdeg. 35. magaliTisaTvis ix. Caroline Louise Lewis, “The Jakob Wetterling Crimes Against Children and Sexually Violent Offender Registration Act: An Unconstitutional Deprivation of the Right to Privacy and Substantive Due Process”, Harvard Civil Rights - Civil Liberties Law Review 31 (1996): 89-119. am argumentebis miuxedavad sasamarTloebma mxari dauWires am kanonebs.

T aavv i XI I

ra aris sajaro sikeTe? iid d eeo o lo gi g i e bi b i da da i zm eeb izm bi

politikis miznebi da saSualebebi ideologiebi da sajaro interesi

antisamTavrobo ideologiebi memarjvene ideologiebi

memarcx-

ene ideologiebi izmebi da amerikuli politika

iarliyebi amerikul politikaSi saerTo Temebi

konservatorebi:

ekonomikuri uflebebis primati

liberalebi:

samoqalaqo uflebebis primati arsebiTi gansxvavebebi

konserva-

torebi, liberalebi da sajaro politika.

423

424


luis qerolis cnobili nawarmoebis, àlisa saocrebaTa qveyanaSi,~ erTerT epizodSi alisa ikargeba da xvdeba CeSirul katas. `Tu SegiZliaT, miTxariT, aqedan saiT unda wavide?~ _ ekiTxeba alisa mas. ès imazea damokidebuli, sad gsurs misvla~, pasuxobs kata. `CemTvis sulerTia~, eubneba alisa. `maSin isic sulerTia, saiT waxval~, _ miugebs kata. tyeSi dakarguli alisas msgavsad, qveynebsa da maT xelisuflebs xSirad warmodgena ara aqvT imaze, saiT surT wasvla da romel gzaze dadgoma urCevniaT. politikuri mmarTveloba SeiZleba iyos arasrulyofili, magram rogorc alisasa da katis saubari gviCvenebs, politikisa da politikuri kursis gonivrulad gaazreba xdeba mxolod mkafiod gansazRvruli miznebis aRsrulebiT. qveynebma, individebis msgavsad, ar ician romel kurss misdion, Tu ar gaaCniaT winaswar gansazRvruli mizani da saboloo daniSnulebis punqti.

politikis miznebi da saSualebebi politikaSi miznebi da saSualebebi erTmaneTisgan ganuyofelia. xSirad, roca kamaToben imis Sesaxeb, ra saxis politikuri kursia sasurveli, TiTqmis yovelTvis gamodian daSvebidan, rom misi Sedegi unda eTanxmebodes sajaro keTildReobas an unda Sediodes sajaro interesebSi da garkveuli saerTo sargebeli moutanos mogebas politikur erTobas, rogorc erT mTels. rogorc wesi, demokratiul politikur meqanizmebSi debatebi imarTeba saSualebebTan da ara miznebTan dakavSirebiT. magaliTad, politikosebs Soris SeiZleba arsebobdes azrTa sxvadasxvaoba imis Sesaxeb, xels Seuwyobs Tu ara qveynis ayvavebas ama Tu im periodSi gadasaxadebis Semcireba (dazogvisa da investirebis waxalisebiT, saxelmwifo biujetis dabalansebiT, inflaciis maCvenebelTa SemcirebiTa da a.S.). magram, rogorc vTqviT, am saxis kamaTi, ZiriTadad, gzebsa da saSualebebs exeba da ara miznebs. isini, SeiZleba, ver Tanxmdebodnen saukeTeso monetarul Tu fiskalur strategiebze, magram orive mxare erTsulovania imis mtkicebisas, rom mTavrobam yuradReba unda gaamaxvilos ekonomikur siZlieresa da stabilurobaze. zog qveyanaSi mTavrobis miznebsa da saqmianobas cota aqvs saerTo sajaro interesebTan da isini mimarTulia Zalauflebisi piradi ltolvisaken.1 bevr demokratiul qveyanaSi sajaro keTildReoba, ZiriTadad, asocirebulia iseT faseulobebTan, rogoricaa usafrTxoeba, ayvaveba, Tanasworoba, Tavisufleba da samarTlianoba (ix. Tavi XIII). es miznebi politikuri `tivtivebia~, romelTa daxmarebiTac saxelmwifos gemi kurss mihyveba. kamaTi imis Sesaxeb, ra gziT unda wavides gemi, mocemuli politikuri dinebisa da zurgis qaris gaTvaliswinebiT, ZiriTadi sakiTxia sajaro politikaSi. sasurvel daniSnulebis punqtTan miaxloeba mTavrobis mTavari gamocdaa.

ra aris sajaro sikeTe?

425

ideologiebi da sajaro interesi adamianebs xSirad bundovani warmodgena aqvT sajaro politikisa da imis Sesaxeb, rogor muSaobs mTavroba an ras akeTebs ama Tu im momentSi,2 magram isini, ZiriTadad, konservatiuli an liberaluri Sexedulebebisken ixrebian. roca adamianebi Sewyveten aqeT-iqeT `gadaxras~ da miemxrobian myar, Sekrul politikur ideebs, am dros isini ideologias irCeven. ideologia filtris msgavsia, romelsac `namdvili momxreebi~ iyeneben movlenaTa interpretirebisaTvis, adamianTa qcevis asaxsnelad da politikuri qmedebis gasamarTleblad. ideologia sxvadasxvagvaria, kacobriobisa da socialuri organizaciis yovlismomcveli TeoriebiT (mag. marqsiszmiT) dawyebuli, ideaTa aramyari kavSirebiT (liberalizmi) damTavrebuli, romlebic icvleba droTa ganmavlobaSi. politikur diskusiaSi ideologiaTa iarliyis gamoyeneba semantikuri komfortia, romelic sxvadasxva saxis politikuri orientaciis ufro advilad da lakonurad ganxilvis saSualebas iZleva. magaliTad, amerikeli konservatori, rogorc wesi, Zlieri Tavdacvis, federaluri mTavrobis mier miRebuli socialuri keTildReobis programebis SezRudvis, biznesisa da industriul saqmianobaSi mTavrobis Carevis Semcireba-deregulaciisa da msgavsi tipis programebis momxrea. amis sapirispirod, amerikeli liberali mxars uWers samTavrobo daxmarebis programebs, samxedro danaxarjebis Semcirebasa da mTavrobis mier iseTi sakiTxebis mogvarebas, rogoricaa sakvebi da narkobiznesi, jandacva, transporti da energetika. amerikelTa umravlesoba arc doqtrinuli liberalia da arc doqtrinuli konservatori. metic, saerTod Zalian cota amerikeli SeiZleba CaiTvalos romelime ideologiis mimdevrad. amisaTvis adamiani Zalian mkacrad da jiutad unda mihyvebodes ideologias an `partiis kurss~. individebs, romlebic midrekilni arian damoukidebeli azrovnebisaken an politikurad apaTiurebi arian (amerikelTa umravlesoba), cxadia, am gansazRvrebas ver mivusadagebT. am TavSi ideologia dayofilia sam jgufad: antisamTavrobo ideologia, memarjvene ideologia da memarcxene ideologia. terminebi memarjvene da memarcxene warmoiSva evropuli saparlamento tradiciis mixedviT, ganeTavsebinaT socialuri da politikuri cvlilebis momxre partiebi marcxena mxares, xolo cvlilebis mowinaaRmdegeni (an mmarTvelobis wina formis aRdgenis mxardamWeri partiebi) _ marjvniv. cxadia, yvela politikuri Tvalsazrisi srulad ver Tavsdeba am or kategoriaSi. es gansakuTrebiT exeba eqstremistul ideologiebs.

antisamTavrobo ideologiebi adamianebi, romlebic ewinaaRmdegebian mmarTvelobis nebismier formas, rac ar unda SezRuduli iyos igi, anarqizmis momxreebi arian. anarqizmis ideologiis Camoyalibebas xSirad miaweren rus revolucioners mixeil

426


bakunins (1814-1876ww.), romelic, erToboda ganadgurebis siamovnebiT da sazogadoebis uRaribes fenebsa da kriminalebs Zaladobrivi ajanyebebisken mouwodebda. anarqizmi axlos dgas nihilizmTan, romlis mixedviTac arsebuli politikuri da socialuri instituciebis sruli ganadgureba TavisTavad aris sasurveli mizani. am eqstremalurad uaryofiT ideologias SedarebiT naklebi gavlena hqonda revoluciamdeli ruseTis (da albaT, espaneTis) sazRvrebs gareT, Tumca zogi amJamindeli teroristuli dajgufeba aSkarad anarqistuli da nihilisturia.

organizacia ìslamis eris~ lideris _ luis faraxanis winaaRmdegobriv SexedulebebSi SeerTebuli Statebis mTavrobisa da misi politikis SeniRbuli kritikaa asaxuli.

libertarianelebi naklebad mtrulad arian ganwyobilni formaluri mTavrobis ideisi, Tumca, maT miaCniaT, rom mTavrobis uflebamisileba maqsimalurad unda SeizRudos (amis gamo maT xSirad minimalistebsac eZaxian). libertarianeloba xazs usvams pirovnuli Tavisuflebis udides mniSvnelobas. misi mimdevrebi, rogorc wesi, ewinaaRmdegebian damoukidebeli ekonomikuri ganviTarebis da Tavisufali arCevanis SemzRudvel sajaro politikas _ xandazmulTaTvis socialuri usafrTxoebis da saSemosavlo garantiebis CaTvliT. libertarianelebi daJinebiT amtkiceben, rom bazris uCinar xels ukeT SeuZlia moagvaros socialuri da ekonomikuri Zalebis urTierToba, vidre mTavrobas; kerZo sakuTrebis uflebam ki unda moicvas mravali ekonomikuri da moraluri arCevani. magaliTad, libertarianelebi icaven moqalaqis uflebas, dabeWdos da gaavrcelos pornografiuli masa-


427

la, rac ar unda binZuri da miuRebeli SeiZleba iyos is umravlesobisaTvis (maT Soris TviT libertarianelebisaTvis). isini ewinaaRmdegebian jarSi savaldebulo gawvevasac, radgan fiqroben, rom es piradi arCevanis sakiTxi unda iyos.

memarjvene ideologiebi anarqizmsa da libertarianelobas upirispirdeba ideologia, romelic xazs usvams centraluri xelisuflebisa da politikuri wesrigis uzenaes mniSvnelobas. SeiZleba ucnaurad mogveCvenos, magram monarqia xelisuflebis yvelaze gavrcelebuli forma iyo msoflioSi sul raRac erTi saukunis win. mefeebi Tu imperatorebi, xanebi Tu sulTnebi, Seixebi Tu Sahebi _ monarqebi mbrZaneblobdnen yvela droSi, yvela adgilas. maT momxreebs, vinc SeinarCuna gvirgvini revoluciuri gamowvevebisa da demokratiuli reformebis sayovelTao moTxovnaTa miuxedavad, ewodebaT roialistebi, anu monarqistebi. monarqias, ufro sworad, brZeni mefis mmarTvelobas aristotele mmarTvelobis saukeTeso formad miiCnevda (Tumca, is aseve aRniSnavda, rom brZeni mefeebi, tiranebisgan gansxvavebiT, Zalian iSviaTad gvxvdebodnen). mniSvnelovania gvaxsovdes, rom monarqebi dResac marTaven ramdenime mniSvnelovan qveyanas _ magaliTad, iordanias, monakos, saudis arabeTs. navTobiT mdidari sparseTis yuris qveynebi monarqiaTa mxolod mcire CamonaTvalia. faSizmi. monarqia, rogorc memarjvene frTis eqstremaluri ideologia, meoce saukuneSi daTrguna faSizmma. es aris ideologia, sadac xazgasmulia erTi rasis upiratesoba da aseve, xelisuflebisi sruli morCileba. faSizmma didi gavlena moipova evropasa da samxreT amerikaSi 1920-40-ian wlebSi. upiratesad, cxadia, Seiswavleba `RerZi saxelmwifoebi~ (italia, germania, iaponia) meore msoflio omis dros. Tumca, arsebobs faSizmis sxva adgilebic _ magaliTad, espaneTSi, ungreTsa da argentinaSi. Tavisi elituri xasiaTis miuxedavad, faSizmi sargeblobda udidesi masobrivi mxardaWeriT, ZiriTadad, Tavisi ultranacionalisturi elferis gamo. eris koncefciis (hitleris SemTxvevaSi, rasis) xazgasmasTan erTad, faSizmi eyrdnoboda ideologiur fesvebs, maT Sorisaa romantizmi, qsenofobia, populizmi da, rac ar unda gasakviri iyos, socializmis ierarqiuli, araegalitaruli da viwro formebi (germanuli nacizmi, praqtikaSi ganxorcielebuli memarjvene frTis ideologia, ganxilulia V TavSi). memarjvene frTis eqstremaluri ideologiebis erT-erTi ganmasxvavebeli Strixia crurwmenebsa da siZulvilze dayrdnoba.3 es ideologia did mxarda-Weras maSin povebs xolme, roca uamravi adamiani, rasistuli an eTnikuri umravlesoba, ganicdis individualur an koleqtiur ekonomikur siduxWires. aseT situaciaSi adamianebi, gansakuTrebiT, Tu ara aqvT formaluri ganaTleba da akliaT politikuri garCevis unari, midrekilni arian daujeron maTi savalalo mdgomareobis demagogiur axsnas. mZime mdgomare-

428


obis mizezad gamoiZebneba `gantevebis vacebi~ _ rasobrivi, eTnikuri an religiuri umciresoba, opoziciuri politikuri partia, ucxo qveyana da a.S. evropaSi qsenofobiis zrdam da antiemigrantulma ganwyobilebebma 1990-ian wlebSi demonstraciebi da Zaladobis aqtebi gamoiwvia, gansakuTrebiT safrangeTsa da germaniaSi (ultramemarjvene, onacionalisturi erovnuli fronti da erovnul-demokratiuli partiebi drodadro sakmao Zalas ikrebdnen ZalauflebisTvis brZolaSi). aSS-Si amerikuli nacisturi partiisa da ku-kluqs-klanis gavlena izrdeba, roca garkveuli jgufebi aqtiurad gamodian TeTri rasis aRmatebulobis ideiT. es ideologia mosazrebebiT kvebavs mraval eqstremistul politikur Sexedulebas, romlebic exeba imigrantebs (isini kategoriulad ewinaaRmdegebian qveyanaSi ucxoelTa SeSvebas), samoqalaqo uflebebs (afroamerikelebi, ebraelebi da sxva umciresobani, rogorc wesi, dabal safexurze ganixilebian da ar imsaxureben TeTrebis Tanabar konstituciur garantiebs), sagareo politikas (amerikisaTvis safrTxis SemqmnelT unda gaumklavdnen maqsimaluri ZaliT). es jgufebi militarizirebulebi arian da Zaladobas qadageben. imis miuxedavad, rom ku-kluqs-klani (misi simbolo iyo aalebuli jvrebi. dajgufebis wevrebi imosebodnen TeTri zewrebiT) Semcirda TiTqmis 10000 wevramde, afroamerikelebisi misi Zaladobisa da fanatikuri siZulvilis xangrZlivma istoriam aqcia is iseT dajgufebad, romlis saqmianobasac mTavroba dResac guldasmiT akvirdeba. religiuri memarjveneebi (axali memarjveneebi). religiur memarjveneTa moZraoba, mniSvnelovani politikuri Zala, warmoiSva 1980-ian wlebSi. konservatori respublikelis, ronald reiganis prezidentad arCevam daaCqara aSS-Si axali memarjvene politikuri koaliciis Seqmna. tradiciul faseulobaTa aRsadgenad is iyenebda masobrivi Setyobinebis Tanamedrove politikur meqanizmebs, eqstensiuri politikuri kapitalis mobilizebas da masmedias (gansakuTrebiT televizias). moZraobis faseulobebSi Sedioda abortis akrZalva, sajaro skolebSi locvebis ganaxleba, kampania pornografiis winaaRmdeg, amerikuli cxovrebis safuZvlad ojaxis aRiareba da komunistebis winaaRmdeg brZola yvela frontze. es koalicia aerTianebda uamrav fundamentalistsa Tu evangelist protestants, romelTac axal religiur memarjveneebs da qristian-memarjveneebsac uwodeben, radgan isini politikas centraluri religiuri faseulobebis nayofad miiCnevdnen. axali memarjveneebi yvelaze metad asocirdebodnen me-20 saukunis 80-iani wlebis satelevizio evangelist jeri falvelTan da misi moraluri umravlesobis moZraobasTan. politikuri damkvirveblebi ver Tanxmdebodnen axali memarjveneebis mimdevarTa raodenobaze da imis Sesaxeb, iyo Tu ara es moZraoba amerikuli politikis ZiriTadi mimdinareoba. kritikosebma axal memarjveneebs miakres saSiSisa da eqstremistis iarliyebi. ufro simpaTiiT ganwyobili damkvirveblebi, Tavis mxriv, ambobdnen, rom ar arsebobda kanoni, romelic krZalavda politikisa da moralis an politikisa da religiis sinTezs. memarjveneebma warumatebloba iwvnies, rodesac, 1988 wels, evangelisti


429

ministri pet robertsoni ver gaxda respublikuri partiis prezidentobis kandidati da 1992 wels, rodesac mecnier pet biukenenis kampaniam sruli fiasko ganicada. robertsonmac da biukenenmac sajaro aRiareba sakabelo televiziis wyalobiT moipoves. robertsoni qristianul satelevizio ToqSous The 700 Club-s uZRveboda, xolo biukeneni monawileobda programaSi Crossfire, romelic sajaro saqmianobas Seexeboda. imis miuxedavad, rom axali memarjveneebidan da qristian-konservatorebidan yvela ar uWerda maT mxars, biukeneni da robertsoni centraluri konservatiuli faseulobebis momxreni iyvnen. axali memarjveneebi da maTi qristiani mxardamWerebi kvlavac cdiloben respublikur partiaSi gavlenis mopovebas. qveynis masStabiT xuTidan erTi respublikeli amomrCeveli SeiZleba CaiTvalos qristiankonservatorad. qristianuli koaliciis kidev erTi konservatiuli jgufis fesvebi ormocdaaTianelTa (protestantizmis mimarTuleba) eklesiidan momdinareobs (pet robertsonis RvTis asambleaTa eklesia ormocdaaTianeluria. jeri falvelis moraluri umravlesobis wevrebi ZiriTadad morwmune evangelistebi arian). milioniani qristianuli koalicia amzadebs da farTod avrcelebs kandidatTa Sefasebis baraTebs, riTac afasebs politikuri kandidatebis pozicias umniSvnelovanes sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT. misi wevrebi cdiloben, rom moxvdnen saSualo ganaTlebis sistemaSi, raTa am gziT gaavrcelon patriotizmi (multikulturalizmis sapirispirod), agreTve moaxerxon ganaTlebis sferos safuZvlebTan dabruneba, seqsualuri ganaTlebis gakveTilebis Catarebisas zomierebis farglebis SenarCuneba (an amgvari gakveTilebis gauqmeba) da skolebSi marTlwesrigis aRdgena. qristianul koalicias mainc hqonda garkveuli warmateba, magram organizaciis mcdeloba daikavos sajaro Tanamdebobi wamoWris or kiTxvas: pirveli, rogor SeiZleba gavigoT maTi saqmianoba _ rogorc politikurad aqtiuri moqalaqeebis legitimuri da Sesaqebi mcdeloba, monawileoba miiRon sajaro saqmeebSi, Tu rogorc saxelmwifosa da eklesias Soris arsebuli gamijvnis SemaSfoTebeli Semcireba? meore, qristianuli koalicia interesTa jgufia Tu politikuri partia? kapitalizmi. dRes yvelaze gavleniani da Zlieri ideologia dasavleTSi kapitalizmia. komunizmis marcxi, romelic uaryofda kerZo sakuTrebas, mogebis stimuls da ebrZoda socialuri uTanasworobas triumfi iyo Tavisufali mewarmeobisa da sabazro ekonomikis yvela momxrisaTvis. `civi omi~ iyo ideologiuri dapirispireba aSS-sa da sabWoTa kavSirs Soris am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. kapitalizmi aSS-sa da dasavleT evropaSi aris konservatorebis wamyvani ideologia. es aris filosofiuri safuZveli iseTi Zlevamosili organizaciebisaTvis (da lobisTvisac), rogoricaa aSS-s savaWro palata da mewarmeTa erovnuli asociacia. aseve, multinacionaluri korporaciebisaTvis, magaliTad, jeneral motorsi, maikrosofti, makdonaldsi da sxv. ra aris kapitalizmi? es aris rogorc adam smiTis `xalxTa simdidreSi~ mignebul principebze dafuZnebuli ekonomikuri Teoria, ise ideologia,

430


romelic mxars uWers individualizmis Rirsebas, mZime da bejiT Sromas, damoukideblobasa da pirad iniciativas. is ewinaaRmdegeba mTavrobis Carevas (Teoriulad) da mTavrobis regulacias (praqtikaSi). is miesalmeba prezident kalvin kulijis (1923-29 mier gamoTqmul mosazrebas: àmerikis biznesi (saqme) biznesia~. rogorc ideologia, kapitalizmi ewinaaRmdegeba `socialur keTildReobasa~ da `mTavrobis mier gaweul daxmarebas~. kalvinistebis4 msgavsad, konservatorebs sjeraT, rom qoneba warmatebis niSania da jildoa RirseulTaTvis. mdidari adamianebi imsaxureben simdidres, siRaribe ki Tavad Raribebis bralia, romlebic zarmacebi, umoqmedoebi da upasuxismgebloebi arian. siRaribis daZ-leva qvelmoqmedebisa da eklesiis saqmea. konservatorebs, aseve, sjeraT (an Tavs aCveneben, rom sjeraT) `CamoJRenTvis Teoriisa~: Tu sazogadoebis yvelaze iniciativian da moxerxebul wevrebs miecemaT saSualeba, naxon mogeba da gadasaxadebis amkrefTaTvis qonebis gadacemis magivrad, moaxerxeben mis reinvestirebas, maSin ekonomika gaizrdeba, dabali fenebis cxovreba gaumjobesdeba da yvelani ukeT iqnebian. marTalia, sajarod amas konservatorebi naklebad acxadeben, magram bevri maTgani marTlac ase fiqrobs.

memarcxene ideologiebi memarcxene ideologebi qadageben adamianebis koleqtiurad Tanacxovrebis ideas, romlis Sesabamisadac isini Tavisufalni iqnebodnen damamcirebeli da mikerZoebuli socialuri dayofisagan. ekonomikis sferoSi es ideologia fesvgadgmulia koleqtivizmis ideaSi. mis mixedviT, sajaro keTidReobas yvelaze ukeT emsaxureba saerTo sakuTreba da politikuri erTobis produqciiTa da distribuciiT istrireba. amrigad, koleqtivizmi fundamenturad ewinaaRmdegeba kapitalizms. es ukanaskneli emxroba mosazrebas, rom warmoebis saSualebaTa pirad sakuTrebaSi floba da gankargva saukeTeso gzaa sazogadoebis, rogorc erTi mTelis, gamdidrebisaTvis. Tanamedrove epoqaSi koleqtivizmis principebi yvelaze xSirad gamoixateba socializmis formiT. socializmi SeiZleba ganimartos, rogorc ìdeologia, romelic uaryofs individualizms, kerZo sakuTrebas da pirad mogebas. amis magivrad is emxroba sistemas, damyarebuls ekonomikur koleqtivizmze, warmoebis saSualebaTa da saqonlis distribuciis saxelisuflebo, sazogado da industriul-jgufur mflobelobasa da socialur pasuxismgeblobaze.~5 Tanamedrove socializmis mamad frangi revolucioneri fransua-nuel babefi (1760-1797) iTvleba, romelic emxroboda ekonomikur Tanasworobasa da miwis saerTo mflobelobas. babefis ideebi gaiziares da ganaaxles e.w. utopistma socialistebma, maT Soris sen-simonma (1760-1825)da Carlz furiem (1772-1837). lui blani (1811-1882) emxroboda ufro gonivrul socializms, rac gulisxmobda muSebis mier kontrolirebadi sabWoebisa da sawarmoebis Seqmnas. blanki aqtiuri iyo 1848 wlis muSaTa amboxebisas. am


431

mRelvarebidan warmoiSva Teoria da meTodebi, romelTac emxroboda meoce saukunis memarcxene ideologiebi, revoluciuri komunizmiT dawyebuli, demokratiuli socializmiT damTavrebuli. revoluciuri komunizmi. memarcxene eqstremistuli ideologiis, revoluciuri komunizmis anu marqsizmis ideebi warmoiSva karl marqsis (18181883ww.) da misi Tanamoazris, fridrix engelsis (1820-1895ww.) naSromebidan. marqsi CamoSorda utopist socialistebs, radgan amtkicebda, rom koleqtiuri idealis miRweva SesaZlebeli iyo mxolod Ria klasobrivi konfliqtis meSveobiT da rom istoriis mecnieruli `kanonebi~ winaswar gansazRvravda am konfliqtis Sedegs. proletariatis mier ganxorcielebuli revoluciis garduvalobasa da aucileblobaze xazgasma ganasxvavebs marqsizms anu komunizms socializmis sxva formebisagan. marqsi da engelsi `komunistur manifests~ (1848) Tamami gancxadebiT iwyeben: `mTeli istoria aris istoria klasobrivi brZolisa~ _ es gancxadeba emyareba or mosazrebas: (1) adamianis nebismieri qmedebis ukan dgas ekonomikuri an materialuri Zalebi da (2) istoriaSi cvlileba da progresi warmoiSoba ekonomikuri Zalebis mudmiv SejaxebaTa, konfliqtis an, germaneli filosofosis hegelis (1770-1831ww.) termins Tu gamoviyenebT, `dialeqtikuri procesis~ safuZvelze. marqsi Tvlida, rom yvela sazogadoebam ganviTarebis erTi da igive istoriuli safexurebi gaiara. TiToeuli am safexurTagani dominanturi ekonomikuri struqturaa (Tezisi), romelic Seicavs axali da konfliqturi struqturis (antiTezisis) elementebs. Tezissa da antiTeziss Soris gardauvali Sejaxebis Sedegad Cndeba sinTezi anu axali ekonomikuri epoqa. marqsis azriT, is, rasac Cven axla industriul revolucias vuwodebT, iyo istoriis kapitalisturi safexuri. man daamarcxa feodaluri epoqa, roca burJuaziam (qalaqelma xelosnebma da vaWrebma) feodal miwaTmflobelebs xelidan gamoglija politikuri da ekonomikuri Zalaufleba. dialeqtikuri materializmis kanonma, rogorc marqsma uwoda istoriis Taviseul xedvas, kapitalizmis aRzeveba gardauvali gaxada. zustad amave kanonis mixedviT, aseve gaurdauvalia konfliqti kapitalistebsa da proletariats Soris. es konfliqti, marqsis azriT, dasruldeba muSaTa klasis gamarjvebiT da stabiluri, uklaso sazogadoebis gamocxadebiT (uklaso sazogadoebis utopiuri idea aRwerilia II TavSi). marqsistuli Teoriis Tanaxmad, Tanamedrove industriuli kapitalizmis mTavari Strixia sazogadoebis dayofa or antagonistur klasad: kapitalistebad _ isini floben warmoebis saSualebebs da proletarebad, romlebic iZulebulni arian saaTobiT imuSaon saarsebo minimumisTvis. gansxvaveba am gasamrjelosa da muSaTa Sromis Sedagad miRebuli produqtis fass Soris aris Warbi Rirebuleba (metismetad didi mogeba), romelsac kapitalistebi ijibaven. kapitalistebi sistematurad axdenen proletarTa eqsploatacias da amiT gaucnobiereblad proletarul revolucias uyrian safuZvels. marqsi da misi Tanamoazreebi miiCneven, rom es revolucia Semdegnairad ganviTardeba: e.w. kapitalisturi dagrovebis kanonis Tanaxmad, kapitalistebi unda gafarTovdnen TavianTi konkurentebis xarjze an Tavad

432


gandevnil iqnen bazridan. sanam kapitalistebi agrZeleben gafarToebas, isini Tavidan iSoreben sustebs da xelSi igdeben bazris sul ufro mzard wils. sabolood, yvelaze sastik SejibrSi warmatebuli monawileebi gandevnian danarCenebs. amrigad, isini Sedian monopoliuri kapitalizmis epoqaSi, romelic dauyovnebliv iwvevs mTeli kapitalisturi sistemis daSlas. ratom unda iqnas kapitalizmi daTrgunuli am safexurze, roca Cans, rom kapitalisturma monopoliam xelT igdo upirobo Zalaufleba? _ imitom, rom zustad im dros, roca mdidrebi mdidrdebodnen, Raribebi Raribdebodnen. adamianuri Sroma manqanam Secvala. konkurenciis procesSi izrdeboda umuSevroba, mcirdeboda msyidvelobiTi unari da saSinao bazari. saqmiani aqtiurobis vardnis es Tandayolili tendencia da Tavis mxriv, depresiac, iwvevs ufro met umuSevrobas, dabal gasamrjelos da a.S. uTvalavi adamiani xdeba `Warbi muSa~ _ umuSevari, ufulo da uimedo. amas pauperizaciis (gaRatakebis) kanoni ewodeba da es gardauvalia. orTodoqsi marqsistebisaTvis `kapitalizmis krizisi~ da mis Sedegad dawyebuli proletaruli revoluciac gardauvali movlenebia. radganac kapitalistebi ar daTmoben TavianT Zalauflebas, privilegiebs an qonebas ubrZolvelad, kapitalizmis damxoba mxolod sisxliani revoluciis gziTaa SesaZlebeli. rwmena, rom Zaladobrivi masobrivi qmedeba aucilebelia radikaluri cvlilebebis gansaxorcieleblad, umTavresi iyo marqsis mimdevris, leninis (1870-1924ww.) TeoriebSi. am ukanasknelma daaarsa ruseTis komunisturi partia da saTaveSi Caudga ruseTis 1917 wlis revolucias. marqsist-leninistebi, rogorc maT zogjer uwodeben, fiqrobdnen, rom saparlamento demokratia da `burJuaziuli legaluroba~ mxolod kapitalisturi eqsploataciis realobis SesaniRbad Seqmnili superstruqturebia (zednaSenia). revolucioneri komunistebi ar interesdebodnen im warmomadgenlobiTi institutebiT, romlebic Warbobda aSS-sa da dasavleT evropaSi. sabWoTa kavSirsa da aRmosavleT evropaSi komunizmis dacemasTan erTad, marqsizmma dakarga Tavisi avtoriteti. Tumca, es doqtrina inarCunebs momxibvlelobas CagrulTa klasSi, garkveulwilad, Tavisi `jvarosnuli sulisa~ da gaTavisuflebis dapirebis gamo. bevr aspeqtSi revoluciuri marqsizmi waagavs militaristul-fundamentalistur religias, Tanamedrove islamisa da adreuli Sua saukuneebis qristianobis msgavsad. britanelma filosofosma bernar raselma Semdegnairad gamosaxa paralelebi qristianobasa da marqsizms Soris:6 marqsizmis fsiqologiis kuTxiT gasagebad Semdegi leqsikoni unda gamoviyenoT: ieRova (RmerTi) = mesia = rCeulni = eklesia = meored mosvla = jojoxeTi = maradiuli samoTxe =

dialeqtikuri materializmi marqsi proletariati komunituri partia revolucia kapitalistebis sasjeli komunisturi Tanamegobroba


433

raselis azriT, marcxniv ganlagebuli terminebi emociur Sinaarss aZlevs marjvniv ganlagebuls. es analogia gvexmareba gavigoT marqsizmis didi emociuri zemoqmedeba. komunizmi da demokratia. aSS-Si komunisturi partia Zlieri arasdros yofila da Zalian cota amerikeli Tu gamotydeba, rom simpaTiiTaa ganwyobili komunisturi ideologiis mimarT. Tumca, msoflios bevr sxva qveyanaSi komunisturi partia bolo dromde yvaoda. yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi, aRmosavleT evropaSi, CineTSi, CrdiloeT koreaSi, vietnamSi, kubasa da mesame msoflios zog qveyanaSi komunisturi partia dominirebda marqsizmis (upiratesad, marqsizm-leninizmis) droSis qveS. mesame msoflios qveynebSi meore msoflio omis Semdeg komunistebi an marqsistebi saTaveSi edgnen èrovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobebs~, romlebic miznad isaxavda arsebul mTavrobaTa damxobas. bevr sxva qveyanaSi, gansakuTrebiT dasavleT evropaSi, arammarTvelma komunisturma partiebma miaRwies demokratiul respeqtabelurobas. safrangeTSi, italiasa da espaneTSi komunisturi partia kanonierad iyo aRiarebuli da monawileobda erovnul arCevnebSi da zogjer koaliciur mTavrobaTa formirebaSic. umeteswilad, es partiebi politikuri wesebis mixedviT TamaSobdnen da moipovebdnen sazogadoebriv ndobas, Tumca isini verasdros axerxebdnen xmaTa umravlesobis dagrovebas, rac saWiro iyo Zalauflebis xelSi asaRebad. 1970-ian wlebSi italiasa da espaneTSi komunisturi partia saTaveSi Caudga evrokomunizmis saxeliT cnobil moZraobas. evrokomunistebi uars ambobdnen marqsizm-leninizmis bevr uZveles dogmaze, maT Soris Zaladobrivi revoluciis wamowyebaze, proletariatis diqtatis rwmenasa da demokratiuli centralizmisi dogmatur erTgulebaze, rac upirobo morCilebas moiTxovs partiuli kursisi da krZalavs urCobas. marTalia, evropuli komunisturi partiebis gavlena SedarebiT Semcirda, magram ar gamqrala. mas Semdeg, rac safrangeTis komunisturma partiam moipova STambeWdavi saarCevno gamarjveba 1997 wlis maisSi, sami komunisti dainiSna samTavrobo postebze. [bolo wlebSi komunisturi partiebis mniSvneloba Semcirda da isini an gaqrnen, an socialistur partiebs SeuerTdne _ mTargm. Sen.] demokratiuli socializmi. revoluciuri komunizmisgan gansxvavebiT, demokratiuli socializmi _ socialisturi ideologiis meore mniSvnelovani ganStoeba, koleqtivistur miznebs misdevs (da amrigad, uaryofs kapitalizms), magram erTgulia demokratiuli saSualebebisa. orTodoqsuli marqsizmisgan gansxvavebiT, demokrat-socialistebs sjeraT gradualizmisa _ reformisa da ara revoluciis. demokratiuli socialistebi, igive social-demokratebi, mTavrobis rolis zrdisa da bazris rolis SezRudvis momxreni arian. socialistur partiaTa umravlesoba mxars uWers ekonomikis ZiriTadi nawilebis _ transportis, komunikaciebis, komunaluri momsaxurebis, sabanko sistemis da finansebis, dazRvevisa da mrewvelobis iseTi dargebis, rogoricaa manqa-

434


naTmSenebloba, Savi da feradi metalurgia, samTo-mopovebiTi dargebi da energetika _ nacionalizacias. isini, aseve, momxreebi arian Tanamedrove `keTildReobis saxelmwifosi~, sadac mTavrobas didi pasuxismgebloba akisria jandacvis, ganaTlebisa da mosaxleobis keTildReobis sakiTxebSi. `keTildReobis saxelmwifos~ mizani aris siRaribisa da uTanasworobis daZleva Semosavlebis farTomasStabiani gadanawilebis gziT. mas xSirad aRweren rogorc àkvnidan saflavamde~ sistemas. aseT saxelmwifos axasiaTebs ufaso umaRlesi ganaTleba, ufaso (an didad subsidirebuli) samedicino momsaxureba, xelgaSlili sajaro daxmarebebi (fuladi daxmareba mravalSvilian ojaxebs, sapensio gegmebi, sxvadasxva saxis ufaso an subsidirebuli momsaxureba). am programebisa da momsaxurebis dasafinanseblad socialistebi mxars uWeren maRal gadasaxadebs, maT Soris, mkveTrad mzard saSemosavlo da myar memkvidreobiT gadasaxadebs, raTa amoivsos ufskruli mdidrebsa da Raribebs Soris. socialisturi ideologia moiTxovs amgvar politikas, radgan is socialur samarTlianobas ekonomikur TanasworobasTan aigivebs. meore msoflio omis Semdeg demokratiul socializms udidesi gavlena hqonda dasavleT evropaSi (da ramdenime ganviTarebad qveyanaSi). bevr evropul qveyanaSi arsebobs warmatebuli social-demokratiuli partia. germaniaSi, magaliTad, centralur memarcxene partias formalurad ewodeba social-demokratiuli. `keTildReobis saxelmwifos~ klasikur magaliTs warmoadgenen didi britaneTi da skandinaviis qveynebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom 1981 wels safrangeTis prezidenti gaxda socialisti fransua miterani da amis Semdeg erovnul arCevnebSi misma partiam moipova sakmarisi xmebi imisaTvis, rom Seedgina pirveli memarcxene mTavroba mexuTe respublikis istoriaSi (romelic 1958 wlidan arsebobs). da mainc, ramdenime gamonaklisis garda, rogoricaa dania da SvedeTi, social-demokratebis politikuri gavlena Semcirda 1990-ian wlebSi. politikuri partiebi, romlebic mxars uWerdnen socialistur principebs, an kargavdnen gavlenas, an ufro ùmegobrdebodnen~ Tavisufal bazarsa da ekonomikuri konkurenciis ideebs. britaneTis leiboristuli partia, romelic 1997 wels movida mTavrobaSi `zomieri~ politikosis, toni bleris meTaurobiT, TvalsaCino magaliTia ukanasknel wlebSi evropis social-demokratiuli partiis poziciis Serbilebisa. demokratiul socializms, rogorc organizebul politikur Zalas, mcire gavlena hqonda meore msoflio omis Semdgom aSS-is politikaze, miuxedavad imisa, rom 1930-ian wlebSi prezidentobis kandidatis norman tomasis propaganda socialisturi xasiaTisa iyo da amomrCevelTa didi mxardaWera da yuradReba moipova. rogorc pirvel msoflio omamde, ise mis Semdeg, socialistebma miiRes 900 aTasi xma arCevnebze. 1912 da 1920 wlis arCevnebma aSS-Si socializmis mimarT didi interesi aCvena. raSi iyo saqme? amerikelebi, rogorc wesi, individualistebi arian da eWviT uyureben `did saxelmwifos~; xolo meore msoflio omis Semdeg isini socializms saerTod komunizmTan aigivebdnen da amitom uaryofdnen mas. amis miuxedavad, bevri sajaro programa, romlebic axla sayovelTaodaa aRiarebuli, waagavs im programebs, romlebsac ukve didi xania mxars uWeren demokrati sociali-


435

stebi. magaliTebis saxiT SegviZlia moviyvanoT socialuri usafrTxoeba, jandacva, mravalSvilian ojaxTa daxmareba, umuSevrobis kompensacia da sacxovrebliT uzrunvelyofis saxelmwifo programebi. radikaluri egalitarianizmi. radikaluri egalitarianizmi ar aris pirdapiri ideologia im gagebiT, rom is ar umadlis Tavis arsebobas erTi individis naSromebs da ar Sedgeba erTi-ori yovlismomcveli principisgan. is arc universaluradaa aRiarebuli. Tumca, yvelafris miuxedavad, radikaluri egalitarianizmi aris cxadi da mkafiod gansazRvruli pozicia sajaro keTidlReobisi. igi sruliad Tanaswori msoflios momxrea. mis mimdevarTa azriT, sazogadoebaSi miRebuli yvelaze farTod gavrcelebuli da yoveldRiuri gansxvavebebi (vin aris warmatebuli, ras vswavlobT da vkiTxulobT da a.S.) Tavdapirvelad warmoiSva mikerZoebis/midrekilebis an eTnocentrizmis safuZvelze. radikaluri egalitarianistebi miiCneven, rom eTnikuri umciresobebi, qalebi, homoseqsualebi, fizikurad Tu gonebrivad unarSezRuduli adamianebi da yvelani, vinc umravlesobis farglebs gareT xvdebian, ganicdian diskriminacias. amitomac sazogadoebam yvelaferi unda gaakeTos maTi winwawevis, warmatebisa da Tanasworobis uzrunvelsayofad. es jgufebi didi xnis manZilze idevnebodnen (privilegirebuli TeTrkaniani mamakacebis sasargeblod), amitomac isini unda gaxdnen kvlevebis obieqtebica da wyaroebic da maTTvis da maT Sesaxeb dawerili namuSevrebi unda Sediodes yoveli kolejis saswavlo gegmaSi. da bolos, maTi azriT, es jgufebi ar aris kargad Seswavlili sistemuri diskrimaniciisa da dasavluri civilizaciis endemuri midrekilebebis gamo. amerikuli saganmanaTleblo sistemis, sazogadebisa da civilizaciis radikaluri egalitarianistuli analizi Zalian sakamaToa. konservatori kritikosebi ewinaaRmdegebian amerikuli sazogadoebisa da dasavluri civilizaciis radikalur-egalitarianistul daxasiaTebas da brazdebian, rodesac maTi kritika uaryofilia rogorc rasistuli, genderulad diskriminaciuli, homofobiuri (homoseqsualTa zizRi) an sxva mizeziT. konservatori kritikosebi acxadeben, rom radikali egalitarianistebi qmnian emociurad daZabul klimats, sadac mxolod `politikurad koreqtul~ azrs scemen pativs. 1990-ian wlebSi politikuri koreqtulobis polemika Tavs daatyda amerikul kolejebs. xSirad es gamoixateboda debatebSi radikalur-egaliterianistuli msoflmxedvelobis saWiroebis Sesaxeb.

izmebi da amerikuli politika amerikuli politika, arsebiTad, aris mZafri konkurencia liberalebsa da konservatorebs Soris. ramdenadac es ori mimarTuleba xSirad dabneulobas iwvevs da radganac Znelia amerikuli politikis umTavresi sakiTxebis gageba liberalizm-konservatizmisgan gancalkevebiT, sajaro keTildReobasTan erTad unda ganvixiloT es ori amerikuli mimdinareoba.

436


iarliyebi amerikul politikaSi Tanamedrove amerikul liberalizmsa da konservatizms dasavluri politikuri azris 300-wliani liberaluri tradicia udevs safuZvlad. yvelaze fundamenturi principi am tradiciisa iyo is, rom mTavroba unda icavdes adamianis individualur uflebebs. amerikuli liberalizmi xazs usvams socialur, politikur da ekonomikur Tanasworobas yvela samoqalaqo uflebis dacvisa da gafarToebis saxeliT. amisgan gansxvavebiT, amerikuli konservatizmi momxrea iseTi politikisa, romelic win wamoswevs ayvavebasa da Tanabar Sansebs individualuri sakuTrebisa da ekonomikuri uflebebis dacvis saxeliT. amrigad, rogorc liberalebi, ise konservatorebi emxrobian indvidualuri uflebebis dacvas, ubralod, isini gansxvavdebian imis mixedviT, romeli miaCniaT am uflebaTagan ufro mniSvnelovnad. ramdenime faqtori aZnelebs imis zustad gansazRvras, ras gulisxmobs liberalizmi da konservatizmi amerikuli politikis aspeqtSi. ra aris es faqtorebi? upirveles yovlisa, aSS-Si ideologiis roli mkacrad SezRudulia politikuri kulturiT, sadac yoveldRiuri politika moicavs konkretul interesTa dapirispirebas da ara Seurigebeli ideebisa da principebis konfliqts. rogorc wesi, arCeuli moxeleebis dRis wesrigi gamosaxavs adgilobriv ekonomikur interesebs, amomrCevlis socialuri da ekonomikuri ganwyobebis cvlilebas, upirispirdeba garkveul problemas. amrigad, miuxedavad imisa, rom amerikul politikaSi arian doqtrinuli liberalebi da konservatorebi, praqtikaSi amerikeli politikosebi ufro pragmatulni arian, vidre dogmaturebi. liberalebi da konservatorebi kamaTisas iSviaTad eqcevian erTsa da imave mxares. magaliTad, zogadad, konservatorebi emxrobian kanonebs pornografiis winaaRmdeg, maSin, roca liberalebi ewinaaRmdegebian aseT SezRudvebs (metic, xandaxan xumrobiT amboben, rom liberalebi yiduloben im wignebs, romelTa akrZalvac undaT konservatorebs, im dros, roca konservatorebi qmnian cenzuris komitetebs da iq jgufurad kiTxuloben am wignebs). amis miuxedavad, e.w. minimalisti konservatorebi anu libertarianelebi ewinaaRmdegebian yvela saxis SezRudvas nebismieri saxis sakiTxavi masalis gayidvaze, demonstrirebaze, distribuciasa da flobaze. am dros, qalTa uflebebis damcveli zogi liberali, radikalic ki, uerTdeba konservatorebs amgvari wignebis akrZalvis moTxovnaSi, im motiviT, rom pornografia eqpluatacias uwevs da reputacias ulaxavs mdedrobiTi sqesis yvela warmomadgenels gaukuRmarTebuli mamakacebis siamovnebisaTvis. zogi sakiTxi, romelic liberalebsa da konservatorebs yofda or dapirispirebul banakad erT dros, sxva dros SeiZleba saerTod Seusabamo gaxdes. konservatorebi icavdnen aristokratiis Zalauflebasa da privilegiebs, magram yvela saxis maRali warmomavlobis tituli gauqmda or saukuneze meti xnis win. evropaSi, sadac memkvidreobiTi titulebi adre gasaRebi iyo qonebisa da Zala-uflebisaTvis, maTi yofili upiratesobis Sexseneba dRes warsulisken anomaliur mibrunebad gveCveneba. imis miuxedavad, rom


437

konservatorebi liberalebze metad midrekilni arian mdidarTa interesebis dacvisi, verc erTi seriozuli politikuri figura ver gabedavs gamoTqvas azri aristokratiis upiratesobis aRdgenis Sesaxeb.

saerTo Temebi erT dros cnebebi _ liberalizmi da konservatizmi, SeiZleba logikurad Tanmimdevrul da zustad gansazRvrul alternativebs gamoxatavda. Tumca, Tanamedrove amerikul politikur cxovrebaSi isini araa calkeuli da myarad Camoyalibebuli ideologiebi, rogoric, magaliTad, komunizmi an faSizmi. aSS-Si rogorc liberalizmi, ise konservatizmi ganviTarda politikuri principebis fundamenturi wyebidan da maT variaciebs warmoadgens.7 es politikuri kredo bevrs unda umadlodes jon lokis politikur Sromebs. rogorc damoukideblobis deklaraciaSia Sejamebuli, yvela adamiani ibadeba Tanasworad; uzrunvelyofilia maTi arsebiTi uflebebi, maT Soris sicocxlis, Tavisuflebisa da bednierebisken swrafvis uflebebi (lokis `sakuTrebis uflebis~ jefersoniseuli variacia); mTavroba arsebobs am uflebis dasacavad da legitimuri xdeba marTulTa Tanxmobis safuZvelze. deklaracia aseve acxadebs, rom rodesac mTavrobas aviwydeba misi xelisuflebaSi mosvlis mizani da mizezebi, xalxs aqvs ufleba Secvalos an gaauqmos is. damoukideblobis deklaraciaSi zogadadaa Camoyalibebuli is principebi, romlebzec Tavis dasawyisSi visaubreT. Tavisufleba xazgasmiTaa naxsenebi, iseve rogorc individis ufleba sicocxlesa da usafrTxoebaze. ayvaveba gulixmobs mTavrobis movaleobas, daicvas adamianis ufleba, iltvodes bednierebisaken (bolos da bolos, bednierebisken swrafva ar gamoricxavs simdidrisken swrafvas komerciul sazogadoebaSi). Tanasworoba miCneulia adamianis fundamentur mdgomareobad da amerikel xalxs, sxvasTan erTad, garantirebuli aqvs Tanabari Tavisufleba. da bolos, miCneulia, rom mTavroba, romelic adekvaturad ar icavs da pativs ar scems adamianis sicocxlis, Tavisuflebisa da bednierebisken swrafvis uflebas, ar imsaxurebs keTil saxels. amgvari saxis mTavroba, deklaraciis mixedviT, arRvevs samarTlianobis principebs da SeiZleba misi Secvla an gauqmeba. aSS-is konstituciaSi, romelsac aqvs sayovelTaod aRiarebuli mizani _ `gamoacxados samarTlianoba, uzrunvelyos mSvidoba qveynis SigniT, saerTo usafrTxoeba, Tavisuflebis dacva da sazogadoebis keTildReobas Seuwyos xeli~, mTavrobis es ZiriTadi amocanebi kidev ufro cxadad aris aRwerili.

konservatorebi: ekonomikuri uflebebis primati aSS-Si konservatorebi ZiriTadad xazs usvamen ekonomikasa da ekonomikur uflebebs. am saxis winadadebebiT pirvelad wardgnen XVII-XVIII saukunis politikuri filosofosebi da ekonomistebi.

438


jon loki (1632-1704). imis miuxedavad, rom jon loki, upirvelesad, miCneulia politikis filosofosad, man didi wvlili Seitana komerciuli respublikis ideis CamoyalibebaSi. es aris ekonomikuri koncefcia, romelic gansazRvravs Tanamedrove konservatizmis birTvs. lokma naTlad ganacxada, rom individebs aqvT sakuTrebis ufleba _ gansakuTrebiT Tavisi ZalisxmeviT mopovebul sakuTrebaze _ da mTavrobis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani mizani kerZo sakuTrebis dacvaa. man aseve gonivruli axsna mouZebna sakuTrebis uflebebs, legalur fulad valebsa da saxelSekrulebo valdebulebebs, rac komerciuli saxelmwifos safuZvelia. amasTan erTad, sixarbis instinqts inteleqtur diskursSi axlopovebuli respeqtabeloba mianiWa. bevri Zveli filosofosi, aristoteledan Toma aqvinelamde (1224-1274), gaurboda amqveyniuri mflobelobiT zedmetad dainteresebas. amisgan gansxvavebiT, loks warmodgenili hqonda sazogadoeba, sadac individebi mudmivad iRvwian TavianTi xvedris gasaumjobeseblad, sadac warmoebisa da gamogonebis suli yvavis da fuli aris gacvlis universaluri saSualeba. misi azriT, qonebis dagrovebis Semdgom, reinvestirebuli da gafarToebuli sazogadoeba ayvavdeba da ayvavebuli sazogadoeba iqneba bednieri. baron de monteskie (1689-1755). maSin, roca lokma ganaviTara komerciuli respublikis zogadi Teoria, frangma politikis filosofosma baron de monteskiem Tavis cnobil naSrom `kanonTa gonSi~ (1748) gansazRvra biznessa da komerciasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis dadebiTi mxareebi. monteskies azriT, qveynebs, romlebic eqstensiur vaWrobas awarmoeben sxva saxelmwifoebTan, survili eqnebaT mSvidobisa, radgan omi xels uSlis saerTaSoriso vaWrobas. man, aseve, daaskvna, rom komercia xels uwyobs ufro samarTlebrivi politikuri wesrigis Camoyalibebas, individualuri TviTgaumjobesebisaTvis axali gzebis gaxsniT. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, siRaribeSi dabadebulsac SeuZlia gaxdes mdidari dauRalavi SromiTa da JiniT. amasTan, komerciaze gakeTebuli aqcenti ganawyobda sazogadoebas religiuri fanatizmis winaaRmdeg. miwier keTildReobaze zrunva da `jounsebTan Sejibri~ (amerikuli gamoTqma _ mezoblebTan Sejibreba materialur sakuTrebaSi) daikavebda religiuri dapirispirebis gamomwvevi fanatikuri aRmafrenis adgils. komerciuli wesrigis saukeTeso mxarea misi dadebiTi gavlena individualur moralurobaze. monteskies sjeroda, rom komerciuli demokratia warmoSobda burJuaziul Rirseul Tvisebebs, maT Soris `yairaTianobas, ekonomiurobas, Sromas, SorsmWvretelobas, wesrigs.~8 adam smiTi (1723-1790). mas Semdeg, rac lokma Camoayaliba komerciuli saxelmwifos politikuri safuZvlebi da monteskiem CamoTvala amgvari saxelmwifos dadebiTi mxareebi, Sotlandielma ekonomistma adam smiTma axsna misi moqmedebis principebi. smiTi darwmunebuli iyo, rom rogorc individualuri bedniereba, ise socialuri harmonia mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoebis gzebTan. man Tavis cnobil naSromSi `xalxTa simdidris bunebisa da mizezebis kvleva~ (Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the


439

Wealth of Nations; 1776) (romelmac Semdeg didi gavlena moipova) sqemis saxiT Camoayaliba, rogor SeuZlia komerciul sazogadoebas efeqtianad iarsebos centraluri mTavrobis mier ekonomikuri sferos regulirebisa da dagegmvis gareSe. es naSromi yvela sxva wignze metad iqca Tanamedrove kapitalizmis logikur dasabuTebad. lokis msgavsad, smiTic aRiarebda adamianTa saqmianobaSi kerZo interesis umniSvnelovanes rols. ekonomikur bazarze kerZo interesi ara marto ganawyobs individs muSaobisTvis, aramed karnaxobs mas iseTi saqmianobis arCevas, romelic miesadageba mis specifikur socialur saWiroebas:

Cven rom sadils mivirTmevT, es ar aris yasabis, xabazis an ludis mxarSvelis keTilganwyobis Sedegi, es sakuTari dainteresebis Sedegia. Cven Cvens interesebis dakmayofilebas unda vumadlodeT ara maT humanurobas, aramed maT sakuTari Tavis siyvaruls. da Cven maT vesaubrebiT ara Cveni saWirobidan, aramed maTi upiratesobidan gamomdinare.9

smiTis cnobili Teoriaa bazris ùCinari xeli~, romelic gamoxatulia moTxovna-miwodebis kanoniT. misi azriT, es kanoni gansazRvravs sabazro fass. sadac produqtis raodenoba didia da moTxovna _ mcire, saqonlis sabazro fasi ecema im dromde, sanam yvelaze efeqtiani mwarmoeblebi ar darCebian bazarze. sapirispirod, roca produqtis raodenoba mcirea da moTxovna _ didi, saqonlis sabazro fasi matulobs. sabolood, Rirebuleba daiwevs, roca konkurencia gaizrdeba. am gziT bazari avtomaturad amyarebs miwodeba-moTxovnis wonasworobas. smiTs sjeroda, rom gamorCeniT daintereseba da sabazro Zalebi erTmaneTs Seewyobodnen, raTa SeenarCunebinaT ekonomikuri Sejibri da konkurencia. es, Tavis mxriv, ar miscemda fasebs saSualebas Zalian gascdenoda produqciis realur Rirebulebas (Tu es ase moxdeboda, mwarmoeblebs daTrgunavdnen konkurentebi). am TvalsazrisiT, sakuTari interesebis dakmayofileba da sabazro mdgomareoba xels uwyobs fasebis TviTregulacias: maRali fasebi qmnis maRali konkurenciis iniciativas, dabali fasi iwvevs moTxovnis gazrdas da Sesabamisad, amas Sedegad produqciis gazrda mohyveba. da bolos, smiTis Tavisufali mewarmeobis Teoriis mixedviT, individebi nebayoflobiT irCeven konkretulad im profesiasa da saqmianobas, romlebic sazogadoebaSi yvelaze faseulad iTvleba, radgan fuladi gasamrjelo am SemTxvevaSi Zalian didi sacduria, maSinac ki, roca TviT saqmianoba ar aris Zalian momxibvleli.10 es koncefciebi erTad gansazRvravs e.w. Tavisufali (laissez-faire (mieciT saSualeba xalxs, gaakeTos, rac unda) kapitalizms. es aris idea, romlis Tanaxmadac mTavrobis Carevisgan Tavisufali bazari ekonomikis saukeTeso regulatoria. Tanamedrove konservatizmi. lokis, monteskiesa da smiTis namuSevrebze dayrdnobiT Tanamedrove konservatorebi did mniSvnelobas aniWeben adamianTa uflebas, iltvodnen bednierebisaken rogorc individebi (da ara ro-

440


gorc koleqtivis wevrebi). isini gansakuTrebul yuradRebas amaxvileben adamianis uflebaze moipovos, daagrovos da gankargos sakuTreba. aseve, icaven biznesisa da korporaciuli industriis interesebs. amiT eTanxmebian smiTis mosazrebas, rom individualuri keTildReobis mopoveba aucileblad gamoiwvevs saerTo ayvavebasa da keTildReobas. da bolos, konservatorebi akritikeben bazris moqmedebaSi saxelmwifos Carevas (iseve rogorc socialuri keTildReobis programebs) da biznesis saqmeebSi biurokratiul `cxviris Cayofas~ (magaliTad, federalur moTxovnebs minimaluri garemosdacviTi standartebis Sesaxeb). konservatorebi irwmunebian, rom individualizms konkretuli sajaro sikeTeebi moaqvs, maT Soris, nergavs SromiT eTikas, wesrigisa da stabilurobis survils da jansaR TviTSekavebas mTavrobis mxridan. es sajaro (sazogadoebrivi) sikeTeebi yvelaze metad im politikur sistemaSi Seiqmneba, sadac yvelaze kargi pirobebia individis warmatebisaTvis. SeiZleba monteskieseuli `yairaTianoba, ekonomiuroba, zomiereba, Sroma, SorsmWvreteloba, simSvide, wesrigi da kanoni~ araa umaRlesi idealebi, magram konservatorebisaTvis yvelaferi es normaluri da stabiluri politikuri sistemis garantiebia.

liberalebi: samoqalaqo uflebebis primati konservatorebis msgavsad, liberalebic miiCneven, rom individebs miniWebuli aqvT garkveuli uflebebi. magram, maTgan gansxvavebiT, uflebebi, romlebic liberalebs yvelaze mniSvnelovnad miaCniaT, aris samoqalaqo uflebebi. amrigad, isini gaafTrebiT icaven im individebsa da jgufebs, romelTa uflebebic irRveva da diskriminacias ganicdian (mag. rasobrivi umciresobani, qalebi da Raribebi). liberalebi eTanxmebian xelisuflebis mcdelobasa da qmedebebs, miaRwion Tanabar uflebebs. amavdroulad, isini zogadad ewinaaRmdegebian mTavrobis mier gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis SezRudvas; agreTve, erTobis standartebisa da tradiciebis SenarCunebis mizniT `moralis dakanonebis~ mcdelobebs. pirovnul Tavisuflebaze yuradRebis aseTi gamaxvileba fundamentur rwmenas aZlevs individualurobis Rirsebas. TiToeuli adamianis unikalurobisa Tu Rirsebis dacva da pativiscema sazogadoebaSi mTavrobis umniSvnelovanesi mizani unda iyos. individualizmis dasacavi argumentebi mkafiod aris Camoyalibebuli jon stiuart milis naSromSi `Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb~ (1859): mas, vinc uflebas aZlevs samyaros an samyaros misTvis gankuTvnil nawils, mis magivrad dagegmos misi cxovreba, ar sWirdeba sxva aranairi niWi, garda maimunisebri adamianisa. is, vinc Tavis cxovrebas Tavad gegmavs, iyenebs yvela Tavis niWs. mas sWirdeba dakvirveba, raTa dainaxos; logikuri azrovneba da gansjis unari, raTa pirdapir ganWvritos; saqmianoba, raTa moagrovos masala gadawyvetilebis misaRebad; gansx-


441

vavebis unari, raTa gadawyvitos da roca gadawyvets, simyare da TviTkontroli, raTa misdios saguldagulod miRebul gadawyvetilebebs. am Tvisebebs is saWiroebs da iyenebs zustad, proporciulad, rogorc Tavisi qmedebis nawils, romelsac gansazRvravs sakuTari azrovnebisa da grZnobebis mixedviT. SesaZlebelia isic, rom is daadges karg gzas da Tavi aaridos zians yovelive amis gamoyenebis gareSec. magram am SemTxvevaSi ra iqneboda SedarebiTi Rirebuleba misi, rogorc adamianisa? didi mniSvnelobisaa ara marto is, ras akeTebs adamiani, aramed is manerac, romliTac is rames akeTebs. adamianis namuSevarTa Soris, romlis gaumjobesebasa da galamazebaSia CarTuli misi cxovreba, upirvelesi mniSvnelobisa Tavad adamiania. . . . adamianis buneba ar aris manqana, rom nimuSis mixedviT aago da daniSno misTvis gamowerili samuSaos zustad Sesasruleblad. adamianis buneba SegviZlia ufro xes SevadaroT, romelsac zrda da ganviTareba sWirdeba Sinagani Zalebis tendenciebis mixedviT, rac mas cocxal arsebad aqcevs.11

mili agreTve aRniSnavs, rom individualurobas mudmivi safrTxe emuqreba sazogadoebrivi azris damxuTveli erTgvarovnebis mxridan. swored am mizeziT, liberalebis azriT, individebi saWiroeben dacvas umravlesobis mmarTvelobaze damyarebuli xelisuflebisgan. isini miiCneven, rom demokratiuli sazogadoeba xSirad erTmaneTSi urevs azris raodenobasa da xarisxs da xSirad utolebs ricxobriv aRmatebulebas politikur WeSmaritebas. am procesSi sxva-gvarad moazrovneebs xSirad sxva TvaliT uyureben da zogjer devnian kidec. milisa da misi inteleqtualuri memkvidreebis TvalSi individualizmi kargia sazogadoebisaTvis da individebisaTvis, radgan swored adamianis kreatiulobis, dinamizmisa da gamomgoneblobis gamo viTardeba sazogadoeba. liberalebi miiCneven, rom Tu individebs miecemaT saSualeba, srulyofilad ganaviTaron niWi da gaavrcelon TavianTi ideebi, mTavroba SeZlebs simbiozuri urTierTobebis aSenebas, sadac individic da sazogadoebac gaizrdeba da ganviTardeba.

arsebiTi gansxvavebebi amerikel liberalebsa da konservatorebs Soris gansxvavebis safuZveli dapirispirebuli mosazrebebia adamianis bunebis Sesaxeb. liberalebs sjeraT adamianebis sikeTisa da kargi bunebisa. marTalia, isini ar uaryofen, rom zogi adamiani sazogadoebisaTvis miuReblad iqceva, magram aseT adamianebs garemos msxverplad miiCneven. magaliTad, Tanamedrove amerikelTa umravlesoba miiCnevs, rom danaSaulis Sesamcireblad sazogadoebam unda Seamsubuqos siRaribis, sasowarkveTis mdgomareoba da rasizmi, romelic asazrdoebs antisazogadoebriv qmedebas. sxva sityvebiT, adamianebi Tanasworni arian Rirsebis mixedviT da imsaxureben aseT mopyrobas mTavrobisa da Tanamoqaleqeebis mxridan.

442


konservatorebi adamianis bunebas ufro muq ferebSi xedaven. maT miaCniaT, rom adamianebi dabadebidanve egoistebi da xSirad daumorCileblebi arian. individebi cdiloben TavianTi Tavi sxvebze maRla daayenon, isini gansxvavdebian motivaciiT, SesaZleblobebiT, moraluri RirebulebebiTa da iRbliT. konservatorebi amboben, rom am gansxvavebaTa Semcireba arc erT mTavrobas ar xelewifeba. sabolood, TavianTi liberali oponentebisgan gansxvavebiT, maT naklebi `Tavis tkivili~ aqvT araTanabari sazogadoebrivi mdgomareobisa da gansxvavebuli qonebrivi SesaZleblobebis gamo. amasTan, isini ar miaweren adamianis antisazogadoebriv qmedebas garemo faqtorebs. piriqiT, fiqroben, rom sazogadoebaSi yovelTvis iarsebeben `dampali vaSlebi~ (amerikuli gamoTqma _ cudi gavlenis mqone adamiani. mTargmn. Sen.). kidev erTi faqtori, rac konservatorebsa da liberalebs ganasxvavebs, isaa, rom es ukanasknelni Tavs istoriulad mimdinare procesis nawilad miiCneven, romlis farglebSic adamianis mdgomareoba gaumjobesda da TandaTan ufro umjobesdeba. sxva sityvebiT, liberalebi istorias progresuli TvalsazrisiT uyureben. maT sjeraT, rom Cveulebrivi adamiani dRes ukeTes mdgomareobaSia, vidre ramdenime Taobis an ramdenime saukunis win. maTi azriT, momavlis socialuri mowyoba, rogorc sakuTar qveyanaSi, ise sazRvargareT, ise iqneba konstruirebuli, rom yvela adamians saukeTeso misces. aqedan gamomdinare, liberalebi optimisturad uyureben momavalSi sazogadoebisa da mTeli msoflios gakeTilSobilebis mcdelobas. konservatorebi, maTgan gansxvavebiT, awmyos sirTuleebis daZlevisas warsuls gzamkvlevad iyeneben. isini eWvqveS ayeneben mosazrebas, rom cvlileba SeiZleba gautoldes progress. maTTvis politikuri erToba faqizi organizmia, romelic gaerTianebulia saerTo faseulobebiTa da SexedulebebiT. Cveuleba da tradiciebi, aRiarebuli sazogadoebrivi institutebi (magaliTad, ojaxi, eklesia, mTavroba) da Rrmad fesvgadgmuli socialuri xatebi konservatorebisaTvis erTaderTi myari safuZvelia stabiluri sazogadoebrivi wesrigis dasamyareblad. TviT sazogadoebis msgavsad tradiciebic arasdros unda Seicvalos swrafad da erTi xelis mosmiT. konservatorTa umravlesoba savsebiT eTanxmeba edmund berkis mosazrebas _ rodesac cvlileba saWiro ar aris, arc unda SevcvaloT.

konservatorebi, liberalebi da sajaro politika konservatorTa da liberalTa gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi cvlilebebis, adamianis bunebisa da sazogadoebis Sesaxeb, gvexmareba am or jgufs Soris arsebuli daZabulobis axsnaSi. am daZabulobas zogi damkvirvebeli `kulturaTa omsac~ uwodebda.12 zemoaRniSnul programebs (iseTi socialuri instituciebis mizani, Semadgenloba da mniSvneloba, rogoricaa ojaxi, ganaTleba, xelovneba, kanoni da politika) moralur sakiTxebSi uTanxmoeba udevs safuZvlad. konservatorebis aqcenti tradiciebsa da orTodoqsulobaze, kulminacias aRwevs rwmenaSi, rom keTili da boroti transcendentur filosofiasa da religiaSi Caqsovili universaluri faseulobebia. maTgan


443

gansxvavebiT, liberalTa mravalferovnebisa da tolerantobisi erTguleba gamoxatulia rwmenaSi, rom moraluri da politikuri gadawyvetilebebi piradi sakiTxebia. magaliTad, liberalTa umravlesoba ewinaaRmdegeba skolebSi locvas, moiTxovs farTo legalur da socialur uflebebs homoseqsualebisaTvis, aseve, miiCneven, rom qalebs aqvT abortis gakeTebis ufleba. amisagan gansxvavebiT, konservatorebi, rogorc wesi, fiqroben, rom skolebSi locvis akrZalva, homoseqsualTa uflebebis aRiareba da abortis nebarTva, moralurad arasworia. liberalebis azriT ki, individualuri arCevanis uaryofiT irRveva is, rac moralurad sworia.13 liberalebi da konservatorebi, aseve, gansxvavdebian adamianuri bunebisa da uflebebis sakiTxebis mimarT TavianTi damokidebulebiTac. sakuTrebis uflebisi erTguleba imis rwmenasTan erTad, rom warmateba da ayvaveba adamianis bednierebis arsia, konservatorebs dauregulirebeli komerciisa da industriis momxreebad aqcevs. amave mizeziT, isini ewinaaRmdegebian socialur programebs, romlebic moicavs erovnuli Semosavlis msxvilmasStabian gadanawilebas, did an mzard gadasaxadebs, janmrTelobis dazRvevis saxelmwifo programebsa da sxv. amgvari damokidebulebis gamo Tanamedrove konservatorebi `mcire mTavrobis~ momxreebi arian. xolo iq, sadac saxelmwifo programebi aucilebeli an gardauvalia, konservatorebis azriT, adgilobrivi xelisufleba ufro axlosaa xalxTan da amitom ufro sandoa, vidre federaluri xelisufleba. meore mxriv, adamianis bunebis Sesaxeb, cota ar iyos uaryofiTi Sexeduleba konservatorebs liberalebze ufro mkacrad ganawyobs piradi usafrTxoebisa da sazogadoebrivi wesrigis (amitom isini momxreni arian kriminalebis mimarT ufro sastiki sadamsjelo RonisZiebebis gatarebisa), aseve erovnuli usafrTxoebis sakiTxebis mimarT. da bolos, konservatorebs sjeraT, rom ekonomikuri TanasworobiT zedmetad dainteresebas SeuZlia Ziri gamouTxaros sistemas, romelmac, maTi azriT, aSS esoden warmatebul qveynad aqcia. magaliTad, saxelmwifo mcdeloba miaRwios ekonomikur Tanasworobas iseTi meqanizmebis saSualebiT, rogoricaa makompensirebeli programa, axSobs individualur iniciativas da amcirebs kavSirs pirad damsaxurebasa da fulad jildos Soris. vinaidan liberalebi samyaros karg da keTil adgilad da adamianis bunebas _ Tandayolilad keTilad miiCneven, isini ufro midrekilni arian dainaxon TanamSromlobis, cxovrebisa da mankierebaTa gamosworebis SesaZleblobebi iq, sadac konservatorebi gamowvevebsa da safrTxeebs xedaven. amrigad, sagareo saqmeebSi liberalebi Tavdacvaze naklebi xarjebis gawevis momxreni arian, konservatorebi ki eTanxmebian Zvel gamonaTqvams: `geSinodes RmerTisa da Seinaxe Seni Tofis wamali mSralad.~ saSinao saqmeebTan dakavSirebiT liberalebi fiqroben, rom sazogadoeba, rogorc erTi mTliani organizmi, mogebulia xelisuflebis absoluturi CareviT, raTa uzrunvelyos daCagruli an uiRblo adamianebi saxelmwifo sacxovrebliT, saxelmwifo dasaqmebiT, janmrTelobis universaluri dazRveviTa da a.S. maTi azriT, rogoric ar unda iyos sazogadoebis keTildReobis done mTlianad, Semosavlis gadanawilebis didi uTanasworoba unda gamoswordes saxelmwifo politikis saSualebiT. yvela adamiani Tanaswori ibadeba, amitom

444


aravin unda itanjebodes siRaribiT gamowveuli damcirebiT maSin, roca zogi fufunebaSi cxovrobs. nebismieri amerikelis diskriminaciis Tavidan acileba SesaZlebeli gaxdeba Zlieri sakompensacio programebiTa da xelisuflebis CareviT. metic, maT sjeraT, rom danaSaulis Camdennic msxverplni arian (ekonomikuri da socialuri usamarTlobisa) da miaCniaT, rom Raribebi ufro xSirad exvevian kriminalur danaSaulSi. liberalebi moiTxoven braldebulTa uflebebis maqsimalur dacvas. da bolos, amerikeli liberalisaTvis individualizmis dacvis saukeTeso saSualeba iqneba aekrZalos xelisuflebas konstituciiT miniWebuli sityvis, aRmsareblobis, Sekrebebis, gaerTianebebis da pirovnebis TavisuflebaSi nebismieri saxiT Careva.

daskvna saxelmwifo garkveuli socialuri an ekonomikuri miznebis miRwevas sajaro keTildReobis miseuli gansazRvrebis mixedviT cdilobs. am miznebis sisruleSi moyvana damokidebulia saxelmwifos ideologiaze _ sajaro keTildReobis Sesaxeb SexedulebaTa organizebul nakrebze. ideologiebi SeiZleba Semdegnairad klasificirdes: antisaxelmwifoebrivi (anarqizmi, libertarianizmi), memarjvene (monarqizmi, faSizmi), an memarcxene (revoluciuri komunizmi, demokratiuli socializmi, radikaluri egalitarianizmi). aSS-Si dominirebs ori sxva ideologiuri tendencia: liberalizmi da konservatizmi. gasakviria, magram saocrad Znelia am ori Tvalsazrisis gansxvaveba. upirveles yovlisa imitom, rom aSS-Si liberalizmi da konservatizmi iziarebs mraval fundamentur mosazrebas da faseulobas. Tumca, ra Tqma unda, maT Soris garkveuli gansxvavebebic arsebobs. konservatorebi xazs usvamen ekonomikur uflebebs, liberalebi aqcents samoqalaqo uflebebze akeTeben. liberalebs sjeraT adamianis keTili bunebisa, konservatorebi adamianis bunebis mimarT naklebad keTilganwyobili arian. liberalebi momavals optimisturad uyureben da sjeraT, rom is uzrunvelyofs ukeTes cxovrebas yvelasaTvis. konservatorebi, awmyos problemebTan gasamklaveblad, gzamkvlevad warsuls miiCneven. es gansxvavebebi gamoxatulia gansxvavebul sajaro politikur miznebSi, romlebsac TiToeuli es jgufi misdevs.

sakvanZo sityvebi (sazogado) sikeTe ideologia anarqizmi nihilizmi libertarianeloba monarqistebifaSizmi

kapitalizmi Tavisufali mewarmeoba Tavisufali sabazro ekonomika koleqtivizmi socializmi utopisti socialistebi


revoluciuri komunizmi proletariati burJuazia dialeqtikuri materializmi kapitalisturi dagrovebis kanoni pauperizaciis kanoni evrokomunizmi demokratiuli socializmi gradualizmi

445

keTildReobis saxelmwifo liberaluri tradicia amerikuli liberalizmi amerikuli konservatizmi liberalizmi konservatizmi moTxovna-miwodebis kanoni Tavisufali (laissez-faire) kapitalizmi

kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis 1. 2.

3. 4.

5.

ra miznebidan gamomdinare SeiZleba gansazRvros konstituciuri saxelmwifos xelisuflebam sajaro keTildReoba? ratom SeiZleba iTqvas, rom xelisuflebis warmatebuli moqmedeba damokidebulia mis mier sajaro keTildReobis realizaciis SesaZleblobaze? ra aris ideologia? aris Tu ara es mecnieruli termini, romelic advilad gamoiyeneba politikis analizisas? ratom? riT hgavs revoluciuri komunizmi demokratiul socializms? romel politikur sakiTxebze Tanxmdeba es ori mimdinareoba? romlebze ver Tanxmdeba? rogor SegviZlia ganvasxvavoT erTmaneTisgan liberalizmi da konservatizmi aSS-Si?

SeniSvnebi: 1. 2.

3. 4.

5.

Aristotle, The Politics, red da mTargm. Ernest Braker (New York: Oxford University Press, 1962), 1279a, 112. es msjeloba efuZneba Andrew Haywood-is, Political Ideologies: An Introduction (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1992), 6-8. heivudis (da Cveni) msjeloba ki, Tavis mxriv, emyareba gansazRvrebas, romelic SemogvTavaza May Salingerma, wignSi Politics and Ideology (London: Allen & Unwin, 1976) The Anti-Defamation League ob B’nai B’rith, Hate Groups in America: A Record of Bigotry and Violence (New York, n.d.), 11. kalvinistebi arian protestantebi, romlebic mihyvebian kalvinis (15091564) swavlebas. mtkice kalvinistebs sjeraT `bedisweris~, romlis Tanaxmadac zogi adamiani rCeulia RvTis mier xsnisaTvis, xolo zogi _ samudamodaa dawyevlili. Jack C. Plano and Roy Olton, The International Relations Dictionary (Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABS, 1982), 81.

446 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

11. 12.

13.


Bertrand Russell, A History of Western Philosofhy. (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1965), 364. Martin Diamond, Winston Fisk, and Herbert Garfinkel, The Democratic Republic: An Introduction to American Government (Skokie, III.: Rand McNally, 1971), 4-5. Baron de Montesquieu, The Spirit of Laws, mTargm. Thomas Nugent (New York: Hafner Press, 1949), bk. 5, chap. 6, 46. Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (New York: Modern Library, 1965), 14. rogorc aRniSnulia Robert Heilbroner-is mier naSromSi The Wordly Philosophers: The Lives, Times and Ideas of Great Economic Thinkers (New York: Modern Library, 1965), 14. John Stuart Mill, On Liberty (Lake Bluff, Ill.: Regnery/Gateway, 1955), 85. James Devison Hunter, Culture Wars: The Struggle to Define America (New York: Basic Books, 1991). Cveni msjeloba ZiriTadad mihyveba, magram zustad ar imeorebs hanterisas. iqve. rogorc hanteri aRniSnavs, es ar aris dapirispireba religiurobasa da arareligiurobas Soris. ufro xSirad azrTa sxvadasxvaoba Tavs iCens religiurebs Soris.

T aavv i XI I I

sajaro politikis problemebi principebi, prioritetebi da praqtikebi usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa gare mtrebisgan dacva

Sida mtrebisgan

socialuri dacva

dacva

sakuTar qmedebaTagan dacva keTildReobis uzrunvelyofa sabiujeto deficiti da saxelmwifo vali

saganmanaTleblo krizisi

Semo-

savlebis ganawileba Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofa rasobrivi diskriminacia

pozitiuri

qmedebebi Tu Sebrunebuli diskriminacia vis sWirdeba dacva? Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofa Tavisuflebis Rirebuleba Sesworeba

Tavisufleba da pirveli sakonstitucio

piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxebloba

samarTlianobis uzrunvelyofa danaSauli da sasjeli dura

marTlmsajuleba, rogorc marTebuli proce-

samarTlebrivi dacvis sazRvrebi

mizanTa konfliqti

447

448


XII TavSi gamovyaviT xuTi mTavari Rirebuleba: usafrTxoeba, keTildReoba, Tanasworoba, Tavisufleba da samarTlianoba. es Rirebulebebi imavdroulad sajaro politikis ZiriTad miznebs warmoadgenen, Tumca TiToeulis ganxorcielebisaTvis konkretuli strategiis gansazRvra sakmaod Znelia. ganviTarebul qveynebSi debatebi mudmivad cvalebadi sajaro politikis problemebze politikis ZiriTadi arsia. radganac sajaro politikis sakiTxebis yovlismomcveli SedarebiTi analizi am saxelmZRvanelos maStabebs cildeba, ZiriTad aqcents SeerTebul Statebze gavakeTebT. bevri sakiTxi Tu problema, romelic qvemoT iqneba ganxiluli sxva demokratiuli sistemebisTvisacaa damaxasiaTebeli. aseve, TandaTanobiT momivixilavT am problemebis gadawyvetis alternatiul gzebsac.

usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa Cveulebisamebr, nebismieri damoukidebeli saxelmwifos upirvelesi mizani Tavisi moqalaqeebis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofaa. tiraniebis garda, romelic eWvsa da SiSs TavianT moqalaqeebSi Segnebulad Tesavs, nebismieri xelisufleba pirovnebis usafrTxoebas ganixilavs, rogorc saxelmwifos arsebobis umTavres faqtors da aseve aucilebel winapirobas sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis sxva miznebis misaRwevad. gavleniani politikuri filosofosi Tomas hobsi (1588-1679) gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebda usafrTxoebas da mosalodneli safrTxeebisagan dacvas, rogorc xelisuflebis arsebobis gamamarTlebel umTavres mizezs. am TvalsazrisiT hobsi marto ar yofila, TviT aristotelec politikis sxva umTavres miznebs Soris yvelaze maRla sicocxlis xelyofisagan dacvas ayenebda.1

gareSe mtrebisgan dacva termins erovnuli usafrTxoeba _ meore msoflio omis Semdgom amerikul politikaSi yvelaze xSirad iyenebdnen. SeerTebuli Statebis dacva gareSe Tu Sinauri mtrebisgan umTavres saxelmwifo prioritetad iqca, rac Tavdacvis dafinansebis zrdasa da 1980-iani wlebSi sabiujeto deficitis gaRrmavebaSi gamoixata, Tumca civi omis epoqis dasrulebasTan erTad gaCnda kiTxva: Seicvala Tu ara msoflio ise Zireulad, rom amerikam Tavis prioritetebs seriozulad gadaxedos da samxedro mzadyofnac mniSvnelovnad Seamciros? 1945 wlidan 1980-iani wlebis bolomde erovnul usafrTxoebaze debatebis mTavari Tema sabWoTa safrTxe iyo. isini, vinc sabWoTa kavSirs Zlevamosil, magram mSvidobis mosurne subieqtad ganixilavdnen, SeiaraRebaze didi danaxarjebis mizanSewonilobas eWvqveS ayenebdnen da or supersaxelmwifos Soris TanamSromlobis (upirveles yovlisa, ganiaraRebis daCqarebis) sakiTxis wina planze wamowevas cdilobdnen. sxvebi, vinc sabWoTa

sajaro politikis problemebi

449

kavSirs saSiS eqspansiur Zalad miiCnevdnen, romelic msoflio batonobas eswrafvoda, TavgamodebiT uWerdnen mxars Tavdacvis biujetis zrdasa da axali sabrZolo teqnologiebis ganviTarebis programebs. amerikis erovnuli usafrTxoebis mTvari sadavo sakiTxi yovelTvis iyo azrTa sxvadasxvaoba sabWoTa liderebis motivebsa da sabWoTa sistemis xasiaTze. 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg, sul ufro rTuli xdeboda amerikel gadasaxadis gadamxdelTaTvis Tavdacvaze gamoyofili didi danaxarjebis aucileblobis dasabuTeba. Tumca, skeptikosebi miiCnevdnen, rom msoflio erTi xelis mosmiT ver gaxdeboda usafrTxo mxolod imitom, rom amerikelebis umetesoba Tavs sul ufro usafrTxod grZnobda. amerikis interesebi yovelTvis idga ekonomikuri Tu strategiuli safrTxis winaSe (magaliTad, erayis mier quveiTis dapyroba 1990 wels), xolo mudmivi regionuli Tu adgilobrivi konfliqtebi, masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis (balistikuri raketebi, atomuri, qimiuri da biologiuri iaraRi) raodenobis zrdasTan erTad, horizontze axali safrTxeebis gamoCenaze mianiSnebda.

wliuri xarjebi (mlrd aSS dolari)

reiganis prezidentoba

buSis prezidentoba

klintonis prezidentoba buSis (umcrosi) rezidentoba

sqema 13-1 samxedro xarjebis zrda.1990-ian wlebSi moqmedi samxedro Zalebi meore msoflio omis Semdgom periodTan SedarebiT (1950) kidev ufro Semcirda. samxedro xarjebi 1990-ian wlebSi arsebiTad Semcirda, magram ukanasknel wlebSi isev civi omis wlebis dones gautolda. wyaro: Defense Department. ibeWdeba Sioux Falls Argus Leader-dan, 18 maisi 1997w. 11C.

450


1990-ian wlebSi meore msoflio omis maStabebis konfrontaciis safrTxe TiTqos nel-nela gaqra. liberalebi da konservatorebi, mzardi sabiujeto deficitisa da axali politikuri garemoebebis fonze, bolosdabolos SeTanxmdnen da mxari dauWires SeiraRebuli Zalebisa da SeiaraRebis programebis Semcirebas (Tumca, isini yovelTvis ver Tanxmdebodnen am Semcirebis moculobasa da masStabebze). samxedro politikuri cvlilebebi Tavdacvis biujetebzec aisaxa (ix. sqema 13-1). 1986 welTan SedarebiT, rodesac civi omis epoqam piks miaRwia, pentagonma Tavisi TanamSromlebis (moqmedi, sarezervo da samoqalaqo) ricxvi 20 %-iT Seamcira. 20 %-iani Semcireba Seexo profesiul jarsac (moqmed samxedreobsac) (4,4 mln-dan 3,5 mln-mde). 2001 wlis 11 seqtembers ganxorcielebuli teroristuli aqtis Semdeg qveynis ganwyoba erT dReSi Seicvala. miRebuli dartymisa da gancdili zaralis gamo pentagoni isev erovnuli politikuri arenis wina xazze aRmoCnda. kongresi da mTeli qveyana isev civi omis droindel rutinas daubrunda da mzad iyo, yvelaferi gaeRo, raTa amerika kvlav usafrTxo demokratiul qveynad qceuliyo, romelic SigniT teroristebisagan da gareT im mtrebisaganac iqneboda daculi, romlebic teroristebs mfarveloben. dasrulda 1990-iani wlebis eiforia, warsuls Cabarda xelSeuxeblobis iluzia, gaqra SegrZneba imisa, rom amerika `gansakuTrebulia~ da katastrofebi mxolod sxvagan SeiZleba xdebodes.

Sida mtrebisagan dacva 11 seqtemberma gansakuTrebiT win wamoswia xelisuflebis mier Tavis moqalaqeTa sicocxlisa da sakuTrebis dacvis sakiTxi Sida mtrebisgan _ sakuTarive moqalaqeebisagan, jaSuSebisa da mtrulad ganwyobili ucxoelebisgan. dReisaTvis erovnuli usafrTxoebis es àxleburi~ xedva yvelaze ufro prioritetulia; mas gacilebiT didi yuradReba eTmoba, vidre Tavis droze Zvel midgomas (da met winaaRmdegobasac warmoSobs). debatebma am sakiTxze naTeli gaxada, ramdenad rTulia zRvaris gavleba terorizmsa da danaSaulTan brZolas Soris. cxadia, rom teroristuli aqtebi _ uadanaSaulo adamianebis mimarT Cadenili yvela sxva saxis Zaladobis aqtebis msgavsad _ danaSaulebriv qmedebebs ganekuTvneba. magram, terorizmi politikuri miznebiT aris motivirebuli da mas xSirad `saxelmwifo sponsorebi~ hyavs sazRvargareT (maT Soris iyvnen avRaneTi, erayi, irani, CrdiloeTi korea). imsaxureben Tu ara amis gamo teroristebi `Cveulebrivi~ damnaSaveebisgan gansxavebul mopyrobas? unda sargeblobdnen Tu ara isini imave konstituciuri garantiebiT, riTac mkvlelobaSi Tu ZaladobaSi braldebulebi? ra xdeba maSin, Tuki teroristuli aqtis Camdeni sakuTari moqalaqea? terorizmi ufro dawvrilebiT Semdeg TavSi iqneba ganxiluli, amitom amjerad mxolod mZime danaSaulis mimoxilviT SemovifarglebiT da terorizms SevexebiT imdenad, ramdendac es danaSaulsa da sasjelze saubrisas iqneba saWiro. dRemde ar arsebobs konsensusi imaze, ra iwvevs danaSauls, ra unda gaakeTos sazogadoebam misi Tavidan asacileblad da unda isjebodes Tu ara


451

yvela qmedeba, romelic danaSaulebrivad aris miCneuli (magaliTad, marixuanas moxmareba da Senaxva). miuxedavad imisa, rom bolo xanebSi odnav Semcirda, danaSaulis ricxvma SeerTebul StatebSi ukanaskneli 50 wlis ganmavlobaSi kritikul zRvars miaRwia. ratom? zogierTi eqspertis azriT, danaSauli, upirveles yovlisa, socialuri fenomenia, adamianuri (pirovnuli) imedgacruebisa da gaucxoebis Sedegia, romelic siRaribiTa da ugulebelyofiT, rasobrivi diskriminaciiT, araTanabari ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebiTaa ganpirobebuli. sxva riTi SeiZleba aixsnas is faqti, rom danaSaulis maCvenebeli yvelaze maRalia qalaqis Rarib ubnebSi, sadac yvelaze dabali Semosavali da cxovrebis yvelaze uaresi pirobebia. am TvalsazrisiT, danaSauli xelisuflebis uyuradRebobisa da sazogadoebis gulgrilobis Sedegia. zogierTi eqsperti ki sruliad gansxvavebul socialur fenomenze miuTiTebs danaSaulis zrdis mizezebis asaxsnelad. isini aqcents tradiciuli amerikuli ojaxis nel-nela gaqrobasa da riskis zRvarze myofi bavSvebis raodenobis zrdaze akeTeben. aseve xazs usvamen Temisa da mezoblebis mniSvnelobis dakninebas da maTgan gamowveul izolaciasa da individualizmze miuTiTeben, romelic amJamad amerikul cxovrebaSi aris gabatonebuli. rodesac socialuri kavSirebi (da masTan dakavSirebuli emociebi, rogoricaa sircxvili) Sesustebulia, igive emarTeba im SezRudvebs, romlebic sazogadoebrivad arasasurvel Tu ukanono qmedebebs blokaven. da bolos, eqspertebi popkulturasac adanaSauleben, romelic masmediis saSualebiT vrceldeba. Tanamedrove amerikuli kultura, garda imisa, rom Zaladobas asxams xotbas (popularuli musikiT dawyebuli satelevizio sareklamo rgolebiT damTavrebuli), mudmivad eweva im Rirebulebebis popularizacias, romlebic danaSaules aqezebs (sasurvelis advilad miRweva da TviTgamoxatvis SeuzRudavoba).2 isini, vinc siRaribesa da Semosavlis araTanabar ganawilebas miiCneven danaSaulis mTavar gamomwvev mizezad, mxars uWeren saxelmwifo programebs, romlebic maTi aRmofxvrisken iqneba mimarTuli. xolo isini, vinc ojaxisa da kulturis degradaciaze saubroben, Tvlian, rom xelisuflebas bevri arafris gakeTeba ZaluZs danaSaulis Sesamcireblad, garda imisa, rom damnaSaveTaTvis Seqmnas `dauyovneblivi da gardauvali~ sasjelis garantiebi. kidev erTi midgoma danaSaulis Semcirebis TvalsazrisiT aris e.w. umsxverplo danaSaulTa dekriminalizacia. aseTi midgoma gamarTlebulia aramxolod praqtikuli _ policiis, sagamoZiebo Tu sapatimro xarjebisa da drois dazogva, aramed filosofiuri mosazrebebiTac. iseT gansxvavebul qmedebebs, rogoricaa prostitucia Tu maTxovroba, saerTo is aqvT, rom TiToeuli individis mier Tu individTa Soris damoukideblad aris Cadenili da amiT sazogadoebis sxva wevrebs ziani ar adgebaT. debatebi danaSaulis dekriminalizaciaze, upirveles yovlisa, narkotikebis legalizacias Seexeba. yvelaferi marixuanaze saubriT daiwyo da am bolo xanebSi kokainsac Seexo. dekriminalizaciis momxreebi miiCneven, rom narkomaniis arasasurveli socialuri aspeqtebi ZiriTadad imiTaa ganpirobebuli, rom xelisuflebis mier kanongareSed gamocxadebuli Zviri siamovnebis dasakmayofileblad narkomanebi iZulebulni arian xSirad Caidi-

452


non Zarcva da yaCaRoba. narkotikebis legalizeba ki masze fasis davardnas da narkomaniasTan dakavSirebuli danaSaulis Semcirebas gamoiwvevs (Tumca, im mogebasTan erTad, romelsac organizebuli damnaSaveebi iReben).

danaSaulisi damokidebulebis cvlileba ratom eguebian amerikelebi danaSaulis aseT maRal maCvenebels? am kiTxvaze saintereso (da winaaRmdegobrivi) pasuxi SemogvTavaza niu-iorkelma senatorma, specialobiT sociologma daniel patrik moinihanma (1927-2007) Tavis cnobil statiaSi `deviaciuri qcevis gadafaseba~.3 moinahani amtkicebda, rom raki amerikelebi danaSaulis swrafi zrdis pirispir aRmoCndnen, misi mniSvneloba ugulebelyves imis axleburi SefasebiT (anu gadafasebiT), ra SeiZleba CaiTvalos normad. ramdenime wlis win danaSaulis aseTi maRali maCvenebeli mZime socialur paTologiad miiCneoda, Tumca, dRes aRiqmeba sazogadoebis normalur mdgomareobad, romlis gamosworebac TiTqmis SeuZlebelia. moinihans gamaognebeli magaliTic mohyavs. 1929 wlis 14 Tebervals oTxma gangsterma maTi Svidi moqiSpe gangsteri wminda valentinis dRes cecxlsasroli iaraRiT amoxoca. moinahani yuradRebas imaze amaxvilebs, rom am ambavma mTeli eri SokSi Caagdo, Tavad movlena legendad iqca da wminda valentis dRis xocva-Jletis saxeliT msoflio enciklopedia Sic ki Sevida. garda amisa, igi konstituciur cvlilebas daedo safuZvlad da bolo mouRo `mSral kanons~ (es ukanaskneli jgufuri Zaladobisa da danaSaulis gamomwvev mizezad aris miCneuli). moinihani aRniSnavda, rom dReisaTvis narkotikebis vaWrobasTan erTad Zaladobis es saxeoba isev dabrunda, Tumca warsulTan SedarebiT `daujerebeli masStabebiT~. amerikelebisaTvis misaRebi gaxda Zaladoba, romelic erT dros maT aranormalur da miuRebel saqcielad miaCndaT. `samwuxarod, los-anjelesi wminda valentinis xocva-Jletis mowme ukve yovelkvireulad xdeba~, _ acxadebda moinihani statiis bolos.

narkotikebis legalizaciis oponentebi am moTxovnas ewinaaRmdegebian. isini aRiareben, rom legalizaciis Sedegad Semcirdeba zarali, romelsac sazogadoebas narkotikebis momxmareblebi ayeneben, magram amavdroulad gaizrdeba am ukanasknelTa ricxvi da sazogadoeba amjerad imiT dazaraldeba, rom umaqnis da degradaciis gzaze mdgar moqalaqeebs miiRebs. naTelia, rom narkotikebis legalizaciis sawinaaRmdego argumentebi igivea, rac umsxverplo danaSaulis legalizaciis mowinaaRmdegeTa _ sazogadoebas erTnairad Zviri ujdeba rogorc narkomani moqalaqeebi, aseve meZavebiTa da mawanwalebiT dasaxlebuli ubnebi, romlebic TavianTi arsebobiT gareSemo myofTa usafrTxoebasa da stabilurobas safrTxes uqmnian. narkotikebisa da prostituciis legalizeba SeerTebul StatebSi savaraudod uaxloes xanebSi ar ganxorcieldeba, Tumca holandiaSi, gansakuTrebiT


453

mis dedaqal amsterdamSi stumrobisas nebismier amerikels aucileblad gauCndeba kiTxva _ gaamarTlebda Tu ara holandiuri modeli aSS-Si? amsterdamSi narkotikebis moxmareba da prostitucia mxolod garkveul ubnebSia daSvebuli da policiis meTvalyureobisa da kontrolisgan Tavisufalia. meZavebi mudmiv samedicino Semowmebas gadian, xolo narkotikebiT movaWreebis winaaRmdeg sakmaod mkacri kanonebi moqmedebs. dReisaTvis amdterdami erT-erTi yvelaze mimzidveli qalaqia dasavleT evropaSi. danaSaulis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli sajaro politikis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani probelema iaraRis kontrolia. konservatorebis umravlesobas miaCnda, rom iaraRis gayidvisa da Senaxvis SezRudviT mZime danaSaulis ricxvi ar Semcirdeboda, Tumca es mosazreba mxardaWeriT aRar sargeblobs. 1993 wels kongresma miiRo e,w. breidis kanoni [ewoda jeims bredis gamo, romelic 1981w. ronald reiganze Tavdasxmis dros daiRupa _ mTargmn. Sen.], romelic xuTdRian sacdel vadas awesebda pistoletis SeZenaze, 1994 wlidan ki es SezRudva sxva saxis cecxlsasrol iaraRzec gavrcelda. iaraRis kontrolsa da antiterorizms Soris urTierTkavSiri 2001 w. 11 seqtembris Semdgom garemoSi bevr saintereso sakiTxs warmoSobs. mosalodnelia, rom amerikis mosaxleobis gazrdili SeSfoTeba usafrTxoebis sakiTxebiT da xelisuflebis mcdeloba ar dauSvas Semdgomi teroristuli aqtebi, kidev ufro gaamkacrebs iaraRis flobaze SezRudvebs. Tumca, imavdroulad aRmoCndebian iseTebi, romlebic am mosazrebas SeewinaaRmdegebian im motiviT, rom moqalaqis konstituciuri ufleba ataros iaraRi, axla ise mniSvnelovania, rogorc arasdros, rodesac isini ucxo mtrebis samizne gaxdnen.

socialuri dacva Tanamedrove xelisufalTa erT-erT mTavari mizani socialuri usafrTxoebaa. farTo gagebiT socialuri usafrTxoeba moicavs iseT problemebs rogoricaa, siRaribe, SimSili, avyofoba, xandazmuloba, aseve stiqiuri ubedurebebi _ wyaldidoba, qariSxali, xanZari da sxva. ra roli ekisreba xelisuflebas Tavisi moqalaqeebis sicocxlisa da janmrTelobis am maradiuli safrTxeebisgan dacvaSi? sasursaTo talonebi, subsidiebi fermerebisTvis, pensiebi, Semweobebi janmrTelobaze da umuSevrobaze, daxmareba studentebisaTvis _ es yvelaferi moqalaqeebisaTvis finansur uzrunvelyofas isaxavs mizanad saWiro drosa da adgilze. federaluri xelisuflebis valdebulebaTa moculoba 1990-iani wlebidan intensiuri ganxilvis sagani gaxda. socialuri uzrunvelyofis sistemis kritikosebi amtkiceben, rom daxmarebis auracxeli programebiT xelisufleba sinamdvileSi xalxs im saqcielisken ubiZgebs, romelsac igi ebrZvis (radgan amiT umuSevrobas waaxalisebs). 1996 wels, socuzrunvelyofis sistemis reformis Sedegad, Statebs meti uflebamosileba mieniWaT (da meti moqnilobac) socialuri dacvis programebis ganxorcielebis sferoSi, xolo Semweobebi mniSvnelovnad SeezRudaT im pirebs, romelTac muSaoba ar surT. yvelaze ufro mwvave sabiujeto problemaa socialuri usafrTxoebis

454


fondis gadaxdisunarianoba, romelic xandazmul moqalaqeebs pensiiTa da samedicino momsaxurebiT uzrunvelyofs. socialuri usafrTxoebis fondidan asakovan amerikelebs yovelTviurad ericxebaT Tanxa, xolo samedicino momsaxurebis fondi maT eqimisa da saavyofos xarjebs ufaravs. bolo wlebSi orive fondi mniSvnelovnad gaizarda. radganac amerikelebi valdebulni arian socialuri usafrTxoebis fondSi ixadon garkveuli Tanxa sanam sapensio asaki mouwevT (Cveulebriv 65 weli), Semweobebs samarTlianad ewodeba kuTvnili daxmareba (saxelisuflebo danaxarjebi, romelsac amerikelebi sruliad marTlzomierad miiCneven, yvelaze ufro ZviradRirebul socialuri usafrTxoebisa da samedicino momsaxurebis xarjebTan erTad). aRniSnuli Semweobebi politikurad mgrZnobiare fenomenia, radganac sakmaod msxvili interesTa jgufebi (rogoricaa, magaliTad, gadamdgar pirTa amerikuli asociacia) da amomrCevelTa didi nawili (gansakuTrebiT asakovani moqalaqeebi) mzad arian `dasajon~ is politikosebi, romlebic am programebis Semcirebas dauWeren mxars. samedicino momsaxurebisa da socialuri usafrTxoebis fondebs saerTo problema aqvT: xarjebi bevrad ufro swrafad izrdeba, vidre samomavlod dagegmili Semosavlebi. problema nawilobriv isic aris, rom amerikelebi didxans cocxloben, rac programebis fass kidev ufro zrdis. bevrad ufro problemuria (sajaro politikis TvalsazrisiT) demografiuli ganviTarebis tendenciebi, gansakuTrebiT sapensio asaks miRweuli ~beibi bumerebis~ (meore msoflio omis Semdgom wlebSi dabadebuli adamianebi) didi raodenoba, romlebzec Tanxa daixarjeba aRniSnuli programebidan. magaliTad, 1965 wels, rodesac samedicino momsaxurebis fondi Seiqmna, aRniSnuli fondis TiTo beneficiarze Tanxas saSualod 5,5 adamiani ixdida. 2040 wlisaTvis es Sefardeba 2.2-dan 1.0-mde Semcirdeba. samedicino uzrunvelyofis fonds seriozul dartymas ayenebs jandacvis swrafad mzardi xarjebi. 1980-dan 1990iani wlebis Sua xanebamde am programis xarjebi wliurad 11 %-iT gaizarda, ramac is yvelaze swrafad mzard federalur programad aqcia (sqema 13-2). garda amisa, socialuri usafrTxoebis fonds, sul cota, kidev erTi problema aqvs, romelze saubarsac politikosebi Tavs arideben. wlebis ganmavlobaSi xelisufleba am fondidan Tanxas iyenebda saSemosavlo danaklisis (sabiujeto deficitis) Sesavsebad. rodesac xelisufleba ver axerxebs saxelmwifo biujetis dabalansebas, man Tanxa an kerZo seqtoridan unda isesxos (upirveles yovlisa, fasiani qaRaldebis gayidviT), an sajaro danazogebidan aiRos - am SemTxvevaSi socialuri usafrTxoebis fonds mimarTos. aRniSnuli fondidan Tanxebis mudmivi xarjviT (flangviT), federaluri xelisuflebis vali 2001 wels 5.8 trilion dolars gautolda, romelzec saprocento ganakveTi 360 miliards Seadgenda. SedarebisTvis, NASA-s biujeti 14 mlrd iyo, maSin rodesac ganaTlebaze 32 mlrd, xolo gzebze 41 mlrd gamoiyo. demografiuli zrdis tendenciebi bevr ganviTarebul qveyanaSi sapensio fonds problemas uqmnis, samTavrobo qmedebebma da saeWvo (zogjer yalbma) aRricxvis SemTxvevebma es problema aSS-Si kidev ufro gaamwvava. amasobaSi, molodini izrdeba. amerikelebi, romlebic wlebis ganmavlobaSi solidur Tanxas debdnen am sistemaSi samarTlianad elian (da moiTxoven)


455

sruli pensiis miRebas, rodesac samuSaos Tavs daanebeben.

sqema 13-2 samedicino momsaxurebis programis mzardi xarji 37 mln amerikelze meti iRebs samedicino momsaxurebis dafinansebas. es yvelaze mzardi da amave dros rigiT meore ZviradRirebuli (biujetis daaxloebiT 12% xmardeba) federaluri programaa. masze ZviradRirebulia socialuri dazRvevis programa. wyaro: Steve Langdon-is “With Compaign Dist Settling, Medicare Chances Brighter,” Congressional Quarterly (18 ianvari 1997w.): 179; Robert Pear-is “Experts Say Cost of Medical Insurance Is Underestimated,” New York Times, 30 noemberi 2000w., A1; Social Security istration, “Status of the Social Security and Medicare Programs,” www.ssa.gov/OACT/ TRSUM/tsumary.html, 21 maisi, 2002w.

iseTi socialuri programebis maRali fasi, rogoricaa Medicare (samedicino momsaxureba) da Medicaid (samedicino daxmareba) kidev erTxel gvaxsenebs, ramdenad didia industriul qveynebSi daavadebaTa mkurnalobis xarjebi. Tumca, damatebiT safrTxes janmrTelobasa da sazogadoebis usafrTxoebas adamianebi Tavadac uqmnian. amdenad, xelisufleba axal medikamentebs cdis, sanam maT bazarze gaitans da awesebs standartebs mosaxleobis transportirebisas safrTxis maqsimalurad Sesamcireblad. calke unda aRiniSnos xelisuflebis mcdeloba, daicvas garemo adamianebis damangreveli qmedebebisa da dabinZurebisagan, ar daarRvios haeris dabinZurebisagan dacvis savaldebulo standartebi, Seasrulos dadgenilebebi garemoze zemoqmedebis Sesaxeb, daicvas narCenebis gadamuSavebis gamkacrebuli moTxovne-

456


bi, konservaciis gziT ki gadaarCinos veluri bunebis gadaSenebis piras myofi saxeobebi _ es yvelaferi garemos dacvas isaxavs miznad. garemos dacvis tendenciebi, rogoricaa mJava wvimebis Semcireba da mdinareTa dabinZurebis SezRudva, scildeba erTi saxelmwifos sazRvrebs da saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebebis sagani xdeba (magaliTad, CrdiloeT amerikis Tavisufali vaWrobis SeTanxmeba, romelsac xels aweren SeerTebuli Statebi, kanada da meqsika). ukanasknel wlebSi mniSvnelovnad gaizarda garemosdacviTi programebis mimarT sazogadoebis mxardaWera, miuxedavad imisa, rom SeerTebul StatebSi mwvaneTa partiam arCevnebSi warmatebas ver miaRwia sxva ganviTarebuli qveyne-bisgan gansxvavebiT (germania, safrangeTi). kritikosebi xSirad ukmayofilebas gamoTqvamen da acxadeben, rom xelisuflebis amgvari mcdeloba industriul ganviTarebasa da ekonomikur zrdas aferxebs, risi fasic (usargeblo dabrkolebebisa da biurokratiuli rutinis TvalsazrisiT) Zalian maRalia.

sakuTar qmedebaTagan dacva xelisufleba moqalaqeebs sakuTari TavisaTvis safrTxis miyenebisaganac icavs. magaliTad, zogierT StatSi moqmedebs kanoni, romelic motomrbolelebs avaldebulebs ataron usafrTxoebis Cafxuti an janmrTelobisaTvis saSiSi preparatebis gayidvas krZalavs. adamianebis cxovrebaSi xelisuflebis Careva moralis sakiTxebs moicavs. konstituciis meTvramete Sesworeba, romelmac mSrali kanoni daawesa, erovnuli kanonmdeblobis mier Tavisi moqalaqeebis rogorc fizikuri, aseve moraluri zianisgan dacvis yvelaze ufro TvalsaCino magaliTia. aseT magaliTebs ganekuTvneba adgilobrivi, Statisa da federaluri kanonebi pornografiis gavrcelebisa da prostituciis akrZalvis Sesaxeb. moralisturi kanonebis damcvelebi acxadeben, rom arc erT sazogadoebas ar SeuZlia ugulebelyos moqalaqeTa moraluri Taviseburebebi, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac qcevis garkveuli normebis xelyofas arasasurveli sazogadoebrivi Sedegebi aqvs. oponentebi ki pasuxoben, rom amgvari sakanonmdeblo aqtebiT xelisufleba zRudavs pirovnul Tavisuflebas. isini aseve aRniSnaven, rom adamianebi akrZalul qmedebebs nebayoflobiT Cadian da TiToeuli pirovneba Tavad unda wyvetdes, misTvis ra aris ukeTesi.

keTildReobis uzrunvelyofa SeerTebul Statebs xSirad axasiaTeben, rogorc komerciul qveyanas, sadac moqalaqeebi mudmivad finansuri usafrTxoebis ZiebaSi arian, xolo momxmarebeli mefea. saukunenaxevris win aleqsis de tokvili aRniSnavda, rom amerikelebi mudmivad aJitirebul mdgomareobaSi imyofebian, rac pirovnuli fufunebis dauRalavi ZiebiTaa ganpirobebuli. es mdgomareoba ameri-


457

kuli sazogadoebisaTvis yvelaze damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebaa. damfuZnebeli mamebi swored muyaiTi moqalaqeebisgan Semdgar sazogadoebaze fiqrobdnen, romelic sakuTar Tavze damokidebulebis samewarmeo principebze, aRmasvlisa da mogebis miRebis motivze iqneboda dafuZnebuli.4 `komerciuli respublikis~ SeqmniT, damfuZnebelma mamebma sruliad Segnebulad daiwyes politikuri eqsperimentis ganxorcieleba, romlisTvisac filosofosebi da ekonomistebi (maT Soris jon loki da monteskie) 100 welze metxans ibrZodnen. maTi azriT, politikuri wesrigi, romelic komerciuli saqmianobisa da vaWrobis zrdas uwyobda xels, yvelaze kargad uzrunvelyofda Zlieri erovnuli ekonomikis Seqmnas. aseT sazogadoebaSi, sadac warmateba mxolod Sromasa da bunebriv SesaZlenlobebze iyo damyarebuli, vidre warmomavlobaze, moqalaqeebs saSuleba miecemodaT, rom SeeZinaT simdidre im raodenobiT, rogorc surdaT an sWirdebodaT. mecxramete saukuneSi, adam smitis Tavisufali bazris filosofiam, biznes-korporaciebis gaCenam da teqnologiurma ganviTarebam komerciuli saxelmwifo kapitalistur saxelmwifod gadaaqcia. gansazRvrebis Tanaxmad, kapitalizmi gulisxmobs kerZo (Cveulebisamebr, araregulirebad sakuTrebas) warmoebas da saqonlisa da momsaxurebis ganawilebas. meoce saukunis dasawyisSi federalurma xelisuflebam SeimuSava normebi monopoliebisgan, biznesis borotad gamoyenebisa da ekonomikuri usamarTlobis sxva SemTxvevebisgan dasacavad. sajaro politikis es mimarTuleba gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda 1930-iani wlebis didi depresiis pirobebSi, rodesac franklin ruzveltis iniciativiT, daiwyo programebis ganxorcieleba, romelic rigiTi moqalaqeebis ekonomikuri usafrTxoebis gamyarebisken iyo mimarTuli. 1960-ian da 1970-ian wlebSi samedicino momsaxurebis, profesiuli momzadebisa da dasaqmebis programebi, gazrdili SeRavaTebi socialur usafrTxoebaze da sasursaTo talonebi uzrunvelyofda umuSevrobis kompensaciasa da socialur keTildReobas. 1980-iani wlebisaTvis federaluri xelisuflebis Careva ekonomikaSi iseTi aSkara gaxda, rom ekonomistebma saubari daiwyes Sereul ekonomikaze, romelic moicavda rogorc kerZo mewarmeobis, aseve socializmis niSnebs. xelisuflebis `Carevis~ xarisxiT aSS bevrad CamorCeboda sxva dasavlur demokratiul qveynebs, Tumca axlomxedveli politikosebi, romlebic xalxiT manipulirebdnen, amis SemCnevas ver axerxebdnen. amerikis yofilma prezidentma ronald reiganma da aTwleulis Semdeg, nit gingriCma da sxva respublikelebma kongresSi gamoTqves azri, rom xelisufleba sakmaod Sors wavida pirovnuli ekonomikuri keTildReobisa da usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis saqmeSi (ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom reiganis prezidentobis periodSi federaluri biujetis deficiti mniSvnelovnad gaizarda). klintonis pirvel saprezidento vadaSi konservatorebma kongresSi SeZles garkveuli jgufebis interesebis dasacavad gaerTianebuliyvnen (maT Soris amerikuli samedicino sazogadoeba, farmacevtuli kompaniebi da maRalanazRaurebadi saavyofoebis ebic iyvnen) da xeli SeeSalaT jandacvis erTiani erovnuli sistemis SeqmnisaTvis, romelic yvela moqalaqes daicavda. dReisaTvis SeerTebul StatebSi 40

458


milionze met amerikels (maT Soris umetesoba bavSvia) ar aqvs janmrTelobis dazRveva da Tavs licenzirebul eqimTan stumrobis uflebas ver miscems, rom araferi vTqvaT saavyofoSi erTi dRe-Ramis gatarebaze.

sabiujeto deficiti da saxelmwifo vali wliuri federaluri danaxarjebi aSS-Si gansacvifreblad didi _ 1.7 trilionia. rodesac xelisufleba xarjavs imaze mets, vidre agrovebs weliwadSi, Cndeba biujetis deficiti, deficitis akumulireba ki erovnul vals warmoSobs. ekonomistebi Tanxmdebian, rom es vali, Tavisi zrdis tendenciiTa da maStabebiT seriozul grZelvadian gavlenas moaxdens qveynis ekonomikur janmrTelobasa da usafrTxoebaze. ekonomistebi aseve acxadeben, rom erTian erovnul produqtTan valis Sefardeba - erTi mesamedi (30 procenti) - TavisTavad gansakuTrebuli gangaSis safuZvels ar iZleva. sagangaSo, ekonomistTa azriT, valis zrdis tempebia. dakarguli dividendebi: erovnuli vali. biujetis deficiti radikalurad gaizarda 1980-1990 wlebSi. 1981 wels, rodesac prezidenti ronald reigani gaxda, vali 1 trilionze naklebi iyo. 1988 wels reiganis saprezidento vadis dasasruls man 2.5 trilions gadaaWarba, 1997 wels ki 6 trilions miuaxlovda (am doneze rCeba dRemde). erovnuli valis aseT zrdas seriozuli garTulebebi SeiZleba mohyves. xelisuflebas mis dasafarad uzarmazari sesxis aReba da Sesabamisi procentis gadaxda uwevs. 1990-iani wlebis bolos federaluri gadasaxadebis saxiT gadaxdili yoveli dolaridan 15 centi saSinao valis dasafarad wavida (sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, moqalaqeebi mTavrobisTvis gadaxdili erTi dolaris sanacvlod 85 centze naklebi Rirebulebis saqonelsa da momsaxurebas iReben). 1992-2000 wlebSi prezidentma bil klintonma da respublikelebis mier kontrolireba kongresma swrafad mzardi erovnuli valis problemis mogvareba scades da Sedegad biujetis deficiti 1990-ani wlebis bolosTvis mniSvnelovnad Semcirda. aseve mniSvnelovnad daeca deficitis moculoba mTlian Sida produqtTan mimarTebaSi. ekonomikuri zrdis pirobebSi, 1997 wlis gazafxulze biujetis grZelvadian dagegmvaze SeTanxmdnen, rasac 2001 wlisaTvis biujeti unda daebalansebina. amasobaSi, sagadasaxado Semosavlebma mosalodnelze swrafi mateba daiwyo, rac savaraudod bevrad ufro daaCqarebda biujetis dabalansebas da gadaWarbebiT Sesrulebasac ki. amgvarad, problemam, romelic ramdenime wlis win sruliad mougvarebeli Canda, droebiT mainc, ukana planze gadainacvla. es yvelaferi ucbad Seicvala 11 seqtembris Semdeg, rodesac kongresma maxari dauWira niu-iork sitis rekonstruqciisTvis uzarmazari Tanxis gamoyofas, aseve dazaralebuli aviaxazebis krizisidan gamosayvanad da qveynis SigniT da gareT saerTaSoriso terorizmis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad. biujetis gadaWarbebiT Sesrulebis SesaZlebloba gaqra (Tuki aseTi ram odesme arsebobda).


459

Tavdasxmam msoflio savaWro centrze uaryofiTad imoqmeda uol stritzec (romelic manhetenze ramdenime kvartalis moSorebiT mdebareobs), vinaidan birJaze aqciebis fasi mkveTrad daeca. seriozuli dartyma miadga ekonomikis mraval seqtors (magaliTad, aviaxazebsa da turizms) da tragediis Semdgom ramdenime kviris ganmavlobaSi mniSvnelovnad daeca momxmarebelTa ndoba. bevri sawarmo gakotrebis piras mivida, xolos sxvebma TanamSromlebi daiTxoves. federalurma sarezervo bankma mniSvnelovnad Seamcira saprocento ganakveTebi (sanam ukanasknel oTxwleulSi yvelaze dabal maCvenebels ar miaRwies) im mizniT, rom ekonomikuri vardna SeeCerebina. sagadasaxado tvirTi: msubuqi Tu Sesabamisi? amerikelebs miaCniaT, rom gadasaxadebi Zalian maRalia, Tumca ganviTarebul qveynebs Soris aSSSi yvelaze dabali sagadasaxado ganakveTebia. dasavleTis demokratiuli qveynebis umetesobaSi mTliani Sida produqtis 40-50% saxelmwifos ekuTvnis; italiaSi, did britaneTSi, germaniasa da kanadaSi es maCvenebeli 45%-s, xolo safrangeTSi 50%-s utoldeba. SeerTebul StatebSi ki, gadasaxadebi mTliani Sida produqtis mxolod 30 procents Seadgens, xolo saSemosavlo gadasaxadebi mniSvnelovnad Semcirda bolo wlebSi. 1999 wels saSualo amerikuli ojaxis Semosavlis 9 procenti federalur, Statis da adgilobriv gadasaxadebSi midioda. 1999 wels gadasaxadebis gadamxdelTa erTi mesamedi saSemosavlo gadasaxads ar ixdida. oTxi pirisgan Semdgari ojaxi, romlis saSualo wliuri Semosavali 55 000 dolari iyo, 8 procentze naklebs ixdida, rac 1965 wlis Semdeg yvelaze dabali ganakveTi iyo.TviT yvelaze maRalSemosavliani (700 000 dolarze meti weliwadSi) mosaxleobis erTi procentic mxolod 22,2 procents ixdida.5 am SedarebiT dabal gadasaxadebs politikuri, kulturuli da ideologiuri mizezebi aqvs. amerikelebi zogadad ukmayofilebas sami ramis gamo ver malaven. esaa maRali gadasaxadebi da `didi mTavroba~, `socialuri uzrunvelyofa”, rac janmrTelobis dazRvevis saxelmwifo sistemis ararsebobaSi gamoixateba (rac TiTqmis yvela postindustriul qveyanaSi gvxvdeba), da sawarmoTa saxelmwifo mflobeloba (komunaluri sistemis, rkinigzis, aviaxazebisa da portebis CaTvliT). prezidentma franklin delano ruzveltma erTxel Tqva, rom federaluri sagadasaxado kodeqsi `SesaZloa ucxo enazec yofiliyo dawerili~. marTlac, is rom sxva qveyanaSi daeweraT, bevrad ufro azriani da gasagebi iqneboda. federaluri sagadasaxado kodeqsis Tavbrudamxvevi muxlebi romelTa gageba an interpretireba SeuZlebelia - gadamxdelis Ramis koSmari da sabuRaltro kompaniebis axdenili ocnebaa. gadasaxadebis gamartivebis mcdelobam marcxi ganicada. 1986 wels SeerTebuli Statebis kongresma miiRo kanoni, romliTac Sida Semosavlebis samsaxurs sagadasaxado sistemis gamosworeba daevala. ramdenime wlis Semdeg ojaxis saSualo Semosavlisa da danaxarjebis hipoTeturi CamonaTvali 50 eqsperts daegzavna, raTa maT ojaxis sagadasaxado valdebulebebis es miTiuri sazRvrebi daedginaT. Sedegad warmodgenil iqna gadasaxadebis 50 sxvadasxva ~zRvruli odenoba~,

460


romelic 12 500-dan 36 000 dolaramde meryeobda.6 SeerTebuli Statebis sagadasaxado sistema araCveulebrivad aris morgebuli mdidar da Zlier saSualo klasze. dabali saSemosavlo gadasaxadebis gamo, SeerTebuli Statebi Tavis umdidres moqalaqeebs industriul qveynebs Soris yvelaze dabal sagadasaxado ganakveTs akisrebs. amave dros, radganac gadasaxadebi moxmarebaze (gayidvebze) aseve dabalia, isini gacilebiT nakleb tvirTad awveba gadamxdelebs, vidre maT miaCniaT. gadasaxadebis gamo wuwuni Zveli amerikuli Cveulebaa. amerikis damoukideblobas win uZRoda gadasaxadebTan dakavSirebuli saprotesto aqcia `bostonuri Cais sma~ da amerikuli revoluciis mowodeba: ~araviTari gadasaxadebi warmomadgenlobis gareSe~. gadasaxadebi moxmarebaze mdidrebs mZime tvirTad ar awveba, radganac TavianTi Semosavlis sakmaod mcire wils xarjaven saWmelze, tansacmelze, transportsa da sxva ZiriTadi moxmarebis nivTebze. brunvis maRali gadasaxadebi mZimed tvirTad saSualo fenas swored imave mizeziT awveba: isini TavianTi Semosavlis bevrad ufro did nawils xarjaven sasicocxlod aucilebel nivTebze. SedarebisaTvis sxva qveynebis magaliTebi ganvixiloT. evropul qveynebSi farTod aris danergili damatebiTi Rirebulebis gadasaxadi (dRg) _ brunvis gadasaxadis erT-erTi saxeoba, romlis dafiqsirebac (Sefasebac) produqciis warmoebisa da Sesyidvis yvela etapze xdeba _ amgvarad, gadasaxadebis mTliani ~nakrebi~ ukve mza produqciis saboloo fasze aisaxeba da misi tvirTi momxmarebels awveba. sagadasaxado ganakveTebi evropis sxvadasxva qveyanaSi mkveTrad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan - yvelaze dabali 19%-s, xolo yvelaze maRali 25%-s Seadgens. aSS-Si ki piriqiT, gayidvis gadasaxadi iSviaTad aRemateba 6%-s, xolo minesotaSi sasursaTo maRaziebi am gadasaxads arc ki ixdian (es ar exeba sadils restoranSi). SeerTebul StatebSi federaluri Semosavlebis 58 procenti individualuri da korporaciuli saSemosavlo gadasaxadebisgan Sedgeba, Tumca sagadasaxado tvirTi moqalaqeebs bevrad ufro mZimed awveba, vidre korporaciebs. korporaculi gadasaxadi federaluri Semosavlebis mxolod 10%-s Seadgens, igi radikalurad Semcirda 1950-1960 wlebis Semdeg (25%-s Seadgenda). Tumca, amavdroulad, socialuri usafrTxoebis gadasaxadi (sul 34%) federaluri Semosavlebis yvelaze swrafad mzardi wyaroa da 2000-01-Si (aseve, wina wlebSic) biujetis gadaWarbebiT Sesrulebis mTavari piroba gaxda.

saganmanaTleblo krizisi amerikelebi ganaTlebas misi praqtikuli sargeblianobidan gamomdinare afaseben _ ras utoldeba dolarebsa da centebSi saSualo skolis diplomi an kolejis xarisxi.7 moswavleebi saSualo skolis maRal klasebsa da kolejSi swavlas maRalanazRaurebadi samsaxuris Sovnis imediT agrZeleben. ganaTlebas seriozuli ekonomikuri da socialuri datvirTvac aqvs mTeli qveynisaTvis. kargad momzadebuli da unariani samuSao Zala aucilebe-


461

lia, Tu amerikas surs, rom konkurentunariani iyos globalur bazrebze. Zalian xSirad saubroben imaze, rom amerikuli ganaTleba krizisSia. am krizisis niSnebi ukve ramdenime welia saxezea. skolebSi iaraRi, narkotikebi da bandebi studentebsa da maswavleblebs safrTxes erTnairad uqmnian. kolejSi misaRebi gamocdebis Sedegebis gauareseba, auracxeli kroskulturuli Sedarebebi, romelic adasturebs, rom amerikel moswavleTa qulebi maTematikis testebSi evropel da aziel studentebTan SedarebiT dabalia, wera-kiTxvis elementaruli unar-Cvevebis Semfasebeli testebis Zalze dabali maCvenebeli _ es yvelaferi xSirad mohyavT amerikuli dawyebiTi da saSualo ganaTlebis marcxis magaliTebad (ix. sqema13-3). ganaTlebis erovnuli Sefasebis monacemebis (1990) mixedviT, ~didi nawili _ Cveni dawyebiTi, sabazo da saSualo skolebis moswavleTa TiTqmis naxevarze meti inglisurSi, maTematikaSi, sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebSi, istoriasa da geografiaSi ZiriTadi sakiTxebis codnas ver avlens~, miuxedavad sajaro skolebis kargi dafinansebisa.8 metic, amerikuli biznesi yovelwliurad 30-dan 35 miliard dolaramde xarjavs studentTa im unar-CvevebSi gadasamzadeblad, rac maT skolaSi unda SeeZinaT. codnis Sefasebis inflacia ganaTlebis yvela safexurze yovlismomcvel da damangrevel movlenadaa aRiarebuli. maswavleblebi moswavleebs sul ufro da ufro anebivreben da maTgan sul ufro da ufro cotas elian. ra unda gakeTdes standartebis aseTi gauaresebis fonze?

sqema 13-3 moswavleTa codnis Sedareba amerikel moswavleTa qulebi saerTaSoriso SedarebebSi Sua adgilzea. bolodroindeli gamokvlevis mixedviT merveklasel amerikelTa qulebi maTematikaSi saSualoze odnav dabalia (41 qveynis moswavleTa maCveneblebis Sedarebisas 28-e adgilze), xolo sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebSi saSualoze maRali (imave 41 qveynis Sedarebisas me17 adgilze). SeniSvna: SecdomaTa zRvari + 10 qulaa TiToeuli qveynisaTvis. wyaro: IEA Third Internationl Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS, 1994-95).

462


ganaTlebis sistemis zogierTi reformatori mxars uWers skolebSi erovnuli Sefasebebis Catarebas, rac sust da Zlier skolebs gamoavlens da situaciis gamosworebis katalizatoris rols Seasrulebs. sxvebi aqcents moswavleebisa da maswavleblebisaTvis Tavisufali arCevanis SesaZleblobaze akeTeben, im motiviT, rom konkurencia ganaTlebis sferoSi swavlebisa da swavlis procesis gaumjobesebas Seuwyobs xels. konservatorTa nawili, mxars uWers vauCerul sistemas, romlis faglebSic saxelmwifo mxolod nawilobriv aanazRaurebs im kerZo da samrevlo skolebSi swavlas, romlebic akreditaciis pirobebs akmayofilebs.9 1993 wels kaliforniaSi gamarTul referendumze amomrCevlebma vauCerul dafinansebas mxari ar dauWires. Tumca, vauCerebis programaze aqtiuri saubari 2000 wels kvlav ganaxlda, rodesac saprezidento arCevnebSi respublikelebma gaimarjves. radganac reformatorTa umravlesoba miiCnevs, rom kerZo skolebi ukeTesad muSaoben (gansakuTrebiT romauli kaTolikuri skolebi), isini darwmunebulni arian, rom mZafri konkurencia aiZulebs sajaro skolebs an gaaumjobeson xarisxi, an daixuron. amasobaSi saganmanaTleblo eqsperimenti win miiwevs. baltimorsa da mineapolisSi kerZo komerciuli korporaciebi sajaro skolebs afinanseben, xolo niu-iorkis StatSi saxelmwifo exmareba kerZo skolebs. sxvadasxva saxis kerZo skolebi iqmneba mTeli qveynis masStabiT, Zlierdeba saojaxo skolebis arsebobis tendenciac. sajaro skolis ebi da maswavleblebi zogadad fundamentur reformebs ewinaaRmdegebian. isini SiSoben, rom vauCeruli sistema sajaro skolebs yvelaze naklebad sasurveli studentebis sarbielad gadaaqcevs. isini aseve eWvs gamoTqvamen imis Taobaze, SeuZlia Tu ara standartul testebs zustad Seafasos moswavleTa codna. bolos, isini imasac aRniSnaven, rom yvelaze ufro mwvave problemebi, romlebsac sajaro skolebi awydebian, iseTi seriozuli socialuri problemebis gamoZaxilia, rogoricaa danaSauli, ojaxebis ngreva, narkotikebis gamoyeneba da ganaTlebis mimarT interesis dakargva; am problemebis mogvareba ki skolebs ar ZaluZs. erTaderTi sakiTxi, razec yvela Tanxmdeba isaa, rom ganaTlebuli moqalaqeebi ekonomikuri warmatebis aucilebeli pirobaa, rogorc individualurad, aseve koleqtiurad.

Semosavlebis ganawileba keTildReoba damokidebulia aramarto sazogadoebaSi dagrovil simdidreze, aramed mis ganawilebazec. Semosavlis ganawileba warmoSobs aramxolod ekonomikur, aramed zneobis sakiTxebsac. momxmareblebma sakmarisi fuli unda gamoimuSavon imisTvis, rom warmoebuli produqciisa da momsaxurebis xarjebis dafarva SeZlon. Tu amas ver SeZleben da verc produqciisa da momsaxurebis eqsporti ver moxdeba, ekonomika nel-nela vardnisken wava. moraluri TvalsazrisiT, aSkara ekonomikuri uTanasworobis gamarTleba Znelia sazogadoebaSi, romlis devizic xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi iyo:


463

~patiosnad imuSaveb, patiosnad gadagixdian.~ sul ufro mzardia gansxvaveba sazogadoebis umdidresi da uRaribesi wevrebis Semosavals Soris. magaliTad, 1994 wels aSS-is mosaxleobis umdidresi mexuTedis Semosavali 13,5-jer aRemateboda misi uRaribesi mexuTedis Semosavals (ix. sqema 13-4). metic, 2000 wels SeerTebul StatebSi siRaribis maCvenebeli 11,3%-s Seadgenda, xolo rasobriv WrilSi es maCvenebeli ase gamoiyureba: 9,4% TeTrkanianebi, 22,1% Savkanianebi, 21,2% laTinoamerikelebi da 10,8% _ aziuri warmoSobis amerikelebi.10 SemaSfoTebelia tendenciebi, romlebic 1980 wels gaxda aSkara da 1990ian wlebSic gagrZelda. rogorc erT-erTi eqsperti aRniSnavda, 1980-ian wlebSi `Zlier, ganaTlebul, daojaxebul da uzrunvelyofil adamianTa raodenoba saSualo erovnul maCvenebelze maRali iyo~ maSin, roca `qalebis, axalgazrdebis, Savkanianebis da laTinoamerikelebis araproporciulad didi nawili am epoqis danakargad iqca.~ gansakuTrebiT mZime mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndnen qalaqis ubnebis mcxovrebni _ `skolis gareT darCenili moswavleebi, martoxela dedebi, diasaxlisebi, umuSevari axalgazrda Savkaniani mamakacebi da yvela rasis usaxlkaroni~, romelTa mzardi ricxvi `kiTxvebs badebda eris momavalze~.11 konservatorebi ekonomikuri uTanasworobis sakiTxs gansxvavebulad uyureben. imis magivrad, rom Semosavlebs Soris mkafio gansxvavebze gaakeTon aqcenti, isini xazs usvamen, rom aSS-s yovelTvis hyavda Zlieri saSualo klasi da wamgebiani iqneba sazogadoebis sxvadasxva fenebis gaTanabreba

sqema 13-4 saojaxo Semosavlebis uTanasworoba, 2000 wyaro: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Current Population Survey, 20002001, 12 maisi, 2002w. www.census.gov/hhes/www/img/inov00/fig12.jpg

464


sakanonmdeblo gziT (aq igulisxmeba programebi, romelTa mizania Semosavlebis Tanabrad gadanawileba). politika, romelic maTTvisaa Seqmnili, vinc bevrs muSaobs, ekonomikur riskze midis, fuls gonivrulad abandebs da xalxisaTvis saWiro produqciasa da momsaxurebas uzrunvelyofs, bevrad ufro nayofieria. konservatorebi imasac aRniSnaven, rom Semosavlis ganawilebis maCveneblebSi asaxuli ar aris samTavrobo transferebi, romelTa mizania sazogadoebis yvelaze ufro daucveli fenis daxmareba (kompensaciebi umuSevarTaTvis, talonebi produqtebze, SeRavaTebi mravalSvilian ojaxebze da a.S.). detaluri monitoringis pirobebSi aseTi programebi, garkveulwilad SezRuduli raodenobiT, exmareba Raribebs ise, rom sazogadoebis dasaqmebul moqalaqeTa did umravlesobas ar ukargavs motivacias kvlavac iSromon da qveynis uwyveti keTildReoba uzrunvelyon. Tumca, yvela kiTxvaze pasuxi arc liberalebs aqvT da arc konservatorebs. magaliTad, riT SeiZleba daexmaros sazogadoeba 16 wlis martoxela dedas, romelmac axlaxan miatova skola, raTa igi aramxolod gadarCes, aramed warmatebis Sansic hqondes cxovrebaSi?

Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofa Tanasworoba amerikuli politikuri cxovrebis amosavali principia. Tavisuflebis deklaraciis Tezisi `yvela adamiani Tanaswori ibadeba~ niSnavs, rom `sicocxle, Tavisufleba da bednierebisken swrafva~ yvela amerikelis Tandayolili uflebaa da ara privilegirebuli umciresobisa. Tavisuflebis deklaraciis miRebamde erTi saukuniT adre ingliseli politikis filosofosi jon loki amtkicebda, rom `sicocxle, Tavisufleba da sakuTreba~ yvela adamianis bunebrivi uflebaa. amdenad, Tanasworuflebianobis ideas _ maTi realurad xorcSesxmisagan gansxvavebiT _ Rrma fesvebi aqvs anglosaqsur politikur tradiciaSi.

rasobrivi diskriminacia sqesobrivi da rasobrivi diskriminaciis TvalsazrisiT amerikuli gamocdileba bevrad Camouvardeba Tansaworuflebianobis princips. afroamerikelebis diskriminacia SeerTebuli Statebis politikuri cxovrebis udavo faqtad rCeba. monobis dakanonebam 1860-ian wlebamde amerikuli idealebi dacinvis sagnad aqcia. samoqalaqo omis zRurblze, dred skotis samarcxvinod cnobil SemTxvevaSi, uzenaesma sasamarTlom daadgina, rom Savkanianebi, ganurCevlad imisa, monebi iyvnen Tu Tavisufalni, moqalaqeebad ar CaiTvlebodnen. mTavari mosamarTle rojer teni amtkicebda, rom Savkanianebi imdenad ùRirsni~ iyvnen, rom maT àr gaaCndaT uflebebi, romelTa dacvac TeTrkanianebs moeTxovebodaT~. samoqalaqo omis Sedegad monobas bolo moeRo, magram es kanonis winaSe Tanasworobas ar niSnavda. mdgomareoba verc konstituciis meToTxmete


465

Sesworebam Secvala, romelic sxva sakiTxebTan erTad iZleoda imis garantias, rom arcerT pirovnebas ar SeiZleba uari eTqvas `kanonisgan erTnairad dacvaze~. samwuxarod, swored uzenaesi sasamarTlo, konstituciis dacvis garanti, yvelaze metad ugulebelyofda am Sesworebis ZiriTad arss. gamorCeuli samarTlebrivi precedentebi: samoqalaqo uflebebis saqmis ganxilvis Sedegad (1883 wels), sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom kongresis mier miRebuli aqtebi, romlebic sazogadoebrivi TavSeyris adgilebSi (restornebSi, skverebSi da a.S.) rasobriv diskriminacias krZalavda, arakonstituciuri iyo.12 meToTxmete Sesworebis is muxli, romelic Tanabar dacvas gulisxmobda, mosamarTlis daskvniT, miznad isaxavda diskriminaciis akrZalvas mxolod saxelmwifos da ara kerZo pirebis mxridan. calkeuli individebis mier Cadenil diskriminaciul aqtebs sajaro xelisuflebasTan oficialuri kavSiri ar hqonda, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, federaluri xelisuflebis kompetenciis sferos scildeboda da Sesabamisad, federaluri sasamarTloebisasac. magaliTad, Tu restornebis mesakuTre uars etyoda Savkanian moqalaqeebs momsaxurebaze, am SemTxvevaSi is kerZo piris uflebebiT isargeblebda da kongresis aranairi gadawyvetileba am SemTxvevaSi konstituciuri ar iqneboda. cameti wlis Semdeg, plesi fergiusonis winaaRmdeg saqmis (1896) ganxilvisas, sasamarTlo kidev ufro Sors wavida.13 Statis im kanonebis gadaxedvisas, romlebic akanonebda matareblis vagonebSi rasobriv segregacias, sasamarTlom kanonierad cno doqtrina _ `gancalkevebuli, magram Tanaswori~. homer plesim (sasamarTlos CanaweriT `Svidi mervedi TeTri da erTi mervedi afrikuli sisxliT~) matarebelSi TeTrebis seqciaSi arsebuli savarZliT isargebla da mas mosTxoves `feradkanianTa seqciaSi~ gadasuliyo. TiTqmis erTxmad sasamarTlom uaryo plesis sarCeli imis Taobaze, rom kanoni segregeciis Sesaxeb arRvevda kanonis winaSe misi Tanasworobis uflebas. maTi mtkicebiT, kanoni Tavisi arsiT neitraluri iyo. igi orive rasis warmomadgenlebs Tanabar pirobebSi ayenebda. sasamarTlo imdenad Sors wavida, rom daaskvna _ Tu òri rasis dakanonebuli gancalkeveba feradkanian moqalaqeebs damamcirebel damRas asvams~, es àqtSi ki ar aris Cadebuli, aramed aseT datvirTvas feradkaniani rasis warmoamdgenlebi Tavad aZleven mas.~ samoqalaqo uflebebisa da plesi fergiusonis winaaRmdeg saqmeebis ganxilvisas mxolod mosamarTle jon m. harlani ar daeTanxma sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebas. orive SemTxvevaSi, misi azriT sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba ewinaaRmdegeboda meToTxmete Sesworebas, romelmac `saxelisuflebo sistema rasobriobis damRisgan gaaTavisufla~. mas sjeroda, rom arc erT xelisuflebas, arc erT doneze gaaCnda konstituciuri ufleba, mieRo kanonebi, romlebic rasobriv diskriminaciaze iqneboda dafuZnebuli. misi azriT, konstitucias rasobrivi mikerZoeba axasiaTebda. harlanis gansxvavebul mosazrebebs 58 weli dasWirda, sanam kanonis saxes miiRebda. samoqalaqo uflbebisa da plesi fergiusonis winaaRmdeg saqmeebis ganxilvisas sasamarTlom, garda imisa, rom aSkara rasobrivi segregaciis sanqcionireba moaxdina samxreTSi, aseve Seuwyo xeli iseTi socialuri sistemis

466


samarTlebriv CarCoebSi moqcevas, sadac Savkanianebi diskriminaciis, uxeSad mopyrobisa da mkvlelobis msxverplnic ki xdebodnen. rasobrivi Tanasworoba: bolos da bolos Tavisufali? samarTlebrivad uzrunvelyofili Tu nakarnaxevi rasobrivi segregacia wesad iyo qceuli samxreTSi (da CrdiloeTis umetes nawilSic) meoce saukuneSi. Tumca, 1940iani wlebis bolo xanebidan uzenaesma sasamarTlom Zveli samarTlebrivi formulebis interpretaciisas gezi nel-nela rasobrivi Tanasworobis dacvaze aiRo. magaliTad, Seli krameris winaaRmdeg (1948) saqmeSi aRniSnuli iyo, rom kerZo kontraqtebSi Cadebuli diskriminaciuli zomebis samarTlebrivi mxardaWera ar iyo konstituciuri.14 sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom msgavsi xelSekrulebebis legalurad gamocxadeba `saxelmwifos mxridan diskriminaciul qmedebas~ utoldeboda, rac meToTxmete SesworebiT iyo akrZaluli. miuxedavad imisa, rom am normis dauyovnebliv akrZalvaze sasamarTlom uari Tqva, man moiTxova, rom gancalkevebuli sajaro dawesebulebebi WeSmaritad Tanaswori yofiliyo. amgvarad, sviti peinteris winaaRmdeg saqmis ganxilvisas sasamarTlom daavaldebula texasis universitetis samarTlis skola mieRo Savkaniani studentebic, radganac Stats ar SeeZlo SavkanianebisaTvis imave donisa da reputaciis calke skola Seeqmna.15 brauni topekas saganmanaTleblo sabWos winaaRmdeg cnobili saqmis ganxilvisas (1954) sasamarTlom erTxel da samudamod uaryo gancalkevebuli, magram Tanaswori (segregaciis) doqtrina.16 sasamarTlom segregirebuli skolebi arakonstituciurad gamoacxada, `radganac aseTi tipis saswavlo dawesebulebebi TavianTi arsiT uTanasworoa.~ braunis saqmeze gamotanilma ganaCenma sityva `Tanasworobis~ mniSvnelobaze gacxovelebuli debatebi gamoiwvia aSS-Si. miuxedavad Tavdapirveli protestis simZafrisa, erovnuli konsensusi mxolod etapobrivad iqna miRweuli. aTi wlis Semdeg kongresma miiRo 1964 wlis samoqalaqo uflebebis aqti,17 federaluri kanonebis pirveli seria, romelic miznad rasobrivi Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofas isaxavda. is faqti, rom 1964 wlis aqti akanonebda Tanaswori mopyrobisa da momsaxurebis princips dawesebulebebSi, romelic arakanonierad iqna gamocxadebuli samoqalaqo uflebebis saqmis ganxilvisas, axal etapze gadasvlaze miuTiTebda.1960-iani wlebis bolos, intensiuri samoqalaqo moZraobisa da samoqalaqo omidan moyolebuli yvelaze Zlieri mRelvarebis Semdeg mTavroba sabolood mzad iyo yvela moqalaqisaTvis Tanasworuflebianobis principi samarTlebrivad ganemtkicebina. politikurma orTabrZolam rasobrivi Tanasworobisa da TeTrkanianTa upiratesobis sakiTxebze, dasabami misca rTul da gacxovelebul debatebs Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofis saSualebebze. saskolo avtobusebis saqme. pasuxi kiTxvaze, ramdenad SeuZlia da valdebulia xelisufleba uzrunvelyos Tanabari uflebebi, kargad gamoCnda 1970-1980-ian wlebSi saskolo avtobusebis saqmis magaliTze, romelic Sedegad mohyva `brauni saganmanaTleblo sabWos winaaRmdeg~ bundovan saqmes. am SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi


467

segregacia arakonstituciuri iyo. sasamarTlom aRiara, rom Savkaniani bavSvebi integrirebul skolebSi ukeT iswavlidnen, Tumca sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba imasac gulisxmobda, rom mxolod sakanonmdeblo da de iure cvlilebebi sakmarisi ar iyo am miznis gansaxorcieleblad. de faqto segregacia isev problemad rCeboda, _ rac siRaribis socialur-ekonomikuri gavlenis Sedegi iyo _ igulisxmeba afroamerikuli mosaxleobis koncentracia Zvel ubnebSi. magram, rogor unda ganxorcielebuliyo mosaxleobis gadanawilebis arsebuli sqemis cvlileba integrirebuli skolebis Seqmnis mizniT? yvelaze realuri SesaZlebloba moswavleTa integraciisa, am ubnebidan maTi transportirebis uzrunvelyofa iyo. moswavleTa transportireba, garda imisa, rom maTi integraciis yvelaze sando saSualeba iyo, `Tanaswori SesaZleblobis~ uzrunvelyofisaTvis qveynis mkafio da udavo mzadyofnazec miuTiTebda. saskolo avtobusebis SemoRebam _ rac garkveul SemTxvevebSi federaluri saolqo sasamarTloebis mier iyo dadgenili da araerTxel ganxiluli federaluri mosamarTleebis mier, qveynis yovel teritoriul erTeuls miawvdina xma imis Sesaxeb, rom amieridan rasobrivad erTgvarovani skolebi `kanonebis Tanabari dacvis Sesaxeb~ konstituciur tests veRar Caabarebdnen. kritikosebi saskolo avtobusebis SemoRebas sxvadasxva mizeziT ewinaaRmdegebodnen. maT Soris iyvnen is mSoblebic, romlebsac umciresobebis mimarT ampartavnuli damokidebuleba hqondaT, magram kidev ufro Zlieri iyo winaaRmdegoba im mSoblebis mxridan, romlebic Tvlidnen, rom axlomdebare skola saukeTeso iyo bavSvebisaTvis, miuxedavad imisa, sad cxovrobdnen isini. sxvebi acxadebdnen, rom skola ar unda gadaqceuliyo `socialur laboratoriad~. skolis istracias eSinoda, rom mSoblebis interesi da monawileoba saskolo procesSi saxlsa da skolas Soris manZilis zrdis proporiulad Semcirdeboda. sabolood, saskolo avtobusebiT gamowveuli ukmayofileba sajaro skolebis mimarT `ndobis kriziss~ daemTxva.18 dabali sagamocdo Sefasebebi, saskolo disciplinasa da narkotikebTan dakavSirebuli problemebi, dabali akademiuri standartebi da skolis dafinansebasTan dakavSirebuli mosalodneli siZneleebi naTlad miuTiTebda, rom sajaro skolebSi yvelaferi rigze ver iyo. iyo Tu ara saskolo avtobusebis idea kargi? diax da ara! man aiZula adgilobrivi xelisufleba da skolis sabWoebi, gareubnebis skolebSi saswavlo garemo da pirobebi gaeumjobesebina. man aseve daanaxa skeptikosebs, rom xelisufleba seriozulad apirebda ganaTlebis Tanabari xelmisawvdomobis uzrunvelyofas. meore mxriv, saskolo avtobusebis SemoRebas garkveul SemTxvevebSi qalaqis erTi nawilidan meoreSi umciresobebis gadanawileba mohyva. adgilobrivi xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi cdilobdnen, rom saskolo avtobusebiT moswavleebi SavkanianebiT dasaxlebuli ubnebidan TeTrkanianTa ubnebSi gadaeyvanaT, Tumca uzenaesma sasamarTlom gaauqma msgavsi gadawyvetilebebi, garda im SemTxvevebisa, rodesac calkeul ubnebSi xelisuflebis mier Tavsmoxveuli diskriminaciidan Tavis daRwevis yvelaze saTanado saSualeba swored saskolo avtobusebis gamoyeneba iyo.19

468


pozitiuri qmedebebi Tu Sebrunebuli diskriminacia saskolo avtobusebis SemTxveva 1970 wels pozitiuri (sakompensacio) qmedebebis (upiratesi uflebebis miniWeba) Taobaze debatebma daCrdila. am SemTxvevaSi saqme exeboda samTavrobo programebsa da aqtebs, romlebis umciresobebs samsaxurSi ayvanisa da dawinaurebis, kolejebsa da profesiul saswavleblebSi miRebis dros da sxva analogiur SemTxvevebSi garkveul upiratesobas aniWebda. maTi mizani warsulsa da awmyoSi umciresobis winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebuli diskriminaciis Sedegebis gamosworeba iyo. saskolo avtobusebis msgavsad, es programebi Tanasworobis saxeliT Seiqmna. Tumca bevr adamians uCndeboda SekiTxva, iyo Tu ara es programebi marTlac samarTliani? isini, vinc sakompensacio diskriminacias ewinaaRmdegebodnen mas piruku diskriminaciad afasebdnen. Tu konstituciiT daSvebulia umciresobebisTvis garkveuli upiratesobebis miniWeba, icavs Tu ara igi umravlesobas piruku diskriminaciisagan? am kiTxvas pasuxi nawilobriv 1978 wels gaeca, rodesac sasamarTlom ganaCeni gamoitana TeTrkaniani studentis alan bakis sarCeliT aRZrul saqmeze, romelic devisSi, kaliforniis universitetis samedicino skolaSi mowyobas amaod cdilobda.20 baki amtkicebda, rom samedicino skolis specialuri misaRebi programa (programa gulisxmobda umciresobis warmomadgeneli studentebis Caricxvas maTTvis gamoyofil adgilebze, miuxedavad imisa, rom zogierTs bakze gacilebiT dabali saSualo Sefaseba da standartuli testis qula hqonda), mas usamarTlod arTmevda swavlis Sanss mxolod da mxolod misi rasobrivi kuTvnilebis gamo. sasamarTlom ganaCeni maleve gamoitana (romelic sakmaod gaugebari iyo), igi eTanxmeboda baks, rom analogiuri kvotebi, romelic upiratesi uflebis miniWebis magaliTia, arakonstituciuri iyo da skolas bakis dauyonebliv miReba mosTxova. sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebaSi aseve miTiTebuli iyo, rom upiratesoba umciresobebs mxolod garkveuli garemoebebis dadgomisas unda eniWebodeT. uzenaesma sasamarTlom bakis saqmeze miRebuli gadawyvetileba Tavis Semdgom aqtebSi gaamyara.21 TumcaRa, uzenaesma sasamarTlom mxari dauWira samsaxurSi miRebis programebs, romlebic farTod efuZneboda upiratesi uflebis miniWebis princips (ZalaSi datova sqemebi, romlebic umciresobas samsaxuridan daTxovnisgan dacvis upirates uflebas aniWebda).22 aseve mxari dauWira upiratesi uflebebis miniWebis doqtrinas qalebis samsaxurSi miRebisas, kerZod, upiratesoba mieniWebodaT maTze ufro maRali kvalifikaciis mamakacebTan SedarebiT dasaqmebulTa Soris genderuli balansis uzrunvelsayofad.23 meore mxriv, bolo xanebSi sasamarTlom umciresobaTa kuTvnil biznesze upiratesoba SezRuda, riTac Secvala (an sulac gaauqma) Tavisi Zveli gadawyvetilebebi.24 amdenad, gaurkvevelia sasamarTlos damokidebuleba, sad mTavrdeba sakompensacio diskriminacia da sad iwyeba piruku diskriminacia. mxolod ori ganzogadebuli daskvnis gakeTebaa SesaZlebeli. pirveli, konstitucia kongress gacilebiT did Tavisuflebas aniWebs, vidre Statsa da adgilobriv xelisuflebas warsuli diskriminaciis Sedegebis aRmosafx-


469

vrelad. meore, rasobrivi diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli upiratesi uflebebis miniWebis programebi Statebisa da adgilobriv doneze bevrad ufro didi mxardaWeriT sargebloben, rodesac saxezea umciresobis diskriminaciis konkretuli (da ara sazogado) SemTxvevebi.25 msgavsi programebi winaaRmdegobrivia da xSirad xdeba sasamarTlo ganxilvis sagani. am procesebma 1996 wlis noemberSi gansakuTrebiT dramatuli xasiaTi miiRo, rodesac amomrCevlebma mxari dauWires kaliforniis samoqalaqo uflebaTa iniciativas, romelic Statis xelisuflebas ukrZalavda diskriminacias an upiratesobebis miniWebas rasis, sqesis, kanis feris, eTnikuri kuTvnilebis an warmomavlobis safuZvelze. amomrCevelTa mcdeloba, SezRuduliyo sakompensacio diskriminaciis programebi, dauyovnebliv iqna gasaCivrebuli sasamarTloSi, ramac maTi ganxorcieleba ramdenime TviT SeaCera. upirates uflebaTa miniWebis programebis mxardamWerebi amtkiceben, rom miniWebuli privilegiebi gamarTlebulia (aucilebelic ki), radganac umciresobaTa mTeli Taobebi ganicdidnen diskriminacias. metic, maTi azriT, afro-amerikelebi da sxva umciresobebi naklebad iyvnen warmodgenili sxvadasxva profesiebSi. maSin, roca Savkanianebi mTeli mosaxleobis 12 procents Seadgenen, advokatebis, mosamarTleebis, eqimebis, inJinrebis, universitetebis da kolejebis profesorTa mxolod 4 procents warmoadgenen. xolo upiratesi uflebebis miniWebiT gamoswordeba mdgomareoba, romelic istoriuli usamarTlobiT (gansakuTrebiT monobiTa da rasobrivi segregaciiT) ganpirobebuli socialuri garemoebebiTaa gamowveuli. upiratesi uflebebis miniWebis oponentebi aqcents ufro im moqalaqeebze akeTeben, vinc am programis ganxorcielebiT zaraldeba, nacvlad im jgufebisa, visac es programebi exmareba. arsebuli TvalTaxedviT, instituciuri diskriminaciis nebismieri forma usamarTlod da daumsaxureblad sjis adamianebs. samarTlianoba moiTxovs, rom gadawyvetilebebi saswavlebelsa da samsaxurSi miRebis Sesaxeb saTanado kriteriumebis Sesabamisad Tanasworobis principze dayrdnobiT iqnes miRebuli. oponentebi imasac acxadeben, rom sazogadoeba isjeba, rodesac yvelaze konkurentunarian moqalaqeebs gzas uRobaven warmatebisken. am mosazrebis Tanaxmad, WeSmariti samarTlianoba sulac ar gulisxmobs sazogadoebas, sadac sxvadasva profesiaSi yvela rasa proporciulad iqneba warmodgenili; is mxolod Tanabar SesaZleblobebs moiTxovs. rogorc mosamarTle harlanma Tqva, Tanasworobis misaRwevad saWiroa, konstitucia ~ferebs ar arCevdes.~

vis sWirdeba dacva? afroamerikelebis garda, arseboben Tu ara sxva jgufebi, romlebic upiratesi uflebebiT unda sargeblobdnen? gamxdaran Tu ara adgilobrivi amerikelebi diskriminaciis msxverpli? ra mdgomareobaSi arian laTinoamerikelebi? aziuri warmoSobis amerikelebic dazaraldnen, magram miuxedavad amisa, isini mravlad arian warmodgenili iseT dargebSi, rogoricaa maTematika da sainformacio teqnologiebi. nuTu aseTi warmatebis SemTx-

470


vevebi upiratesi uflebebis miniWebis ideas azrs ukargavs? sqesobrivi diskriminaciis problemas bevrad ufro mwvave sakiTxebis wamoweva mohyva. 1970-ianidan 1980-ian wlebamde mimdinare debatebi sabediswero `Tanabari uflebebis Sesaxeb Sesworebas Seexeboda~, romelic uzrunvelyofda, rom `Tanabari mopyrobis kanonieri ufleba ar SeiZleboda uaryofili an SezRuduli yofiliyo SeerTebuli Statebis federaluri an Statebis xelisuflebis mier sqesobrivi gansxvavebis safuZvelze~. saWiroeben Tu ara qalebi dacvas, rogorc istoriulad daCagruli umciresoba? sWirdebaT Tu ara maT upiratesobis miniWeba warsuli diskriminaciis Sedegebis aRmosafxvrelad? Tu asea, Sedegad ras miviRebT? magaliTad, federaluri kanonis Tanaxmad, samxedro samsaxurisaTvis mxolod mamakacebi unda daregistrirdnen26 nuTu es kanoni sqesTa Soris mxolod fizikur gansxvavebas iTvaliswinebs? ayenebs Tu ara is mamakacebs upirates mdgomareobaSi, raki miiCnevs maT qalebze fizikurad da emociurad aRmatebul arsebebad (qalebi susti, arakoordinirebuli, arastabiluri da panikisi midrekilni arian), romelTac ar SeswevT unari samxedro samsaxuri gaiaron? Tu piriqiT, qalebs upirates mdgomareobaSi ayenebs arasasurveli valdebulebisagan gaTavisuflebiT? msgavs winaaRmdegobas sxvadasxva normatiul aqtebSic vawydebiT; maT Sorisaa kanonmdebloba arasrulwlovanTa gaupatiurebis Sesaxeb, romelic mamakacebs ukrZalavs arasrulwlovan gogonebTan sqesobriv kavSirs, qalebs ki igives ar ukrZalavs arasrulwlovan vaJebTan.27 Raribi da umweo mosaxleoba kidev erTi jgufia, romelic bevris azriT upirates mopyrobas imsaxurebs. ra aris siRaribe _ roca adamianebi SimSilis piras imyofebian, Tu roca cxovrebis Sesabamisi pirobebi ara aqvT? rogori unda iyos cxovrebis Sesabamisi pirobebi? zogierTi eqsperti Raribs uwodebs sazogadoebis garkveul procentul nawils, romlebic saerTo saSemosavlo Skalis yvelaze dabal niSnulze imyofebian. Tumca, es arafers gveubneba imaze, rogor cxovroben aseTi adamianebi sinamdvileSi _ dasavleTis mdidar qveynebSi yvelaze dabalSemosavliani 20 procenti gacilebiT ukeT cxovrobs, vidre mesame msoflios qveynebis mosaxleobis didi umravlesoba. socuzrunvelyofis sistemis oponentebi ki amtkiceben, rom Raribebi siduxWireSi TavianTi mavne Cvevebisa da mosazrebebis gamo cxovroben da maT Secvlas arc ki cdiloben, xolo xelisuflebas amgvari pirovnuli marcxis Sedegebis gamosworeba naklebad ZaluZs. sxvebi amtkiceben, rom Raribebi gulgrili sazogadoebisa da ulmobeli konkurentuli ekonomikuri sistemis msxverplni arian. xelisufleba valdebulia Tavisi Zala ekonomikuri da socialuri Tanasworobis xarisxis gasaZliereblad gamoiyenos. bolos, ganvixiloT kidev erTi sakiTxi _ iyvnen Tu ara sxva jgufebi _ magaliTad, homoseqsualebi warsulSi diskriminaciis obieqtebi da unda iyvnen Tu ara isini kanoniT daculni diskriminaciisagan samsaxurSi an saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebaSi miRebisa Tu socialuri SeRavaTebis miniWebisas. 1992 wels koloradoSi amomrCevlebma xma misces saqsualuri umciresobebisaTvis samarTlebrivi dacvisa da calkeuli upiratesobebis akrZalvas. referendumis Sedegebi gauqmda 1996 wels, rodesac uzenaesma sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom aRniSnuli zomebi diskriminaciuli da arakonstituciuri


471

iyo.28 es SemTxveva, sxva analogiur SemTxvevebTan erTad, Semdeg kiTxvas badebs: romeli samarTlebrivi normebi icavs uklebliv yvela amerikels?

Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofa Tanasworobis msgavsad, Tavisuflebac Tanamedrove politikuri cxovrebis umTavresi mizania. gamonaTqvamebi, romlebic Tavisuflebis politikur Rirebulebas ganadidebs, Tan gasdevs amerikis respublikis istorias. àn Tavisufleba an sikvdili,~ patrik henris es sityvebi erovnul mowodebad iqca.

Tavisuflebis Rirebuleba politikuri Tavisufleba dasavleTSi didxans gulisxmobda xelisuflebisgan dawesebuli SezRudvisgan gaTavisuflebas. amdenad, Tavisufleba mniSvnelovani politikuri kapitalia oTxi ZiriTadi mizezis gamo: 1. sicocxle azrs kargavs, Tu individs misi Tavad gankargva ar SeuZlia. radganac arCevanis amgvari Tavisufleba gamorCeuli adamianuri Tvisebaa, igi niSnavs SesaZleblobas, moiqce ise, rogorc mxolod adamianebi iqcevian. aseve adamianuri Rirseba Tavisuflebis gareSe warmoudgenelia, radganac mozrdil moqalaqeTa umetesobas unari Seswevs sakuTar qmedebebze pasuxismgebloba aiRos, Tvisuflebis ararseboba individs TviTrealizaciis saSualebas arTmevs da mis ganviTrebas aferxebs. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, Tavisuflebis SezRudvas zrdasruli adamianebi bavSvis doneze dahyavs. 2. Tavisufleba emyareba rwmenas, rom individebma ukeT ician, ra surT an sWirdebaT bednierebisaTvis. am Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad, misi ganxorcieleba mxolod maSin aris SesaZlebeli, rodesac individi Tavad wyvets, rogor gamoiyenos Tavisi dro da fuli. 3. Tavisufleba aucilebelia ideebis Sinaarsiani gacvlisaTvis, iseve, rogorc sazogadoebrivi progresis misaRwevad. mxolod Tavisufal sazogadoebaSi aris SesaZlebeli ideebis gamoxatva, siaxleTa Seqmna da maTi sazogadoebis sasikeTod gamoyeneba. gamoxatvis Tavisufleba aseve xelisuflebis patiosnebis uzrunvelyofis umTavresi pirobaa. 4. Tavisuflebis SezRudvas xSirad Zalauflebis borotad gamoyenebamde mivyavarT. Tu xelisuflebas xels aravin uSlis, miitanos ieriSi erTi adamianis Tavisuflebaze, sxva danarCenebis Tavisuflebac safrTxis winaSe dadgeba. magaliTad, yvela vTanxmdebiT, rom garkveuli tipis qceva, rogoricaa regularuli dabana _ uaRresad sasurvelia. am uflebis Tavisuflad ganxorcielebisas SesaZloa maincdamainc sasurvel Sedegamde ver mivideT (magaliTad, ras ityviT moqalaqis konstituciur uflebaze, ar daicvas higienis normebi). magram Tu policias SeeZleba transportSi Cems gverdiT mjdomi adamiani imis gamo

472


daajarimos, rom mas Sxapi ar miuRia, ra SeuSlis mas xels, damiWiros Tu Tmas saTanadod ar davivarcxni an wvers ar gaviparsav?

Tavisufleba da pirveli sakonstitucio Sesworeba SeerTebul StatebSi, samarTlebrivi sakiTxebis ganxilvisas, romelic pirovnebis Tavisuflebas exeba, pirvel Sesworebas moiSvelieben. masSi aRniSnulia: kongresma ar SeiZleba miiRos kanoni, romelic mxars dauWers romelime religias an SezRudavs mis Tavisufal ganxorcielebas, sityvis an presis Tavisuflebas, adamianTa mSvidobiani Sekrebis da xelisuflebisgan miyenebuli zaralis anazRaurebis moTxovnis uflebas.

amgvarad, pirveli Sesworeba icavs samoqalaqo Tavisuflebis 4 ZiriTad aspeqts: sityvis Tavisuflebas, presis Tavisuflebas, religiis Tavisuflebas, mSvidobiani Sekrebis Tavisuflebas. radganac Sesworebis ena lakonuri da zogadia, pirveli sami ufleba xSirad saWiroebs interpretacias sazogadoebis mxridan. sityvis Tavisufleba. xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi Tanxmdebian, rom pirveli Sesworebis umTavresi mizani politikuri gamosvlebis Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofa iyo. respublikis pirobebSi, politikuri sistemis efeqtiani funqcionirebis umTavresi piroba politikur oponentebs Soris Ria debatebia.sityvis Tavisufleba TiTqmis arasodes gamxdara sadavo, sityvis Sinaarsi ki _ araerTxel. Tumca, sityvis Tavisufleba SesaZloa gaxdes cxare ganxilvis sagani, rodesac individebi, romlebic am TavisuflebiT sargebloben, arapopularulni arian an politikuri sistemis xelSeuxeblobasa da kanonierebas eWvqveS ayeneben. eqstremistebi xSirad Zlieri vnebaTaRelvis provocirebas axdenen. magaliTad, nacistTa gamosvlebi Cveulebisamebr mZafr reaqcias iwvevda ebraelTa Soris. vietnamis omis sawyis etapze axalgazrda protestantebi xSirad iyvnen aRqmulni arapatriot da araloialur pirebad. ramdenime wlis Semdeg, rodesac vietnamis omis mimarT damokidebuleba radikalurad Seicvala, SeerTebuli Statebis poziciis damcvelebs stveniTa da yviriliT xvdebodnen universitetebis kampusebSi gamosvlisas. pirveli Sesworeba yvela moqalaqes icavs Tavisi politikuri Sexedulebebis gamoTqmisas, mniSvneloba ara aqvs, ramdenad miuRebeli an arapopularulia es Sexedulebebi. Tumca, arsebobs mxolod mcire SezRudvebi (gamosvla ar SeiZleba Seicavdes mowodebas ukanono qmedebebisken, ar unda axdendes areulobis provocirebas, ar ayenebdes vinmes pirovnul Seuracxyofas da a.S.). ra Tqma unda, dacva, romelsac sityvis Tavisuflebis muxli gulisxmobs, mxolod politikuri xasiaTis gamosvliT ar Semoifargleba. uzenaesma sasamarTlom `sityvis~ sakmaod farTo interpretireba moaxdina da is `gamoxatvis~ sinonimadac miiCnia. mxatvruli gamoxatva, simboluri Jestebi da


473

reklama aseve is sferoa, romelic, sasamarTlos azriT, pirveli SesworebiTaa daculi. Tuki dadgindeba, rom qmedeba simbolurad sityvis Tavisuflebas gamoxatavs, mis Sinaarss an Setyobinebas mniSvneloba ara aqvs. magaliTad, aalebuli droSa sityvis Tavisuflebis dacvis simboluri formaa.29 rac Seexeba realur SemTxvevebs, sityvis Tavisuflebis simboluri gamoxatvis konteqsti konstituciis TvalsazrisiT yovelTvis ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre misi Sinaarsi. ku-kluks-klanis aalebuli jvari SesaZloa calke kamaTis sferoa, Tumca simboluri gamoxatvis konstituciiT daculi formaa.30 sul sxva sakiTxia viRacis gazonSi aalebuli jvari.31 presis Tavisufleba. presis Tavisufleba uzrunvelyofs axali ambebisa da informaciis xelmisawvdomobas xalxisaTvis anu icavs gamomcemlebs yovelgvari oficialuri cenzurisagan. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, gazeTebsa da sxva periodul gamocemebs ufleba aqvT dabeWdon yvelaferi, rac surT, maT Soris, kritika da braldebebi xelisuflebis mimarT. igive vrceldeba eleqtronul mediaze. mravalferovani da SeuzRudavi media, sjerodaT damfuZneblebs, gadamwyvetia TviTmmarTvelobisaTvis, radganac demokratiis pirobebSi, TiToeuli moqalaqe iRebs gadawyvetilebas (saarCveno kabinSi) da xalxis mier arCeul Tanamdebobis pirebsac sWirdebaT vinme (an rame), rom patiosneba SeinarCunon. uzenaesma sasamarTlomac daaskvna, rom konstituciis Tanaxmad, presas ar SeuZlia winaswari SezRudvebis dauwesdes. es ki niSnavs, rom garda omisa an sagangebo mdgomareobis gamocxadebis sxva SemTxvevebisa, xelisuflebas ar SeuZlia gazeTs an sxva gamocemas raime saxis masalis beWdva aukrZalos _ maT Soris dokumentebisa, romlebsac xelisuflebam saidumlo grifi misca an informaciisa, romlis gamoqveynebac sasamarTlo procesamde dauSvebelia da mogvianebiT mosamarTlem SesaZloa zianis momtanadac miiCnios.32 religiis Tavisufleba. saxelmwifos mier religiis mxardaWeris akrZalviT, pirveli Sesworeba xelisuflebisgan moiTxovs daicvas neitraliteti religiur sakiTxebSi _ arc Seuwyos xeli da arc Seafarxos romelime religiis arseboba. es moTxovna avsebs im punqts, romelic moqalaqeebs religiis Tavisuflebis garantias aZlevs. orive punqti erTad uzrunvelyofs, rom moqalaqeebma SeZlon gonivrul farglebSi maTTvis sasurvel religias emsaxuron maTTvis sasurveli formiT. rodesac religiuri msaxureba safrTxes uqmnis sazogadoebas, xelisuflebas misi akrZalva SeuZlia. magaliTad, arc erTi sasamarTlo ar dauWers mxars ritualur mkvlelobas im mizeziT, rom religiis Tavisufleba konstituciiTaa daculi. arc iseTi religiuri aqtebia konstituciiT daculi, romlebic raime aSkara safrTxes uqmnian sazogadoebas (magaliTad, poligamia).33 Tumca, sasamarTlo garkveul religiur Tavisuflebas mainc aniWebs moqalaqeebs, magaliTad, religiuri marwamsis safuZvelze uari Tqvan samxedro momzadebaze, aziel bavSvebs aTavisuflebs ganaTlebis miRebis aucileblobisgan, aRiarebs ieRovas mowmeTa uflebas, ar moiyaron muxli

474


droSis winaSe (maTi rwmenis Tanaxmad aseTi saqcieli kerpTayvanismcemlobad aris miCneuli). bevrad ufro winaaRmdegobrivia saskolo locvis sakiTxi. Tavis mravalricxovan gadawyvetilebebSi uzenaesi sasamarTlo miuTiTebs, rom locva, Tundac arc erT religiur mimdinareobas ar gamoxatavdes da bibliis kiTxva sajaro skolebSi, ewinaaRmdegeba pirveli Sesworebis punqts religiis Sesaxeb.34 aseve, sasuliero pirebs ara aqvT ufleba, gamosaSveb ceremoniaze locva warmoTqvan.35 uzenaesi sasamarTlo ufro Sorsac wavida da aukrZala maswavleblebs gamoacxadon `siCumis dro~, romelic Semdeg locvisaTvis iqneba gamoyenebuli.36 imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom sajaro skolebis, maswavleblebisa da saskolo sabWoebis funqcionirebas saxelmwifo uzrunvelyofs da moswavleebi sajaro skolebSi saxelmwifo savaldebulo ganaTlebis Sesaxeb kanonis safuZvelze xvdebian, sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom sajaro skolebSi saskolo locvis daSvebiT saxelmwifo arakonstituciurad axorcielebs religiis mxardaWeras. kritikosebi miiCneven, rom sasamarTlos es gadawyvetilebebi unda Seicvalos. saskolo locva, maTi azriT, religiuri tradiciebis SenarCunebas uwyobs xels, romelic qveyanas kidev ufro ganadidebs da axalgazrdebis moralur dacemas SeaCerebs. sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis momxreebi TavianTi poziciis gasamarTleblad acxadeben, rom yoveldRiuri locva da bibliis kiTxva skolaSi im moswavleTa uflebebs zRudavs, romlebic umciresobas warmoadgenen an arc erT religiur aRmsareblobas ar aRiareben. religiis Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofis yvelaze saimedo gza rwmenis sakiTxebSi saxelmwifos Carevis minimumamde dayvanaa. religiis Sesaxeb punqts xSirad moiSvelieben sajaro debatebis dros, romelic saxelmwifos mxridan im mSoblebis daxmarebas exeba, romelTa Svilebic kerZo, gansakuTrebiT sasuliero da religiur skolebSi swavloben. am SemTxvevaSi yvelaze Zlieri argumenti is aris, rom mSoblebs arCevanis Tavisufleba hqondeT, raTa gadawyviton, romel skolaSi waiyvanon Svilebi. yvela mSobeli, yvela moqalaqe ixdis gadasaxadebs, saidanac sajaro skolebi finansdeba, Tumca zogjer maT urCevniaT TavianTi Svilebi kerZo an religiur skolaSi gaagzavnon religiuri, socialuri an saganmanaTleblo mosazrebebiT. maT kerZo skolaSi swavlebis gadasaxadic unda gadaixadon, amitom eqspertebi svamen kiTxvas: unda daexmaros Tu ara xelisufleba mSoblebs, romlebsac Svilebi msgavs skolebSi SehyavT maTTvis sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis Tu sxva finansuri daxmarebis gawevis gziT. rogorc adre aRvniSneT, swored am mizniT, bolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi kongresSi vauCeruli dafinansebis sxvadasxva sqema iqna SemuSavebuli.

piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxebloba pirveli Sesworeba adamianis ramdenime Tavisuflebas icavs. Tumca, arsebobs adamianis sxva uflebebi, romlebic SesworebiT pirdapir ar aris daculi (arc uflebaTa bilis romelime muxliT).


475

am uflebaTa Soris umTavresia e.w. piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxebloba anu arCevanis Tavisufleba, romelic zogadad gulisxmobs zrdasruli moqalaqeebis uflebas, pirad cxovrebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi damoukideblad, saxelmwifos Carevis gareSe gadawyviton. piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebSi aRniSnulia, rom qalebs aqvT abortis fundamenturi, Tumca ara SeuzRudavi ufleba. Tavdapirvelad, uzenaesi sasamarTlo gansakuTrebiT zrunavda, rom am uflebis Seuferxebeli ganxorcieleba uzrunveleyo. Tumca, mogvianebiT sasamarTlo (ufro konservatiuli Sexedulebebis mqone) naklebi enTuziazmiT uWerda mxars am uflebis ganxorcielebas, raki Tvlida, rom abortis ufleba ar avaldebulebs sajaro fondebs xelmokle qalebs abortis xarjebi daufaros. aseve, sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT, xelisufleba ar iyo valdebuli msgavs SemTxvevebSi saxelmwifo seqtorSi dasaqmebuli eqimebisaTvis an damxmare personalisTvis xelfasi gadaexada.37 uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tavdapirvel gadawyvetilebebze, romelic abortis uflebas exeboda, protesti sicocxlis uflebis damcveli jgufebisgan modioda; isini acxadebdnen, rom adamianis sicocxle CasaxvasTan erTad iwyeba da amitomac abortis daSveba mkvlelobis legalizaciis tolfasia. adamianis embrions, maTi azriT, konstituciuri uflebebi aqvs, maT Soris sicocxlis ufleba, romelic iSviaTi SemTxvevebis garda (rodesac bavSvis dabadebam SeiZleba safrTxe Seuqmnas dedis sicocxles), gadawonis dedis piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis uflebas. sicocxlis uflebis mxardamWeri moZraoba Tavis pozicias saprotesto aqciebiTa da xSirad, klinikebis blokirebiT gamoxatavda. protestis aseT formebze 1994 wels samarTlebrivi SezRudvebi dawesda. kongresma miiRo kanoni, romelic qalebs saSualebas aZlevda, abortis mizniT yovelgvari dabrkolebis gareSe miemarTaT Sesabamisi klinikebisaTvis, xolo saprotesto aqciebis monawileebs maTTvis am uflebis ganxorcielebaSi xelis SeSla aukrZala. imave wels uzenaesma sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom Tu klinikebs abortis mowinaaRmdege aqtivistebis mier blokirebis Sedegad ekonomikuri ziani miadgeboda, aqciis organizatorebs sisxlis samarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba daekisrebodaT `reketiorTa da danaSaulebrivi gaerTianebebis Sesaxeb~ (RICO) kanonis safuZvelze.38 Tumca, rogorc sasamarTlom 1997 wels daadgina, aRniSnuli SezRudvebis dawesebis Semdeg, abortiis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli aqciebis monawileTa sityvisa da gamoxatvis uflebac konstituciur dacvas saWiroebda.39 uzenaesi sasamarTlos ramdenime mosamarTlem mxari dauWira Tavisufali arCevanis uflebas da SemogvTavaza piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis axali koncefcia, romelic dafuZnebulia pirovnebis uflebaze _ `Tavad gansazRvros, raSi mdgomareobs misi arsebobisa da daniSnulebis, samyaros idea da adamianis cxovrebis saidumlo~.40 aRniSnuli terminebi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani aRmoCnda maTTvis, vinc acxadebda, rom arsebobs sikvdilis ufleba da pacientebs, romlebic ukurnebeli seniT arian daavadebulni an autanel tkivils ganicdian, unda gaaCndeT kanonieri ufleba sicocxle daasrulon eqimebis daxmarebiT. Tumca, 1997 wels, uzenaesma sasamarTlom erTxmad ganacxada uari ecno sikvdilis konstituciuri ufleba.41

476


samarTlianobis uzrunvelyofa winamdebare TavSi samarTlianoba ganxiluli iqneba viwro gagebiT, rogorc sajaro politikis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi mizani, romelic sasamarTloebisa da marTlmsajulebis sistemis funqcionirebis Sedegad miiRweva. am mosazrebis Tanaxmad, samarTliani sazogadoeba isaa, sadac samoqalaqo da sisxlis samarTlis kanonebi samarTlianobis princips emsaxureba da sasjeli danaSaulis Sesabamisia.

danaSauli da sasjeli arc erT sazogadoebas ar SeuZlia Tavis Tavs misces ufleba, dausjeli datovos sazogadoebisaTvis saSiSi an kriminaluri saqcieli. im adamianebis dasjiT, romlebic wesebs arRveven, sazogadoeba mkafiod miuTiTebs, rom aseTi saqciels ar Seegueba. sasjelis simkacre ki imaze metyvelebs, ramdenad arasasurvelia esa Tu is saqcieli. antisazogadoebrivi qmedebisaTvis gansazRvruli sasjeli oTx mizans emsaxureba. pirveli _ sazogadoeba metadaa daculi, Tu damnaSave cixeSi imyofeba; meore _ erTi damnaSavis dasjam SesaZloa sxvebs imave danaSaulis Cadena gadaafiqrebinos (danaSaulis prevencia); mesame _ sasjeli kriminalebis gamosworebis umTavresi winapirobaa, rac maT sabolood saSualebas aZlevs normalur da nayofier cxovrebas daubrundnen (damnaSavis reabilitacia); bolos, meoTxe _ sasjeli erTgvari kompensaciaa udanaSaulo msxverplisaTvis, romelic imsaxurebs, ganicados kmayofileba dasjili damnaSavis xilviT (retribucia _ sanacvlos migeba).

marTlmsajuleba, rogorc marTebuli procedura arsebobs Zveli samarTlebrivi kliSe, romlis Tanaxmadac samarTlianobis 90 procenti marTebuli proceduris damsaxurebaa. proceduris dacvis meqanizmebi icavs udanaSaulo adamians daumsaxurebeli braldebisagan, xolo braldebuls _ daumsaxurebeli ganaCenisagan. aRniSnuli meqanizmebi, romlebic marTebuli samarTlis procesis (due process of law) saxeliTaa cnobili, detaluradaa aRwerili konstituciis uflebaTa bilSi, kerZod konstituciis meoTxe, mexuTe da meeqvse SesworebebSi. konstituciis Tanaxmad, moqalaqes aqvT kanonieri ufleba, daculi iyos (1) ukanono Cxrekisa da dakavebisgan; (2) aravis ar SeiZleba orjer miesajos sasjeli erTi da imave danaSaulisaTvis; (3) aravin aris valdebuli, misces Cveneba sakuTari Tavis winaaRmdeg; (4) yvelas aqvs ufleba, moiTxovos dauyovnebeli, sajaro da miukerZoebeli sasamarTlo procesi; (5) hqondes informacia mis mimarT wayenebuli bralis Sesaxeb; (6) daupirispirdes mowmeebs, romlebic mis sawinaaRmdego Cvenebas aZleven; (7) moiTxovos Tavisi mowmeebis dakiTxva; (8) hyavdes advokati. ra Tqma unda, TiToeuli es konstituciuri ufleba SeiZleba gaxdes sasamarTlos interpretaciis sagani. erTad isini amerikis sasamarTlo sistemis safuZvels qmnis. ai, rogoria samarTlebrivi procedura erT-erTi moqa-


477

laqis TvaliT: rodesac adamiani sasamarTloSi mihyavT da mas sazogadoebis winaSe seriozuli danaSaulis Cadena edeba bralad, mTliani saxelmwifo manqana moZraobaSi modis, raTa igi marTlmsajulebis winaSe warsdges. saxelmwifo bralmdebels an prokurors xelT mTeli armia hyavs, romlebic srul mzadyofnaSi arian, raTa danaSaulTan dakavSirebiT yovelgvari informacia moipovon. maT saxelmwifo imaSi uxdis anazRaurebas, rom uamravi mowme dakiTxon, nivTmtkicebebi Seiswavlon da iseTi saqme Seqmnan, romelic braldebulis danaSauls daamtkicebs. am ukanasknels ki xelT gacilebiT naklebi resursi aqvs. mopasuxes Zalian umarTlebs, Tu mas sakmarisi Semosavali aqvs advokatis xarjebis dasafarad. cota Tu SeZlebs kerZo deteqtivis daqiravebas, romelic mTel Tavis dros, unarsa da resursebs mxolod iqiT mimarTavs, rom nivTmtkicebebi moiZios da dacvis strategia aagos. arc erT individs ar ZaluZs saTanadod pasuxi gasces Tanamedrove saxelmwifos, roca es ukanaskneli mTeli ZaliT erTveba saqmeSi mas Semdeg, rac pirs kanondarRvevaSi wauyeneben brals.42

amdenad, proceduruli garantiebi aucilebelia, raTa mopasuxe daculi iyos marTlmsajulebis Secdomebisgan.

samarTlebrvi dacvis sazRvrebi zemoT moyvanili dacvis meqanizmebis miuxedavad, sisxlis samarTlebrivi marTlmsajulebis sistema yovelTvis samarTliani ar aris. xelmokle moqalaqeebi yovelTvis gacilebiT dabali donis samarTlebriv daxmarebas iReben. istoriulad, yvelaze didi usamarTlobani religiuri uTanasworobis Sedegi iyo. aseTi SemTxvevebis sixSiriT gamoirCeoda samxreTi, sadac sasjelis dakisreba da misi simkacre umTavresad rasobriv safuZvelze xdeboda. Savkanian mama-kacebs, romelTac bralad TeTrkanian qalebze Zaladoba edeboda (ZiriTadad usamarTlod), Cveulebisamebr, sikvdiliT sjidnen an mTel cxovrebas cixeSi amyofebdnen, TeTrkaniani mamakacebs ki Savkaniani qalebis mimarT Cadenili imave danaSulisTvis pasuxs aravin sTxovda. aseTi aSkara usamarTlobis SemTxvevaSi, samarTlebrivi procedura sruliad araefeqtiania. Tumca, sistemaSi aseTi xarvezebis aRmoCena gacilebiT advilia, vidre maTi aRmofxvra. saTanado samarTlebrivi proceduriT gaTvaliswinebuli TiTqmis yvela garantia garkveul winaaRmdegobas warmoSobs. magaliTad, konstituciaSi garkveviT weria, rom mopasuxe pirs aqvs ufleba, hyavdes advokati. erTi SexedviT yvelaferi naTelia. magram Tu braldebuls advokatis daqiravebis saSuleba ara aqvs? valdebulia Tu ara saxelmwifo, rom mZime danaSulSi braldebuli umweo moqalaqe advokatiT uzrunvelyos? Tu adamians mxolod msubuqi gadacdoma aqvs Cadenili? ras ityviT sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis gasaCivrebaze? unda uzrunvelyos Tu ara saxelmwifom dacviT msjavrdadebuli adamiani,

478


romelsac sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis gasaCivreba surs? da Tu unda uzrunvelyos, mxolod erTjeradad, Tu imdenjer, ramdenjerac amas msjavrdebuli moiTxovs?43 braldebulis proceduruli dacvis sakiTxebi, rogorc Sinaarsobrivad, aseve praqtikuli ganxorcielebis TvalsazrisiT, rTuli da winaaRmdegobrivia. TiTqmis yvela Tanxmdeba imaze, rom dacvis meqanizmebi aucilebelia, raTa samarTlis ganxorcieleba uzrunvelyofili iyos. magram aseve, bevrs saubroben imazec, da sakmaod warmatebiTac, rom es uflebebi farTod iqnes gamoyenebuli, raTa eWvmitanilTaTvis dacva xelmisawvdomi iyos. Tumca, samarTlebrivi dacvis am meqanizmebisaTvis garkveuli SezRudvebic arsebobs. maTi gamoyeneba ise farTod rom moxdes, rogorc es Teoriuladaa SesaZlebeli, maTi fuladi Rirebuleba warmoudgenlad gaizrdeba an saerTod SeuZlebeli gaxdeba vinmes dadanaSauleba, an sasamarTlo procesi ise gaiweleba, rom marTlmsajulebis ganxorcieleba Seferxdeba da sulac, SeuZlebeli gaxdeba. amdenad, proceduruli dacvis meqanizmebi unda ganisazRvros eWvmitanilis uflebebis SejerebiT xelisuflebis valdebulebasTan, dasajos isini, vinc kanons marTlac arRvevs. omis pirobebSi konstituciuri garantiebi da saTanado samarTlebrivi procedura izRudeba im saxiT, rogoriTac is sxva garemoebebSi miuRebeli iqneboda. magaliTad, samoqalaqo omis dros prezidentma abraam linkolnma e.w. `habeas korpusis~ (Habeas Corpus) moqmedeba SeaCera. am mizeziT, garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare rojer teni dapirispirebuli aRmoCnda SeerTebuli Statebis samxedro ZalebTan, magram iZulebuli gaxda poziciebi daeTmo, rodesac cxadi gaxda, rom umaRlesi mTavarsardali generlebis mxares iyo. davubrundeT 2001 wlis movlenebs. 11 seqtembris Sokismomgvreli movlenebis Semdeg, prezidentma jorj buSma, romelsac zurgs xalxis warmoudgenlad maRali mxardaWera umagrebda (daaxloebiT 9 - 1-Tan SefardebiT), TxovniT mimarTa kongress, mieRo axali vrceli antiteroristuli kanoni (`patriotis aqtis~ saxelwodebiT cnobili), romelic iusticiis departaments gamoZiebis, dakiTxvis, Cxrekis, dapatimrebis, dakavebisa da Tvalyuris devnebis (satelefono mosmenebisa da eleqtronuli fostis monitoringis) uprecedento uflebas aniWebda mxolod da mxolod im pirobiT, rom es qmedebebi terorizmis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad iqneboda mimarTuli. 175-gverdianma kanonproeqtma daCqarebuli wesiT gaiara warmomadgenelTa palata, romlis umravlesobasac respublikelebi Seadgendnen, mcire cvlilebebi ganicada demokratebis mier kontolirebad senatSi, sadac mxolod erTma misca xma mis winaaRmdeg (senatori rasel fingoldi viskonsinis Statidan). patriotis aqtis masStabebi, misi miRebis tempebi da masTan dakavSirebuli sainformacio kampania mkafiod miuTiTebs, rom sazogadoeba Tanaxmaa (moiTxovs kidec), rom krizisis pirobebSi Tavisufleba SeizRudos da kanonmdeblebma `samefos gasaRebi~ ufro popularul umaRles mTavarsardals gadascen. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom evropis saparlamento demokratiis mqone qveynebSi umravlesoba policiasa da usafrTxoebis samsaxurs Cveulebriv pirobebSi gacilebiT nakleb dabrkolebebs uqmnis, vidre es aSS-Si iqneboda misaRebi (ix. CanarTi).


479

terorizmi da samoqalaqo uflebebi: sadao balansi sxva qveynebis gamocdileba maSin, rodesac kongresi eZebs gzas, rogor miaRwios balanss usafrTxoebasa da Tavisuflebas Soris, gonivruli iqneba mimoxilva imisa, rogor iqcevian sxva qveynebi. geografiulad rac ufro vSordebiT anglosaqsur models, usafrTxoebis zomebi kidev ufro mkacrdeba. problemebma, romelic did britaneTs CrdiloeT irlandiaSi Seeqmna, mis xelisuflebas dapatimrebisa da dakavebis farTo uflebebi misca, Tumca amas qveyanaSi samoqalaqo uflebebis arsebobis Zveli tradicia da yovelgvari piradobis mowmobis mimarT uaryofiTi damokidebuleba abalansebs. germania gansakuTrebiT mkacria politikuri eqstremistebis mimarT, misi nacisturi warsulisa da 1970-ian wlebSi memarcxene frTis teroristebTan brZolis gamo, Tumca, igi tolerantobas amJRavnebs sxvadasxva religiuri gaerTianebebis mimarT, rogorebicaa islamisti fundamentalistebi (magram ara saintologebis mimarT). germanelebi valdebulni arian ataron piradobis mowmobebi, Tumca, maTi kanonmdeblobiT saxelmwifo dawesebulebebs piradi informaciis gacema mkacrad aqvT akrZaluli. safrangeTSi, espaneTsa da italiaSi xelisuflebas bevrad meti uflebamosileba aqvs. Tu ver waradgineT piradobis mowmoba quCaSi Semowmebisas, SesaZloa adgilobrivi policiis ganyofilebaSi aRmoCndeT, miT umetes, Tu ucxoels hgavxarT. Cveulebrivi damnaSaveebis devnis drosac ki mosamarTleebs policiasTan erTad sakmaod farTo _ satelefono mosmenebis, Cxrekis, sabanko angariSebis Semowmebisa da ganaCenis gamotanamde eWvmitanilTa cixeSi Casmis _ uflebebi aqvs, maT Soris, safrangeTSi oTx wlamde vadiTac ki. frangi Jurnalistebi, romlebic terorizmsa da korufciis sakiTxebze muSaoben, policias araerTxel daukavebia. espaneTis saidumlo samsaxuri ki politokosebisa da TviT mefis satelefono mosmenebsac ki axorcielebs. iaponiaSi es balansi mniSvnelovnadaa darRveuli samoqalaqo uflebebis sazianod _ policias dakavebisa da dakiTxvis farTo uflebebi aqvs. SesaZloa, swored amitomaa, rom sasamarTlos braldebulTa mxolod 1%isTvis gamoaqvs gamamarTlebeli ganaCeni. adamianebi valdebulni arian adgilobriv saxelmwifo organoebSi daregistrirdnen (romlebic ukanasknel wlebamde qveyanaSi myofi yvela ucxoelisgan TiTis anabeWdebs iRebdnen). 1995 wlis aum sinrikios religiuri seqtis mier tokios metroSi cremlsadeni gazis gaSvebis Semdeg xelisuflebas gaezarda qonebis CamorTmevis ufleba. amerikis msgavsad, sxva qveynebis xelisuflebasac meti Zalufleba surs. britaneTma adamianis uflebaTa aqts gadaxeda. germania savaraudod religiur jgufebs specialur statuss gauuqmebs da piradi xelSeuxeblobis Sesaxeb kanonsac Searbilebs. espaneTi da safrangeTi, savaraudod, am TvalsazrisiT ufro Sors wavlen. cvlilebebi naklebad Seexeba iaponias: am qveyanaSi Sida usafrTxoebis isedac umkacresi wesebi moqmedebs.

wyaro: adaptirebulia The Economist, October 20, 2001, 31.

480


mtkicebulebis uaryofis wesi. marTebuli samarTlebrivi proceduris arc erTi punqti ar aRZravs samarTlianobis sakiTxs ise mkafiod, rogorc e.w. mtkicebulebis uaryofis wesi (dauSvebeli mtkicebuleba). aRniSnuli wesis arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom ukanono gziT mopovebuli arc erTi mtkicebuleba ar SeiZleba waredginos sasamarTlos. uzenaesma sasamarTlom, aRniSnuli wesis ZalaSi SesvlasTan dakavSirebiT ganacxada, rom konstituciis meoTxe Sesworebis Sesabamisad, ukanono dakavebisa da Cxrekis akrZalva azrs dakargavda, Tu policielebs ar ecodinebodaT, rom maT mier aralegaluri qmedebiTa da konstituciis darRveviT mopovebuli mtkicebulebebi sasamarTloSi gamoyenebuli ver iqneboda.44 mtkicebulebis uaryofis wesi, sasamarTlos azriT, policiis mier Zalauflebis Segnebulad borotad gamoyenebis Tavidan acilebis utyuari saSualebaa. aRniSnuli wesis mowinaaRmdegeebi (maT Soris uzenaesi sasamarTlos mosamarTleebic) TavinTi argumentebis warmodgenisas acxadeben, rom is seriozul problemebs Seuqmnis policiis oficrebs, romlebic valdebulni arian, rom Cxreka da dakaveba sasamarTlos mier dadgenili rTuli miTiTebebis mixedviT ganaxorcielon.45 mxolod iSviaT SemTxvevebSia SesaZlebeli saxelmZRvanelos principiT Cxreka an dakaveba; umeteswilad, policiis oficrebs SemTxvevis adgilebze spontanuri gadawyvetilebebis miReba uwevT. policiis oficrebi, romlebic sazogadoebis usafrTxoebas icaven, xSirad TavianT sicocxles safrTxeSi agdeben; mosamarTleebisa da nafici msajulebisagan gansxvavebiT, isini sakuTar Tavs mSvid da usafrTxo garemoSi auCqareblad gadawyvetilebis miRebis uflebas ver miscemen. dauSvebeli mtkicebulebis Sesaxeb debatebs safuZvlad udevs azrTa mniSvnelovani sxvadasxvaoba. aRniSnuli wesis momxreebi samarTaldamcav oficrebs moWarbebuli energiis mqone pirovnebebad miiCneven, xolo mowinaaRmdegeebi maT bundovani da damabneveli kanonebis msxverplad Tvlian. garda amisa, am wesis momxreebi mas samarTlianobis utyuar garantad miiCneven, xolo mowinaaRmdegeebi _ marTlmsajulebis Semaferxebel garemoebad. uzenaesi sasamarTlo Seecada or sawinaaRmdego mosazrebas Soris erTgvari balansisaTvis mieRwia da dasaSvebad miiCnia araswori gziT mopovebuli mtkicebulebebi im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac Secdoma policiis mier uneblied iyo daSvebuli da maT marTlac surdaT samarTlebrivi proceduris dacva.46 aseTi gamonaklisebi braldebulis uflebebsa da sazogadoebis usafrTxoebas Soris balansis miR wevas isaxavs miznad. sasamarTlo da sasjelaRsrulebis istrirebis diskretuli uflebebi. bolo dromde, samarTlis gabatonebuli Teoriis Tanaxmad, bralmdeblebs (romelTa funqciaa bralis wayeneba, saproceso SeTanxmebis gaformeba, bralis uaryofa), mosamarTleebsa (romelTac saeWvo saqmeze ganaCenis gamotana SeuZliaT) da sapyrobileTa sameTvalyureo sabWoebs (romlebic iReben gadawyvetilebas, ra dro unda gaataros realurad braldebulma cixeSi) farTo diskretuli uflebamosileba unda gaaCndeT. sasamarTlo da istraciuli diskrecia am sferoSi, upirveles yovlisa, imiT aris gamarTlebuli, rom xSirad erTsa da imave danaSaulSi eWvmitanil


481

da braldebul pirebs gansxvavebuli warsuli, motivacia da danaSaulisi damokidebuleba, aseve reabilitaciis gansxvavebuli perspeqtiva aqvT da a. S. diskreciuli Zalauflebis safuZvelze sasamarTlos magistratebs da sxva oficialur pirebs amgvar garemoebaTa gaTvaliswineba SeuZliaT, rodesac saqme saxdelis dawesebaze an sasjelis simkacreze midgeba. amgvari diskrecia kidev ufro mniSvnelovani xdeba maSin, rodesac danaSaulis ricxvi izrdeba, xolo cixis saknebis raodenoba igive rCeba; aseT pirobebSi mosamarTleebi ar Cqaroben, rom damnaSaveebi, Tu, ra Tqma unda, gansakuTrebiT mZime danaSaulSi ar arian braldebulni, gaistumron gadavsebul cixeebSi, sadac personalis naklebobaa. sasamarTlo sistemis es aspeqti xSirad gamxdara kritikis sagani im mizeziT, rom igi SesaZloa borotad iqnes gamoyenebuli. kritikosebis azriT, bralmdeblebi gadawyvetilebas maTi politikuri Sexedulebebisa da piradi nebasurvilis mixedviT miiReben, mosamarTleebi ganaCens samarTlis maTTvis sasurveli Teoriebis safuZvelze gamoitanen, xolo sameTvalyureo sabWos wevrebs Wkviani damnaSaveebi advilad gaacureben. sasamarTlo sistemis msgavsi xarvezebi, maTi azriT, sasjels zemoqmedebisa da iZulebis efeqts ukargavs. ufro metic, acxadeben rom am SemTxvevaSi danaSaulSi braldebulTa sasjeli umeteswilad iseT garemomebebzea damokidebuli, romelic cota uCveuloa samarTlebrivi sistemisaTvis, magaliTad, romeli mosamarTle romel saqmes ganixilavs. msgavsi argumentebis Zalam zogierTi Stati aiZula iseTi samarTlebrivi reformebi gaetarebina, rogoricaa saeWvo saqmeebze iseTi ganaCenis gamotanis SezRudva an akrZalva, romelic zustad araa gansazRvruli. sikvdiliT dasja. sajaro debatebi sikvdiliT dasjis mizanSewonilobis Taobaze ori sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT mimdinareobs. praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT, eqspertebi bevrs kamaToben imaze, axdens Tu ara sasjelis umaRlesi forma mkvlelobaTa prevencias. TiToeuli mxaris mier warmodgenili magaliTebi imdenad fragmentulia da interpretaciebi imdenad mravalferovani, rom raime calsaxa pasuxi ar arsebobs. meore mxriv, bevrad ufro cxared kamaToben imaze, moralurad ramdenad gamarTlebulia sikvdiliT dasja. sainteresoa, rom orive mxare adamianis sicocxlis xelSeuxeblobaze saubrobs. sikvdiliT dasjis mimxreebi acxadeben, rom marTlmsajulebas sasikvdilo ganaCeni imitomac gamoaqvs, rom igi adamianis sicocxles umaRles mniSvnelobas aniWebs _ sazogadoeba moralurad valdebulia, rom udanaSaulo adamianebis mkvlelobas umkacresi pasuxi gasces.

mizanTa konfliqti amerikelTa umetesobas politikis Sesaxeb mkafiod Camoyalibebuli azri ar gaaCnia, mxolod da mxolod imitom, rom Zalian rTulia imis gansazRvra, rogor unda iqnes miRweuli sajaro sikeTeebi. sakmaod rTulia am TavSi ganx-

482


iluli sajaro politikis xuTi ZiriTadi miznis - usafrTxoebis, keTildReobis, Tanasworobis, Tavisuflebisa da samarTlianobis - bolomde gaazreba. rogorc zemoT davinaxeT, TiToeuli miznis ganxilvisas winaaRmdegobriv da kompleqsur sakiTxebs vawydebiT da sajaro politikis miznebis miRwevis gzebi yovelTvis naTlad gansazRvruli ar aris. xSirad, Tavad es miznebi ewinaaRmdegeba erTmaneTs. magaliTad, saxelmwifo iRvwis Tavisuflebis uzrunvelsayofad, magram, omis pirobebSi, erovnuli usafrTxoebis saxeliT Tavadve uzRudavs Tavis moqalaqeebs am Tavisuflebas komendantis saaTis, Semosavlebis Semcirebis, muSakTa mobilobis SezRudvis, saprotesto aqciebis akrZalvis da sxva analogiuri qmedebebis ganxorcielebis gziT. buSis istraciis inicirebuli da kongresis mier daCqarebuli wesiT miRebuli antiteroristuli kanoni, romelic 11 seqtembers msoflio savaWro organizaciasa da pentagonze Tavdasxmis Sedegi iyo, yvelaze TvalsaCino magaliTia imisa, rogori konkurencia SeiZleba arsebobdes samoqalaqo Tavisuflebisa da erovnuli usafrTxoebis principebs Soris krizisis dros. zogjer, mosamarTle zRudavs presis Tavisuflebas, raTa gaxmaurebeli saqmis ganxilvisas eWvmitanilis uflebebi daicvas. samTavrobo normatiulma aqtebma, romlebic Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofas isaxavs miznad, SesaZloa, damqiravebeli daavaldebulos, rom Tavis TanamSromlebs minimaluri xelfasi gadauxados an usafrTxoebis mkacri standarti dauwesos, riTac materialuri keTildReobis miRwevas gaarTulebs. rodesac sazogadoeba xuTi mTavar Rirebulebas (Tavisufleba, Tanasaworoba, usafrTxoeba, materialuri keTildReoba da samarTlianoba) aRiarebs, igi maT Soris optimaluri balansis miRwevaze unda zrunavdes da ar dauSvas romelime maTganis upiratesoba danarCenebze. rogor unda SevafasoT, ramdenad warmatebulia xelisufleba sajaro politikis aRniSnuli xuTi miznis miRwevis TvalsazrisiT? aleqsis de tokvilma Tavis naSromSi ~demokratia amerikaSi~ gonivrulad daaskvna, rom rac ufro Tanasworuflebiani arian adamianebi, miT ufro TvalSi sacemi xdeba am Tanasworobidan mcireodeni gadaxvevac ki. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, rac ufro uaxlovdeba politikuri sistema Tanasworobis sanukvar mizans, miT ufro aSkaraa misi marcxi, rodesac is am mizans srulad ver aRwevs. igive SeiZleba iTqvas sajaro politikis sxva miznebzec. radganac interesTa da moTxovnaTa konfliqti TiToeuli miznis srul ganxorcielebas uSlis xels, demokratiis pirobebSi yovelTvis arsebobs safrTxe, rom moqalaqeebi da liderebi axlomxedvelobiT daavaddebian an, krizisis pirobebSi, omis isteria an fsevdopatriotizmi SeipyrobT. patriotizmSi cudi araferia, Tu is ar gvikargavs realobis SegrZnebas an ar arRvevs balanss usafrTxoebasa da Tavisuflebas Soris, risic patriotizmis gamovlinebis oponentebs 2001 wels eSinodaT. zomiereba, rasac Zveli berZnebi oqros Sualeds uwodebdnen, demokratiul qveynebSi politikuri stabilurobis gasaRebia. zomiereba moqalaqeebs Seusabamo politikuri molodinisgan icavs. is aseve aRkveTs mcdelobas, rom erTi mizani meore aranakleb mniSvnelovan mizanze uaris Tqmis xarjze iqnes miRweuli. im adamianebis fanatizmma, romlebic erTjerad da miuRw-


483

evel miznebs emsaxurebian, SesaZloa gaamZafros diskusia sajaro politikis sakiTxebze. mZafrma yvirilma maTi mSvidi xma CaaxSos, visac sjera, rom moTminebisa da zomierebis gareSe, demokratia ver SeZlebs im balansis miRwevas, romelic swori mmarTvelobis ZiriTadi arsia.

daskvna sajaro politikis sakiTxebi moicavs demokratiuli xelisuflebis xuT universalur mizans: usafrTxoebas, keTildReobas, Tanasworobas, Tavisuflebasa da samarTlianobas. maT Soris yvelaze fundamenturia usafrTxoeba, radganac mis gareSe sxva Rirebulebebis dacva an SenarCuneba SeuZlebeli iqneboda. usafrTxoeba gulisxmobs dacvas mtrulad ganwyobili moqalaqeebisagan da garkveul SemTxvevaSi _ moqalaqeebis dacvas sakuTari Tavisganac ki. SeerTebul StatebSi, materialuri keTildReobis cneba istoriulad dakavSirebulia Tavisufal samewarmeo principze dafuZnebul ekonomikasTan, romelic komerciuli respublikis ideas emyareba. 21-e saukuneSi xelisufleba Tavisi moqalaqeebis materialuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebas socialuri uzrunvelyofisa da sxva programebis ganxorcielebiT cdilobs. am programebma cxare debatebi gamoiwvia xelisuflebis ekonomikur procesebSi monawileobis sakiTxebze, gansakuTrebiT mas Semdeg, rac sabiujeto deficiti gamwvavda. saganmanaTleblo sisitemis xarvezebi ki safrTxes uqmnis saerTaSoriso ekonomikaSi amerikis konkurentunarianobas. Semosavlis ganawileba amerikaSi saerTo saxelmwifo debatebis kidev erTi Tema gaxda. TanasworobisaTvis brZola SeerTebul StatebSi aRiniSna mcdelobiT, bolo moReboda rasobriv diskriminacias. uzenaes sasamarTloSi ori gaxmaurebuli saqmis ganxilvam samoqalaqo omis Semdgom periodSi, xeli Seuwyo kanonebisa da sazogadoebrivi azris SenarCunebas, romelic rasobrivi uTanasworobis arsebul stereotips pasuxobda. mogvianebiT ki saqmem _ brauni saganmanaTleblo sabWos winaaRmdeg (1954) _ safuZveli Cauyara moZraobas samoqalaqo uflebebisaTvis, rac sakanonmdeblo, sasamarTlo da istraciuli zomebis gatarebaSi gamoixata da rasobrivi Tanasworobis erTxel da samudamod damkvidrebas isaxavda miznad. samoqalaqo uflebebis saqmes axali winaaRmdegoba mohyva moswavleebis saskolo avtobusebiT savaldebulo uzrunvelyofisa da upiratesi uflebebis miniWebis sakiTxebze. Tanasworobis sakiTxi sajaro politikis TvalsazrisiT aseve moicavs qalTa, sxvadasxva eTnikuri jgufebisa da umweoTa uflebebs. Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofa amerikuli sazogadoebis umTavresi Rirebulebaa. individualur uflebebs Soris, romlebic pirdapir aris daculi konstituciis pirveli SesworebiT, aris sityvis, presis, religiis Tavisufleba. piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxebloba, arCevanis Tavisufleba pirovnebis Tavisuflebis aseve umniSvnelovanesi aspeqtebia SeerTebul StatebSi. samarTlianobis uzrunvelyofa, viwro gagebiT, SeiZleba ganisazRvros, rogorc sajaro xelisuflebis mizani da marTlmsajulebis sistemis

484


Tanabari da efeqtiani funqcionireba. samarTlianobis tests sasamarTloebi imis mixedviT abareben, ramdenad miukerZoeblad asruleben kanons. sisxlissamarTlebrivi marTlmsajulebis sistema yvela sazogadoebaSi uzrunvelyofs antisazogadoebrivi da danaSaulebrivi saqcielis dasjas. SeerTebul StatebSi es sistema marTebuli procesis da samarTliani proceduris principebis erTgulia. marTebuli procesiT gaTvaliswinebuli meqanizmebi, romlebic konstituciaSia mocemuli da sasamarTloebis mieraa interpretirebuli, Tanamedrove sazogadoebas garkveul problemebs uqmnis. winaaRmdegobrivi norma mtkicebulebis uaryofis Sesaxeb, miznad isaxavs balansis miRwevas danaSaulSi eWvmitanilisa da sazogadoebis wevrebis uflebebs Soris. amave mizans emsaxureba sasamarTlo diskreciisa da umaRlesi sasjelis sakiTxebi. konfliqti aRniSnul xuT mizans Soris xSirad aferxebs TiToeuli maTganis srulyofilad ganxorcielebas. swored amitom, sajaro politikaSi TiToeuli miznis mniSvnelobis Sefasebisas, moqalaqeebma zomiereba da saRi azri unda SeinarCunon.

sakvanZo sityvebi erovnuli usafrTxoeba erovnuli bredis kanoni Sereuli ekonomika biujetis deficiti erovnuli vali pozitiuri qmedebebi piruku diskriminacia

winaswari SezRudva angariSworeba (retribucia) marTebuli samarTlebrivi procesi (due process of law) mticebulebis uaryofis wesi (dauSvebeli mtkicebuleba)

kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

romelia politikuri Temebi, romelic usafrTxoebis sakiTxebs Seicavs? ra saxis ekonomikuri problemebi aqvs dRes aSS-s? SeadareT Tanasworobis ideali da realoba aSS-s istoriaSi? ratomaa Tavisufleba Rirebuli? rogoraa igi daculi aSS-Si? ra sakiTxebi dgas amerikis sasamarTlo sistemis dRis wesrigSi? ratomaa es sakiTxebi mniSvnelovani? ra kavSirSia erTmaneTTan sajaro sikeTe da zomiereba?

SeniSvnebi: 1.

Aristotle, The Politics, red da mTargm. Ernest Braker (New York: Oxford Univer-


2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.

18.

19. 20. 21.

22. 23. 24. 25.

26. 27. 28. 29.

485

sity Press, 1962), 1252b, 5. Daniel Patrick Moynihan, “Defining Deviance Down,” American Scholar 62 (zamTari, 1993), 1. James Q. Wilson, Thinking About Crime (New York: Basic Books, 1983), 234-240. Martin Diamond, piradi mimowera. ix. Glenn Kessler-is “The Lightened Federal Tax Load,” Washington Post National Weekly Edition, 3 aprili 2000, 18. “Don’t Feel Alone If Tax Confusing: 50 Experts Differ over Family Return,” Lincoln Star (AP Report), 18 Tebervali 1989, 2. rogorc tokvilma SeniSna; ix. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, red da mTargm. J. P. Mayer (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1966), 302, 459-468. Tumca skolebs Soris didi Seusabamobaa. ix. Jonathan Kozol-is Savage Inequalities: Children in America’s Schools (New York: Crown, 1991). ra Tqma unda, aseTi problemebi Cndeba pirveli Sesworebis muxlSic - debuleba saxelmwifo religiis akrZalvis Sesaxeb. “Poverty in the U.S.: 2000,” U.S. Census Bureau seqtemberi 2001, 2. Kevin Phillips, The Politics of Rich and Poor (New York: Random House, 1990), 2002. Civil Rights Cases, 109 U.S. 3 (1883). Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896). Shelley v. Kraemer, 334 U.S. 1 (1948). Sweatt v. Painter, 339 U.S. 629 (1950). Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U.S. 483 (1954). mas mxari dauWires, rogorc kongresis kanonier uflebas, daareguliros vaWroba ucxour qveynebsa da amerikis SeerTebul Statebs Soris; ix. Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States, 379 U.S. 241 (1964), da Katzenbach v. McClung, 379 U.S. 294 (1964). ix. Peter Schotten-is “The Establishment Clause and Excessive Governmental - Religious Entanglement: The Constitutional Status of Aid to Non-Public and Secondary Schools,” Wake Forest Law Review 15 (1979): 240-244. Milliken v. Bradley, 418 U.S. 717 (1974). Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, 438 U.S. 265 (1978). arsebiTad, uzenaesi sasamarTlo bakis saqmeze Sors wavida da mxari dauWira federaluri sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebas imis Taobaze, rom rasa ar SeiZleba iyos saswavlebelSi (iuridiul fakultetze) miRebis faqtori. Wygant v. Jackson Board of Education, 476 U.S. 267 (1986). Johnson v. Transportation Agency, Santa Clara County, 480 U.S. 616 (1979). Adarand Construction, Inc. v. Pena, 515 U.S. 200 (1995). ix. magaliTad, United States v. Paradise, 480 U.S. 149 (1987); City of Richmond v. J. A. Croson Co., 488 U.S. 469 (1989); da Metro Broadcasting, Inc. v. Federal Communications Commission, 497 U.S. 547 (1990). Rostker v. Goldberg, 453 U.S. 57 (1981). Michael M. v. Superior Court, 450 U.S. 464 (1981). Romer v. Evans, 116 S. Ct. 1620 (1996). Texas v. Johnson, 491 U.S. 397 (1989).

486


30. Brandenberg v. Ohio, 395 U.S. 444 (1969). 31. es sakiTxi gadawyda R.A.V. v. St. Paul, 505 U.S. 112 (1992). Tvrameti wlis TeTrkanianma biWma san polSi, minesota mezoblad mcxovrebi SavkanianTa erTaderTi ojaxis ezoSi jvari dawva. nacvlad imisa, rom is sxvisi simSvidis darRvevisa da sxvisi sakuTrebisaTvis zianis miyenebis gamo daepatimrebinaT, is adgilobrivi sasamarTlos dadgenilebiT gaasamarTles, romlis mixedviTad arakanonierad iTvleboda `kerZo Tu sazogadoebriv sakuTrebaSi arsebul miwaze simbolos, sagnis an naxatis moTavseba, maT Soris, aalebuli jvris an nacisturi svastikis, romelic SesaZloa brazis, gangaSis an Seuracxyofis safuZveli gamxdariyo sxva rasis, kanis feris, msoflmxedvelobis, religiisa Tu sqesis adamianebisaTvis~. 1992 wels uzenaes sasamarTloze gadawyda, rom es dadgenileba aseTi saxiT arRvevda `pirvel damatebas~. 32. ix. New York Times, Co. v. United States, 403 U.S. 713 (1971); da Nabraska Press Association v. Stuart, 427 U.S. 539 (1976). 33. Reynolds v. United States, 98 U.S. 145 (1879). 34. umniSvnelovanesia Abington School District v. Schempp, 374 U.S. 203 (1963) da Engle v. Vitale, 370 U.S. 421 (1963). 35. Lee v. Wiesman, 505 U.S. 577 (1992). 36. Wallace v. Jaffree, 472 U.S. 38 (1985). 37. Tavdapirveli saqme, romelic icavda qalTa uflebebs abortis Taobaze aris Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973). sxva mniSvnelovan saqmeTa Sorisaa aris Harris v. McRae, 448 U.S. 297 (1980); Webster v. Reproductive Health Services, 492 U.S. 490 (1989) da Rust v. Sullivan, 500 U.S. 173 (1991). ix. aseve Planned Parenthood of Southeast Pennsylvania v. Casey , 505 U.S. 833 (1992). 38. Schenck v. Pro Choice Network of Western New York, 117 S. Ct. 855 (1997). 39. N.O.W. v. Scheidler, 510 U.S. 249 (1994). 40. Planned Parenthood of Southeast Pennsylvania v. Casey 505 U.S. at 851 (1992). 41. Washington v. Glucksberg, 117 S. Ct. 82258 (1997). 42. Burton Leiser, Liberty Justice, and Morals: Contemporary Value Conflicts (New York: Macmillan, 1973), 192. 43. uzenaesi sasamarTlos pasuxis mixedviT, saxelmwifom unda uzrunvelyos sabWos efeqtiani daxmareba saapelacio sasamarTlos saSualebiT. ix. Douglas v. California, 372 U.S. 353 (1963), da Ross v. Moffitt, 417 U.S. 600 (1974). 44. Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643 (1961). 45. ix. magaliTad, Chief Justice Burger’s dissent in Bivens v. Six Unknown Agents of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, 403 U.S. 897 (1970). 46. United States v. Leon, 468 U.S. 897 (1984). 47. ix. magaliTad, “The Battle in Congress,” The Economist, 20 oqtomberi 2001, 31, 34.

naw n a w iili li IV

politika Zaladobis gziT T a v i XI V revo Tav r e v o luc i a: a: sa m ar a r T lia li a n o b i s sa xxeeli li T T a v i XV ter Tav te r o ri r izm z mii:: sus ti s ia ra sustis raRi T a v i XV I om Tav o m i : p o liti kkaa ssxx va v a ssaaS S ua le bebebiiT b T

487

488

T aavv i XI V

revolucia sa m ar a r T lia li a n o b i s sa x el e liT iT

revoluciis kvlavdabruneba Tanamedrove revoluciebi: ori tradicia amerikuli revolucia

frangu-

ori revoluciis li revolucia Sedareba revoluciis sasurveloba: berki, peini da loki berkis pozicia peinis kritika lokiseuli perspeqtiva revoluciis mizezebi tradiciuli axsna

revoluciis

revolusocialuri fsiqologia ciis Tanamedrove Teoriebi

489

490

politika Zaladobis gziT

cota sityva Tu gamoiyeneba ise xSirad, rogorc sityvebi revolucia da revoluciuri. televizorSi Zalian xSirad aris reklamebi axali `revoluciuri~ saparsi sacxis, saojaxo teqnikisa an avtomobilebis Sesaxeb, romlebic `revolucias axdenen~. magram, kerZod ra gamoarCevs revolucias an revoluciur mTavrobas? Tavisi arsiT, sityva revoluciuri did cvlilebas aRniSnavs. amrigad, WeSmaritad revoluciuri saparsi sacxi, saojaxo teqnika an avtomobili unda iyos fundamenturad axali da ukeTesi produqcia, vidre aqamde arsebuli saparsi sacxi, saojaxo teqnika an avtomobilebi. sityva revolucia xSirad ixmareba Semdegi mniSvnelobiT: magaliTad, e. w. samrewvelo revolucias niSnavs Zireul cvlilebas warmoebis stilSi, romelic cvlis erovnul ekonomikasa da sazogadoebis struqturas. politikur konteqstSi, revolucia aris fenomeni, romelsac moaqvs fundamenturi cvlileba arsebul xelisuflebasa da sazogadoebaSi. Cveulebriv, mas Tan sdevs Zaladoba da kulturuli Zvrebi. Tumca, yvelanairi politikuri cvlileba ar aris revolucia. Tu saxelmwifo gadatrialebis Sedegad xelisuflebaSi modis liderTa jgufi, romelTa politika imeorebs maTi winamorbedebis politikas da es cvlileba qveyanasa an sazogadoebaze naklebad aisaxeba, maSin SeiZleba iTqvas, rom revolucia ar momxdara da mis Sedegad Seqmnil mTavrobas ar SeiZleba vuwodoT revoluciuri.

revoluciis kvlavdabruneba kacobriobis istoriaSi revoluciebi gansakuTrebiT mosaxleobis swrafi matebisa da swrafi ekonomikuri cvlilebebis dros xdeboda.1 Zv. w. aR. VII da VI saukuneebSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi aRiniSneboda berZnul qalaq-saxelmwifoebSi, Zv. w. aR. pirvel saukuneSi _ romSi, islamur samyaroSi _ ax. w. aR. VIII saukuneSi da evropaSi, gansakuTrebiT 1500-1650 da 1750-1850 wlebSi. meoce saukuneSi revolucia ufro xSirad xdeboda, vidre adre. garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, revolucia erovnuli Zaladobis talRis nawilia, romelmac sakuTari kvali daaCnia meoce saukunes. cnobilma harvardelma sociologma pitirim sorokinma 1930-ian wlebSi Caatara `Sida areulobis~ STambeWdavi kvleva 11 politikur sazogadoebaSi. mxolod dasavleT evropaSi man SeZlo aranakleb 1622 aseTi areulobis identificireba pirveli msoflio omis Semdgom periodSi, romelTagan sruli 70 procenti `moicavda mniSvnelovani masStabis Zaladobasa da sisxlis Rvras.~2 ufro metic, man aRmoaCina, rom yovel Seswavlil qveyanaSi yovel xuT SedarebiT mSvidobian weliwadze modioda `mniSvnelovani socialuri areulobis~ erTi weliwadi. sabolood, sorokinma daaskvna, rom XX saukune iyo yvelaze sisxliani da mSfoTvare saukune istoriaSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom man es daskvna gaakeTa meore msoflio omamde. Semdgomma movlenebma gaamyara sorokinis daskvna. magaliTad, 1945-dan 1962 wlamde periodSi, 100-dan daaxloebiT 40 ganviTarebadi qveyana gaxda sul mcire erTi samxedro gadatrialebis mowme mainc, xolo 1943 da 1962 wlebs Soris laTinuri amerikis faqtobrivad yvela, aziis qveynebis or mesamedSi da

revolucia

491

afrikis damoukideblobamopovebuli qveynebis naxevarSi aRiniSna arsebuli mTavrobis damxobis mcdeloba.3 niu iork Taimsma aRniSna, rom 1946 da 1959 wlebSi dafiqsirda `Sida omis~, maT Soris `samoqalaqo omis, partizanuli omis, lokaluri ajanyebebis, farTod gavrcelebuli SfoTis, organizebuli da savaraudod araorganizebuli terorizmis, areulobisa da saxelmwifo gadatrialebebis~ 1200 SemTxveva.4 axlandel droSi revoluciebi, ajanyebebi da samoqalaqo areulobebi ar Semcirebula. Tu organizebuli da araorganizebuli Zaladoba yovelTvis iyo politikuri cxovrebis ganuyofeli nawili, meoce saukuneSi is ukeT organizebulic da ufro xSiric gaxda. Tumca, yvela revolucia ar aris Zaladobrivi. magaliTad, aRmosavleT evropaSi, 1989 wels qveynebi erTi meores miyolebiT gamovidnen sabWoTa kavSiris kontrolidan da maTi umetesoba Sebrunda sabazro ekonomikisa da saparlamento demokratiisaken. mcire SemTxvevebis, magaliTad rumineTis, garda, es revoluciebi yvela qveyanaSi moxda minimaluri ZaladobiT da sisxlisRvriT. CexoslovakiaSi mas xaverdovani revoluciac ki uwodes, radganac komunisturi diqtaturidan konstituciur xelisuflebaze gadasvla rbilad ganxorcielda. damoukidebeli baltiispireTis qveynebSi _ estoneTSi, latviasa da litvaSi _ aseve sanimuSod ganxorcielda mSvidobiani masobrivi revolucia. TiToeul am SemTxvevaSi, politikuri transformaciis procesi didi SfoTis, sakuTrebis ganadgurebisa da adamianTa msxverplis gareSe warimarTa.

Tanamedrove revoluciebi: ori tradicia Tanamedrove revoluciis ideas _ rwmenas imisa, rom èrs SeTanxmebuli politikuri brZolis saSualebiT SeuZlia Zireulad Secvalos politikuri wesrigi, romelic marTavda mis cxovrebas da masTan erTad sazogadoebis socialur da ekonomikur struqturas~ _ SesaZloa Tvali gavadevnoT meTvramete saukunis bolodan.5 miuxedavad imisa, rom revolucias zogadad xangrZlivi istoria aqvs da saTaves iRebs monaTa ajanyebebidan antikur xanaSi, Tanamedrove revoluciis gamorCeuli niSania idea, rom dabali klasebis mrisxaneba ara ubralod gaanadgurebs Tavsmoxveul sazogadoebriv wesrigs, aramed `Seqmnis axal da gansxavebul wesrigs, romelSic Cagvris tradiciuli formebi aRar iarsebebs.~6 am mizezis gamo, xSirad aRiareben, rom Tanamedrove revolucias, rogorc wesi, àxasiaTebs emociebis mier warmarTuli utopiuri ideebi _ molodini imisa, rom sazogadoeba win miiwevs rogorc Rirebulebebisa da struqturebis Rrma cvlilebebis, aseve piradi qcevebis cvlilebebisaken.~7 Tanamedrove revolucia da misi Tanmxlebi survili, Camoyalibdes axali, samarTliani sazogadoebrivi wesrigi, Cveulebriv, saTaves iRebs 1789 wlis safrangeTis revoluciidan. amerikuli revolucia, dawyebuli 1776 wels, gvTavazobs Tanamedrove revoluciis alternatiul, Tumca naklebad gavrcelebul models. amerikulma da frangulma revoluciebma, romlebic Tanamedrove epoqis umniSvnelovanesi politikuri movlenebia, gavlena

491

492


moaxdines momavali Taobebis bedze. orive revolucia ibrZoda Rrmad mniSvnelovani politikuri cvlilebebisaTvis, romlebsac warmarTavda axali tipis politikuri wesrigis xedva. Tumca, es ori revolucia erTmaneTisgan dramatulad gansxvavdeboda bevr aspeqtSi. rogorc erTi SorsmWvreteli mkvlevari amtkicebs:

`WeSmaritad udavoa, rom samyaro, rodesac is Tvals adevnebs 1776 wlis da Semdgom movlenebs, midrekilia dainaxos amerikuli revolucia safrangeTis revoluciad, romelsac warmateba ar hqonia. imavdroulad, damfuZnebeli mamebi fiqrobdnen, rom maT hqondaT sababi, SeefasebinaT safrangeTis revolucia amerikis revoluciad, romelic damarcxda. WeSmaritad, am ori revoluciis gansxvavebuli Sefasebebi damokidebulia calkeuli pirovnebebis politikur filosofiaze Tanamedrove msoflioSi: arsebobs politikis ori konfliqturi koncefcia adamianebis mdgomareobasTan mimarTebaSi, romelic simbolizebulia am ori revoluciiT. udavoa, rom safrangeTis revolucia, sakvanZo mniSvnelobiT, ufro `Tanamedrovea~ am ori revoluciis Soris. sxva sakiTxia, es kargia, Tu cudi.~ 8

amerikis revolucia udavoa, rom damfuZnebeli mamebi amerikis damoukideblobisaTvis mefe jorj III winaaRmdeg warmoebul oms legitimur revoluciad ganixilavdnen. daiwyes ra brZola inglisis winaaRmdeg 1770-ian wlebSi, amerikeli kolonistebi gaxdnen Tanamedrove msoflioSi pirveli warmatebuli antikoloniuri revoluciis wamomwyebni. kolonistTa urTierTobis gawyveta did britaneTTan droTa ganmavlobaSi sruli da Seuqcevadi gaxda. am mizezis gamo, marTebuli iqneba vTqvaT, rom amerikis revoluciurma omma Seqna modeli imisa, rac SemdgomSi cnobili gaxda rogorc erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli omebi. Tumca, amerikis revolucia mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeboda XX saukunis TiTqmis yvela revoluciuri ajanyebisgan. istoriuli mniSvneloba. amerikis revoluciis istoriuli mniSvnelobis gasagebad, pirvel rigSi unda gavecnoT misi liderebis politikur Sexedulebebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom TavisuflebisaTvis mebrZoli amerikeli aRiqvamda revoluciur oms, rogorc gansakuTrebul, unikalur gamocdilebas. erTi specialistis mixedviT:

`dasawyisidanve, atlantikis dasavleT sanapiroze mis [revoluciis] monawileebs swamdaT, rom es iyo metad SesaniSnavi movlena, ara mxolod imitom, rom es iyo maTi revolucia, aramed imitom, rom maT miaCndaT, rom mas mosdevda axali faza kacobriobis politikur ganviTarebaSi da amdenad universaluri mniSvneloba hqonda.~ 9

revolucia

493

Tanamedrove politikur traqtatebTan erTad, damfuZnebeli mamebi kargad icnobdnen msoflio istorias da didi politikuri filosofosebis, maT Soris monteskies, lokis, rusos, iumisa da volteris Sromebs.10 icnobdnen ra klasikur politikur azrs, maT ar hqondaT midrekileba, gadaWarbebiT SeefasebinaT politikisi axal an eqsperimentul midgomaTa Rirebuleba. 1776 wlis revoluciis monawileebs swamdaT, rom gancalkevebas, romelsac isini moiTxovdnen, hqonda universaluri mniSvneloba da damoukideblobis deklaraciaSi daculi Tavisuflebis ena iyo am mniSvnelobis maradiuli gamoxatuleba. sxva sityvebiT, damfuZneblebi moiazrebdnen mWidro kavSirs maT naTqvam sityvebs (`WeSmaritebebs~) da qmedebebs Soris.11 amrigad, rom gavigoT, ra iyo WeSmaritad revoluciuri amerikis revoluciaSi, aucilebelia pirvel rigSi fokusireba movaxdinoT imaze, ras werdnen amerikeli revolucionerebi xelisuflebaze, xolo Semdeg davakvirdeT maT moqmedebebs. gamarTleba. amerikis revoluciuri kredos yvelaze aSkara gamoxatuleba SeiZleba vipovoT damoukideblobis deklaraciaSi. didi britaneTisgan gamoyofis Sesaxeb gancxadebasTan erTad, deklaracia mis mizezebsac asaxelebda. deklaracia amtkicebda, rom britanulma xelisuflebam savalalod daarRvia kargi mmarTvelobis principebi. mihyveboda ra jon lokis gzas, Tomas jefersoni (mTavari avtori) amtkicebda, rom es principebi ori saxis iyo: xelisufleba unda moqmedebdes umravlesobis nebis Sesabamisad (deklaraciis zusti eniT rom vTqvaT, aseTi xelisufleba unda dafuZnebuli iyos `marTulTa Tanxmobaze~) da unda icavdes individis `sicocxlis, Tavisuflebisa da bednierebisaken swrafvis~ xelSeuxebel uflebebs. es principebi, jefersonis azriT, iyo is kriteriumebi, romliTac unda Sefasebuliyo yvela epoqisa da qveynis mTavrobis legitimurobis xarisxi. sxva sityvebiT, kargi (anu legitimuri) xelisuflebis Zalaufleba gamomdinareobs marTulTa Tanxmobidan da aseTi xelisufleba moqmedebs TiToeuli moqalaqis xelSeuxebeli uflebebis dasacavad. ganixilavda ra adamianis uflebebs kargi xelisuflebis filosofiur safuZvlad, damoukideblobis deklaracia mniSvnelovnad ganudga warsul gamocdilebas da mis Tanamedrove praqtikas. uwin, xelisuflebebi arsebobdnen, raTa uzrunveleyoT wesrigi, SeeqmnaT imperiebi, daesajaT urwmunoebi da ZaliT SeenarCunebinaT morCileba. axla, pirvelad istoriaSi, politikuri reJimi sakuTar Tavs Riad uZRvnida adamianebis uflebebis da Tavisuflebebis dacvis principebis samsaxurs. deklaraciis principebidan gamomdinareobda, rom xelisuflebam, romelic nacvlad dacvisa, Tanmimdevrulad laxavda am uflebebs, dakarga marTvis ufleba. kolonistebma deklaraciaSi Seitanes es daskvna, kolonistebma ganagrZes brZola damoukideblobisaTvis. miuxedavad imisa, rom Tavidan maT surdaT mxolod britaneTis qveSevrdomTa Tanabari statusi, damoukideblobis deklaracis Seqmnis Semdeg isini araferze iyvnen Tanaxma, garda sruli TviTmmarTvelobisa. maT surdaT

494


SeeqmnaT ara ubralod nebismieri saxis xelisufleba, aramed swored iseTi xelisufleba, romelic SesabamisobaSi iqneboda deklaraciis principebTan. maT swamdaT, rom es WeSmaritebebi gamosadegi iyo cameti koloniis farglebs gareTac. jefersonma ganmarta mis mier Seqmnili dokumentis maradiuli sityvebis universaluri mniSvneloba:

`dae es iyos, da me mjera rom iqneba (zogierTisTvis ufro adre, zogisTvis ufro gvian, magram sabolood yvelasTvis) niSani, raTa adamianebi aRdgnen da gawyviton jaWvi, romelTa qveSac cru berebiseulma umecrebam da crurwmenebma daarwmuna isini, rom SeekraT xel-fexi, da gaacnobieron TviTmmarTvelobis madli da usafrTxoeba.~12 socialuri da politikuri cvlilebebi. jefersonis grZnobebi gocemuli iyo misi an nebismieri sxva drois saukeTeso revoluciuri ritorikis msgavsad. kerZod, igi uxmobda moqalaqeebs, ebrZolaT da Seswirvodnen diad mizans. Tumca, mainc Secdoma iqneboda gangvexila amerikis revolucia mxolod im brZolis konteqstSi, romelic mas mohyva. im dros, rodesac mimdinareobda gaafTrebuli istoriuli brZolebi, xdeboda diadi socialuri, ekonomikuri da religiuri cvlilebebi. SemzRudveli memkvidreobiTi kanonebi, rogoricaa ufrosi vaJis ufleba memkvidreobaze (maiorati) gauqmda; britanuli didi sakuTrebebi gadanawilda ufro mcire holdingebze; miwaze dasaxlebis samefo SezRudvebi gauqmda; gadaidga mniSvnelovani nabijebi religiuri Tanasworobisa da saxelmwifosa da eklesiis gancalkevebis dasacavad; Zvelma ojaxebma dakarges Zalaufleba; maT adgilebs ìkavebdnen axali liderebi axalgazrdebidan, ubralo xalxidan da saSualo klasebidan~.13 aseve moxda mniSvnelovani politikuri cvlilebebi, ramdenadac TiToeulma koloniam Seqmna Tavisi konstitucia. omis qar-cecxlSi Seqmnilma am konstituciebma SeinarCuna adre arsebuli adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis sistemebi (gansakuTrebiT aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis kuTxiT). amavdroulad, isini icavdnen individualur Tavisuflebebs. am dokumentebSi Sesuli cnebebi da principebi SemdgomSi aisaxa konfederaciis muxlebSi da sabolood, SeerTebuli Statebis konstituciaSi. kanonis uzenaesobis, anu kanonierebisa da proceduruli koreqtulobis uzenaesobis mniSvneloba, ar SeiZleba gadafasebul iqnes. man, rasac SesaZloa vuwodoT konstituciuri procesi, Tavis kulminacias miaRwia xalxis mier arCeuli mTavrobis anu umravlesobis mTavrobis SeqmniT, im dros, rodesac evropis xalxebi umeteswilad kvlav aristokratiuli an monarqiuli batonobis qveS iyvnen. ufro metic, kolonistebis myari zrunva konstituciurobaze gadamwyveti iyo im SeTqmulebebisa da intrigebis Tavidan aridebisas, romelTac SeeZloT gaeTiSaT axali eri mraval moqiSpe politikur erTeulad. zomieri revolucia. amerikis revoluciur brZolebSi gamoCenili zomiereba retrospeqtivaSi marTlac aRsaniSnia (imdenad, rom zogierTi politologi

revolucia

495

arc ki axdens mis klasificirebas revoluciad). am konfliqts axasiaTebda `sxva revoluciebTan SedarebiT Zaladobis iSviaTi simcire~.14 ufro gviandel revoluciur konfliqtebTan SedarebiT (rogoricaa safrangeTisa da ruseTis revoluciebi da espaneTis samoqalaqo omi), samoqalaqo dapirispireba ajanyebulebsa da loialurad ganwyobilebs Soris didi ar iyo. arc amerikuli revoluciis liderebi yofilan rodisme represirebulni an sikvdiliT dasjilni, rasac ver ascda Semdgomi revoluciebis bevri wamomwyebi. `mTavarsardali (vaSingtoni) gaxda respublikis pirveli prezidenti da datova posti sakuTari nebiT; revoluciuri manifestis avtori (jefersoni) iyo misi pirveli saxelmwifo mdivani.~15 ram ganapiroba am revoluciis unikaluroba mowesrigebulobis mxriv? yvelaze mniSvnelovani isaa, rom koloniaTa liderebma revoluciis Sesaxeb lokiseuli midgoma Seuxames realistur, miRwevad politikur miznebs. lokiseul midgomaSi, romelsac mogvianebiT mivubrundebiT, vgulisxmobT, rom mcireodeni gamonaklisis garda, damfuZneblebs revolucia miaCndaT gardauval borotebad. is iyo gardauvali, radganac maT ar icodnen didi britaneTisgan damoukideblobis mopovebis araviTari sxva gza, magram is mainc iyo boroteba, ramdenadac iwvevda tanjvas, sisxlisRvrasa da gaukacrielebas. amerikuli revolucia rCeba unikalurad swored imitom, rom mas saTaveSi ar edgnen fanatikosebi, romlebic aRiarebdnen xist ideologias, an isini, vinc fiqrobda, rom yvela gza gamarTlebulia maTi politikuri miznebis misaRwevad. amis sapirispirod, misi liderebi iyvnen SorsmWvreteli pirovnebebi, romlebic mudmivad ekiTxebodnen sakuTar Tavs (da erTmaneTs), ramdenad marTebuli iyo is, rasac isini akeTebdnen. miuxedavad imisa, rom revoluciis liderTa mxridan enTuziazmis nakleboba ar yofila, ès enTuziazmi gawonasworebuli iyo eWviT, TviTkritikiT, zrunviTa da skepticizmiT~.16 mokled, amerikuli revoluciis sikeTe TavisTavad ar mosula. es gawonasworebuli revoluciuri Rirebulebebi emsaxureboda gonivrul da naTel miznebs. arsebiTad is, rac koloniaTa liderebs surdaT revoluciisgan, iyo inglisisgan gancalkeveba da mmarTvelobis iseTi sistemis Camoyalibeba, romelic dafuZnebuli iqneboda Tanxmobasa da adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa pativiscemaze. mniSvnelovania is, rom es politikuri xedva adamianTa SesaZleblobebis farglebSi jdeboda. revoluciuri omi TavisTavad Sors idga auxdeneli ocnebisgan, rac sabolood sakmaod naTlad daadastura amerikulma gamarjvebam. revoluciuri konfliqtis ganviTarebasTan erTad, TviTmmarTvelobisa da moqalaqeTa uflebebis erTmaneTTan mWidrod dakavSirebuli principebi koloniebSi viTardeboda rogorc Statebis, aseve qalaqebis doneze. momdevno periodis revolucionerebisgan gansxvavebiT, koloniaTa liderebi ar cdilobdnen dauyovnebliv daefuZnebinaT raime radikalurad axali da gansxvavebuli. raki acnobierebdnen safrTxeebs, romlebsac Seicavda don kixoturi da utopiuri idealizmi, maT icodnen, rom àuxdeneli ocnebebisken politikuri swrafva iwvevs terors da tiranias SeuZleblis miRwevis ganwirul mcdelobaSi.~17 amerikul revolucias ar axasiaTebda amgvari terori da tirania, radganac, erT-erTi specialistis sityvebiT, is iyo `gonivruli molodinebis revolu-

496


cia~.18 sifxizle, zomiereba da sifrTxile iyo am revoluciis niSani da SemdgomSi konstituciis mier kurTxeuli `kargad mowyobili kavSiris~ mTavari maxasiaTebeli.

safrangeTis revolucia safrangeTis revolucia sakmaod gansxvavebuli iyo. wlebis ganmavlobaSi safrangeTi ganicdida mzard politikur arastabilurobas da xalxis ukmayofilebas. aristokratia eswrafoda SeenarCunebinaT mkveTri klasobrivi gansxvavebebi, romlebic axasiaTebda frangul sazogadoebas da amitom mudmivad uSlida xels ekonomikuri da sazogadoebrivi reformebis mcdelobebs. ufro metic, mTavroba amJRavnebda aSkara uunarobas, gamklaveboda cvalebad garemoebebs. TviT unarian da ganaTlebul monarqsac ki, da aseTi ar iyo lui XVI (1774-1792), gauWirdeboda gamklaveboda daqsaqsuli da Znelad koordinirebadi saxelmwifo institutebis winaaRmdegobas. amas garda, 1780-ian wlebSi mTavrobis winaSe gadasaxadebis gazrdis sirTuleebi idga, rac gamowveuli iyo wina omis Sedegad warmoqmnili valebiT. amasTanave, xelisuflebisaTvis Seuferebel dros xdeboda ekonomikuri cvlilebebic. miuxedavad imisa, rom ekonomika viTardeboda, Sedegi Zalze araTanabrad iyo gadanawilebuli. gansakuTrebiT mZime iyo qalaqeli Raribebisa da glexebis mdgomareoba, romelTagan mravali pirveladi moxmarebis nivTebis ukmarisobas ufro xedavda, vidre mdgradi ekonomikuri zrdis perspeqtivas. 1789 wlisTvis uTanxmoebis morevi ganxeTqilebis zRvad iqca. reformatorebi saSualo da maRali klasebisgan moiTxovdnen rogorc politikur, aseve ekonomikur cvlilebebs. yvelaze ufro zomieri moTxovnebi Seicavda klasobrivi privilegiebis SezRudvas da sagadasaxado sistemis reformas. zogierT liders surda ufro radikaluri cvlilebebi, maT Soris saxalxo suverenitetze dafuZnebuli politikuri wesrigis Seqmna. yvela es moTxovna wamoayenes 1789 wlis maisis generaluri Statebis _ axladarCeuli giganturi parlamentis Sexvedraze, romelic saarCevno xmis mqone mamakacTa mier iyo arCeuli da iyofoda sam wodebad: sasuliero pirebad, aristokratiad da ubralo xalxad. mniSvnelovani debatebis Semdeg (rac kargi dasawyisia areulobisaTvis), delegatebis umravlesobam, romelTac saTaveSi edga raodenobrivad meti mesame wodebis warmomadgeneli (ubralo xalxi), Camoayaliba erovnuli kreba. garda uflebisa, daewesebina an gaeuqmebina nebismieri gadasaxadi, am organos wevrebi iTxovdnen aristokratiuli privilegiebis gauqmebas. es qmedebebi pirdapir utevda monarqias. lui XVI-m amas misgan mosalodneli araadekvaturobiT upasuxa _ gamoiyena Zala, riTac ganarisxa sakuTari oponentebi. rodesac man ubrZana sakuTar Zalebs, aekrZalaT Sekrebebi erovnuli krebisTvis, delegatebma maleve SeakeTes axlomdebare CogburTis darbazi da gadawyvites iq Sekrebiliyvnen sistematurad, sanam ar miaRwevdnen konstituciis miRebas. mefe erTgvarad orWofobda da ramdenime dRis Semdeg daTmobebze wavida saadasaxado reformis sferoSi, magram uari Tqva

revolucia

497

gaeuqmebina aristokratiis privilegiebi. imavdroulad, man ganalaga SeiaraRebuli Zalebi strategiul poziciebze. Tumca, arc erTi es RonisZieba adekvaturi ar aRmoCnda da arc ZaliT damuqreba gamodga Tanmimdevruli. amas maleve mohyva Zaladobis sporaduli afeTqebebi, romelTa Soris iyo bastiliis SturmiT aReba da rodesac mefis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli Zaladobrivi qmedebebi safrangeTis politikuri cxovrebis mniSvnelovan wesad iqca, lui XVI iZulebuli gaxda daTanxmeboda konstituciis miRebis moTxovnebs. axali konstitucia. or weliwadSi, romelic 1791 wlis konstituciis miRebas dasWirda, qveyanas egalitarulma sulma gadauara. gauqmda aristokratiuli privilegiebi da eklesiis miwebis konfiskacia moxda. fundamenturi mniSvnelobis politikurma dokumentma _ adamianis uflebaTa delaraciam, ganadida lozungi, romelmac ganasaxiera im drois egalitaluri suliskveTeba: `Tavisufleba, Tanasworoba, Zmoba~. axalma konstituciam daafuZna konstituciuri monarqia. lui XVI-s aRar SeeZlo RvTiur uflebebs dayrdnoboda da avtokratulad emarTa. miuxedavad imisa, rom konstitucia mefes SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mTavarsardlad aRiarebda da akisrebda pasuxismgeblobas sagareo sakiTxebSi, aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis funqciaTa umetesobis Sesrulebas igi avalebda erovnul krebas, romelsac biujetis marTvis, aseve omis gamocxadebis ufleba hqonda. Seiqmna axali arCeviTi istracia da ganxorcielda saarCevno uflebebis liberalizacia. amrigad, safrangeTSi saocrad mokle periodSi miRweul iqna politikuri da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis STambeWdavi demokratizacia. mefis Zalauflebas, romelic aqamde TiTqmis SeuzRudavi iyo, Ziri gamoeTxara da ganxorcielda radikaluri sazogadoebrivi reformebi. politikuri arastabiluroba. konstituciis mier 1791 wels dafuZnebuli konstituciuri monarqiis arseboba erT weliwadze nakleb dros gagrZelda. am drois ganmavlobaSi qveyana nel-nela iSleboda efeqtiani politikuri lideris ararsebobis pirobebSi. bunebrivia, mefes sZulda Tavsmoxveuli axali mTavroba (erTxel lui XVI-m scada qveynidan gaqceva, raTa SeerTeboda axali mTavrobis oponentebs, magram daiWires da parizSi daabrunes). konstitucia ukrZalavda damfuZnebeli yrilobis yofil wevrebs axal sakanonmdeblo organoSi moRvaweobas, rac niSnavda imas, rom gamocdili kanonmdeblebi politikuri procesisagan ganze rCebodnen. damatebiTi problemebi warmoiSva, rodesac axladarCeulma adgilobrivma istraciam ver SeZlo efeqtianad moqmedeba da reformis Sedegad Zalauflebadakargulma Zalebma, gansakuTrebiT kaTolikurma eklesiam da aristokratiam, daiwyes axali reJimis winaaRmdeg brZola. avstriasTan da prusiasTan omma gaamwvava arsebuli siZneleebi da arc navaraudevi ekonomikuri gaumjobeseba Canda. parizSi gamudmebiT trialebda Worebi mefisaTvis absoluturi Zalauflebis moaxloebul dabrunebaze, rac asazrdoebda kontrrevoluciis farTod gavrcelebul SiSs. es ki Zirs uTxrida reformebis motanil politikur optimizms.

498


radikalizmis zrda. 1790-iani wlebis qaosur politikur da socialur realobaSi movlenebi swrafad viTardeboda. 1793 wlis ivnisSi lui XVI-s brali dasdes saxelmwifo RalatSi, Camoagdes taxtidan da Tavi mohkveTes. saxelmwifos marTvis sadaveebi xelSi aiRo politikuri radikalebis gundma, romelic miznad isaxavda safrangeTis sazogadoebis Secvlas da amisTvis ar erideboda Zaladobis gamoyenebas. axali lideris, maqsimilian robespieris (1758-1794) umTavresi prioriteti iyo moego omi avstriisa da prusiis winaaRmdeg. am miznis misaRwevad aucilebeli iyo rogorc samxedro valdebuleba da mkacri disciplina brZolis velze, aseve erovnuli erTianoba qveynis SigniT. gare safrTxis arsebobis pirobebSi yvelanairi politikuri opozicia miiCneoda moRalated. amgvari viTareba samwuxaro iyo, Tumca ara moulodneli, radgan, dResac ki, politikuri represiebi gavrcelebuli fenomenia omianobis dros. magram robespieri ar kmayofildeboda mxolod erovnuli erTianobis uzrunvelyofiT. amas garda, mas surda Seeqmna saTnoebis reJimi _ Tavidan àeSenebina~ franguli sazogadoeba, ase vTqvaT, Tavidan gamoeZerwa moralurad srulyofili frangi moqalaqeebi. erT-erTi mkvlevaris SexedulebiT:

robespiers surda safrangeTi, romelSic ar iqnebodnen arc mdidrebi, arc Raribebi, adamianebi ar iTamaSebdnen azartul TamaSebs, ar daTvrebodnen, ar uRalatebdnen, ar moiparavdnen da ar moklavdnen, mokled, sadac ar iqneboda arc mcire da arc didi mankierebebi, safrangeTi, romelsac marTavdnen xalxis arCeuli znemaRali da ganaTlebuli adamianebi, romlebic sruliad Tavisufalni iqnebodnen sixarbis an Zalauflebis siyvarulisgan da brZnulad datovebdnen Tanamdebobas droTa ganmavlobaSi, raTa gza gaexsnaT maTi memkvidreebisaTvis, mSvidobiani safrangeTi, rogorc SigniT, aseve mTel msofliosTan mimarTebaSi.19 robespieris grandiozuli, magram utopiuri idealizmi ar yofila mxolod gacxadeba imisa, ra unda yofiliyo, aramed igi manifesti iyo, romelic realobad unda qceuliyo mTeli gznebiTa da sisruliT. àxali moqalaqis~ Sesaqmnelad momarTuli robespieri Tavad ver ganasaxierebda pirovnuli Tavisuflebis an bednierebisaken swrafvis mizans ise, rogorc amas amerikeli revolucionerebi akeTebdnen. an rogor SeiZleboda absolutur sikeTed da borotebad dayofil msoflioSi yofiliyo adgili pirovnuli arCevanisTvis? robespieri midrekili iyo ara Tavisufali qveynis Seqmnisaken, aramed `Tavisuflebis despotizmis~ damkvidrebisaken. Tumca, saTnoebis institucionalizacia safrangeTis revoluciis mxolod erTi aspeqti iyo Raribebisi TanagrZnobasTan erTad. survilebisgan gaTavisufleba da mudmivi siuxvis dapireba robespieris revoluciis mniSvnelovan miznad iqca. igi wamowyebul iqna CagrulTa saxeliT mCagvrelTa sixarbisa da siZunwis winaaRmdeg.20 robespiers swamda, rom mxolod amgvari politikis saSualebiT iyo SesaZlebeli saTno da dakmayofilebuli moqalaqeobis uzrunvelyofa.

revolucia

499

axali dRis wesrigi. saTnoebisaTvis xelSesawyobad da siRaribis umokles droSi aRmosafxvrelad robespieri franguli cxovrebis myiseul Secvlas gegmavda. saxelmwifo institutebi, samarTlebrivi mowyoba, socialuri realoba _ yvelaferi unda Secvliliyo. axali kalendaric ki iqna SemoRebuli, rogorc istoriis axali epoqis simbolo. cvlilebis suli totaluri iyo, umTavresi mizani _ samoTxe miwaze. erTma mkvlevarma SeniSna, rom warmmarTveli suliskveTeba iyo `Sekruli, enTuziazmiT savse, Tavisuflad motivtive mesianizmi... romelic arafriT kmayofildeboda, garda adamianebis cxovrebis pirobebis radikaluri transformaciisa~.21 Tumca, mesianizmis problema isaa, rom mxolod RmerTs (an RmerTis mociquls) SeuZlia Seasrulos diadi dapirebebi. robespiers ar gaaCnda amgvari RvTaebrivi SesaZleblobebi. igi da misi TamaberZolebi maleve darwmundnen, rom axali wesrigis SemoReba da misi SenarCuneba sxvadasxva iyo. imedgacruebisa da usasrulo molodinebis feTqebadsaSiS narevs politikuri disputebi mohyva.axali mmarTvelebis opoziciam farTod daiwyo zrda. teroris mefoba. robespieris pasuxi mzard opoziciasa da gadaulaxav siZneleebze, romlebic yoveldRiur marTvaSi iCenda Tavs, iyo saTnoebis reJimis ganmtkiceba masobrivi represiebiT, romelic teroris mefobis saxeliT gaxda cnobili. sayovelTao gaxda, gansakuTrebiT parizSi, sikvdiliT dasja giliotinis gamoyenebiT, razec brZanebas sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis komiteti gascemda. xelisuflebis Zaladoba, Tavdapirvelad reJimis aqtiuri oponentebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli, maleve inerciiT gagrZelda. is Seexo im adamianebsac, vinc iziarebda robespieris xedvas, magram ar eTanxmeboda mis meTodebs. mogvianebiT giliotinis msxverplni gaxdnen isinic, vinc mxolod eWvmitanilni iyvnen uTanxmoebaSi. xelisuflebaSi myofT Rrma undobloba dauflebodaT maSin, roca gadarCenilebs sakuTari usafrTxoebis sakiTxi aRelvebdaT. sabolood, koleqtiurma SiSma robespieri damxobamde da sikvdiliT dasjamde miiyvana. misi erTwliani mmarTelobis ganmavlobaSi sikvdiliT 40 aTasamde adamiani dasajes _ gasaocari raodenoba meTvramete saukunisTvis. revoluciis Sedegebi. safrangeTis revoluciis Sedegebis Sefaseba advili ar aris. man aSkarad ver miaRwia miznebs. robespieris damxobis Semdeg xelisufleba miiRo korufciulma da arakompetenturma mTavrobam, romelic cnobilia direqtoriis saxeliT. 1799 wels reJimma gza dauTmo napoleon bonapartis diqtaturas (1804-1815), romelmac SeZlo wesrigisa da stabilurobis aRdgena. napoleonis mmarTvelobisas, safrangeTma scada daemorCilebina mTeli evropa ambiciuri omebis seriis Sedegad, romlebmac sabolood qveyana damarcxebamde da napoleonis damxobamde miiyvana. amrigad, safrangeTis arc erT revolucias saxalxo mTavroba ar mohyolia. sabolood, napoleonis damxobis Sedegad, monarqia aRdga. Tumca, mravali RirsSesaniSnavi da grZelvadiani cvlileba ganxorcielda. magaliTad, 1815 wels aRdgenili monarqiis Semdeg mefis Zalaufleba ufro SezRuduli iyo, vidre revoluciamde. ufro metic, revoluciuri epoqidan gamomdin-

500


are, mniSvnelovani sazogadoebrivi da politikuri reformebi SenarCunda da xelisufleba axla ufro centralizebuli da efeqtiani iyo. am cvlilebebis miuxedavad, aRdgenili monarqia mkveTr kontrastSi modioda axali sazogadoebis egalitarul xedvasTan, rac ase STaagonebda robespiers da mis mimdevrebs.

ori revoluciis Sedareba Tu amerikuli revolucia SeiZleba daxasiaTdes, rogorc zomieri miznebis mqone, franguli revolucia SeiZleba aRvweroT, rogorc usazRvro molodinebis revolucia. dasawyisSi frang revolucionerebs wminda guliT sjerodaT, rom yvelaferi SesaZlebeli iyo. eqstremistebis miznebi utopiuri iyo. dasaxuli ukiduresi miznebis realizaciisaTvis, isini iZulebulni iyvnen miemarTaT ukiduresi saSualebebisaTvis teroris CaTvliT. daujerebelia, rom im drois amerikis yvelaze cnobili radikali Tomas peini revoluciis dros safrangeTis cixeSi aRmoCnda imitom, rom misi politika ar iyo sakmarisad radikaluri. camet koloniaSi revolucionerTa umetesoba politikurad zomieri iyo. safrangeTSi zomierebi an sikvdiliT dasajes an daapatimres. amerikis revoluciam Tavisi ufro zomieri miznebiT SeZlo Seeqmna Tanamedrove epoqis respublikuri mTavrobis pirveli warmatebuli magaliTi. safrangeTs aseTi warmateba ar hqonia. amis miuxedavad, meoce saukunis mravali revoluciuri moZraoba gacilebiT ufro metad STagonebuli iyo safrangeTis da ara amerikis magaliTiT. 22 gasagebia, ratomac STaagona safrangeTis revoluciam revolucionerTa warmosaxva mTeli msoflios masStabiT, radgan mas surda aRmoefxvra siRaribe da TanaugrZno CagrulebisaTvis. magram konkretuli da mdgradi Sedegebis misaRwevad politikuri miznebi realisturi unda iyos, sxvagvarad, auxdeneli ocnebebi SesaZloa, gardauval koSmarad iqces.

revoluciis sasurveloba: berki, peini da loki ra ufro mosalodnelia, rom revolucia mraval rames gaaumjobesebs adamianebis cxovrebaSi Tu piriqiT? 200 wlis win britanel konservator edmund berksa da amerikel revolucioner Tomas peins am sakiTxze diskusia hqondaT. debatebis umetesi nawili safrangeTis revoluciis adreul fazas daemTxva. diskusiis sakvanZo Temas warmoadgenda sakiTxi, Sedioda Tu ara revolucia frangi xalxis interesebSi, romlis saxeliTac igi wamowyebuli iqna, ufro zogadad rom vTqvaT, revoluciebi sazogadoebisTvis sasikeToa Tu saziano.

berkis pozicia safrangeTis revoluciam STaagona edmund berki (1729-1797) daewera

revolucia

501

revoluciaTa erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili kritika, romelic odesme dawerila inglisur enaze _ gaazrebani safrangeTis revoluciaze (1790). berks ar sjeroda, rom safrangeTis revolucia Rrmad fesvgadgmuli ekonomikuri da sazogadoebrivi Zalebis Sedegi iyo. misi azriT, WeSmariti revolucionerebi iyvnen filosofosebi, romlebmac Camoayalibes racionalizmis damangreveli doqtrina da mecniereba RmerTad aRiares. igi ambobda, imis mtkicebiT, rom mTavroba calkeuli martivi miznebis misaRwevad arsebobs (magaliTad, icavs pirovnebis uflebebs), revolucionerebma Seqmnes araswori warmodgenebi. maTgan yvelaze mniSvnelovani iyo Sexeduleba, rom radikalur cvlilebebs yovelTvis gaumjobeseba moaqvs. amgvari azrovneba anadgurebda or rames, rasac berki politikuri sazogadoebis safuZvlad miiCnevda _ religias da tradicias. berki amtkicebda, rom safrangeTis revoluciis safuZvelSi ido safrTxis Semcveli politikuri ganzogadebebi. politikis metismetad gamartivebuli warmodgeniT da miuRweveli molodinebiT, romlebic ar Seesabameboda safrangeTis istoriasa da tradiciebs, aseve, gamartivebuli cnebebiT, rogoricaa `Tavisufleba, Tanasworoba, Zmoba~, safrangeTis revolucia emuqreboda sazogadoebriv wesrigs, romelzec, upirveles yovlisa, dafuZnebuli iyo yvela sxva politikuri faseuloba da saTnoeba. swored kargi wesrigi, berkis azriT, ganapirobebda yvelafer danarCens. swavleba kargi mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb, anu rogor warvmarToT, SevinarCunoT igi an movaxdinoT misi reformireba, SeuZlebelia filosofiuri gansjis gziT. xelisuflebas igi èqsperimentul mecnierebad~ ganixilavda, romlis praqtikosebsac sWirdebodaT sibrZne da SorsmWvreteloba, romelic gamocdilebas moaqvs, xolo gamocdileba, Tavisi bunebidan gamomdinare, SeuZlebelia erT dRe-RameSi gaCndes; igi grovdeba, izrdeba, iwvrTneba da amasTanave, Taobidan Taobas gadaecema. berkis xedva Seicavda warsulis Tayvaniscemas, iseve rogorc asakisa da miRwevebisi pativiscemas. misi azriT, sazogadoeba awewili qsovili iyo xeliT naqargi institutebisa, romelTac Sinagani logika aqvs da Cvevebis, tradiciebisa da SeTanxmebebis ZaliT grZeldeba. xelisuflebisa da adamianuri SesaZleblobebisa da SezRudulobis amgvarma gonivrulma xedvam berki miiyvana pragmatizmisa da sifrTxilis mniSvnelobis xazgasmamde. igi ambobda, rom sifrTxile `saTnoebaTagan upirvelesia~. rac Seexeba pragmatizms, igi miiCnevda, rom kacobriobis da sazogadoebis sirTulidan gamomdinare, veranairi martivi, yvelafris momcveli politikuri formula ver moitanda imgvar Rrma cvlilebebs, rogorsac frangi Teoretikosebi hpirdebodnen xalxs. sabolood, berki akritikebda maT ukidures mouTmenlobas, vinc ganadidebda revolucias. gamodioda ra TandaTanobiTi da gaazrebuli reformis mxareze, igi iZleoda gafrTxilebas, rom Tu politikuri cvlilebebi ar moxdeboda nela da windaxedulad, mosaxleobis udidesi masa uares mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndeboda, vidre uwin: `saWiroa dro, raTa moxdes azrTa gamTlianeba, romelsac TavisTavad ZaluZs warmoSos yvela is sikeTe, rasac miznad visaxavT. Cveni moTmineba ufro mets miaRwevs, vidre Cveni Zala.~23

502


revolucia iZleva ufro met dapirebas, vidre es nebismier politikur wesrigs SeuZlia da zrdis dauyovneblivi utopiuri garRvevebis ararealistur politikur molodins. amiT revolucias SeuZlia daabrmavos masebi netari (magram miuRweveli) momavlis xedviTa da waarTvas warsulis sibrZnis xedvis unari. erTi sityviT, gonivruli politika SesaZlebelia miviCnioT `SesaZleblis xelovnebad~, revoluciis mrude sarkeSi ki igi SeuZleblis mecnierebad iqceva.

peinis kritika Tomas peinma (1737-1809) scada uareyo revoluciis berkiseuli xedva 1792 wlis TebervalSi daweril naSromSi adamianTa uflebebi. es ornawiliani naSromi piradad berks pasuxobda. gansazRvravda ra saxalxo revoluciis legitimurobas, peini xazs usvamda mraval usamarTlobas, romlebic Caidina britanulma monarqiam amerikeli kolonistebis mimarT. peinisTvis tirania da monarqia erTi da igive iyo. monarqistebi, acxadebda igi, zeoben umecrebaze da principulad mcdarni arian:24

yvelanairi memkvidreobiTi xelisufleba Tavisi bunebiT tiraniaa. samemkvidreo gvirgvins, taxts an nebismier sxva ucnaurobas, rac SesaZlebelia vuwodoT amgvar rames, ar gaaCnia raime sxva axsna garda imisa, rom kacobrioba samemkvidreo qonebaa. miiRo memkvidreobiT Zalaufleba, es igivea, rac miiRo memkvidreobiT xalxi, TiTqos igi iyos naxiri an jogi.25 sxva adgilas igi wers:

rodesac xelisuflebis monarqiuli da memkvidruli sistemebis pirobebSi gasacodavebul adamianebs vakvirdebiT, romlebic sakuTari saxlidan ama Tu im Zalam gamodevna da gadasaxadebma mterze metad mouRo bolo, aSkara xdeba am sistemaTa siave da xelisuflebis principebsa da mowyobaSi saerTo revoluciis aucilebloba.26 am ganzogadebis mxardasaWerad, peins mohyavda mefis usamarTlobisa da korufciis mravali magaliTi. mas sjeroda, rom yvelaze didi usamarTloba iyo xalxisaTvis sakuTari xelisuflebis arCevis uflebaze uaris Tqma. mas miaCnda, rom xalxi ar unda iyos SezRuduli sakuTari winaprebis gadawyvetilebebiT. `yoveli epoqa da Taoba unda iyos Tavisufali sakuTar qmedebebSi, yvela SemTxvevaSi, rogorc epoqebi da Taobebi, romlebic win uswrebdnen mas... mmarTvelTa pativmoyvareoba da SesaZleblobebi saflavis miRma aris yvelaze sasacilo da qedmaRluri yvela tiraniaSi.~ 27 peini aRiqvamda safrangeTis revolucias, rogorc xazgasmiT samarTlians. igi amtkicebda, rom monarqiis damxobis mcdelobaSi frangi xalxi ubralod

revolucia

503

axorcielebda fundamentur uflebas (romelic gamomdinareobda maTi Tanabari, bunebiTi uflebidan, yofiliyvnen Tavisufalni). peins TiTqmis religiuri rwmena hqonda xalxis bunebiT siqvelesa da sibrZneze. am rwmenam miiyvana igi daskvnamde, rom rodesac safrangeTis revolucias SevadarebdiT sxva qveynebis revolucias, cxadi gaxdeboda, rom `principebi da ara pirovnebebi iyvnen revoluciis samizneSi amoRebuli ganadgurebis obieqtebi.~ 28

lokiseuli perspeqtiva berks sZulda saxalxo revolucia, peini ki adidebda mas.29 daaxloebiT erTi saukuniT adre jon lokma (1632-1704) daikava garkveulad Sualeduri pozicia am or ukiduresobas Soris xelisuflebisi miZRvnil meore traqtatSi. lokma daiwyo msjeloba im wanamZRvrebiT, rom anarqiuli bunebiTi mdgomareobidan TavdasaRwevad adamianebi Tanaxma iyvnen hyolodaT xelisufleba. lokis azriT, SemdgomSi Tanxmoba iqmneboda rogorc samoqalaqo sazogadoebis, aseve formaluri xelisuflebis safuZvelze, sadac es ukanaskneli arsebobda pirvel rigSi imisaTvis, raTa daecva adamianis sicocxlisaTvis aucileblad miCneuli uflebebi. Semdeg igi svamda kiTxvas: ra moxdeba, Tu xelisufleba, misi Sinagani azris sapirispirod, daemuqreba sicocxles, Tavisuflebas da moqalaqeTa sakuTrebas? amgvar SemTxvevaSi, xelisufleba axorcielebda `Zalas uflebis gareSe~ da adamianebs gaaCndaT ufleba, winaaRmdegoba gaewiaT da daecvaT sakuTari Tavi. lokis sityvebiT:

xelisuflebis mizani kacobriobis sikeTea, da ra aris saukeTeso kacobriobisaTvis _ adamianebi yovelTvis daucvelni iyvnen tiraniis SeuzRudavi nebisagan, Tu is, rom mmarTvelebi valdebulni unda iyvnen Seeguon oponirebas maSin, roca isini uzomod iyeneben sakuTar Zalauflebas da mimarTaven mas sakuTari xalxis sakuTrebis gasanadgureblad da ara mis SesanarCuneblad? 30 loki ar adidebda revolucias. igi irwmuneboda, rom saxalxo amboxi ar SeiZleba daiwyos impulsurad. adamianebi unda Seeguon individebis Secdomebs da araswori mmarTvelobis calkeul SemTxvevebs, amtkicebda igi. magram isini ar unda Seeguon `Cagvris, gaurkvevlobisa da sicruis xangrZliv serias~.31 loki imasac ki varaudobda, rom ajanyebis miseuli doqtrina revoluciebis Semakaveblad imuSavebda: igi miuTiTebda, rom xelisuflebis mier xalxis ajanyebis uflebis codna mas represiuli qmedebebis wamowyebamde ormagad dakvirvebul gansjas aiZulebs. sabolood, mCagvreli mTavrobis winaaRmdeg xalxis ajanyebis uflebis gacnobiereba imaze ufro mets niSnavs, vidre gacnobiereba imisa, rom sakmarisad damTrgunvel pirobebSi xalxi ajanydeba. amitom, gaacnobierebs xelisufleba amgvar uflebas Tu ara, araarsebiTia:

Tu adamianTa umravlesoba sakuTari sindisidan gamomdinare

504


darwmunebulia, rom kanonebi, da masTan erTad maTi sakuTreba, Tavisufleba da sicocxle, SesaZlebelia, maTi religiac ki, safrTxeSia, ar SemiZlia vTqva Tu rogor SeZleben isini Seakavon maT mimarT gamoyenebuli ukanono Zalaufleba. es uxerxuloba yovel xelisuflebas Seexeba. 32 revoluciis uflebis deklaraciiT lokma ubralod gamoxata is, rasac politikuri cxovrebis faqtad miiCnevda. Tumca, es ar amcirebs lokis Teoriis mniSvnelobas. ajanyebis miseuli doqtrina meCvidmete saukunis bolosTvis Tavad iyo revoluciuri. inglisSic ki, sadac ori saukuniT adre Tavi mohkveTes Carlz I, kvlav sakamaTo iyo sakiTxi, hqondaT Tu ara dinastiur mmarTvelebs mbrZaneblobis RvTiuri ufleba. sxva evropuli eri-saxelmwifoebis umravlesobaSi monarqebis RvTiuri uflebis sakiTxi ueWvelad miaCndaT. araa gasakviri, rom mefeebi arafers ise umniSvnelod ar Tvlidnen, rogorc xalxis nebas, radganac swamdaT, rom maTi Zalaufleba RvTisgan momdinareobda. revoluciis lokiseulma Teoriam daaCqara RvTiuri uflebis doqtrinis dasamareba. loki amtkicebda, rom revolucia aucilebeli xdeboda, rodesac xelisufleba moqmedebda misi arsebobis mizezis sapirispirod. uzrunvelyofs ki revolucia karg xelisuflebas? cxadia, ara _ man SesaZloa migviyvanos anarqiamde an kidev ufro met tiraniamde. qmnis revolucia ukeTesi mmarTvelobis SesaZleblobas? ueWvelad. loki acxadebda, rom xalxs xSirad mxolod revoluciis saSualebiT SeuZlia Secvalos tirania da moipovos axali da ukeTesi xelisuflebis Seqmnis SesaZlebloba, romelic daicavs maTi sicocxlis, Tavisuflebisa da sakuTrebis uflebebs. amrigad, loks ar ekuTvnis revoluciasa da politikur gamococxlebas Soris kavSiris Sesaxeb utopiuri mtkicebebi. miseuli xedviT, revolucia SesaZloa gamomdinareobdes ukeTesi xelisuflebis survilidan, magram ar iZleva aseTi bednieri Sedegis garantias. axali xelisufleba sruliad axalia mxolod im gagebiT, rom is cvlis winas. rogorc adre aristotele, lokic aRiarebda xelisuflebis formebis sasruli raodenobis arsebobas. amrigad, revolucia ar SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc mmarTvelobis axali formebis Zieba, aramed unda gavigoT sityvasityviT _ revoluciad (gadasxvaferebad) _ mmarTvelobis erTi arsebuli formidan sxva formaze gadasvlad.33 aseTi gansazRvrebiT revolucia naklebad hgavs romantikul movlenas. lokis azriT, revolucia gulisxmobda mmarTvelobis erTi arasrulyofili formis meore, SesaZloa kidev ufro naklebad srulyofili formiT Canacvlebas, uciloblad, masStabur cvlilebebs farTo sazogadoebaSi da Seicavda politikuri Zalisa da Zaladobis gamoyenebas TiTqmis yovel SemTxvevaSi. revoluciis amgvari midrekileba ryevebisi niSnavda, rom es procesi safrTxes Seicavda maSinac ki, rodesac mizani aSkarad sasurveli iyo. revoluciis lokiseuli fxizeli xedva ar SeiZleba gadafasdes. rogorc erTerTi wamyvani Tanamedrove mecnieri aRniSnavs: `revoluciebis Sedegebi terori da Zaladobrivi da agresiuli reJimebis Camoyalibebaa~.34

revolucia

505

revoluciis mizezebi loki miiCnevda, rom revolucia gardauvali da misaRebia, rodesac moqalaqeebs ubralod aRar ZaluZT gaZleba. magram, kerZod, rodis dgeba is momenti, roca maT àRar SeuZliaT gaZleba~? ra aiZulebT moqalaqeebs, ganudgnen fesvgadgmul politikur Cvevebs da mxari dauWiron revolucias?

tradiciuli axsna bevri mkvlevarisTvis, rogorc istoriuli gamocdileba, aseve saRi azri cxadyofs, rom xelisuflebis mier Cadenili usamarTloba xels uwyobs iseTi garemos warmoqmnas, romelSic SesaZlebelia revoluciis aRmoceneba. revoluciis saTaveebis es tradiciuli axsna dasabams iRebs aristotelesTan, romelmac qristes Sobamde meoTxe saukuneSi SeniSna, rom ajanyebisi mowodeba SesaZloa aRmocendes umniSvnelo movlenisagan. miuxedavad amisa, igi, Cveulebriv, patara sakiTxebs mainc ar exeba. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, naperwkali, romelic anTebs revolucias, ar unda agverios ajanyebis safuZvelSi mdebare realur mizezebSi. aristotele acxadebda, rom umetes SemTxvevebSi, revolucias iwvevs uTanasworo samarTliT marTva. yvela saxis politikuri wesrigis pirobebSi pativisa da simdidrisaken swrafvam SesaZloa xalxSi warmoSvas Sexeduleba, rom erT-erTi an orive es sikeTe ar aris samarTlianad gadanawilebuli. amrigad, revolucia SesaZlebelia ganviTardes daZabulobidan, romelic arsebobs mravalricxovan Raribebsa (demokratebs), romelTac surT Tanasworoba da mcirericxovan mdidrebs (oligarqebs) Soris, romelTac surT sakuTari Zalauflebisa da simdidris SenarCuneba. politikur cxovrebaSi mdidrebsa da Raribebs Soris arsebuli daZabulobis Taobaze aristoteles mosazrebebma saTave daudo am Temis ganxilvas dasavlur politikur azrSi, romlis mniSvneloba garkveuli periodis Semdeg gaizarda. magaliTad, jeims medisonma federalistSi ganacxada, rom `ganxe T qilebis yvelaze gavrcelebuli da mdgradi wyaro aris simdidris sxvadasxvagvari da araTanabari gadanawileba~ da Camoayaliba iseTi xelisuflebis Teoria, romlis pirobebSic politikuri ganxeTqilebis amgvari wyaro unda Semcirebuliyo. naxevari saukunis Semdeg, karl marqsma revoluciis umTavres mizezad qonebrivi uTanasworoba gamoacxada. misi azriT, revolucia klasTa Soris brZolis sinonimia da mudmivad gamomdinareobs gabatonebuli usamarTlobidan. mdidar kapitalistebsa da gaRatakebul mSromelebs Soris ekonomikuri ufskrulias zrdasTan erTad, revoluciis albaTobac izrdeba.

revoluciis socialuri fsiqologia ra aiZulebs rigiT pirovnebas, ugulebelyos sazogadoebis Zlieri gav-

506


lena, romelic mas konformizmisken ubiZgebs da monawiloba miiRos revoluciur moZraobaSi? marqsi Tvlida, rom siRaribiT da socialuri gaucxoebiT gamowveuli sasowarkveTa aris revoluciuri moqmedebis ZiriTadi fsiqologiuri berketi. misi amgvari axsna amJamad farTodaa gaziarebuli. ramdenime wliT adre marqsma es pozicia komunistur manifestSi (1848) Camoayaliba. Tumca, aleqsis de tokvili gvTavazobs alternatiul mosazrebas. ikvlevda ra safrangeTis revolucias, man SeamCnia, rom `xalxis ukmayofilebam yvelaze maRal dones safrangeTis im nawilSi miaRwia, sadac yvelaze metad SeiniSneboda gaumjobeseba, ekonomikuri da socialuri sasikeTo Zvrebi, politikuri zegavlenis Semcireba, magram iq mainc arsebobda didi ukmayofileba~.35 tokvili askvnida, rom ekonomikur gaumjobesebas revoluciamde mivyavarT, radganac, rodesac adamianebi dainaxaven garkveuli gaumjobesebebis SesaZleblobas, maT gardauvalad metis survili gauCndebaT, aRar moisurveben cudi pirobebisa da gaRizianebis atanas da mxolod realuri, myisieri gaumjobeseba daakmayofilebT. amgvarad Cndeba revoluciis ganzraxva, amtkicebda igi. marqsis da tokvilis poziciebi erTmaneTTan SeuTavsebeli Cans, magram 1962 wels jeims s. devisma dawera aRiarebuli statia, romelSic igi gamoTqvamda varauds, rom òrive ideas aqvs ganmartebiTi da SesaZlebelia, winaswarmetyveluri Rirebuleba, Tu isini Sepirispirebuli da ganlagebuli iqnebian saTanado droiTi rigis mixedviT~.36 devisi am provokaciul daskvnamde 1842 wlis doris ajanyebis, ruseTis 1917 wlis revoluciis da egviptis 1952 wlis revoluciis guldasmiT Seswavlis Sedegad mivida. am movlenebSi revoluciuri ganviTarebis msgavsi sqemis gamovleniT, man daaskvna, rom revolucia ufro maSin aris mosalodneli, rodesac pirobebi umjobesdeba xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi da Semdgom mosdevs uecari gauareseba. devisis Tezisis ganxilvisas, ori sxva mecnieri Tanmimdevrulad amtkicebda, rom adreuli ekonomikuri zrdis da Semdgomi ekonomikuri daqveiTebis tempebi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani faqtorebia am kuTxiT. rac ufro metia erT sulze mTliani erovnuli produqtis zrdis maCvenebeli revoluciuri Zvrebis wina periodSi da `rac ufro mkveTria ukan daxeva uSualod revolucis win, miT ufro xangrZlivi da Zaladobrivia revolucia~, acxadebdnen isini.37 sxva sityvebiT, revolucia ara imdenad saSineli tanjvis, aramed gamanadgurebeli imedgacruebis Sedegia. saSineli ukmayofileba, romelsac saqonlis SeZenisa da Rirseuli cxovrebisaTvis kanonieri uflebis mopovebis uunaroba kidev ufro amZafrebs, adamianebs ajanyebisaken ubiZgebs.38

revoluciis Tanamedrove Teoriebi imis aRniSvna, rom revoluciebi gamomdinareobs usamarTlobidan an usamarTlobis aRqmidan, asaxavs revoluciis filosofiur aRqmas. amgvari Sexeduleba xazs usvams usamarTlobis mniSvnelobas, rogorc moqmedebis mizezs anu ideas, romlis mixedviT xelisuflebis ukeTuri an usamarTlo

revolucia

507

qmedeba ganixileba revoluciis principul mizezad. magram, kerZod romel politikur, ekonomikur da socialur pirobebs mivyavarT revoluciur aRtkinebamde? Tanamedrove sociologebi xSirad farTomasStabian kvlevebze dayrdnobiT cdiloben axsnan revoluciuri procesi ufro zusti terminebiT, vidre amas Zveli politikuri filosofosebi akeTebdnen.39 revoluciis axsna. sakvanZo sakiTxi, romelic dgas Tanamedrove sociologTa winaSe, Semdegnairad JRers: ganzogadebis ra doneze SeiZleba avxsnaT msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeSi momxdar revoluciebs Soris mravali gansxvaveba, aseve ganvmartoT revoluciis Sinagani bunebac. zogierTi damkvirvebeli xazs usvams, rom Tanamedrove revolucia (am SemTxevaSi igulisxmeba 1970 da 1990 wlebs Soris momxdari revoluciebi) gansxvavdeba rogorc pirveli revoluciebisgan, romlebmac STanTqa monarqiebi da imperiebi, aseve meoce saukunis dasawyisis komunisturi revoluciebisgan ruseTsa da CineTSi. 1970-1990 wlebSi revoluciebi umeteswilad xdeboda: 1) mcire, urbanizebul erebSi (gansakuTrebiT mesame samyaroSi); 2) sazrdoobda ideologiebiT, dasavluri koloniuri batonobisi dapirispirebiT da eTnikuri da religiuri sarCuliT; 3) ganpirobebuli (an SezRuduli) iyo, zogadad, civi omiT, kerZod ki zesaxelmwifoebiT da saerTaSoriso intervenciiT.40 marTalia, es niSnebi naTels hfens 1970-1990 wlebSi momxdari revoluciebis mniSvnelovan faqtebs, isini ar ewinaaRmdegebian revoluciis Sinaarsobriv ganzogadebas.41 ufro metic, 1990 wlis Semdeg, msoflio dramatulad Seicvala civi omis dasrulebis Sedegad. magaliTad, im qveynebSi, romlebic yofili sabWoTa kavSiris nawili iyvnen, revolucia mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebul politikur garemoSi moxda, vidre aTi wlis win. antirusulma ganwyobam Caanacvla antidasavluri ideologiebi da SeerTebul Statebsa da sabWoTa kavSirs Soris Zalauflebis masStaburi konfliqti dasrulda. amgvari seriozuli politikuri cvlilebebis miuxedavad, Tanamedrove sociologebis Sromebi Seicavs mniSvnelovan aRmoCenebs revoluciis zogadi bunebis Sesaxeb. politologebis, ted gurisa da jek gladstonis azriT, revolucia yvelaze ukeT gamoixateba, rogorc droSi gawelili interaqtiuli procesi.42 politikuri krizisis Sedegad xelisuflebis manqana etapobrivad iwyebs rRvevas, iwyeba gavleniani moqalaqeebisa da xelisuflebis urTierTgaucxoeba. xelisuflebis liderebs sul ufro metad aRiqvamen Seufereblebad: maT ar SeuZliaT efeqtiani Zalauflebis ganxorcieleba, ekonomikis stabilizacia, ar gaaCniaT Zala, daamyaron Sida wesrigi, arian sustni da gaubedavni gare safrTxeebis winaSe. amgvarad, arsebuli mTavroba aRiqmeba aralegitimurad TiTqmis yvelas (maT Soris elitis) mier da kargavs marTvis uflebas.43 sworad am mizezebis gamo, warmatebuli revolucionerebi, rogorc wesi, pouloben mdidari (SesaZloa aristokratiulic) patronebis mxardaWeras da aseve SeuZliaT mravali ukmayofilo adamianis mobilizeba. revoluciis, rogorc interaqtiuli procesis es axsna revoluciis tradiciul TeoriasTan Tavsebadia. is gvexmareba avxsnaT, rogor udevs usamarTloba an usamarTlobis aRqma safuZvlad revolucias. Tanamedrove samecniero samyaro detalurad xsnis am process. igi Seiswavlis krizisis tipebs, ro-

508


melic revoluciis wina periodSi dgas saxelmwifoTa winaSe, faqtorebs, romlebsac mivyavarT xelisuflebisi ndobis mniSvnelovan dakargvamde da ganwiruli xelisuflebebis xSirad umweo reagirebamde. winarevoluciuri problemebi. winarevoluciuri qveynebi, rogorc wesi, saxifaTo sirTuleebis winaSe dganan. seriozuli ekonomikuri sirTuleebi, magaliTad, ekonomikuri stagnacia da daknineba, uzomo vali da Sida omebTan dakavSirebuli maRali danaxarjebi SesaZloa gansakuTrebiT gamomfitveli iyos. ekonomikuri SeRweva, erTi an meti sxva qveynis gavlena qveynis ekonomikaze, aseve SesaZloa iqces revoluciur faqtorad. ucxouri kapitalis Sedinebam naklebad ganviTarebul qveyanaSi SeiZleba ubiZgos xelisuflebis iseTi axali politikis gatarebisken, romelic moklevadian perspeqtivaSi safrxes uqmnis mis arsebobas (magaliTad, SesaZlebelia qveyanam xeli Seuwyos marcvleulis eqsportisaTvis warmoebas qveynisSida moxmarebis sanacvlod, raTa mrewvelobisa da ekonomikuri zrdisaTvis aucilebeli ucxouri valuta daagrovos). ar aris gamoricxuli, rom demografiulma faqtorebma gaamwvavos ekonomikuri mdgomareoba. mosaxleobis swrafma matebam, rac mesame samyaros qveynebSi aRiniSneba, SesaZloa Seanelos an ukanac daxios ekonomikuri zrda da xeli Seuwyos ekonomikur arastabilurobas. eTnikurma, rasobrivma an religiurma daZabulobebma SeiZleba gazardos arastabiluroba, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac erTi jgufi swrafi tempiT viTardeba. ufro metic, swrafma urbanizaciam SesaZloa Seqmnas araerTi seriozuli problema muSaTa klasiT dasaxlebul gareubnebSi. magaliTad, rodesac umiwo an mciremiwiani glexebi iZulebuli xdebian soflis tradiciuli garemodan qalaqis ucnob garemoSi gadavidnen samuSaos saZebnad, maT xvdebaT iseTi problemebi, rogoricaa socialuri rRveva, arasworad dagegmili urbanizacia, araadekvaturi sacxovrebeli pirobebi, antisanitaria da samedicino da saganmanaTleblo servisebis nakleboba. rogorc wesi, amasTan erTad izrdeba kriminali, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac maRalia gaucxoebuli axalgazrda mamakacebis procentuli maCvenebeli.44 aseve revoluciis riskis winaSe dgas xelisufleba, romelsac ar SeuZlia daicvas sakuTari moqalaqeebi ucxo qveynebisgan. is xelisufleba ki, romelic agebs oms, kidev ufro didi riskis winaSe SeiZleba aRmoCndes. am qveynebSi, romlebic rogorc wesi, mkacr ekonomikur regress ganicdian, wagebulma omma SesaZloa radikaluri cvlilebebis xelSemwyobi garemo Seqmnas.45 garda amisa, areuloba mezobeli qveynebis sust xelisuflebasac SeiZleba gadaedos da gavlena moaxdinos masze. xelisuflebis reaqcia. dagrovili ekonomikuri, demografiuli da politikuri problemebi winarevoluciur qveynebSi xSirad moqalaqeTa ukmayofilebas iwvevs, romelic xelisuflebas sapasuxo moqmedebisken ubiZgebs. zogjer amas win eRobeba Zlieri Sida interesebi. magaliTad, rodesac oficialur Tanamdebobis pirebs Soris arian mdidari miwaTmflobelebi, maTi interesebi xSirad aferxebs reformebs, romlebic mimarTulia seriozuli

revolucia

509

da potenciurad revoluciuri Sida krizisis Semcirebisaken.46 sxva SemTxvevaSi, xelisuflebis moqmedebas aferxebs farTod gavrcelebuli Sida korufcia. ra saxis problemac ar unda hqondes xelisuflebas, veravin moiTmens mis srul uunarobas. Tu xelisuflebis reaqcia usamarTlo an mdgomareobisi Seuferebelia, an xelisufleba saerTod ver axerxebs reagirebas, igi dgas riskis winaSe, dakargos mxardamWerebis ndoba da savaraudoa, iqces revoluciuri moqmedebis obieqtad. gasakviria, magram xelisufleba, romelic akeTeben cotas an arafers, dgas damxobis iseTive riskis winaSe, rogorc xelisufleba, romelic moqmedebs gadamwyvetad da represiuladac ki. safrangeTis revoluciis kvlevaSi aleqsis de tokvilma aRniSna, rom mosaxleobam monarqiis winaaRmdeg xelaxla swored maSin aiRo xelSi iaraRi, rodesac daiwyo reJimis Serbileba. tokvili askvnida: `zogadad rom vTqvaT, yvelaze saSiSi momenti cudi xelisuflebisTvis aris is, rodesac igi cdilobs misi mmarTvelobis maneris Secvlas~.47 tokvils sjeroda, rom am paradoqss (iseve, rogorc mis varauds, rom pirvel rigSi reforma da ara represia iwvevs revolucias) safuZvlad udevs fsiqologiuri faqti:

aqamde moTminebiT uZlebdnen imas, rac umowyalo Canda, magram wyena autaneli xdeba maSin, rogorc ki adamianebs gonebaSi gauelvebs misi moSorebis SesaZlebloba... Tavad is faqti, rom zogierTi tkivili SesaZlebelia ganikurnos, yuradRebas amaxvilebs sxva tkivilze da is ufro metad autaneli Cans; adamianebi SesaZloa itanjebodnen ufro naklebad, magram isini axla ufro mgrZnobiareni arian.48 sabolood, tiranebs ar SeuZliaT sakuTar Tavs reformebis ufleba miscen, radgan maTi amgvari qmedeba niSnavs warsulis usamarTlobebis aRiarebas da aucileblad gamoiwvevs `mosaxleobaSi dagrovili boRmis gacocxlebas.49 Tanamedrove kvlevebi garkveulad adasturebs tokvilis dakvirvebas. revoluciebSi SeiaraRebuli Zalebis rolis Sesaxeb kvlevaSi, erT-erTi mkvlevari amtkicebs, rom revolucia verasdros iqneba warmatebuli, sanam SeiaraRebuli Zalebi xelisuflebisi loialurad iqnebian ganwyobilni da SesaZlebelia maTi efeqtianad dasaqmeba.50 rodesac Sida usafrTxoebis zomebi metismetad dagvianebuli da metismetad gauazrebelia an ganwiruli xelisuflebis ukanaskneli imedia, arsebobs didi Sansi, rom represiis axali aqtebi mxolod gaauaresebs situacias. naTelia isic, rom xelisufleba, romelic Tavs ikavebda fizikuri Zalis sistematuri gamoyenebisagan, revoluciur situaciaSi damxobis ufro meti riskis winaSe dgas. warmatebuli revolucia. revolucia rom moxdes, unda arsebobdnen qarizmatuli liderebi, romelTac SeuZliaT Tvali gausworon reJimis damxobis mcdelobasTan dakavSirebul sasikvdilo risks.51 imavdroulad, revoluciur liderebs sWirdebaT im adamianTa mxardaWera, romelTac ukaviaT maRalisazogadoebrivi mdgomareoba da aqvT Sesabamisi unarebi. elitaze

510


zegavlenis moxdenisaTvis Sesabamisi momenti dgeba maSin, rodesac xelisufleba awyeninebs, emuqreba an Zirs uTxris mas garkveuli gziT. winarevoluciur xelisuflebas did safrTxes uqmnis elitis gaucxoeba SeiaraRebul ZalebSi.52 Tu generlebi (da sxva maRali rangis oficrebi) Sewyveten xelisuflebis mxardaWeras (an mis winaaRmdeg Sebrundebian), es TiTqmis yovelTvis fataluria xelisuflebisaTvis. revoluciuri cvlilebebi xSirad zevidan warimarTeba. Tumca, yvela revoluciuri cvlileba damokidebulia axali xelisuflebis warmatebaze, rogor moipovebs an SeinarCunebs masobriv mxardaWeras, rac, Tavis mxriv, xSirad damokidebulia moqalaqeTa wina reJimisi uTanxmoebis doneze. mosaxleobis ukmayofilebis mizezebi SeiZleba moicavdes `farTod gavrcelebul ukmayofilebas ekonomikuri pirobebiT, gansakuTrebiT qalaqis mosaxleobas Soris; imedgacruebas politikaSi realuri monawileobis SesaZleblobebis ararsebobiT, gansakuTrebiT studentebsa da saSualo klass Soris; gavrcelebul ukmayofilebas ucxouri investiciebisa da oficialur pirebis korumpirebulobis gamo; da soflis mtrul ganwyobas urbanuli reJimis mtaceblurobisa da represiuli politikis gamo~.53 sworia igi Tu araswori, es aris usamarTlobis aRqma xalxis mier, romelic kvebavs Tanamedrove epoqis yvelanairi revoluciis xanZars. da bolos, revolucia naklebsavaraudoa, Tu yvela an zemoT ganxiluli faqtorebis umetesoba, erTdroulad ar arsebobs. amgvarad, qveyana, romelsac mwvave ekonomikuri da socialuri problemebi aqvs, savaraudod ar mieqaneba revoluciisaken, Tu aseve ar gaCnda sxva winarevoluciuri elementebic, rogoricaa revoluciur liderTa arseboba, elitisa da moqalaqeTa Zlieri mxardaWera radikaluri qmedebisi da mosaxleobis rwmenis dakargva arsebuli xelisuflebis marTvis unarSi. swored am faqtorTa Tanxvedris Sedegad xdeba revolucia. masobrivi moZraobebis safrTxeebi. esma filosofosma xose ortega i gasetma (1883-1955) 1930 wels gamoaqveyna cnobili wigni masebis amboxi. am droisTvis faSistebs ukve xelSi CaegdoT Zalaufleba italiaSi, germaniaSi hitleris ZalauflebaSi mosvlas ramdenime weli aklda da stalini sabWoTa ruseTSi sakuTari Zalauflebis konsolidirebas axdenda.54 gaseti SeZrwunebiT werda `Zalauflebis ganxorcielebaSi masebis CarTvis~ Sesaxeb da amtkicebda, rom `masebs, maTive ganmartebidan gamomdinare, arc SeuZliaT da arc unda marTavdnen sakuTar cxovrebas, da miT umetes, ar unda marTavdnen sazogadoebas zogadad, rac niSnavs imas, rom evropa sinamdvileSi itanjeba udidesi saerTo krizisisgan, romelic azianebs xalxebs, saxelmwifoebs da civilizaciebs~.55 meoce saukune istoriaSi ramdenime yvelaze sisxliani masobrivi moZraobis mowme gaxda. ortega i gasetis sityvebi gansakuTrebiT moswrebulia Tanamedrove revoluciaTa damRupveli Sedegebis Suqze:

rogorc SeerTebul StatebSi amboben: ìyo gansxvavebuli niSnavs iyo uxamsi~. masa amsxvrevs yvelafers, rac misgan gansxvavebu-

revolucia

511

li, SesaniSnavi, individualuri, daxvewili da rCeulia. nebismieri, romelic ar hgavs yvelas, vinc ar fiqrobs ise, rogorc yvela, dgas ganadgurebis safrTxis winaSe. 56

daskvna politikur terminologiaSi revolucia niSnavs saxelmwifos mmarTvelobis formebis mniSvnelovan cvlilebebs. Tanamedrove epoqaSi amgvari cvlilebebi sul ufro xSirad xdeba msoflios mraval regionSi. arsebobs revoluciis ori ZiriTadi tradicia: amerikuli da franguli. amerikuli revolucia ufro SezRuduli iyo vidre franguli da isaxavda ufro zomier miznebs. frangi revoluciuri liderebi, ufro pragmatuli amerikeli kolegebisgan gansxvavebiT, miznad isaxavdnen qveynis sazogadoebrivi, politikuri da moraluri suraTis radikalur da srulmasStabian cvlilebebs. meTvramete saukunis dasasrulidan mZafri kamaTi imarTeboda im sakiTxis Sesaxeb, iyo Tu ara revolucia sasurveli. mas Semdeg, rac edmund berkma gamokveTa revoluciasTan dakavSirebuli mravali safrTxe, Tomas peinma xazi gausva mis mraval dadebiT mxares. SedarebiT adre, jon lokma daikava ufro zomieri pozicia; igi amtkicebda, rom revolucia gardauvali da gamarTlebulia, rodesac igi mimarTulia mCagvreli xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg. revoluciis zusti mizezebis gamorCeva rTulia. aristoteles miaCnda, rom usamarTloba aris saxalxo janyis saTave. magram ra ubiZgebs rigiT moqalaqes monawileoba miiRos revoluciaSi? karl marqsi Tvlida, rom degradirebad ekonomikur da socialur pirobebs mivyavarT revoluciaSi monawileobisaken. aleqsis de tokvili amtkicebda, rom brali unda davdoT gaumjobesebis gzaze mdgar pirobebs, radganac isini cvlian socialuri realobis pirovnul imedebs. Tanamedrove xedva Camoayaliba jeims s. devisma, romelic axdens marqsis da tokvilis poziciebis kombinirebas imis mtkicebiT, rom revoluciam mosalodnelia ifeTqos maSin, rodesac Zlieri ekonomikuri an socialuri ukusvla mohyveba zrdadi molodinis da zomieri gaumjobesebis periods. revoluciis mizezebis ufro axali kvlevebi xazs usvams, rom igi mimdinare procesia da asaxavs legitimurobis kriziss. rTuli ekonomikuri, politikuri an socialuri problemebis pirobebSi, xelisufleba moqmedebs Seufereblad an usamarTlod. amiT igi kargavs sazogadoebaSi elitis ndobas da iwyeba masebis mobilizeba, rodesac revoluciis liderebi gegmaven arsebuli xelisuflebis damxobasa da axali politikuri wesrigis damyarebas. sabolood, yvela masobriv moZraobaze damyarebuli revolucia damarcxda, magram aRsaniSnavia, rom am process mravali udanaSaulo adamiani Seewira.

512


sakvanZo sityvebi revolucia safrangeTis revolucia amerikis revolucia revoluciuri omi generaluri Statebi bastilia

adamianis uflebaTa deklaracia teroris mefoba revoluciis ufleba ekonomiuri SeRweva


4.

5.

6. 7.

ras niSnavs revolucia? wina periodebTan SedarebiT gaxda Tu ara revolucia ufro metad an naklebad gavrcelebuli meoce saukuneSi? ra mniSvnelovani msgavseba iyo amerikul da frangul revoluciebs Soris? ra mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba iyo maT Soris? revoluciis sasurvelobis Sesaxeb kamaTSi ra poziciebi ekavaT edmund berksa da Tomas peins? ra iyo berkis ZiriTadi argumenti? riTi pasuxobda peini? raSi mdgomareobda jon lokis pozicia revoluciis mimarT? ratom icavda igi moqalaqeTa uflebas, daemxoT sakuTari xelisufleba? ra mosazrebiT ikavebs loki adgils peinis da berks Soris? aristoteles SexedulebiT, ra aris revoluciis principuli mizezi? rogor ganaviTara Tanamedrove socialurma mecnierebam aristoteles filosofiuri Sexedulebebi revoluciaze? mohfina Tu ara Suqi Tanamedrove kvlevebma revoluciis mizezebs? Tu ki, aqvT maT wina kvlevebTan saerTo elementebi, Tu ewinaaRmdegebian maT? ra Teoriebi Camoyalibda imis asaxsnelad, rogor da ratom xdebian individebi imdenad imedgacruebulni, rom SeuerTdnen revolucias?

SeniSvnebi: 1.

2. 3. 4. 5.

Jack A. Goldstone, `Revolutions in World History’, wignSi: Theoretical, Comparative, and Historical Studies, me-2 gamoc., red. Jack A. Goldstone (San Diego: Harcourt, 1993), 320. citirebulia Thomas Greene, Comparative Revolutionary Movements (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1989), 5. iqve, 5. iqve. 6. Ted Robert Gurr da Jack Goldstone, ‘Comparisons and Policy Implications’, wignSi: Revolutions of the Late Twentieth Century, red. J. Goldstone, T. R. Gurr, and F. Moshiri (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1991), 324. Tanamedrove da tradiciul revoluciebs Soris sxvaoba lingvisturadac aisaxeba sityvebiT

revolucia

513

`revolucia~ da àjanyeba~. es gansxvaveba literaturaSi calsaxad jerac ar keTdeba da amitom am TavSi mas ar SevxebivarT. 6.

7.

8. 9.

10.

11. 12.

13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24.

Barrington Moore, Jr., Reflections on the causes of Human Misery and upon Certain Proposals to Eliminate Them (Boston: BeAacon Press, 1972), 170. James Dougherty da Robert Pfaltzgraff, Jr., Contending Theories of International Relations, me-3 gamoc. (New York: Harper & Row, 1990), 321. sxva naSromebTan erTad avtorebi imowmeben Hannah Arendt-is samecniero naSromebs. Irving Kristol, ‘The American Revolution as a Successuful Revolution’, wignSi Readings in American Democracy, red. Paul Peterson (Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall Hunt, 1979), 52-53. Cecilia Kenyon, ‘Republicanism and Radicalism in the American Revolution: An Oldfashioned Interpretation’, wignSi The Reinpretation of the American Revolution, 1763-1789, red. J. Greene (New York: Harper & Row, 1968), 291. magaliTisaTvis ix. Bernard Bailyn, ‘Political Experience and Enlightenment in Eighteenth-Century America’, wignSi The Reinpretation of the American Revolution, red. Greene, 282-283. Martin Diamond, ‘The Revolution of Sober Expectations’, wignSi Readings in American Democracy, red. Peterson, 66. Jefferson-isa da Roger C. Weightman-is mimowera, June 24, 1826, wignSi The Political Writings of Thomas Jefferson: Representative Samples, red. Edward Dumbauld (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1965), 9. Benjamin Wright, Consensus and Continuity, 1776-1787 (New York: Norton, 1967), 3. Wright-i eyrdnoba J. Franklin Jameson-is naSroms. iqve, 1. iqve. Kristol, ‘The American Revolution’, 53. Diamond, ‘The Revolution of Sober Expectations’, 73. iqve, 65. Crane Brinton, The Anatomy of Revolution (New York: Random House, 1966), 122-123. Hannah Arendt, On Revolution (New York: Penguin, 1976), 60. Kristol, ‘The American Revolution’, 6. iqve, 61. Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in (Indianapolis: Library of Liberal Arts, 1955), 197. Thomas Paine, ‘The Rights of Man’, wignSi Thomas Paine: Representative Selections, red. H. Clark (New York: Hill & Wang, 1967), 159. iqve, 184-185. iqve, 162. iqve, 61. iqve, 70.

25. 26. 27. 28. 29. Tumca, amisda miuxedavad, berki garkveulwilad amerikis momxre

iyo revoluciur omSi, arwmunebda ra sakuTar ers ecnoT amerikis ukmayofileba kanonierad. 30. John Locke, ‘An Essay Concerning the True Original Extent and End of Civil Government’, wignSi Two Treatises on Government (New York: New American Library, 1963), 466. 31. iqve, 463.

514


32. iqve, 452-453. 33. ix. Joseph Cropsey-s Political Philosophy and the Issues of Politics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1977), 157-162. 34. Jack Goldstone, ‘An Analytical Framework’, wignSi Revolutions of the Late Twentieth Century, red. J. Goldstone, T. R. Gurr, and F. Moshiri (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1991), 50. 35. Alexis de Tocqueville, The Old Regime and the French Revolution (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1955), 176. 36. James C. Davies, ‘Toward a Theory of Revolution’, American Sociological Review (February 1962): 6. 37. Raymond Tanter and Manus Midlarsky, ‘A Theory of Revolution’, Journal of Conflict Resolution 11 (1967): 272, cxrili 6. 38. Ted Gurr, Why Men Rebel (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1970), 3-21. 39. rogorc Jack A. Goldstone-ma aRniSna wignSi ‘Theories of Revolution: The Third Revolution’, World Politics (April 1980): 425-453. 40. bolo ori winadadeba warmoadgens J. Goldstone-is, T. R. Gurr-isa da F. Moshiri-s varauds wignSi Revolutions of the Late Twentieth Century (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1991). es sami maxasiaTebeli gansazRvrulia Goldstone-is wignSi An Analytical Framework, 325. 41. rogorc Goldstone-i aRiarebs 1970 wlidan dawyebuli mis mier revoluciaTa Seswavla Seesabameba revoluciis miseul zogad gagebas. ix. Goldstone, An Analytical Framework, 37-38. 42. es msjeloba ZiriTadad eyrdnoba Gurr-isa da Goldstone-is Comparisons and Policy Implications, 324-352. 43. Barry Schult da Robert Slater, ‘A Framework for Analysis’, wignSi Revolution and Political Change in the Third World, red. B. Schutz da R. Slater (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 1990), 7-9. ix. aseve Gurr-isa da Goldstone-is Comparisons and Policy Implications, 331. 44. 1975 wels wignis Thinking about Crime gamoqveynebidan James Q. Wilson-i Tavis naSromebSi amerikaSi danaSaulebaTa Sesaxeb xazs usvamda imas, rom axalgazrda mamakacebis socializacia didi sirTulea kanonmorCil sazogadoebaSi; amJamad, literaturaSi arsebobs mosazrebebi imis Taobaze, rom am demografiul faqtsac aqvs gavlena revoluciaze. Seadare Gurr-isa da Goldstone-is Comparisons and Policy Implications, 335 (romlebmac xazi gausves asaks da ara sqess) da James Q. Wilson-is Thinking about Crime (New York: Basic Books, 1975). 45. Walter Lacqueur, ‘Revolution’ wignSi International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences (New York: Macmillan/Free Press, 1968), 501. ix. aseve, Robert Hunter-is Revolution: Why? How? When? (New York: Harper & Row, 1940), 126. 46. Theda Skool, States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of , Russia, and China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979), 249. 47. Tocqueville, The Old Regime, 176. 48. iqve. 49. iqve, 187. 50. D. E. H. Russell, Rebellion, Revolution and Armed Forces: A Comparative Study of Fifteen Countries with Special Emphasis on Cuba and South Africa (Orlando, Fla.: Academic Press, 1974).

revolucia

515

51. totalitaruli revoluciisaTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania qarizmatuli lideri. ix. me-3 Tavi. 52. Gurr da Goldstone, Comparisons and Policy Implications, 353-354. 53. iqve, 334. 54. Jose Ortega y Gasset, The Revolt of the Masses (New York: Norton, 1993). pirvelad daibeWda 1930 wels. 55. citirebulia veb-gverdidan The History Guide, www.history-guide.org/europe/gasset. html, 2002 wlis 13 maisi. 56. iqve.

T aavv i XV

terorizmi sustis iaraRi iaraR i ra aris terorizmi? terorizmis warmoSoba orizmis logika taqtika omi

ter-

teroristuli

teroristuli aqti da teroristuli jgufebis

terorizmi maxasiaTeblebi alJirSi: Tanamedrove magaliTi. vin aris teroristi? teroristebis klasifikacia: kriminalebi, partizanebi Tu revolucionerebi? identificireba

teroristis

terorizmi da sazogadoeba axalgazrda rekrutebi izmis fsiqologia da masmedia

teror-

terorizmi

terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZola Sida kanonmdebloba

qveynebs So-

ris TanamSromloba

unilater-

aluri zomebi terorizmis winaaRmdeg

ra SeuZlia pirovnebas

SesaZlebelia ki terorizmis Sekaveba?

516

terorizmi

517

1993 wlis TebervalSi, qalaq niu-iorkSi mdebare msoflio savaWro centris Senobis miwisqveSa avtosadgomze afeTqda 1200-futiani bombi, romelic naqiraveb, yviTel feris satvirTo manqanaSi iyo damontaJebuli. afeTqebam msoflioSi simaRliT meore Senobis sardafSi myisierad warmoSva 200 futi radiusis krateri. daSavda aTasze meti adamiani, Tumca aRsaniSnavia, rom msxverplis ricxvi didi ar iyo, daiRupa mxolod Svidi. msoflioSi erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili Senobis da aSS-es ekonomikuri siZlieris simbolos winaaRmdeg mimarTulma teroristulma aqtma amerikelebs Soki mihgvara. rva wlis Semdeg, 2001 wlis 11 seqtembers, msoflio savaWro centrze axali teroristuli Tavdasxma ganxorcielda. amjerad Senobebs komerciuli reisis ori, advilad aalebadi sawvaviT datvirTuli TviTmfrinavi Seejaxa. caTambjenebi mcire xnis ganmavlobaSi iwvoda, Semdeg ki saocari siZlieriT Camoingra, ramac manhetenis centris didi nawili gaanadgura, SenobebSi myofi aTasobiT adamiani imsxverpla, quCebi aTasobiT tona cecxlmodebuli nangreviT aavso da kvamlis, mtvrisa da ferflis uzarmazari Rrubeli warmoqmna, romelic ramdenime dRis ganmavlobaSi iyo Camowolili qalaqis Tavze. 1993 wels mravalma amerikelma dasva kiTxva: msoflio savaWro centrze ganxorcielebuli Tavdasxma erTaderTi iyo Tu momavalSic ganmeordeboda? male am kiTxvaze pasuxi cxadi gaxda: amerikelebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli teroristuli Tavdasxmebi gaxSirda, rac uamravi adamianis sicocxles uqmnida safrTxes (ix. cxrili 15-1).

graund z _ nangrevebis grova iq, sadac 2001 wlis 11 seqtembramde amayad idga msoflio savaWro centris caTambjenebi.

518


cxrili 15.1 terorizmis samizne: amerikelebi

aprili, 1983

oqtomberi, 1983 dekemberi, 1988

Tebervali, 1993

ivnisi, 1993

prili, 1995

noemberi, 1995

aprili, 1996

TviTqmkvlelma aifeTqa Tavi libanSi, beiruTSi, SeerTebuli Statebis saelCoSi. daiRupa 63 adamiani. beiruTSi amerikuli samxedro yazarmebis da bombvam 229 adamiani imsxverpla. niu-iorkSi, msoflio savaWro centris Senobis miwisqveSa avtosadgomSi afeTqda avtomanqana. daiRupa 7 adamiani, daSavda 1042. federalurma gamomZieblebma droulad gadaarCines SeerTebuli Statebi da mdinare huZonis ori gvirabi muslimi eqstremistebis mier dagegmili teroristuli aqtisgan. manilaSi, filipinebi, policiam daakava islamis mimdevari teroristuli dajgufebis wevrebi. isini cdidnen bombebs, romlebiTac Semdeg apirebdnen SeerTebuli Statebis sareiso TviTmfrinavebze Tavdasxmas wynar okeaneze gadafrenis dros. am SeTqmulebis lideri, ramzi ahmed iusefi mogvianebiT pakistanSi daakaves. mas bralad edeba msoflio savaWro centrze Tavdasxmis dagegmvaSi monawileobac. oklahomas StatSi oklahoma sitiSi afeTqebulma satvirTo manqanam gaanadgura federaluri Senoba. daiRupa 168 adamiani, daSavda 600-ze meti. damnaSaved cnes amerikis ori moqalaqe. saudis arabeTSi, qalaq riadSi mdebare amerikul samxedro sawvrTnel banakTan afeTqda manqana. daiRupa 5 amerikeli, daSavda 30. gamoZiebis federalurma biurom daakava Teodor j. kaZinski da brali dasdo dajgufeba ùnabomberis~ mier 18 wlis ganmavlobaSi Cadenili teroristuli aqtebis dagegmvaSi (kaZinski damnaSaved cnes).

terorizmi

ivnisi, 1996

1 ivlisi, 1996

17 ivlisi, 1996

27 ivlisi, 1996

agvisto, 1998

oqtomberi, 2000

11 seqtemberi, 2001

519

saudis arabeTSi, dharanSi, sacxovrebel kompleqsTan afeTqda danaRmuli satvirTo manqana. daiRupa 19 amerikeli, daSavda 280. arizonas StatSi, qalaq feniqsSi, federaluri samsaxuris TanamSromlebma daakaves `vaiper miliciis~ dajgufebis 12 wevri, romlebsac bralad mTavrobis Senobebis afeTqebis dagegmva edebodaT. TviTmfrinavi niu-iorkidan afrenis Semdeg maleve afeTqda da Camovarda, ramac 230-ve mgzavri imsxverpla. afeTqebis mizezi dRemde ucnobia. jorjiis StatSi, atlantaSi, zafxulis olimpiuri TamaSebis dros, koncertze afeTqda bombi. daiRupa erTi adamiani, daSavda 111. keniasa da tanzaniaSi afeTqeba moxda SeerTebuli Statebis saelCoebTan. daiRupa 224 adamiani, romelTa umravleso ba ubralo kenieli iyo. iemenSi, qalaq adenSi, SeerTebuli Statebis bazaze, danaRmuli katarRis afeTqebis Sedegad daiRupa 17 adamiani. SeerTebuli Statebis aRmosavleT sanapiros aeroportebidan gaitaces 4 TviTmfrinavi: ori msoflio savaWro centris caTambjenebs Seejaxa da aTasobiT adamiani imsxverpla, mesame pentagonis teritoriaze Camovarda, meoTxe ki _ pensilvaniis StatSi, erT-erT yanaSi.

wyaro: ùol strit jornali~, 29 ivnisi, 1996, gv. 14; èkonomisti~, 15 seqtemberi 2001, gv. 18.

rogorc vxedavT, SeerTebuli Statebis winaaRmdeg mravali teroristuli Tavdasxmas moxda, Tumca ukanaskneli aTwleulebis manZilze msoflios zogierT sxva kuTxeSi terorizmis problema kidev ufro mwvaved dgas. terorizmma didi gasaqani hpova mraval ganviTarebad qveyanaSi, gansakuTrebiT aziisa da afrikis kontinentebze (magaliTad, alJirSi, sadac mTavrobas yoveldRiurad uxdeba TavdasxmebTan gamklaveba, da israelSi, sadac TviTmkvlelebis mier mowyobili afeTqebebi moqalaqeebs mudmiv safrTxes uqmnis). sparseTis yuris qveynebis mdgomareobac msgavsia. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom CrdiloeT afrikidan sparseTis yuremde mdebare yvela muslimuri qveyana terorizmis xSiri msxverplia.

520


dRes msoflioSi terorizmisgan daculi ar aris arc erTi qveyana. ukanaskneli wlebis manZilze teroristuli aqtebi xSiria mraval samxreTamerikul qveyanaSi (gansakuTrebiT peruSi, kolumbiasa da meqsikaSi). terorizmisgan dazRveuli arc dasavleT evropis yvelaze ganviTarebuli industriis mqone qveynebia. amis erT-erT naTeli magaliTia didi britaneTi, sadac irlandiuri respublikuri armiis (IRA) ultranacionalistebi 1960iani wlebidan warmarTaven teroristul kampanias CrdiloeT irlandiaze (igive olsterze) britanuli kontrolis winaaRmdeg. terorizmis problema imdenad aqtualuria, rom misi Sedegebis ignorireba SeuZlebelia. amaze metyvelebs mravali arc ise gaxmaurebuli da maleve miviwyebuli SemTxveva. magaliTad, 1994 wlis gazafxulze germaniis policiam aRmoaCina da aRkveTa birTvuli masalebis gayidvis oTxi mcdeloba, ris Sedegadac SeiZleboda atomuri bombi damzadebuliyo. 1994 wlis agvistoSi aviakompania lufthanzas moskovi-miunxenis reisze 350 grami birTvuli sawvavi aRmoaCines. ori dRis Semdeg daakaves germaniis moqalaqe, romelmac policiis informatorss sufTa plutoniumi miyida.1 aseve did saSiSroebas qmnis biologiuri da qimiuri masalebis gadaxedvis faqtebi Sav bazarze gayidvis mizniT. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom teroristebis mier masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis gamoyenebis mcdeloba mxolod novelebsa da filmebSi aRar gvxvdeba. 2001 wlis 11 seqtembers amerikelebma dainaxes, rom aseTi ram axla ukve savsebiT realur safrTxed iqca.

ra aris terorizmi? miuxedavad misi aqtualurobisa, terorizmi bundovan cnebad rCeba. zogierTi ganmarteba xazs usvams terorizmis Zalismier meTodebs politikaze gavlenis mosaxdenad. vebsteris leqsikonis mixedviT, terorizmi aris `Zalis an muqaris gamoyeneba daSinebis, gavlenis moxdenis mizniT. igi xSirad gamoiyeneba rogorc politikuri iaraRi.~ sxva wyaro terorizms ganmartavs, rogorc ùdanaSaulo moqalaqeebze ganzrax Tavdasxmas politikuri miznebiT.~2 terorizmis ganmartebebi mravalricxovania, Tumca maTi umetesoba ramdenime faqtors iTvaliswinebs, rogoricaa Zaladoba, survili imisa, rom momxdari faqti gaxmaurdes, politikuri motivi da mosaxleobis gamiznuli daSineba.3 rogorc am TavSi mogvianebiT vnaxavT, terorizmis Cveneuli ganmarteba mis strategiasa da meTodebsac moicavs. terorizmis ramdenime forma arsebobs.4 zogi mecnieri teroristul moqmedebebs imis mixedviT axarisxebs, (1) aris Tu ara igi romelime mTavrobis mier dafinansebuli an ganxorcielebuli an (2) ramden qveyanas moicavs igi (ix. cxrili 15-2). anu, saxelmwifo terorizmi arsebobs maSin, roca xelisufleba misive qveynis moqalaqeebze axorcielebs teroristul aqtebs, rogorc es hitleris drois germaniaSi xdeboda. saerTaSoriso terorizms uwodeben movlenas, roca romelime qveynis xelisufleba Seifarebs saerTaSoriso teroristebs (rogorc avRaneTis Talibebis mTavroba moiqca osama bin ladenTan da organizacia al qaidasTan mimarTebaSi), afinansebs saer-

terorizmi

521

TaSoriso teroristul operaciebs an raime sxva gziT uWers mxars saerTaSoriso terorizms (anu terorizms, romelic mis sazRvrebs gareT xorcieldeba). civi omis dros SeerTebuli Statebi xSirad adanaSaulebda sabWoTa kavSirs msoflios sxvadasxva mxareebSi arsebuli antiamerikuli teroristuli dajgufebebis dafinansebasa da iaraRiT daxmarebaSi. sabWoTa kavSiri am braldebas pasuxobda, rom SeerTebuli Statebis mTavrobac mimarTavda msgavs meTodebs, roca es amerikis interesebSi Sedioda. irani, erayi, libia, sudani, siria, CrdiloeTi korea da kuba bolo ramdenime welia, SeerTebuli Statebis winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebuli saerTaSoriso terorizmis eWvmitanilTa siaSi iricxeba [dReisaTvis am siaSi Sedian: kuba, irani, sudani, siria _ mTargmn. Sen.]. am siaSi, rasakvirvelia, avRaneTic iyo 2001 wlamde, roca Talibebis reJimi daemxo.

terorizmi: xuTi ganmarteba terorizmis ganmarteba Znelia. teroristuli aqtebi did emocias iwvevs rogorc mis msxverplSi (adamianebSi, vinc fizikurad daSavda an fsiqologiuri travma miiRo), aseve mis uSualo momwyobSic. SeerTebuli Statebis mTavrobac ki ver Tanxmdeba erTian ganmartebaze. gamonaTqvami _ ìs, vinc erTi adamianisTvis teroristia, sxvisTvis TavisuflebisTvis mebrZolia,~ dResac aqtualuria. gTavazobT terorizmis ramdenime ganmartebas. terorizmi aris Zaladobis an muqaris gamoyeneba politikuri cvlilebis gamowvevis mizniT. _ braian jenkinsi terorizmi aris udanaSaulo mosaxleobis mimarT Zaladobis ukanono gamoyeneba politikuri miznebis misaRwevad. _ uolter lakeri terorizmi aris udanaSaulo adamianebis mizanmimarTuli da sistematuri mkvleloba, Cagvra da muqara, risi saSualebiTac xdeba mosaxleobis daSineba mTavrobaze gavlenis moxdenisa da politikuri an taqtikuri upiratesobis mopovebis mizniT. _ jeims m. polani terorizmi aris politikuri an socialuri miznebiT Zaladobis an muqaris ukanono gamoyeneba adamianebisa Tu maTi sakuTrebis mimarT. igi, Cveulebriv, gamoiyeneba romelime qveynis xelisuflebis, individebis an jgufis dasaSineblad da Sesaviwroveblad an maTi qcevis, politikis Secvlis mizniT. _ aSS-s vice-prezidentis operatiuli samsaxuri, 1986 terorizmi aris adamianebis an maTi sakuTrebis mimarT ganxorciele-

522


buli Zaladobrivi aqti xelisuflebis, mSvidobiani mosaxleobis an misi romelime nawilis dasaSineblad an Sesaviwroveblad, raime politikuri an socialuri miznebis misaRwevad. _ gamoZiebis federaluri biuros ganmarteba wyaro: adaptirebulia veb gverdidan www.terrorism.com 2002 wlis 18 maisi.

cxrili 15.2 terorizmis klasifikacia tipi

kontroldeba da imarTeba romelime mTavrobis mier?

exeba Tu ara erTze met qveyanas?

saxelmwifo terorizmi

ki

ara

saerTaSoriso terorizmi

ki

ki

saSinao terorizmi

ara

ara

transnacionaluri terorizmi

ara

ki

wyaroebi: adaptirebulia Charles W. Kegley, Jr., ed., International Terrorism: Characteristics, Causes, Controls (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1990), 5; and Edward Mickolus, ‘Trends in International Terrorism, in International Terrorism in the Contemporary World, ed. Marius H. Livingston et al. (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1978), 45.

saSinao terorizmi erTi qveynis farglebSi xorcieldeba teroristebis mier, romlebsac mTavrobasTan araviTari kavSiri ar aqvT. Cveulebriv, saSinao terorizmis mizani mosaxleobaSi SiSisa da uTanxmoebis gamowveva da arsebuli politikuri institutebis diskreditaciaa. inglisis, espaneTisa da dasavleTis bevri sxva qveynisgan gansxvavebiT, SeerTebul StatebSi aseTi terorizmi sakmaod iSviaTi iyo 1995 wlamde, roca oklahoma sitis federaluri ofisis Senoba aafeTqes, xolo 1996 wlis zafxulSi atlantaSi olimpiuri TamaSebis dros bombi afeTqda. transnacionaluri terorizmi maSin Cndeba, roca sxvadasxva qveynis teroristuli dajgufebebi, romlebsac arc erTi mTavroba ar afinansebs, erTmaneTTan iwyeben TanamSromlobas, an aseTi dajgufebebis teroristuli operaciebi erTi saxelmwifo sazRvrebs scildeba. Tanamedrove terorizmis globalurma xasiaTma terorizmis saSinao da saerTaSoriso formebs Soris arsebuli zRvari kidev ufro bundovani gaxada.5 SegviZlia, klasifikaciis sxva meTodi vcadoT da teroristuli aqtebi, romlebic ar aris romelime mTavrobis mier dafinansebuli an ganxorcielebuli, antisaxelmwifoebriv terorizmSi gavaerTianoT. es ukanaskneli,

terorizmi

523

Tavis mxriv, SeiZleba or saxeobad davyoT: dajgufebebi, romlebic sakuTar samSobloze politikuri kontrolis dabrunebas cdiloben, rogorc baskebi espaneTSi, irlandieli kaTolikeebi CrdiloeT irlandiaSi, Tamilebi Srilankaze, siqhebi indoeTSi da CeCnebi ruseTSi. isini nacionalistur-separatistul terorizms axorcieleben. am tipis terorizmi, rogorc wesi, romelime erTi qveynis sazRvrebs ar scildeba, Tumca xSirad xdeba ise, rom teroristebi sxva radikaluri dajgufebebisgan, ucxoeli kerZo donorebisgan an sxva qveynebis mTavrobisganac ki iReben fuls, iaraRsa da sxva saxis daxmarebas. xolo is dajgufebebi, romlebic sazogadoebis destabilizacias raime abstraqtuli rwmenis safuZvelze cdiloben, ideologiur terorizms axorcieleben. ideologia SeiZleba marqsizmis an islamis romelime ganStoebas warmoadgendes,6 an STagonebad faSizmi an anarqizmi edos. magaliTad SegviZlia moviyvanoT `wiTeli armiis fraqcia~ germaniaSi, `wiTeli brigadebi~ italiaSi, `naTeli biliki~ peruSi, ìslamuri jihadi~ egvipteSi, osama bin ladenis àl qaida~ da aseve, ramdenime ukiduresi memarjvene dajgufeba SeerTebul StatebSi. xSirad, aseT dajgufebebsac aqvT saerTaSoriso kavSirebi. zogjer terorizmi SeiZleba erTdroulad nacionalistur-separatistulic iyos da ideologiuric. amis magaliTia hamasi (islamuri winaaRmdegobis moZraoba), romelic daupirispirda mSvidobian molaparakebebs israelsa da palestinis gaTavisuflebis organizacias Soris israelis mier okupirebuli _ md. iordanes dasavleT napirisa da Razas seqtoris Sesaxeb. hamasi nacionalistur-separatistuli moZraobaa, romelic israelis ganadgurebasa da mis adgilas radikaluri islamuri qveynis Seqmnas cdilobs. magram misi motivacia amavdroulad ideologiuricaa, kerZod ki igi islamuri fundamentalizmis erT-erT ganStoebas eyrdnoba, romelic momxreebs mouwodebs eqstremizmisa da jihadisken (wminda omisaken). hamasis magaliTi naTlad gviCvenebs, rom terorizmis ganmarteba SedarebiT ufro advilia, vidre misi klasifikacia, radgan zogi teroristi erTdroulad ramdenime kategorias miekuTvneba.

terorizmis warmoSoba terorizmsa da religiur fundamentalizms Soris kavSiri namdvilad arsebobs _ islamuri eqstremizmi amis naTeli magaliTia. Tumca, bevri teroristi religiuri ar aris. teroristuli aqtebis realur ganxorcielebamdec religiuri fundamentalistebis Zalian mcire nawili midis. amasTan, aRsaniSnavia isic, rom terorizmis warmoSoba SegviZlia religias davukavSiroT, ufro konkretulad ki sam saidumloebiT mocul religiur seqtas.7 Tugebi erT-erTi induisturi seqtis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen. religiuri mosazrebis safuZvelze saukuneebis manZilze maT aTasobiT adamiani Seiwires. es seqta sabolood mecxramete saukuneSi daiSala. zelotebi, ebraelTa eqstremistuli dajgufebis wevrebi, Zv.w. 66-73 wlebSi sxva religiis warmomadgenlebs xocavdnen da kerpTayvanismcemeli romis winaaRmdeg

524


ajanyebis dawyebas cdilobdnen. meTerTmete saukunis dasawyisSi asasinebma, Siituri muslimuri seqtis warmomadgenlebma, islamis `ganwmendis~ mizniT, sxva religiebis uamravi warmomadgenlis sicocxle Seiwires. gvian Sua saukuneebSi da Semdeg, reformaciis periodSi, warmoiSva mravali sisxlismRvreli qristianuli seqtac.8 Tanamedrove revoluciuri terorizmi xSirad naklebad ukavSirdeba religiur motivs, razec metyvelebs safrangeTis revoluciis liderebisa da mecxramete saukunis rusi anarqistebis naSromebi da moRvaweoba.9 zogi eqsperti mimCnevs, rom Tanamedrove terorizms safuZveli 1960-iani wlebis bolos Caeyara; zogi misi Casaxvis wlad konkretulad 1968 welsac ki asaxelebs. 1960-iani wlebis bolos moxda rasistuli dapirispirebebi SeerTebul StatebSi, konfliqtis eskalacia vietnamSi da arabeTsa da israels Soris eqvsdRiani omi (1967 weli). dRevandeli terorizmi nawilobriv ganapiroba 1968 wels momxdarma Semdegma movlenebma: samma palestinelma teroristma israelis samgzavro TviTmfrinavi gaitaca da mis ekipaJs alJirSi Cafrena aiZula. es sahaero mekobreobis erTerTi pirveli SemTxveva iyo. dasavleT germaniaSi baader-mainhofis bandis wevrebma pirveli teroristuli aqti ganaxorcieles _ frankfurtSi dawves maRazia. iasir arafati, israelis winaaRmdeg SeiaraRebuli brZolis mxardamWeri, palestinis gaTavisuflebis organizaciis lideri gaxda. martin luTer kingis mkvlelobam SeerTebul StatebSi ganapiroba iseTi Sida teroristuli dajgufebebis warmoqmna, rogorebicaa `Savi panterebi~ da ùezermeni~ [àmindis mTqmeli~ _ saxeli momdinareobs bob dilanis erT-erTi simReridan _ mTargmn. Sen.].10

amas garda, terorizmisTvis xelsayrel garemos Seqmnas sul cota samma istoriulma faqtorma Seuwyo xeli. pirvel rigSi, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom atomur epoqaSi samxedro dapirispirebebisa da konfliqtebis globaluri saSiSroeba uzomod gaizarda (Cveulebrivi konfliqti an omi, vTqvaT, pakistansa da indoeTs Soris, dRes SeiZleba, msoflio omad gadaiqces). amitom qveynebi, romelTa interesebic garkveul teroristul dajgufebaTa miznebs emTxveva, zogjer am dajgufebebs moraluri, finansuri an samxedro mxardaWeriT uzrunvelyofen. amgvarad, terorizmi garkveulwilad qveynebs Soris SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis damxmare saSualebad iqca. terorizmis xelSemwyob meore istoriul faqtorad davasaxelebT evropuli kolonializmis dasrulebas, ramac mraval axladSeqmnil qveyanas mosagvareblad dautova uamravi teritoriuli, nacionaluri da religiuri konfliqti. Sedegad, am qveynebSi da maT Soris gaCaRda teroristuli qmedebebiT gajerebuli omebis seria. adamianis uflebebisa da sicocxlis mimarT demokratiuli sazogadoebebis gansakuTrebuli pativiscema mesame faqtorad SeiZleba CaiTvalos, radgan aman gamoiwvia is, rom teroristulma SemTxvevebma masmediisTvis prioritetuli mniSvneloba SeiZina. amitom, 1960-iani wlebidan aseTi incindentebi farTodaa gaxmaurebuli, rac teroristebisTvis xelsayreli reklamaa.

terorizmi

525

sqema 15-1. saerTaSoriso teroristuli aqtebi 1981-dan 2000 wlis CaTvliT. wyaro: aSS saxelmwifo departamenti, kontrterorizmis koordinaciis ofisi, `globaluri terorizmis maxasiaTeblebi~, www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/pgtrpt/2000/2452. htm, 2002 wlis 14 maisi.

terorizmi da kontrterorizmi, anu terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZola masStabur industriad XX saukunis 70-ian wlebSi iqca. arsebobs monacemebi, romelTa mixedviT teroristuli incidentebis ricxvi 1971-1985 wlebs Soris aTjer gaizarda.11 teroristuli aqtebis raodenoba 1980-ian wlebSi da mis Semdegac sakmaod didia (sqema. 15-1). Tumca, sxvadasxva monacemSi es raodenoba ganxsvavebulia, rasac, sxva mizezebTan erTad, terorizmis gansxvavebuli ganmartebebi ganapirobebs. `risks interneiSenalis~ monacemebiT, magaliTad, 1985 wels momxdari teroristuli SemTxvevebis raodenoba 3000-s aWarbebs, SeerTebuli Statebis mTavrobis maCvenebeli ki oTxjer dabalia.12 asea Tu ise, terorizmi gasuli saukunis 60-iani wlebis Semdeg Zlier ganviTarda da dRemde realur safrTxes warmoadgens. 2001 wels SeerTebuli StatebisTvis is upirveles safrTxed iqca. manamde ki terorizmi bevrad aqtualur problema iyo dasavleT evropis, samxreT amerikisa da aziis qveynebisTvis (sqema 15-2). (sakvirvelia, magram 1990-iani wlebis bolos terorizmi axlo aRmosavleTSi bevrad iSviaTi movlena iyo, vidre msoflios sxva regionebSi, CrdiloeT amerikis garda).

terorizmis logika xSirad teroristuli aqtebis mizani SiSis da gaurkvevlobis atmosferos Seqmnaa, ris Sedegadac mosaxleobas moqmedi mTavrobis mimarT ndoba ekargeba da mas mxars aRar uWers. teroristebi Zaladobas fsiqologiur iara-

526


Rad iyeneben. teroristebi kategoriulad ewinaaRmdegebian status kvos: isini cvlilebebis an qaosis, rogorc TviTmizanis an rogorc sasurveli cvlilebis winapirobis miRwevas cdiloben. teroristebi arsebul viTarebas dauSveblad miiCneven da dakarguli aqvT imedi, rom maTTvis sasurveli cvlilebebi protestis gamoxatvis mSvidobiani meTodebis an politikuri qmedebebis Sedegad moxdeba. xSirad teroristebis mizani imdenad revoluciis moxdena ar aris, ramdenadac mTavrobis mxridan represiuli qmedebebis provocireba, ris Sedegadac mTavroba susti da ususuri Cans. amgvarad, maTi azriT, safuZveli eyreba momaval revolucias.

saerTaSoriso teroristuli aqtebis saerTo raodenoba regionebis mixedviT, 1995-2000

sqema 15-2. saerTaSoriso teroristuli aqtebis saerTo raodenoba regionebis mixedviT, 1995-2000 wyaro: aSS saxelmwifo departamenti, kontrterorizmis koordinaciis ofisi, `globaluri terorizmis maxasiaTeblebi~, www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/pgtrpt/2000/2452. htm, 2002 wlis 14 maisi.

terorizmi

527

terorizmi xSirad ara yvelaze usamarTlo, aramed yvelaze susti xelisuflebis mqone qveynebSi gvxvdeba. terorizmis erT-erTi eqsperti aRniSnavs: `Cvens droSi terorizmisgan yvelaze daculi sazogadoebebi swored isinia, sadac politikaSi Cartulobis done dabalia da usamarTlobis done _ maRali~.13 SegviZlia davamatoT, rom teroristuli Tavdasxmebis yvelaze xSiri obieqtebi is sazogadoebebia, romlebSic politikaSi monawileobis done maRalia, usamarTlobisa ki _ dabali. SeerTebuli Statebi da gaerTianebuli samefo samxedro da ekonomikuri standartebiT sustebi namdvilad ar arian, magram terorizmi orive am qveynisTvis aqtualuri problemaa.

teroristuli taqtika terorizms xSirad uwodeben sustebis iaraRs ZlierTa winaaRmdeg. teroristuli aqtebis ganxorcieleba im individebisTvis da patara dajgufebebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, romlebic resursebis naklebobas ganicdian. maTi samizneebi, rogorc wesi, daucvelia. terorizms didi fuli ar sWirdeba, is SeiZleba iseT qmedebebs efuZnebodes, romlebic Cveulebriv danaSaulTan asocirdeba (magaliTad, SeiaraRebul ZarcvasTan). teroristTa iaraRi xSirad iaffasiani da TviTnakeTia (magaliTad, patara zomis cecxlsasroli iaraRi da dinamiti), magram, rogorc viciT, isini zogjer Zalian masStaburi da daxvewilicaa (magaliTad, samgzavro TviTmfrinavebi, romlebsac samiznis gasanadgureblad iyeneben an cimbiruli wylulis (jilexis) sasikvdilo virusi). teroristuli meTodebi ukve sakmaod nacnobi gaxda. rkinigzis xalxmraval sadgurebze bombis damontaJeba, mdidari biznesmenebis gataceba da samgzavro TviTmfrinavebis afeTqeba sakvirvel an Tundac uCveulo movlenebad ukve aRar migvaCnia. teraqtebis obieqti, Cveulebriv, mSvidobiani mosaxleobaa, magram zogjer maTi samizne msoflio liderebic xdebian. teroristul dajgufebebs bralad edebaT mravali adamianis mkvleloba. maT Sorisaa italiis yofili premier-ministri aldo moro (1978), dedofal elisabedis biZaSvili, erl mauntbateni (1979), egviptis prezidenti anvar sadaTi (1981), indoeTis premier-ministri indira gandi (1984) da misi Svili, yofili premier-ministri rajiv gandi (1991). teroristebma aseve scades romis papis ioane pavle IIis (1981), britaneTis yofili premier-ministris, margaret tetCerisa (1984) da misi Semcvlelis, jon meijoris (1991) mokvla. SesaZloa (Tumca dazustebuli ar aris), 11 seqtembris teraqtis erT-erTi obieqti TeTri saxlic yofiliyo. Tu asea, teroristebs, albaT, SeerTebuli Statebis prezidentis mokvlis imedic hqondaT. urTierTdamokidebuleba teroristul meTodebsa da maT obieqtebs Soris kargad Cans brazilieli teroristis, karlos marigelas civ da saSiS nawarmoebSi ` saxelmZRvanelo urbanuli partizanuli omebisaTvis~, romelic 48 gverdSi aswavlis moyvarul teroristebsa da revolucionerebs xidebis afeTqebis, gatacebisa da bankebis gaZarcvis saSualebiT fulis Sovnasa da mtrebis `fizikur likvidacias~. wignSi uamravi `rCevaa~, magaliTad,

528


manqanis, TviTmfrinavisa da gemis marTvis swavla; meqanikuri da radiogadamcemi mowyobilobebis teqnikis daufleba; fizikuri formis SenarCuneba; fotografiisa da qimiis Seswavla; `kaligrafiis srulyofili codnis~ SeZena; farmakologiis, pirveladi daxmarebisa an medicinis Seswavla. wigni aseve xazs usvams, rom saWiroa pirvelma daartya da amasTan, sworad daumizno. ZiriTadaT, teroristebi politikuri aqtivobis yvela sxva formasTan SedarebiT upiratesobas Zaladobas aniWeben. metic, iseTi revolucionerebi, rogoric marigelaa, Zaladobas miiCneven ara aucilebel sisastiked, aramed gaTavisuflebisa da Semoqmedebis pozitiur formad.14 marigelas azriT, terorizmi maSin aris warmatebuli, roca strategia da taqtika erTiandeba: `mTavrobas represiis gaZlierebis garda sxva alternativa ar gaaCnia. policiis patrulireba, saxlebis gaCxreka, udanaSaulo adamianebis dapatimreba qalaqSi cxovrebas autanels xdis. mTavroba warmoCndeba, rogorc usamarTlo, problemis gadaWris unaris armqone... politikuri situacia samxedro situaciad gardaiqmneba, roca Zalovanebi sul ufro xSirad uSveben Secdomebs da iyeneben Zaladobas... pacifistebi da memarjvene oportunistebi... erTiandebian, da jalaTebs arCevnebs sTxoven.~15

urbanuli (saqalaqo) partizanuli omebis momxreebi uaryofen egreT wodebul `politikur gamosavals~ da ufro metad emxrobian agresiasa da Zaladobas, mimarTaven sabotaJs, terorizms, eqspropriacias, Tavdasxmebs, gatacebebsa da mkvlelobebs, amZafreben problemebs, romelsac mTavroba unda gaumklavdes.16 urbanuli partizanuli jgufi, saxelad `tupamarosi,~ 1963-1972 wlebSi urugvais aterorebda mTavrobis gadagdebis mizniT. `tupamarosi~ marigelas revoluciuri principebis xorcSesxma iyo da STagonebis wyarod iqca mTeli msoflios teroristebisa da eqtremistebistebisTvis. aRsaniSnavia, rom `tupamarosis~ safrTxes urugvaiSi mxolod mas Semdeg moeRo bolo, rac misi wevrebis umravlesoba mTavrobis masStaburi operaciis Sedegad daixoca. dRes urugvai mSvidobiani, demokratiuli qveyanaa.

teroristuli aqtebi da omi al qaidas moqmedebas, roca misma mebrZolebma 2001 wlis 11 seqtembers gaitaces oTxi komerciuli TviTmfrinavi, sami maTgani warmatebiT Seajaxes xalxiT savse Senobebs _ mxolod gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT Tu vuwodebT saomar moqmedebas. isini am dros teroristul aqts axorcielebdnen. rodesac 1941 wlis 7 dekembers iaponelma kamikaZe pilotebma saomari TviTmfrinavebi perl harborTan amerikul samxedro gemebs Seajaxes, es, upirveles yovlisa, saomari moqmedeba iyo da mxolod SemTxveviT _ teroristuli aqti, Tu saerTod SeiZleba mas teroristuli aqti ewodos. iaponelTa mou-

terorizmi

529

lodneli Tavdasxma zustad iqna Sesrulebuli: erTi xelis mosmiT maT CaZires aSS-is wynari okeanis flotis saomar gemTa didi nawili. omis JargoniT, es Tavdasxma winmswrebi dartymis klasikuri magaliTia. rac ar unda saSineli da veraguli yofiliyo amerikelTaTvis im dros es operacia, is Zalian warmatebuli iyo, rogorc strategiuli movlena (cxadia, mTliani omis perspeqtivaSi, is gansxvavebul aspeqts iZens: man moaxerxa amerikeli xalxis gamowveva ise, rogorc sxva veraferi SeZlebda amas da mwvane Suqi aunTo prezident ruzvelts, raTa daesva sakiTxi kongresSi iaponiisa da germaniisaTvis omis gamocxadebis Taobaze). am or movlenas _ 11 seqtembris Tavdasxmebsa da perl harbors _ xSirad erTmaneTs adareben, magram isini, cxadia, gansxvavebul kategoriebs ganekuTvnebian. perl harbori iyo Sedegi im gadawyvetilebisa, romelic miiRes aSS-sTan im dros diplomatiuri urTierTobebis mqone saxelmwifoTa mTavrobebma da umaRlesma samxedro pirebma: amas, yovelgvar eWvs gareSe, SeiZleba saomari moqmedeba vuwodoT. metic, dartyma mimarTuli iyo samxedro samizneebze _ iaponel pilotebs SeeZloT samoqalaqo samizneebisaTvisac daertyaT havais kunZulebze, magram isini ase ar moqceulan. da bolos, es Tavdasxmebi ar ganxorcielebula imisaTvis, rom destabilizacia gamoewvia da daemxo aSS-is an nebismieri sxva qveynis xelisufleba. misi mizani iyo gaenadgurebina aSS-is sazRvao Zalebi wynar okeaneSi da amiT Tavidan aecilebina amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis Careva iaponiis gegmebSi aziis imperialisturi gadanawilebis Taobaze. 11 seqtembris Tavdasxma am sam arguments mwvaved upirispirdeba. is ar iyo SemuSavebuli da ganxorcielebuli saxelmwifos mier (Tumca, avRaneTma TavSesafari misca al qaidas qselis wamyvan liderebsa da mis bevr mebrZols). teraqti, ZiriTadad, mimarTuli iyo samoqalaqo pirebis winaaRmdeg. es Tavdasxma miznad isaxavda aSS-is sisustis gamoaSkaravebas, misi mTavrobis Sercxvenas, amerikis ekonomikuri ZalisTvis Ziris gamoTxrasa da pentagonis imijis dakninebas rogorc sakuTar qveyanaSi, ise sazRvargareT. amasTan, es Tavdasxmebi ganxorcielda osama bin ladenis radikaluri islamizmis mxardasaWerad, raTa maT sabolood daemxoT e.w. `moRalate~ mTavrobebi arabul samyaroSi (maT Soris bin ladenis samSobloSi _ saudis arabeTSi).

teroristuli jgufebis maxasiaTeblebi msoflioSi 600-ze meti teroristuli dajgufeba arsebobs.17 rogorc wesi, isini mcirericxovanni da mWidrod Sekrulni arian, maTi ricxvi 100ze met wevrs iSviaTad scildeba da ZiriTadad ramdenime aTeulze naklebs iTvlis. yvelaze cnobil teroristul dajgufebTagan bevri axlo aRmosavleTSi gvxvdeba da dakavSirebulia islamur fundamentalizmTan (abu nidalis organizacia, al qaida, islamuri jihadi, hezbola (RvTis partia) da hamasi). radganac es dajgufebebi eTnikurad da politikurad homogenuria _ zogjer misi wevrebi erTmaneTis axlo megobrebi da naTesavebic ki arian _ uaRresad Znelia am teroristul qselebSi SeRweva da maTi kontroli.

530


xSirad amisaTvis dazvervis saukeTeso samsaxurebi erTad muSaoben. 2001 wlis dekemberSi, bin ladenis videoCanaweris gavrcelebis Semdeg, msofliom Seityo, rom al qaida moqmedebs ,,icode, rac saWiroas~ principiT, mkacrad icavs da anawevrebs informacias organizaciis SigniT ierarqiebs Sorisac ki. es Zalian waagavs oficialuri sadazvervo samsaxurebis praqtikas. kontrdazvervasTan amgvari msgavseba arsebiTi mniSvnelobisaa teroristuli jgufebisa da qselebis warmatebisa da gadarCenisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT im pirobebSi, rodesac aSS-Si, evropaSi, arabul samyarosa da danarCen msoflioSi usafrTxoebis zomebi uaRresad gamkacrebulia.

saudeli mdidari osama bin ladeni aSS-ze ganxorcielebuli teroristuli Setevebis sulisCamdgmeli iyo. es Tavdasxma msoflio savaWro centris ganadgurebiT dasrulda.

amis gaTvaliswinebiTac teroristuli dajgufebebis arsebobis xangrZlivoba xuTidan aT wlamde meryeobs. maTi liderebic ver inarCuneben Zalauflebas ramdenime welze met xans (Tumca, aqac arsebobs gamonaklisebi. abu nidali, burusiT moculi figura, 1980-ian wlebSi samogzauro gemis àCile lauros~ gatacebisa da romisa da venis aeroportebze Tavdasxmebis iniciatori [abu nidali gaurkvevel viTarebaSi daiRupa 2002 wels, baRdadSi _ mTargmn. Sen.]. aseve, osama bin ladeni, al qaidas damfuZnebeli da pirveli figura). teroristuli jgufebi iSviaTad moqmedeben mudmivi adgilsamyofelidan. teroristebi SedarebiT mcire wvrTnas gadian, ar iyeneben rTul iaraRs, aqvT xelsawyoebi, rogorsac Ceulebrivi qurdebi floben, zogierTi maTganis Sovna SeiZleba nebismier sabiTumo teqnikis maRaziaSi. cxadia, es

terorizmi

531

daxasiaTeba ar miesadageba 11 seqtembris Tavdasxmebis organizatorebs.

terorizmi alJirSi: Tanamedrove magaliTi 1990-ian wlebis alJirSi Zneli iyo xazis gavleba islamur fundamentalizmsa da terorizms Soris an revoluciasa da samoqalaqo oms Soris. alJiri yvelaze cxadad warmogvidgens im tendenciebs, romlebic arabul samyaroSi aRiniSneba, magaliTad egviptesa da saudis arabeTSi, sadac terorizmi iqca eqstremistuli dajgufebebis erTgvar taqtikad (isini iRvwodnen regionSi samoqalaqo xelisuflebebis dasamxobad). xangrZlivi revoluciuri brZolis Semdeg, 1962 wels, alJirma safrangeTisgan damoukidebloba moipova. amis Semdeg qveyanas daaxloebiT 30 weli umetesad promarqsistuli samxedro pirebi marTavdnen, ris gamoc muslimuri fundamentalizmis ukmayofileba saxifaTod gaizarda. am mRelvarebisgan warmoiSva politikuri organizacia islamis gadarCenis fronti. mogvianebiT, 1991 wels, rodesac alJirSi pirveli mravalpartiuli arCevnebi Catarda, frontma pirvelsave turSi miaRwia warmatebas. Tumca, 1992 wels samxedroebma gaauqmes arCevnebis Sedegebi da daniSnes axali prezidenti. am cinikurma aqtma frontis radikalizacia gamoiwvia da iatakqveSa organizaciis Seqmnisken ubiZga. metic, man daanawevra SeiaraRebuli islamisturi moZraoba da pirveloba yvelaze eqstremalur jihadur elementebs _ totaluri terorizmis momxreebs dauTmo. 1992 wlis bolos warmoiSva SeiaraRebuli islamisturi dajgufeba rogorc mkvlelTa, sisxlismRvrelTa organizacia _ nak-lebad Zaladobrivi da ukompromiso gadarCenis frontis alternativa. policiaze, usafrTxoebis Zalebsa da samTavrobo pirebze islamisturi dajgufebebis pirvel TavdasxmebTan erTad, alJirSi teroristuli koSmari daiwyo. sul male teroristebma mizanSi sxva dajgufebebic amoiRes. 1993-94 wlebSi aTobiT Tavdasxma ganxorcielda opoziciur dajgufebebze, ucxoelebze, inteligenciaze, Jurnalistebsa da ubralo moqalaqeebze. 1995-dan 1998 wlamde teroristul aqtTa mxolod 25% iyo mimarTuli usafrTxoebis ZalTa da xelisuflebis warmomadgenelTa winaaRmdeg, danarCeni 75% ki _ moqalaqeebze (ix. cxrili 15-3). skolebi da skolis personali Tavdamsxmelebis `sayvarel~ samizneTa Soris iyvnen. roca strategia Seicvala da teroristebis samizneSi moqalaqeebi moeqcnen, Seic vala ajanyebulTa taqtikac. 1996 wels ufro meti iyo afeTqeba, vidre mkvleloba, sisxlismRvreli Setakebebi samarTaldamcavebTan da organizebuli SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmebi (ix. cxrili 15-4). adre, ZiriTadad, samTavrobo Senobebsa da policiis ganyofilebebs afeTqebdnen. 1990iani wlebis Sua ricxvebidan gaxSirda bazrebis, kinoTeatrebis, restornebisa da skolebis afeTqebebi. alJiris islamuri moZraobis Sesaxeb axlo aRmosavleTis qveynebis xelisuflebaTa cnobebis Tanaxmad:

532


Zaladobam sisastikis ukidures dones miaRwia masobriv sasaklaoTa seriebSi, romelic dawyo 1996 wlis bolos. 1996 wlis noembridan 1999 wlis ivlisamde sul mcire 67 masobrivi mkvleloba moxda. maTi umetesoba 1997 wels aRiniSna (41 Setakeba). am SetakebebSi monawileobdnen avtomatebiT, yumbarebiT, danebiTa da najaxebiT SeiaraRebuli samxedro aqtivistebi. isini Tavs esxmodnen soflebs RamiT, raTa amoexocaT macxovreblebi. xSirad maT Cexavdnen da yels Radidnen. daucveli iyo sakontrolo-gamSvebi punqtebi, samxedro aqtivistebi gegmavdnen specialuri samizneebis, magaliTad, saxelmwifo moxeleebis an maRali samxedro Cinis mqone pirebis likvidacias.18

cxrili 15.3 alJireli islamisti aqtivistebis samizneebi 1992-dan 1998 wlamde* weli

policia

samTav-

opozici-

ucxoe-

inteli-

moqala-

da

robo

uri

lebi

gencia

qeebi

samarTal-

pirebi

dajgu-

da Jurna-

febebi

listebi

damcavebi

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 sul

28 43 25 31 18 19 7 171

1 26 18 17 8 5 0 75

0 1 12 11 3 3 0 30

2 10 19 10 3 0 0 44

2 7 15 27 6 0 0 57

5 1 14 37 49 98 60 264

sul

38 88 103 133 87 125 67 641

* dadgenilia TiToeul kategoriaSi calkeuli Tavdasxmebis ricxvTa da ara msxverplTa mTliani raodenobis mixedviT. wyaroebi: monacemebi Segrovilia Middle East Journal da Middle East International-is qronologiis seqciebidan. aq mocemulia mxolod iseTi SemTxvevebi, romlebSic dadgenilia movlenis TariRi da adgilmdebareoba. bevri incidenti ar aris Setanili am cxrilSi, radgan isini ar uzrunvelyofen sakmaris informacias misi sandoobis dasamtkiceblad. imis miuxedavad, rom es procedura saTanadod ver afasebs alJirSi Zaladorbriv incidentebs, is sakmaod sandod asaxavs Zaladobis tendenciebs. alJiris mTavroba yovelive amas upirispirdeboda Zalismieri politikiT _ teroristTa adgilze likvidaciiT. mogvianebiT man dado politikuri reformis piroba. 1996 wlis noemberSi umravlesobam aRiara mTavrobis mier mxadaWerili sakonstitucio cvlilebebi, romlebic xalxSic popularobiT sargeblobda. cvlilebebs alJirs SezRuduli demokratiisaken mihyavda. mTavrobam SeZlo Seemcirebina islamisturi radikaluri dajgufebebi, Sein-

terorizmi

533

arCuna Zalaufleba aRmasrulebel xelisuflebaSi da akrZala religiaze dafuZnebuli yvela saxis politikuri partia (amrigad, 1997 wlis ivlisis arCevnebis dros islamis gadarCenis frontsa da mis msgavs dajgufebebs ufleba ar hqondaT TavianTi kandidaturebi wamoeyenebinaT, SeeZloT mxolod mosaxleobisaTvis arCevnebis boikotisken mowodeba). frontma uaryo da gaakritika axali konstitucia da ganagrZo brZola reJimis winaaRmdeg 1997 wlis seqtembramde, rodesac misma SeiaraRebulma frTam, islamis gadarCenis armiam, cecxlis Sewyveta gamoacxada. magram yvelaze sisxlian masobriv mkvlelobebSi ara gadarCenis armiis, aramed islamuri dajgufebis TavzexelaRebul banditTa da fanatikosTa jgufebi monawileobdnen. mTavrobis wevrebs surdaT teroristTa moZebna da likvidacia da ara maTTan molaparakeba. arci isini iyvnen kompromisis momxre.

cxrili 15.4 alJireli islamistebis meTodebi 1992-98 wlebis ajanyebis dros*

weli

mSvidobiani

Zaladobrivi

afeTqeba

mkvleloba da

demosnt-

Setakeba

da

SeiaraRebuli

sabotaJi

Setakeba

10 4 10 43 42 34 22 165

14 62 73 68 25 63 46 351

racia

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 sul

5 0 0 0 0 0 0 5

15 19 16 8 9 10 11 88

sul

44 85 99 119 76 107 79 609

* monacemebi Segrovilia imave gziT, rogorc 15-3 cxrilis monacemebi

1999 wlis saprezidento arCevnebma yinuli gaalRo. mTavrobam gaaTavisufla ramdenime politpatimari da mxari dauWira samoqalaqo Serigebis/ mSvidobis aRdgenis kanons. amiT, amnistia vrceldeboda ajanyebulebze, romlebsac ar miuRiaT monawileoba sisatikeSi, vandalur aqtebSi. gadarCenis armiamac isargebla amnistiiT da 1999 wels daiwyo Tavisi samxedro aqtivistebis demobilizacia saxelmwifos zedamxedvelobis qveS. aTasobiT aqtivistma isargebla reJimis mier miniWebuli amnistiiT. 2000 wlis dasawyisidan islamisturi dajgufebis aqtivistebmac daiwyes cecxlis Sewyvetis gamocxadeba. amis miuxedavad, alJirSi masobrivi Jletis kidev ramdenime faqti

534


dafiqsirda, Tumca ufro iSviaTad, vidre sisxlian _1994-1998 wlebSi. mTeli am drois ganmavlobaSi alJiri itanjeboda seriozuli ekonomikuri da socialuri problemebiT. gazisa da navTobis didi maragis miuxedavad, alJirSi adamianebi ukidures siRaribeSi cxovroben. umuSevroba 25%-s aRwevs. 1997 wels mosaxleobis naxevarze meti 20 welze axalgazrda iyo (es mniSvnelovania imdenad, ramdenadac umuSevroba yvelaze mtkivneulad axalgazrdobas awveba tvirTad. amas SeuZlia nawilobriv axsnas, ratom aris amdeni teroristi da revolucioneri axalgazrda). metic, saxezea mougvarebeli eTnikuri dayofa. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia berberebi, romlebic umciresobas warmoadgenen da Tavs gaucxoebulad da daCagrulad grZnoben. es grZnoba ufro intensiuri gaxda, mas mere, rac alJirma arabuli oficialur enad gamoacxada, riTac gaaRiziana berberulad da frangulad molaparakeni. am problemebis ignorireba grZeldeba, radgan reJimi yuradRebas amaxvilebs mxolod militaristi islamistebisgan Seqmnil safrTxeze, romlebic cdiloben alJiri Teokratiul saxelmwifod gardaqmnan.

vin arian teroristebi? normalur qveynebSi wynarad mcxovrebi adamianebisaTvis Znelia 1990-ian wlebSi alJirSi ganviTarebul saSinelebaTa gageba. vin arian am teroristuli aqtebis ganmaxorcieleblebi? saidan modian isini? riT gansxvavdebian teroristebi Cveulebrivi kriminalebisgan, partizanebisa an revolucionerebisgan? ra aiZulebs adamianebs, mimarTon terors?

teroristebis klasifikacia: kriminalebi, partizanebi Tu revolucionerebi? ra aris terorizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli? terorizmi da fanatizmi erTmaneTTan mWidrodaa asocirebuli. magram rogor SeiZleba am saxis fanatizmis gageba? aSS-is sagareo politika terorizms epyroba, rogorc politikur fenomens, teroristebs ki politikuri saqmianobisaTvis Ziris gamomTxrel adamianebad Tvlis. es midgoma xazs usvams mTlianad terorizmis aralegalurobas da mxars uWers masTan brZolas swrafi dasjiTa da Sesaferisi sifrTxiliT. am midgomis kritikosebi (maT Soris evropisa da natos wevri ramdenime qveyana) terorizms, upirveles yovlisa, sazogadoebriv problemad miiCneven. imis miuxedavad, rom es qveynebi ar arian teroristTa dasjis winaaRmdegni (da amas Tavadac akeTeben), isini, rogorc wesi, TanaugrZnoben socialur fenebs da eTnikur erTobebs, romelTa warmomadgenlobasac iCemeben teroristebi. maTi azriT, terorizmi gaqreba mxolod maSin, roca usamarTlobis, sasowarkveTisa da uimedobis mizezebi aRmoifxvreba. aSS da israeli filosofiuri wyalgamyofis erT mxares arian, evropa _ meore mxares. arabuli samyaro gayofilia: islamuri fundamentalizmi anaTemaa egviptisaTvis, alJirisa da iordaniisaTvis, magram aRiarebulia

terorizmi

535

sudanSi. saudis arabeTis mdgomareoba ambivalenturia, is ufrTxis islamur fundamentalizms da amavdroulad amayobs Tavisi roliT, rogorc islamis dabadebis adgili da rwmenis damcveli. iqac ki, sadac xelisufleba aviwroebs islamistur dajgufebebs, bevri adamiani saidumlod keTilganwyobilia maT mimarT. palestinaSi keTilganwyoba iseTi dajgufebebis mimarT, rogoricaa hamasi da hezbola, didia da faqtobrivad, aSkarac. bevri arabi aRiarebs, rom mTels arabul samyaroSi adamianebi aRtacebulni arian osama bin ladeniT. marTlac, monacemebis Tanaxmad, bevr qveyanaSi osama yvelaze gavrcelebuli saxelia Cvil vaJebSi. dasavleTi Tanxmdeba imaze, rom teroristebi kriminalebi arian, Tumca araviTar SemTxvevaSi _ Cveulebrivi kriminalebi. mkvleloba, motaceba, bankebis gaqurdva da TviTmfrinavebis gataceba sazizRari danaSaulia, imis miuxedavad, vin da ratom ganaxorcielebs mas. es teroristuli aqtebia, Tu maTi motivi politikuria. roca seriuli mkvlelebi TavianT `saqmeze~ midian, udanaSaulo adamianebi iRupebian da mTeli sazogadoeba daSinebulia. magram am mkvlelobebis mizani ar aris erTobaTa daSineba da cxadia, arc politikuri miznebis miRweva. isini, upirveles yovlisa, mkvlelebi arian da mxolod SemTxveviT _ `teroristebi~. drodadro teroristebi TanamSromloben kriminalebTan an kriminalebi iyeneben maT taqtikas, magram aseTi SemTxvevebi SedarebiT iSviaTia da, rogorc wesi, narkoteroristebis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli. SeiaraRebuli ajanyebebi iseT qveynebSi, rogoricaa kolumbia da peru, asocirebulia Zalauflebis mqone narkobaronebTan. orive maTgani cdilobs Ziri gamouTxaros legitimur politikur xelisuflebas da daamarcxos (an gadaibiros) mTavrobis SeiaraRebuli Zalebi. Tu teroristebi ar arian Cveulebrivi kriminalebi, maSin isini arc Cveulebrivi partizanebi an `TavisuflebisaTvis mebrZolebi~ arian, rogorc xSirad Tavad irwmunebian xolme. partizanebi Seadgenen revoluciuri moZraobis an partiis SeiaraRebul frTas. maos wiTeli armia, albaT, amis yvelaze cnobili magaliTia. partizanuli Zalebi iTreven mTavrobas SeiaraRebul brZolaSi. aravis SeuZlia imis mtkiceba, rom partizanebs arasdros CaudeniaT sisastike moqalaqeebis mimarT (an is, rom uniformiani jariskacebi amas arasdros akeTeben), magram yvelaze mwvave Zaladoba mimarTulia saxelisuflebo da usafrTxoebis Zalebisken. amisgan gansxvavebiT, teroristebi, pirvel rigSi, mizanSi iReben moqalaqeebsa da aramebrZolebs. es strategia dafuZnebulia SiSisa da eWvis daTesvaze, raTa adamianebma ar iTanamSromlon policiasTan da samxedroebTan da daarwmunon isini, rom xelisuflebas maTi dacva ar SeuZlia. yvela teroristi revolucioneria, Tumca, ara Cveulebrivi gagebiT. cxadia, meoce saukunis bevri revolucineri mimarTavda terors, Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdebamdec da mis Semdegac. magram Cveulebrivi revolucionerebi koncentrirebulni arian xelisuflebis damxobaze da ara mcdelobaze, xelovnurad (masobrivi teroris saSualebiT) gamoiwvion politikuri da socialuri krizisi. miznebis misaRwevad revolucionerebi cdiloben Seqmnan ajanyebulTa partia, SeaRwion mTavrobaSi, policiasa da SeiaraRebul ZalebSi; profkavSirebis meSveobiT gaswion agitacia da propaganda axalgazrdaTa STagonebi-

536


sTvis amboxebebis, ajanyebebisa da quCis demonastraciTa wamosawyebad. amrigad, revolucionerTa xelSi terorizmi aris taqtika da ara strategia. teroristTa xelSi terori rogorc taqtika, ise strategiaa. xSirad teroristebi frangi emil anris azrs iziareben. rodesac es adamiani kafeSi bombis SegdebisaTvis gaasamrTles 1894 wels, man Tqva: ùdanaSaulo aravinaa~.

teroristis identificireba erTi mosazrebis Tanaxmad, terorizms urbanuli siRaribe asazrdoebs. amrigad, Tanamedrove terorizmis Sesaxeb nebismierma Teoriam unda gaiTvaliswinos misi socialuri konteqsti, maT Soris urbanuli problemebi, ojaxuri struqturis rRveva, axalgazrdaTa umuSevroba da gadaWedil, swrafi tempis da xSirad usaxur qalaqSi gaucxoebis faqtori. aseve, ra Tqma unda, gasaTvaliswinebelia dasavluri Careva _ jer kolonializmi da axla globalizacia. adamianebi, romelTac ar SeuZliaT SeewinaaRmdegon amas da Seeguon am stress, sxvadasxvagvarad reagireben. zogi danaSauls sCadis, sxvebi _ alkoholisa da narkotikebis miRebas iwyeben, mcire nawili teroristi xdeba. Tumca, yvela teroristi ar modis urbanuli garemodan da arc siRaribe awuxebs. zogi teroristi izrdeba urbanuli siRaribis centrSi, sxvebi ki ubralod, mis winaaRmdeg ibrZvian. magaliTad, osama bin ladeni daibada saudis arabeTis Zalze SeZlebul ojaxSi. metic, bevri teroristi ganaTlebuli da privilegirebuli warmoSobisaa. isini, ubralod, akvirdebian sastik usamarTlobas, romelic Tavad ar ganucdiaT. teroristTa umravlesoba mamrobiTi sqesis, martoxela da axalgazrdaa.19

terorizmi da sazogadoeba msoflios sxvadasxva adgilas mraval adamians protestis WeSmariti, samarTliani da Rrma gancda aqvs. Tu es protesti aRar iarsebebs, SesaZloa terorizmic gaqres.20 magram aseve, arseboben sazogadoebebi, sadac individebsa da jgufebebs usamarTlod eqcevian, Tumca, amis miuxedavad, iq terorizmi ar gaCenila. ratom? dafiqrdiT amaze: totalitarul da (xSirad aseve)avtoritarul saxelmwifoebs ara aqvT terorizmis problema.21 xSirad terorizmisaken midrekili ufro susti saxelmwifoebia _ anu maT arastabiluri politikuri struqturebi (mTavroba, biurokratia, Tavdacvisa da usafrTxoebis Zalebi, partiuli sistema da a.S) da danawevrebuli politikuri kultura aqvT. sustma saxelmwifom SeiZleba miiRos arapopularuli da aralegitimuri avtoritaruli saxelmwifos forma an susti da ganukiTxavi demokratiis saxe.22 Tuki yvela saxis susti xelisufleba garkveulwilad dakavSirebulia terorizmis SemTxvevebTan, isic unda aRiniSnos, rom demokratiuli qveynebi Tavisi bunebiT metad mgrZnobiareni (mowyvladebi) arian terorizmis mimarT da maTTvis miuRebelia mkacri kontrteroristuli programebi (ix. sqema 15-3). modiT, vnaxoT ratom.

terorizmi

537

axalgazrda rekrutebi Siiti TviTmkvleli qali, romelic 1985 wels Tavisi danaRmuli manqaniT israelis armiis patruls Seejaxa samxreT libanSi, Teqvsmeti wlis iyo. iordaneli, romelmac 1984 wels romSi arabTa gaerTianebuli saemiroebis diplomatis mokvla scada, 22 wlisa iyo. samgzavro gemis àCile lauros~ oTxi gamtaceblidan ufrosi 23, xolo umcrosi _ 19 wlisa iyo. gamokvlevebis Sedegebis Tanaxmad, teroristebis saSualo asaki 22,5 welia. regionis mixedviT

movlenis tipis mixedviT

2

Tavdasxmis samiznes mixedviT

1

4 6

2

2 3 4

7 9

3 8 17

11 172

axlo aRmosavleTi 2 evrazia 4 afrika 6 das. evropa 7 azia 9 laT. amerika 172

179 dabombva 1 cecxlis wakideba 2 sxva 3 SeiaraRebuli Seteva 4 gataceba 11 danaRmva 179

178 mTavroba 2 diplomatebi 3 samxedroebi 8 sxvebi 17 biznesi 178

sqema 15-3. antiamerikuli teroristuli Tavdasxmebi, 2000 wyaroebi: aSS saxelmwifo departamenti, kontrterorizmis sakoordinato ofisi, Pattern of Global Terrorism, 2000. Online at www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/pgtrpt/2000/2461. html, 14 maisi, 2002.

CrdiloeT irlandiaSi daapatimres Tormeti da ToTxmeti wlis teroristebi. arabul da iranul dajgufebebSi ahyavT ToTxmeti-TxuTmeti wlis bavSvebi xSirad Zalze saxifaTo misiebisaTvisac.23 germanelma fsiqologma, romelic gaesaubra `wiTeli armiis fraqciis~ dajgufebis dakavebul wevrebs, `gardatexis asakis krizisis~ elementebi aRmoaCina [irlandiis respublikuri armiis ganayofi _ mTargmn. Sen.] irlandiis droebiTi respublikis armiis eqsperti akvirdeboda `teroristul tradiciebs~ zog qveynebSi, sadac òjaxebi STaunergaven Svilebs, rom [terorizmi] aris maTi uflebebisaTvis brZolis gza.~24 erik hoferi Tavis naSromSi mimoixilavs zogierTi axalgazrdis fanatizmisi midrekilebas. is aTavsebs aseT axalgazrdebs e.w. `Seufereblebis~ kategoriaSi, romelsac Semdeg yofs droebiTad da mudmivad. hoferi wers:

538


am kategoriaSi mozardebi, umuSevari kolejdamTavrebulebi, veteranebi, axali imigrantebi da misTanani Sedian. isini ukmayofiloni da aRelvebulebi arian SiSiT, rom maTi saukeTeso wlebi gaileva manam, sanam mizans miaRweven.25

amavdroulad, hoferi mainc fiqrobda: miuxedavad imisa, rom isini àdvilad eqcevian gavlenis qveS, maTi bolomde gadabireba yovelTvis mainc ver xerxdeba~.

terorizmis fsiqologia terorizmis fsiqologiis erTi eqspertis azriT, `mizezis mqone teroristebi~ sazogadoebisaTvis yvelaze saxifaToni arian.26 vin arian es meamboxeebi? vin axdens maT motivirebas? araa gasakviri, rom teroristul dajgufebaTa wevrebis yvelaze xSirad damaxasiaTebeli Strixebi asocirebulia mozardobasTan. es Strixebia:27 •

•

• • •

•

•

•

zedmeti gamartiveba. teroristebi xedaven kompleqsur sakiTxebs Sav-TeTr ferebSi. maT ar ainteresebT debatebi da xSirad cxovroben `fantaziis omis~ principiT, hgoniaT, rom adamianebi maT mizans mxars uWeren. imedgacrueba. teroristebi fiqroben, rom cxovreba usamarTloa, mets imsaxureben, sazogadoebam ki moatyua isini. maT ar surT daelodon an iRvawon ukeTesisaTvis da miaCniaT, rom raRacis misaRebad morideba ar aris saWiro. riskis gawevaze orientacia. bevri teroristi mowyenilobis gamo saTavgadasavlo situaciebs eZebs xolme. TviTkmayofileba. teroristebi amJRavneben Tavdajerebulobas, dogmatizmsa da Seuwynareblobas sawinaaRmdego mosazrebebis mimarT. utopizmi. teroristebs aqvT erTi rwmena _ samoTxe dedamiwaze, axlos, horizonts miRmaa da erTaderTi, rac mas eRobeba, aris arsebuli binZuri da mCagvreli wesrigi. sazogadoebrivi izolacia. erTi eqspertis mixedviT, teroristebi Zalian martosulebi arian. zogierTisaTvis teroristuli qseli SeiZleba erTaderTi òjaxi~ iyos. TviTrealizaciis saWiroeba. teroristebs aerTianebs saWiroeba _ Tavi mniSvnelovnad igrZnon, survili _ Tavisi anabeWdi datovon gazeTebis pirvel furcelze. sisxlis gemo. Sepyrobil teroristebTan interviuebSi, nacnobebisa da naTesavebis CvenebebSi, TviTmxilvelTa da yofil mZevalTa gancxadebebSi xazgasmulia kidev erTi SemaSfoTebeli maxasiaTebeli: zogi teroristi saerTod ar ganicdis sindisis qenjnas.

teroristebi xSirad zedmetad amartiveben realobas. magaliTad, maT

terorizmi

539

SeiZleba dainaxon msxverpli, rogorc mxolod obieqti _ es Cveva aRmoCenilia nacist mcvelebs Soris sakoncentracio banakebSi.28 msgavsi mosazreba aqvs pol r. makhius, jons hopkinsis universitetis samedicino skolis gamoCenil fsiqiatrs. igi Tvlis, rom teroristebs aqvT `cxoveluri Jini~ erTgvari ìdea fiqsi~. es idea aris `kulturis an sazogadoebis gaziarebuli azri, magram is pacientSi aRviZebs dominantur qcevebs, rom emsaxuros am ideas.~29 erTi saxis klinikuri aSliloba, romelsac es idea iwvevs, aris nervuli anoreqsia. doqtor makhius azriT, adolf hitleri (antisemiti), kari neiSeni (alkoholisagan TavSekaveba) da jon brauni (abolicionizmi, monebis gaTavisufleba) sami istoriuli figuraa, romelTac msgavsi idea fiqsebi hqondaT. ufro Tanamedrove magaliTebia unabomberi da jek kevorkiani (evTanazia). [am adamianebs miaCndaT, rom isini emsaxurebian ideas, romlisTvisac mizani yvela saSualebas amarTlebda - mTargmn. Sen.] maT, vinc ideebisTvis gadaWarbebuli mniSvnelobis miniWebasTan dakavSirebiT pirovnul aSlilobas ganicdian, xSirad fanatikosebs uwodeben. hoferis mimoxilvebi fanatikosTa Sesaxeb amaves amtkicebs: fanatizmi (usazRvro, brma Tavdadeba), iqneba is politikuri Tu religiuri, hoferis SexedulebiT, TiTqmis yovelTvis dafuZnebulia siZulvilze. misi TvalsazrisiT, fanatizmi siZulvils miznis samsaxurSi ayenebs. Tavis mxriv ki siZulvili, siyvarulisgan gansxvavebiT, gamaerTianebeli Zalaa erTnairad moazrovne fanatikosebisaTvis. amrigad, siZulvili gansazRvravs maTi arsebobis azrs. sayuradReboa fanatikuri gonebrivi mdgomareobis hoferiseuli daxasiaTeba: fanatikosi mudam xifaTiani da arasrulfasovania. mas ar SeuZlia Tavdajerebuli iyos mxolod sakuTar Sinagan Zalebze da resursebze, sakuTar uaryofil `me~-ze dayrdnobiT. amitom is mTeli vnebiTa da TavdadebiT epotineba nebismieri saxis mxardaWeras, razec ki xeli miuwvdeba. misi dauokebeli erTguleba misi brma Tavdadebisa da religiurobis arsia. is amas yvela saxis Zalisa da Rirsebis wyarod aRiqvams. Tumca, misi mizanmimarTuli Tavdadeba sococxleze moWidebis saSualebaa misTvis, is advilad aRiqvams Tavs im miznis damcvelad da mxardamWerad, romelsac Tavad eWideba. is mzad aris sakuTari sicocxle gaswiros, raTa sakuTar Tavsac da sxvebsac aCvenos, rom swored es aris misi roli. is sakuTar sicocxles sakuTari mniSvnelovnebis dasamtkiceblad swiravs.30

ar aris aucilebeli, rom fanatikosebi keTilSobiluri miznebiT iyvnen motivirebulni. isini eWidebian mizans ara imitom, rom is samarTliani an wmindaa, aramed imitom, rom usazRvrod sWirdebaT raime xelCasaWidi. swored raime ideis erTgulebis es dauokebeli saWiroeba aqcevs mizans TviTmiznad. aqedan ki mcire nabiji rCeba jihadamde an teroristul kampaniamde.31 imis miuxedavad, rom ar aris aucilebeli terorizmi socialuri uTanasworobisa da usamarTlobis anarekli iyos, xSirad mainc asea xolme. magaliTad,

540


alJiris SemTxvevaSi, romelsac saerTaSoriso amnistiam (Amnesty International _ adamianis uflebaTa damcveli saerTaSoris organizacia) 1990-iani wlebis bolos axlo aRmosavleTSi yvelaze Zaladobrivi qveyana uwoda, terorizmi iyo sapasuxo reaqcia samxedroebis mier 1992 wlis arCevnebis Sedegebis ukanono gauqmebaze. magram mainc, roca saqme saqmeze midgeba, did gamocanad rCeba, rogor SeuZlia adamians Caidinos iseTi barbarosuli aqtebi, Tundac idealizmisa da religiurobis suliskveTebiT, romlebic arRvevs moralurobis yvelaze elementarul standartebsac ki.

terorizmi da media teroristebi saxelis moxveWisken iswrafvian, cdiloben yuradRebis mipyrobas. ratom? imitom, rom mediaSi gaSuqeba, gansakuTrebiT ki dramatuli kadrebi, romlebsac televizia uCvenebs, msoflios yuradRebas miipyrobs, sazogadoebas gaacnobs teroristebisaTvis mniSvnelovan ideasa da mizans. es aramarto politikuradaa momgebiani, aramed amiT ucnobi da uintereso individebi Tavs mniSvnelovnad miiCneven. metic, CNN-sa da msoflios sxva wamyvan arxebze `praim taimi~ (saukeTeso saeTero dro televiziaSi) eTmoba teroristebisa da terorizmis problemis gaSuqebas. cxadia, yvelaze SemaZrwunebel, sensaciur teroristul aqtebs gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceva mediaSi. eWvgareSia, rom msoflio savaWro centris fataluri afeTqeba istoriaSi yvelaze farTod da vrclad gaSuqebuli teroristuli aqtia. politikis bevri analitikosi, romelic Jurnalistikis sferos farglebs gareT moRvaweobs, terorizmis aseT mzard aRzevebas nawilobriv medias, kerZod ki televizias abralebs. cud axal ambavSi meti sensaciaa da, Sesabamisad, nilsenis maRal reitings (anu Tavis mxriv maRal sareklamo Semosavals) iZleva [Nielson rating _ mediaauditoriis kvlevis sistema, SemuSavebuli nilsen media riserCis mier _ mTargmn. Sen.]. am TvalsazrisiT, terorizmi televiziisTvisaa `zedgamoWrili~. sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi mediisaTvis mxolod siaxlis Setyobineba ar aris sakmarisi. axali ambebis industriam unda gayidos informacia, mayurebelTa wili _ axali ambebis bazari, romelic irCevs satelevizio siaxleebs, gansazRvravs imas, ramdens gadauxdian kompaniebi TavianT sareklamo prodiebs. amrigad, axal ambebis prodiebs ar undaT xelidan gauSvan kargi istoria, maSinac ki, Tu es teroristTa sasargeblod gadadgmuli nabiji iqneba. mediis dasacavad SegviZlia vTqvaT: SeuZlia vinmes amtkicos, rom udanaSaulo adamianebiT savse TviTmfrinavis gataceba ar aris gasaSuqeblad mniSvnelovani? media xom, bolos da bolos, pasuxismgebelia, miawodos adamianebs informacia da sad aris garantia, rom maSinac, Tu erTi telekompania gadawyvets ar gaaSuqos garkveuli teroristuli incidenti an mxolod mcire yuradReba miaqcios mas, sxvebic igives gaakeTeben? sabolood, saidumlo molaparakeba da cenzura erTaderTi `gamosavalia~, magram am SemTxvevaSi gamojanmrTelebis saSualeba daavadebaze uaresia. roca demokratiuli sax-

terorizmi

541

elmwifoebi ebmebian konstituciurad saeWvo saqmianobaSi teroristuli aqtebis sapasuxod, terorizmis ganmaxorcieleblebi imarjveben politikurad da moralurad. protestsa da demonstracias, romlebic SeiZleba cenzuram, satelefono saubrebis mosmenam da sxva msgavsma zomebma gamoiwvios, SeiZleba zogjer sazogadoebis destabilizacia mohyves. mediis TviTSekaveba mxolod mimzidveli gamosavalia. realurad Tu vimsjelebT, axali ambebis industria ar Seamcirebs terorizmis Sesaxeb informaciis miwodebas, sanam sazogadoebrivi azri ar ganewyoba am gamoSvebebis winaaRmdeg. rogorc momxmareblebi, xSirad viRebT imas, rasac viTxovT da am TvalsazrisiT vimsaxurebT imas, rasac viRebT.

terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZola kiTxva, romelsac demokratiuli saxelmwifoebi awydebian, mdgomareobs ara imaSi, rogor SeiZleba terorizmis Sekaveba, aramed rogor SeiZleba misi Sesusteba ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa SezRudvis gareSe. es kiTxva awuxebda aSS-sa da mis evropel mokavSireebs gviani 1960-iani wlebidan. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlasTan da rusuli mafiis aRzevebasTan erTad, birTvuli terorizmis safrTxe SesamCnevad gaizarda. amiT xazi gaesva qmediTi xelisuflebebis saWiroebas msoflo terorizmTan dapirispirebisa da misi damarcxebis mizniT.32

Sida kanonmdebloba avtoritarul da totalitarul saxelmwifoebSi teroristebs swrafad da sastikad uswordebian. demokratiuli saxelmwifoebi mihyvebian kanons yovelTvis, roca es SesaZlebelia. bolo aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi bevrma demokratiulma qveyanam miiRo axali kanoni an Secvala Zveli, raTa ufro efeqtianad gamklaveboda teroristebsa da terorizms. amerikeli demokratebis erT-erTi midgomaa axali kanonmdeblobis miReba. magaliTad, aSS-Si sahaero mekobreoba (TviTmfrinavebis gataceba) federalur danaSauladaa aRiarebuli iseve, rogorc nebismieri Zaladobrivi aqtis Cadena TviTmfrinavis mgzavris mimarT aSS-is farglebSi da nebismieri amerikeli mgzavris mimarT sazRvargareT. savaWro centris da oklahoma sitis afeTqebis Semdeg, 1996 wlis aprilSi kongresma miiRo antiteroristuli da efeqtiani sasikvdilo ganaCenis aqti (Antiterorism and Effective Death Penalty Act) . am aqtma aRWurva federaluri aRmasrulebeli organoebi meti finansebiTa da axali meqanizmebiT terorizmTan sabrZolvelad, SeboWa imigracia da gaamartiva terorizmSi eWvmitanil ucxoelTa deportaciis procedura. 2001 wels, seqtembris im sabediswero dRes, msoflio savaWro centrze meore dartymam gamoamJRavna yvela adre miRebuli kontrteroristuli zomis sruli araadekvaturoba aSS-Si. prezidentma jorj buSma swrafad Seqmna qveynis usafrTxoebis axali ofisi kontrterorizmis sferoSi momuSave yvela federaluri departamentisa da saagentos saqmianobis koordinaciisaT-

542


vis. prezidentma aseve gamosca orazrovani direqtiva terorizmSi eWvmitanilTaTvis samxedro tribunalis Seqmnis Taobaze: ganxiluli iyo SesaZlebloba sasamarTlo procesebis warmoebisa gemebze zRvaSi an aSS iseT samxedro nagebobebze, rogoricaa baza guantanamos yureSi, kuba. es procesebi unda yofiliyo swrafi da uaRresad gasaidumloebuli. . . .[da] informaciis gacema SeiZleba SezRuduli yofiliyo mSral faqtebamde, rogoricaa mopasuxis saxeli da ganaCeni. saoqmo Canawerebi SeiZleba sajaro sazogadoebisgan dafruli yofiliyo wlobiT, saukuneebis ganmavlobaSic ki.33

yvelaze didi cvlilebebi, romlebic exeba mTavrobis uflebamosilebas aSS-Si legalurad myof ucxolebze, 11 seqtembris Semdeg kongresis mier miRebul kanonSi aisaxa. am kanonis sruli saxelia: amerikis gaerTianeba da gaZliereba Sesaferisi meqanizmebis Seqmnis saSualebiT, raTa SeaCeron da ar dauSvan 2001 wlis msgavsi teroristuli aqti (Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001). aSSSi mas patriotis aqtis saxeliT icnoben. masSi ganxilulia cneba, vin unda moiazrebodes terorizmSi eWvmitanilad da aRWurvavs generalur prokurors uflebamosilebiT, daakavos arabebi da muslimebi, iseve rogorc sxva ucxoelebi. es kanoni aZlevs mTavrobas uflebas, aukrZalos aSS-Si Sesvla nebismier ucxoels, romelic sajarod amarTlebs terorizms an miekuTvneba romelime teroristul dajgufebas. kanoni afarToebs aseve `teroristuli saqmianobis~ gansazRvrebasac, masSi axla ukve nagulisxmebia nebismieri ucxoeli, romelic iyenebs `saSiS xelsawyos~ an agrovebs fuls teroristuli dajgufebisaTvis gacnobierebulad Tu gaucnobiereblad. da bolos, kanoni saSualebas aZlevs xelisuflebas, daakavos nebismieri ucxoeli, romelic generalur prokurors saxifaTod miaCnia. prezidentis brZanebebidan gamomdinare, antiteroristuli zomebi da axali kanoni federalur xelisuflebas, mSvidobis SenarCunebis mizniT, moqalaqeebis Tvalyuris devnebis uflebas da dakavebis saSualebas aZlevs amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis sazRvrebSi. gamokiTxvebma daadgina, rom amerikelTa didi umravlesoba am zomebs Sesaferisad miiCnevda da ar fiqrobda, rom isini riskis qveS ayenebda samoqalaqo uflebebs. mainc arsebobda umciresoba, rogorc memarcxene, ise memarjvene mxridan, romelic kategoriulad ar eTanxmeboda am zomebs. isini gamoxatavdnen SiSsa da SeSfoTebas imis mimarT, rac individualuri Tavisuflebebisa da konstituciuri garantiebis eroziad miaCndaT (gansakuTrebiT, uflebebis Sesaxeb sakonstitucio Sesworebis I, IV, V da VI muxlebTan mimarTebaSi). terorizmTan brZolis kidev erTi, axali midgoma dakanonda _ teroristuli organizaciebis wevrobis ukanonod gamocxadeba. gaerTianebul samefoSi teroristuli dajgufebebi ukanonoa, maT Sorisaa irlandiis respublikuri armia (IRA) da irlandiis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli armia. saberZneTSic miiRes kanonebi, romlebic krZalavs teroristul dajgufebebs da maT wevrobas danaSaulad Tvlis. amasTan, safrangeTma, britaneTma

terorizmi

543

da SvedeTma SezRudes vizebis gacema ucxoeli nacionalistebis mier Cadenili teroristuli aqtebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT. italiasa da SvedeTSi kanoniT policiisaTvis ufro ioli gaxda telefonebis mosmena da safosto gzavnilebis gaxsna `werili-bombebis~ aRmosaCenad. yovelTvis, roca demokratebi aseT zomebs mimarTavs, is gardauvlad wamoWris samoqalaqo TavisuflebaTa sakiTxebs.

TanamSromloba qveynebs Soris saerTaSoriso Zalisxmeva terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi, romelsac gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia axorcielebda, aseve araefeqtiani aRmoCnda. igive SeiZleba iTqvas amerikul saxelmwifoTa organizaciisa (1971 wels) da evrosabWos (1977 wels) mier ganxorcielebul regionul midgomebze.34 amisgan gansxvavebiT, zogierTi ormxrivi molaparakeba mokavSire qveynebs an msgavsi interesebis mqone moqiSpe qveynebs Soris ufro warmatebuli gamodga terorizmTan brZolaSi. magaliTad, 1973 wlis molaparakebam aSS-sa da kubas Soris bolo mouRo amerikuli TviTmfrinavebis gatacebas havanaSi. kidev erTi magaliTia 1986 wlis molaparakeba aSS-sa da did britaneTs Soris, romlis mixedviTac maT gaafarToves eqstradiciis xelSekruleba da gamoricxes politikuri motiviT Cadenili seriozuli Zaladobrivi danaSaulis CamdenTa Sewyaleba. 11 seqtembris teraqtebis Semdeg aSS-m moipova bevri qveynis, maT Soris pakistanisa da ruseTis mTavrobebis mxardaWera da aqtiuri TanamSromloba msoflio masStabiT antiteroristuli kampaniis warmoebaSi. amas gansakuTrebiT uWerdnen mxars natos wevri qveynebi, maTgan yvelaze aRsaniSnavia didi britaneTi imdroindeli premier-ministr toni bleris meTaurobiT. didi yuradReba daeTmo sadazvervo samsaxurebis TanamSromlobas da informaciis gacvlas, magram aman mxolod mcire warmateba moitana terorizmTan brZolaSi. interpoli policiis saerTaSoriso saagentoa, romlis Stabbina safrangeTSia. aseve, dasavleT evropaSi arsebobs organizacia, romelic drodadro axvedrebs erTmaneTs wevri qveynebis sagareo saqmeTa ministrebsa da policiis uwyebaTa meTaurebs terorizmis Sesaxeb informaciis gasacvlelad da gamoZiebis koordinirebisaTvis. am organizaciebma erTgvarad gaaioles teroristTa Sepyroba da zogjer xelic SeuSales teroristuli aqtebis ganxorcielebas. magaliTad, gamoZiebis federaluri biurosa da centraluri sadazvevrvo saagentos maRali rangis warmomadgenlebma iTanamSromles ruseTTan saerTaSoriso teroristul dajgufebebsa da birTvuli iaraRis SesaZlo kontrabandistebs Soris kavSiris gamosavlenad. saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobas SeuZlia miaRwios swraf warmatebas, roca misi mizani konkretul teroristul problemebTan brZolaa da mokavSire qveynebs Soris arsebobs urTierTgageba da koordinacia. misi dadebiTi Tu uaryofiTi mxareebi gamovlinda 1986 wlis aprilSi, roca prezidentma ronald reiganma gasca libiaze saraketo Setevis brZaneba. es qveyana saerTaSoriso terorizmis Ria mxardamWerad miiCneoda. Tavdapirvelad britaneTi

544


momxre iyo aSS-is mier dartymis ganxorcielebisa. frangebs SeeSindaT teroristTa SuriZiebisa da uari uTxres britaneTis bazebidan afrenil aSS-is samxedro TviTmfrinavebs gadaekveTaT safrangeTis sahaero sivrce. aSS-is sadamsjelo sahaero dartyma warmatebuli gamodga da male gaCnda mravalmxrivi konsensusis niSnebic. 1986 wlis aprilSi evropis Tanamegobrobam xma misca libiaze ekonomikuri sanqciebis dawesebas da 1986 wlis zafxulSi libiis moqalaqeebi gaaZeves britaneTidan, safrangeTidan, dasavleT germaniidan, italiidan, espaneTidan, daniidan, belgiidan, niderlandebidan da luqsemburgidan. mogvianebiT, loqerbis [Sotlandia] Tavze samgzavro TviTmfrinavebis afeTqebaSi dadanaSaulebuli libielebi daapatimres. isini haagis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos winaSe 2000 wels warsdgnen. imis miuxedavad, rom es loqerbis tragediidan didi xnis Semdeg moxda, cxadi gaxda, rom mTavrobaTSoris TanamSromlobas SeuZlia teroristebis dasjas Seuwyos xeli.

unilateraluri zomebi zogi kontrteroristuli strategia elementaruli Cans, Tumca mxolod erTi SexedviT. magaliTad, bevr aeroportSi gamZafrda usafrTxoebis zomebi 1985 wlis teroristuli sisxliani sasaklaoebis Semdeg, magram aSS-Si es saTanadod ar gakeTda 11 seqtembris teraqtamde. erT dResac, oTxi komerciuli TviTmfrinavi TiTqmis erTdroulad gaitaces aRmosavleT sanapiros sami sxvadasxva aeroportidan da, rogorc Cans, gamtaceblebma moaxeres TviTmfrinavebSi iaraRis Setanac. bevr xelisuflebas sjera, rom Sekaveba da angariSworeba terorizmTan brZolis erTaderTi efeqtiani saSualebaa. am TvalsazrisiT, terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZola moiTxovs sul mcire teroristebTan molaparakebaze uaris Tqmas, gansakuTrebiT roca saqmeSi CarTuli arian mZevlebi an samoqalaqo samizneebze tavdasxma ar wydeba. sxvagvarad moqceva marcxisaTvis ganwiruli da borotebis dajildoebis tolfasi iqneboda, rac momavalSic waaxalisebda msgavs Tavdasxmebs.

perus `ganaTebuli gza~ terorizmis winaaRmdeg warmatebisaken Sendero Luminoso _ `ganaTebuli gza~ 1980 wels perus demokratiul qveynad gadaqcevasTan erTad gaCnda. Tavdapirvelad, agrarul safuZvelze Seqmnilma teroristulma organizaciam saarCevno yuTebi dawva da gasafrTxileblad mkvdari ZaRlebis dakidebiT gaiTqva saxeli, mogvianebiT ki yuradReba masobriv Zaladobas miapyro. Zaladoba zogjer regionul omSi gadaizrdeboda xolme sazogadoebrivi TavSeyris adgilebis dabombvis, adgilobrivi xelisuflebis warmomadgenelTa da ubralo moqalaqeTa mkvlelobebis CaTvliT. 1992 wlisaTvis 5 aTas wevriani Zlieri organiza-

terorizmi

545

ciis kiserze daaxloebiT 23 aTasi mkvleloba da 20 mlrd dolaris zarali iyo. organizaciis lideri qarizmatuli abimal guzmani saSualo klasis warmomadgeneli da yofili filosofiis maswavlebeli iyo. misi xelmZRvanelobiT `ganaTebuli gza~ mxars uWers da maoisturis msgavs ideologias. jgufis gamorCeuli niSani iyo yvela sxva samTavrobo Tu arasamTavrobo, samoqalaqo, reformistuli Tu radikaluri organizaciis mimarT mtroba. mis mtrebs Soris iyo ufro mcirericxovani, naklebad Zaladobrivi memarcxene teroristuli organizacia revoluciuri moZraoba tupak amaru, romelsac XX saukunis 80-iani wlebis mijnasa da 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi Zalze momgebian narkotikebis operaciebze kontrolis brZola mougo. tupak amaru gauCinarda politikuri scenidan, magram 1996 wlis dekemberSi kvlav gamoCnda, roca diplomatiuri miRebis dros misma partizanebma alya Semoartyes iaponiis elCis adgilsamyofels da mZevlad aiyvanes (bevri maTgani oTxi TviT) mravali maRalCinosani (isini gaaTavisufles mas Semdeg, rac uSiSroebis Zalebma teroristebis adgilsamyofeli SturmiT aiRes da partizanebi mokles). XX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi guzmansa da `ganaTebul gzas~ perus ramdenime susti demokratiuli xelisufleba daupirispirda. verc erTma ver SeZlo hiperinflaciis, maRali umuSevrobis, uzarmazari sagareo valis, farTod gavrcelebuli siRaribis, narkobaronebisa da xelisuflebis korufciis (terorizmze rom araferi vTqvaT) daTrgunva. 1992 wlis 5 aprils peruSi movlenebi radikalurad Seicvala. gadawyvita ra mkacri da mtkice moqmedebebis kursis aReba, prezidentma alberto fuximorim sruli Zalaufleba aiRo xelSi. man SeaCera konstituciis moqmedeba, daSala arCeuli kongresi da mniSvnelovnad SeaCera sasamarTlos muSaoba. fuximoris akritikebdnen samxedro moqmedebebis gamo. miuxedavad amisa, eqvsi Tvis Semdeg guzmani cixeSi ijda. metic, 1993 wels politikur mkvlelobaTa raodenoba 50%-iT Semcirda da kleba momdevno welsac gagrZelda. warmatebuli iyo fuximoris ekonomikuri politikac: 7%-ianma zrdis tempma perus laTinuri amerikaSi Zlieri ekonomikis saxeli moutana. mniSvnelovnad Semcirda inflaciis done. [2000 wels fuximori avtoritarizmis da adamianis uflebebis Selaxvis braldebiT gadaayenes _ mTargmn. Sen.] guzmanis daWeris Semdeg `ganaTebul gzas~ daSlis safrTxe emuqreboda, radgan misi aTasobiT wevri dapatimrebuli iyo. mogvianebiT, organizacia kvlav aRdga. miuxedavad imisa, rom `ganaTebuli gzis~ wevrebis raodenoba sagrZnoblad Semcirda, xolo ideologia bundovani gaxda, organizacia arsebobas ganagrZobda oskar ramires durandis (guzmanis Zveli megobris) xelmZRvanelobiT. is kvlav axorcielebda misTvis Cveul Zaladobis aqtebs, Tumca ukve Semcirebuli masStabiT. organizacia kvlav Cafluli iyo narkotikebis aralegalur vaWrobaSi. rogori Canda momavali? perus ukiduresi ekonomikuri vardnis garda, savaraudoa, rom `ganaTebuli gza~ an teroristul organizaciad darCeba, an sazogadoebisaTvis sxvagvar safrTxed transformirdeba _ magaliTad, specializdeba organizebul danaSaulze (transformacia, romelic ukve ganicada ramdenime teroristulma dajgufebam kolumbiasa da braziliaSi).

546


kontrterorizmma imuSava iq, sadac mTavrobebma gamoamJRavnes neba da SesaZlebloba, mieRoT mtkice da prevenciuli (profilaqtikuri) samxedro kontrzomebi. 1976 wels israelis komandosebis mamacurma reidma ugandis entebes aeroportSi daamtkica, rom teroristebi ar arian daumarcxeblebi maSinac ki, roca maT mZevlebi hyavT. igive gaakeTes komandosebma 1996 wlis dekemberSi, roca tupak amarus revoluciur moZraobas limaSi (peru) mZevlad hyavda ayvanili adamianebi iaponiis saelCoSi. mZevalTa daxsnis operaciebSi warmatebisaTvis saWiroa kargad gawvrTnili, swrafad moqmed komandosTa erTeulebi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, germaniis GCG-9, romelmac gaaTavisufla lufthanzas gatacebul TviTmfrinavSi myofi mZevlebi mogadiSuSi, somaliSi 1977 wels. aRsaniSnavia aseve britanelTa SAS (Special Air Service) da aSS-s Delta Force. adgilobrivi policiis samsaxurebi ar arian teroristebTan gasamklavebad saTanadod aRWurvili da gawvrTnili: roca SAS-Tan erTad muSaob iseT arealSi, rogoricaa qalaqi armaSi [CrdiloeT irlandia], sul male acnobiereb, rom omis monawile xar da ara sapolicio operaciisa. Ramidan Ramemde irlandiis respublikuri armiis aqtivistTa danayofebi [mtris zurgSi aRweven] usafrTxo samxreTisaken da [gadaadgildebian] Tavisuflad iseTi adgilebisaken, romlebic TavianTTvis usafrTxo gaxades mkvlelobiT, wamebiT, motacebebiTa da sxva danaSaulebebiT. isini rTul iaraRs iyeneben, [maT Soris], msxvilkalibrian tyviamfrqvevebs, saraketo danadgarebs, fugasur naRmebsa da mravalnair asafeTqebel nivTierebebs. audiomeTvalyureobis meSveobiT Sen usmen maT Sexvedrebs, sadac gaicema sabotaJis mowyobis brZanebebi, romlebmac moqalaqeebi unda Seiwiros. samoqalaqo sapolicio procedurebs ar SeuZlia gaumklavdes am saxis safrTxes. Tu Sen daadgen jgufis adgilsamyofels, savaWro centrze organizebuli Tavdasxmis procesSi, sadac rZis bidonebi savsea asafeTqeblebiTa da lursmnebiT, masTan gasamklaveblad sabrZolo patruls agzavni da ar iZaxeb adgilobriv policiels.35

kontrterorizmi italiaSi: istoriuli warmatebuli SemTxveva

XX saukunis 70-ian wlebis dasavleTSi italia teroris masStabebiT gamoirCeoda. ukiduresi memarcxene wiTeli brigadebi kapitalizmisa da xelisuflebis `simboloebs~ _ asobiT mosamarTles, mewarmes da politikoss itacebdnen da klavdnen. 1969-dan 1983 wlamde teroristuli Zaladobis 14 aTasze meti aqti aRiricxa, 409 adamiani mokles, xolo 1366 daWres. 1978 wels wiTelma brigadebma yofili premier-ministri da italiis erT-erTi wamyvani politikosi aldo moro gaitaces. igi mokles, roca xelisuflebam uari Tqva moros gamtaceblebTan molaparakebaze. sabolood teroristebi damarcxdnen. aRSfoTebuli sazogadoeba mkacr kontrteroristul brZolas iTxovda, ris Sedegadac wiTeli brigadebis wevrTa raode-

terorizmi

547

noba mkveTrad Semcirda. rogor SeZlo es italiam? Tavdapirvelad policiam wiTeli brigadis teroristul dajgufebebSi SeaRwia da misi asobiT wevri daapatimra. Semdeg, sasjelis Semsubuqeba SesTavazes im monanie teroristebs, romlebic aqtivistebisa da sxva teroristebis adgilsamyofelis Sesaxeb informacias gadascemdnen. Semdeg, policiam Tavisi Zalebi iseT SezRudul da SedarebiT advilad samarTav teroristuli samizneebze mimarTa, rogoricaa aeroportebi, portebi da sazRvrebi. sabolood, axalma kanonebma policias uflebamosileba gauzarda satelefono saubrebisa da sxva resursebis ufro efeqtianad gamoyenebis mizniT. TanagrZnobis gareSe darCenili italiis teroristebi izolaciaSi moeqcnen da dRes qveynis stabilurobisaTvis umniSvnelo safrTxes warmoadgenen.

Tumca, iseTi specialuri kontrteroristuli danayofebis arseboba, rogoric britaneTis SAS-ia, ar aris sakmarisi. xelisuflebas unda surdes maTi gamoyeneba. rogorc erTi eqsperti aRniSnavs, kontrteroristuli politikis mTavari mizania àCvenos arsebuli sistemis Seucdomloba~.36 warumatebloba, rogoric iyo 1980 wlis aSS mcdeloba, gaeTavisuflebina tyveebi iranidan, 1985 wels egviptis mcdeloba, daekavebina maltaSi gatacebuli TviTmfrinavi, xandaxan gardauvalia xolme da zogjer tragikuli SedegebiT mTavrdeba, magram kidev ufro tragikuli SeiZleba aRmoCndes Sedegebi maSin, Tu gadawyvetilebebi ar iqneba droulad miRebuli. sxva nabijebi, romelTa gadadgmac mTavrobas SeuZlia, moicavs SeiaraRebisa da feTqebadi nivTierebebis kontrols da albaT, yvelaze mniSvnelovani (marTalia, yvelaze Zneli) aris kargi Sida sadazvervo Zalebis ganviTareba. mxolod teroristTa samalavebis, gadaadgilebisa da gegmebis Sesaxeb informaciis mopovebiTaa SesaZlebeli maTi Tavdasxmebis Tavidan acileba. teroristTa samizneebis dacva maSin iqneba SesaZlebeli, Tu winaswar gvecodineba rodis da sad apireben teroristebi dartymis miyenebas. cxadia, demokratiuli sazogadoeba da is konstituciuri normebi, romlebSic policia da sagamoZiebo samsaxurebi moqmedeben, dabrkolebaa nebismieri xelisuflebisaTvis, romelic terorizmis safrTxis winaSe aRmoCndeba. moqalaqeebi ar arian miCveulni megobrebis, ojaxis wevrebis, mezoblebisa da TanamSromlebis TvalTvals. aseve, sadazvervo informaciis mogrovebas ramdenime saagento axorcielebs, nawilobrv imitom, rom ar moxdes erTerTi maTganisTvis zedmeti Zalauflebis miniWeba. aSS-Si, magaliTad, dazverva da kontrdazverva erTmaneTisgan mkacrad gamijnulia, centraluri sadazvervo saagento CIA pasuxismgebelia ucxoeTSi dazvervaze da ekrZaleba aSS-is moqalaqeebis an dajgufebaTa winaaRmdeg Sida SpionaJis operaciebSi monawileobis miReba _ kontrdazverva gamoZiebis federaciuli biuro funqciaa. am biurokratiuli ufskrulis Semcirebis saWiroebam ganapiroba 11 seqtembris teraqtis Semdeg prezident buSis gadawyvetileba, Seeqmna qveynis usafrTxoebis axali samsaxuri.

548


ra SeuZlia pirovnebas? moqalaqeebma da firmebma Tavadac mimarTes usafrTxoebis zomebs sakuTari Tavis dasacavad.37 iseve, rogorc bevri mTavroba aZlierebda Tavis saelCoebisa da sxva sazRvargareTuli dawesebulebebis dacvas 1980-1990ian wlebSi, kerZo kompaniebic yovelwliurad milionobiT dolars xarjaven dacvis momsaxurebisaTvis aSS-Si da sxvagan.38 dacvis saWiroeba gansakuTrebiT gamoikveTa 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris Semdeg. bevr moqalaqes ara aqvs imis saSualeba, rom piradi dacva daiqiraos. magram sazogadoebis sifrTxiles SeuZlia teroristebisaTvis saqmis sakmaod garTuleba. magaliTad, israelSi, sadac terorizmis mudmivi safrTxea, oficialuri informaciiT sazogadoebrivi TavSeyris adgilebSi moTavsebuli naRmebis 80%-is gauvnebelyofa xerxdeba, radgan saeWvo obieqtebs adamianebi cnoben da maT Sesaxeb droulad acnobeben saWiro instanciebs.39 aSS-Si usafrTxoebis eqspertTa umravlesoba Tanxmdeba, rom momavalSi terorizmisaTvis winaaRmdegobis gaweva didwilad iqneba damokidebuli rogorc moqalaqeebis, ise xelisuflebis sifxizleze. aseve, komerciuli TviTmfrinavebis pilotebi Tanxmdebian, rom Tu TviTmfrinavis gataceba Sewydeba, es moxdeba mgzavrTa mzadyofnis gamo, gauswordnen teroristebs da ara imitom, rom aviaci-is usafrTxoebis inspeqtorebi arian bortze.

SesaZlebelia ki terorizmis Sekaveba? Tanamedrove terorizmi seriozuli problemaa da rogorc Cans, misi aRmofxvra mokle xanSi ver moxerxdeba. safrTxe, piriqiT, ufro izrdeba: birTvuli terorizmi, rogorc adre aRvniSneT, ukve realuria. cxadia, rom ar arsebobs erTi da sruliad efeqtiani gamosavali terorizmis problemidan. Tumca, rogorc vnaxeT, arsebobs teroristTa xelsayreli pirobebis SezRudvis an Semcirebis gzebi, agreTve dasjis, an ubralod, terorizmis aRmofxvris meTodebi sawyis etapze, sanam is dramatul zRvars miaRwevdes (rogorc es moxda italiaSi da ekvadorSi 1970-ian da 1980-ian wlebSi da alJirSi 1990-ian wlebSi). warmatebis miuxedavad, mainc arsebobs mniSvnelovani problema: erTma teroristmac ki SeiZleba uzarmazari ziani miayenos sazogadoebas. am arasrulyofil samyaroSi SeuZlebelia terorizmis srulad aRmofxvra, magram moTminebiT, uryeobiT, gambedaobiTa da sifrTxiliT SeiZleba misi SeCereba da Tavisuflebis dacva _ es aris uaxlesi warsulidan miRebuli erT-erTi gakveTili.

daskvna terorizmi SeiZleba gavigoT rogorc status kvos Secvlaze mimarTuli

terorizmi

549

politikuri Zalisxmeva, romelic xorcieldeba moqalaqeTa dasaSineblad Zaladobis gamoyenebiT. igi Tanamedrove samyaroSi yoveldRiuri movlenad iqca. misi uZvelesi fesvebi religiur konfliqtSia. Tanamedrove terorizmi 1960-iani wlebidan iRebs saTaves. teroristebi iRvwian qaosisa da dabneulobis klimatis SeqmnisaTvis, im rwmeniT, rom politikuri arastabiluroba daaCqarebs xelisuflebis dacemas. isini qmnian mWidrod dakavSirebul, homogenur, mcire dajgufebebs. teroristebs SeuZliaT didi safrTxis winaSe daayenon politikuri da ekonomikuri problemebis mqone qveynebi. amis magaliTia muslimuri fundamentalizmi alJirSi. imis miuxedavad, rom teroristebi arRveven kanons, isini ar arian damnaSaveebi am sityvis Cveulebrivi gagebiT. isini arc partizanebi da Cveulebrivi revolucionerebi arian. yvela teroristi revolucioneria, magram yvela revolucioneri ar aris teroristi. teroristi iseTi saxis revolucioneria, romelic ar iRvwis politikuri Zalauflebis xelSi Casagdebad, misi upirvelesi mizania protesti gamoTqvas da SeebrZolos arsebuli politikuri wesrigiT gamowveul usamarTlobas Zaladobrivi aqtebis saSualebiT. teroristebi, rogorc wesi, axalgazrdebi, martoxela mamakacebi arian. maT aseve saerTo aqvT bevri fsiqologiuri maxasiaTebeli, maT Soris fanatizmi da siZulvili. sust, avtoritarul mTavrobas da demokratias teroristebi did safrTxes uqmnian. demokratia da terorizmi erTmaneTis umowyalo mtrebi arian. demokratia damokidebulia qveynis mosaxleobis kompromisis survilze da sxva adamianebis mosazrebis pativiscemaze, teroristebi ki borotmoqmedebi arian, romlebic nebismier qmedebaze midian miznis misaRwevad. metic, Tavisi bunebiT demokratiuli qveynebi teroristuli TavdasxmebisaTvis Riaa. problema, romlis winaSec demokratiuli qveynebi aRmoCndebian xolme terorizmTan brZolaSi, garTulebulia imiT, rom erTdroulad SenarCunebul unda iqnes individualuri Tavisufleba da daculi iyos erovnuli usafrTxoeba. demokratiuli qveynebis mier miRebulma unirateralurma Tu TanamSromlobiTma zomebma dagvanaxa, rom SesaZlebelia terorizmis Sekaveba magram ara misi srulad aRmofxvra.

sakvanZo sityvebi terorizmi saxelmwifo terorizmi saerTaSoriso terorizmi saSinao terorizmi transnacionaluri terorizmi

antisaxelmwifoebrivi terorizmi nacionalistur-separatistuli terorizmi ideologiuri terorizmi kontrterorizmi

550


kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

riT gansxvavdeba terorizmi Cveulebrivi danaSaulisgan? partizanuli omisgan? rogoria teroristebis tipuri taqtika da rogor aris dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan maTi miznebi da saSualebebi? ra fsiqologiuri fesvebi aqvs terorizms da ra aris tipuri teroristis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi? ratom aris demokratia daucveli terorizmisgan? SeafaseT terorizmis safrTxe demokratiuli qveynebis mimarT. ra dabrkolebebi xvdeba kontrteroristul politikas? ra nabiji gadadga konstituciurma demokratiam terorizmisgan Tavis dasacavad? kidev risi [Tu saerTod ramis] gakeTeba SeiZleba?

SeniSvnebi: 1. 2. 3.

4.

5. 6.

7.

Cindy Coombs. Terrorism in the Twenty-First Century (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1997), 1-2. `Nihilism and Terror~, New Republic, September 29, 1986, 11. aseve ix. Martha Crenshaw, `The Causes of Terrorism,~ wignSi International Terrorism: Characteristics, Causes, Controls, red. Charles W. Kegley, Jr. (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1990), 113. ori klasifikaciis sqema aris TanamimdevrobiT ganxiluli. isini ar amowuraven literaturaSi mocemul informacias. Tavdapirveli diskusia aq mihyveba keglis, romelic eyrdnoba edvard miqolusis `Trends in International Terrorism,~ in International Terrorism in the Contemporary World, red. Marius H. Livingston da sxvebi (Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 1978); ix. Charles W. Kegley, Jr., `Characteristics, Causes, and Controls of International Terrorism: An Introduction,~ wignSi International Terrorism, red. Kegley, 5. iqve. gansxvaveba religiasa da ideologias Soris sruliad qreba, roca momxreebi Riad misdeven politikur miznebs da religias TavianTi saSualebebis gasamarTleblad iyeneben. magaliTad, islamisti eqstremistebi xSirad mouwodeben xalxs jihadisken (wminda omisken) israelis winaaRmdeg da `jvarosnuli omebisaken~ (Tu bin ladenis epiTets gamoviyenebT), magram yvela muslimma icis, rom yurani (islamis wminda wigni) mkacrad krZalavs udanaSaulo adamianisaTvis sicocxlis warTmevas da aranair gamonakliss ar uSvebs. islami terorizms kidev ufro metad krZalavs, vidre qristianoba. ufro srulyofili ganxilvisaTvis ix. Devid Rapoport, `Religion and Terror: Thugs, Assassins and Zealots,~ wignSi International Terrorism, ed. Kegley, 146-157. aseve ix. Leonard Weinberg and Paul Davis, Introduction to Political Terrorism (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1989), 19-23

terorizmi

551

8. Weinberg and Devis, Political Terrorism, 22 9. Compare Repoport, `Religion and Terror,~ 146, da iqve., 24-26 10. Rushworth M. Kidder, Ùnmasking Terrorism,~ Christian Science Monitor, May 13, 1986, 19. 11. iqve, 20. 12. iqve, ix. aseve sqema 15-1 am TavSi. 13. Walter Laqueur, Terrorism (Boston: Little, Brown, 1977), 220. 14. Paul Johnson, `The Seven Deadly Sins of Terrorism,~ wignSi International Terrorism, red. Kegley, 65. 15. Carlos Marighella, Mini-Manual for Urban Guerillas, mTargmn. Gene Hanrahan (Chapel Hill, N.C.: Documentary Publications, 1984). (Tavdapirvelad gamoqveynda espanurad 1970 wels). 16. Claire Marighella, The Terror Network: The Secret War of International Terrorism (New York: Holt, 1981), 21-22. 17. statistika eyrdnoba David E. Long, The Anatomy of Terrorism (New York: Free Press, 1990), 165. 18. Mohhamad M. Hafez, Middle East Journal 4 (Semodgoma 2000): 584-585. 19. Long, The Anatomy of Terrorism, 17. 20. Walter Laqueur, `The Futility of Terrorism,~ wignSi International Terrorism, red. Kegley, 69. avtori aRniSnavs am Sexedulebas, magram ar emxroba mas. 21. rogorc adre aRvniSneT. ix. magaliTad, Henry Dietz, `Revolutionary Organization in the Counterside: Peru,~ wignSi Revolution and Political Change in the Third World, red. Barry Schutz and Robert Slater (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Reinner, 1990), 135. 22. Laqueur, `Faculty of Terrorism,~ 70; and Walter Laqueur, `Reflections on the Eradication of Terrorism,~ wignSi International Terrorism, red. Kegley, 207. 23. Coombs, Terrorism in the Twenty-First Century, 68. 24. Rushworth M. Kidder, Ùnmasking Terrorism,~ Christian Science Monitor, May 15, 1986, 18. 25. Eric Hoffer, The True Believer (New York: Harper & Row, 1951), 49. 26. ix. Frederick J. Hacker, Crusaders, Criminals, Crazies: Terror and Terrorism in Our Time (New York: Norton, 1977). 27. Kidder, Ùnmasking Terrorism,~ May 15, 1986, 19. 28. sindisis qenjnis naklebobis Sesaxeb ix. Long, Anatomy of Terrorism, 19. 29. Paul McHugh, The Weekly Standard, December 10, 2001. 30. Hoffer, True Believer, 80. 31. iqve, 81. 32. am ganxilvis didi wili dafuZnebulia Weinberg-isa da Devis-s naSromze Political Terrorism, Tavi 8, 151-188. 33. Mattew Purdy, `Bush’s New Rules to Fight Terror Transform the Legal Landscape,~ New York Times (online edition), December 16, 2001. 34. Weinberg and Devis, Political Terrorism, 168-170. 35. Gayle Rivers, The Specialist: Revelations of a Counterterrorist (New York: Charter Books, 1985), 40.

552


36. Richard Clutterburck, Protest and the Urban Guerilla (New York: Abelard-Shuman, 1974), 287. 37. ix. generally Brian Jenkins, red., Terrorism and Personal Protection (Boston: Butter-worth, 1985) 38. Kidder, Ùnmasking Terrorism,~ May 21, 1986, 16. 39. iqve, 17.

T aavv i XV I

omi po litik litikaa sx sxvvaa saS ualeb eb iT

omis mizezebi adamianis buneba

sazogadoeba

garemo omis Teoriebi: kritika politikis miRma totaluri omi: omi, romelSic yvela ibrZvis SemTxveviTi omi: omi, romelic aravis surs birTvuli omi: omi, romelsac veravin igebs aris Tu ara omi odesme moralurad gamarTlebuli?

samarTliani omis doqtrina samarTliani omis doqtrinis Sefaseba niurnbergis procesi

553

554


omi saerTaSoriso politikis umTavresi problemaa. prusieli samxedro Teoretikosi karl fon klauzevici (1780-1831) ambobs, rom òmi politikis gagrZelebaa, oRond sxva saSualebebiT~. mTavroba yovelTvis acnobierebs, rom diplomatia SeiZleba uZluri aRmoCndes da Sesabamisad, nebismier dros gaCaRdes omi mezobel saxelmwifosTan an saxelmwifos SigniT moqiSpe eTnikur an religiur jgufebs Soris. cxadia, nebismieri donis politikis yvelaze didi marcxi gamoixateba mis uunarobaSi, Tavidan aicilos sxvadasxva formis SeiaraRebuli konfliqti. Cveulebriv, rodesac omze saubroben, gulisxmoben saxelmwifoTaSoris oms _ oms, romelSic ori an meti eri-saxelmwifoa CarTuli. samoqalaqo omi erTi saxelmwifos teritoriaze mimdinareobs. Tanamedrove samyaroSi am tipis omebi ufro xSiria, vidre damoukidebel saxelwifoebs Soris. partizanuli omi aris brZolis erT-erTi nairsaxeoba, romelsac ZiriTadad msubuqad SeiaraRebuli moZravi SenaerTebi awarmoeben soflebSi (xSirad mebrZolebs adgilobrivi mosaxleoba sakvebiT da TavSesafriT exmareba). partizanebi, rogorc wesi, gamiznul Zaladobas mimarTaven armiis, policiisa da xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg, rac miznad isaxavs xelisuflebis Sesustebas an damxobas. omis meoTxe kategoria _ mcire intensivobis konfliqtebi, iwyeba maSin, rodesac erTi saxelmwifo afinansebs metoqe saxelmwifoSi Zaladobis periodul an xangrZliv gamovlinebas (magaliTad, daqiravebuli jariskacebis gagzavniT an partizanebis daxmarebiT). Tu gavixsenebT daRupulTa ricxvs, ganadgurebul qonebas, daxarjul Tanxebs, cxadi gaxdeba, rom omi adamianis yvelaze damangreveli da fuWi qmedebaa. mxolod meoce saukuneSi omma 35 milioni adamiani _ maT Soris 25 mln samoqalaqo piri imsxverpla (es Sefaseba 1990 wels gakeTda, roca saukunis dasasrulamde kidev aTi weli iyo darCenili).1 generalma uiliam Sermanma sakuTar Tavze gamoscada omis saSinelebebi (igi, rogorc meTauri, TavgamodebiT ibrZoda omebSi). amerikis samoqalaqo omis damTavrebdan 15 wlis Semdeg warmoTqmul sityvaSi man Tqva: `bevri patara biWi fiqrobs, rom omi didebuli ram aris, magram, biWebo, damijereT _ es namdvili jojoxeTia~! saubedurod, yvelas ar esmis omis saSinelebebi ise, rogorc general Sermans esmoda. istoriis mravali saxelganTqmuli (an saxelgatexili) pirovneba omis didebam `Seqmna~. sxvebma ki, vinc sisxlisRvras ar Seurigda, mainc aRiara omis perversuli momxibvleloba. Cvens welTaRricxvamde merve saukuneSi berZenma poetma homerosma aRniSna, rom kaci Zilis, siyvarulisa da cekva-simRerisgan ufro iRleba, vidre omisgan. homerosis Semoqmedeba miZRvnilia simamacisa da Tavganwirvisi, romelsac omi moiTxovs. berZeni filosofosi aristotele, romelic homerosze 500 wliT adre cxovrobda, simamaces adamianis upirveles Rirsebad miiCnevda. aristoteles azriT, brZolaSi gamoCenili simamace akeTilSobilebda adamians, radganac es iyo moralurad swori nabiji sikvdilis SiSis sapasuxod, rac, Tavis mxriv, safrTxes uqmnis politikur sazogadoebas. aqcenti omis sargeblianobaze ar axasiaTebs mxolod Zvel berZnebs an antikur mwerlebs. albaT, ise aravis mouxdenia omis racionalizacia, rogorc es germanelma filosofosma hegelma SeZlo (1770-1831). igi amtkicebda: `Tu

omi

555

saxelmwifoebi ver aRweven urTierTSeTanxmebas da ver xerxdeba maTi survilebis harmonizacia, maSin omi erTaderTi gamosavalia~. am winadadebaSi araferi ar aris Sokis momgvreli, Tumca, igi sakmaod pesimisturad JRers. hegeli ufro Sorsac midis da amtkicebs, rom omi, faqtobrivad, erTaderTi gamosavalia, radgan `gaWianurebuli da, miT ufro, mudmivi mSvidoba erebs ryvnis~. mSvidobis dros, hegelis azriT, sazogadoeba dundeba da nawevrdeba. òmi aZlierebs saxelmwifoebs. aseve maTTvis, vinc monawileobs samoqalaqo daumorCileblobaSi, sazRvrebs gareT brZolaa saWiro, raTa qveynis SigniT mSvidoba damyardes.~2

ramdeni omi xdeba weliwadSi? SeiZleba gvegonos, rom es ioli gamosaTvlelia, magram sinamdvileSi ase araa. magaliTisTvis ganvixiloT 1996 weli. centralurma sadazvervo saagentom ocdarva SeiaraRebuli konfliqti daiTvala mTeli msoflios masStabiT. imave wels, Tavdacvis informaciis centrma gamoavlina ocdaSvidi mimdinare da aTi Camcxrali SeiaraRebuli konfliqti, xolo Tavdacvis erovnuli sabWos fondis monacemebiT es ricxvi gacilebiT didi _ samocdaoTxi iyo. romeli wyaroa sarwmuno? es gansxvaveba ramdenime faqtoriT aixsneba. maT Soris, upirvelesia sajaro politikis mkvlevari organizaciebis politikuri orientacia. Tavdacvis erovnuli sabWos fondi konservatiuli asociaciaa, romelic mxars uWers Tavdacvis xaziT biujetis zrdas. amitom, gasakviri araa, rom am organizaciisTvis garemomcveli samyaro gacilebiT saSiSia, xolo mimdinare SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebis ricxvi _ ufro didi, vidre liberalurad ganwyobili Tavdacvis informaciis centrisTvis, romelic xandaxan ukmayofilebas gamoTqvams Tavdacvaze daxarjul TanxebTan dakavSirebiT. isic ar aris gasakviri, rom Tavdacvis erovnuli sabWos fondi konfliqtebs ufro did mniSvnelobas aniWebs, vidre Tavdacvis informaciis centri. erovnuli sabWo konfliqtebad miiCnevs ara mxolod SeiaraRebul dapirispirebas, aramed narkotikebTan da organizebul danaSaulTan dakavSirebul incidentebsac. amgvari gansxvavebebi rom ar arsebobdes, omebis daTvla mainc gaWirdeboda. omis gansazRvra daRupulTa ricxvis mixedviT imTaviTve SeuZlebelia, radganac omSi monawile arc erTi mxare ar axmaurebs sarwmuno informacias, xolo miukerZoebeli damkvirveblebisTvis Sesabamisi informaciis xelmisawvdomoba an SezRudulia, an saerTod SeuZlebelia. erovnuli sazRvrebis mixedviT omisa da brZolebis gansazRvra aseve warumatebelia. magaliTad, Tavdacvis erovnuli sabWo bosniisa da serbeTis konfliqtebs erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad ganixilavs, xolo centraluri sadazvervo saagento maT balkaneTis konfliqtad moixseniebs. hegeli ambobda, rom `msoflios istoria aris msoflios sasamarT-

556


lo~. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, hegelisaTvis saimedoobis an gamZleobis yvelaze didi gamocda aris ara raRac abstraqtuli moraluri standartebi, aramed konkretuli warmateba. da radganac msoflio politikaSi warmateba ZalauflebiT da sididiT izomeba, gamodis, rom Zala da ufleba sinonimebi yofila. germanelma filosofosma fridrix nicSem (1844-1900) meti radikalizmi SesZina am ideas. nicSe zogadad uaryofda pirobiT zneobriobas, xolo qristianul eTikasa da humanurobas gansakuTrebiT ver itanda da sisusted miiCnevda. nicSe eTayvaneboda Zalauflebis agresiul gamovlinebas rogorc adamianebSi, aseve qveynebSi. igi xotbas asxamda nebisyofas da omis, erTi SexedviT usiamovno, magram sasikeTo gavlenas erebsa da civilizaciebze.3 daaxloebiT erTi saukunis Semdeg es Tema uCveulo ZaliT gacocxldeba omis mexotbe diqtator adolf hitlerisa da misi aranakleb agresiuli mokavSiris, benito musolinis mier, romlebic, hegelis da nicSes msgavsad, abuCad igdebdnen pacifizms. italiuri faSizmis mamis _ musolinis mixedviT, òmi adamianis energiis mobilizacias axdens da ganadidebs imaT, visac Zala Seswevs, mas Tvali gausworos~.4 idealur samyaroSi omi ar iqneboda, magram igi yovelTvis iyo da aris. omis safrTxe imis imedTan erTad arsebobs, rom erT mSvenier dRes omi aRar iqneba. saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi bevri moazrovne-politikosi (rom araferi vTqvaT utopist meocnebeebze) imeorebda, rom goni, an RmerTi, an istoria msoflios gaaTavisuflebda omis agoniisgan. magram es optimistebic ki TiTqmis verasdros Tanxmebodnen iseT sakiTxze, rogoricaa omis gamomwvevi mizezebi. rasakvirvelia, Tu gvinda, rom aRar iyos omi, upirveles yovlisa, misi gamomwvevi mizezebi unda aRmovfxvraT.

omis mizezebi ratom maincdamainc omi? am kiTxvaze martivi pasuxi ar arsebobs, sxvadasxva omis SemTxvevaSi, pasuxic sxvadasxvaa. igi damokidebulia mraval faqtorze, upirveles yovlisa ki _ droze. cxadia, oms sxvadasxva epoqaSi gansxvavebuli faqtori iwvevda. magaliTad, meTormete saukunis evropaSi an axlo aRmosavleTSi mcxovrebi nebismieri miukerZoebeli mkvlevari am periodis gansakuTrebulad xSir da sastik omebs aucileblad religiur aRtkinebas miawerda. paradoqsulia, rom gansakuTrebuli sisastikiT gamorCeuli jvarosnuli omebi, romlebic meTerTmete saukunis dasasruls daiwyo da TiTqmis 200 wels mimdinareobda, im rwmeniT iyo gamsWvaluli, rom `RmerTi CvenTanaa~. religiam Zalze mcire roli Seasrula meoce saukunis ZiriTadi omebis gaCaRebaSi (Tumca man xeli Seuwyo ufro regionul da adgilobriv omebs). magaliTad, religiuri fanatizmi araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar yofila pirveli msoflio omis safuZveli. bevri damkvirvebeli am omis dawyebis mizezad nacionalizms miiCnevs, romlis Sesaxebac meTormete saukuneSi araferi iyo cnobili. mkvlevarTa meore nawili omis dawyebas evropul qveynebs Soris

omi

557

SeiaraRebaSi Sejibrs ukavSirebs da amtkicebs, rom samxedro momzadebis tempma evropa sabolood omamde miiyvana. mkvlevarTa mesame jgufi imperializms adanaSaulebs: mecxramete saukunis meore naxevarSi koloniebis dasapatroneblad dawyebuli brZola omSi gadaizarda maSin, rodesac daupatronebeli aRar darCa arc erTi kolonia aziasa da afrikaSi. religias arc meore msoflio omis dawyebaSi uTamaSia mTavari roli. misi umTavresi da gadamwyveti mizezi iyo ideologia (nacionaluri socializmi germaniaSi, faSizmi _ italiaSi, xolo komunizmi _ sabWoTa kavSirSi). da mainc, umTavresi ìzmi~, romelic germaniis, italiis da iaponiis agresiuli politikis ukan idga, iyo ultranacionalizmi an, rogorc saerTaSoriso politikis gamoCenili mkvlevari hans j. morgantau uwodebda, nacionalisturi universalizmi. koreis (1950-1953) da vietnamis (1963-1975) omebs geopolitikuri anu saxelmwifoebrivi da ideologiuri mizezebi daedo safuZvlad. bevri mecnieri miiCnevs, rom swored pragmatizmisa da idealizmis am nazavma ganapiroba orive omis aradamakmayofilebeli (amerikelebis TvalsazrisiT) Sedegebi. zedapirulad ise Cans, TiTqos orive msoflio omis gamomwvevi mizezebi radikalurad gansxvavdeboda im mizezebisgan, romlebmac ganapiroba jvarosnuli omebis dawyeba. magram, miuxedavad savaraudo (an uSualo) mizezebisa (rogoricaa religiuri fanatizmi, nacionalizmi da ase Semdeg), nebismieri omi aris erTi da imave Zveli `daavadebis~ gamovlineba, miuxedavad imisa, rom am `senis~ simptomebi da simwvave droTa ganmavlobaSi Seicvala. filosofosebi da Teologebi, romlebic imedovnebdnen, omis fenomenis SeswavliT moeZebnaT axsna mSvidobisaTvis, 2000 welia cdiloben ipovon omis gamomwvevi ZiriTadi mizezebi. istoriis yvelaze damangreveli _ meore msoflio omis Semdeg, mecnierebi maTematikuri da statistikuri modelebis gamoyenebiT cdiloben problemis arsSi Cawvdomas. am tipis raodenobrivi kvleva aris mcdeloba, gamoiyenos sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebis meTodologiuri Jini da sizuste. am midgomis erT-erTi yvelaze Tavgamodebuli damcveli jon vaske ambobs: samyaros filosofiuri analizi, maSinac ki, rodesac is ekuTvnis iseT did moazrovnes, rogoricaa aristotele, ar iZleva mTlian codnas. Cveni Semecnebis areali gafarTovda mxolod mecnieruli meTodis ganviTarebis Sedegad. mxolod kontrolirebuli dakvirvebis, samxilebis Segrovebis, frTxili induqciisa da im rwmenis meSveobiT, rom hipoTeza yovelTvis unda gamoicados miRebamde, SesaZlebeli gaxda progresis miRweva. ara aqvs mniSvneloba, dadgeba Tu ara eWvqveS privilegirebuli Teoriebi, es procesi aucilebelia, sanam omisa da mSvidobis Sesaxeb utyuar cnobas moivipovebT. 5

ra nayofi gamoiRo omis Seswavlisi mecnierulma midgomam am dromde? vakses mixedviT, man `daxvewa fiqrebi omze da dasva seriozuli kiTxvebi misi gagebis Sesaxeb arsebul axsnebTan dakavSirebiT~.6 politologebis erTi nawili ase darwmunebuli ar aris.7 magaliTad, jeims

558


doerti da robert palcgrafi askvian, rom `miuxedavad omis Sesaxeb statistikuri swavlebis (rogorc induqciuri, aseve deduqciuri) gavrcelebisa, verc erTi maTgani ver xsnis bolomde yvelaze saWirboroto problemas... ramdenime aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi isini mxolod sqolioebSi Segvxvdeba da klasikur Sromad aravin CaTvlis~.8 greg qeSmens am debatebSi neitraluri pozicia ukavia: miuxedavad imisa, rom ar arsebobs romelime konkretuli Teoria, romelic axlos mainc mividoda universalur RirebulebasTan, socialur mecnierul kvlevas fuWad ar Cauvlia. zogi Teoria moklebulia faqtobriv safuZvels da maT mxolod miTologiis statusi aqvT miniWebuli. magram Teoriebis nawilis sandooba msoflio istoriis faqtebma daadastura. marTalia, gasuli oTxi aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi socialuri mecnierebis Catarebuli kvleva ver dasrulda omis Sesaxeb erTiani Teoriis SeqmniT, magram Catarebulma kvlevebma mainc gazarda omis mizezebis Sesaxeb Cveni codna.9

omis gamomwvevi mizezebis gamokvlevas im sami alternatiuli Teoriis ganxilviT daviwyebT, romlebic dasavleTis yvelaze TvalsaCino politikuri moazrovneebis naSromebSi gvxvdeba. erT-erTi interpretacia aqcents adamianis bunebaze akeTebs, meore xazs usvams sazogadoebas (mTavrobis CaTvliT), mesame yuradRebas amaxvilebs saerTaSoriso garemoSi arsebul problemebze (magaliTad, sakvebis, wylis, miwis, bunebrivi resursebisa da a.S. naklebobas), rogorc socialuri da saerTaSoriso konfliqtis gagebis ZiriTad saSualebaze.10 am sami interpretaciis detaluri analizis Semdeg ganvixilavT Tanamedrove kvlevebis ramdenime Sedegs, raTa davadasturoT an uarvyoT es interpretaciebi.

adamianis buneba isini, vinc oms adamianis bunebis mankier mxared miiCneven, sxvadasxva axsnas gvTavazoben `cudad moqcevis~ zogadsakacobrio tendenciis Sesaxeb. am mxriv, qristianobam umniSvnelovanesi kvali daatyo dasavleTis politikur azrovnebas.Zvel aRTqmaze dayrdnobiT, adreuli periodis qristiani moazrovneebi miiCnevdnen, rom mTeli kacobrioba daRdasmulia pirvelyofili codvis anu adamisa da evas mier saRvTo kanonis darRvevis gamo edemis baRSi. `dabadebaSi~ moTxrobili dacemis ambavi exeba moralur uZlurebasa da adamianis codviT gamoxatul sisustes. yvela gagebiT, es aris universaluri mniSvnelobis mqone universaluri ambavi, naWuWSi moqceuli msoflios istoria. cnobili Teologis, netari avgustines (354-430) SexedulebiT, omi aris safasuri, rasac vixdiT Cveni codvili bunebis gamo. sxva filosofosebic amJRavneben msgavs pesimizms ise, rom ar asaxeleben pirvelyofil codvas, rogorc yvela ubedurebis mizezs. berZeni filosofosi platoni omis gamomwvevad msoflio batonobisi adamianis daucxromel swrafvas asaxelebs.

omi

559

XVI saukunis italielma moazrovnem, nikolo makiavelim kidev ufro pirquS ferebSi aRwera adamianis bunebisa da politikis urTierTobis pesimisturi suraTi. `mTavarSi~ makiaveli werda, rom politikuri warmateba da moraluri simarTle xSirad erTmaneTTan ukuproporciul damokidebulebaSia: rac ufro binZur politikur meTods mimarTavs mTavari sakuTari miznebis dasakmayofileblad, miT ufro mdidrdeba da warmatebuli xdeba igi. Tu mklevarTa erTi nawili religias, xolo meore nawili filosofias iyenebs adamianis agresiuli qmedebebis asaxsnelad, mkvlevarTa mesame nawili fsiqologias iSveliebs. zigmund froids (1856-1939), fsiqoanalizis fuZemdebels, miaCnda, rom adamianebi ibadebian `sikvdilis surviliT~ _ TviTganadgurebis Tandayolili tendenciiT, romlis mimarTulebis Secvlasac isini mogvianebiT umeteswilad axerxeben. rogorc froidi miiCnevda, konfliqtis pirobebSi adamianebi am gamanadgurebel tendencias erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdegod mimarTaven. aqedan gamomdinare, oms fsiqoTerapiuli funqcia aqvs: es aris TviTdamangreveli impulsis gamodevna. Tumca, am Teoriis kritikosebi miiCneven, rom es mosazreba mxolod sanaxevrodaa swori _ is jariskacebi, romlebic sCadian mkvlelobas, Tavad ar iReben gadawyvetilebas omis dawyebis Taobaze, xolo isini, vinc amis Sesaxeb iReben gadawyvetilebas (da vinc axerxebs mSvidad jdomasa da safrTxis Tavidan acilebas), Tavad ar ibrZvis. jariskacebis umetesoba Tavis movaleobas asrulebs da garda amisa, ibrZvian, radgan Tavad msxverplad qceva ar surT da ara imitom, rom isini bunebiT moZaladeebad arian dabadebuli. fsiqologTa erTi nawili miiCnevs, rom agresia adamianis Tandayolili Tviseba da bunebrivi reaqciaa imedgacruebaze, zogjer ki adamianebi amJRavneben `teritoriebze mbrZaneblobis~ imave tips, romliTac xasiaTdebian cxovelTa SedarebiT dabalganviTarebuli saxeobebi. `teritoriis~ Teoriis mixedviT, farul agresias Rrmad aqvs fesvebi gadgmuli adamianis bunebaSi da erTi piris an jgufis kuTvnili teritoriisi muqara stimuls aZlevs agresiul qmedebas. mklevarTa sxva nawili miiCnevs, rom omis umTavresi mizezi devs ara adamianis sulSi, aramed mis gonebaSi. adamianebi arc uzneoebi arian da arc SeSlilebi, isini ufro gonebaClungebi arian, imdenad briyvebi, rom ver xvdebian omis amaoebas. erTi gamoCenili pacifisti pirvel da meore msoflio omebs Soris werda: dabrkolebas Cvens gzaze qmnis ara moraluri, aramed inteleqtualuri sfero. es imitom ki ar xdeba, rom adamianebi winaswar arian ganwyobilni da amitom ver swvdebian samyaros socialur WeSmaritebas, aramed maT, Tumca modiT, viyoT gulaxdilebi da vTqvaT `Cven~ _ konservatiuli temperamenti da SezRuduli goniereba gvaqvs~. 11

Tomas hobsi (1588-1679) omis gansxvavebul, magram aseve aranakleb usiamovno axsnas gvTavazobs. is miiCnevs, rom adamianebi bunebiTi mdgomareobiT sastikebi da ugunurebi arian (hobsi inglisSi puritanuli revoluciis dros cxovrobda da mas zaravda imaze fiqri, rom erT mSvenier dRes dabrundeboda qaosi da `yvela gaaCaRebda oms yvelas winaaRmdeg~). magram

560


yvelafris miuxedavad, hobsi realisti iyo da cdilobda Caswvdomoda adamianis bunebas iseTs, rogoric aris da ara iseTs, rogoric unda iyos. erTaderTi saSualeba adamianis WeSmariti bunebis gasagebad aris codna imisa, rogor moiqcevian isini civilizebuli sazogadoebis gareSe, bunebiT pirobebSi. dResac mniSvnelovania mis mier gakeTebuli daskvnebi. hobsi omis Sesaxeb. hobsis Tanaxmad, bunebiT mdgomareobaSi adamianebs marTavs TviTgadarCenis ZiriTadi instinqti. maT yvelaze ufro sikvdilis eSiniaT da gansakuTrebiT ufrTxian uecar, moulodnel aRsasruls. Tumca, sikvdilis SiSi maT ki ar adunebT, aramed piriqiT, agresiulobasa da Zaladobas hmatebs, rac am pirobebSi normad iTvleba: amgvarad, adamianis bunebaSi devs davis sami mizezi. pirveli aris konkurencia, meore _ gansxvaveba da mesame _ dideba. pirveli adamians moxveWisken ubiZgebs, meore _ usafrTxoebisken, xolo mesame _ reputaciis mopovebisken. pirveli warmoSobs Zaladobas, radgan adamianebs surT ibatonon sxva adamianebze, maT colebze, bavSvebze, daepatronon maT saqonels; meore adamianebs aiZulebs, daicvan sakuTari monapovari, xolo mesame iwvevs Rimils gasxvavebuli azrisa da sxvebis Sefasebebis mimarT. aqedan gamomdinare, naTelia, rom maSin, roca adamianebi Tavisuflad cxovroben da ar emorCilebian erT saerTo Zalas, cxovroben iseT pirobebSi, romlebsac SeiZleba omi vuwodoT da es aris yvelas omi yvelas winaaRmdeg. 12

amdenad, hobsisTvis, bunebiTi mdgomareoba omis mdgomareobasTan igivdeba. hobsma igive logika gamoiyena Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso politikis asaxsnelad, romelic gamudmebuli saomari mdgomareobiT xasiaTdeboda. misi azriT, swored ise, rogorc bunebiT pirobebSi adamianebs marTavs ZiriTadi survilebi da instinqtebi, aseve, amave instinqtebis mqone liderebi marTaven saxelmwifoebs. da swored ise, rogorc bunebas ar hyavs mTavroba, raTa daicvas adamianebi erTmaneTisgan, aseve, saerTaSoriso sistemas ar hyavs xelisufleba, raTa daicvas saxelmwifoebi erTmaneTisgan. hobsis azriT, arsebobs davis sami saxe, romlebic Seesabameba adamianis bunebis sam nakls. esenia: agresiuli omebi, romlebsac safuZvlad udevs konkurenciis instinqti; TavdacviTi omebi, romlebic gamowveulia SiSiT da mesame, agonistikuri omebi _ gamowveuli siamayiT da pativmoyvareobiT. am kompaqturi TeoriiT, hobsi Seecada aexsna ara mxolod is, rogor moiqceodnen sazogadoebis da mTavrobis macivilizebeli gavlenisgan Tavisufali adamianebi (romlebic kisers gamoRadravdnen erTmaneTs, rom ara xelisuflebis mier SemoRebuli kanoni da wesrigi), aramed isic, ratom iwyeben saxelmwifoebi oms erTmaneTis winaaRmdeg iseT sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT, romlebic gare damkvirveblisaTvis yovelad uazroa. hobsis memkvidreoba: hans morgenTau, hobsis msgavsad, TavgamodebiT amt-

omi

561

kicebda, rom adamianebi mankierebi arian. morgenTaus azriT, àdamianuri buneba, romelSic politikis kanons Tavisi adgili aqvs, ar Secvlila im droidan moyolebuli, rodesac Cineli, indoeli da berZeni filosofosebi cdilobdnen aRmoeCinaT es kanonebi~ da `politika, sazogadoebis msgavsad, imarTeba obieqtur kanonTa wyebiT, romlebsac safuZveli adamianis bunebaSi udevs.~13 am kanonTa moqmedebis gageba SesaZlebelia ìm interesebis meSveobiT, romlebic Zalauflebis~ saxeliTaa cnobili. am gziT politikis konceptualizacia niSnavs, rom adamianebi motivirebulebi arian TviTdainteresebiT, romelic maT ZalauflebisTvis mudmivi brZolisaTvis ganawyobs. morgenTaum gansakuTrebiT naTlad gamoxata sakuTari azri, rodesac ganacxada, rom `saerTaSoriso politika, yvela politikis msgavsad, aris brZola ZalauflebisTvis~. rac ar unda iyos saerTaSoriso politikis saboloo mizani, uSualo mizani mainc Zalauflebaa. ìseve, rogorc misma winamorbedma hobsma, morgenTaumac uaryo mcdari (idealisturi) mosazreba, romelic amtkicebs, rom àdamianuri sawyisi keTilia, xolo adamianis buneba _ iolad drekadi da Tvinieri~. nacvlad amisa, igi mxars uWers realistur mosazrebas, rom `samyaro, romelic arasrulyofilia racionaluri mosazrebidan gamomdinare, aris im Zalebis moqmedebis Sedegi, romelic adamianis sawyisSia~.14 morgenTaus da mis naSromebze dafuZnebuli politikuri Teoriis realisturi skolis mixedviT, adamianis buneba da gandidebis instinqti erTaderTi Tu ara, erT-erTi wamyvani mizezia, romelic konkurenciasa da konfliqts iwvevs. amgvari analizi kacobriobas Zalian usiamovno kuTxiT warmoaCens. magram, miuxedavad yvelafrisa, es mosazreba aris erTaderTi sarwmuno axsna imisa, Tu ratom xdeba omebi.

sazogadoeba yvela politikuri moazrovne omis mizezad adamianis fsiqikas an bunebas ar miiCnevs. mecnierTa garkveuli nawili omis gaCaRebaSi, zogadad, Tanamedrove sazogadoebas adanaSaulebs, romelic saxelmwifos saxiT aris formirebuli (eqskluziuri politikuri an `wevrobis~ principze agebuli asociaciebi), xolo meore nawili _ politikuri saxelmwifoebis im konkretul kategorias, romlebic safrTxes uqmnian mSvidobas. am TavSi ganvixilavT politikuri Teoriebisi sxvadasxva midgomas da agreTve im liderebs, romlebic sazogadoebas an saxelmwifos (sazogadoebis politikuri CarCo) adanaSauleben omebis gaCaRebaSi. ruso: damnaSavea qoneba. àdamiani Tavisufal qmnilebadaa dabadebuli, magram mas mTeli cxovreba borkilebi adevs~, _ eri-saxelmwifoebze mitanili am ieriSiT daiwyo frangma filosofosma Jan-Jak rusom (1712-1778) klasikad qceuli naSromi `sazogadoebrivi xelSekruleba~ (1762), romelSic pirdapir gaakritika hobsis mosazreba adamianis muxTal da moZalade bunebasTan dakavSirebiT. rusom dasawyisSive ganacxada, rom adamianebi `suleli, magram mSvidobiani~ arsebebi arian, romlebsac SeuZliaT TanaugrZnon daCagru-

562


lebs (daakvirdiT, ramdenad ewinaaRmdegeba es gansazRvreba `suleli, magram moZalade~ adamianebis Sesaxeb Tezas, romelic am TavSive ganvixileT). am kuTxidan Tu SevxedavT, hobsma ubralod Sescoda, rodesac iseTi Tandayolili Tvisebebi, rogoricaa ambicia, SiSi da siamaye, miawera bunebiT mdgomareobaSi myof adamianebs. rusos sjeroda, rom es aris socialuri adamianisa da ara pirvelyofili adamianis Tviseba. raoden paradoqsulic unda iyos, antisocialur saqciels socialuri safuZvlebi aqvs; es aris adamianis mankierebis utyuari niSani. am SemTxvevaSi damnaSavea sazogadoeba da ara adamianis buneba. ruso sakmaod mkveTrad gamoTqvams sakuTar mosazrebas am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT: `cxadia, rom sazogadoebas unda mieweros mkvlelobebi, mowamvlis faqtebi, Saragzis yaCaRobebi da amgvar danaSaulebaTa dasjac ki~.15 rusos swamda, rom sazogadoeba aris yvelanairi problemis mizezi, omis CaTvliT. is gansakuTrebiT adanaSaulebda kerZo sakuTrebis instituts, meTvramete saukunis evropis ZiriTad sazrunavs, im ubedurebebisaTvis, romlebmac mTeli kacobrioba moicva mas Semdeg, rac adamianebma civilizaciis yalb siamovnebaze gacvales pirvelyofili umankoeba. sakuTreba ganarCevs adamianebs imiT, rom qmnis usargeblo uTanasworobas janmrTelobis, statusisa da Zalauflebis mxriv erTi saxelmwifos moqalaqeebsa da TandaTanobiT _ saxelmwifoebs Soris: pirveli adamiani, romelmac SemoRoba miwis nakveTi, gonebaSi CaibeWda, rom ès misia~ da ipova adamianebi, romlebic imdenad sulelebi aRmoCndnen, rom es daijeres, iyo samoqalaqo sazogadoebis WeSmariti fuZemdebeli. ramden danaSauls, oms, mkvlelobasa da saSinelebas ascdeboda kacobrioba, vinmes rom daeyvira: nu usmenT am matyuaras, inanebT, Tu daiviwyebT, rom nayofi yvelasia, xolo miwa _ saerTo. 16

rusom Camoayaliba postulati, rom kerZo sakuTrebis Seqmnam safuZveli Cauyara pirvel politikur sazogadoebas, xolo politikurma sazogadoebam, Tavis mxriv, damatebiTi, eri-saxelmwifoebis Seqmnas. da gamomdinare iqidan, rom TiToeuli eri-saxelmwifo meoris pirispir rCeboda, warmoiSva didi daZabuloba, romelic Semdgom èrTa Soris omebSi, brZolebSi, mkvelobebSi gadaizarda, ramac SeZra buneba da Searyia goneba~.17 rogorc ruso ambobs, àdamianuri rasis dayofam sxvadasxva sazogadoebebad~ gamoiwvia is, rom adamianebi yvelaze Rirseul saqcielad TanamoZmis mkvlelobas miiCnevdnen. TandaTanobiT saqme iqamde mivida, rom adamianebi umiznod xocavdnen erTmaneTs. brZolis erTi dRis ganmavlobaSi ufro meti mkvleloba xdeboda da erTi qalaqis dapyrobas ufro meti saSineleba mosdevda, vidre es bunebiT mdgomareobaSi mTeli saukunis ganavlobaSi.18

rusos mosazrebam imis Sesaxeb, rom yvela borotebis saTave kerZo sakuTrebaa, Rrma kvali daaCnia Tanamedrove inteleqtualur istorias. im politikur moazrovneebs Sorisac ki, romlebic uaryofen rusos Sexedule-

omi

563

bas eri-saxelmwifoebis mankierebis Sesaxeb, mravlad arian isinic, romlebic aRiareben mis zogad Teorias: àdamiani kargia, magram adamianebi erTad _ cudebi~. am Temaze ramdenime variacia warmoiSva meoce saukuneSi. rogorc davinaxavT, TiToeuli Zireulad gansxvavdeba meorisgan, magram yvela maTgani iziarebs mosazrebas, rom is fataluri manki, romelsac omamde mivyavarT, unda veZeboT sazogadoebaSi da ara adamianis bunebaSi. damnaSavea nacionalizmi: bevri Tanamedrove moazrovne amtkicebs, rom omi imTaviTve arsebobs calkeul sazogadoebebSi damoukidebeli mTavrobebiT. am potenciuri separatistuli tendenciis ZiriTadi gamoxatulebaa nacionalizmi (romelsac xSirad jingoizmis an Sovinizmis saxeliTac moixsenieben, gasakuTrebiT mis radikalur gamovlinebebs). nacionalizmi, Cveulebriv, gulisxmobs konkretuli qveynis moqalaqeebis mier patriotul grZnobas samSoblos mimarT. erT-erTi cnobili avtori ambobs: yvela ers Tavisi vardisferi sarke aqvs. amgvari sarkis gansakuTrebuli Tvisebaa gamosaxulebis momxibvlelad warmoCena: is aSorebs naoWebs da xasiaTi da mSveneba pirdapir brwyinavs! TiToeuli eri sakuTar Tavs miiCnevs yvelaze marTlad... TiToeuli eri darwmunebulia (aq sagulisxmoa temperamenti da midrekileba), rom is `RvTis rCeuli~ eria da `RviTsgan kurTxeul miwaze~ cxovrobs.19

gasakviri ar aris, rom nacionalizms kerpTTayvanismcemlobas uwodeben. miuxedavad imisa, rom is erTi sazogadoebis wevrebs Soris aZlierebs kavSirs, erTobasa da TviTSewirvas, Tavad sazogadoebebs Soris, pirdapir Tu iribad, militarizmis, qsenofobiisa da ormxrivi undoblobis safuZveli xdeba. SesaZlebelia nacionalizmiT manipulireba ise, rom man mxari dauWiros agresiul politikas, xolo omi, Tavis mxriv, SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes nacionalizmis gasaZliereblad. urTierTkavSiri nacionalizmsa da oms Soris imdenad meryevi da cvalebadia, rom bevri internacionalisti (Teoretikosebis is nawili, romlebic mxars uWeren qveynebs Soris mSvidobasa da TanamSromlobas xelisuflebaTa aqtiuri TanamSromlobis gziT msoflio organizaciismagvar struqturaSi) nacionalizms msoflios xalxebs Soris mSvidobis miRwevis mTavar dabrkolebad miiCnevs. imdenad, ramdenadac nacionalizmi xelovnuri gatacebaa, anu ufro socialurad aris ganpirobebuli, vidre Tandayolilia, omebis gaCaRebaSi damnaSavea politikuri sazogadoeba. amgvarma msjelobam misca stimuli idealistTa erT, meocnebe nawils da maT ukiduresad (kritikosebis azriT `briyvul~) martiv formulas miagnes: movspoT eri-saxelmwifoebi, maTTan erTad _ nacionalizmi, nacionalizmTan erTad ki omebic moispoba. meore nawili ufro praqtikul gamosavals xedavs _ eri-saxelmwifoebis gauqmebis nacvlad, saWiroa maTi `koreqtireba~. vilsoni da kanti: damnaSavea tirania. bevri eqsperti Tanamedrove konfliqtebis umTavres wyarod nacionalizms miiCnevs, xolo meore nawili meoce saukunis ori damangreveli omis gaCaRebaSi despotizms adanaSaulebs.

564


prezidenti vudrou vilsoni iyo pirveli, romelmac win wamoswia es cneba da faqtobrivad Seecada, am fundamentur pricnipebze samyaros axali modeli aego. pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg vilsoni Seecada gaexangrZlivebina mSvidoba msoflioSi qartiis meSveobiT, romelic ToTxmeti principisgan Sedgeboda. igi imedovnebda, rom am principebis dacva SesaZlebels gaxdida msoflios mSvidobiani gziT marTvas. mis mier SemoTavazebuli msoflios axali sistemis qvakuTxedia erovnuli TviTgamorkvevis ufleba anu adamianebis ufleba, airCion sasurveli mTavroba. vilsonis azriT TviTgamorkvevis ufleba gaxdeboda demokratiis safuZveli, romelic, bunebrivia, mSvidobis damkvidrebis ukeTesi saSualebaa, vidre diqtatura. magram ratom unda gauCndeT demokratiul saxlemwifoebs omis survili diqtatorul saxelmwifoebze naklebad? meTvramete saukunis germanelma filosofosma emanuil kantma (1724-1804) pirvelma axsna es movlena, ramac didi gavlena iqonia vilsonze (rogorc erT-erTma kompetenturma pirma aRniSna, `vilsonma patiosnad goitana kantis maradiuli mSvidobis ideebi Tavis ToTxmet principSi~20). kantis naSromis mixedviT imisaTvis, raTa saxelmwifoebma SeinarCunon siZliere, saWiroa ganaviTaron ganaTleba, komercia da samoqalaqo Tavisufleba. ganaTlebas, kantis azriT, moaqvs saerTo ganmanaTlebloba, xolo komercia saSualebas aZlevs qveyanas moipovos ekonomikuri damoukidebloba, xolo es ori faqtori safuZvels uyris mSvidobas. rac yvelaze mTavaria, farTo politikuri Tavisuflebis pirobebSi, moqalaqeebi ufro kompetenturebi gaxdebian sazogadoebriv sakiTxebSi. radganac Tavisufleba yvelaze ufro respublikur wyobaSi miiRweva, amgvari xelisufleba bunebiT ufro mSvidobismoyvarea. mizezi martivia: respublikaSi, monarqiisa da aristokratiuli saxelmwifoebisagan gansxvavebiT, gadawyvetilebas omis warmoebis Taobaze iReben is adamianebi, romlebmac Tavadac unda ibrZolon. rogorc kanti ambobs: respublikis konstitucia axalisebs mSvidobismoyvare saqciels Semdegi mizeziT: Tu omis dawyebisTvis saWiroa im adamianebis Tanxmoba, romlebmac sakuTar Tavze unda gamoscadon omis mTeli saSineleba, Zalian Zneli dasajerebelia, rom isini xalisiT daTanxmdebian am binZur TamaSSi monawileobaze. amgvari saxelmwifoebisagan gansxvavebiT qveynebi, romelTa mTavari sagani ar aris moqalaqe, Zalze iolad iwyeben oms, rogorc gasarTobs da amisTvis maT seriozuli mizezi ar sWirdebaT.21

kantma iwinaswarmetyvela msoflio sistemis ufro mSvidobiani modelis damkvidrebis myari, Tumca SeumCneveli, evoluciuri procesi, rodesac mTavrobebi gaiTvaliswineben adamianTa umravlesobis azrs. kanti fiqrobda, rom omi TandaTanobiT istoriis kuTvnileba gaxdeboda. kantis mier aRmoCenili kavSiri respublikanizmsa da mSvidobas Soris vilsonis politikuri kredo gaxda. orive, kanti da vilsoni, miiCnevda, rom eri-saxelmwifoebis Seqmna aris msoflioSi omebis Tavidan acilebis erTaderTi gza. ufro konkretulad rom vTqvaT, orive miiswrafvoda demokratiis,

omi

565

amerikis prezidenti vudro vilsoni, romelsac didi pativiT Sexvdnen did britaneTSi pirveli msoflio omis dasrulebis Semdeg, imedovnebda, rom msoflios `demokratiisTvis usafrTxo adgilad~ aqcevda, magram misi erovnuli TviTgamorkvevis Teoria warumatebeli aRmoCnda da ver SeZlo erebs Soris omis SeCereba.

ganaTlebisa da Tavisufali vaWrobis globaluri gavrcelebisken mSvidobis miRwevisa da SenarCunebis mizniT. vilsoni gansakuTrebiT did mniSnvnelobas aniWebda rigiTi moqalaqis zneobasa da saR azrs. igi darwmunda, rom erovnuli TviTgamorkvevis ideali aris kacobriobis politikuri xsnis Tavi da Tavi. mas agreTve sjeroda, rom msoflios xalxebi liberalur demokratiasa da mSvidobas arCevdnen, alternatiuli mTavrobis arCevis saSualeba rom hqonodaT. da bolos, vilsoni fiqrobda, rom Tu demokratiuli institutebi iarsebebda yvela qveyanaSi maSin, rogorc calkeuli qveynis, aseve, zogadad, msoflio sazogadoebrivi azris zneobrivi Zala xels SeuSlida SeiaraRebul agresias. lenini: damnaSavea kapitalizmi. im adamianebs Soris, romlebic ar eTanxmebodnen ideas, rom mSvidoba emyareboda ufro meti demokratiuli saxelmwifos Seqmnasa da diqtaturis aRmofxvras, gaxldaT vilsonis aranakleb cnobili Tanamedrove, rusuli revoluciis sulisCamdgmeli da yofili sabWoTa kavSiris pirveli mmarTveli v.i. lenini (1870-1924). lenini gaafTrebiT ewinaaRmdegeboda im burJuaziuli demokratiis ideas, romelsac TavgamodebiT icavda vilsoni. miuxedavad imisa, rom orive maTgani iwonebda erovnuli TviTgamorkvevis ideas, maTi interpretaciebi am cnebis Sesaxeb gansxvavdeboda erTmaneTisgan. vilsoni amtkicebda, rom nebismieri eri arCevda demokratias, Tuki arCevanis SesaZlebloba eqneboda demokratiasa da sxva romelime sistemas Soris. misgan gansxvavebiT, lenini amtkicebda, rom

566


kapitalizmsa da komunizms Soris arCevanis SemTxvevaSi, is aucileblad komunizmis sasargeblod gadawydeboda. leninisaTvis politikis primati cxadi iyo. leninis, rogorc karl marqsis mimdevaris, azriT, omi mxolod da mxolod kapitalistebis interesebs emsaxureboda. Tavis mniSvnelovan naSromSi ìmperializmi: kapitalizmis umaRlesi safexuri~, leninma kidev ufro gaaRrmava marqsis mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom dasavluri imperializmi anu gviandeli mecxramete saukunis qiSpi koloniebisaTvis, udavod miuTiTebda kapitalizmis gadaSenebaze. leninis azriT, imperializmi iyo im daundobeli brZolebis logikuri gagrZeleba, rac axasiaTebs monopoliur kapitalizms. misive mosazrebiT, kapitalistebi yovelTvis Seecdebodnen ucxo qveynebis bazrebis dapyrobas, rac maT saSualebas miscemda, ganexorcielebinaT sarfiani investiciebi an gaeyidaT saqoneli. amgvarad, monopolisti kapitalistebi sakuTari finansuri Zalauflebisa da misi Tanmdevi politikuri gavlenis meSveobiT cdilobdnen omSi CaeTriaT sazogadoeba sakuTari finansuri sargeblis gazrdis mizniT. leninis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT: rodesac afrikaSi evropuli koloniebi teritoriis mxolod erT meaTeds moicavda (rogorc es 1976 wels iyo), koloniurma politikam, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, ganviTareba teritoriebis `Tavisufali mitacebis~ meTodiT SeZlo, magram rodesac afrikis cxra meaTedi mitacebul iqna (daaxloebiT 1900 wlisTvis) da moxda mTeli msoflios danawileba, amas mohyva koloniuri monopoliis periodi, ramac, Tavis mxriv, gamoiwvia gansakuTrebiT mwvave brZola msoflios ganawilebis an gadanawilebisaTvis.22

SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom leninis azriT, omi sarfiani saqmea kapitalistebisTvis da amitom cdiloben isini omis xelSewyoba sakuTar saqmed aqcion. omis gamomwvevi mizezebis leniniseuli analizi Zalze Sors dgas vilsonis Teoriisagan imis Sesaxeb, rom tiranias aucileblad mivyavarT saerTaSoriso konfliqtebamde. da mainc, es ori mosazreba erTmaneTs ZiriTad sakiTxSi emTxveva: orive, vilsonic da leninic amtkicebdnen, rom eri-saxelmwifoebi, ufro sworad konkretuli defeqtis mqone eri-saxelmwifoebi, iwveven omebs. es ori lideri erTmaneTis Tanamedroveebi da amavdroulad metoqeebic iyvnen. isini ideologiuri wyalgamyofis sapirispiro mxares idgnen, magram, rusos msgavsad, orive fiqrobda, rom sazogadoebis mankierebis aRmofxvris SemTxvevaSi, msoflioSi samudamo mSvidoba daisadgurebda. es manki vilsonisTvis mTavrobis konkretuli tipi iyo, xolo leninisTvis _ ekonomikis tipi. orive SemTxvevaSi gadamwyveti sakiTxia cvlileba: Secvale agresiuli eri-saxelmwifoebi da adamianebi simSvidesa da harmoniaSi icxovreben.

garemo TeoretikosTa erTi nawili miiCnevs, rom omebi gamowveulia deficitiTa

omi

567

da daucvelobiT, rac dakavSirebulia iseT `bunebriv mtaceblebTan~, rogoricaa sicive, SimSili, daavadebebi, qariSxlebi da a.S. es mosazreba filosofos jon lokis (1632-1704) ideebs emTxveva. lokis Sexeduleba. traqtatSi samoqalaqo mTavrobis Sesaxeb (1690) loki amtkicebda, rom omebi aris bunebis kanonebis gamoZaxili da ara adamianis bunebisa an sazogadoebis defeqtebisa. martivad rom vTqvaT, garemo pirobebi, romelsac adamiani ver akontrolebs, xSirad ayenebs adamians sikvdilsicocxlis sakiTxis pirispir da amitom, konfliqtebic gardauvalia. misi winamorbedi hobsis msgavsad, lokic ar xuWavda Tvals adamianis bunebis mankierebebze. adamianis bunebis Seswavlam loki im azramde miiyvana, rasac hobsic emxroboda _ anu TviTgadarCena adamianis ZiriTadi instinqtia. TumcaRa, am sakiTxze am ori moazrovnis msjeloba erTmaneTs ar emTxveva. erT-erTi kompetenturi piris sityvebiT: lokis mier danaxuli bunebiTi mdgomareoba ar aris iseTi sastiki, rogoric es hobs warmoedgina. Tu Zalis gamoyeneba uflebis gareSe Cveulebrivi movlenaa lokiseul bunebiT mdgomareobaSi, es imitom ar xdeba, rom adamianebis umetesoba borotmoqmedi, veluri an sisxlismsmelia; hobsisgan gansxvavebiT loki ar fiqrobs, rom TiToeuli adamiani erTmaneTis potenciuri mkvlelia. sicocxlisaTvis ZiriTadi safrTxe bunebiT mdgomareobaSi aris ara mkvlelis tendenciebi adamianebSi, aramed is siRatake da gaWirveba, rac axasiaTebs am mdgomareobas.23

loks swamda, rom siRatake da gaWirveba gardauvalia bunebiT mdgomareobaSi, radgan, misi azriT, didi Zalixmevaa saWiro yoveldRiuri sarCos mosapoveblad. am pirobebSi ki, Cveni qoneba unda davicvaT im mezoblebisgan, romlebic iswrafvian misi dapatronebisken da im adamianebisgan, romlebsac SiaT da Raribebi arian. amgvarad, loki problemas ufro mwir resursebSi (sakvebi, miwa da a.S) xedavda, vidre Sinagan bunebriv xasiaTze. lokis Sexedulebebi adamianebze, sazogadoebasa da bunebaze mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli omisa da mSvidobis sakiTxebTan. Tu omis warmoSobis mizezebi unda veZeboT adamianebSi, rogorc es hobs sjeroda, maSin misi aRmofxvris erTaderTi saSualebaa Sinagani meobis Secvla. xolo, Tu problema unda veZeboT sazogadoebaSi, rogorc ruso da lenini Tvlidnen, maSin gamosavali mdgomareobs sazogadoebis (an saxelmwifos) imgvarad gadawyobaSi, rom aRmoifxvras agresiuli qcevis gamomwvevi faqtorebi. magram, Tu problemaa ara adamiani an sazogadoeba, aramed bunebaa, maSin erTaderT gamosavlad bunebis gardaqmnaRa rCeba. sainteresoa is faqti, rom bunebis transformacia iyo zustad is gza, romelsac loki Sida sazogadoebaSi konfliqtis aRmofxvris instrumentad miiCnevda. misi azriT, samoqalaqo xelisuflebam unda izrunos iseTi pirobebis damkvidrebaze, romlebic xels Seuwyobs ekonomikur ganviTarebas. ekonomikuri ganviTarebis meSveobiT mniSvnelovnad Sesustdeba socialuri daZabulobis ZiriTadi mizezi _ adamianis mdgomareobis bunebrivi

568


`gaWirveba~. amave dros, Tu bunebis cvalebadobas Caenacvleba organizebuli sazogadoebis oficia-luri wesebi, mniSvnelovnad Semcirdeba imis saWiroeba, rom adamianebma mudmivad akontrolon erTmaneTi. amgvarad, adamianebi SeZlebdnen sabolood daetovebinaT bunebiTi mdgomareoba, mTeli Tavisi anarqiiTa da safrTxeebiT. bunebiTi mdgomareobidan gamosvlis Semdeg, adamianebma aRmoaCines, rom bedis ironiiT Seabijes sxva _ saerTaSoriso politikis sastik samyaroSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom loks ar mourgia politikis Sesaxeb sakuTari Teoria saerTaSoriso urTierTobebisaTvis, misi msjeloba srulad miesadageba am sakiTxs. mTavrobis `gamogonebamde~ adamianebi cxovrobdnen Sida anarqiaSi. amgvaradve, efeqtiani msoflio xelisuflebis ararsebobis pirobebSi saxelmwifoebi arseboben saerTaSoriso anarqiaSi. am gagebiT, eri-saxelmwifoebs Soris arsebuli damokidebuleba mcirediT gansxvavdeba im damokidebulebisagan, romelic arsebobda adamianebs Soris samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Camoyalibebamde. saerTaSoriso bunebiTi mdgomareoba, iseve, rogorc Tavdapirveli bunebrivi mdgomaroba, mudmivad imyofeba potenciur saomar viTarebaSi. aqedan gamomdinare, TiToeuli eri-saxelmwifo sakuTari Tavis gadarCenis mizniT moqmedebs mtrul garemoSi, swored ise, rogorc TiToeuli adamiani moiqceoda bunebiT mdgomareobaSi. omis yvelaze ufro gavrcelebuli da Zvirfasi nadavli teritoriaa da istoriidan gamomdinare, swored axali teritoriebisa da miwebis, lokis mixedviT qonebis, dapatronebis gamo xdeba omebis umetesi nawili. gaixseneT, mecxramete saukunis bolos evropis saxelmwifoebis brZolas axali koloniebisaTvis lenini axali bazrebis, iafi muSaxelisa da nedleulis dapatronebis survils miawerda. mniSvnelovania leninis mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom kapitalis (fuli da qoneba) dagrovebisi midrekileba, romelsac lokic aRwerda, pirdapir ukavSirdeba imperializmis fenomens, rac, rogorc man iwinaswarmetyvela, msoflios omamde miiyvanda. lenini Tundac aWarbebdes kapitalizmis winaaRmdeg sakuTari mosazrebis gamoTqmisas, erTi ram cxadia: teritoriuloba yovelTvis ukavSirdeboda da kvlavac daukavSirdeba oms. loki im dros moRvaweobda, rodesac jer kidev mravlad iyo evropelebis mier daupatronebeli da auTvisebeli teritoria. igi aRniSnavda, rom adamianebi harmoniulad icxovobdnen, Tu romelime maTgani ar moindomebda sxvebis daCagvras. am faqtebs mivyavarT im azramde, rom mosaxleobis zrdasTan erTad gaizarda moTxovna resursebze, xolo, siRatakis zRvris sakiTxi ufro da ufro mniSvnelovani xdeba. loki amtkicebs, rom preistoriul adamians safrTxe eqmneboda bunebrivi resursebis amowurviT. warmoidgineT, ramdenad gaZlierda es safrTxe droTa ganmavlobaSi. bunebrivi resursebis simwire: malTusis koSmari. bevrma Tanamedrove avtorma ganavrco lokis mier wamoweuli bunebrivi resursebis simwiris Tema. am Temas Tomas malTusic (1766-1834) Seexo Tavis cnobil naSromSi _ `gamocdileba xalxTmosaxleobis kanonis Sesaxeb~ (1780). riCard folkma (1972), magaliTad, gansazRvra `planetaruli safrTxis oTxi ganzomileba~: òmis sistema~,

omi

569

`mosaxleobis zrda~, `mwiri resursebi~ da `garemos gadatvirTva~.24 safrTxis es oTxi ganzomileba, folkis mixedviT, erTi problemis erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli aspeqtebia da aqedan gamomdinare, erTad unda ganvixiloT. saerTaSoriso konfliqtis mizezebTan dakavSirebiT folkis mosazrebebi Seesabameba politikis lokiseul gagebas: ...saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba, rasakvirvelia, aris omis sistemis ukiduresi magaliTi. konfliqtebi erTmaneTTanaa dakavSirebuli. sasicocxlo interesebi mudmivad riskis qveSaa. Zalauflebisa da resursebis uTanasworoba ubiZgebs saxelmwifoebs daepatronon mezobeli saxelmwifoebis kuTvnilebas.25

swored ise, rogorc adamianebi arian daucveli sxvebis Zaladobisgan bunebiT mdgomareobaSi, mtacebeli eri-saxelmwifoebi safrTxes uqmnian sxva er-saxelmwifoebs. amitom, istoriis ganmavlobaSi, rogorc folki amtkicebs, is garemoebebi, romlebic ar emorCilebian konkretuli eri-saxelmwifoebis kontrols, aiZulebs maT, ganixilon sakuTari usafrTxoeba mezobeli saxelmwifoebis saWiroebebis pirdapirpropociulad. aqedan gamomdinare, miuxedavad im uprecendento ngrevisa, rac pirvel da meore msoflio omebs mohyva, `mravali nabiji gadaidga, da xSirad warmatebiTac, omis barbarosobis xarisxis Sesamcireblad, magram faqtobrivad araferi gakeTebula omis warmomSobi faqtorebis aRmosafxvrelad~.26 konkretulad romel faqtorebzea laparaki? profesori folki amtkicebs, rom sakvebisa da wylis maragis xelmisawvdomoba pirdapir kavSirSia uZveles omebTan, rac kvlavac aqtualur sakiTxad rCeba Tanamedrove omebTan mimarTebaSi: dRevandeli, masobrivi SimSilis viTarebaSi unda gaviTvaliswinoT uZvelesi kavSiri, rac arsebobs omebsa da sakvebis maragis kontrols Soris, iseve, rogorc saukuneobrivi gamocdileba, romelic gulisxmobs samxedro ZaliT privilegirebuli politikuri da ekonomikuri mdgomareobis dacvas.27

sakvebisa da wylis maragze ufro mniSvnelovani, folkis azriT, aris mosaxleobis demografiuli afeTqebis kontrolis aucilebloba. bevr SemTxvevaSi mosaxleobis zrda planetaruli mniSvnelobisaa. gasagebia, rom msoflioSi arc erTi saxelmwifo, miuxedavad imisa, ramdenad Zlevamosilia igi, ar grZnobs Tavs bolomde daculad Cveni drois amgvari problemebisagan. 1973 wlis navTobis krizisi kidev erTxel gvaxsenebs, rom yvelaze mdidari da Zlevamosili qveynebic ki SeiZleba daucvelebi gaxdnen. SezRudulia da araproporciulad ganawilebuli ara mxolod navTobi, aramed iseTi nedleulic, rogoricaa alumini, spilenZi da TuTia. amave dros, msoflios yvelaze Raribi qveynebi yvelaze mniSvnelovani nedleulis _ sakvebis _ deficits ganicdian.

570


omis Teoriebi: kritika winamdebare TavSi ganxiluli sami ZiriTadi mosazreba omis ZiriTadi mizezebis Sesaxeb eyrdnoba dasavleTis politikuri filosofiis fundamentur principebs _ adamianis, sazogadoebisa da bunebis triadas. samive Teoria garkveulwilad gamarTlebulia. erTad aRebuli, es Teoriebi xsnis omis warmoSobis ZiriTad mizezebs. calke an erTad aRebuli es Teoriebi ki xsnis, ratom daiwyo konkretuli omebi. maSinac ki, rodesac omi izolirebulad mimdinareobs, omis gamomwvevi mizezebi kompleqsuria da Znelia maTi gamoyeneba sxva SemTxvevebis asaxsnelad. magaliTad, rodesac, savaraudod, egoisturi da Zaladobisaken midrekili adamianuri buneba aris is faqtori, romelic ubiZgebs saxelmwifoTa liderebs awarmoon omi, yvela lideri ar aris egoisti an moZalade. ufro metic, yvela lideri erTnairad rodi eqvemdebareba sakuTari xalxis politikur da sakanonmdeblo SezRudvebs, an oponentebis samxedro SesaZleblobebs. aseve, isini erTnairad ar aRiqvamen saSiSroebebsa da riskebs. rac Seexeba eri-saxelmwifoebs, Cans, rom, sxvadasxva maxasiaTeblebi maT omisken an piriqiT, mSvidobisken midrekil saxelmwifoebad aqcevs. magram ar aris gansazRvruli, konkretulad romeli maxasiaTeblebi aris dakavSirebuli omis warmoebis tendenciasTan. da bolos, maSin, rodesac sakvebisa da sxva resursebis simcire zog saxelmwifos konfliqtisaken ubiZgebs, es faqtori xSirad iwvevs sapirispiro reaqcias: daxmarebisa da TanamSromlobis Zlieri survilis saxiT. ar arsebobs erTi konkretuli ganmarteba, romelic adekvaturad xsnis yvela omis gamomwvev mizezebs. problemis gamartiveba ufro abrkolebs pasuxis moZiebis process. idealizmi da sxvadasxva religiuri mrwamsi imeds aZlevs omisgan gadaqancul msoflios, magram es imedi mainc uadgiloa.

politikis miRma mizanSewonilia vivaraudoT, rom Tu yvela Tanasworia, is saxelmwifoebi, romlebic amJRavneben nacionalizms, ufro midrekilebi arian omebisaken, vidre politikurad apaTiuri saxlmwifoebi, magram yvela iSviaTad aris Tanaswori. rasakvirvelia, erovnul saxelmwiofebriobasTan dakavSirebuli axsna ùZluria omis SemTxvevebis axsnaSi~.28 magram ra vuyoT vilsoniseul mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, rom demokratiuli qveynebi bunebiT mSvidobianebi arian, xolo tirania Tanamedrove samyaroSi omis gaCaRebis uTavresi mizezia? mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi bevrma moazrovnem gausva xazi damokidebulebas diqtatorul da omismosurne an agresul qmedebas Soris. magaliTad, aristotele fiqrobda, rom `tiranebi omis Semoqmedni arian~. isini sakuTar xalxs omisken ubiZgebdnen im ganzraxviT, rom `TavianTi daqvemdebarebulebi mudam dakavebulebi yofiliyvnen da yovelTvis dasWirvebodaT lideri.~29 zogi Tanamedrove avtori, rogoricaa hana arendti, amtkicebda, rom totalitaruli xelisufleba imTaviTve agresiulia.30 meoce saukunis ori mniSvnelovani konfliqti (meore msoflio

omi

571

omi da koreis omi) wamoiwyes totalitarma diqtatorebma. aseve, stalinma 1930-ian wlebSi, hitlerma _ 1940-ian wlebSi, maom 1950-iani wlebis dasawyisSi da pol potma 1975-1979 wlebSi, gaaCaRes omi sakuTar qveynebSi sisxlisRvrisa da masobrivi mkvlelobebis saxiT. saxelmwifo qmedebis ukiduresad sisxliani es epizodebi adasturebs im faqts, rom totalitari mmarTvelebi midrekilni arian Zaladobisaken. arsebobs sxva mosazrebebi, romlebic erTmaneTTan akavSirebs diqtaturasa da organizebul Zaladobas. diqtatorebi srulad akontroleben SeiaraRebul Zalebs, policiasa da propagandis saSualebebs. xSirad isini omis gmirebi arian, romlebmac samxedro gamarjvebebiT gaikafes gza Zalauflebisken. es warmatebuli jariskacebi, romlebmac xelSi Caigdes marTvis sadaveebi, iSviaTad amboben uars Zalis gamoyenebaze. amgvari mmarTvelebisTvis omi saerTo saxalxo gadaxvevaa yveldRiuri cxovrebis rutinisgan da xSirad sxva maxres mimarTavs dagubebul Sida mtrobas, romelic, sxva SemTxvevaSi, diqtatorisken iqneboda mimarTuli. oms SeuZlia xeli Seuwyos sazogadoebis gamTlianebas, disidentebze mitanil ieriSs da bolos, is SeiZleba diqtatorma gamoiyenos stagnaciis mdgomareobaSi myofi ekonomikis gasajansaReblad an `miZinebuli~ moqalaqeobis gamosacocxleblad. ramdenad misaRebic unda iyos es Sexedulebebi, isini mainc ar amtkiceben sabolood, rom oms yovelTvis despotizmi an araproporciuloba iwvevs. erT-erTi problema isaa, rom amgvari analizis yvela SemTxvevaze morgeba martivi ar aris. gavixsenoT Tundac vietnamis omis magaliTi. kenedis, jonsonisa da niqsonis istraciebi omis gaCaRebis mizezad komunistebis agresias asaxelebdnen. Tumca, samxreT-aRmosavleT aziaSi aSS-is sagareo politikiT ukmayofiloebi brals SeerTebuli Statebis provokaciul an gauTvlel qmedebebs xdebodnen. amgvarad, gamomdinare iqidan, romeli faqtori migvaCnia ufro myarad, vietnamis omi SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc imis magaliTi, rom diqtatura ufro midrekilia omisken, vidre demokratiuli reJimi an kidev demokratiul qveynebs diqtatorulze aranaklebad SeuZliaT mimarTon militarizms. saerTod, warmomadgenlobiTma demokratiulma qveynebmac ver miaRwies TvalsaCino warmatebas, Tavidan aecilebinaT omi. magaliTad, me-20 saukuneSi, indoeTma, msoflios udidesma demokratiulma qveyanam, ramdenime sisxlismRvreli omi gadaitana pakistanis winaaRmdeg. arc SeerTebuli Statebis xelisufleba mdgara ganze: misma samxedroebma 1991 wels erayis winaaRmdeg saomari moqmedebebi wamoiwyes. demokratiuli saxelmwifoebi yovelTvis ar yofilan aramosurne monawileebi omSi. SeerTebuli Statebi arc ki cdila Tavidan aeridebina espanur-amerikuli omi 1898 wels. garda amisa, Znelia Tvali davxuWoT 1914 wlis meqsikis revoluciaSi amerikis Carevis faqtze, rodesac (arc meti, arc naklebi) swored prezident vilsonis brZanebiT amerikelma sazRvao qveiTebma alya Semoartyes navsadgur verakuzs, xolo Semdeg sadamsjelo razmi gaemgzavra meqsikaSi panCo vilas [meqsikis revoluciis (1910-1917) erT-erTi lideri _ mTargmn. Sen.] Zalebis winaaRmdeg. garda amisa, saxelmwifoTa Soris konfliqtebis raodenobrivi analizi ar adasturebs daskvnas imis Taobaze, rom viTomcda demokratiuli qveynebi

572


omisken naklebad midrekilni arian, vidre avtoritaruli an totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi.31 faqtobrivad, demokratiuli saxelmwifoebi iseTive sixSiriT ebmebian saomar moqmedebebSi, rogorc sxva tipis saxelmwifoebi. zogi mtkicebuleba xels uwyobs im mosazrebas, rom demokratiuli qveynebi SeiZleba ufro iSviaTad iwyeben oms, magram ufro xSirad uerTdebian maT.32 Tumca, erTi mxriv, kant-vilsoniseuli omis prodasavluri da antidiqtatoruli mosazrebebi marTalia: demokratiuli saxelmwifoebi Zalian iSviaTad (an arasodes) eomebian erTmaneTs (ix. cxrili 16-1).33 WeSmaritad demokratiul qveynebs Soris ukve saukune-naxevaria ar yofila omi.34 aRiareba imisa, rom demokratiuli qveynebi ufro xSirad eomebian sxva arademokratiul saxelmwifoebs da ara erTimeores, aris demokratiuli mSvidobis paradoqsi. erT-erTi, mravalmxrivi axsnis Tanaxmad: demokratiul qveynebSi omis molodini da masTan dakavSirebuli saSiSroebebi umetes SemTxvevaSi Semcirebulia am qveynebis saerTo politikuri kulturiT, ormxrivi identobiTa da simpaTiiT, zogadad, adamianebsa da elitarul wreebs Soris arsebuli mWidro kavSirebiT, am qveynebis interesTa jgufebis unariT, romelic maT saSualebas aZlevs, Camoayalibon transnacionaluri koaliciebi, ufro xSiri komunikaciebiTa da ufro pozitiuri ormxrivi aRqmiT.35

urTierTTanmxvedri saxelmwifoebrivi aRqmis sakiTxi SeiZleba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iyos. gaiTvaliswineT, rom demokratiul qveynebSi mTavrobis Zalaufleba ufro danawevrebuli da SezRudulia, politikuri liderebi ufro midrekilebi arian kompromisisken, rodesac saqme konfrontacias exeba da konstituciur demokratiul qveynebSi pativs scemen TiToeuli moqalaqis uflebas. yvela es faqtori xels uwyobs politikuri davis mSvidobiani gziT mogvarebas demokratiul qveynebSi. demokratiuli qveynebi ar uqmnian safrTxes erTmaneTs, rac mWidrod ukavSirdeba saerTo faseulobebisa da interesebis aRqmas. es mniSvnelovnad amcirebs imis albaTobas, rom sxvadasxva saxis politikuri Zala monawileobdes iseT krizisSi, romelic oms gamoiwvevs. aqedan gamomdinare, rodesac demokratiuli saxelmwifoebi ebmebian omSi, isini arademokratiuli saxelmwifoebis winaaRmdeg ibrZvian, rac imas niSnavs, rom politikuri gansxvavebis (an daSorebis) xarisxi mTavrobebs Soris, iseve, rogorc ekonomikuri da kulturuli gansxvavebebi, SesaZloa mniSvnelovani iyos.36 amgvari monacemebi amyarebdnen vudro vilsonis daskvnas imis Sesaxeb, rom diqtatoruli reJimi demokratiuli wyobis dauZinebeli mteria, agreTve, mxars uWers leninis mosazrebas kapitalisturi da komunisturi reJimebis SeuTavseblobis Sesaxeb. laTinuri amerikis qveynebis politikis Sesaxeb Catarebulma erT-erTma kvlevam cxadyo, rom `rac ufro msgavsia ori qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTareba, politikuri orientacia, kultura da sarwmunoeba, ufro Sewyobilia maT mier micemuli xmebi gaeroSi kenWisyrebSi~ da naklebsavaraudoa maT Soris konfliqtis gaCaReba. imave logikiT, `rac ufro gansxvavebulia ori qveyana ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa

omi

573

da sididis TvalsazrisiT, miT ufro didia maT Soris konfliqtis arsebobis albaToba.~37 cxrili 16.1 omebi, 1816-1991 omis tipebi demokratiebi demokratiebis winaaRmdeg demokratiebi arademokratiebis winaaRmdeg arademokratiebi arademokratiebis winaaRmdeg sul

raodenoba* 0 155 198 353

* ganisazRvreba im samxedro qmedebaTa safuZvelze, romlis drosac aranakleb 1000 adamiani daiRupa. wyaro: Haiku Institut of Peace Research, (October 20, 1991) Tavi 18, 473.

ekonomikis miRma Tu politika mxolod nawilobriv da bundovnad xsnis konfliqtis arss, leninis Teoria imis Sesaxeb, rom omi gamowveulia ekonomikuri faqtorebiT, kerZod ki kapitalizmiT, kidev ufro bundovania. mniSvnelovania erTi faqti: omi win uswrebda rogorc kapitalizms, aseve imperializms, rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom kapitalizmi ar aris omis gamomwvevi erTaderTi mizezi.38 ufro metic, ar arsebobs istoriuli mtkicebuleba, romelic mxars uWers leninis mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, rom kapitalisturi saxelmwifoebi gansakuTrebiT midrekilni arian omisa da konfliqtisaken. miuxedavad imisa, rom zogi omis dakavSireba SesaZlebelia saxelmwifos ekonomikur interesebTan, es axsna yvela SemTxvevaSi ar gamodgeba39. garda amisa, damokidebuleba kapitalizmsa da imperializms Soris bolomde naTlad gansazRvruli araa. kapitalisturi qveynebis nawili misdevs imperialistur praqtikas da omSic miuRia monawileoba, magram arsebobs gamonaklisebi, magaliTad, SvedeTi da Sveicaria. leninis ekonomikuri Teoria Znelad Tu xsnis amgvar gansxvavebas an imas, ratom amJRavnebs socialisturi qveynebis nawili midrekilebas SeiaraRebuli agresiisi. rogorc erT-erTi mkvlevari ambobs: sabWoTa kavSirma daipyro baltiispireTis qveynebi (1939), fineTi (1939), ungreTi (1956), Cexoslovakia (1968) da avRaneTi (1979), CineTma Seteva miitana tibetze (1956), indoeTsa (1962) da vietnamze (1979); vietnamma Seutia kambojas (1975), sabWoTa kavSiri da CineTi erTmaneTs daupirispirdnen ogadenis irgvliv (1977). 1945-1967 wlebSi momxdari 69 saerTaSoriso konfliqtidan, socialisturma qveynebma monawileoba miiRes TxuTmet maTganSi, rac daaxloebiT 25 procents Seadgens.

574


unda gavixsenoT isic, rom msoflios qveynebis mxolod 15 procents hqonda socialisturi ekonomika.40

yvelaferi zemoTqmuli ar niSnavs, rom ekonomikuri sistemebi ar aris dakavSirebuli omebTan. magaliTad, sparseTis yuris omi, romelSic monawileobda koalicia aSS-is meTaurobiT, gamowveuli iyo ekonomikuri motivebiT, kerZod, arabeTis uSvelebeli sanavTobe sabadoebisa da axlo aRmosavleTis, aziisa da CrdiloeT amerikis evropasTan damakavSirebeli sasicocxlo arxebis sadam huseinis kontrolisgan dasacavad. magram mxolod ekonomikuri motivebi araa sakmarisi omis gasaCaReblad. imis dasadastureblad, rom ekonomikuri sistemis erTi konkretuli tipi, qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis romelime faza an zogadad ekonomika gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs omis gaCaRebaSi, argumentebi Zalian mwiria. rodesac akademiuri kvlevebi ekonomikas erT-erT mizezad miiCnevs, isini ZiriTadad mxolod omebisa da ekonomikis urTierTkavSiris statistikas eyrdnoba, romelic, rogorc yvela mecnierisTvis cnobilia, ar adasturebs mizez-Sedegobriobas. meore msoflio omidan moyolebuli, omebi ganviTarebadi qveynebis teritoriebze xdeba. xom ar migvaniSnebs es imaze, rom ekonomikurad naklebad ganviTarebuli qveynebi ufro midrekilni arian omisken? ara yovelTvis, radgan xSir SemTxvevaSi es omebi provocirebulia ganviTarebuli mrewvelobis mqone qveynebis mier. meore msoflio omis Semdeg mimdinare konfliqtebi suecSi, alJirSi, kongoSi, vietnamSi, avRaneTSi, foklendis kunZulebsa da eraySi, amis magaliTia. miuxedavad imisa, rom ver davadasturebT myar urTierTkavSirs ekonomikis ganviTarebasa da SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebis sixSires Soris, arsebobs damamtkicebeli samxilebi, rom ekonomikurad ganviTarebuli qveynebi ufro midrekilebi arian omisaken, vidre ekonomikurad naklebad ganviTarebuli qveynebi.41

zedmeti gamartivebis safrTxe omis Sesaxeb mravali martivi Teoria arsebobs. magaliTad, zogi raodenobrivi Teoretikosi SesaSuri sizustiT gvTavazobs modelebs, romlebsac, maTi azriT, mivyavarT omis gamomwvev samxedro aliansamde, muqaramde, krizisebis seriebamde da a.S.42 garda amisa, amgvarma kvlevebma aCvena, rom politikuri liderebis mier gadadgmuli iseTi nabijebi, rogoricaa aliansis Seqmna omis safrTxis Sesamcireblad, xSir SemTxvevaSi xels uwyobs omis dawyebis albaTobis zrdas.43 Tumca, dRemde verc erTma kvlevam ver SeZlo daedasturebina, rom am modelebSi aRwerili moqmedebebi aris omis uSualo mizezebi. TiToeuli es fenomeni SesaZlebelia dakavSirebuli iyos mis ukan myof meore fenomenTan. ufro metic, TviT yvelaze `tipuri~ modelic TavisTavad SezRudulia, radgan mxolod im konfliqtebs exeba, romlebic daaxloebiT Tanabari Zalis mqone mTavar saxelmwifoebs Soris xdeba.44 omis Teoretikosebis umetesoba didi xania amtkicebs, rom patara saxelmwifoebTan SedarebiT, Zlevamosili saxelmwifoebi ufro midrekilni arian

omi

575

omisken.45 es albaToba amtkicebs, rom saxelmwifoebi, romlebsac aqvT sakuTari gamarjvebis rwmena, ufro ixrebian omebisken.46 Tumca, romelime saxelmwifos Zlierebis gansazRvra rTuli saqmea, politikurma liderebma SesaZloa gaangariSebaSi Secdoma dauSvan da gadaWarbebiT Seafason sakuTari qveynis siZliere an piriqiT, saTanadod ver Seafason mowinaaRmdege (amis TvalsaCino magaliTia vietnamis omi).47 is qveynebi, romlebic ganicdian Sida Zaladobas, ufro midrekilni arian omisken Semdegi mizezebis gamo: omma, SesaZlebelia, gaaerTianos eri an Sida konfliqtebma iol samizned aqcios qveyana.48 is qveynebi, romlebsac `riskis moyvaruli~ liderebi xelmZRvaneloben, ufro xSirad ebmebian omSi. kidev erTi Sesabamisi faqtoria saerTo sazRvrebi, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac saerTo sazRvari didia an es xdeba istoriuli mtrebis SemTxvevaSi.49 garemo faqtorebic udides rols TamaSobs, radgan qveynebi, romlebic gamoirCevian mosaxleobis zrdis tendenciiT, saWiro resursebis ukmarisobiTa da maRali teqnologiebiT, savaraudod ufro xSirad axorcieleben eqspansiur sagareo politikas, maSin, rodesac mcirericxovani, magram teqnologiurad ganviTarebuli qveynebi iSviaTad ebmebian omSi da Tu es saxelmwifoebi mainc monawileoben omSi, isini ufro msxverpli arian, vidre agresori.50 daskvnis saxiT rom vTqvaT, didi, Zlevamosili qveyana swrafi tempiT mzardi mosaxleobiTa da maRal doneze ganviTarebuli teqnologiiT, romelic esazRvreba istoriul mters da romelsac marTavs riskis moyvaruli lideri, iqneboda agresiuli omis pirveli kandidati, gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tu es qveyana imyofeba samoqalaqo mRelvarebis an SeiaraRebuli ajanyebis pirobebSi. am TavSi ganxiluli faqtorebis didi nawili, adamianis bunebiT da mwiri resursebiT dawyebuli da omisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebiT damTavrebuli (rogoricaa mosaxleobis raodenoba, ekonomikuri ganviTareba da sazRvrebis problemebi), Znelia an sulac SeuZlebeli, Seicvalos. amerikeli komikosi uil rojeri ambobda, rom msoflioSi mSvidoba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi iqneboda SesaZlebeli, Tu qveynebi, adamianebis msgavsad, moZraobas SeZlebdnen; magram qveynebs ar SeuZliaT moZraoba (Tumca mosaxleobas SeuZlia _ is migrirebs _ gadaadgildeba). mcdar warmodgenas imis Sesaxeb, rom SesaZlebelia konfliqtebis aRmofxvra an maTi dayvana mxolod erT faqtoramde, SeuZlia realurad gazardos omis albaToba. rogorc 1919-1939 wlebis evropis istoria adasturebs, mxolod saerTaSoriso sistemis gadawyobaze koncentrireba da adamianis bunebis rolis uaryofam waaqeza umowyalo adamianebi omisken da gzas gauxsna egoist da ambiciur liderebs.51 amerikel, frang da britanel liderebs 1930-ian wlebSi realurad rom SeefasebinaT ultranacionalistebis ideologia an hitleris jojoxeTuri zraxvebi, SesaZlebeli iqneboda meore msoflio omis Tavidan acileba. omTan dakavSirebuli kompleqsuri mizezebisa da faqtorebis axsnam SesaZlebelia xeli Seuwyos konfliqtebis marTvis saerTaSoriso sistemis mokrZalebul gaumjobesebas mSvidobis dasadgurebis Sesaxeb iluziebis gaqarwylebis meSveobiT. amgvar mniSvnelovan sakiTxebSi martivi gadaw-

576


yvetilebis miRebam, SesaZloa, ufro gaauaresos mdgomaroeba, vidre gadawyetilebis saerTod ar miRebam, radgan adamianebi, romlebic yvelaze ufro cdilobdnen gaemartivebinaT omis sakiTxebi, istoriisaTvis cnobili arian omis dawyebaSi yvelaze didi wvlilis SetaniT.

totaluri omi: omi, romelSic yvela ibrZvis totaluri omi sruliad axali fenomenia. is ramdenime arsebiTi niSniT gansxvavdeba Soreuli warsulis SezRuduli omebisgan. pirvel rigSi, is ar aris SezRuduli droSi, rac imas niSnavs, rom omSi monawile saxelmwifo an saxelmwifoebi cdiloben moipovon sruli gamarjveba mowinaaRmdegeze. maT ver aCerebs veraferi, garda upirobo kapitulaciisa. meore, totalur omSi yvela saSualeba gamoiyeneba. totalur omSi monawile saxelmwifoebi iyeneben ganviTarebul teqnologiebs SeiaraRebis moqmedebis manZilis, sizustisa da ganadgurebis potencialis gazrdis mizniT. mesame, totaluri omi arc monawileebiTa SezRuduli. masSi SeiZleba sazogadoebis yvela fena iyos Cabmulebi. napoleonis omebi totaluri omis prototipad iTvleba, radgan es aris amgvari tipis omis pirveli SemTxveva. napoleonma sayovelTao hegemoniis mopovebis mizniT wamoiwyo es omi. igi ar cnobda araviTar limits drois an saSualebebis mxriv. napoleons surda gabatonebuliyo mTels evropaze da hqonda yvela saSualeba, rac saWiro iyo erTiani, centralizebuli saxelmwifos SeqmnisaTvis im dros (cxadia, napoleonis epoqaSi ar arsebobda masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRi, aramed iyo konvenciuri iaraRi da armia. napoleonis swored amgvarma jarma miwasTan gaaswora moskovi, kremlis CaTvliT, ruseTis damarcxebis Semdeg). rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania, napoleonma SemoiRo armiaSi masobrivi gawvevis idea, rac imas niSnavs, rom man gaaerTiana uamravi axalgazrda kaci msoflios pirvel saxalxo armiaSi. am dromde jari Sedgeboda mxolod da mxolod profesionali da daqiravebuli jariskacebisgan. napoleonma aseve warmatebiT gamoiyena nacionalizmis idea, propaganda da patriotuli simbolika mTeli sazogadoebis saomari mobilizaciisTvis. yvela es inovacia avismomaswavebeli niSani iyo: meoce saukunis pirveli naxevris ori totaluri omi SeiZleba CaiTvalos rogorc erTi movlena, romelic, mcire SesvenebiT or ukiduresad mZime spazms Soris, TiTqmis erTi saukunis win dawyebuli procesebis saSinel kulminaciad iqca. meore msoflio omis Semdeg totaluri omis cneba kidev ufro saSineli gaxda, rac sabrZolo SesaZleblobebis ganviTarebasa da mecnierul da teqnologiur aRmoCenebs ukavSirdeba. birTvuli epoqis dadgomam mTlianad Secvala omis strategia da taqtika, aseve samxedro Zalebis moqmedebis logika da brZolis veli. omis axali saxis msgavsad, es transformaciac totaluri iyo.

omi

577

SemTxveviTi omi: omi, romelic aravis surs Cven mogvwons, roca vfiqrobT, rom Cvenma liderebma yovelTvis kargad ician, rasac akeTeben, gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca saqme omisa da mSvidobis sakiTxebs exeba. magram gauTvaliswinebeli SemTxvevebic xdeba. ra moxdeboda pakistaneli iaraRiT movaWreni indoeTis gavliT rom cdiliyvnen cimbiris wylulis gamomwvevi tvirTis gatanas da anTraqsis sasikvdilo sporebi indoeTis dedaqalaqis, niu-delis centrSi maSin gavrcelebuliyo, rodesac qaSmireli taqsis mZRoli SuqniSnis wiTel Suqze gaivlida da satvirTo manqanas daejaxeboda gadatvirTul gzajvaredinze? da ra iqneboda, es yvelaferi pakistanTan krizisis dros rom momxdariyo? xom SesaZlebelia indoeTs efiqra, rom pakistani globalur oms iwyebda? pakistans araferi esaqmeboda am ambavTan, magram indoeTs SeiZleba jer sapasuxo dartyma mieyenebina da Semdeg daesva kiTxvebi (lodini metismetad sarisko iqneboda amgvar SemTxvevaSi). am scenariT, sayovelTao birTvuli omi SeiZleboda yofiliyo SemTxveviTobis da araswori aRqmis da ara romelime mxaris racionaluri gadawyevetilebisa da arCevanis Sedegi. mcdari aRqmis gamo omebs iwvevs Seqmnili situaciis araswori interpretireba da yvelaze gavrcelebuli tipia im omebisa, romlebic aravis surs. SemTxveviTi omebi amgvari omebis erT-erTi variantia. gzavnilis araswori Targmani, Setyobineba, romelic daniSnulebis adgilamde ver mivida, yuradRebis miRma darCenili an arasworad interpretirebuli diplomatiuri signali kosmosuri epoqis iaraRebis sistemis SemoRebamde karga xniT adre aCqarebda ganuzraxvel omebs. teqnologiur epoqaSi, sadac dominirebs birTvuli iaraRi da balistikuri raketebi, SemTxveviT gamowveuli omebis saSiSroeba da riski mniSvnelovnad gaizarda. omis eskalacia SesaZlebelia iyos limitirebuli (da lokalizebuli) konfliqti or saxelmwifos Soris, rodesac arc erTi mxare Tavdapirvelad ar apirebda mis xelT arsebuli yvelaze gamanadgurebeli iaraRis gamoyenebas. magram msxverplis ricxvis zrdasa da brZolis velze situaciis cvlilebasTan erTad, erT-erTi mxare (savaraudod is, romelic agebs) brZolis bedis sakuTar mxares Semobrunebis mizniT gamoiyenebs ufro Zlier iaraRs da mowinaaRmdegesac sxva araferi darCeba, garda imisa, rom imave siZlieris iaraRiT daupirispirdes. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu orive mxare flobs birTvul iaraRs, amgvari situaciis dinamikam SesaZlebelia birTvul omamde miiyvanos saqme. aqedan gamomdinare, is, rac daiwyo tradiciuli omiT, SeiZleba nabij-nabij mivides sayovelTao samkvdro-sasicocxlo brZolamde. kaTalitikur omebsac SeuZlia Zaladobis warmoSoba da ganadgureba nebismieri saxelmwifos ganzraxvisgan damoukideblad. istoriulad, amgvari omebi yvelaze metad aliansebis molaparakebaTa safuZvelze iwyeba: Tu aliansis erT wevrze ganxorcielda Seteva, mokavSireebi ebmebian mis dacvaSi da amgarad, omi kidev ufro farTo masStabiani xdeba. omi SeiZleba daiwyos, rogorc lokaluri konfliqti or ganviTarebad qveyanas Soris, romlebsac Zlieri mokavSireebi hyavs. adgilobrivi omi yovelTvis SeiZleba gadaizardos regionul da globalur omSic ki (rogorc es moxda orive

578


msoflio omis SemTxvevaSi). SesaZlebelia, agreTve, sxva jojoxeTuri scenaric. magaliTad, fsiqikurad SeSlilma adamianma SeiZleba ramenairad moaxerxos birTvuli omis saSiSroebis gamowveva. gulisxmobs Tu ara yvela es scenari sabotaJs, araswor aRqmas, SemTxveviTobas, eskalacias Tu fatalur movlenebs, gviCvenebs, rogor SeiZleba daiwyos omi winaswarganzraxuli agresiis gareSe.

birTvuli omi: omi, romelsac veravin igebs masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRi mxolod erTxel gamoiyenes. SeerTebulma Statebma ori atomuri bombi Camoagdo iaponiis qalaqebSi _ hirosimasa da nagasakiSi, raTa daesrulebina meore msoflio omi. prezidenti trumeni daeloda iaponiis umaRlesi mTavarsardlis mier danebebis Sesaxeb gancxadebas, mas Semdeg, rac pirvelma bombma miwasTan gaaswora hirosima. sami dRis Semdeg man meore bombis Camogdebis brZaneba gasca. amjerad am gadawyevetilebam gaamarTla, iaponia danebda. es iyo omSi atomuri iaraRis gamoyenebis pirveli da ukanaskneli SemTxveva. didi Secdoma iqneba am momgebiani strategiis xelaxali gamoyeneba. mizezi martivia: rodesac amerikis prezidentma es gadawyvetileba miiRo 1945 wels, msoflioSi sul orad ori atomuri bombi arsebobda da isic amerikelebis arsenalSi. prezident trumens ar gauriskavs, radgan mis gadawyvetilebas ar mohyveboda masirebuli sapasuxo dartyma iaponiis an sxva qveynis mxridan. im droisTvis SeerTebul Statebs hqonda (marTalia, mcirexniani) birTvuli monopolia. sabWoTa kavSirma swrafad ganaviTara birTvuli iaraRis programa da ukve 1950-iani wlebis bolosTvis masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis mTeli arsenali hqonda, kontinentTaSorisi balistikuri raketebis CaTvliT. moskovma faqtobrivad daamarcxa SeerTebuli Statebi kosmosSi, rodesac 1957 wels gauSva pirveli sateliti vostoki, romelic dedamiwas uvlida gars. 1960-ian wlebSi SeerTebulma Statebma ara mxolod dakarga birTvuli monopolia, aramed yvelaze Zlevamosili qveynis reputaciac. omis muqarisa da konfrontaciis epoqas (birTvuli iaraRis muqariT mowinaaRmdegeebis daSineba) mohyva ueWveli erTierT ganadgurebis an urTierT Sekavebis epoqa anu situacia, romelSic orive zesaxelmwifos aqvs unari, win aRudges pirvel dartymas da miayenos meore sapasuxo dartyma mowinaaRmdeges, rac gamoiwvevs agresorisTvis miuRebel zians. TiToeuli zesaxelmwifo Zal-Rones ar iSurebda birTvul SejibrSi gamarjvebulis poziciis mopovebisa da SenarCunebiaTvis. 1970-iani wlebis dasawyisisTvis, orive supersaxelmwifos uSvelebeli SesaZlebloba hqonda masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRiT gamanadgurebeli dartyma mieyenebina metoqisTvis. kidev ufro SemaSfoTebeli is iyo, rom orive mxarem aago birTvuli wyalqveSa navebi, romlebic moZravi platformis funqcias asrulebda birTvuli raketebis gaSvebisTvis. orive mxares undoda am Sejibris mogeba, arc erT maTgans ar surda damarcxeba, magram orive maTganma icoda, rom am omSi gamarjvebuli ar iqneboda, Tu isini ver SeinarCunebdnen urTierTSeka-

omi

579

vebis mdgomareobas. kubis birTvuli krizisis dros (1963) es balansi TiTqmis dairRva. es iyo gamosafxizlebeli gangaSi. orma dauZienebelma mterma saswrafod daamyara kavSiri _ axla ukve yvelasTvis cnobili cxeli xazi _ pirdapiri sakomunikacio gza TeTr saxlsa da kremls Soris katastrofis Tavidan acilebis mizniT.

aris Tu ara omi odesme moralurad gamarTlebuli? jerjerobiT omi ganvixileT mxolod da mxolod agresorebis TvalTaxedviT. magram ra SeiZleba iTqvas msxverplis Sesaxeb? Zalian cota eqsperti Tu SeewinaaRmdegeba im mosazrebas, rom qveynebs aqvT ufleba, win aRudgnen SeiaraRebul agresias. rodesac dgeba qveynis yofna-aryofnis sakiTxi, Tavdacva moralurad gamarTlebulia. amitom, miuxedavad benjamin franklinis mtkicebisa, rom àr arsebobs kargi omi da cudi mSvidoba~, zogi omi SeiZleba aucileblad da saWirod CavTvaloT. konkretulad romeli omebi miekuTvneba am kategorias? vin unda gansazRvros da ramdenad darwmunebulebi SegviZlia viyoT gansazRvrisas?

samarTliani omis doqtrina samarTliani omis angariSgasawevi doqtrinis mixedviT arsebobs garemoebebi, romelTa fonze omi SeiZleba iyos `kargi~ ara `sasiamovnos~ an `bunebrivad sasurvelis~ mniSvnelobiT, aramed qveynis keTildReobisa da samarTlianobis dacvis principidan gamomdinare. es koncefcia Tavdapirvelad win wamoswies adreuli periodis qristianma Teologebma, kerZod ki netari avgustinem, xolo Sua saukuneebis filosofosebma kidev ufro daxvewes igi. Tanamedrove epoqaSi, hugo grociusma (1583-1645) [holandieli filosofosi, iTvleba saerTaSoriso samarTlis damfuZneblad _ mTargmn. Sen.] da bunebiTi samarTlis sxva Teoretikosebma moaxdines misi xelaxali formulireba. is mecnierebi, romlebisTvisac misaRebia samarTliani omis cneba, erTsulovnad Tanxmdebian imis Taobaze, rom TavdacviTi omebi gamarTlebulia. Tu romelime qveyana gaxda moulodneli Tavdasxmis msxverpli, sapasuxo Seteva moZaladeze mizanSewonilia. zogma Teoretikosma kidev ufro gaafarTova es doqtrina da ufleba misca mesame mxare-saxelmwifoebs CaerTon agresiis uZluri msxverplebis dacvaSi. 1991 wlis sparseTis yuris omi, romelsac win uswrebda erayis mier quveiTis dapyroba, amgvari SemTxvevis naTeli magaliTia. Tanamedrove Teoretikosebi samarTliani omis doqtrinas mxolod TavdacviT omebs ukavSireben, magram adreuli avtorebi yovelTvis ver axdendnen amgvar gansxvavebas. netari avgustines, magaliTad, ezizReboda omi mTeli Tavisi ubedurebebiT, magram saWirod Tvlida agresiul omebsac ki iseTi garemoebebisas, rodesac `saxelmwifo uZluria gadaixados kompensacia im zianis gamo, romelic misma moqalaqeebma gamoiwvies an daabrunos is,

580


rac mitacebul iqna.~52 adreuli epoqis sxva qristiani Teologebi, maT Soris wminda ambrosi (340-397), amtkiceben, rom erebi araTu uflebamosilni, aramed valdebulnic ki arian, maRali principebis dasacavad gaaCaRon agresiuli omebi. `kacs aqvs moraluri movaleoba, gamoiyenos Zala, aRudges win borotebas da SeaCeros igi~, _ werda wminda ambrosi.53 ambrosi acnobierebda SezRudvebsac agresiuli omis SemTxvevaSi da ambobda, rom omisTvis saWiroa samarTliani mizezi. samarTliani omis doqtrina gacxadebulia xuT konkretul postulatSi. pirveli, omi unda iyos yvelaze bolo saSualeba legitimuri xelisuflebisTvis da mis garda aRar unda arsebobdes romelime politikurad efeqtiani alternativa; meore, konfliqtis mizezi unda iyos samarTliani. igi unda daiwyos mxolod im mizniT, rom SeaCeros agresia da gamoasworos usamarTloba; mesame, omi ar SeiZleba iyos fuWi. yovelTvis unda iyos imis albaToba, rom qvyanas, romelic iwyebs oms, aqvs warmatebis Sansi; meoTxe, saWiroa iyos proporciuloba rogorc drosTan, aseve saSualebebTan mimarTebaSi, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, omis mizezma unda gaamarTlos daxarjuli fulisa da daRupulTa raodenoba, xolo omSi gamoyenebuli saSualebebi unda amarTlebdes omis dawyebis mizezs; dabolos, mexuTe, samarTliani omi maqsimalurad unda amcirebdes samoqalaqo pirebisi miyenebul zaralsa da sikvdilianobas. Tu daculia zemoT CamoTvlili yvela piroba, omi SeiZleba gamarTlebulad CaiTvalos. samarTliani omis doqtrinas safuZvlad udevs samarTlianobis is cneba, romelic scildeba uSualo saxelmwifo interesebs. gansxvavebiT martivi nacionalizmisa, rac gamoixateba iseTi lozungebiT, rogoricaa àvia Tu kargi, mainc Cemi qveyanaa~, samarTliani omis koncefcia Seicavs im moraluri pasuxismgeblobis Sefasebis standarts, romelic scildeba viwro saxelmwifo interesebs. adreuli periodis qristiani Teologebi samarTlianobis cnebas afuZnebdnen qristianul Teologiur doqtrinasa da sulier moZRvrebebze. samarTliani omis Tanamedrove doqtrinebi efuZneba bunebiTi kanonzomierebis filosofias, romlis mixedviT arsebobs adamianis keTildReobasTan dakavSirebuli martivi WeSmaritebebi, aseTi WeSmaritebebi naTelia yvela saRad moazrovne adamianisTvis da erTobliobaSi qmnis `yvelasaTvis samarTlianis~ ideals.

samarTliani omis doqtrinis Sefaseba im kritikuli SeniSvnebidan, romelic axlavs samarTliani omis doqtrinas Tqvens yuradRebas sam ZiriTad maTganze gavamaxvilebT: doqtrina aris mora luri relativizmi, eTnocentrulad mikerZoebulia da politikurad ararealuri. moraluri relativizmi. kritikosTa nawils miaCnia, rom samarTliani omis koncefcia efuZneba Zalze subieqtur da, aqedan gamomdinare, daudasturebel faseulobaTa gansjas, rac moraluri relativizmis saxeliTaa cnobili.

omi

581

gamomdinare iqidan, rom mosazrebebi gansxvavdeba imis Sesaxeb, vin aris damnaSave konkretuli omis dawyebaSi, moraluri pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebis nebismieri mcdeloba xSirad asaxavs ara dazustebul realur faqtebs, aramed damkvirvebelTa mosazrebebs. moraluri relativizmis amgvari tipis Tavidan acilebis erTaderTi saSualeba mxolod omamdeli da omis Semdgomi situaciis zedmiwevniT aRweraa, rac mxolod sarwmuno faqtebs daeyrdnoba. eTnocentruloba da nacionalisturi mikerZoeba. msgavsad amisa, dadgenilia, rom samarTliani omis dasavleli Teoretikosebi exebian mxolod sakuTar kulturas da cdiloben yuradReba ar miaqcion im omebis gamamarTlebel faqtebs, romlebic sxva kulturis mqone erebma daiwyes. amas SeiZleba eTnocentrizmi ewodos. magaliTad, jihadis (`brZola~ an `saRvTo omi~) islamuri koncefcia cdunebis, borotebis an `moRalateTa~ winaaRmdeg, aris agresuli omis moraluri safuZveli, romelsac iSviaTad aRiareben samarTliani omis doqtrinis dasavleli damcvelebi. politikuri miamitoba. samarTliani omis doqtrinis oponentebis garkveuli nawili ayenebs praqtikuli winaaRmdegobis sakiTxs. maTi mtkicebiT, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu SesaZlebeli iqneba SeTanxmeba samarTliani an usamarTlo omebis mtkice, miukerZoebeli da sayovelTaod misaRebi gansazRvrebis Sesaxeb, mainc Zneli iqneba miRebuli doqtrinis marTebulad gamoyeneba. iseve, rogorc adamianebi ver iqnebian sakuTari Tavis obieqturi mosamarTleebi, saxelmwifoebi ver gamoiCenen miukerZoeblobasa da obieqturobas im sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT, romlebSic sakuTari interesebi aqvT. kritikosebi amtkiceben, rom miukerZoebeli msajulis gareSe, samarTliani omis doqtrina rCeba im butaforiad, romelsac agresori qveynebi iyeneben sakuTari keTildReobisken mimarTuli qmedebisa da samxedro Carevebis gasamarTleblad. samarTliani omis doqtrinis mxardamWerebi ki Tvlian, rom moraluri gansja omis Sesaxeb didi xania iTvleba rogorc bunebrivad, aseve saWirod: bunebrivad im gagebiT, rom ìm droidan dawyebuli, rac kacebi da qalebi omze laparakoben, yovelTvis exebian `sworsa~ da àraswors~54 da saWiro imitom, rom amis gareSe yvela omi obieqturad (an saqebrad) CaiTvleba. rogorc cnobilia, ar arsebobs mecnierulad dadasturebuli mtkicebuleba, rom agresiuli omi uaresia, vidre prevenciuli, magram aseTi mtkicebuleba arc aris saWiro, radgan viciT, rom civsisxliani mkvleloba moralurad ufro gaumarTlebelia, vidre mkvleloba Tavdacvis mizniT. am gansxvavebas mxars uWers ara mxolod sisxlis samarTali, aramed saRi azric. xSirad amboben, rom samarTliani omis doqtrina im adamianebis sasargeblod muSaobs, romlebic mxars uWeren mas. es mosazreba simarTlis marcvals Seicavs. TavisTavad, samarTliani omis doqtrina ar Seicavs sayovelTaod misaReb standarts, romelic saWiroa eri-saxelmwifos qcevis SesazRudad. saxelmwifoTa liderebi xSirad monawileoben zneobriv saubrebSi da amave dros uzneod iqcevian. samarTliani omis doqtrinis SenarCuneba Rirs ara

582


qcevis gasakontroleblad, aramed Sefasebis meTodis saxiT.

niurnbergis procesi meore msoflio omis dasrulebis Semdeg moxda istoriisaTvis cnobili pirveli SemTxveva, rodesac germaniaSi, qalaq niurnbergSi nacist liderebs brali wauyenes. maT brali dasdes, pirveli, mSvidobis winaaRmdeg moqmedebaSi, radgan omis dawyebiT daarRvies saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi da SeTanxmebebi; meore, saomari wesebis darRvevaSi, rogoricaa tyveebis mimarT gamoCenili sisastike, qalaqebis mTliani ganadgureba, dapyrobil qveynebSi samoqalaqo pirebis mimarT gamoCenili sastiki mopyroba. mesame, kacobriobis winaaRmdeg Cadenil danaSaulSi, rac agreTve gulisxmobda mSvidobiani mosaxleobis masobriv xocva-Jletas. miuxedavad imisa, rom nacistebma ver SeZles ebraeli xalxis ganadgureba, isini Zalian axlos iyvnen dasaxul mizanTan. evropeli ebraelebis masobrivi Jletis gamo nacisti liderebis dasjis gadawyvetileba efuZneboda damsaxurebuli ganaCenis gamotanis survils. germanelTa moqmedeba ver gamarTldeboda omis faqtiT (omic, rasakvirvelia, hitlerma daiwyo). ufro metic, germaneli nacistebis mier Cadenil sisastikes analogi ar aqvs Tanamedrove samyaroSi. kacobriobis winaaRmdeg Cadenil danaSaulebaTa koncefcia myarad uWers mxars samarTliani omis doqtrinas. nacistebis mier im moraluri principebis ugulebelyofa, rom saWiroa udanaSaulo adamianebis wamebisa da sikvdilisgan dacva, imdenad aSkara iyo da maTi darRveva imdenad TvalSisacemi, rom umciresi eWvis gareSec ki, nacistebis mier Cadenil qmedebebs aranairi moraluri gamarTleba ar hqonda. marTalia, omis dros Cadenili danaSaulebebis moraluroba/amoralurobis sakiTxi SeiZleba problemuri iyos. Tumca, holokostis SemTxvevaze es ar vrceldeba. samarTliani omis doqtrinaSi miTiTebuli gansazRvrebis Sesabamisad, es aris udavod kriminaluri saqcieli. miuxedavad imisa, rom niurnbergis procesi gamarTlebuli iyo, zogadad, amgvari procesebis gamarTvis tendencia seriozul SeSfoTebas iwvevs. ioli ar aris mSvidobis winaaRmdeg mebrZolis iarliyis mikvra konkretul da xSirad uprecedento SemTxvevebSi. sikvdilis banakebma daarRvies kanonis, samarTlis, Rirsebis yvela standarti, magram ra vuyoT mokavSireTa mier drezdenis dabombvis faqts? an germaneli mSvidobiani moqalaqeebis winaaRmdeg Cadenil qmedebebs, romlebzec, rbilad rom vTqvaT, Tvals xuWavda sabWoTa armia? an hirosimasa da nagasakis mcxovrebTa sasowarkveTas? omSi zneobasTan da moralTan dakavSirebuli kiTxvebi xSirad bundovani da upasuxoa. arsebobs genocidisa da eTnikuri wmendis ufro axali magaliTebi politikurad motivirebuli masobrivi mkvlelobebis CaTvliT, romlis msgavsic bosniaSi, ruandaSi, siera-leonesa da sxva qveynebSi moxda 1990-ian wlebSi. unda wardgnen Tu ara teroristebi marTlmsajulebis winaSe, rTuli iuridiuli da zneobrivi sakiTxia, romlis ganxilvasac aq ar vapirebT. vTqvaT, rom

omi

583

prezidentma buSma 11 teraqti saomar moqmedebad Seafasa. am teraqtma fexqveS gaTela uzenaesi zneobrivi da religiuri principebi, kerZod is, rom arasodes aqvs gamarTleba udanaSaulo adamianebis Jletas. wardgebian Tu ara al qaidas liderebi an Semsruleblebi odesme marTlmsajulebis winaSe, damokidebulia imaze, rodis, sad da rogor daakaveben maT (Tu, rasakvirvelia, moxerxda zogi maTganis cocxlad ayvana), agreTve imaze, moiyvans Tu ara sisruleSi aSS-s xelisufleba sakuTar dapirebas, gaasamarTlos isini samxedro tribunalma da ara saerTaSoriso sasamarTlom.

daskvna omis Tavidan acileba yovelTvis ar aris saxelmwifo politikis mizani. magaliTad, italiis faSisti lideri, benito musolini, yovelTvis xotbas asxamda oms. dRemde bevri mcdeloba iyo omis dawyebis mizezebis gamosavlenad. Sedegad, masTan dakavSirebuli Teoriebi SeiZleba sam kategoriad daiyos: mecnierTa nawili mizezs adamianis bunebaSi xedavs, meore nawili sazogadoebas adanaSaulebs, xolo mesames sjera, rom yvelaferSi damnaSavea dedabuneba (Seubralebeli garemo). Tomas hobsi fiqrobda, rom omi aris adamianis ukuRmarTobis pro-duqti. Jan-Jak rusos miaCnda, rom adamiani zogadad kargia, magram sazogadoeba xdis mas mankiers; jon lokis azriT, adamianis agresia bunebrivi resursebis simciriT aris gamowveuli (adamianis kontrolis gareT arsebuli obieqturi garemoebebiT). bunebrivi resursebis simwire ukavSirdeba bunebrivi Zalebisa da faqtorebis mravalferovnebas, SimSilis, daavadebebis, qariSxlebis, gvalvebisa da a.S. CaTvliT. erT faqtorze dafuZnebuli Teoriebi ver xsnis omis gamomwvev mizezebs. oms ganapirobebs sxvadasxva _ socialuri, politikuri, ekonomikuri da fsiqologiuri _ faqtori. daZabulobis pirobebSi, omi SeiZleba daiwyos ise, rom es ewinaaRmdegebodes yvela mxaris survils. aseTi arasasurveli omebi xSirad iwyeba araswori interpretaciis, gaugebrobis, SemTxveviTobis, eskalaciis an kaTalitikuri reaqciebis Sedegad. daugegmavi omis dawyebis albaToba kidev erTxel cxadyofs im potenciur safrTxes, rac dakavSirebulia zneobrivi pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebasTan. xSirad, rodesac omi iwyeba, garkveuli ar aris, vin an ram gamoiwvia misi dawyeba. saxelmwifo politikis instrumentad omis gamoyeneba saerTaSoriso samarTlisa da zneobrivi normebis darRvevaa, Tumca, ara yvela omis SemTxvevaSi. samarTliani omis doqtrina amtkicebs, rom Tavdacva da universaluri principebis dacva aris brZolis legitimuri safuZveli, magram am doqtrinas xSirad akritikeben zneobrivi relativizmis, kulturuli eTnocentrizmis da politikuri realizmis naklebobis motiviT. niurnbergis procesze moxda agresiuli omis dros Cadenili danaSaulebebis gamo bralis wayeneba. saerTaSoriso samarTlis specialistebma Camoayalibes saomar danaSaulebaTa axali kategoria _ danaSaulebani kacobrio-

584


bis winaaRmdeg. miuxedavad imisa, rom niurnbergis procesi gamarTlebuli iyo, saWiroa amgvar procedurebs maqsimaluri sifrTxiliT movekidoT momavalSi.

sakvanZo sityvebi saxelmwifoTaSorisi omi samoqalaqo omi partizanuli omi mcire intensivobis konfliqtebi SeiararebaSi Sejibri imperializmi ultranacionalizmi bunebiTi mdgomareoba internacionalistebi erovnuli TviTgamorkveva demokratiuli mSvidobis paradoqsi SezRuduli omi upirobo kapitulacia omi mcdari aRqmis gamo SemTxveviTi omi omis eskalacia

kaTalitikuri omi nacionalistur-separatmasirebuli sapasuxo dartyma birTvuli monopolia urTierT ganadgureba urTierT Sekaveba pirveli dartyma sapasxuxo dadrtyma masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRi cxeli xazi samarTliani omi moraluri relativizmi eTnocentruizmi danaSauli mSvidobis winaaRmdeg saomari danaSauli danaSauli kacobriobis winaaRmdeg


4.

5.

ramden ZiriTad kategoriad iyofa ganmartebebi omis uSualo mizezebis Sesaxeb? Tomas hobsis mixedviT, ra aris yvla omis gamomwvevi ZiriTadi mizezi? ra argumentebiT cdilobs hobsi sakuTari Tezisis dacvas? ra aris, rusos azriT, omis ZiriTadi mizezi? riT gansxvavdeba misi mosazreba hobsis mosazrebisgan? ra argumentebs iSveliebs ruso sakuTari mosazrebis dasacavad? im mecnierTa Soris, romlebic omis gamomwvev mTavar mizezad sazogadoebas miiCneven, arsebobs azrTa sxvadasxvaoba imis Sesaxeb, sazogadoebis konkretulad romeli aspeqti ganapirobebs eri-saxelmwifoebis omisken midrekilebas. daasaxeleT teqstSi warmodgenili oTxi alternatiuli Teoria. rogor xsnida jon loki omis fenomens? riT gansxvavdeba es mosazreba hobsis mosazrebebisgan? romeli argumentebiT amyarebs is sakuTar mosazrebas?

omi

585

6.

omis gamomwvevi mizezebis Sesaxeb romeli axsna migaCniaT yvelaze sarwmunod? pasuxi daasabuTeT. 7. ratom aris Zneli ubralod daigmos damnaSave mxare an mxareebi, rodesac omi iwyeba? 8. saomari xelovnebis daxvewis epoqaSi, sul ufro da ufro SesaZlebeli xdeba omis dawyeba winaswar ganuzraxvelad. ra SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba es moxdes? 9. aris Tu ara yvela omi gaumarTlebeli zneobrivi kuTxiT? pasuxi daasabuTeT. 10. aris Tu ara samarTliani omis doqtrinis mxardamWeri da sawinaaRmdego argumentebi dabalansebuli? pasuxi daasabuTeT. 11. ra uZRoda win niurnbergis sasamarTlo process? ra aris kacobriobis winaaRmdeg Cadenili danaSaulebebi? rogor Seesabameba samarTliani omis doqtrina am konteqsts? 12. mizanSewonili da SesaZlebelia Tu ara niurnbergis tipis procesebis gamarTva yoveli omis Semdeg?

SeniSvnebi: Paul Seabury da Angelo M. Codevilla, War: Ends and Means (New York: Basic Books, 1990), 6. 2. G. W. F. Hegel, Philosophy of Rights, Targm. T. M. Knox, wignSi Great Books of the Western World, tomi 46, red.: R. Hutchins (Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1952), 149. 3. Friedrich Nietzsche, Human, All Too Human, Targm. Marion Farber (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1984), 230-321), aforizmi 477. 4. Benito Mussolini, “The Doctrine of Fascism”, Targm. M. Oakeshott, wignSi Great Political Thinkers, red. William Ebenstein (New York: Holt, 1965), 621. 5. John Vasquez, “Introduction: Studying War Scientifically”, wignSi The Scientific Study of Peace and War: A Text Reader, red. John Vasquez da Marie Henehan (New York: Lexington, 1992), xix. 6. iqve, xxii. 7. Tu omis Tvisobriv analizTan dakavSirebuli statistikuri meTodologiis gacnoba gsurT, waikiTxeT Stuart Bremer-isa da sxvaTa avtorobiT (adaptirebuli Marie Henehan-is mier) ‘The Scientific Study of War: A Learning Package”, iqve, 373-437. 8. James Dougherty da Robert Pfaltzgraff, Jr., Contending Theories of International Relations: A Comprehensive Study, me-3 gamocema (New York: HarperCollins, 1990), 356. 9. Greg Cashman, What Causes War? An Introduction to Theories of International Conflict (New York: Lexington, 1993), 279. 10. es ganxilva aseve moicavs im klasifikaciebis variacias, romelic warmodgenilia Kenneth N. Waltz-is naSromSi Man, the State, and War: A Theoretical 1.

586

11.

12. 13. 14. 15.

16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21.

22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32.

33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38.


Analysis (New York: Columbia Univesity Press, 1965). vaRiarebT, rom valSi varT am naSromis winaSe. citata motanilia Sir Norman Angell-is naSromidan Neutrality and Collective Security, romelic, Tavis mxriv, gamoiyena Edward Hallett Carr-ma wignSi The Twenty Years’ Crisis, 1919-1939 (New York: Harper & Row, 1964). 39. Thomas Hobbes, The Leviathan (London: Everyman’s Library, 1956). 64. Hans J. Morgenthau, Politics among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace, me-5 gamoc. (New York: McGrow-Hill, 1992), 3-4. iqve, 29. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, FFirst and Second Discourses, Targm. Roger da Judith Masters, red. Roger Masters (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1964), 197. citata aRebulia rusos `meore saubris~ SeniSvnebidan. iqve, 195-196. iqve, `meore saubari~,141-142. iqve, 161. Frederick Hartmann, The Relations of Nations (New-York: Macmillan, 1978), 32. William Galston, Kant and the Problem of History (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1975), 26-27. Immanuel Kant, “Eternal Peace”, wignSi Immanuel Kant’s Moral and Political Writings, red. Carl Friedrich (New York: Modern Library, 1949), 458. V. I. Lenin, Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism (New York: International Publishers, 1939), 124. Robert Goldwin, “John Locke”, wignSi History of Political Philosophy, red. L. Strauss da J. Cropsey (Skokie, III.: Rand McNally, 1963), 442. Richard Falk, This Endangered Planet: Prospects and Proposals for Human Survival (New York: Vintage Books, 1972), 106-107. iqve, 105. iqve, 113. iqve, 155. Cashman, What Causes War? 157. Aristotle, The Politics, mTargm. da red. Ernest Barker (New York: Oxford University Press, 1962), 1313b, 245. Hannah Arendt, Totalitarianism (New York: Harcourt, 1951), 113-114. William Dixon, “Democracy and the Peaceful Settlement of International Conflict”, American Political Science Review 88 (March 1994): 14. demokratiuli qveynebis tendenciaze ix. Stuart Bremer-is, ”Are Democracies Less Likely to Wars?” (naSromi warmodgenili iyo Amercian Political Science Association-is yovelwliur Sexvedraze, Chicago, September 3-6, 1992). ufro vrclad ix. Brice Russett-is Grasping the Democratic Peace (Princeton, N.J., Princeton University Press, 1993). rogorc miTiTebulia Cashman-is naSromSi What Causes War?, 129. iqve. iqve, 137-139. Rudolph Rummel, “Some Empirical Findings”, World Politics 21 (1969): 238-239. msjeloba SerCeviT mohyveba Cashman-is What Causes War?, 132-134.

omi

587

39. Morgenthau, Politics among Nations, 51-57. 40. iqve, 133. 41. Michael Haas, “Scietal Approaches to the Study of War”, wignSi The War System, red. Richard Falk da Samuel Kim (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1980), 355-356, 365. 42. ix. John Vasquez, “The Steps to War”, wignSi The Scientific Study of Peace and War: A Text Reader, red. John Vasquez da Marie Henehan (New York: Lexington, 1992), 343-370. 43. Jack Lavy, “Alliance Formation and War Behavior: An Analysis of the Great Powers, 495-1975, wignSi The Scientific Study of Peace and War: A Text Reader, red. John Vasquez da Marie Henehan (New York: Lexington, 1992), 3-36. 44. Vasquez, “The Steps to War”, 370. 45. Cashman, What Causes War? 137. 46. iqve. 47. Dougherty da Pfaltzgraff, Contending Theories, 354-355. 48. iqve, 145-152; Tumca, rogorc qeSmeni aRniSnavs, mxilebuleba calsaxa ar aris. 49. iqve, 142-145, amave naSromSia mocemulia kvlevebis Sejameba. ix., aseve Paul Diehl-is “Arms Races to War: Testing Some Empirical Linkages”, Sociological Quarterly 26 (Semodgoma 1985): 331-349; da misive “Continuity and Military Escalation in Major Power Rivalries, 1816-1980”, Journal of Politics 47 (noemberi 1985): 1203-1211. 50. Nazli Chourci da Robert North, “Lateral Pressure in International Relations: Concept and Theory”, wignSi Handbook of War Studies, red. Manus Midlarsky (Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1989), 310-311. 51. Waltz, Man, the State, and War, 233. 52. citirebulia Lee McDonald-is naSromSi Western Political Theory: From Its Origins to the Present (Orlando, Fla.: Harcourt, 1968), 127. 53. citirebulia Dougherty da Pfaltzgraff, naSromSi Contending Theories of International Relations, 151, n. 24. 54. Michael Walzer, Just and Unjust Wars (New York: Basic Books, 1968), 1.

588


n aaw w iili li V

politika mTavrobis gareSe

T av avii X XV VII II saer aS oriso saeraS o riso ur TierT urT ierT o beb b eb i: b rZ rZo o la Z lie liereb reb isvis isv is T av avii X XV VII IIII saeT aS o ris riso o o rgan izacia(eb izac ia(eb i): b rZ rZo o la w esr esrigisT ig is Tvis v is

589

590

T aavv i XVI XV I I

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi b rZ rZo o la Z liereb lier eb isT isTvv is iyavi realisti: makiaveli da morgenTau klasikuri evropuli sistema sistemuri winapirobebi evropuli konsensusis marcxi Tanamedrove globaluri sistema evrocentrizmis dasasruli bipolarobis dasawyisi ideologiis primati birTvuli omis safrTxe urTierT Sekaveba amerikis sagareo politika: guSin da dRes ra aris erovnuli interesi? erovnuli interesis dacva didi debatebi: realizmi da idealizmi bumerangis efeqti axali sagareo politikis ZiebaSi idealizmi, rogorc egoizmi: zneobis Zala axali samyaro, Zveli Cvevebi axali tendenciebi, Zveli problemebi ra xdeba civi omis Semdeg? globaluri ekonomika regionalizmis aRzeveba eTnikuri Zaladobis wyevla aRsasrulis axleburad: `mdumare gazafxulis~ Tavidan acileba aRsasruli Zveleburad: birTvuli iaraRis gavrcelebis Tavidan acileba sainformacio teqnologiebis revolucia apokalifsuri xedvebi: civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba da anarqia?

591

592


Cvens welTaRricxvamde 416 wels aTenelebma gemebi da jari spartis neitraluri koloniis, milosis kunZulis dasapyrobad gagzavnes, romelsac ar surda omis monawile gamxdariyo.1 aTenelebi, romlebic molaparakebebs Zalis poziciidan awarmoebdnen, milosis mkvidrTagan upirobo kapitulacias moiTxovdnen da eubnebodnen, rom `samarTlianobis sakiTxi mxolod Tanabar Zalebs Soris arsebul urTierTobebSi dgeba, maSin roca Zlierni akeTeben imas, risi Zalac SeswevT da sustni urigdebian imas, rasac unda Seurigdnen.~ miloselebma kiTxvis dasmiT gasces pasuxi, `ratom SeiZleba iyos CvenTvis kargi Tqveni mmarTvelobis qveS yofna?~ ìmitom~ upasuxes aTenelebma, rom `Tqven geqnebaT arCevanis gakeTebis upiratesoba damorCilebasa da sakuTari Tavis ubedurebaSi Cagdebas Soris da Sesabamisad, raki ar gaganadgurebT, Cvenc mogebuli davrCebiT~. miloselebi cdilobdnen daerwmunebinaT aTenelebi, rom am or saxelmwifos Soris mSvidobiani urTierTobebi orive mxaris interesebSi Sedioda. Tumca, aTenelebi am logikas ar iziarebdnen. samarTlianobis sakiTxis uxeSi ugulebelyofiT, isini Tvlidnen, rom Tu miloss miscemdnen damoukideblobis SenarCunebis saSualebas, maSin miloselebi da sxvebic amas aTenis sisusted miiCnevdnen. `Cveni imperiis gafarToebiT~, ganagrZobdnen aTenelebi `movipovebT usafrTxoebas. faqti, rom xarT kunZulovani da SedarebiT susti saxelmwifo, adasturebs, rom ver SeaferxebT zRvis mbrZaneblebs.~ ase rom, milosis saxelmwifo Zalis politikis gaTvlebs Seewira. aTenelebis Seurigeblobas miloselebi gabedulad da mtkiced dauxvdnen. miloselebi kvlav imeorebdnen, rom, miuxedavad yvelafrisa, maT mainc neitralurad darCena surdaT. aTenelebma ganagrZes kunZulis alyaSi moqceva, miloselebma sapasuxo winaaRmdegoba gauwies. spartelebi movidnen, magram ver darCnen. Semdeg ubedurebis zarmac Camohkra: aTenidan demeasis vaJis, filokrates meTaurobiT damatebiTi Zalebi gaigzavna da alya ufro gaZlierda. Sida gamcemlobis gamo miloselebi Cabardnen aTenelebs, romlebmac yvela mamakaci daxoces, qalebi da bavSvebi monebad gayides, Semdeg ki daaxloebiT xuTasamde kolonisti daasaxles am teritoriaze.

es ambavi iseve ikiTxeba, rogorc erT-erTi sazareli epizodi hari poteris cxovrebidan, swored is, rodesac eSmakeuli voldemori ukan iseTi gaZlierebuli brundeba, rogoric arasodes yofila. hogvartisagan gansxvavebiT milosi realurad arsebuli adgili iyo da Sesabamisad moTxrobaSi gocemuli tragedia realurad moxda. am yvelafris safuZveli peloponesis omi (Zv. welTaRricxvis 431-404) iyo. Cven ki miloselebis sazareli bedisweris Sesaxeb viciT imis gamo, rom berZenma istorikosma Tukididem aRwera es ambavi.

iyavi realisti: makiaveli da morgenTau italiuri renesansis epoqis udidesi politikuri moazrovne nikolo ma-

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi

593

kiaveli (1469-1527) werda, rom Wkviani mmarTveli yovelTvis mosagebad unda TamaSobdes. misive sityvebiT, `Cveni cxovrebis wesi Zalze Sorsaa imisagan, rogorc unda vcxovrobdeT. vinc sworad cxovrebas Seecdeba, gadarCenis nacvlad safrTxeSi igdebs Tavs~.2 brZeni mmarTveli _ agrZelebda makiaveli _ acnobierebs, ra unda gakeTdes misi gavlenis sferos SesanarCuneblad da gasafarToeblad da ar aZlevs moralur eWvebs misi azrovnebis daCrdilvis uflebas. magaliTad, mmarTvelma mxolod maSin unda daicvas micemuli piroba, roca es mis interesebSia: keTilgonieri mmarTveli ar unda iyos sakuTari aRTqmis erTguli, Tuki SeiZleba, rom es erTguleba saziano aRmoCndes misTvis da ukve aRar arsebobs mizezebi, ramac es aRTqma daadebina. . . yvela kaci kargi da keTili rom iyos, aseTi qceva ukeTuri iqneboda, magram raki isini borotni arian da gamudmebiT arRveven imas, rac aRgiTqves, Sen ratomRa unda uerTgulo sakuTar aRTqmas maT mimarT?3

makiavelis mosazreba da miloselTa bedic im faqtis mkafio ilustrirebaa, rom zneoba naklebad mniSvnelovania saxelmwifoebs Soris urTierTobebSi, vidre saxelmwifos SigniT. manam, sanam saerTaSoriso politika bunebiTi mdgomareobis msgavsia, saxelmwifoebs Soris daZabuloba SenarCundeba da erTaderTi pasuxgasacemi SekiTxva iqneba, vin gadarCeba da vin ganadgurdeba. makiavelis inteleqturi pirdapiroba da politikisi ulmoblad realisturi midgoma, SesaZloa, yvelaze warmatebuli politikuri filosofiis safuZvelia Tanamedrove msoflioSi. es im gagebiT, rom man gauZlo drois gamocdas, is kvlavac axdens gavlenas da moyolebuli makiavelis droidan, misi marTebulobis damadasturebeli faqtebi mravlad dagrovda. Teoria, rom saxelmwifoebi moqmedeben sakuTari interesebisa da ara idealebis Sesabamisad, cnobilia, rogorc politikuri realizmi. amJamad is yvelaze metad hans morgenTaus (1904-1980) nawerebTan asocirdeba. makiavelis msgavsad, politikuri realistebi nakleb yuradRebas aqceven, rogor unda iqceodnen qveynebi da akvirdebian, realurad rogor iqcevian isini da cdiloben gaarkvion ratom iqcevian ase. TviTgadarCena saxelmwifo politikis umTavresi amocanaa, xolo gadarCenis uzrunvelyofis saukeTeso gza _ saxelmwifos Zlierebis zrdaa. saerTaSoriso politikaSi, amtkicebs morgenTau, rac ar unda iyos saboloo mizani, uSualo mizani yovelTvis Zlirebaa. ase rom, interesi gansazRvrulia rogorc Zliereba. morgenTausaTvis es ori koncefcia erTiania _ nebismieri saxelmwifos umTavresi interesi, pirvel rigSi, Zlierebis miRwevaa, Semdeg ki sxva miznebisa, rogoricaa prestiJi da a.S., da isic mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu isini zrdis saxelmwifos Zlierebas. politikuri realistebi amtkiceben, rom warmateba saerTaSoriso politikaSi, maSinac ki, roca konfrontacia ar aris, sabolood mainc Zlierebazea damokidebuli. morgenTaus Tanaxmad, `Zala, Zliereba SeiZleba gulisxmobdes yvelafers, rac awesebs da inarCunebs erTi adamianis kontrols meoreze~.4 Zalis yvelaze mniSvnelovani aspeqti saerTaSoriso politikaSi samxedro Zlierebaa. Sesabamisad, politikuri realistebi civi gonebiT ga-

594


nixilaven iseT Temebs, rogoricaa erovnuli usafrTxoebis sakiTxebi (meti yovelTvis ukeTesia, vidre naklebi), birTvuli iaraRis kontroli da saerTaSoriso organizaciebSi monawileoba (SezRuduli sargeblobiTa da momavlis imedis gareSe). Tumca, politikuri da samxedro Zliereba sinonimuri araa. sxva faqtorebic, maT Soris geopolitikuri, ekonomikuri da socialuri qmnian saxelmwifos Zlierebas. TviT politikuri lideris pirovnuli qarizma da kompetenciac an saxelmwifo institutebis efeqtianoba aZlevs mas upiratesobas konkurentul da saSiS msoflioSi. morgenTaus Tanaxmad, aramaterialuri faqtorebis, rogoricaa qarizma, ugulebelyofa `tolfasia prestiJis ugulebelyofisa, rogorc saerTaSoriso politikaSi damoukidebeli elementisa~.5 saxelmwifos mTavari interesebis optimizacia da gawonasworeba politikur sibrZnes saWiroebs. morgenTau wers: `realizmi sibrZnes ganixilavs, rogorc politikuri qmedebis Sedegebis winaswar gazomvas, rac uzenaesi Rirsebaa politikaSi~.6 sworad interpretirebisa da gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi amgvari sibrZne sworad warmarTavs saxelmwifos saqmeebs. erovnuli interesebis realistur Sefasebaze dafuZnebuli sagareo politika aramarto riskian Tavgadasavlebs, aramed aseve dampyroblur sibrmavesac airidebs, rac anadgurebs erebsa da civilizaciebs moraluri principebis, idealebis Tu RmerTis saxeliTac ki~.7 rogorc morgenTau aRniSnavda, erovnuli interesis koncefcia moralistebis daSvebuli Secdomebis sapirispiroa. cxadia, erovnuli interesi gansxvavdeba qveynidan qveynamde, icvleba wlidan wlamde, aseTi interesi SeiZleba iyos mudmivi an droebiTi, pirvelxarisxovani an meorexarisxovani, zogadi an specifikuri. politikuri realistisaTvis warmatebuli saxelmwifo moRvawe isaa, vinc flobs erovnuli interesebisa da amocanebis erovnul SesaZleblobebTan dabalansebis xelovnebas. sibrZne moiTxovs, rom saxelmwifo moRvawem, msgavsad myidvelisa supermarketSi, ganasxvavos erTmaneTisagan is, rac aucilebelia da rac, ubralod, sasurvelia. saxelmwifos marTvis codna gulisxmobs eris molodinebisa da survilebis saxelmwifos SesaZleblobebTan SesabamisobSi moyvanasa da sasicocxlo da meorexarisxovani interesebis zustad garCevas. politikuri realizmi sagareo politikaSi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas moqnilobas, obieqturobasa da sentimentalizmis naklebobas aniWebs. politikuri realisti ityvis, rom saerTaSoriso politikaSi arseboben ara mudmivi mokavSireebi, aramed mxolod mudmivi interesebi. morgenTaus azriT, saxelmwifo moRvawe-ebs sxva principebiT saqmianoba ar epatiebaT, ara aqvs mniSvneloba, ramdenad amoraluri SeiZleba iyos aseTi saqcieli Cveulebrivi adamianuri urTierTobebis poziciidan. saerTaSoriso politikis riskian samyaroSi zneobas aqvs sxva saxe _ Cveni Sida cxovrebis zneobisagan gansxvavebuli, rogorc piraduli, aseve politikuri. radganac sxva saxelmwifoebic moqmedeben interesebisa da ara idealebis Sesabamisad, sakuTarma saxelmwifomac aseve unda imoqmedos. nebismieri saxelmwifo sxvis xarjze sargeblis miRebas cdilobs _ koleqtiuri saqcielis amgvari forma advilad SesamCnevi da universaluria. aqedan gamomdinare, morgenTau amtkicebda, rom politikuri realizmi ara mar-


595

to xsnis, ratom iqcevian saxelmwifoebi ise, rogorc iqcevian, aramed, aseve SeuZlia gaakeTos prognozi, rogor moiqcevian isini.

klasikuri evropuli sistema makiaveli da morgenTau, orive evropis istoriis xmauriani epoqis produqtebi iyvnen, Tumca sxvadasxva dros. makiavelize zegavlena iqonia im mZafrma metoqeobam, intrigebma da konfliqtma, rac axasiaTebda XV-XVI saukuneebis italiur qalaq-saxelmwifoebs Soris arsebul urTierTobebs. igi cxovrobda im dros, rodesac Tanamedrove eri-saxelmwifo jer kidev Camoyalibebis procesSi iyo. klasikuri evropuli sistemis dabadeba makiavelis gardacvalebidan erTi saukunis Semdeg moxda. morgenTau daibada germaniaSi I msoflio omamde. am omis erT-erTi Sedegi iyo evropuli sistemis ngreva, romelsac monawile saxelmwifoebs Soris wonasworobis SenarCuneba surda. koleqtiuri gawonasworobis es aqti interesze iyo dafuZnebuli, is kavSirSi iyo ìnteresis~ imgvar definiciasTan, romelic sistemis yvela aqtoris gadarCenas gulisxmobda. evropis cnobili ZalTa wonasworobis sistema TiTqmis sami saukunis ganmavlobaSi funqcionirebda (ix. sqema 17-1). is 1648 wels vestfaliis zavis dadebiT daiwyo da dasrulda I msoflio omis dawyebasTan erTad. napoleonis safrangeTis mokle periodis garda, 266 wlis manZilze, verc erTma saxelmwifom kontinentze hegemoniis damyareba ver SeZlo, rac TavisTavad aRsaniSnavi miRweva iyo nebismieri epoqisaTvis.

(A)

(B)

(C)

sqema 17-1. ZalTa wonasworobis regulireba wonasworoba (A) irRveva axali monawilis damatebiT (B); wonasworoba kvlav aRdgeba (C) ama Tu im saxelmwifos gadasvliT erTi aliansidan meoreSi. wyaro: Edward V. Gulick, Europe’s Classical Ballance of Power (New York: Norton, 1967).

sistemuri winapirobebi saerTaSoriso sistema funqcionirebda efeqtianad, radgan erTi saxelmwifo, romelic wonasworobis damcvelis saxeliT iyo cnobili, krizisisa da konfliqtis viTarebaSi sakuTar samxedro Tu politikur SesaZleblobebs ufro susti aliansis mxareze gadaisroda xolme. didi britaneTi amgvarad iqceoda, radganac amis saSualebas geografiuli mdebareoba da samxedro (gansakuTrebiT sazRvao) SesaZleblobebi aZlevda. kontinentis siaxloves

596


mdebare kunZulovan saxelmwifos, britaneTs SeeZlo SedarebiT mSvidad edevnebina Tvali metoqeobisa da konfliqtebisaTvis la manSis srutis gadaRma. istoriulad, britaneTis mTavari sazrunavi is sakiTxi iyo, vin marTavda e.w. dablobs (dRevandeli belgiisa da holandiis teritoria), zustad srutis gaswvriv, romlis sigane yvelaze viwro wertilSi mxolod 22 milia. zogadad, britaneTi miudgomel cixe-simagres warmoadgenda, radganac verc erTma saxelmwifom ver SeZlo misi dapyroba. da bolos, britaneTis sazRvao upiratesobam da ekonomikurma Zlierebam igi Zlieri mokavSire da sazareli mteri gaxada, Tumca saxmeleTo jaris simcirem mis mier evraziis kontinentze dominirebis safrTxe gamoricxa. meore mniSvnelovani faqtori, romelic gansazRvravda tradiciul evropul sistemas, iyo ZiriTadi zneobrivi konsensusi _ yvela saxelmwifo erTsa da imave civilizacias miekuTvneboda. istorikosebma eduard gibonma da arnold toinbim, iseve rogorc filosofosebma emerix de vatelma da Jan Jak rusom, aRniSnes is uzarmazari mniSvneloba, rac im kulturul da religiur tradiciebs hqonda, romelic gavrcelda evropul sazogadoebaSi da gadalaxa saxelmwifo sazRvrebi ZalTa balansis sistemis ayvavebis pirobebSic ki.8 am araordinalur pirobebSi, `saerTaSoriso politika gaxda aristokratiuli garToba, sporti mmarTvelebisaTvis, rodesac yvela TamaSis erTian wesebs aRiarebs da yvela msgavsi SezRuduli miznebisaTvis ibrZvis~.9 SezRuduli miznebi niSnavs, rom maSinac ki, rodesac omi gaCaRdeboda, metoqeebi ar cdilobdnen erTmaneTis ganadgurebas. umetes SemTxvevaSi, evropis mmarTvelebi, XVIII saukunis ganmanaTleblobis, racionalizmis ideebiT Sepyrobilni, mmarTvelobisas pragmatul midgomas irCevdnen da nebismieri saxis fanatizms absurdulad da saxifaTod miiCnevdnen. aramarto miznebi, aramed samxedro da ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebic SezRuduli iyo: mxolod ramdenime qveyanas Tu SeeZlo qveynis simdidre maRali riskis Semcvel TavgadasavlebSi gaeflanga, amasTan, Tanamedrove teqnologiis ararsebobis gamo samxedro moqmedebebic SezRuduli iyo. am panevropuli kulturis kidev erTi SemTxveviTi aspeqti ideologiis ararseboba gaxldaT. mokavSireTa Secvla garemopirobebis SecvlasTan erTad xdeboda. struqturul sixistes SeeZlo Seeferxebina gawonasworebis procesi da ufro SesaZlebeli gaexada totaluri omi.

evropuli konsensusis marcxi ram ganapiroba SedarebiT stabiluri saerTaSoriso wesrigis rRveva, romelic 250 welze meti xnis manZilze arsebobda? pirveli, XIX saukuneSi napoleonis mier evropis dapyrobis TiTqmis warmatebulma mcdelobam Seeqmna pirveli saxalxo armia Tanamedrove istoriaSi da im periodSi nacionalizmis zrdis Sesaxeb gvauwya. miuxedavad imisa, rom safrangeTis hegemoniis mcdeloba sabolood uSedegod damTavrda, is iyo mravali movlenis mauwyebeli da man miznis erTi garSemo gaerTianebuli eris Zlierebis demonstrireba moaxdina. TviTon miznis arsi dafuZnebuli iyo adamianTa Tanasworobis feTqebad


597

ideaze, romelic gvian XVIII saukunis safrangeTisa da amerikis revoluciebis Sedegad warmoiSva. napoleonis omebsa da I msoflio oms Soris iseTma ideebma, rogorc iyo erTa TviTgamorkveva da universaluri uflebebi, politikis Sesaxeb fundamenturi Sexedulebebi Secvala da amiT safuZveli gamoacala Zvel aristokratiul wesrigs. XIX saukuneSi industriulma revoluciam ekonomikur da teqnologiur sferoebSi samxedro moqmedebebis arsi Secvala. magaliTad, prusiam gamoiyena rkinigza samxedro Zalebis gadasayvanad avstriisa (1866) da safrangeTis (1870) winaaRmdeg. omSi axali saSualebebiT, magaliTad, samxedro daniSnulebis Sida wvis Zravebis, moZravi savele artileriisa da ukve I msoflio omisaTvis, sabrZolo TviTmfrinavebis gamoyenebac aRar iyo ucxo. bolo faqtori, ramac safuZveli gamoacala evropul sistemas, samxedro aliansebis simtkice iyo. XIX saukunis dasasrulisaTvis, koaliciebi fiqsirebuli da kargad gamokveTili xdeboda maSin, roca saxelmwifoebi TandaTanobiT axdendnen samxedro Zalis akumulirebas. mSvidobianobis Jams uprecedento danaxarjebma samxedro kvlevebisa da ganviTarebisaTvis, SedarebiT didi, mudmivi armiebis Seqmnam da samxedro Sejibrma kidev ufro gaamwvava evropis dayofa or dapirispirebul aliansad. amgvarma viTarebam ganapiroba I msoflio omis dawyeba, ramac ZalTa wonasworobis klasikuri sistemis dasasrulis dasawyisi gvamcno.

Tanamedrove globaluri sistema II msoflio omma ganapiroba axali konfiguraciis warmoqmna, romelic dResac ganagrZobs msoflio politikis gansazRvras. evropuli sistema ori supersaxelmwifos mier dominirebulma globalurma sistemam Secvala. am axal bipolarul sistemaSi orive mxarem uzarmazari saxsrebi totaluri omis sawarmoeblad saWiro resursebis Seqmnisaken mimarTa da TiToeuli mxare erTmaneTs ideologiur mtrad aRiqvamda. civi omi amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa da sabWoTa kavSirs Soris 1945 wlidan daiwyo, TiTqmis naxevar saukunes gagrZelda da 1991 wels sabWoTa kavSiris daSliT dasrulda. Sesabamisad, mizanSewonilia ganvixiloT msoflio politikis struqturuli maxasiaTeblebi amerikisa da sabWoTa kavSiris metoqeobis magaliTze, manam, sanam gadavalT Tanamedrove globaluri sistemis ganxilvaze.

evrocentrizmis dasasruli erT-erTi yvelaze aSkara cvlileba saerTaSoriso politikaSi II msoflio omis dasrulebis Semdeg evropis saxelmwifoebis gavlenis Semcireba iyo, romlebic XVII saukunidan saerTaSoriso ZalTa wonasworobis brunvis centrs warmoadgendnen. realurad, evropas Crdili pirvelad ori araevropuli Zalis _ amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisa da iaponiis gaZlierebam miayena, risi winapirobebic ukve gvian XIX saukuneSi ikveTeboda. II msoflio omis Sem-

598


deg naTeli gaxda, rom iseTi tradiciulad Zlieri saxelmwifoebi, rogoric iyo didi britaneTi, safrangeTi da germania, meorexarisxovani saxelmwifoebi gaxdnen. britaneTi iZulebuli gaxda, uari eTqva msoflio masStabis imperiaze, safrangeTi sakuTari ekonomikis, sazogadoebisa da xelisuflebis rekonstruqciiT iyo dakavebuli, germania damarcxebuli da danawevrebuli iyo zonebad, ris Sedegadac ori axali saxelmwifo _ germaniis federaciuli respublika (dasavleTi germania) da germaniis demokratiul respublika (aRmosavleTi germania) warmoiSva. sabWoTa kavSiri, romelmac omis Sedegad uzarmazari danakargebi ganicada, arnaxulad gaZlierda. II msoflio omis Semdeg britaneTis, safrangeTis, belgiisa da holandiis koloniebi maleve daiSala. am yofil koloniur teritoriebze axali saxelmwifoebi aRmocendnen, romlebmac or industriul bloks mimarTes samxedro da ekonomikuri daxmarebisaTvis.ase rom, mesame samyaro bipolaruli Zalebis metoqeobis arenad gadaiqca. am brZolis brendi civi omi iyo.

bipolarobis dasawyisi miuxedavad imisa, rom evropulidan globalur saerTaSoriso sistemaze gadasvla II msoflio omamde daiwyo, omma es procesi mniSvnelovnad daaCqara _ nawilobriv msoflio politikis mTavari aqtorebis, evropis saxelmwifoebis mTavari scenidan CamoSorebiT. yofili didi saxelmwifoebis adgilze, romelTa raodenoba omis dawyebisas Svids Seadgenda, ori supersaxelmwifo gamoCnda _ amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi da sabWoTa kavSiri. amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma evropis dasavleT nawilze proteqtoratis msgavsi ram Seqmna, xolo sabWoTa kavSirma `satelituri~ imperia _ evropis aRmosavleT nawilSi. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, romelmac pirvelma Seqmna da gamoiyena birTvuli iaraRi, II msoflio omis Semdeg mcire periodis ganmavlobaSi birTvul monopolias flobda. sabWoTa kavSirma, dasavleli eqspertebis Tu politikosebis gasaocrad, warmatebiT gamoscada birTvuli iaraRi 1949 wels da amiT moaxdina imis demonstrireba, rom masac hqonda ufleba supersaxelmwifo yofiliyo. 1950-ian wlebSi samxedro Zlierebisa da ekonomikuri resursebis TvalsazrisiT, amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma da sabWoTa kavSirma yvela danarCeni saxelmwifo daCrdiles. Tumca, maT Soris arsebulma ideologiurma ufskrulma maT Soris nebismieri saxis TanamSromloba Seaferxa.

ideologiis primati saerTaSoriso scenaze ori supersaxelmwifos dominireba maT bunebriv metoqeebad ayalibebda; radganac erTi iyo kapitalisturi da demokratiuli, xolo meore komunisturi da diqtatoruli, metoqeobam gansakuTrebiT saSiSi da mZafri xasiaTi miiRo. II msoflio omis dasasrulisaTvis alian-


599

sis wevrTa undobloba mniSvnelovnad gaizarda sabWoTa diqtatoris ioseb stalinis mimarT, rac ganpirobebuli iyo sabWoTa armiis mier germanelebisagan gaTavisuflebuli aRmosavleT evropis dapyrobiTa da stalinis mcdelobiT, aeZulebina dasavleTis saxelmwifoebi, uari eTqvaT dasavleT berlinze. amerikis SerTebuli Statebisa da misi mokavSireebisaTis aranakleb SemaSfoTebeli sabWoTa kavSiris mier 1949 wels sakuTari atomuri iaraRis gamocda gaxda. amasTan, sabWoTa kavSirma amerikis sagareo politikuri qmedebebi, maT Soris didi raodenobis sesxis micemaze uaris Tqma da marSalis gegmis wamowyeba, aRiqva, rogorc dasturi, rom àmerikuli imperializmi~ `msoflio socialisturi sistemis~ dangrevas isaxavda miznad. stalinis mTavarma ideologma andrei Jdanovma 1947 wels komunisturi partiis yrilobaze ganacxada, rom msoflio or banakad iyo gayofili. am ori banakis doqtrinas oreuli hyavda dasavleTSi `msoflio komunisturi SeTqmulebis~ saxiT, romelic emyareboda mosazrebas, rom saidumlo komunisturi proeqtis mizans yvela demokratiuli sazogadoebis damxoba warmoadgenda. retrospeqtiulad, amgvari rwmena SesaZloa gadaWarbebulic ki iyos, Tumca orive mxares arsebulma eqstremalurma ritorikam, romelic savse iyo ideologiuri dapirispirebebiT, amgvar intepretacias damajerebloba Semata. amerikis Sekavebis politika dasavleT evropaSi gavleniani samxedro aliansis _ CrdiloeT atlantikis xelSekrulebis organizaciis (nato) SeqmniT gaaqtiurda. sabWoTa kavSirma sakuTari samxedro aliansis _ varSavis xelSekrulebis organizaciis SeqmniT upasuxa (Cveulebriv varSavis xelSekrulebis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili), romelic moskovsa da aRmosavleT evropas akavSirebda erTmaneTTan. or bloks Soris arsebuli konfrontaciuli atmosfero kompromisisa da SeTanxmebisaTvis mcire SesaZleblobas tovebda. civi omi wamoiwyo orma gansakuTrebiT Zlierma saxlemwifom, romelTa miznebi, interesebi da Rirebulebebi urTierTSeuTavsebeli Canda. ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, TiToeuli cdilobda SewinaaRmdegeboda meoris ambiciebs, uares SemTxvevaSi ki, orive erTmaneTis ganadgurebas isaxavda miznad. am TvalsazrisiT, omis Semdgomi sistema mkveTrad gansxvavdeboda im tradiciuli evropuli sistemisagan, romelic man Caanacvla: omisa da diplomatiis mizani ukve mxolod teritoriebisa da samflobeloebis gansazRvra aRar iyo.

birTvuli omis safrTxe rodesac evropuli ZalTa wonaswroba dairRva, saxelmwifoebma omis warmoebis saSualebebis SezRudvis mizniT konkretuli wesebi daadgines. XX saukunis orma tqnologiurma garRvevam didad gazarda samxedro Zalis destruqciuli potenciali. pirvelad Seiqmna sahaero Tavdasxmis, xolo Semdeg _ gadazidvis sistemebi, romelTa SesaZleblobebi omis warmoebis Sesaxeb erTi saukuniT adre arsebul warmodgenebs Zireulad cvlida. meore, birTvuli fizikis miRwevebma ganapiroba atomuri da wyalbadis bombebis Se-

600


qmna, romelTac mTeli qalaqebis ganadgureba SeeZlo. am samecniero da teqnologiuri miRwevebis Sedegad, amerikisa da sabWoTa kavSiris arsenali saxmeleTo da sazRvao raketebiT gaivso. am or saxelmwifos hqonda uzarmazari SesaZleblobebi: orive mxares gaaCnda sakmarisi raodenobis birTvuli iaraRi, rom gaenadgurebinaT erTmaneTi. aseT viTarebaSi farTomasStabiani omi TviTmkvlelobis tolfasi gaxda. Seqmnili viTarebis aRqmam, rogorc Semdeg vnaxavT, mniSvnelovani da gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa usafrTxoebis axali sqemis warmoqmnaSi. igi miznad isaxavda kacobriobis gadarCenas msoflioSi, romelic ganadgurebis realuri safrTxis winaSe idga.

urTierT Sekaveba II msoflio omis Semdgomi ZalTa wonasworobis sistema Sekavebis princips efuZneboda. birTvuli iaraRis uprecedento gamanadgurebelma efeqtma ganapiroba Sekavebis principis arseboba, rac konfliqtis prevencias niSnavda, ramdenadac iseTi saxelmwifoebis erovnuli Tavdacva, rogorc aSS da sabWiTa kavSiri iyo, moiTxovda agresorisaTvis yovelgvari SezRudvis gareSe epasuxaT. Sekaveba amoqmedda ara rogorc abstraqtuli idea, aramed rogorc istoriuli aucilebloba. amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma birTvuli monopolia II msoflio omis Semdeg maleve dakarga, Tumca 1970-iani wlebis Sua periodamde mainc upirates poziciaSi imyofeboda. 1957 wels sabWoTa kavSirma pirveli sateliti (Tanamgzavri) gauSva orbitaze. sabWoTa kavSiris mier ganxorcielebulma kosmosurma gasrolam daanaxa mTels msoflios, rom igi ukve Sori radiusis raketebis Seqmnis teqnologiasac flobda, anu sabWoTa kavSirs SeeZlo gaesrola iaraRi sakuTari teritoriidan, romelic pirdapir amerikuli samizneebisaken iqneboda mimarTuli. 1960-iani wlebis bolos, amerikisaTvis uZlevelobis era dasrulda: sabWoTa kavSirma Seqmna saxmeleTo saraketo sistema, romlis sawinaaRmdegod adekvaturi Tavdacvis sistema ar arsebobda. axla ukve orive mxare aRmoCnda birTvuli ufskrulis winaSe. Sekaveba gaxda axali lozungi samxedro strategiis Sesaxeb debatebSi da II msoflio omis Semdgomi ZalTa wonasworobis Semadgeneli nawili. Sekavebis Teoriis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifoebi qmnian birTvul iaraRs ara misi gamoyenebis, aramed sxva saxelmwifoebis mier maTi gamoyenebis Sekavebis mizniT. aqedan gamomdinare, am saxis iaraRis Sesaqmnelad saWiro xarjebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba skolebis, biblioTekebisa da skverebis mSeneblobasTan dakavSirebuli proeqtebis finansebisagan. am yvelafris floba moxmarebis gareSe seriozuli Sida politikuri marcxi iqneboda. amis sapirispirod, birTvuli iaraRis odesme gamoyeneba gamoiwvevda bevrad ufro seriozul sagareo politikur marcxs, romelsac SeeZlo safrTxeSi Caegdo TviT kacobriobis arseboba. ase rom, Sekaveba fundamenturad fsiqologiuri fenomenia. rogorc aseTi, is sakuTar TavSi maRali riskis mqone pokeris TamaSis elementebs Seicavs. pokeris msgavsad, Sekaveba moicavs garkveul realobaze dafuZnebul interesTa Sejibrs, radganac gadarCenas safrTxe emuqreba, moTamaSeebma


601

minimumamde unda Seamciron riski. blefi am procesis nawilia. amrigad, Tu A qveyana warmatebiT iyenebs samxedro Zalas, raTa B qveyanas sasurvel sagareo politikur mizanze uari aTqmevinos, B qveynis prestiJi ilaxeba, xolo A qveyana fsiqologiur upiratesobas zeimobs. birTvuli Sekaveba efuZneba ara marto realur Zlierebas, aramed udidesi saSiSroebis pirobebSi orive mxaris motivebsa da aRqmas. ramdenime sakvanZo mosazreba udevs safuZvlad birTvuli Sekavebis Teorias. pirveli, saxelmwifoebi potenciur agresorebTan urTierTobaSi acxadeben naTlad gamokveTil mzaobas Tavdasxmis SemTxvevaSi gamoiyenon birTvuli iaraRi. meore, miuxedavad ormxrivi undoblobisa, orive mxareze gadawyvetilebis mimRebni racionalurni arian, Sesabamisad arcerTi mxare ar wamoiwyebs birTvul moqmedebebs, garda im SemTxvevisa, roca igi sakuTar Tavs sapirispiro dartymisagan icavs. mesame, TiToeul mxares aqvs meore dartymis (ukugebis) ganxorcielebis SesaZlebloba, rac gulisxmobs, rom saxelmwifos birTvuli SesaZleblobebi gauZlebs pirveli dartymis upiratesobas da SeZlebs sapasuxo dartymis ganxorcielebas, romelic Tavdamsxmels Sesabamis zians miayenebs. imisaTvis rom uzrunveleyo misi birTvuli Zalebis sicocxlisunarianoba, amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma II msoflio omis Semdeg gancalkevebuli gadazidvis sistemebi Seqmna. es e.w. sameuli (triada) Sedgeboda saxmeleTo kontinentTa Sorisi balistikuri raketebis (ICBM), wyalqveSa navidan gasaSvebi balistikuri raketebisa (SLBM) da strategiuli aviaciisgan (SAC). sabWoTa kavSirsac hqonda msgavsi sameulisagan Semdgari Sekavebis sistema. igi ZiriTadad efuZneboda saxmeleTo saraketo sistemebs, romelic ssrk-s ufro didi raodenobiT hqonda, vidre amerikis SeerTebul Statebs. amasTan, amerikis sazRvao Sekavebis sistema bevrad ufro Zlieri iyo, vidre sabWoTa kavSirisa. Sekavebasa da samxedro SeiraRebaSi upiratesoba II msoflio omis Semdeg xan erT mxares hqonda xan meores. ramdenime faqtori ganapirobebda SeiaraRebis mimarTulebasa da tempebs. TiToeul saxelmwifos hqonda specifikuri miznebi da prioritetebi, rac garkveul SezRudvebs awesebda samxedro xarjebze. meore, TiToeuli supersaxelmwifo eWvis TvaliT uyurebda erTmaneTis qmedebebs. ase magaliTad, sabWoTa kavSiris mier 1970-ian wlebSi gamalebuli SeiaraRebis wamowyebam aiZula amerika, TviTonac igive gaekeTebina. am mcdelobebis erT-erTi Sedegi iyo is, rom stabiluri wonasworobis miRweva ver xerxdeboda im pirobebSi, rodesac erT saxelmwifos, eqspansiuri sagareo politikiT, hqonda aSkara upiratesoba birTvuli iaraRis raodenobasa da ZlierebaSi. dabolos, Tavisi uaryofiTi gavlena teqnologiamac iqonia. erTi mxriv, radganac teqnologiebis codna ar SeiZleba ar gavrceldes, orive saxelmwifo zedmetad frTxilobda ganiaraRebis sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi, meore mxriv, SesaZlebloba imisa, rom erT saxelmwifos SeiZleba mieRwia teqnologiuri garRvevisaTvis, sakmaod mniSvnelovani winapiroba iyo maRali donis samxedro kvlevebisa da ganviTarebis gagrZelebisaTvis. birTvulma Sekavebam ramdenime aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi imuSava, Tumca igi savse iyo daZabulobiTa da safrTxeebiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom orive su-

602


persaxelmwifo mudmivad arwmunebda danarCen msoflios, rom maT birTvuli iaraRi mxolod TavdacviTi miznebisaTvis sWirdebodaT, TviTon birTvuli iaraRis arsenalebis arsebobis faqti xSirad amwvavebda SiSsa da undoblobas.

amerikis sagareo politika: guSin da dRes miznebsa da saSualebebs Soris gansxvaveba sakvanZoa saerTaSoriso politikisa da aseve sagareo politikis formulirebisaTvis. sagareo politikur mizanSi Cven vgulisxmobT im amocanebis erTobliobas, rac ganapirobebs saxelmwifoTa qmedebebs, sagareo politikis saSualebebSi ki im strategiebs, romelsac saxelmwifoebi mimarTaven sakuTari amocanebis realizebis mizniT. miznebi (amocanebi) Tavisi arsiT aris farTo, mtkiced dafuZnebuli da rTulad (nela) cvalebadi. strategiebi ki SeiZleba iyos pragmatuli da taqtikuri, mTlianad nakarnaxevi im miznebiT, romelic saxelmwifoebs aqvT. strategia SeiZleba icvlebodes droTa ganmavlobaSi da iyos globaluri, an regionuli. nebismieri saxelmwifos msgavsad, amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma or ZiriTad mimarTulebas Soris arCevani unda gaakeTos. man, albaT ufro metad, vidre nebismierma sxva saxelmwifom msoflioSi, sagareo politikuri miznebisa da erovnuli interesebis Secvala moaxdina XX saukunis Sua periodSi.

ra aris erovnuli interesi? saerTaSoriso politikaSi ori mniSvnelovani da xSirad gameorebadi strategia aris cnobili _ TavdacviTi anu status kvos strategia da TavdasxmiTi _ eqspansionisturi strategia (eqspansionizmi). saxelmwifoTa umetesi nawili ambobs, rom isini mimarTaven pirvels, im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca realurad meore strategias atareben. es TvalTmaqcoba garkveulwilad winaswar ganzraxulia da sakuTari Tavis motyuebaa. yvelafers rom Tavi davaneboT, es xom adamianis bunebaSia, movaxdinoT sakuTari qmedebebis racionalurad warmosaxva, rodesac maT gamarTlebas ver vaxerxebT. damkvirveblisaTvis SesaZloa gamoCndes, rom xandaxan TavdacviT, status-kvos momxre saxelmwifosa da agresiul saxelmwifos qmedebebs Soris arsebiTi gansxvaveba ar aris, Tumca motivacia da miznebi maT sakmaod gansxvavebuli aqvT. saxelmwifoebi, romlebic cdiloben gafarToebas da arsebuli Zalauflebrivi urTierTobebis Secvlas, amas xSirad swored im saxelmwifoebis xarjze akeTeben, visac arsebuli urTierTobebis SenarCuneba surs. rogorc wesi, eqspansionisti saxelmwifoebi ukmayofiloni arian arsebuli status-kvoTi. am mizeziT, isini cdiloben moaxdinon omis provocireba, wamoiwyon gamalebuli SeiaraReba, xeli Seuwyon revoluciis wamowyebas, da zogadad, eswrafvian saerTaSoriso sistemis destabilizacias. aseTi qmedebebi warmoSobs sakmaod did zneobriv wnexs am saxelmwifoebze, Tumca TiToeuli SemTxvevis mainc individualurad ganxilva unda moxdes.


603

gansxvaveba agresorsa da TavdacviT saxelmwifos Soris sakmaod naTelia Teoriulad, Tumca praqtikulad sakmaod bundovania. ase rom, Tu mowinaaRmdege saxelmwifo ar erTveba SeiaraRebis SejibrSi, status kvo saxelmwifo mzadaa darCes arsebuli samxedro momzadebis doneze, magram Tu ukmayofilo metoqe saxelmwifo mis xelT arsebul samxedro arsenals kidev zrdis, maSin unda vivaraudoT, rom Tundac yvelaze kmayofili status kvo saxelmwifoc ki iZulebuli gaxdeba igive gaakeTos, oRond, ra Tqma unda, gansxvavebuli motivaciiT. pirvel SemTxvevaSi motivacia eqspansiaa, meore SemTxvevaSi _ sakuTari Tavis dacva.

bediswera amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi yovelTvis acxadebda pretenzias, rom igi axorcielebda status-kvos politikas, im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca is farTovdeboda. istoria imisa, rogor gaizarda amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi 13 Statidan da gadaiWima mTels kontinentze okeanidan okenamde, nebismierma skolis moswavlem icis. Tumca, maswavleblebi iSviaTad warmoaCenen amas amerikuli imperializmis an eqspansionizmis istoriad, garda im SemTxvevisa, roca moswavleebi da maswavleblebi aborigeni amerikelebi arian. esebsa da meqsikelebs am sakiTxis gamo davis sruli safuZveli aqvT, aseve xalxs, vinc cxovrobs texasSi, kaliforniasa an floridaSi (sxva StatebTan erTad). TviT rusebic ki SeiZleba SeewinaRmdegon (isini dasaxldnen alaskaze manam, sanam amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi Seiqmneboda) amgvar xedvas. eqspansionistebi aSS-is kongresSi amas `bedisweras~ uwodebdnen, magram, rogorc Seqspirma Tqva, vardi, Tundac sxva saxeliT, mainc vardia.

zogierTi saxelmwifo uyuradRebod tovebs am tipis saerTaSoriso sistemaSi warmoqmnil safrTxeebs da cdilobs Tavi daaRwios saerTaSoriso Zalis politikis TamaSebs. es saxelmwifoebi mimarTaven neitralitetis an miumxroblobis politikas. neitraluroba gulisxmobs nebismier situaciaSi ganze yofnas, maSin roca miumxrobloba zogadad aravis mxareze yofna, Tumca ara yvela SemTxvevaSi neitralurad darCenaa. status-kvo strategiebi arsiT konservatiulia. saxelmwifoebi, romlebic mimarTaven amgvar strategiebs, miznad arsebuli wonasworobis SenarCunebas isaxaven, isini eTayvanebian stabilurobas, saxelmwifoebs Soris mSvidobian urTierTobas da yvelaferTan erTad, legitimurobas. status-kvo saxelmwifoebi zogadad cdiloben mimarTon iseT instrumentebs, rogoricaa saerTaSoriso samarTali, mravalmxrivi SeTanxmebebi da globaluri mniSvnelobis organoebi (magaliTad, erTa liga da gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia), raTa msoflioSi SenarCunebul iqnes Zalauflebis danawilebis arsebuli forma da prestiJi. Cveulebriv, isini uars amboben revoluciis gziT mosuli xelisuflebis aRiarebaze, radgan miaCniaT, rom

604


maT Zalaufleba xelSi arakanonieri gziT Caigdes, an safrTxes uqmnian regionuli an globaluri wonasworobis stabilurobas, anda im motiviT, rom Zaladobisa da ukanonobis saerTaSoriso aRiareba safuZvels aclis samarTlisa da wesrigis principebs mTels msoflioSi. amerikis sagareo politika II msoflio omis Semdeg am politikis yvelaze naTeli ilustraciaa _ amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi CineTis xelisuflebis aRiarebaze TiTqmis mTeli ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi ambobda uars, komunistebis mier 1949 wels Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdebis gamo. da mainc, ramdenime saxelmwifo Tanmimdevrulad misdevs status-kvos strategias TiTqmis yvela frontze. xandaxan politikuri mdgomareoba romelime konkretul saxelmwifoSi meryeobs eqspansionizmsa da statuskvo strategiebs Soris. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis diplomatiuri istoria am tendenciis ilustrirebis naTeli magaliTia. marTalia, sxvadasxva dros igi atarebda kontinenturi da kontinents miRma eqspansiis politikas, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi misi arsebobis umetes nawilSi regionuli da saerTaSoriso status-kvos SenarCunebis princips eyrdnoboda. amgvari politikis ori magaliTia monros doqtrina da II msoflio omis Semdgomi mcdeloba, Seekavebina sabWoTa agresia. orive maTgani wignis momdevno nawilSia ganxiluli.

erovnuli interesis dacva saxelmwifos grZelvadian miznebsa da moklevadian politikur qmedebebs Soris sakmaod mniSvnelovani gansxvavebaa. zRvari miznebsa da yoveldRiur politikas Soris ramdenime mniSvnelovan sakiTxs warmoSobs. pirveli, miuxedavad imisa, Tu romel strategias irCevs saxelmwifo _ eqspansionisturs Tu status-kvos, is erTdroulad SesaZloa iyenebdes sxvadasxva meTods gansxvavebul problemebTan mimarTebaSi. magaliTad, saxelmwifo SeiZleba cdilobdes status-kvos SenarCunebas sazavo xelSekrulebis xelmoweriT erT saxelmwifosTan da amavdroulad mimarTavdes eqspansiur politikas meoresTan mimarTebaSi: magaliTad, 1939 wlis agvistoSi faSisturma germaniam _ eqspansionisturma saxelmwifom, xeli moawera Tavdausxmelobis paqts sabWoTa kavSirTan, rac man aRmosavleT evropis dasapyrobad gamoiyena. saxelmwifom SesaZloa airCios eqspansionizmis strategia, roca mas sjera, rom pirveli dartymis ganxorcieleba da potenciuri mtris teritoriis dakaveba aucilebelia misi TviTgadarCenisaTvis. es magaliTebi sxva sakiTxebzec migviTiTebs, kerZod imaze, rom Zalis gamoyenebis strategiebi aris moqnili, isini icvleba pirobebis Secvlis Tanmimdevrulad da SeiZleba gardaiqmnas, roca saxelmwifos mmarTveli elita amas saWirod miiCnevs. amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma araerTxel ganaxorciela laTinuri amerikis saxelmwifoebis dapyroba an samxedro intervencia, xolo mizezad yovelTvis an status-kvos SenarCuneba an Cagruli xalxis tiraniisagan gaTavisufleba saxeldeboda.


605

monros doqtrina: status kvos dacva. 1823 wlis 2 dekembers prezidentma jeims monrom kongresisi yovelwliur mimarTvaSi gamoacxada monros doqtrina. am mimarTvaSi man Tqva, rom amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi pativs scemda arsebul politikur konfiguracias msoflios dasavleT naxevarsferoSi. èvropuli saxelmwifoebis ukve arsebuli koloniebis saqmeebSi Cven ar CavreulvarT da arc CavereviT~ ganacxada monrom. magram im qveynebis mimarT, romlebmac gamoacxades damoukidebloba da inarCuneben mas . . . ver SeveguebiT nebismieri evropuli saxelmwifos mier Seviwroebis an kontrolis nebismier formas da amas aRviqvamT, rogorc amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mimarT aramegobruli damokidebulebis gamomJRavnebas.10

am deklaraciiT amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma faqtobrivad ganacxada, rom am droidan vaSingtoni nebismieri sagareo aqtoris mxridan wonasworobis darRvevis nebismier mcdelobas SeewinaRmdegeboda. amiT, monros doqtrinam daumtkica amerikis SeerTebul Statebs ufleba, SeenarCunebina upiratesi pozicia msoflios TiTqmis naxevarSi _ im naxevarsferoSi, romelsac igi sakuTari saxelmwifo interesebis mniSvnelovan nawilad Tvlida.

istoria, konfliqti da sagareo politika: axlo aRmosavleTis magaliTi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi sagareo politikuri miznebis kompleqsurobisa da orazrovnebis ilustrirebisaTvis, israelsa da arabul samyaros Soris xangrZlivi konfliqtis gaxsenebac ki sakmarisia. II msoflio omis Semdeg ebraelma nacionalistebma, igive sionistebma, britanelebisa da arabebis winaaRmdeg palestinaSi sakuTari saxelmwifos Seqmnis moTxovniT omi wamoiwyes. TavianTi qmedebebis gasamarTleblad maT mohqondaT istoriuli, bibliuri da samarTlebrivi argumentebi da amtkicebdnen, rom holokostis (meore msoflio omis periodSi germaniis nacisturi xelisuflebisa da misi mokavSireebis mier ebraelebis winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebuli masobrivi genocidi _ mTargm. Sen.) Semdeg ebraelebs usafrTxod mxolod sakuTar samSobloSi SeiZleboda ecxovraT. oms, romelic maT wamoiwyes, bevri udanaSaulo adamiani emsxverpla. palestinelma arabma devnilebma ebraelebi imperialistebad miiCnies. arabma nacionalistebma es sababad gamoiyenes da sionizmisa da axlad Seqmnili ebrauli saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg saRvTo omi gamoacxades. regionSi arsebulma arabulma qveynebma uaryves israelis suvereniteti, rac maincdamainc moulodneli ar yofila. Semdeg radikalma palestinurma dajgufebebma teroristuli aqtebis ganxorcieleba daiwyes israelis moqalaqeebisa da ramdenime arabuli qveynis, gansakuTrebiT egviptis winaaRmdeg. 1956 wels egviptem suecis arxi CamoarTva safrangeTsa da did britaneTs, romlebic aqtiurad uWerdnen mxars

606


israels egviptis winaaRmdeg omSi, swored im sakiTxze, Tu vin gaakontrolebda arxs. am epizodma kidev ufro gaaZliera arabTa rwmena, rom sionizmi da dasavluri imperializmi arabul samyaroze gabatonebas isaxavda miznad. mtrobis gaRvivebis aTwleulis Semdeg, meore omi daiwyo. 1967 wels israelma, romelic pasuxobda egviptidan wamosul safrTxesa da aseve eyrdnoboda dazvervis samsaxurebis mier mowodebul informacias, rom egvipte emzadeboda TavdasxmisaTvis, winmswrebi samxedro moqmedebebi ganaxorciela egviptis winaaRmdeg, rac eqvsdRiani omis saxeliT gaxda cnobili. daaxloebiT erTkviriani samxedro Setakebebis Sedegad israelma daikava arabTa teritoriebis mniSvnelovani nawili, maT Soris, sinais naxevarkunZuli da Razas olqi egvipteSi, golanis simaRleebi siriasa da mdinare iordanes dasavleT sanapiro iordaniaSi. ierusalimi, manam danawevrebuli qalaqi, mTlianad israelis kontrolos qveS aRmoCnda. am damarcxebiT damcirebulma egviptem da siriam momdevno brZolebisaTvis daiwyes mzadeba. 1973 wels israelis teritoriebze TavdasxmiT maT 1967 wlis Semdeg Seqmnili status kvos gadasinjva scades. israeli am SemTxvevaSic Tanabar Zalebs flobda, Tumca, amjerad, warmatebas ver miaRwia. amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma mediatoris funqcia ikisra. egviptelebma 1979 wels israelTan sazavo xelSekrulebis (kemp-devidis SeTanxmeba) dadebiT daibrunes sinais naxevarkunZuli, magram sxva arabulma saxelmwifoebma egvipte sionizmsa da dasavlur imperializmTan garigebaSi daadanaSaules. konfliqti palestinelebsa da ebraelebs Soris 1980-ian wlebSi isev gamwvavda, rodesac israelma daipyro libanis nawili 1982 wels, im mizniT, rom sapasuxo qmedebebi ganexorcielebina palestinis gamaTavisuflebeli organizaciisa da sxva dajgufebaTa Tavdasxmebze. mogvianebiT palestinelebma wamoiwyes pirveli intifada (ajanyeba) israelis mier md. iordanes dasavleT sanapirosa da Razas olqis dakavebis gamo. 1990–ian wlebSi droebiTi simSvide aRiniSna da pirveli nabijebi gadaidga palestinis saxelmwifos Seqmnisaken. ebraelebsa da palestinel arabebs Soris mSvidoba dairRva 2000 wels, rodesac palestinis gamaTavisuflebelma organizaciam uaryo konfliqtis mogvarebis Taobaze israelis gegma, romelic, marTalia, bevrad ufro guluxvi iyo, vidre israelis mier adre gakeTebuli nebismieri daTmoba, mainc ver daakmayofila palestinis gamaTavisuflebeli organizaciis lideri iasir arafati. daiwyo meore intifada, bevrad ufro sastiki, vidre pirveli. sainteresoa, rom orive mxare mudmivad cdilobda sakuTari qmedebebis gamarTlebas, oRond, ra Tqma unda, sxvadasxva argumentebiT. arabebi acxadebdnen, rom isini icavdnen palestinelTa TviTgamorkvevis uflebas, xolo ebraelebi apelirebdnen holokostsa da israelis uflebaze, hqonoda suverenuli saxelmwifo.

Sekaveba: status-kvos gafarToeba. amerikis status-kvos politikis meore mniSvnelovani magaliTia Sekaveba, romelic 1940-iani wlebis bolos daiwyo da 1991 wlamde, kerZod ki sabWoTa kavSiris daSlamde grZeldeboda. II msoflio omma mniSvnelovnad Secvala ZalTa wonasworoba evropaSi


607

da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi pirvelad aRmoCnda pirvelxarisxovani msoflio lideris rolSi, Tumca, mas metoqec gamouCnda. sabWoTa kavSiri, ioseb stalinis liderobiT, axal sastik safrTxes uqmnida amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis usafrTxoebas. im droisaTvis ise Canda, TiTqos asruleba ewera aleqsis de tokvilis saukunovan winaswarmetyvelebas, rom amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi da ruseTi, TiToeuli `gangebis mier iyvnen xeldadebulni, rom ebatonaT msoflios naxevarze~.11 amerikuli politikis Semoqmedebma moulodnelad gadawyvites, rom aRqmuli sabWoTa safrTxisaTvis Sekavebis politikiT epasuxaT, romlis ZiriTadi safuZvlebi 1947 wlis ivlisSi prestiJul Jurnal Foreign Affairs –Si dabeWdil statiaSi iyo asaxuli. ucnobi avtori batoni X (Mr. X) im periodSi saxelmwifo departamentis politikis dagegmvis Stabis gavleniani direqtori da mogvianebiT amerikis elCi sabWoTa kavSirSi, jorj qenani gamodga. qenani werda: naTelia amerikis SerTebuli Statebis nebismieri politikis mTavari elementi sabWoTa kavSiris mimarT unda iyos grZelvadiani, momTmeni, magram [saWiroa] myari da fxizeli Sekaveba ruseTis eqspansiuri tendenciebis mimarT . . . sabWouri zewola dasavleTis samyaros Tavisufal institutebze SeiZleba Sekavdes sapirispiro Zalis sxvadasxva geografiul da politikur wertilebSi gamoyenebiT.12

qenanma iwinaswarmetyvela, rom Tu Sekavebis politika Tanmimdevrulad iqneboda gamoyenebuli aTwleulis manZilze, maSin sabWoTa gamowveva mniSvnelovnad Semcirdeboda. man aseve gamoTqva varaudi, rom Sekavebis gamarTlebis SemTxvevaSi totalitaruli sabWoTa saxelmwifo sakuTari Sida politikuri zewolis msxverpli gaxdeboda. Sekavebis es axali doqtrina sxva araferi iyo, Tu ara aprobirebuli status-qvos politika evropasTan mimarTebaSi. misi SesamCnevi siaxle im status-kvos iniciativebis specifikur misadagebaSi gamoixateboda, romelic evropaSi II msoflio omis Semdeg Seiqmna. Sekavebis pirveli mTavari gamocda moxda 1947 wels, rodesac saberZneTi lamis komunisturi amboxebis msxverpli gaxda. mas Semdeg, rac didma britaneTma, romelic aRmosavleT xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi tradiciulad status-kvos garantoris rols TamaSobda, ganacxada, rom mas aRar SeeZlo daxmareboda saberZneTis legitimur mTavrobas, maSin aSS Sevida saberZneTSi. hari trumenma kongresisi gagzavnil daJinebul mimarTvaSi moiTxova daxmareba gaewiaT TurqeTisa da saberZneTis mTavrobebisaTvis. trumenma Sekavebis principebis xelaxali formulireba moaxdina, rac Semdeg trumenis doqtrinis saxeliT gaxda cnobili: `me mjera, rom amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis politika Tavisufali xalxebis mxardaWera unda iyos, im xalxebisa, romlebic ewinaRmdegebian dapyrobis mcdelobas, rogorc mcire SeiaraRebuli jgufis, aseve gare Zalis mxridan.~13 mas Semdeg, rac kongresma daamtkica prezidentis moTxovna, Sekaveba amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis oficialuri politika gaxda.

608


1948 wels CexoslovakiaSi komunisturi mTavrobis mier Zalauflebis mopovebas amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi èvropis aRdgenis programiT~, e.w. marSalis gegmiT gamoexmaura. programiT gaTvaliswinebuli16,5 miliardi amerikuli dolari omisagan dangreuli evropis qveynebis ekonimikis rekonstruciisaTvis iyo gamiznuli. es programa Sedgenili iqna evropis ara mato ekonomikuri, aramed sulieri da politikuri aRdgenisaTvis. im droisaTvis SiSobdnen, rom komunizmi SeiZleboda mosuliyo ùkana karidan~ anu safrangeTisa da italiis gavlenian komunistur partiebs SesaZloa esagreblaT mosaxleobis saerTo demoralizaciiT da moskovis faruli mxardaWeris gamoyenebiT moepovebinaT Zalaufleba parizsa da romSi, iseve, rogorc es praRaSi moxda. ase rom, marSalis gegma aSS-is mier II msoflio omis Semdeg status-kvos SenarCunebis mniSvnelovani Semadgeneli nawili iyo. 1949 wels amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma daarRvia is tradicia, romelic saTaves jer kidev misi Seqmnidan iRebda. man mSvidobian dros mxari dauWira samxedro alianss _ nato (CrdiloeT atlantikis xelSekrulebis organizacia), romelic dasavleT evropis TiTqmis yvela saxelmwifos, aSSsa da kanadas moicavda. nato iyo Sekavebis strategiis ekonomikuridan samxedro sferoze gadatanis logikuri mcdeloba. 1949 wels komunistebis mier CineTis kontinentur nawilze Zalauflebis mopovebam, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi mRelvarebis axali talRa warmoSva. 1950 wels, roca koreaSi samxedro Setakebebi daiwyo CrdiloeTis komunistur reJimsa da samxreTis arakomunisturs Soris, amerikis SeeTebulma Statebma gada-wyvita iseve energiulad aemoqmedebina Sekavebis politika aziur perimetrze, rogorc amas igi evropaSi akeTebda. miuxedavad imisa, rom formalurad omi gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis egidiT mimdinareobda, koreis omi, realurad, aSS-is wamowyebuli iyo misi erovnuli interesebis gansaxorcieleblad, rac mdgomareobda status-kvos SenarCunebaSi, oRond amjerad aziaSi. 1960-ian wlebSi politikam, romelic pirvel rigSi evropasa da Semdeg aziaSi komunizmis gavrcelebis SeCerebas isaxavda miznad, mesame samyaros saxelmwifoebSi antikomunisturi intervenciis forma miiRo. samxedro aRWurviloba, ekonomikuri daxmareba, diplomatiuri mxardaWera da amerikis birTvuli qolga mimarTuli iyo yvela im saxelmwifosaken, romelic miiCneoda, rom komunisturi amboxebis an saxelmwifo gadatrialebis safrTxis winaSe idga. samxedro intervencia iTvleboda Sesabamis sapasuxo politikad konkretuli pirobebis SemTxvevaSi. samxedro Sekavebis am strategiam umaRles mwvervals 1964-1972 wlebSi, samxreT koreaSi asiaTasobiT amerikeli jariskacis gagzavnis Semdeg miaRwia, rac miznad isaxavda daxmarebodnen saxelmwifos komunisturi meamboxeebisa da CrdiloeT vietnamis Zalebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. vietnamis omis Semdeg amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi naklebad eyrdnoboda farTomasStabiani samxedro intevenciis strategias saerTaSoriso status-kvos SesanarCuneblad, Tumca amerikis sagareo politikis safuZvlebi mainc ucvleli darCa. adreul 1990-ian wlebSi, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis Sekavebis politikam misi mTavari mizani dakarga. sabWoTa kavSiris gadawyvetilebam da-


609

moukidebloba mieca aRmosavleT evropis yofili sateliti saxelmwifoebisaTvis, aseve 1991 wels erayis winaaRmdeg amerikis mier marTuli koaliciis mxardaWeram da sabWoTa saxelmwifos dezintegraciam imave wels, daadastura, rom amerikis Sekavebis politikam mizans miaRwia. 1991 wlis bolos sabWoTa kavSiris daSlam sabolood gamoavlina, rom sabWoTa safrTxe veRar Seasrulebda amerikis sagareo politikis qvakuTxedis funqcias. es ki amerikis Sekavebis politikas moZvelebulsa da dromoWmuls xdida.

didi debatebi: realizmi da idealizmi arsebobs tendencia, rom politikuri realizmi erovnuli interesebis agresiuli ganxorcielebis sinonimad iqces, ara savaldebulod eqspansionistebi, aramed, magaliTad, intervenciuli. politikuri realistebi iSviaTad Tu arian zomierni krizisul situaciebSi. magaliTad, 2001 wlis 11 seqtembers amerikis SeerTebul Statebze ganxorcielebuli teroristuli aqtebis Semdeg, prezidentma jorj buSma da misma konservatiulma respublikurma istraciam yvelas mouwodes agresiuli qmedebebisaken damnaSaveebisa da nebismieri im sa xelmwifos winaaRmdeg, vinc saerTaSoriso teroristebs mfarvelobda. amerikis mier gamoyenebuli meTodebi iyo Zalismieri _ dabombva da specialuri sabrZolo danayofebis gadasma im mizniT, rom (1) daemxoT Talibanis mTavroba, (2) moeklaT an daekavebinaT osama bin ladeni da gaeneitralebinaT al qaidas teroristuli qseli. sinamdvileSi, Zalismieri meTodebi yovelTvis eqspansionistur strategias rodi gamoxatavs. amerika ar cdilobda avRaneTis koloniad gadaqcevas. sakmaod ucnauria, rom status-kvos momxreebi (gansakuTrebiT konservatorebi) Zaladobas pirdapir ukavSireben agresias, xolo agresias _ eqspansionizms. amasTan, swored status-kvos damcvelebi (kvlav, gansakuTrebiT konservatorebi) mimarTaven Zaladobas an afinanseben amboxebebs, rogorc revoluciuri moZraobebis damarcxebisaken mimarTuli strategiis nawils. amgvari strategiis momxreebi pretenzias gamoTqvamen, rom idealistebi arian, magram msoflios danarCeni nawili, mcire gamonaklisis garda, gare Zalis mxridan samxedro intervenciis nebismier mcdelobas mainc imperializmad afasebs. magaliTad, reiganis istracia (1980-1988ww) xels uwyobda sxvadasxva antikomunistur meamboxeebs msoflioSi 1980-ian wlebSi, maT Soris jgufebs centralur amerikaSi (kontras nikaraguaSi) aziaSi (mujahidebs avRaneTSi) da afrikaSi (unitas partizanebs angolaSi). prezidenti reigani veravis gaabriyvebda imiT, rom igi am meamboxe Zalebs, romlebic mas marTla moswonda, `TavisuflebisaTvis mebrZolebs~ uwodebda. es magaliTebi sagareo politikis analizSi moraluri obieqturobis mniSvnelobis (magram sirTulis) ilustrirebas axdens. Zalisa da simdidris arsebuli balansis Secvlaze mimarTuli strategia aucileblad imperializmis an idealizmis niSani rodia; ufro xSirad, is aCvenebs, rom realizmma, avad Tu kargad, gavlena moaxdina politikis Semqmnelebze, rom maT TavianTi qmedebebisaTvis garkveuli mimarTuleba miecaT.

610


imis gasagebad, ra aris eqspansionizmi, unda gavigoT isic, ras ar wamoadgens igi. magaliTad, yvela is saxelmwifo, romelsac aqvs Tundac teritoriuli pretenziebi sxva saxelmwifosTan mimarTebaSi an Zalisa da simdidris globaluri gadanawilebis Secvla surs, ar aris agresiuli da eqspansionisturi. sasazRvro dava TavisTavad ar gulisxmobs, rom modave saxelmwifos imperiuli zraxvebi aqvs. arc bevri ganviTarebadi saxelmwifos àxali saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri wesrigis~ damyarebis moTxovna gulisxmobs amas (rac globaluri simdidris xelaxla gadanawilebis moTxovnaSi gamoixateba). status-kvos Secvla amgvari gziT naklebad agresiulia, radganac miznebi da meTodebi SezRuduli da zomieria da isini pirwmindad politikuri da diplomatiuria (zewola an darwmuneba) da ara samxedro an ekonomikuri (daSineba da iZuleba). civi omis dros politikuri realizmi umniSvnelovanesi Teoria iyo saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis aRsawerad. Zalis eqspansiis an Zalis SenarCunebisa da regionuli sabrZolo strategiebi kargad gaazrebuli da kritikulad Seswavlili gaxldaT im pirobebSi, rodesac amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi da sabWoTa kavSiri mimarTavdnen gadarCenisa da Zalauflebis mopovebis strategiebs, razedac sxva saxelmwifoebic xSirad reagirebdnen. im periodSi, sakuTar interess gamodevnebul qveynebs Soris ZaluflebisaTvis brZolis realisturi Sexeduleba bevri (Tumca ara yvela) politologisaTvis saxelmwifoTa qmedebebis srulyofil axsnas uzrunvelyofda. Tumca, sabWoTa kavSiris daSlisa da civi omis damTavrebis Semdeg, debatebi politikuri realizmisa da erovnuli interesis cnebis relevanturobis Taobaze ufro mwvave gaxda.

bumerangis efeqti `bumerangis efeqtis~ koncefcia civi omis dasrulebis Semdeg akademiur wreebSi amerikis sagareo politikis Sesaxeb debatebis umTavresi Tema iyo (Tumca debatebi sazogadoebis didi nawilisaTvis umetesad SeumCneveli darCa). am terminis popularizacia moaxdina Calmers jonsonma, aziis sakiTxebis eqspertma, romelmac amave saxelwodebis bestseleri dawera.14 centraluri sadazvervo saagentos analitikosebma realurad es koncefcia TavisTvis gamoigones, Tumca igi Semdeg saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis specialobis mkvlevarebma gamoiyenes. jonsonis azriT: es termini gulisxmobs [warsulis] im politikuri qmedebebis arasasurvel Sedegebs, romelic amerikuli sazogadoebisaTvis [dRemde] metwilad gasaidumloebuli iyo. is, rasac yoveldRiuri presa aqveynebs _ `teroristTa~ saSineli qmedebebi, ùrCi saxelmwifoebi~ an ìaraRis ukanono movaWreebi~, xSir SemTxvevaSi adrindeli qmedebebis gamoZaxilia.15

magaliTebad jonsons moaqvs 1988 wels saaviacio kompania pan amerikanis


611

reisi 103-is afeTqeba lokerbis Tavze, SotlandiaSi, romelic misi mtkicebiT, ìyo samagieros gadaxda reiganis istraciis mier libiaze ganxorcielebuli sahaero TavdasxmisaTvis, romlis drosac prezident muamar kadafis geri daiRupa~.16 is aseve ambobs, rom narkotikebiT vaWroba amerikaSi warsulSi Statebis mier laTinur amerikaSi diqtatorebisa da antikomunisturi moZraobis xelSewyobis Sedegia da teroristuli aqtebi amerikis samizneebze amis ukugamoZaxilia. igi axdens pentagonis teqnologiis departamentis xelmZRvanelisaTvis 1997 wels gagzavnili moxsenebis citirebas, rom istoriuli monacemebi aCvenebs urTierTkavSirs amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mier saerTaSoriso situaciebSi Carevasa da amerikis winaaRmdeg teroristuli Tavdasxmebis raodenobis zrdas Soris.~17 suraTi, romelsac jonsoni aRwers, sakmaod SemaSfoTebelia: warsulis gamoZaxilis yvelaze pirdapiri da naTeli forma xSirad maSin iCens Tavs, rodesac msxverpli pasuxobs amerikis saidumlo Tavdasxmebs, an amerikis mier dafinansebul teroristul kampanias, an centraluri sadazvervo saagentos mier dagegmil ucxo qveynis politikuri lideris damxobas. dRes mTels msoflioSi ukve sakmarisi safuZvelia Seqmnili momavali bumerangis efeqtebisaTvis.18

1999 wels gamoTqmuli es mosazreba winaswarmetyveluri Canda gansakuTrebiT im dReebSi, rodesac teroristebma msoflio savaWro centrsa da pentagonze Tavdasxmebi ganaxorcieles gatacebuli samgzavro TviTmfrinavebis gamoyenebiT. jonsonma 1990-1991 wlebis sparseTis yuris omisa da mis Semdeg periodze, gansakuTrebiT ki im xangrZliv gaWirvebazec dawera, rac erayma gamoiara amerikis mier ekonomikuri blokadis dawesebis Semdeg. jonsoni werda, rom `blokadam daavadebebis, cudi kvebisa da araadekvaturi samedicino momsaxurebis gamo daaxloebiT naxevari milioni erayeli moqalaqis daRupva gamoiwvia.~ osama bin ladenma da alqaidam 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris teraqtebi Semdegi argumentebiT `gaamarTles~: (1) amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma saudis arabeTSi amerikeli jariskacebis ganTavsebiT maTi qveynis wminda miwa-wyali wabilwa, (2) amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma xeli Seuwyo israels palestinelTa uflebebis darRvevaSi da (3) amerikam wamoiwyo ekonomikuri omi erayis moqalaqeebis winaaRmedg. prezidentma bil klintonma bin ladeni amerikis or saelCoze TavdasxmaSi daadanaSaula 1998 wels, nairobiSi (keniis dedaqalaqi) da dar es salamSi (tanzaniis dedaqalaqi). sapasuxod man xarTumSi (sudanis dedaqalaqi) farmacevtuli qarxana da avRaneTSi al qaidas sawvrTneli bazebi dabomba. verc erTi am sahaero dartymis Sedegad ver moxerxda mTavari miznis miRweva, magram sudanze Tavdasxmam sakmaod didi dabneuloba gamoiwvia, rodesac gairkva, rom farmacevtuli qarxana ar awarmoebda masobrivi ganadgurebis birTvul iaraRs, rogorc es amerikis SeerTebul Statebs miaCnda. Tumca, mTavrobis warmomadgenlebma ganagrZes am Tavdasxmebis gamarTleba terorizmis `Sekavebis~ motiviT, im SemTxvevaSic ki Tu msxverplni ara-

612


nair kavSirSi ar iyvnen zianTan, romelic aSS-s miadga. msoflioSi am gziT inergeba momavali `bumerangis efeqtebi~. xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi ugulebelyofen im faqts, rom saelCoebis dabombvaSi dadanaSaulebuli bin ladeni amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis yofili proteJea. rodesac amerika organizebas uwevda avRanel meamboxeebs sabWoTa kavSiris winaaRmdeg 1980-ian wlebSi, man (bin ladenma) mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa sabWoTa kavSiris avRaneTidan gandevnaSi da mxolod 1991 wels Semoutrialda amerikas, radganac man sparseTis yuris omisa da misi dasrulebis Semdeg mSobliur saudis arabeTSi amerikis jaris ganTavseba sakuTari religiuri rwmenis SebRalvad miiCnia.19

jonsonis analizi da braldeba gansakuTrebiT damajereblad 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris teroristuli aqtebis fonzec Cans. jonsoni bevri msgavsi magaliTis analizs axdens, romelic misi SefasebiT, sruliad sakmarisia imisaTvis, rom gamoiwvio momavali `bumerangis efeqti~ amerikis urTierTobebSi iaponiasTan (okinava [ganlagebulia samxedro baza _ mTargmn. Sen.]), samxreT koreasTan (1980 wlis kvanjus Jleta [samxreT koreaSi ajanyeba, romelic samxedro Zalis gamoyenebiT CaaxSves _ mTargmn. Sen.), CineTTan, indoneziasTan da sxvebTan. miuxedavad imisa, rom jonsonis kritikis zogierTi adgili sakmaod mkveTria da wignSi bevri simarTlea naTqvami, misi Sexedulebebi sakamaToa da xSirad ar aris gaziarebuli akademiuri wrisa da samTavrobo eqspertebis mier. marTlac, 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris teroristuli aqtebis periodSi bevri amerikeli eWvis TvaliT uyurebda amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis sagareo politikis nebismier kritikas da bevri politologic am Sexedulebas eTanxmeboda.

axali sagareo politikis ZiebaSi saerTaSoriso urTierToebebis zogierTi Teoretikosi kvlav daJinebiT amtkicebda, rom civi omis Semdgom periodSi bevri araferi Secvlila. isini agrZeleben erovnuli interesebis cnebis tradiciul misadagebas msoflio politikasTan. Tumca, Secvlilma garemoebebma (sabWoTa kavSiris daSlam) amerikis SeerTebul Statebs metwilad izolacionisturi anu qveynis Sida procesebze orientirebuli sagareo politikis gatarebisaken ubiZga. civi omis Semdgomi realistebis Tanaxmad, amerikis SeerTebul Statebs aRar hqonda imis fufuneba, rom msoflio policielis roli eTamaSa da arc misi usafrTxoeba Tu keTildReoba saWiroebda amas. nacvlad amisa, amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma, ùnda ganamtkicos sakuTari usafrTxoeba da keTildReoba ara utopiur miznebze dayrdnobiT da ara mTeli msoflios keTildReobaze zrunviT, aramed . . . bolomde misi erovnuli interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT.20 neoizolacionistebi anarqiul saerTaSoriso sistemas obieqtur mocemulobad miiCneven da amitom rCevebs msoflios Secvlis mcdelobis sawinaaRmdegod iZlevian. nacvlad amisa, isini amboben, rom amerikis SeerTe-


613

bulma Statebma minimumamde unda Seamciros sagareo konfliqtebSi misi monawileoba. saerTaSoriso ganxeTqilebebi da konfliqtebi saerTaSoriso sistemis damaxasiaTebeli nawilia, romlis wevrebic erTmaneTisagan sagrZnoblad gansxvavdebian zomiT, bunebrivi resursebiT, ekonomikuri ganviTarebiT, istoriuli gamocdilebiTa da a.S. Sida politikaze orientirtebuli erovnuli interesebis koncefcia gamoricxavs im tipis saerTaSoriso ekonomikur iniciativebs, romelic amerikas pirdapir ar asargeblebs. amavdroulad, is kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebs amerikis rols arsebul aliansebSi (gansakuTrebiT natoSi) da saerTaSoriso organizaciebSi (magaliTad, gaeroSi) da sxva mravalerovnul institutebSi (rogoricaa msoflio banki da msoflio savaWro organizacia). da bolos, aman SeiZleba msoflio mesaWis (anu efeqtiani xelmZRvanelobis) gareSe datovos. politologebi maqs singeri da aaron vildavski sxva kuTxiT uyureben civi omis Semdgom saerTaSoriso politikas. isini amtkiceben, rom miuxedavad àxali msoflio wesrigis~ Taobaze saubrebisa, bevri Tanamedrove kritikosi ver axerxebs gaacnobieros is realuri msoflio, romelic civi omis Semdeg Camoyalibda.21 gansxvavebiT im meocnebeTagan, romlebic acxadeben erTi politikuri msoflios arsebobis Sesaxeb, da civi omis realistebisagan, vinc axdens sami politikuri samyaros identificirebas, vildavski da singeri amtkiceben, rom arsebobs ori amgvari msoflio _ erTi, romelic Sedgeba ganviTarebuli demokratiuli saxelmwifoebisagan da meore, romelic Sedgeba gaRatakebuli, arademokratiuli saxelmwifoebisagan. ufro metic, isini warmatebul demokratiul qveynebs, rac daaxloebiT msoflio mosaxleobis 15 procents moicavs, `mSvidobis zonebs~ uwodeben, xolo ganuviTarebel diqtatorul saxelmwifoebs - `konfliqtis zonebs.~ ori zona Tu ori msoflio danaxulia, rogorc erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli da gancalkevebuli. singeri da vildavski midian im daskvnamde, rom Zalauflebrivi dapirispirebebi da konfliqtebi kvlav normaa konfliqtur zonaSi. amasTan erTad, mSvidobianma konkurenciam da ekonomikurma TanamSromlobam Caanacvla omi mSvidobis zonaSi. am analizis politikuri datvirTva bevris mTqmelia. magaliTad, Tu amgvari gansxvavebuli da gancalkevebuli zonebi arsebobs, maSin saxelmwifoebs mSvidobis zonaSi SeuZliaT ganze gadgnen im Zaladobisa da sisxlisRvrisagan, rac konfliqtis zonaSi xdeba. aqedan gamomdinare, samxedro intervencia regionul konfliqtebSi didi sifrTxiliT unda ganxorcieldes. singerisa da vildavskis Tanaxmad: Cveni saerTo mizani stabiluri demokratiuli qveynebis ricxvis zrda unda iyos, anu mSvidobis zona unda gafarTovdes rac SeiZleba male. vvaraudobT, rom amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma es politika xuTi mimarTulebiT unda warmarTos: pirveli, mkafiod unda gavmijnoT Cveni politika demokratiul da arademokratiul qveynebTan mimarTebaSi; meore, savaWro barierebis SemcirebiT; mesame, ekonomikuri daxmarebis gaweviTa da rekomendaciebiT; meoTxe, magaliTis micemiTa da

614


sabazro ekonomikis xelSewyobiT; sxva demokratiul qveynebTan dauRalavi muSaobiT mSvidobis SenarCunebisa da saerTaSoriso wesrigis gaumjobesebis mizniT, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu samxedro intervencia gaxdeba aucilebeli. magram ar unda gavataroT iZulebis politika avtoritarul reJimebze demokratiis Tavsmoxvevis mizniT.22

amgvari analizi optimisturia imdenad, ramdenadac igi gviCvenebs `magaliTis micemisa da Cveni bazrebis gaxsnilobis SesaZleblobebs,~ rogorc yvelaze efeqtian gzas, zemoqmedeba movaxdinoT avtoritarul saxelmwifoebze. maSasadame, miuxedavad imisa, rom es Sexeduleba avtoritarul saxelmwifoTa Soris urTierTobebs tradiciuli realisturi TvalTaxedviT ganixilavs, igi politikas demokratiul saxelmwifoebs Soris sxvagvarad afasebs.

idealizmi, rogorc piradi interesi: zneobis Zala politikuri realizmi, misi aqcentirebiT Zalaze, egoizmsa da erovnul interesze, sakamod gavleniani gamodga. jer kidev civi omis damTavrebamde politikuri realizmis indiferentuloba zneobis sakiTxebis mimarT farTod iyo gakritikebuli. rogorc zeviT vnaxeT, politikuri realizmi naklebad iyenebs zneobis ideas, nacvlad amisa, igi keTilganwyobilia iseTi cnebebis mimarT, rogoricaa faqtebi, interesi da Zala. miiCneven ra moralurobis amgvar uaryofas aRmaSfoTeblad, zogierTi politologi mxars saerTaSoriso politikis alternatiul Sefasebas uWers, rasac idealizms uwodeben, romelic Rirebulebebs, idealebsa da zneobriv principebs miiCnevs mTavar komponentad saxelmwifoTa qmedebebis asaxsnelad, gasagebad da Sesacvleladac ki. idealebiT daintereseba ara marto gvexmareba, avxsnaT, ratom iqcevian saxelmwifoebi, ise rogorc iqcevian, aramed aseve aZlevs mimarTulebas saxelmwifoebs, rogor unda moiqcnen. idealistebi xSirad miiCneven, rom saxelmwifoebs, msgavsad adamianebisa, surT mSvidoba da keTildReoba, magram rodesac politikuri liderebi SecdomaSi Sedian iracionaluri Zalebis, magaliTad, ideologiisa da mxurvale nacionalizmis zemoqmedebis Sedegad, sanacvlod omebsa da saerTaSoriso daZabulobebs vRebulobT. imisaTvis, rom Semcirdes msoflio daZabuloba, rom aRdges racionaluroba da sabolood Seewyos xeli mSvidobis ganmtkicebas, idealistebi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas saerTaSoriso samarTals da iseT globalur organizaciebs aniWeben, rogoric gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciaa. idealistebi realistebs xSirad cinikosebad aRiqvamen, sapasuxod realistebi idealistebs gulubryviloebs uwodeben. vin aris marTali? albaT oriveni. TviT realizmis arqiteqtori, hans morgenTau, ar uaryofs, rom zneobrivi faqtorebi garkveul rols TamaSobs saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi. zneobis sakiTxis gauTvaliswineblad realistisaTvis Tu nebismieri sxva Teoriuli skolis warmomadgenlisaTvis, Zalian rTulia eri-saxelmwifoTa calkeuli qmedebebis gageba. singeri da vildavski aRniSnaven re-


615

alizmis siRrmiseul gavlenas sabWour-amerikuli metoqeobis zenitisas: `praqtikulad yvelas sjeroda, rom Tu saxelmwifo bevrad ufro Zlieri iyo, vidre misi mezoblebi, igi sakuTar Zlierebas maT dasapyrobad an gasakontroleblad gamoiyenebda.~23 magram, ra Tqma unda, es arasdros momxdara, arc civi omis dros da arc mis Semdeg, rodesac amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi sayovelTaod iyo aRiarebuli, rogorc msoflios erTaderTi supersaxelmwifo. ase rom, SesaZloa TviT Sekavebac ki zneobrivi principebis gavleniT iseve avxsnaT, rogorc Zalis politikis urTierTqmedebiT. zogierTi saxelmwifo lideri sagareo politikis formulirebisas aSkarad zneobriv principebs aniWebs upiratesobas, vidre sxvebi. magaliTad, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi prezidenti vudro vilsoni gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas erTa TviTgamorkvevis principsa da koleqtiur usafrTxoebas aniWebda, xolo prezidenti jimi karteri aqtiurad uwyobda xels adamianTa uflebebis globalur gavrcelebas; orive prezidenti garkveul zneobriv principebs iziarebda. saxelmwifoebi xandaxan altruistulad iqcevian, magaliTad, im devnilTaTvis TavSesafris micemiT, vinc politikur devnas, ekonomikur katastrofas, Tu samoqalaqo oms gamoeqca. or msoflio oms Soris periodSi britaneTis liderebma scades versalis sazavo xelSekrulebis Sedegad germaniaze dakisrebuli mkacri pirobebis Semsubuqeba. amgvari midgoma Sefasda `keTilSobilur idead, romelic fesvgadgmuli aris qristianobaSi, mamacobasa da saerTo gonierebaSi.~24 amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis samxedro moqmedebebi somaliSi 1992-1994 wlebSi masobrivi SimSilobis aRmofxvris mizniT ganxorcielda. am intervencias, romelsac bevri amerikeli jariskacis sicocxle Seewira da aranairi ekonomikuri Tu samxedro upiratesoba ar moutania amerikisaTvis, mxolod erovnuli interesis safuZvelze ver avxsniT.25 ufro metic, am intervenciam islamisti eqstremistebis (osama bin ladenis CaTvliT) gaucxoebis garda sxva araferi gamoiwvia da maTi SefasebiT, es amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis kidev erTi morigi intervencia iyo islamuri sazogadoebis Sida saqmeebSi. umetes SemTxvevaSi, saxelmwifos sagareo politika moicavs rogorc idealebs, aseve sakuTar interesebsac. magaliTad, marSalis gegma nebismier SemTxvevaSi didsulovani iyo. ufro metic, TviT uinston CerCili, romelic Tavis naTqvam nebismier sityvas kargad zomavda, mas ìstoriaSi yvelaze uangaro qmedebas~ uwodebda.26 magram marSalis gegma aseve miesadageboda amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis II msoflio omis Semdgom status kvos strategiul politikas da miznad isaxavda stabiluri dasavleTevropuli sazogadoebis Seqmnas, romelic SeZlebda win aRdgomoda samxedro agresiasa da Signidan gadatrialebas. msgavsad, germaniam didi daxmareba gauwia ruseTs 1991-92 wlebSi, nawilobriv humanitaruli motivebiT da nawilobriv imis SiSiT, rom dasustebul ruseTSi mimdinare procesebi gamoiwvevda dasavleT evropis destabilizacias, es ki, Tavis mxriv, gamoiwvevda didi raodenobiT devnilebis gadaadgilebas germaniis mimarTulebiT. marTalia, rom saxelmwifoebi yvelaze ufro TanamgrZnobni maSin arian, roca maT garkveuli fsoni aqvT dadebuli, magram bevri saxelmwifo xvdeba, rom SesaZloa kargi sagareo politika kargi saqmeebic iyos da maRali idealebis

616


mxardaWeramac Seuwyos xeli saxelmwifos interesebis gatarebas. keTilSobilebas xSirad keTili neba mosdevs da keTil nebas `gacvliTi Rirebuleba~ aqvs saerTaSoriso politikaSi (iseve, rogorc nebismier politikaSi). saxelmwifoebs xandaxan konkretuli erovnuli interesebi dauTmiaT moraluri principebis gamo. II msoflio omis dros swored dania iyo am mosazrebis naTeli ilustrireba. miuxedavad imisa, rom igi okupirebuli qveyana iyo, faSisturma mTavrobam mas sakmaod farTo politikuri damoukidebloba mianiWa. ebrauli warmoSobis moqalaqeebisa da sxva devnilebis dacvis motiviT, daniis mTavrobam da mosaxleobam Riad ganacxada uari germanelTa im brZanebebis Sesrulebaze, romelic miznad ebraelTa danarCeni mosaxleobisagan izolacias isaxavda da Sesabamisad, amgvari qmedebiT sakuTari Tavi Caigdo safrTxeSi. aseTi uCveulo zneobrivi gambedaobis Sedegad, danielebma èqstraordinaluri dabrkoleba Seuqmnes germanul gamanadgurebel manqanas: es iyo daniis xelisufalTa mier TanamSromlobaze uaris Tqma da adgilobrivi mosaxleobis erTsulovneba ebraelebis gadasarCenad.~27 danielTa qmedebebis Sedegebi da TviT amgvari qmedebebic sakmaod iSviaTi iyo. Tumca, `patara daniam, zedmetad sustma imisaTvis, rom Tavdacvaze Zalaze dayrdnobiT ezruna, sagareo politika humanitarul motivebze mimarTa. . . da Sedegad hitleris dapyroba gadaitana.~28 aRiareba imisa, rom orives, zneobasac da Zalasac SeuZlia garkveuli rolis Sesruleba saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi, amtkicebs, rom erovnuli interesebis farTo gageba orive komponents unda moicavdes. ufro metic, iseTi zneobrivi principebis msoflios masStabiT gavrceleba, rogoricaa Tavisufleba, demokratia da adamianTa uflebebi, warmodgenilia, rogorc demokratiul saxelmwifoTa erovnuli interesebis Semadgeneli umniSvnelovanesi komponenti. es idea dafuZnebulia varaudze, rom sagareo politika, romelic indiferentulia zneobis mimarT, ar SeiZleba moralurad gamarTlebuli iyos; aseve igi eyrdnoba utilitarul Sexedulebas, rom demokratiuli saxelmwifoebisagan Semdgari msoflio, romelic pativs scems Tavisuflebasa da adamianis uflebebs, ufro usafrTxoc iqneba. demokratiuli saxelmwifos erovnuli interesebi xSirad idealizmisa da realizmis elementebs erTdroulad Seicavs. es mniSvnelovan WeSmaritebaze miuTiTebs: Zala samarTlianobis gareSe ubralo sargeblianobas, maSin, roca zneoba Zalis gareSe mxolod kargi ganzraxvaa.29

axali samyaro, Zveli Gvevebi politikur realizmis Teoriis mixedviT, erovnuli interesis cnebis mTavari daSveba ambobs, rom suverenuli qveynebi Tavad cdiloben, gansazRvron sakuTari interesebi. zogierTi Tanamedrove kritikosi miiCnevs, rom mxolod sakuTar Tavze orientirebuli erovnuli interesis cneba moZvelebulia. isini amtkiceben, rom àxali diplomatiis, institutebisa da maregulirebeli saerTaSoriso reJimebis arsebobaa saWiro imisaTvis, rom saxelmwifoebma Tavi gaarTvan msoflioSi saxelmwifoTa Soris gazrdil ùrTierTdamokidebulebas,~ radganac ` erovnuli suverenitetis Cveneuli, sayovelTaod miRe-


617

buli Tanxvedra saxelmwifo sazRvrebTan, ukve dromoWmulia.~30 aSkarad gamokveTili ekologiuri gamowvevebi (rogoricaa globaluri daTboba, mJavuri wvimebi, haeris dabinZureba), iseve, rogorc araganaxlebadi bunebrivi resursebis swrafi amowurva, Warbmosaxleoba da msoflio siRaribe globaluria Tavisi mniSvnelobiT da Sesabamisad globaluri midgomebis SemuSavebas saWiroebs. ìfiqre lokalurad, imoqmede globalurad~, aseTia Tanamedroveobis devizi. misi arsia is, rom saxelmwifoebs aqvT garkveuli moraluri valdebuleba, rom mxolod viwro, egoisturi interesebis farglebSi ar imoqmedon. gadarCenis interesebidan gamomdinare, adrindelma msoflio wesrigma gza axal msoflio wesrigs unda dauTmos, romelSic globaluri interesebi Caanacvlebs erovnul interesebs. ase rom, sul ufro da ufro mzardi urTierTdamokidebulebis msoflioSi, nebismieri saxelmwifosaTvis sakuTari keTildReobisa da usafrTxoebis ganmtkicebis saukeTeso gza ara SigniT, aramed gareT yureba, saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobisaTvis karis gaReba da nebis-mieri saxis nacionalisturi tendenciebis (iseTis, rogoricaa gadametebuli patriotizmi, proteqcionizmi da izolacionizmi) uaryofaa axali globaluri TviTSegnebis damkvidrebisaTvis. amgvari midgoma adamianebis azrovnebisa da qmedebebis mkafio cvlilebas moiTxovs. is aseve saWiroebs sakuTari interesis bevrad ufro farTo da gaTviTcnobierebul definicias, vidre es iyo saerTaSoriso politikis praqtikaSi warsulSi. zogierTi axal msoflio wesrigsa da globalur Tanamegobrobas kargad SeniRbul idealizmad aRiqvams. Tumca, am midgomis momxreebi uaryofen braldebas da amtkiceben, rom politika, romelsac isini mxars uWeren, Rrmad devs adamianis interesSi da globaluri usafrTxoeba, albaT, TviTgadarCenac ki, msoflio politikis xedvis radikalur gadafasebazea damokidebuli. dRevandel msoflioSi, askvnian isini, guSindeli realizmi araTu dromoWmuli, aramed saSiSicaa.

axali tentebii, Zveli problemebi sabWoTa kavSiris daSlam II msoflio omis Semdgomi ZalTa wonasworobis sistemis dasasrulis Sesaxeb gvamcno. saxelmwifoebs moulodnelad erTmaneTTan urTierTobaTa xelaxla gansazRvra mouxdaT. aqedan gamomdinare, xSirad amtkiceben, rom axali msoflio wesrigi aRmocenebis procesSia. am axali msoflio politikis dinamikis gageba arsebiTia Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso politikis nebismieri Tanmimdevruli xedvisaTvis. saerTaSoriso politika dRes ar asaxavs ZalTa wonasworobis mkafio konfiguracias, sadac monawileebi dausrulebeli miznebiT, konfliqturi interesebiTa da daaxloebiT Tanabari SesaZleblobebiT urTierTqmedeben stabilurobisa da mSvidobis SesanarCuneblad, ise, rogorc es xdeboda evropaSi 1648-1914 wlebSi. aRmocenebadi saerTaSoriso wesrigisaTvis urTierTsapirispiro tendenciebia damaxasiaTebeli, magaliTad, evropuli integraciisaken mimarTuli moZraoba, romelic scdeba tradiciul saxelmwifo sazRvrebs, religiuri da eTnikuri partikularizmis Tanadrouli zrda

618


ukve arsebuli saxelmwifoebis SigniT, ramac gamoiwvia sami mravaleTnikuri saxelmwifos _ sabWoTa kavSiris, iugoslaviisa da Cexoslovakis daSla evropaSi. saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis dRevandeli mdgomareoba ufro droebiTi da gardamavalia da garkveuli drois Semdeg ufro stabilur xasiaTs miiRebs.31

ra xdeba civi omis Semdeg? Cven vcxovrobT gauwonasworebel (daubalansebel) msoflioSi. sabWoTa imperiis daSlam da adreul 1990-ian wlebSi erayis winaaRmdeg omSi amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis samxedro Zlierebis demonstrirebam aSkara gaxada, rom amerika msoflioSi erTaderTi supersaxelmwifoa. es daskvna kidev ufro ganamtkica amerikis stabilur ekonomikasa da yofil sabWoTa ekonomikas Soris arsebulma aSkara gansxvavebam, aseve amerikis Sida stabilurobisa da sabWoTa kavSiris sxvadasxva regionSi warmoqmnili arastabilurobis Sedarebam da dasavluri aliansis SenarCunebam mas Semdegac ki, rac varSavis xelSekrulebis organizaciam arseboba Sewyvita. miuxedavad imisa, rom supersaxelmwifos universaluri definicia ar arsebobs, analitikosTa umetesi nawili amtkicebs, rom supersaxelmwifo sam kriteriums unda akmayofilebdes: pirveli, mas unda hqondes sruli Zliereba anu ara mxolod samxedro Zliereba, aramed ekonomkuri, politikuri, diplomatiuri da TviT zneobrivic ki; meore, hqondes globaluri xedva, rac msoflios yvela regionSi sakuTari Zlierebis ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobas gulisxmobs; mesame, hqondes saerTaSoriso arenaze liderobis damtkicebis survili. am kriteriumebis mixedviT, mxolod amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi aris supersaxelmwifo. iaponia da germania ekonomikurad Zlieri qveynebi arian. britaneTsa da safrangeTs aqvs TvalsaCino diplomatiuri Zliereba da mniSvnelovani samxedro SesaZleblobebi, Tumca ar miiCnevian ekonomikurad Zlier saxelmwifoebad. ruseTis federacias aqvs uzarmazari strategiuli birTvuli SesaZleblobebi da garkveuli diplomatiuri Zliereba, Tumca am etapze sakuTari Sida ekonomikuri problemebiT aris dakavebuli. CineTs, regionul Zalas, aklia globaluri SesaZleblobebi da ganviTarebuli mrewveloba. unipolaruli msoflios erTi Tanamdevi efeqti globaluri daZabulobis Semcirebaa (rasac ver vityviT regionuli konfliqtebis SemTxvevaSi). birTvuli Cixi, romelic civ oms gansazRvravda, ukve aRar aris msoflio politikis mamoZravebeli Zala. Cacxra ideologiuri konfliqti (kapitalizmi da demokratia, socializmisa da komunizmis winaaRmdeg) , romelic II msoflio omis Semdgom msoflios gansazRvravda. es `deideologizacia~ ar gulisxmobs, rom Tanamedrove msoflio bolomde gaTavisuflda gansxvavebuli interesebisa da Rirebulebebisagan. es mxolod imas niSnavs, rom xedva, romelze dayrdnobiTac amerikelebi afasebdnen msoflio politikas TiTqmis oTxi aTwleulis manZilze, gadasinjvas saWiroebs. realizmi iseve saWiroa erovnuli TviTgadarCenisaTvis, rogorc adre, magram zustad ra


619

aris realisturi sagareo politika Tanamedrove msoflios Secvlili garemoebebis pirobebSi, naklebad aSkara da cxadia. unipolaruli msoflios kidev erTi Sedegi aris is, rom msoflios erTaderTi supersaxelmwifo _ amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi sagareo faqtorebis gavlenis Sedegad naklebadaa SezRuduli. Tumca, arc erTi saxelmwifo ar aris bolomde srulad Tavisufali sakuTar qmedebebSi (gansakuTrebiT imis gamo, rom bevri saxelmwifo flobs birTvul iaraRs). bevri SezRudva, romelsac dRes amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi ganicdis, TviTon amerikam daiwesa. es SeiZleba iyos ekonomikuri, politikuri da moraluric ki.

globaluri ekonomika msoflios yvelaze gavlenian saxelmwifoebs Soris politikuri konfliqtebis Semcirebis pararelurad izrdeba saerTaSoriso ekonomikis mniSvneloba. msoflios saxelmwifoebis dedaqalaqebSi gavrcelebuli sityvaa globalizacia. bunebrivia, rom omisa da mSvidobis problematikis Semcirebis Sedegad, saxelmwifoebi da maTi liderebi biznessa da keTildReobis uzrunvelyofis sakiTxebs miubrundnen. eWvgareSea, rom dRes saxelmwifoebi ekonomikurad bevrad ufro urTierTdamokidebulni arian, vidre odesme kacobriobis istoriaSi, Tumca ras niSnavs es yvelaferi? mokled rom vTqvaT, ekonomikuri urTierTdamokidebuleba, erTi mxriv, ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis, xolo, meore mxriv, ekonomikuri konkurenciis zrdas iwvevs. msoflio ekonomikis es transformacia umeteswilad didi mravalerovnuli korporaciebisa da axali sainformacio teqnologiebis arsebobiTaa ganpirobebuli, romelsac saxelmwifo sazRvrebi ver abrkolebs. garda amisa, zogierTi problema, magaliTad, regionuli da garemosdacviTi problemebi, SeiaraRebis kontrolis SezRuduli formebi, saerTaSoriso valis sakiTxebi da ekonomikuri politikis Sejereba krizisebis dros, ubralod saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobas saWiroebs. magaliTad, msoflio mniSvnelobis mqone ekonomikur sakiTxebs pasuxi gaeca 1997-98 wlebSi, rodesac bevrma aziurma saxelmwifom moulodneli mkveTri ekonomikuri vardna ganicada. globaluri ekonomikuri safrTxeebis sapasuxod, SemuSavebul iqna daxmarebis programa, romelmac pirdapiri sargebeli moutana bevr saxelmwifos, maT Soris samxreT koreasa da indonezias. am programas xelmZRvanelobda saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi _ organizacia, romelSic mravali saxelmwifo Sedis da miznad msoflioSi ekonomikuri stabilurobis ganmtkicebas isaxavs. saerTaSoriso savaluto fondma koordinacia gauwia didi ekonomikuri sesxebis gacemas da moiTxova, rom saxelmwifoebs, romelsac is exmareboda, sesxi mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri reformebis gatarebisTvis gamoeyenebina. amgvari TanamSromlobiTi mcdelobebis fonzec ki, ekonomikuri konkurencia saxelmwifoebs Soris mainc izrdeba. xSirad, mTavrobebi cdiloben asargeblon sakuTari moqalaqeebi Sida sawarmoebis an soflis meurneobis subsidirebiT, importul saqonelze tarifis dawesebiT, an sxva saxis savaWro barierebis SeqmniT. amgvari proteqcionistuli qmedebebi xels uS-

620


lis Tavisufal saerTaSoriso vaWrobas da SesaZloa, saerTaSoriso daZabulobac gamoiwvios TviT mokavSireebs Sorisac ki. aseTi daZabulobis naTeli magaliTi amerikasa da iaponias Soris arsebuli savaWro molaparakebebia. amerikuli da iaponuri urTierTobebi moulodnelad garTulda iaponiis xelisuflebis proteqcionistuli politikis gamo. savaWro molaparakebebi amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa da mis evropul mokavSireebs Soris 1993-94 wlebSi daiZaba soflis meurneobisaTvis samTavrobo subsidiebis gacemis gamo. es magaliTebi kidev erTxel Segvaxsenebs, rom udidesi mniSvnelobis mqone saerTaSoriso vaWrobisa da ekonomikis samyaroSi konkurencia, iseve, rogorc TanamSromloba, kvlavac arsebobs.

regionalizmis aRzeveba msoflios umdidresi saxelmwifoebi geografiul ekonomikur gaerTianebebs ayalibeben. xSirad es gaerTianebebi scdeba saxelmwifoTa viwro ekonomikur interesebs da did finansur jildos hpirdeba maT. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia dasavleT evropis saxelmwifoebs Soris arsebuli TanamSromloba ekonomikisa da vaWrobis sferoebSi. ase rom, evropis kavSirs aqvs erTiani ekonomika erTiani valutiT da mis sazRvrebSi WeSmaritad Tavisufali vaWrobiT. evropul saxelmwifoebs Soris arsebuli es ekonomikuri TanamSromloba evoluciuri xasiaTisaa da wlebis manZilze viTardeba ekonomikuri (erTiani bazari) da samxedro (nato) TanamSromlobis safuZvelze. yvelaze ufro STambeWdavi is faqti iyo, rom am TanamSromlobiTi urTierTobebis Sedegad safrangeTsa da germanias Soris arsebuli saukuneobrivi metoqeoba da undobloba daZleul iqna. amasobaSi, 1994 wels amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma, meqsikam da kanadam gaaformes CrdiloeT amerikis Tavisufali vaWrobis xelSekruleba (NAFTA). mogvianebiT, imave wels, gaCnda idea, rom NAFTA-Si Cilec CaerToT. 1994 wlis dekemberSi, dasavleT naxevarsferos 34 saxelmwifos warmomadgenlebma xeli moaweres SeTanxmebas Tavisufali savaWro zonis Taobaze (SeTanxmebas oficialurad amerikis Tavisufali zona ewoda), romelic gadaWimuli iqneboda kanadidan argentinis teritoriis CaTvliT. amgvar ekonomikur gegmas unda moecva bazari daaxloebiT 850 milioni momxmarebliT, romelic 13 miliardi amerikuli dolaris Rirebulebis saqonelsa da momsaxurebas moixmarda [es iniciativebi jer-jerobiT ganuxorcielebeli rCeba _ mTargmn. Sen.]. da bolos, iaponiam ganamtkica kavSirebi wynari okeanis auzis sxva saxelmwifoebTan da ikveTeba niSnebi, rom `1990-ian wlebSi iaponias da aziis axlad industrirebul saxelmwifoebs (samxreTi korea, singapuri, honkongi da taivani) ZaluZT axali Zlieri blokis Seqmna, romelic mis wevr saxelmwifoebs vaWrobiT, investiciebiTa da daxmarebebiT daakavSirebs erTmaneTTan.~32 es potenciuri regionuli bloki yvelaze naklebad gamokveTilia am sam alianss Soris da amavdroulad, aRmocenebadi ekonomikuri manqana CineTis saxiT, sakmaod arTulebs mis realizacias. ra aRmocendeba ekonomikuri Zlierebis amgvari `samTaviani~ koncentraciisagan? ra Tqma unda, TanamSromloba am ekonomikur blokebs SigniT gaiz-


621

rdeba. TanamSromloba aseve urTierTdamokidebulebas niSnavs, kargad an cudad, rogorc es amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma aRmoaCina adreul 1950ian wlebSi, rodesac meqsikis pesos gaufasurebam safrTxe amerikis finansur bazrebsac Seuqmna. ufro metic, am TanamSromlobidan gamomdinare, bevri momavali politikuri integraciis imgvar formebs winaswarmetyvelebs, romelic saxelmwifo sazRvrebs gadafaravs. ufro rTuli kiTxva, romelic ismis, Semdegia: rogor moaxerxebs Tanaarsebobas es sami geoekonomikuri bloki? konkurencia maT Soris gardauvalia. Tumca, amave dros, ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis potencialic didia. bolos, savaraudoa, rom samive blokis saxelmwifoebi regionul savaWro asociaciebSi wevrobiT isargebleben da advili mosalodnelia, rom maTsa da bevr ganviTarebad saxelmwifos Soris ekonomikur zRvars gazrdian. aseT SemTxvevaSi, regionuli jgufebis arseboba SesaZloa ufro damabrkolebeli, vidre xelisSemwyobi faqtori gaxdes globaluri ekonomikis aRmocenebisaTvis.

eTnikuri Zaladobis wyevla maSin, roca mWidro regionulma ekonomikurma TanamSromlobam SesaZloa xeli Seuwyos iseT saxis politikuri organizaciebis aRmocenebas, romelic scdeba egoisturi eri-saxelmwifoebis farglebs, eTnikuri daZabulobebi msoflios sxvadasxva nawilSi TviT eri-saxelmwifos arsebobas uqmnis safrTxes. miuxedavad imisa, rom es sakiTxi VIII TavSia ganxiluli, ramdenime im mniSvnelovan moments unda SevexoT, romelic aRmocenebad saerTaSoriso wesrigTan aris kavSirSi. ori ukanaskneli aTwleulis manZilze msoflioSi eTnikuri konfliqtebis raodenoba sagrZnoblad gaizarda. uTanxmoebebi sxvadasxva eTnikur, religiur da rasobriv jgufebs Soris eri-saxelmwifoebis SigniT da amgvar jgufebsa da mTavrobebs Soris, miuTiTebs mniSvnelovan faqtze: intensiuri eTnikuri dapirispirebebi msoflios mxolod erTi romelime regioniT ki ar Semoifargleba, aramed TiTqmis yvelgan arsebobs. eTnikuri SuRlis magaliTebi TiTqmis SeuzRudavia. yvelaze cnobil dapirispirebul eTnikur [da religiur - red. Sen.] jgufebs waroadgenen siqhebi da muslimebi indoeTSi, frangulad mosaubre kvebekelebi kanadaSi, qurTebi eraysa da TurqeTSi, Tamilebi Sri-lankaSi da timorelebi indoneziaSi. intensiuri eTnikuri daZabuloba dapirispirebul xalxebs Soris TiTqmis yovelTvis asocirdeba qveynis SigniT politikur brZolasa da ZaladobasTan. eTnikur daZabulobebs xSirad gamouwvevia amboxi, samoqalaqo omi, teroristuli aqti da drogamoSvebiT, qveynebis dezintegraciac ki. erTi konkretuli problema, romelic asocirdeba eTnikur brZolasTan, dakavSirebulia devnilebTan da sxva iZulebiT gadaadgilebul adamianebTan. 1994 wlis zafxulSi samoqalaqo omma ruandaSi gamoiwvia 200 aTasidan 500 aTasamde adamianis sikvdili, daaxloebiT 3 milionma devnilma (qveynis mosaxleobis 40 procenti) scada mezobel zairSi gadasvla (axla zairs kongos

622


demokratiuli respublika hqvia). saerTaSoriso daxmarebis saagentoebisa da zairis mTavrobis winaSe masobrivi SimSilobisa da epidemiuri daavadebebis problema dadga. omma bosniaSi aseve milionobiT devnili, oboli da TavSesafris maZiebeli warmoSva 1990-iani wlebis Sua periodSi. TviT mosaxleobis sayovelTao aRweris rutinuli samTavrobo valdebuleba, romelsac amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis konstitucia yovel aT weliwadSi savaldebulod miiCnevs, SeiZleba safrTxis Semcveli iyos msoflios sxva regionebSi. eraySi, libanSi, keniasa da pakistanSi, sxva qveynebis msgavsad, eTnikurma uTanxmoebebma daabrkola aRweris Catareba, radgan `sakanonmdeblo adgilebis, Semosavlebis da sxva sazogadoebrivi saqonlis gadanawileba sxvadasxva eTnikur jgufebs Soris damokidebulia imaze, ra Sedegebs aCvenebs aRwera.~33 aRweris Catarebam TviT omic ki gamoiwvia: Crdilo-aRmosavleT indoeTSi mdebare asamis StatSi, aRweris Sedegebma, romlis Tanaxmadac umniSvnelo cvlileba iyo dafiqsirebuli bengalelebsa da asamelebs Soris arsebul proporciaSi, 1970-ian wlebSi gza gaukafa Zaladobriv reaqcias saarCevno siebSi bengaluri saxelebis zrdis faqtis gamo. amis Sedegad aTasobiT adamiani daiRupa. aRwera SesaZloa sikvdil-sicocxlis sakiTxi gaxdes eTnikurad dayofil sazogadoebaSi.34

bolos, mniSvnelovania imis gacnobiereba, rom eTnikuri konfliqtebi ufro kompleqsuri xasiaTisaa, vidre es erTi SexedviT Cans. bevr saxelmwifoSi, rogoricaa araerTi axlad damoukideblobamopovebuli saxelmwifo yofili sabWoTa kavSiridan, sxvadasxva xalxia warmodgenili, romlebic gansxvavebul eTnikur jgufebs miekuTvnebian da umetesoba erTmaneTisagan damoukideblobis survils gamoTqvams da moTxovnasac ayenebs. TviT kanadaSic ki, bevri frangulad mosaubre kvebekeli, romelTa raodenoba kanadis 27 milioniani mosaxleobis meoTxeds Seadgens, damoukideblobis moTxovnas mxars sakuTari enisa da kulturis SenarCunebis motiviT uWers. kvebekSi mcxovreb daaxloebiT 800 aTasi indiels msgavsi moTxovnis argumentad sakuTari 10000 wliani istoria mohyavs. kvebekelma eskimosebma (inuitebma) ganacxades, rom isini Seecdebian Seqmnan TavianTi damoukidebeli saxelmwifo kvebekisave farglebSi im SemTxvevaSi Tu es ukanaskneli moipovebs damoukideblobas. amgvari moTxovnebi aqcents akeTebs im faqtze, rom gazrdili eTnikuri grZnobebi, rac politikis, ekonomikis, enis, diskriminaciisa da kulturis sakiTxebze paeqrobaSi gamoixateba, SesaZloa, gadamwyveti mamoZravebeli Zala iyos dRevandel msoflioSi, rac xSirad politikuri erTobis mis yvelaze mcire nawilebad fragmentacias iwvevs.

aRsasruli axaleburad: `mdumare gazafxulis~ * Tavidan acileba amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa da TiTqmis mTels msoflioSi garemos-


623

dacviTi sakiTxebis umetesi nawili uyuradRebod rCeboda 1960-ian wlebamde. mas Semdeg daintereseba garemosdacviTi sakiTxebiT didad gaizarda, iseve, rogorc gaizarda garemosdacviTi jgufebis raodenoba da maTi SesaZlebloba msoflios masStabiT gavlena moexdinaT mTavrobebze globaluri ekologiuri sakiTxebis mosagvareblad. es e.w. mwvane partiebi TiTqmis yvela wamyvan industriul saxelmwifoSi arsebobs, garda amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisa. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am qveyanaSi ufro garemosdacviTi interesTa jgufebi ayvavda. iseT kargad cnobil da finansurad Zlier jgufebs, rogoricaa sieras klubi, audubonis sazogadoeba, gadaarCineT delfinebi da erovnuli bunebis federacia, sakmaod didi politikuri gavlena aqvs. ufro metic, kvleviTi institutebi monitorings uweven garemos mdgomareobas da moiTxoven imgvari sajaro politikuri qmedebebis gatarebas, romelic ekologiur faqtorebs gaiTvaliswinebs. arcTu ise gasaocaria, rom gasulma aTwleulebma aseTi gazrdili daintereseba gamoiwvia garemosdacviTi sakiTxebiT _ mJavurma wvimebma, globalurma daTbobam, wylis resursebis dakonservebis saWiroebam, tyeebisa da Tevzis mrewvelobis problemebma iseTi amowurvadi bunebrivi resursebis gamoyenebam, rogoricaa navTobi, gazi da sxva mineralebi, ubiZga saxelmwifoTa meTaurebs eTanamSromlaT garemosdacviTi SeTanxmebebis dasadebad. miuxedavad im faqtisa, rom amgvari SeTanxmebebis umetesi nawilis gavlena sakmaod SezRudulia, varaudoben, rom momavalSi maTi raodenoba da mniSvneloba TandaTan ufro gaizrdeba.

aRsasruli Zveleburad: birTvuli iaraRis gavrcelebis Tavidan acileba ganadgurebis uzarmazari masStabiT gamowvevis SesaZleblobis gamo, atomuri, biologiuri da qimiuri iaraRi _ zogjer maT ABC iaraRs (inglisuri Atomic, Biological and Chemical Weapons-is _ atomuri, biologiuri da qimiuri iaraRi. mTargmn. SeniSvna) uwodeben _ TavisTavad gansxvavebul kategoriad klasificirdeba. (atomuri iaraRi aseve birTvuli iaraRis saxelwodebiT aris cnobili; _ es ori saxelwodeba urTierTSemcvlelia). garda imisa, rom am iaraRs SeuZlia gamoiwvios sicocxlis ganadgureba, infrastruqturis dazianeba da farTomasStabiani ekologiuri dabinZureba, maTi gamoyenebis Sedegad aseve moxdeba genetikuri mutaciebi, rasac didi gavlena eqneba momaval Taobebze. realurad, maT mier gamowveuli efeqtebis prognozireba an gakontroleba sakmaod rTulia. saxelmwifoebs, romlebsac aqvs es iaraRi, surT, rom sxva saxelmwifoebs ar hqondes igi. erayi da CrdiloeTi korea is ori saxelmwifoa, romelmac scada masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis Seqmna, rasac amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi da misi mokavSireebi mtkiced upirispirdebodnen [Tavisi birTvuli programa aqvs irans _ red. Sen.]. marTalia, arsebobs ABC iaraRis gauvrceleblobis SeTanxmebebi (ix. VIII Tavi), magram bevri is saxelmwifoc ki, romelsac ukve aqvs masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRi, uars acxadebs am SeTanxmebebis xelmoweraze. logikuria,

624


rom saxelmwifoebrivi arastabiluroba da regionuli konfliqtebi ufro saSiSi gaxda masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis sistemebis gavrcelebis albaTobis gamo. cxeli wertilebi, magaliTad, CrdiloeT korea aziaSi, safrTxes uqmnis msoflio stabilurobas. rogorc 17-1 cxrili gviCvenebs, birTvuli iaraRis mqone saxelmwifoTa raodenoba jer kidev sakmaod mcirea, Tumca, Tu 1960-ian wlebSi birTvuli iaraRis mflobelTa raodenoba xuTs Seadgenda, dRes es ricxvi cxramde gaizarda. cxrili 17.1 birTvuli iaraRis gavrceleba aqvs birTvuli iaraRi

savarudod, aqvs birTvuli iaraRi

CineTi

israeli

piroba dado, rom ar Seqmnis birTvul iaraRs

uari Tqva birTvul iaraRze

miCneulia, rom cdilobs birTvuli iraRis mopovebas

alJiri

belorusia

irani

safrangeTi didi britaneTi

argentina

yazaxeTi

erayi*

brazilia

ukraina

libia*

indoeTi

germania

CrdiloeT korea

pakistani

iaponia

siria

ruseTi

samxreTi afrika

SeerTebuli Statebi * aSS-s libiasTan daaxloebisa da eraySi intervenciis Semdeg es qveynebi aRar iTvlebian birTvu-li ambiciebis mqoned. red. Sen.)

aranakleb aRmaSfoTebelia is faqti, rom zogierT ganviTarebad saxelmwifos, romelsac aqvs Rirebuli bunebrivi resursebi - magaliTad, navTobiT mdidari libia, irani da erayi _ miiCneva, rom surs (an surdaT) birTvuli iaraRis Seqmna. ufro metic, es faqtebi kidev erTxel miuTiTebs birTvuli iaraRis gavrcelebis safrTxeebis realurobaze. dResdReobiT, birTvuli iaraRis dasamzadebeli teqnologia farTodaa cnobili da mis dasamzadeblad saWiro aucilebeli nivTierebebi (magaliTad, gamdidrebuli urani) gacilebiT advilad moipoveba. erT-erTi Sefasebis Tanaxmad, 2000 wlisaTvis daaxloebiT 40 saxelmwifos unda hqonoda birTvuli iaraRis sawarmoeblad saWiro saSualebebi.35 am iaraRis politikuri, samxedro da simboluri


625

mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare, miamitobaa velodoT, rom qveynebi (gansakuTrebiT, agresiuli miznebis mqone qveynebi), romelTac ar gaaCniaT aseTi iaraRi, ar Seecdebian mis Seqmnas. rac ufro meti iqneba im saxelmwifo Tu arasaxelmwifo aqtorebis (magaliTad, teroristebis) raodenoba, visac eqneba birTvuli, biologiuri Tu qimiuri iaraRi, miT ufro didia albaToba, rom es iaraRi gamiznulad Tu umiznod iqneba gamoyenebuli. gavrcelebis uamravi forma arsebobs. magaliTad, sabWoTa kavSiris Semdeg birTvuli iaraRi memkvidreobiT ergo ramdenime yofil sabWoTa respublikas. Zlieri diplomatiuri zewolis Sedegad yazaxeTsa da ukrainaSi [aseve belorusSi _ mTargmn. Sen.] arsebuli kontinentTaSorisi raketebi ruseTs gadasces. kidev erTi koSmaruli scenari realobad iqca 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris Semdeg, roca teroristebma antraqsiT (cimbiruli wylulis virusi) ramdenime Tavdasxma ganaxorcieles. kidev ufro did safrTxes Seicavda SesaZlebloba, rom teroristul qselebs gamoeyenebinaT atomuri iaraRi dasaxlebul adgilebSi radiaciis gasavrceleblad an antraqsze ufro Zlieri baqteriuli iaraRi.

sainformacio teqnologiebis revolucia axal saerTaSoriso wesrigSi zogierTi procesi miuTiTebs SezRudul, magram mniSvnelovan tendenciaze, romelic gardaqmnis Tanamedrove ersaxelmwifoebs (magaliTad, globaluri ekonomikisa da TanamSromlobiTi organizaciebis zrda, rogoricaa vTqvaT evropis kavSiri). aseve, zogierTi procesi eri-saxelmwifos dezintegraciaze mianiSnebs (magaliTad, eTnikuri daZabulobebi). Tanamedrove realobis kuriozuli faqti is gaxlavT, rom es orive urTierTsapirispiro tendencia erTdroulad aRiniSneba. sainteresoa, rogor jdeba sainformacio teqnologiebis revolucia am modelSi? eWvgareSea, rom sainformacio revolucia realurad mimdinareobs. globaluri komunikaciebis SesaZleblobebi gasaocrad gaizarda ukanaskneli aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi. muris kanonis Tanaxmad (gordon muri, intelis TanadamfuZnebeli) gamoTvliTi simZlavre erT dolarze yovel 18 TveSi ormagdeba: dRes 2000 dolariani nouTbuqi bevrad ufro Zlieria, vidre 10 miliondolariani kompiuteri 1970-ian wlebSi. amas emateba isic, rom 1970-ian wlebSi mxolod daaxloebiT 50000 kompiuteri iyo msoflioSi; dRes maTi raodenoba daaxloebiT 140 milionamde gaizarda. roca transatlantikur satelefono xazs erTdroulad mxolod 138 satelefono saubris gadacema SeeZlo, dRes es ricxvi 1,5 milions Seadgens. internets msoflios masStabiT daaxloebiT 50 milionamde momxmarebeli hyavs da maTi raodenoba kvlav izrdeba. sainformacio revoluciis yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovani politikuri efeqti xelisuflebis mier sakuTar moqalaqeebze kontrolis dawesebis SesaZleblobis Sesustebaa. moqalaqeebs msoflios masStabiT ukve xeli miuwvdebaT informaciis damoukidebel wyaroebze. yvelaferi, dawyebuli mTav-

626


robis kritikiT da damTavrebuli pornografiiT an kriminal-teroristis piradi veb-gverdiT `Seqmeni Seni sakuTari birTvuli iaraRi~, xelmisawvdomia nebismieri qveynisaTvis, rogorc wesi, xelisuflebis Zalisxmevis gareSe. sainformacio revolucia TviT im tradiciul kulturebsa da civilizaciebs uqmnis safrTxes, romlebic ar iziareben dasavlur Rirebulebebs. ra Tqma unda, sainformacio revolucias mniSvnelovani politikuri Sedegebic aqvs, romelTagan zogierTi dRes mxolod nawilobriv SeiZleba davinaxoT. magaliTad, zogadad miCneuli iyo, rom teqnologia tiran mmarTvelebs sakuTari Zalauflebis gaxangrZlivebis kuTxiT SeeZloT gamoeyenebinaT (gavixsenoT jorj oruelis mier mis klasikur novelaSi 1984 teleekranebisa da sxva teqnologiebis aRwera, romelsac totalitari mmarTvelebi iyenebdnen), magram sapirispiroc SesaZloa simarTle iyos: sainformacio revolucia garkveulwilad xels uwyobs msoflioSi Tavisuflebas imiT, rom igi urTulebs arademokratiul liderebs sakuTari moqalaqeebis kontrols. ufro metic, Tu teqnologia xels uwyobs Tavisufali mTavrobebis raodenobis zrdas da demokratiuli qveynebi erTmaneTTan omisagan Tavs ikaveben, SeiZleba Tu ara vivaraudoT, rom teqnologiurma revoluciam ufro mSvidobiani msoflios Seqmnas unda Seuwyos xeli?

apokalipsuri xedvebi: civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba da anarqia? axali, aRmocenebadi saerTaSoriso wesrigi marTlac rom gadaizardos ufro mSvidobian epoqaSi, igi mSvidobas bolomde mainc ver uzrunvelyofs. kacobriobis istoriaze Tvalis gadavlebac ki Segvaxsenebs, rom konfliqtis arseboba saukuneebs iTvlis. ase rom, dRevandel civi omis Semdgom epoqaSi, mecnierebi daoben ara imaze, iqneba Tu ara momavalSi konfliqtebi, aramed imaze, riTi iqneba igi gansxvavebuli warsulSi arsebuli konfliqtebisagan. semuel hantingtoni momavali konfliqtis erT-erT yvelaze damaintrigebel da amaRelvebel xedvas gvTavazobs. is amtkicebs, rom civi omis ideologiur dapirispirebebs `civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba~ Secvlis: konfliqtebis fundamenturi wyaro am axal msoflioSi ukve arc ideologia da arc ekonomika ar iqneba. kacobriobis gamyofi umniSvnelovanesi sazRvrebi da konfliqtis upiratesi wyaroebi kulturiT ganisazRvreba. eri-saxelmwifo mTavar moqmed pirad darCeba saerTaSoriso asparezze, magram globaluri politikis yvelaze mniSvnelovani konfliqtebi gaiSleba erebsa da jgufebs Soris, romlebic sxvadasxva civilizacias ekuTvnian. civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba msoflio politikis dominirebadi faqtori gaxdeba. momavalSi, civilizaciaTa gamyofi sazRvari iqneba axali frontis xazi.36

hantingtonis ganmartebiT civilizacia aris àdamianTa umaRlesi kulturuli dajgufeba da maTi kulturuli identobis umaRlesi done, romelic


627

adamianebs sxva cocxali arsebebisagan ganasxvavebs~.37 amas garda, didi Tu patara, bevrisa Tu mxolod erTis momcveli civilizacia, ori ZiriTadi TaviseburebiT xasiaTdeba. pirvelSi Sedis obieqtur faqtorebi, rogoricaa ena, istoria, Cveulebebi, institutebi da, rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania, religia.38 ideebi miekuTvneba meore mniSvnelovan Taviseburebas. ase rom, maSin, roca ideebi individualizmis, liberalizmis, konstitucionalizmis, adamianis uflebebis, Tanasworobis, Tavisuflebis, kanonis uzenaesobis, demokratiis, Tavisufali sabazro ekonomikisa da eklesiis saxelmwifosagan damoukideblobis Taobaze dasavluri kulturis fundamenturi aspeqtebia, hantingtoni Tvlis, rom ès Rirebulebebi mcired Tu aisaxeba islamur, konfuciur, iaponur, induistur, budistur an marTlmadideblur kulturebSi.~39 hantingtons miaCnia, rom momavali konfliqtebi mWidrod iqneba dakavSirebuli kulturul identobebTan da adamianebis survilTan, ibrZolon da mokvdnen im tradiciebisa da Rirebulebebis dacvisaTvis, romelTac safrTxes amerikanizacia, vesternizacia da globalizacia uqmnis (rac ganviTarebad samyaroSi bevri adamianis gonebaSi erTmaneTisagan ganuyofeli cnebebia). rogorc zeviT aRvniSneT, civi omis Semdgomi msoflios ganmsazRvrel Taviseburebas eTnikuri daZabulobebi da konfliqtebi Seadgens. hantingtonma Tanamedrove eTnikuri konfliqtebis buneba da geografia Seiswavla. magaliTad, maT Soris, dapirispireba qristianobaze dafuZnebul dasavlur evropasa da islamur civilizaciaze dafuZnebul arabul axlo aRmosavleTsa da CrdiloeT afrikas Soris. aq eTnikurma daZabulobam Zaladobrivi forma miiRo, magaliTad, dasavleTis saxelmwifoebis mier wamowyebuli samxedro intervenciebi (rogoric iyo sparseTis yuris omi 1991 wels) da teroriristebis antidasavluri aqtebi islamur da arabul saxelmwifoebSi (gansakuTrebiT, iranSi, eraySi, libiaSi, egviptesa da siriaSi). kulturaTa da civilizaciaTa Sejaxebis sxva magaliTebi arsebobs balkaneTSi, sadac marTlmadidebeli qristianebi da muslimebi mtroben erTmaneTs, iseve, rogorc Zveli ruseTis imperiis periferiebSi. dapirispirebam erTmaneTis winaaRmdeg ganawyo osebi da inguSebi ruseTSi, somxebi da azerbaijanelebi _ kavkasiaSi. hantingtonis xedviT, civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba moicavs ara mxolod msoflios regionebs Soris konfliqtebs, aramed aseve kulturul konfliqtebs im arealSi, sadac ori civilizacia Tanaarsebobs. magaliTad, aziaSi Cinuri da iaponuri civilizaciebi upirispirdeba erTmaneTs, iseve, rogorc Cinelebi da tibetelebi (budistebi), Cinelebi da indoelebi (indusebi) da Cinelebi da muslimebi (centralur da samxreT aziaSi). indoeTis subkontinentze, induisturi umravlesoba indoeTSi ebrZvis sakuTar mravalricxovan muslimur umciresobas, iseve, rogorc mezobel pakistans. evropaSi kulturuli dayofa dasavlur, anu im saxelmwifoebs, romlebic iziareben kaTolikur, aRorZinebis, reformaciis, ganmanaTleblobisa da industriuli revoluciis ideebs da aRmosavleTis saxelmwifoebs Soris, romlebic ZiriTadad slavuri da marTlmadidebluria da dasavleTis umTavresi religiuri da inteleqtualuri miRwevebisagan ganze rCebian, Caenacvla did dapirispirebas rkinis fardis Camoxsnis Semdeg. dRes mas `xaverdis fardas~ uwodeben. da bolos, dasavleTi naxevarsfero ori gan-

628


sxvavebuli kulturuli memkvidreobis samSobloa. CrdiloeTi amerika (amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi da kanada) anglofonuria da mkveTrad ganicdis britanuli da CrdiloeT-evropuli kulturis, maT Soris protestantizmis, gavlenas. meqsika, centraluri da samxreTi amerika ZiriTadad espanurenovani da kaTolikuria da adgilobrivi da iberiuli kulturebis sinTezs warmoadgens. hantingtoni aqcents akeTebs, rom naTesavi qveynis sindromi, romlis Sesabamisadac sxvadasxva qveynis adamianebi da liderebi kulturulad arian erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulni, Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi aSkarad iCens Tavs. magaliTad, 1991 wels sparseTis yuris omSi, arabi elitac da mosaxleobac erays farglebs gareT dasavleTis sawinaaRmdegod ganewyo. arabTa mxardaWera sxva arabul-islamuri qveynis mimarT, romelsac Tundac iseTi sastiki diqtatori marTavda, rogoric sadam huseini iyo, naTesauri sindromis gamomJRavnebis mxolod erTi magaliTia. sxva magaliTebia Turqebis mier azerbaijanis (muslimuri) mxardaWera somxeTis winaaRmdeg (qristianuli) an dasavleTis mier marTlmadidebeli serbebis dasja, aseve bosnieli muslimebis winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebuli sisastike. ufro metic, hantingtoni axdens `gaxleCili qveynebis~ identificirebas, romlebic sxvadasxva civilizaciasa da kulturas mikuTvnebuli xalxebisagan Sedgeba da dezintegraciis pirveli kandidatebi arian. amis naTeli magaliTebia sabWoTa kavSiri, iugoslavia da meqsika. konfliqtebi gaxleCil qveynebSi advilad SeiZleba gadaizardos sxvadasxva civilizacias mikuTvnebul saxelmwifoebs an jgufebs Soris omSi. yvelaze ufro avismomaswavebeli elementi hantingtonis civilizaciaTa Sejaxebis TeoriaSi aris globaluri konfliqtis SesaZlebloba dasavlur da aradasavlur civilizaciebs Soris (hantingtonis sityvebiT `dasavleTi _ danarCenis winaaRmdeg~). arabul saxelmwifoebsa da CineTs Soris politikuri kavSirebis ganviTareba islamur-konfuciuri aliansis Seqmnas moaswavebs. osama bin ladenis al qaidas moZraobis warmoSoba antidasavluri, antiiudeur-qristianuli ganwyobebiT amagrebs hantingtonis mTavar Teziss, miuxedavad imisa, rom mas (hantingtons) ar uwinaswarmetyvelebia, ra formas miiRebda civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba axal saukuneSi. TviT faqti, rom osama bin ladenma formalurad gamoacxada jihadi `dampyroblebis~ winaaRmdeg da muslimebis movaleobad aqcia àmerikelebis ganadgureba yvelgan ~40 miuTiTebs, rom amerikelebis mier marTuli kampania saerTaSoriso terorizmis winaaRmdeg bevrad ufro metia, vidre ubralod konfrontacia urC arasaxelmwifoebriv aqtorsa da msoflios yvelaze Zlier saxelmwifos Soris. ras niSnavs es zustad, jer kidev dasadgenia. dagmoben ki arabuli qveynebi ara mxolod bin ladens, aramed terorizmsac? SeZlebs amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, gamonaxos gza arabTa interesebis dasakmayofileblad (gansakuTrebiT palestinelTa miswrafebebis) ise, rom aman israelTan misi gansakuTrebuli urTierTobebis gawyveta ar gamoiwvios? hantingtonis Tezisi gamoCenisTanave farTod iqna ganxiluli da azrTa didi sxvadasxvaoba gamoiwvia. rogorc yvela idea msoflioSi, isic maleve mieca daviwyebas, yovel SemTxvevaSi 2001 wlis 11 seqtembramde mainc. 11 se-


629

qtembris teroristuli aqtebiT gamowveulma Sokma da SiSma ganapiroba, rom amerikelebs eZebnaT pasuxebi iseT kiTxvaze, rogoricaa: ratom vZulvarT maT ase Zalian? pasuxis Ziebam kvlav gamoiwvia daintereseba am Temaze dawerili naSromebiT, maT Soris hantingtonis, Calmers jonsonisa da Jurnalist robert kaplanis naSromebiT, romelmac 1994 wels _ im wels, rodesac pirvelad daibomba msoflio savaWro centri, Jurnal Atlantic Monthly-Si dabeWda statia `momavali anarqia~.41 kaplani amtkicebs, rom `msoflio rukis danawevreba da gadakeTeba mxolod axla iwyeba.~ eri-saxelmwifo im formiT, ra formiTac igi CvenTvis aris cnobili, ukve moZvelebulia da misi Canacvleba moxdeba ara ufro didi regionuli dajgufebebiT an msoflio saxelmwifoTi (ise, rogorc amas idealistebi sulelurad winaswarmetyvelebdnen II msoflio omis Semdeg) aramed, kaplanis SexedulebiT, politikuri qarborbalebis uformo ZaliT, romelic isazrdoebs uzarmazari da sakmaod arastabiluri urbanuli koncentraciiT, rogoric aris momavlis gadatvirTuli, qaosuri, kriminaluri qalaqebi. suraTi, romelsac kaplani gvixatavs, SemaSfoTebelia: warmoidgineT hologramis msgavsi kartografia sam ganzomilebaSi. am hologramaSi iqneba jgufebisa da sxva erTeulebis urTeirTgadamkveTi dakiduli Sreebi, qalaqi-saxelmwifoebisa da sxva erebis organzomilebiani feradi niSnulebis zemoT, romelic aRniSnavs narkokartelebis, mafiebis da usafrTxoebis kerZo saagentoTa Zalauflebas. sazRvrebis magivrad iqneba Zalauflebis moZravi centrebi, Sua saukuneebis msgavsad. am SreTagan bevri iqneba moZravi. swor adgilze fiqsirebuli da uxeSad gavlebuli xazebis magivrad iqneba buferuli erTeulebis cvalebadi naxazi, qurTuli da azerbaijanuli buferuli erTeulebis msgavsad TurqeTsa da irans Soris. am proteanul kartografiul hologramas aseve unda davumatoT sxva faqtorebic, rogoricaa, mosaxleobis migracia, daavadebebis gavrceleba. ase, rom amgvari msoflios ruka arasodes iqneba statikuri. es momavali ruka, savaraudod bolo rukac ki, qaosis mutaciis anarekli iqneba.42

dasavleTi afrika amgvari ulmobeli momavlis magaliTia, sadac sazRvrebi realurad qreba, sazogadoeba xdeba eTnikuri konfliqtis wyaro, policia da politikuri Zalaufleba TandaTanobiT qreba am suraTidan, kriminalebi, yaCaRebi da korumpirebuli saxelmwifo moxeleebi akontroleben vaWrobas, Zaladoba gaxSirebulia, avyofoba isea modebuli qalaqgareT, rogorc mkvleli, romelsac gadawyvetili aqvs, daxocos yvela cocxlad darCenili. ra formas miiRebs momavali konfliqtebi, iqneba es eri-saxelmwifoebis dezintegracia Tu civilizaciaTa globaluri masStabis Sejaxeba, jerac gaurkveveli rCeba. Tumca, eWvgareSea, rom omis Rrublebi gaagrZelebs politikis saTamaSo moednebis wyvdiadSi moqcevas yvela doneze _ lokalurze, regionulze da saerTaSorisoze. isic eWvgareSea, rom lokaluri konfliqtebi zogierTi saxelmwifos arsebobasa da xelisuflebis stabilurobas safrTxes Seuqmnis da isic, rom erT qveyanaSi Seqmnili arastabilurobis mezobel saxelmwifoebSi gadadinebac moxdeba. konfliqtis SeCerebisa da

630


omis Semcirebis warmateba nawilobriv damokidebuli iqneba amave miznebisaTvis II msoflio omis Semdeg Seqmnili saerTaSoriso institutebis efeqtianobaze. es institutebi, maT Soris, gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia, Cveni yuradRebis centrSi am wignis daskvniT TavSi moeqceva.

anarqia afrikaSi

siera-leonesa Tu dasavleT afrikis danarCen nawilSi tirania ucxo xili namdvilad ar aris. is ukve gazrdili ukanonobis Semadgeneli nawilia, rac, sakuTari mniSvnelobiT, bevrad ufro seriozulia, vidre nebismieri saxis saxelmwifo gadatrialeba, amboxeba Tu demokratiis damkvidrebis epizoduri eqsperimentebi. danaSauli iyo is Tema, razedac Cems megobars, maRali Tanamdebobis afrikel saxelmwifo moxeles (romlis sicocxles safrTxe daemuqreba, Tu davasaxeleb), namdvilad surda saubari. danaSaulis Tema aqcevs dasavleT afrikas Cemi mosazrebebis amosaval wertilad imis Taobaze, Tu rogori politikuri xasiaTi eqneba Cvens planetas XXI saukuneSi. dasavleT afrikis qalaqebi, gansakuTrebiT RamiT, yvelaze saSiSi adgilebia dRevandel msoflioSi: Cabnelebuli quCebi; policias xSirad ara aqvs sawvavi satransporto saSualebebisaTvis; SeiaraRebuli Ramis qurdebi da manqanebis mZarcvelebi mravlad arian. ` mTavroba siera-leoneSi daRamebis Semdeg yovelgvari gavlenis gareSe rCeba,~ ambobs erT-erTi ucxoeli. 2000 wlis seqtemberSi, rodesac dedaqalaqSi, friTaunSi viyavi, kalaSnikovis avtomatiT SeiaraRebuli 8 piri SeiWra erTi amerikelis sacxovrebel saxlSi. maT is SeboWes da gaZarcves. daiviwyeT maiami: usafrTxoebis adekvaturi zomebis ararsebobis gamo aSS-s transportis mdivnis gadawyvetilebiT Sewyda pirdapiri frenebi amerikasa da muhamed murtalas saxelobis aeroports Soris, romelic mezo-bel nigeriul qalaq lagosSi mdebareobs. es erT-erTia, im arcTu mravalricxovan SemTxvevas Soris, rodesac amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mTavrobam ucxo qveynis aeroports danaSaulebrivi kavSirebis gamo embargo daado. abijanSi, spilos Zvlis sanapiros dedaqalaqSi, restornebSi Sens manqanasa da Sesasvlels Soris, TxuTmetiode nabijis moSorebiT moZraoben SeiaraRebuli dacvis samsaxuris warmomadgenlebi da geqmneba Semzaravi warmodgena imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogori SeiZleba iyos amerikis qalaqebi momavalSi. italieli elCi daiRupa maSin, roca mZarcvelebi Tavs daesxnen abijanis erT-erT restorans. nigerieli elCis ojaxis wevrebi Tavis sacxovrebelSive SeboWes da gaZarcves. universitetis studentebma spilos Zvlis sanapiroSi daiWires yaCaRebi, romlebic maT sacxovreblebs Zarcvavdnen, yelze yulfi moabes da dawves. yvelafers spilos Zvlis sanapiros erT-erTi policieli uyurebda, magram SiSiT Carevas ver bedavda. roca abijanis avtobusis sadgurze mivdiodi, axalgazrda adamianebis jgufi mousvenari TvalebiT uyurebda Cems taqss, xels urtyamdnen manqanis minebs da moiTxovdnen qiras Cemi bargis waRebisaTvis, miuxedavad imisa, rom mxolod erTi patara xelCanTa mqonda. dasavleT afrikuli eqvsi


631

qveynis sxvadasxva qalaqSi yvelgan vxedavdi axalgazrda adamianebis aseTsave brboebs. isini hgavdnen gaTavisuflebul molekulebs Zalian arastabilur sazogadoebriv garemoSi, romelic aalebis piras iyo misuli. `rogorc xedav, afrikis soflebSi bunebriv movlenad aris miCneuli, ikvebo nebismier magidaze da Tavi Seafaro nebismier qoxs, magram qalaqebSi amgvari Temuri pirobebi ukve aRar arsebobs _ Ramis gasaTevad unda gadaixado da saWmelad unda migiwvion. rodesac axalgazrda adamianebi aRmoaCenen, rom naTesavebi veRar Seifareben, isini gamouval mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndebian, uerTdebian sxva emigrantebs da TandaTanobiT kriminalur saqmianobaSic erTvebian~, _ miTxra Cemma megobarma ministrma. àrabuli CrdiloeT afrikis gaRaribebul nawilebSi,~ _ gaagrZela man, _ `naklebi danaSaulia, imitom, rom islami uzrunvelyofs socialur simtkices: ganaTlebisa da indoqtrinaciis gziT. aq, dasavleT afrikaSi, zedapirulad islamic da qristianobacaa warmodgenili. dasavluri religia ZirgamoTxrilia animisturi rwmenebiT, romelic SeuTavsebelia moralur sazogadoebasTan, radganac is dafuZnebulia iracionalur sulis Zalauflebaze. aq suli gamoyenebulia, raTa nebaze miuSvan erTi pirovnebis SurisZieba meoris sawinaaRmdegod an erTi jgufisa meoris winaaRmdeg.~ liberiis samoqalaqo omis dros Cadenili bevri Zaladoba jujus sulis rwmenas ukavSirdeboda. BBC-im Tavis Jurnal Focus on Africa-Si aRwera, rom sieraleones samoqalaqo omSi amboxebulebs `win miuZRoda axalgazrda sruliad SiSveli qali ukusvliT, romelic gzas sarkeSi xedavda. siSiSvle mas armiis poziciebis gadakveTas uadvilebda da iq marxavda Tavis silamazes ...raTa ajanyebulTa warmatebis Sansi gaezarda.~ nawyveti Robert D. Kaplan-is wignidan The Coming Anarchy, New York: Vintage Books, 2001, 4-6.

daskvna centraluri xelisuflebis ararsebobis gamo saerTaSoriso politikis moqmedeba mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba saxelmwifo Tu Sida politikasagan. qalaq melosis bediswera saerTaSoriso arenaze samxedro Zlierebis upiratesi mniSvnelobis ilustrirebas axdens. ZalauflebisaTvis brZola saerTaSoriso sistemis bunebis Semadgeneli nawilia. yoveli suverenuli saxelmwifo status kvos Secvlis msurvel sxva saxelmwifosTan konkurenciis pirobebSi sakuTari erovnuli interesebis dacvas cdilobs. erovnuli interesis koncefcia orazrovania, Tumca, moicavs yvelafers, rasac saxelmwifo liderebi sakuTari qveynis grZelvadiani usafrTxoebisa Tu keTildReobis xelSemwyobad miiCneven. saerTaSoriso politikis mkvlevarebma unda ganasxvavon erTmaneTisagan sagareo politikuri miznebi da am miznebis miRwevis saSualebebi. saxelmwifoebi sxvadasxva saSualebebs irCeven, Tumca, es arCevani yovelTvis

632


erTi umTavresi mizniT _ saxelmwifoebis Zlierebis zrdis surviliTaa ganpirobebuli. zogierTi saxelmwifo kmayofilia Zalis arsebuli gadanawilebiT da mxolod arsebuli status kvos SenarCunebas cdilobs, sxvebi ukmayofiloni arian da Sesabamisad, misi Secvlisaken iswrafvian. yvela saxelmwifo, romelsac surs konkurentunariani iyos saerTaSoriso arenaze, mudmivadaa CarTuli sakuTari Zlierebis gazrdis procesSi. mxolod ramdenime saxelmwifo Tu axerxebs, Tavi aaridos Zlierebis SenarCunebasa da Zlierebis gazrdas Soris arCevanis gakeTebas; isini, zogadad, Zalis politikis uaryofas cdiloben. monros doqtrina miznad isaxavda gaexangrZlivebina regionuli status kvo dasavleT naxevarsferoSi; aseve, sabWoTa kavSiridan momavali safrTxis Sekaveba SesaZlebeli iyo globaluri status kvos strategiiT, romelic amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma SeimuSava II msoflio omis Semdeg. civi omis Semdeg periodSi, zogierTma politologma politikuri realizmis Teoriaze daydnobiT daiwyo mtkiceba, rom amerikis SeerTebul Statebs unda miemarTa izolacionizmis strategiisaTvis. sxvebis azriT ki saerTaSoriso politikuri sistemis mTavari maxasiaTeblebi mniSvnelovani meqanizmi iyo Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso politikis gasagebad da amerikis sagareo politikis gansasazRvrad. marTalia, politikuri realizmi warsulSi saerTaSoriso politikis axsnas gvTavazobda, dRes mas akritikeben zneobis sakiTxis mimarT misi indiferentuli damokidebulebisa da erovnuli interesis koncefciaze aqcentirebis gamo, globaluri problemebis arsebobis fonze. tradiciuli ZalTa wonasworobis sistema, romelic formalurad 1648 wlidan arsebobda, SezRuduli iyo masStabiT. evropuli sistemis erTi upiratesoba is iyo, rom misi yvela wevri iziarebda saerTo Rirebulebebsa da rwmenebs. didi britaneTi moqmedebda, rogorc wonasworobis damcveli. evropuli sistema muSaobda, radgan miznebi da saSualebebi SezRuduli, xolo aliansebi moqnili iyo. XIX saukunis ganmavlobaSi am pirobebis Secvlam ZalTa wonasworobis sistemis daSlas daudo saTave. II msoflio omis Semdeg, Zveli evropuli multipolaruli sistemis adgilze bipolaruli sistema Camoyalibda. geografiulad ufro farTe, vidre misi winamorbedi, am bipolaruli sistemis mTavari maxasiaTebeli iyo sastiki dapirispireba or supersaxelmwifos _ amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa da sabWoTa kavSirs Soris. siRrmiseuli ideologiuri gansxvavebebi da birTvuli holokostis safrTxe am metoqeobis Tavisebureba iyo. 1960-iani wlebis bolosTvis, strategiuli Cixis viTarebam, romelic efuZneboda urTierT Sekavebas, am or titans Soris omi iracionaluri gaxada. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlasa da civi omis damTavrebasTan erTad, axali saerTaSoriso wesrigi iwyebs aRmocenebas. sayuradReboa, rom es ZalTa wonasworobis sistema ki ar aris, aramed igi sxvadasxva saxis tendenciebs amJRavnebs. ufro metic, sakmarisi safuZvelia imisaTvis, raTa virwmunoT, rom es sistema droebiTi da gardamavali iqneba. aRmocenebadi saerTaSoriso wesrigi unipolarulia, romlis saTaveSi amerikis SeerTebuli Statebia. TanamSromloba da konkurencia ekonomikuri


633

sakiTxebis garSemo gaizarda. ufro metic, ekonomikuri Zliereba koncentrirebuli xdeba sam regionSi: dasavleT evropaSi, amerikasa da iaponiaSi. damafiqrebelia msoflio masStabiT eTnikuri konfliqtebis raodenobis zrda. gaumjobesebuli saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis Sedegad globaluri garemosdacviTi problemebi ufro met yuradRebas iqcevs. Tumca, ganviTarebad qveynebSi masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis gavrceleba msoflio stabilurobas sakmaod did safrTxes uqmnis. da bolos, miuxedavad imisa, rom momavali konfliqtebis wyaro ucnobia, erTi gavleniani mecnieris mtkicebiT, is kulturuli gansxvavebulobidan amoizrdeba da mas civilizaciaTa Sejaxebis forma eqneba.

sakvanZo sityvebi politikuri realizmi ZalTa wonasworobis sistema wonasworobis damcveli bipolaruli sistema marSalis gegma CrdiloeT atlantikis xelSekrulebis organizacia (nato) varSavis xelSekruleba erovnuli interesi status kvos strategia

eqspansionizmi neitraliteti miumxrobloba monros doqtrina Sekaveba trumenis doqtrina idealizmi globalizacia saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi naTesavi qveynis sindromi


6.

ras gveubneba aTenelTa da meloselTa dapirispirebis Tukidideseuli aRwera saerTaSoriso politikis bunebis Taobaze? ra moiazreba politikisi makiavelistur damokidebulebaSi? ra saxis msoflmxedvelobas gulisxmobs amgvari midgoma? ras gulisxmobs cneba èrovnuli interesi~? rogor iyeneben politikuri realistebi am termins? romeli ori ZiriTadi sagareo politikuri strategia aris xelmisawvdomi saxelmwifoebisaTvis? ra igulisxmeba ZalTa wonasworobaSi? rogor muSaobda tradiciuli evropuli ZalTa wonasworobis sistema? ra iyo misi mTavari maxasiaTeblebi? ratom SeZlo man met-naklebad warmatebulad funqcionireba 260 wlis ganmavlobaSi? ram gamoiwvia klasikuri evropuli ZalTa wonasworobis sistemis rRveva?

634 7. 8. 9.


riTi gansxvavdeboda II msoflio omis Semdgomi saerTaSoriso sistema misi winamorbedebisagan? aris Tu ara dRes ZalTa wonasworoba? ra qmnis mSvidobis mTavar safrTxes dRevandel msoflioSi?

SeniSvnebi 1.

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

21 22. 23.

citirebebi am diskusiidan ekuTvnis Tukidides ‘The Melian Conference,’ in Readings in World Politics, me-2 gamoc., red., Robert Goldwin and Tony Pearce (new York: Oxford University Press, 1970),472-478. Niccolo Machiaveli, The Prince, in The Prince and Discourses (New York: Modern Library, 1952), 56. iqve, 64 Hans J. Morgenthau, Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace, me-5 gamoc., (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1992), 11. iqve, 22-23. iqve, 11. iqve, 11. iqve, 221-223. iqve, 27. citirebulia, Alexander De Conde, A History of American Foreign Policy: Growth to World Power, tomi 1, me-3 gamoc., (New York: Scribner’s, 1978), 130. Alexis De Tocqueville, Democracy in America, tomi 1 (New York: Schocken Books, 1961), 522. George F. Kennan, ``Sources of Soviet Conduct,`` in Caging the Bear: Containment and the Cold War, red. Charles Gati (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1974), 18. Congressional Record, 80 Cong., 1st sess. (March 1947), 1981. ix. Chalmers Johnson, Blowback: The Costs and Consequences of American Empire (New York: Holt, 2000). iqve, 8. iqve. iqve, 9. iqve. iqve, 11. magaliTisaTvis ix. Alan Tonelson, ``What is the National Interest?`` in America’s National Interest in a Post Cold War World, red. Alvin Z. Rubinstein (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1994), 56. aseve, Barbara Conry, U.S. ``Global Leadership``: A Euphemism for World Policeman, Policy Analysis No. 267 (CATO Institute, February 8, 1997). Max Singer and Aaron Wildavsky, The Real World Order: Zones of Peace/Zones of Turmoil (Chatham House, 1996), 5-6. iqve, 199. iqve, 5.


635

24. Martin Gilbert, The Roots of Appeasement (New York: New American Library, 1996). 25. miuxedavad ramdenime eqspertis gancxadebisa, rom prezident klintonma amgvari politikis gatarebiT ganimtkica politikuri kavSirebi afroamerikel kongresmenebTan, mainc unda davuSvaT, rom es mis mTavar mizans ar warmoadgenda. altruizmis saintereso SemTxveva moxda 1920-1921 wlebSi, rodesac sazareli SimSili sufevda sabWoTa kavSiris teritoriaze. miuxedavad sabWoTa xelisuflebis mier antikapitalisturi revoluciebis aqtiuri mxardaWerisa, amerikis mTavrobam daxmarebis organizacia (huveris komisia) Seqmna. am organizaciis xelmZRvanelobiT milionobiT dolaris Rirebulebis sakvebi iqna gagzavnili da milionobiT adamiani gadarCa volgis regionSi. im periodis oficialurma sabWoTa gazeTma aRniSna kidevac, rom `yvela kapitalistur saxelmwifos Soris, mxolod amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma aRmogviCina drouli da realuri daxmareba.~ cit. Adam Ulam, Expansion and Coexistence: Soviet Foreign Policy, 1917-1973, me-2 gamoc., (New York: Praeger, 1974) 148. 26. cit. Marvin Jones, The Fifteen Weeks ( New York: Harbinger, 1955 ), 256. 27. Raul Hilberg, The destruction of the European Jews (New York: Harper&Row, 1961), 358-359. 28. Arnold Wolfers, Discord and Collaboration: Essays on International Politics (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1965), 93. 29. mosazreba, rom idealizmsa da realizms Soris gansxvaveba igivea, rac gansxvaveba principsa da gonivrulobas Soris naTan tarkovs ekuTvnis. Nathan Tarcov, Principle and Prudence in Foreign Policy: The Founders Perspective, The Puiblic Interest 76 (Summer 1984) 45-60. 30. Jessica Tuchman Mathews, ``The Environment and International Security,`` in World Security: Challenges for a New Century, me-2 gamoc., red. Michael Klare and Daniel Thomas (New York: St. Martin Press, 1994), 286. 31. gansakuTrebiT gamosadegia Charles Krauthammer, ``The Lonely Superpower,`` New Republic, July 29, 1991. 23-27. Cveni msjeloba ramdenime mniSvnelovan aspeqtSi rauthammer-isas emTxveva. 32. Joan Edelman Spero, The Politics of International Economic Relations, me-4 gamoc., (New York:St. Martin’s Press, 1990), 229. 33. Donald Horowitz, ‘Ethical and National Conflict’, in World Security Challenges for a New Century, red. Klare and Thomas, 175. 34. iqve, 176. 35. Charles Kegley, Jr., and Eugene Wittkopf, World Poitics: Trend and Transformation, me-6 gamoc., (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1997), 395-396. 36. Samuel Huntington, ‘The Clash of Civilizations?’ Foreign Affairs 72 (Summer 1993): 22-43; and Samuel Huntington, ‘If Not Civilizations, What? Paradigms of the PostCold War Era’, Foreign Affairs 72 (December 1993): 24-39; amis Semdeg, hantingtonma am sakiTxis Sesaxeb sakuTari TvalTaxedva gamoaqveyna wignSi The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996). 37. Huntington, ‘Clash of Civilizations’, 24.

636


38. iqve, 25, 26. 39. iqve, 40. 40. Judith Miller, ‘A Child of Privilege Who Champions Terror’, New York Times, September 14, 2001, veb-gverdi. 41. Robert D. Kaplan, The Coming Anarchy (New York: Vintage Books, 2001). es bestseleri arsebiTad gamoqveynebul naSromTa krebulia. 42. iqve, 50-51.

T aavv i XV I I I

saerTaSoiso orgnizaciebi b rZ rZola o la w esrgisT esrg isT vis v is

arasaxelmwifo aqtorebi flio asparezze

mso-

mravalerovnuli korporaciebi saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo da samTavrobo oranizaciebi gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia (gaero) istoriuli foni: erTa liga gaeros daarseba omis dros

gaero civi

gaero civi omis Sem-

didi saerTaSoriso orgadeg nizaciebis problemebi saerTaSoriso samarTali sargeblianoba iZuleba

Sesruleba da

saerTaSoriso samarTa-

saerTali Tanamedrove epoqaSi Soriso samarTlis SezRuduloba saerTaSoriso samarTlis Sefaseba mudmivi swrafva mSvidobisaken

637

638


Tu gsurs mSvidoba, emzade omisaTvis _ uxsovari droidan es gamonaTqvami politikur realistTa kredo iyo. istoria gvaswavlis, rom konfliqti adamianuri realobis nawilia da omis Tavidan acileba an mere SeCereba, saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, sifxizliTa da samxedro mzadyofnis politikiTaa SesaZlebeli. Tumca am Sexedulebas yovelTvis hyavda oponentebi. Cven vcxovrobT samyaroSi, sadac sawvavis fasi amerikis benzogasamarT sadgurebze ucxo qveynebis dedaqalaqebSi dgindeba... amerikeli momxmareblisaTvis feradi televizorebis xelmisawvdomobas gansazRvravs ara mxolod Sida bazris Zalebi, aramed SeTanxmebebi, erTi mxriv, vaSingtonsa da meore mxriv, tokios, taipeisa da seuls Soris... kremlSi miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi gavlenas axdens amerikul gadasaxadebze da aseve imaze, Tu raSi daixarjeba amoRebuli Tanxebi... miwodeba gansazRvravs keTildReobas yvelgan, xolo iq, sadac yvelaferi erTmaneTTanaa dakavSirebuli, saWiroa axleburi azrovneba da axali konceptualuri midgomebi.1

saxelmwifoTa erovnuli meurneobebi sul ufro erwymis msoflio ekonomikas. amgvar ganviTarebas bevri winaswarmetyvelebda da miesalmeboda didi xniT adre, vidre es realobad iqceoda. egreT wodebuli funqcionalistebi amtkicebdnen, rom efeqtiani saerTaSoriso organizaciebi xels Seuwyobda TanamSromlobas msoflio masStabiT da es TanamSromloba, Tavis mxriv, warmoSobda saerTo ekonomikur interesebs, xels Seuwyobda saerTaSoriso urTierTgagebas da Seamcirebda msoflio daZabulobasa da saomar moqmedebebs. azrovnebis am skolam, romelsac funqcionalizmi ewodeba, meore msoflio omis Semdeg akademiuri sazogadoebis didi yuradReba miiqcia. mis momxreebs swamdaT, rom erovnul sazRvrebs gacilebuli mSvidobis, vaWrobisa da TanamSromlobis upiratesobebi sazogadoebas sabolood viwro erovnuli interesebis uaryofamde miiyvanda. is, rasac guSin funqcionalizmi ewodeboda, dRes urTierTdamokidebulebis saxeliTaa cnobili. es termini aRniSnavs erebs Soris arsebuli axlo kavSirebis rTul qsels, romelic, zogierTis TqmiT, TviT saerTaSoriso wesrigis safuZvels cvlis. kerZod, msoflio ekonomikis mudmivma ganviTarebam da zrdam gamoiwvia zeerovnuli (supranacionaluri) struqturebis warmoqmna, romlis mizania uzrunvelyos Sesabamisi regulaciebi da moixsnas xelovnuri dabrkolebebi (rogoricaa tarifebi da savaWro kvotebi). regionuli savaWro kavSirebis zrda da ekonomikuri integraciisken svla naTlad aisaxa evrokavSiris 1992 wlis gadawyvetilebaSi, Seeqmna erTiani ekonomikuri zona. iseTi zeerovnuli struqturebis warmoqmna, rogoricaa amerikis erTiani bazari karibis zRvis auzSi, merkosuri _ samxreT amerikis samxreTSi, aziisa da wynari okeanis auzis ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis forumi da samxreT aziis regionuli TanamSromlobis asociacia (SAARS), asaxavs regionuli integraciis mimarT im did interess, romelic evropis farglebs gareTac arsebobs. am ganviTarebis saboloo Sedegi, savaraudod, iqneba gazrdili TanamSromloba da erTa Soris arsebuli samxedro konfliqtebis

saerTaSoriso organizaciebi

639

ekonomikuri konkurenciiT Canacvleba. sabolood, racionaluri interesi ubiZgebs yvela saxelmwifos aRiaros, rom Tavisufali vaWroba da investiciebi sargeblis momtania yvela erisaTvis. gamoiwvia Tu ara amgvari ekonomikuri gaerTianebebis zrdam keTildReobis garda mSvidobis sakiTxis win wamowevac? da namdvilad Seuwyo Tu ara xeli aseT TanamSromlobas globaluri da regionuli organizaciebis, maT Soris, ramdenime universaluri organizaciis (rogoricaa gaero) Seqmnam an saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebis SemuSavebam da cxovrebaSi gatarebam? am kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad jer msoflioSi arsebuli sxvadasxva saxis zeerovnuli struqturis ganxilvaa saWiro.

arasaxelmwifo aqtorebi msoflio asparezze saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobas, saxelmwifoebis garda, xels uwyoben arasaxelmwifo subieqtebic. aseT organizaciebs, Cveulebriv, arasaxelmwifo aqtorebs uwodeben. multinacionaluri korporaciebi, arasamTavrobo organizaciebi da saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo organizaciebi arasaxelmwifo institutebis sami ZiriTadi samarTlebrivi formaa, romlebic mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs msoflio politikaSi.

multinacionaluri korporaciebi kompaniebs, ùcxouri filialebiT, romlebsac firmis produqcia da marketingi qveynis farglebs gareT gaaqvT,~ Cveulebriv, multinacionalur (mravalerovnul) korporaciebs (MNC) uwodeben. `Tanamedrove multinacionaluri korporacia aris Svilobil kompaniaTa globaluri qseli.~2 Zlier, aSS-Si dafuZnebul multinacionalur korporaciaTa magaliTs warmoadgens jeneral motorsi, maikrosofti, eqsoni, koka-kola, makdonaldsi da inteli. gasaocari iyo meore msoflio omis bolodan multinacionalur korporaciaTa aRmavloba. 1990-iani wlebSi amgvar korporaciebSi dasaqmebuli iyo 73 milioni adamiani, rac msoflios anazRaurebadi arasasoflosameurneo samuSao adgilebis 10% da samrewvelo qveynebSi dasaqmebulTa daaxloebiT 20%-s Seadgenda. pirdapiri Tu arapirdapiri gziT dasaqmebulTa ricxvi, sul mcire, 150 milioni adamiani iyo, rac mTlianad anazRaurebadi, arasasoflo-sameurneo samuSao adgilebis 20%-s Seadgenda.3 amasTan, 1990-ian wlebSi msoflios 350 umsxvilesi multinacionaluri korporacia msoflio saqonelbrunvis TiTqmis 40%-s moicavda. amJamad, zogi umdidresi mravalerovnuli kompaniis wliuri gayidvebi bevri suverenuli qveynis mTlian Sida produqts aWarbebs.4 msoflio masStabiT korporaciebis gayidvebi yovelwliurad mraval trilion dolars Seadgens.5 ukve gasagebi xdeba, ratom miaCnia zogierTs, rom axali msoflio wesrigi fundamenturad gansxvavdeba winamorbedisagan:

640


axla Zalis balansze fiqris dro ar aris. iseTma zesaxelmwifomac ki, rogoricaa SeerTebuli Statebi, sakuTar Tavze gamoscada, rom mcdeloba, Seaferxo vaWrobisa da investirebis nakadi iseT qveynebSi, rogoricaa irani da kuba, ara marto araefeqtiani, aramed finansurad wamgebianicaa. multinacionaluri korporaciebi, romelTac erT dros qonebas arTmevdnen an angariSebs uyadaRebdnen, ukrZalavdnen vaWrobas mtrul qveynebTan da uaxlesi maRali teqnologiebisa da deficituri saqonlis Tavisufal yidva-gayidvas, axla Tavad gansazRvraven sagareo politikas.6

gaumjobesebulma teqnologiam da ekonomikuri mdgomareobis cvlam xeli Seuwyo multinacionaluri korporaciebis zrdas. Tanamedrove kompiuterebma, komunikaciebma da satransporto teqnologiebma Seqmnes korporatiuli gafarToebis, integraciisa da pirovnuli mobilobis saSualeba. globaluri ekonomikis zrdam xeli Seuwyo am process (1950 wlidan moyolebuli msoflio vaWroba 10-jer da metad gaizarda), sul ufro metma korporaciam gaxsna filiali sazRvargareT, raTa moepovebina upiratesoba axali bazrebisa da muSaxelis Semcirebuli Rirebulebis kuTxiT.7 CrdiloeT amerikis, dasavleT evropisa da (bolo dromde) iaponiis ZiriTadi bankebi warmoadgendnen fuladi saxsrebis ZiriTad wyaros multinacionaluri korporaciebis msoflio gafarToebisaTvis. Tavad es giganturi bankebic mravalerovnulia da trilionobiT dolaris aqciebs floben. 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi (iaponiis ekonomikis daRmasvlamde da safinanso sistemis TiTqmis srul ganadgurebamde) udidesi multinacionaluri bankebis naxevarze meti iaponuri iyo, danarCenebi ki umetesad SeerTebul Statebsa da dasavleT evropaSia ganlagebuli. msoflio bankTan da saerTaSoriso savaluto fondTan erTad, romlebic gaeros specializebuli saagentoebia, multinacionaluri bankebi gadamwyvet rols asruleben investirebisa da ekonomikuri zrdis xelSewyobaSi. arastabilur wlebSi komerciuli bankebic cdilobdnen msoflios finansuri sistemis dabalansebas. 1973-74 wlebis zamTarSi, rodesac navTobis fasi gaoTxmagda da 1979-80 wlebSi kvlav orjer da metad gaizarda, erovnul simdidreebs Soris uceb didi uTanasworoba gaCnda, gansakuTrebiT ganviTarebad qveynebSi. am wlebSi saerTaSoriso sabanko sistema uzrunvelyofda stabilurobas navTobiT mdidari qveynebidan amoRebuli fulis gasesxebiT im qveynebze, romlebic naRdi fulis naklebobas ganicdidnen an navTobze maRali fasebis gamo xeli ar miuwvdebodaT kvebis produqtebze. multinacionaluri korporaciebi momavalSic iarsebebs. zogierTi miesalmeba maT arsebobas da amtkicebs, rom isini zrdian msoflio konkurencias, aumjobeseben ekonomikur efeqtianobas da xels uwyoben teqnologiur ganviTarebas. da mainc, multinacionaluri korporaciebis warmoqmnam SeSfoTeba gamoiwvia mraval qveyanaSi. kritikosebi amtkiceben, rom aseTi korporaciebi Zalze xSirad orientirebulni arian mogebaze da yuradRebas ar aqceven im zians, rasac am procesSi maspinZel qveynebs ayeneben da isini ukanonod erevian maspinZeli qveynebis Sida saqmeebSi (magaliTad, CileSi


641

1970-ian wlebSi). am mxriv, vinaidan isini erTi romelime saxelmwifos samarTlebrivi kontrolis farglebs gareT moqmedeben, seriozul problemas uqmnian tradiciuli teritoriuli saxelmwifos suverenitetsa da saerTaSoriso sistemis erTianobas. rogori safuZvlianic ar unda iyos es kritika, udavoa, rom multinacionaluri korporaciebi koleqtiurad Tu individualurad mZlavri Zalaa Tanamedrove msoflio politikaSi. erTi cnobili politikosis sityvebiT: mravalerovnuli firmebi, romlebic koordinirebas uweven warmoebas globaluri masStabiT da sakuTar nawarms mTels msoflioSi anawileben, globaluri urTierTdamokidebulebis Zalze STambeWdavi manifestaciaa. isini kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayeneben msoflio politikis models, romelic erovnuli TviTkmarobis ideas efuZneba da sazRvrebs miRma urTierTobebs gamonaklis SemTxvevad ganixilavs. erT-erTi mosazrebis Tanaxmad, isini XIX saukunis industriuli revoluciis saerTaSoriso ekvivalentia; meore mosazrebis Tanaxmad ki, SesaZloa isini momavalSi msoflio ekonomikis safuZvlad iqces.8

saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo da samTavrobo organizaciebi arsebobs saerTaSoriso organizaciebis ori ZiriTadi tipi: organizacias, romelic Sedgeba kerZo pirebisa da maTi gaerTianebebisagan, ewodeba saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo organizacia (INGO), xolo saerTaSoriso organizacias, romlis wevrebsac mTavrobebi warmoadgenen, saerTaSoriso samTavrobo (saxelmwifoTaSorisi) organizacia (IGO) ewodeba. orive maTgani sxvadasxva saxis gaerTianebas moicavs (ix. cxrili 18-1 da 18-2). am TavSi yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT saerTaSoriso samTavrobo organizaciebze, radgan isini ufro pirdapiri gziT axdenen gavlenas msoflio politikasa da saerTaSoriso mSvidobis gzebis Ziebaze. Tanamedrove epoqis pirveli TvalsaCino samTavrobo saerTaSoriso organizacia iyo saRvTo kavSiri. igi 1815 wels Seiqmna ruseTis, avstriisa da prusiis mier evropaSi revoluciuri demokratiuli moZraobis CasaxSobad. saerTod, samTavrobo saerTaSoriso organizaciebi mniSvnelovani gaxda or msoflio oms Soris periodSi (1919-1939 wlebSi). istoriaSi pirveli universaluri saerTaSoriso samTavrobo organizacia iyo erTa liga da masTan dakavSirebuli institutebi. 1940 wlisaTvis ukve 80-ze meti saerTaSoriso samTavrobo organizacia da 500-mde saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo organizacia iyo; meore msoflio omis Semdgom periodSi orive tipis organizaciaTa ricxvi gamudmebiT izrdeboda (ix. cxrili 18-1). brZola, Riaa yvelasaTvis. meore mxriv, afrikis erTobis organizaciis wevroba SezRudulia regionuli CarCoebiT, magram emsaxureba ramdenime saerTo mizans ekonomikuri, socialuri da politikuri xaziT. gaero msoflios gamorCeul saerTaSoriso organizaciad iTvleba im mizezebis gamo, romlebic momdevno TavSia axsnili.

642


cxrili 18.1 zogierTi tipuri saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo organizacia (INGO)

afro-aziel xalxTa solidarobis organizacia saerTaSoriso amnistia arab iuristTa kavSiri evropel mauwyebelTa kavSiri aziel qalTa asociaciebis federacia sahaero transportis saerTaSoriso federacia qalTa saerTaSoriso aliansi saerTaSoriso savaWro palata wiTeli jvris saerTaSoriso komiteti akordionistTa saerTaSoriso konfederacia arabul profkavSirTa saerTaSoriso konfederacia Tavisufal profkavSirTa saerTaSoriso konfederacia koridis mowinaaRmdegeTa saerTaSoriso sabWo samecniero kavSirTa saerTaSoriso sabWo kriminaluro policiis saerTaSoriso organizacia aviakompaniebis pilotTa asociaciebis saerTaSoriso federacia xelburTis saerTaSoriso federacia saerTaSoriso olimpiuri komiteti politikuri mecnierebis saerTaSoriso asociacia venerul daavadebebTan da treponematozTan brZolis saerTaSoriso kavSiri adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobaT saerTaSoriso kavSiri laTinoamerikel gemTmflobelTa asociacia sareklamo saagentoTa skandinaviuri asociacia rotari saerTaSoriso fondi xsnis armia gadavarCinoT bavSvebi eklesiaTa msoflio kavSiri ebrael JurnalistTa msoflio federacia ostat mkeravTa msoflio federacia gaerTianebuli erebis asociaciaTa msoflio federacia

zeerovnul, transnacionalur da saerTaSoriso struqturaTa mravalferovneba qmnis imas, rasac erTi avtori ùrTierT damokidebulebis qsels~ uwodebs.10 Cven saerTaSoriso samTavrobo organizaciaTa or gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan tips mimovixilavT: ekonomikur TanamSromlobas (kerZod, evrokavSirs) da samxedro aliansebs (kerZod, natos, romelic amJamad cvlilebebs ganicdis civi omis dasrulebis gamo).


643

cxrili 18.2 zogierTi tipuri saerTaSoriso samTavrobo organizacia (IGO) afrikis ganviTarebis fondi afrikis miwis Txilis sabWo arabuli safosto kavSiri aziis ganviTarebis banki aziisa da wynari okeanis auzis qveynebis ekonomikuri sabWo samxreT-aRmosavleT aziis saxelmwifoTa asociacia centraluri amerikis erTiani bazari evropis uSiSroebisa da TanamSromlobis organizacia sayovelTao ekonomikuri daxmarebis sabWo evropis ekonomikuri Tanamegobroba evropis kosmosuri saagento sursaTisa da soflis meurneobis organizacia yureTa TanamSromlobis sabWo tropikuli Tinusis interamerikuli komisia ganviTarebisa da rekonstruqciis saerTaSoriso banki samoqalaqo aviaciis saerTaSoriso organizacia yavis saerTaSoriso organizacia Sromis saerTaSoriso organizacia zeiTunis zeTis saerTaSoriso sabWo wiTeli kaliebis (akaciis) kontrolis saerTaSoriso organizacia centraluri da samxreT afrikisaTvis telekomunikaciebis satelitis saerTaSoriso organizacia veSapTWeris saerTaSoriso komisia laTinuri amerikis Tavisufali savaWro asociacia CrdiloeT atlantikis xelSekrulebis organizacia (NATO) afrikis erTobis organizacia amerikis saxelmwifoTa organizacia navTobis eqsportior qveyanaTa organizacia (OPEC) bananis eqsportior qveyanaTa kavSiri gaeros saganmanaTleblo, samecniero da kulturis organizacia (UNESCO) gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia (gaero) universaluri (sayovelTao) safosto kavSiri jandacvis msoflio organizacia

ekonomikuri TanamSromloba. meore msoflio omis Semdgomi periodis yvelaze mniSvnelovani saerTSoriso xelSekrulebebis did nawils Seadgens savaWro SeTanxmebebi. maTi did umravlesoba mxolod ormxrivi iyo (moicav-

644


da mxolod or qveyanas). arsebobs mravalmxrivi ekonomikuri SeTanxmebebis sul mcire, 5 gamorCeuli forma, maT Soris: •

•

•

•

•

preferenciuli (upiratesobis) savaWro SeTanxmebebi. amgvari SeTanxmebebiT ramdenime saxelmwifo Tanxmdeba mianiWos erTmaneTs eqskluziuri savaWro uflebebi, sabaJo tarifebis urTierTSemcirebis CaTvliT. erTerTi TvalsaCino magaliTia britaneTis Tanamegobroba, romelic didi britaneTisa da misi yofili mravali koloniisagan Sedgeba. aradiskriminaciuli savaWro organizaciebi. misi ideaa, xeli Seuwyos ufro mWidro savaWro urTierTobebis damyarebas globaluri an regionuli masStabiT. amgvari SeTanxmebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani Tanamedrove magaliTia msoflio savaWro organizacia (WTO), romelsac adre erqva sayovelTao SeTanxmeba vaWrobasa da tarifze (GATT); kidev erTi aseTi organizaciaa evropis Tavisufali vaWrobis asocoacia (EFTA), romlis moculoba da gavlena evrokavSiris Seqmnis Semdeg Semcirda (ix. CanarTi èvrokavSiri: Camoyalibebis istoria~). Tavisufali savaWro zonebi. aseTi SeTanxmebebi scildeba preferenciul sistemebs imiT, rom masSi srulad aris aRmofxvrili savaWro barierebi wevr qveynebs Soris. wevr saxelmwifoTa mTavrobebi Tmoben savaWro politikis gansazRvris suverenul uflebas sxva wevr qveynebTan mimarTebaSi, Tumca inarCuneben srul Tavisuflebas, gansazRvron sakuTari saxelmwifo savaWro politika arawevr qveynebTan. amis TvalsaCino magaliTia CrdiloeT amerikis Tavisufali vaWrobis SeTanxmeba (NAFTA), romelic warmatebiT Sedga 1993 wels aSS-s, kanadasa da meqsikas Soris da momdevno wlebSi igegmeba misi gafarToeba centralur da samxreT amerikaSic. sabaJo kavSiri. aseTi ekonomikuri TanamSromloba Tavisufal savaWro zonebze erTi safexuriT maRla dgas da efuZneba rogorc Tavisufal vaWrobas wevr saxelmwifoTa Soris, ise erTian sagareo tarifs arawevr qveynebTan nebismieri saxis vaWrobaze. magaliTad, merkosuris savaWro SeTanxmeba, romelic moicavs 4 sruluflebian wevrs (argentina, paragvai, brazilia da urugvai) da or asocirebul wevrs (Cile da bolivia), xels uwyobs Tavisufal vaWrobas wevr qveynebs Soris, Tumca 14%-ian saerTo gare tarifs awesebs warmoebis saSualebebze. ekonomikuri kavSirebi. aseTi SeTanxmebebi uzrunvelyofs erTa Soris ekonomikuri integraciis mniSvnelovan dones, aseve gulisxmobs suverenitetis nawilobriv daTmobas. aseTi zesaxelmwifoebrivi organizaciis yvelaze TvalsaCino magaliTia evrokavSiri (EU), romelsac CanarTSi ufro dawvrilebiT ganvixilavT.

samxedro aliansebi. samxedro alianss iSviaTad ganixilaven saerTaSoriso samTavrobo organizaciad, Tumca, faqtobrivad, isini warmoadgenen mTavrobaTSorisi urTierTobis pirvel formas, romelic Tanamedrove saxelmwifo sistemaSi warmoiqmna. me-17 saukuneSi am sistemis Camoyalibebidan


645

dawyebuli, aseTi aliansebi saerTaSoriso politikis ZiriTadi atributia. samxedro aliansis mizani potenciur Tu ukve arsebul mterTan brZola an misi Sekavebaa. gasakviria araa, rom aliansi, Tavis mxriv, sxva alianss warmoqmnis. ase rom, samxedro aliansi xSirad SeiraRebaSi Sejibris nawilia, rasac, Cveulebriv, omebi mohyveboda. am faqtma zogierTi politologi da msoflio lideri im daskvnamde miiyvana, rom samxedro aliansi iyo saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis iseTi forma, romelic, raoden paradoqsulic unda iyos, winaaRmdegobaSi modioda msoflio mSvidobasa da wesrigTan. magaliTad, prezident vudro vilsons miaCnda, rom pirveli msoflio omis erT-erT mTavari mizezi samxedro aliansebi iyo; rogorc Semdeg vnaxavT, man scada daearsebina `Ria garigebis~ principze dafuZnebuli axali saerTaSoriso organizacia (erTa liga). mas swamda, rom aseTi aliansi aRmofxvrida samxedro aliansebis saWiroebas (romlebic saukuneebis manZilze saidumlod iqmneboda da zogjer bolomde saidumlod rCeboda). aliansebi ar gamqrala. meore msoflio omis Sedeg SeerTebuli Statebi Seecada, sabWoTa kavSiris mxridan dasavleT evropisi momdinare safrTxe CrdiloeT atlantikis xelSekrulebis organizaciis (nato) SeqmniT aecilebina. SeerTebuli StatebisaTvis es iyo mSvidobianobis perodSi miRebuli pirveli samxedro kavSiri, mas Semdeg, rac jorj vaSingtonma Tavis cnobil `gamosamSvidobebel mimarTvaSi~ axalgazrda amerikeli eri gaafrTxila, arasodes Cabmuliyo `SemboWvel aliansSi~. sabWoTa kavSirma natos 1955 wels varSavis xelSekrulebis organizaciis (aseve cnobilia, rogorc varSavis xelSekruleba) SeqmniT upasuxa. varSavis xelSekruleba daiSala 1989 wels, rodesac aRmosavleT evropaSi komunisturi reJimi daemxo (sabWoTa kavSiris daSlamde ori wliT adre). ase rom, natom Seasrula Tavisi Tavdapirveli misia, magram imis magier, rom daSliliyo, SeerTebuli StatebiT saTaveSi axali mizezi moZebna arsebobis gasagrZeleblad da axali tipis aliansad iqca. vinaidan misi yuradReba aRar iyo mimarTuli mtris damarcxebisaken, nato Seecada evropaSi axali roli Seesrulebina rogorc mSvidobismyofels. natos axladCamoyalibebuli misiis pirveli gamocda iyo bosniis omi [aseve omi kosovoSi. dRes nato-s mTavar gamowvevad avRaneTSi mimdinare samSvidobo operacia miiCneva. red. Sen.]. nato amJamadac gafarToebis procesSia. misi 26 wevridan oris garda (aSS da kanada) yvela evropuli saxelmwifoa. 2004 wels natos sruluflebian wevrTa ricxvi 26-mde gaizarda [2009 wlidan wevrTa ricxvi 28-mde gaizarda _ red. Sen.]. natos gafarToebas xels uwyobs 2 mizezi: erTi is, rom natos arsebobis samxedro mizani politikuriT Seicvala, meore ki is, rom aRmosavleT evropis qveynebisTvis wevrobaze uaris Tqma iqneboda civi omis dasrulebis Semdeg aRmosavleT da dasavleT evropis dayofis gagrZeleba. natos axali roli, iyos evropis `policieli~, azrTa sxvadasxvaobas iwvevs. zogierTi kritikosi eWvqveS ayenebs misi arsebobis saWiroebas civi omis dasrulebis Semdgom. amas garda, rusi nacionalistebi amtkiceben, rom aliansSi moskovis yofili aRmosavleT evropeli mokavSireebis miReba, aris agresiuli politika, romlis mizania ruseTis federaciis izolacia evropisgan da evropis xelaxali gadanawileba ruseTis sazianod. natos ga-

646


farToebis mowinaaRmdegeebi SeerTebul StatebSi amtkiceben, rom es kvlav gamoiwvevs evropis dayofas da ufro gaamwvavebs urTierTobas SeerTebul Statebsa da ruseTs Soris, rac, Tavis mxriv, safrTxes Seuqmnis evropis stabilurobas.

evrokavSiri: Gamoyalibeba istoria evrokavSirs adre evropis Tanamegobroba ewodeboda. misi istoria iwyeba 1952 wels, roca safrangeTma, dasavleT germaniam, italiam, belgiam, luqsemburgma da niderlandebma daaarses evropis qvanaxSirisa da foladis gaerTaineba (ECSC). 1957 eqvsma saxelmwifom dado ori xelSekruleba romSi (romis xelSekrulebebi), ramac samarTlebrivi safuZveli Cauyara evropis ekonomikur Tanamegobrobas (EEC) da evropis atomuri energiis Tanamegobrobas (Euratom). 1987 wels xeli moaweres erTian evropul aqts, romelmac gaaerTiana aqamde arsebuli samarTlebrivi dokumentebi. mniSvnelovani iyo 1992 wels maastrixtis SeTanxmeba, ris Semdegac evropis gaerTianebas evrokavSiri ewoda. dReisaTvis evrokavSiri uzrunvelyofs xalxis, saqonlis, kapitalisa da momsaxurebis Tavisufal gadaadgilebas wevr qveynebs Soris. 2002 wlidan mimoqcevaSia erTiani valuta evro. evrokavSirma Seqmna zesaxelmwifoebrivi funqciis mqone institutebi: evropuli sabWo, ministrTa sabWo, evrokomisia, evroparlamenti, sasamarTlo da a.S. evropis Tanamegobroba eqvsma qveyanam daafuZna. dRes evrokavSiris wevria 27 qveyana: dania, irlandia, didi britaneTi (1973), saberZneTi (1981), portugalia, espaneTi (1986), avstria, fineTi (1995), SvedeTi (1995), poloneTi, ungreTi, CexeTi, slovakeTi, slovenia, litva, latvia, estoneTi, kviprosi, malta (2004), bulgareTi, rumineTi (2007).

azrTa aseTi sxvadasxvaobis miuxedavad, nato kvlavac gaagrZelebs arsebobas. Tumca, kiTxvebi kvlav rCeba. gaamarTlebs Tu ara nato, rogorc samSvidobo aliansi? ra Sedegebs miaRwevs igi sabolood? da rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania, namdvilad Seuwyobs Tu ara igi xels evropaSi mSvidobisa da wesrigis damyarebas?

gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia (gaero) gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia aris istoriaSi yvelaze ambiciuri mcdeloba, Seiqmnas universaluri saerTaSoriso organizacia, romelsac Seswevs Zala, Seqmnas CarCoebi msoflio mSvidobisaTvis da Tundac samxedro zegavlenis gziT uzrunvelyos samarTlianobis dacva mTels msoflioSi. meore msoflio omis Semdeg gaeros Seqmna ar iyo pirveli aseTi mcdeloba.


647

istoriuli foni: erTa liga gaeros arsis gasagebad saWiroa misi ganxilva istoriul konteqstSi. mecxramete saukunidan moyolebuli ramdenime saerTaSoriso samSvidobo gaerTianeba daarsda da Cveulebriv, es damangreveli omebis Semdgom xdeboda. saRvTo kavSiri, romelic 1815 wels, napoleonis omebis Semdeg Seiqmna, iyo evropis uZlieres saxelmwifoTa mcdeloba, Sexvedrebisa da konferenciebis gziT gaekontrolebinaT saerTaSoriso situacia. ufro daxvewili organizacia iyo erTa liga, romelic pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg, 1919 wels Camoyalibda. 1919 wels, rodesac erTa ligis SeTanxmeba oficialurad gaformda, mis daarsebas vilsonianelebi ise miesalmnen, rogorc msoflio istoriaSi axali epoqis dawyebas. erTa ligis meqanizmebi iyo asamblea, sabWo da mudmivi samdivno. asamblea iyo saTaTbiro organo, romelic Sedgeboda wevri qveynebis warmomadgenlebisagan. TiToeul wevrs hqonda Tanabari Zalis xma. raime gadawyvetilebis misaRebad saWiro iyo erTsulovani mxardaWeris mopoveba, rac imas niSnavda, rom yvela saxelmwifo, raoden patarac unda yofiliyo igi, sargeblobda vetos uflebiT TiTqmis nebismier gadawyvetilebaze. ufro mcire sabWo oTxi mudmivi da oTxi aramudmivi wevrisagan Sedgeboda. sabWos movaleobaSi Sedioda safrTxis arsebobis gamoZieba da moxseneba asambleisaTvis, agreTve rekomendaciis micema saTanado zomebis misaRebad. am orive organos saqmianobas koordinacias uwevda mudmivi samdivno, erTa ligis istraciuli erTeuli. sxva miznebTan erTad, erTa ligis upirvelesi ambiciuri mizani iyo saerTaSoriso mSvidobis SenarCuneba da amave dros, agresori qveynebisaTvis samagieros gadaxda _ mSvidoba da sasjeli, es iyo èrTi medlis ori mxare~. omi (rogorc danaSauli) aRar iyo racionaluri, radgan Tavdasxma erT romelime wevrze niSnavda Tavdasxmas yvela maTganze. am kuTxiT ligam moaxdina prezident vudro vilsonis survilis institutionalizacia, Caenacvlebina ZalTa tradiciuli balansi `qveyanaTa erTiani, yovlismomcveli, Zlieri gundiT, romelic gaxdeboda msoflioSi mSvidobis garanti~.11 mTavari iyo iseTi STambeWdavi koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis sistemis Seqmna, rom arc erT saxelmwifos, visac arsebuli mdgomareobis darRveva moundeboda, ar hqonoda raime Sansi mis winaaRmdeg. nebismier saxelmwifos, romelic saerTaSoriso mSvidobas daarRvevda, daupirispirdeboda kanonmorCili qveynebis gaerTianebuli samxedro Zalebi. erTa ligis damaarsebelTa azriT, aseTi Zalis mxolod arsebobac ki SeaCerebda potenciur agresorebs, isini ver gabedavdnen mis gamocdas. prezident vlsonis mxardaWeris miuxedavad, SeerTebuli Statebi Tavidanve ganze gadga (radgan senatSi myofi respublikelebi am xelSekrulebis damtkicebas ewinaaRmdegebodnen). es nabiji erTa ligis momavali warumateblobebisa da saboloo daSlis momaswavebeli iyo. 1930-iani wlebis dasawyisSi Tavi iCina mwvave metoqeobam da erovnuli interesebis konfliqtma. Tu kargad davakvirdebiT, mivxvdebiT, rom erTa liga marcxisaTvis iyo ganwiruli. pirvel rigSi, igi msoflio organizaciad miiCneoda, magram ar

648


yofila sayovelTaod aRiarebuli (rogorc SeerTebuli Statebi, ise axalwarmoqmnili sabWoTa kavSiri ligis gareT rCebodnen, Tumca, sruliad sxvadasxva mizezis gamo). meore, mas hqonda proceduruli xarvezebi: nebismieri samxedro Tu sapolicio qmedebisaTvis saWiro iyo erTsulovani mxardaWera, rac faqtobrivad garantia iyo imisaTvis, rom krizisis SemTxvevaSi liga paralizebuli iqneboda, radgan yvelas, didsa Tu mcire saxelmwifos, vetos ufleba hqonda. mesame, koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis zomebs qartiis mixedviT ganapirobebda agresia, Tumca, qartia ar ganmartavda, ra iTvleboda agresiad. wevri qveynebi mis gansazRvraze verc abstraqtulad SeTanxmdnen da verc Semdgom, krizisul situaciebSi, rodesac hitlerma germaniis rainis olqis remilitarizacia moaxdina, italia eTiopiaSi SeiWra, germania daemuqra (da sabolood SeiWra kidec) poloneTsa da Cexoslovakias, xolo iaponiam aziis dapyroba daiwyo. da bolos, erTa ligis warmateba yvelaze metad damokidebuli iyo SeerTebul Statebze, radgan pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg ZalTa balansma dasavleT evropidan ufro globaluri saxelmwifos xelSi gadainacvla. am omma SeerTebuli Statebi win wamowia msoflio asarezze da ramdenime weliwadSi daimsxvra miTi evrocentruli msoflios Sesaxeb. aqedan gamomdinare, ZalTa gadanawileba ukve moicavda msoflios yvela saxelmwifosa da regions da manamde arsebuli udidesi saxelmwifoebi an saerTod gaqrnen (avstria-ungreTis imperia da mefis ruseTi), an daiCrdilnen iseTi saxelmwifoebis gverdiT, rogorebicaa SeerTebuli Statebi, sabWoTa kavSiri, iaponia da (sabolood) CineTi.

gaeros organizaciis daarseba uzarmazarma ngrevam, gamaognebeli raodenobis msxverplma da meore msoflio omis saSinelma axalma iaraRma kvlav wamoWra Zlieri saerTaSoriso organizaciis daarsebis gziT msoflio mSvidobis uzrunvelyofis aucilebloba. gaeros damaarseblebi acnobierebdnen, rom organizaciis warmatebisaTvis is erTa ligaze maRla unda mdgariyo. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, erTa ligas sul mcire, ori fataluri nakli hqonda: pirveli, misi yvela wevri Tanabari uflebebiT sargeblobda saxelmwifoTa gansxvavebuli Zlierebis miuxedavad. asambleaSi yvela wevr saxelmwifos erTi vetos ufleba hqonda; meore, sabWoSic ki, sadac Zlieri saxelmwifoebi mudmivi wevrebi iyvnen, aramudmiv wevrebsac hqondaT vetos ufleba. amis Sedegad, sust saxelmwifoebs zedmeti gavlena gaaCndaT, xolo Zlierebs piriqiT _ mcire. ligis kidev erTi didi sisuste misi arasruloba gaxldaT. SesaZloa, ligis samSvidobo miznebi msoflio masStabis iyo, magram misi wevroba SezRuduli iyo. ramdenime Zlieri saxelmwifos aryofna, gansakuTrebiT SeerTebuli Statebisa, niSnavda, rom ligis mandati mxolod Teoriulad iyo sayovelTao, praqtikulad ki _ SezRuduli. 1945 wels gaeros damaarseblebi miznad isaxavdnen erTa ligis koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis sistemis xarvezebis gamosworebas. didi Zalisxmeva


649

daWirda imas, rom arc erTi potenciuri wevri ar darCeniliyo axali organizaciis miRma (ix. cxrili 18-2). generaluri asamblea Camoyalibda saTaTbiro organod, sadac yvela wevr qveyanas Tanabari warmomadgeneli hyavs da xmis ufleba aqvs. gaeros qartiis Tanaxmad Seiqmna uSiSroebis sabWo, romlis `ZiriTadi pasuxismgeblobaa saerTaSoriso mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis SenarCunebaa~. qartia azustebs, rom es organo Sedgeba xuTi mudmivi wevrisa (aSS, sabWoTa kavSiri [romelic ukve ruseTma Secvala], gaerTianebuli samefo, safrangeTi da CineTi) da aTi aramudmivi wevrisagan. erTa ligisagan gansxvavebiT, mxolod, egreT wodebul did xuTeuls mieca vetos ufleba zogierT mniSvnelovan sakiTxze, magaliTad, rogoricaa generaluri mdivnis arCeva da aseve mSvidobis uzrunvelyofis zomebi. am gziT, gaeros qartia Seecada gamoesworebina legaluri Tanasworobis anomalia politikuri uTanasworobis pirobebSi. gaeroSi TiToeul wevr qveyanas ekisreba pasuxismgeblobebi, romlebic Seesabameba TiToeuli maTganis SesaZleblobebs. gaeros qartiis me-7 TavSi _ `qmedebani mSvidobisi muqaris, mSvidobis darrvevisa da agresiis aqciebis mimarT~ _ aRwerilia, Tu rogor unda moxdes am movaleobebis ganxorcieleba. 39-e muxlSi dazustebulia, rom uSiSroebis sabWo wyvets, arsebobs Tu ara muqara da dairRva Tu ara mSvidoba an ganxorcielda agresiis aqti. amis Sesabamisad igi gascems rekomendaciebs an wyvets, ra zomebi unda iqnes miRebuli me-41 da 42-e muxlebis Sesabamisad saerTaSoriso mSvidobis SesanarCuneblad an aRsadgenad. Sesabamis muxlebSi gawerilia, rogor unda aRasrulos uSiSroebis sabWom sakuTari movaleobebi. 41-e muxli exeba ekonomikur sanqciebs èkonomikuri urTierTobebis, sarkinigzo, sazRvao, sahaero, safosto, satelegrafo, radio da komunikaciis sxva saSualebebis nawilobrivi an sruli Sewyvetis CaTvliT.~ 42-e muxli aregulirebs iseT situaciebs, sadac ekonomikuri sanqciebi arasakmarisia; aseT SemTxvevebSi uSiSroebis sabWom, SesaZloa, ganaxorcielos sahaero, sazRvao an saxmeleTo operaciebi, romlebic aucilebelia saerTaSoriso mSvidobis SesanarCuneblad an aRsadgenad. SesaZloa, es gulisxmobdes manevrebs, blokadas an sxva operaciebs wevri qveynebis sahaero, sazRvao an saxmeleTo Zalebis mier. me-7 Tavis danarCeni muxlebi eTmoba koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis sistemis samxedro komponentebis mowyobas, samxedrosaStato komitetis daarsebis CaTvliT (muxli 47). am muxlebiT gansazRvrulma saerTaSoriso samSvidobo meqanizmebma bevrad gadaaWarba erTa ligis Sesabamis meqanizmebs. ufro metic, rogorc gaeros egreT wodebuli specializebuli organizaciebis daarsebam cxadyo, gaero gascda mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis dacvis funqciebs. am organizaciebis wyalobiT, gaero did rols asrulebs mTels msoflioSi sxvadasxva saxis katastrofebTan brZolis, ltolvilTa gansaxlebis, sursaTisa da soflis meurneobis sferoSi teqnikuri daxmarebis, jandacvasTan dakavSirebuli problemebis mogvarebisa da mravali sxva TvalsazrisiT. igi aseve xels uwyobs cxovrebis donis amaRlebas iseTi samsaxurebis saSualebiT, rogoricaa ekonomikuri da socialuri sabWo (ECOSOC) da gaeros bavSvTa fondi (UNICEF). da bolos, msoflio bankis (WB), saerTaSoriso savaluto fondisa (IMF) da gaeros vaWrobisa da ganviTarebis konferenciis (UNCTAD)

650


saSualebiT gaero exmareba ekonomiurad gaWirvebul saxelmwifoebs. specializebuli organizaciebis simravle cxadyofs, rom gaeros mizani Tavidanve ara mxolod msoflio omis Tavidan acileba, aramed msoflioSi keTildReobis xelSewyobac iyo. Tumca, gaeros qartia namdvilad ar iyo gamiznuli, rogorc msoflio mTavrobis modeli. qartiis meore abzacis meSvide muxlSi naTlad aris naTqvami, rom `nebismieri qveynis saSinao iurisdiqcia~ gaeros kompetencias scildeba. garda amisa, meore muxlSi calsaxad aris naTqvami, rom gaero èfuZneba mis wevrTa suverenuli Tanasworobis princips.~ amis miuxedavad, gaeros wevrTa Tanasworobas zRudavs qartiis sxva muxlebi, romlebic organizaciis SigniT met Zalauflebas aniWebs yvelaze Zlier saxelmwifoebs. aseTi muxlebis miRebis ZiriTadi mizezi iyo Zlieri saxelmwifoebis mizidva gaeroSi. magram arsebobda kidev erTi, ufro sapatio mizezi: gaeros Seqmnis Tavdapirvel momxreTa nawili am axal saerTaSoriso organizacias ganixilavda ara mxolod rogorc suverenul saxelmwifoTa asociacias, aramed rogorc msoflio mTavrobis winamorbeds. Tuki es odesme realobad iqceoda, Zlier saxelmwifoebs sust qveynebTan SedarebiT didi roli daekisrebodaT. ase rom, qartiaSi arsebuli winaaRmdegobebi im idealizmisa da realizmis anareklia, romelic gaeros Seqmnisas arsebobda; xolo im idealistTaTvis, romlebic èrTiani msoflios~ Seqmnaze ocnebobdnen, es gaxldaT garkveuli daTmoba warsulisi, rac, maTi azriT, aucilebeli iyo momavlisaTvis gzis gasakvalad.

gaero civi omis dros samwuxarod, gaerom Tavi ver aarida zogierT im problemas, romelmac Tavis droze erTa liga daasamara. calkeuli saxelmwifoebi, ubralod, mzad ar iyvnen im doziT SeetanaT wvlili gaeroSi, rasac misi normaluri funqcionireba moiTxovda. maT arc sakuTari suverenitetis daTmoba surdaT. erTi mxriv, qartia ramdenime sakiTxSi avaldebulebs wevr qveynebs, imoqmedon kanonis uzenaesobis dacviT da uSiSroebis sabWos aniWebs uflebas, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi dasajos isini. meore mxriv, qartiaSi aris ramdenime punqti, romelic mis wevrebs saSualebas aZlevs gverdi auaron sakuTari movaleobebis Sesruleba. magaliTad, 51-e muxlSi naTqvamia, rom àrsebul qartiaSi veraferi SezRudavs saxelmwifoTa udavo uflebas individualuri da koleqtiuri Tavdacvis Sesaxeb~. vinaidan `Tavdacva~ Zalis gamoyenebis legaluri gamarTlebaa da calkeul saxelmwifoebs ufleba aqvT Tavdacvis motiviT, faqtobrivad, gaamarTlon yvelanairi qmedeba sakuTari saxelmwifo interesebidan gamomdinare, aseTi debuleba agresias mwvane Suqs aZlevs. dilema saxezea: iseTi punqtebis gareSe, rogoricaa 51-e muxli, qveynebi gaeros qartias ar miiRebdnen; aseTi muxlebiT ki misi misiis Sesruleba eWvqveS dgeba. kidev erTi problema, romelic gaeros bolo dromde sdevda Tan, iyo mudmivi daZabuloba SeerTebul Statebsa da sabWoTa kavSirs Soris, rac civi


651

sqema 18-2 gaerTianebuli erebis sistema

gaerTianebulma erebma, msoflios umniSvnelovanesma saerTaSoriso samTavrobo organizaciam, mraval Svilobil, SedarebiT mcire samTavrobo organizacias Cauyara safuZveli. wyaro: adaptirebulia The World Factbook 1996, Central Intelligence Agency, 1997, da ‘Current Peacekeeping Operations’, UN Department of Public Information, 1997. mTavari komiteti mudmivmoqmedi da saproceduro komiteti sxva daqvemdebarebuli

UNRWA palestinel ltolvilTa daxmarebis da samuSaoTa organizebis gaeros axlo aRmosavleTis saagento

UNSCOM _ gaeros specialuri komisia gaeros sakompensacio komisia gaeros eray-iranis

organoebi

sazRvris damdgeni komisia

IAEA _ atomuri energiis saerTaSoriso saagento

uSiSroebis sabWo

sameurveo sabWo generaluri asamblea saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo

UNCTAD vaWrobisa da ganviTarebis gaeros konferencia UNDP gaeros ganviTarebis programa

MINURSO gaeros misia dasavleT saharaSi referendumisaTvis (1991 w. seqtembridan _ dRemde) MONUC gaeros misia kongos demokratiul respublikaSi (1999 w. dekemberidan _ dRemde) UNDOF _ gaeros teritoriuli dayofis sadamkvirveblo Zalebi (golanis maRlobi) (1974 w. ivnisidan - dRemde)

ekonomikuri da socialuri sabWo

UN gaeros specialuri fondi

samdivno

samxedro Stabis komiteti

regionuli komisiebi

FAO gaeros sursaTisa da soflis meurneobis organizacia ICAO samoqalaqo aviaciis saerTaSoriso organizacia

funqciuri komisiebi

IBRD rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso banki

mudmivmoqmedi komiteti

IDA ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso asociacia

saeqsperto organoebi

UNEP gaeros garemos dacvis programa UNFPA gaeros mosaxleobis fondi UNHCR gaeros ltolvilTa umaRlesi komisari

IFC saerTaSoriso safinanso korporacia IFAD soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso fondi ILO Sromis saerTaSoriso organizacia IMF saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi IMO saerTaSoriso sazRvao organizacia

UNICEF gaeros bavSvTa fondi

ITU telekomunikaciebis saerTaSoriso gaerTianeba

UNITAR gaeros treiningisa da kvlevisainstituti

UNESCO gaeros ganaTlebis, mecnierebisa da kulturis organizacia

UNRISD gaeros socialuri ganviTarebis kvleviTi instituti

UNIDO gaeros samrewvelo ganviTarebis organizacia UPU sayovelTao safosto kavSiri

UNFICYP gaeros samSvidobo Zalebi kviprosSi (1974 w. martidan _ dRemde) UNIFIL gaeros droebiTi Zalebi libanSi (1978 w. martidan _ dRemde) UNIKOM gaeros erayisa da quveiTis sadamkvirveblo misia (1991 w. seqtembridan -2003) UNMIBH gaeros misia bosniasa da hercegovinaSi (1995 w. dekembridan _ 2002) UNMOGIP gaeros samxedro sadamkvrveblo jgufi indoeTsa da pakistanSi (1949 w. ianvridan - 2002) UNMOP gaeros damkvirvebelTa misia prevlakaSi (xorvatia) (1996 w. ianvridan _ dRemde) UNMIK gaeros droebiTi istraciuli misia kosovoSi (1999 w. ivnisidan _ dRemde) UNOMIG gaeros sadamkvirveblo misia saqarTveloSi (1993 w. agvistodan _ 2009)

UNMEE gaeros misia eTiopiasa da eritreaSi (2000 w. ivlisidan _ 2008)

UNU gaeros universiteti

WHO jandacvis msoflio organiz.

UNAMSIL gaeros misia siera leoneSi (1999 w. oqtombridan _ 2005)

WFP msoflio sasursaTo programa

WIPO inteleqturi sakuTrebis dacvis msoflio organizacia

UNMISET gaeros daxmarebis misia aRmosavleT timorSi (2002 w. maisidan _ 2005)

WMO msoflio meteorologiuri organizacia gaeros ZiriTadi organoebi •

gaeros sxva organoebi specializebuli saagentoebi da sxva avtonomiuri organizaciebi sistemis SigniT

WTO msoflio savaWro organiz.

UNTSO gaeros zavis sameTvalyureo organizacia (axlo aRmosavleTi) (1948 w. ivnisidan _ dRemde)

652


omis periodSi gaeros muSaobas aferxebda. vinaidan asambleaSi umravlesoba xan erT xan meore saxelmwifos ekuTvnoda, gaeros ganzraxvaTa umetesoba CixSi eqceoda. umetes SemTxvevaSi ver xerxdeboda im konsensusis miRweva, rac saWiro iyo uSiSroebis sabWoSi koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis misaRebad. Tu sabWoTa kavSiri ar gamoiyenebda vetos uflebas raime sadavo gadawyvetilebaze, maSin amas SeerTebuli Statebi akeTebda. amis miuxedavad, konfliqtis marTvaSi gaeros SezRuduli funqciebi yovelTvis uSedego ar iyo. sxvadasxva dros gaerom didi wvlili Seitana mSvidobis damyarebaSi specialuri Suamavlebis, zavebze zedamxedvelobis gaweviT, naxevrad gasamxedroebuli Zalebis gagzavniT msoflios mraval kuTxeSi, kviprosis, axlo aRmosavleTisa da kongos CaTvliT. marTalia, es mcdelobebi yovelTvis SezRuduli iyo masStabebisa da warmatebis TvalsazrisiT, igi mainc Zalze mniSvnelovani aRmoCnda.

gaero civi omis Semdeg 1980-iani wlebis Sua da bolo periodi uprecedento iyo gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos xuTi mudmivi wevris, gansakuTrebiT ki SeerTebuli Statebisa da sabWoTa kavSiris TanamSromlobis TvalsazrisiT. am mxriv katalizatoris roli Seasrula sabWoTa kavSiris axalma Semrigeblurma sagareo politikam mixeil gorbaCovis iniciativiT. 1991 wels, sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg, SeerTebuli Statebi konkurentis gareSe darCa gaeroSi. pirvelad misi arsebobis istoriaSi, gaerosaTvis damaxasiaTebeli gaxda erTsulovneba miznis misaRwevad da ara mwvave konfliqti mis or uZlieres wevrs Soris. amas ori mniSvnelovani Sedegi mohyva: pirveli, gaeros midgoma saerTaSoriso mSvidobis dacvis mimarT ufro mkacri gaxda da zogjer mSvidobis dacvis farglebsac ki scildeboda (ix. cxrili 18-3).12 meore, man gasca sanqcia koleqtiuri samxedro moqmedebis Sesaxeb erayis winaaRmdeg, rodesac es ukanaskneli quveiTSi SeiWra. samSvidobo misiebis gaZliereba. is faqti, rom axali aTaswleulis dasawyisSi gaeros samSvidobo Zalebi mTels msoflioSi iyo ganlagebuli, miuTiTebda gaeros rolis zrdaze civi omis Semdeg saerTaSoriso asparezze. 88 qveynis sul mcire 47 aTasi mSvidobismyofeli msaxurobda gaeros 15 misiaSi. civi omis dasrulebis Semdeg ufro meti samSvidobo misia ganxorcielda, vidre mTeli civi omis epoqaSi (romelic daaxloebiT ramdenime aTwleuls gagrZelda). mTlianad, 1948-2001 wlebSi sul ormocdaToTxmeti samSvidobo misia Sesrulda. gaeros bolodroindeli samSvidobo qmedebebi moicavda mravali saxis misias, romelTagan bevri am organizaciisaTvis uprecedento iyo. Tavis mxriv, es qmedebebi masStabebiTac gansxvavdeboda. mxolod ormocdaaTi damkvirvebeli uwyobda xels sabWoTa kavSiris gamosvlas avRaneTidan 1988 wels. 1989 wels ki gaeros 109 qveynis samxedro personali dasWirda namibiaSi mSvidobisa da qveynis damoukideblobis uzrunvelsayofad. gaeros mSvidobismyofelebs

653

saerTaSoriso organizaciebi DOMREP _ generaluri

UNMIK _ gaeros droebiTi

UNTSO _ gaeros

mdivnis warmomadgenlis

misia kosovoSi (1999 w. ivnisidan

zavis sameTvalyureo

misia dominikis

_ dRemde)

organizacia (1948 w.

respublikaSi (1965 w. maisi

ivnisidan _ dRemde) (axlo

UNIPROFOR _ gaeros

_ 1966 w. oqtomberi)

sqema 18-3 gaeros dasrulebuli da mimdinare samSvidobo operaciebi [2002 wlis mdgomareobiT wyaro: United Nations, ‘Peacekeeping,’ www.un.org/peace, accessed May 22, 2002. ibeWdeba gaerTianebuli erebis nebarTviT.

aRmosavleTi)

TavdacviTi Zalebi (1995 w.

UNMIH _ gaeros misia

marti _ 1996 w. ianvari) (yof.

UNIFIL _ gaeros droebiTi

haitiSi (1983 w.seqtemberi _

iugoslavia)

Zalebi libanSi (1978 w.

1996 w.ivnisi)

martidan _ dRemde)

UNCRO _ gaeros ndobis

UNSMIH _ gaeros

aRdgenis operacia xorvatiaSi

mxardamWeri misia haitiSi (1996 w. ivlisi _ 1997 w. ivlisi)

(1995 w. marti _ 1996 w. ianvari)

UNOGIL _ gaeros

UNIMOG _

UNIKOM _

UNIMOGIP _

UNPSG _ gaeros samoqalaqo

damkvirvebelTa

gaeros iran-

gaeros erayisa

gaeros samxedro

jgufi libanSi

erayis samxedro

da quveTis

sadamkvirveblo

(1958 w. ivnisi _

sadamkvirvebli

sadamkvirveblo

jgufi indoeTsa

1958 w. dekemberi)

jgufi (1988 w.

misia (1991 w.

da pakistanSi (1949

agvisto _ 1991 w.

seqtembridan _

w. ianvridan _

Tebervali)

dRemde)

dRemde)

policiis damxmare jgufi (1998

UNTMIH _ gaeros

w. ianvari _ 1998 w. oqtomberi)

gardamavali misia haitiSi

(yof. iugoslavia)

(1997 w. agvisto _ 1997 w.

UNPREDEP _ gaeros

UNDOF _ gaeros

prevenciuli Zalebi (1995 w.

daSoriSorebis

MIPONUH _ gaeros

marti - 1999 w. Tebervali) (yof.

sadamkvirveblo

UNMOT

UNIPOM _

UNGOMAP _

samoqalaqo policiis misia

iugoslavia)

Zalebi (1974

_ gaeros

gaeros indoeTi-

gaeros saSuamavlo

w. ivnisidan _

damkvirvebelTa

pakistanis

misia avRaneTsa da

noemberi)

haitiSi (1997 w. dekemberi _ 2000 w. marti)

UNTAES _ gaeros gardamavali

dRemde) (axlo

istracia aRmosavleT

aRmosavleTi)

sloveniis, baranjis, da dasavleT sirmiumisaTvis (1996

UNMOP _ gaeros damkvirvebelTa misia prevlakaSi (1996 w. ianvridan - dRemde)

bosniasa da hercegovinaSi (1995

kontrolis misia

pakistanSi (1998 w.

misia (1965 w.

aprili _ 1990 w.

seqtemberi _ 1966

marti)

w. marti)

UNASOG _ gaeros aouzus zolis sadamkvirveblo jgufi (1994 w. maisi _ 1994 w. ivnisi)

UNMIBH _ gaeros misia

adamianis uflebaTa

sadamkvirveblo

UNOMIG _ gaeros sadamkvirveblo misia saqarTveloSi (1993 w. agvistodan _ dRemde)

w. ianvari - 1998 w. ianvari)

MINGUA _ gaeros

misia tajikeTSi

(1994 w. dekemberi _ 2000 w. maisi)

w. dekembridan - dRemde)

gvatemalaSi (1997 w.

(afrika)

UNFICYP _ gaeros samSvidobo Zalebi kviprosze (1964 w. martidan _ dRemde)

UNSF _ gaeros uSiSroebis Zalebi dasavleT axal

ianvridan - dRemde)

gvineaSi (dasavleT irsanSi) (1962 w. oqtomberi _ 1963 w. aprili)

UNYOM _ gaeros iemenis

ONUCA _ gaeros

sadamkvirveblo misia

sadamkvirveblo jgufi

(1963 w. ivlisi _ 1964 w.

centralur amerikaSi

seqtemberi)

(1989 w. noemberi _ 1992 w. ianvari)

UNMISET _ gaeros daxmarebis misia aRmosavleT timor-

ONUSAL _ gaeros

Si (2002 w. maisidan _ dRemde)

sadamkvirveblo misia el-salvadorSi (1991

UNTAET _ gaeros gardama-

w. ivlisi _ 1995 w.

vali periodis ist racia

aprili)

aRmosavleT timorSi (1999 w.

UNOSOM I _ gaeros operacia somaliSi I (1992 w. aprili _ 1993 w. marti) MINURSO _ gaeros misia referendumisaTvis dasavleT saharaSi (1991 w. seqtembridan - dRemde)

UNAMSIL _ gaeros misia siera-leoneSi (1999 w. oqtomberi _

UNAVEM I _ gaeros angolis kontrolis misia I (1989 w. ianvari _ 1991 w. ivnisi)

organizaciis misia

kontrolis misia II (1991 w.

kongos demokratiul

ivnisi _ 1995 w. Tebervali)

respublikaSi (1999 w.

angolis kontrolis misia

UNOMSIL _ gaeros

UNEF I _ gaeros


pirveli sagangebo

siera-leoneSi (1998

Zalebi (1956 w. noemberi

w. ivlisi _ 1999 w.

_ 1967 w. ivnisi) (axlo

oqtomberi)

aRmosavleTi)

UNEF II _ gaeros

MONUC _ gaeros

UNAVEM II _ gaeros angolis

UNAVEM III _ gaeros

dRemde)

UNOSOM II _ gaeros operacia somaliSi II (1993 w. marti _ 1995 w. marti)

III (1997 w. ivnisi _ 1999 w. Tebervali)

MONUA _ gaeros sadamkvirveblo misia angolaSi (1997 w. ivnisi _ 1999 w. Tebervali)

oqtomberi _ 2002 w. maisi)

UNAMIC _ gaeros winsvlis misia kambojaSi (1991 w. oqtomberi _ 1992 w. marti)

UNTAC _ gaeros gardamavali xelisufleba kambojaSi (1992 w. marti _ 1993 w. seqtemberi)

dekembridan _ dRemde)

ONUC _ gaeros operacia kongoSi (1960 w. ivlisi - 1964 w. ivlisi)

MINURCA _ gaeros misia centraluri afrikis respublikaSi (1998 w. aprili _ 2000 w. Tebervali)

UNMEE _ gaeros misia eTiopiasa da eritreaSi (2000 w. ivlisidan _ dRemde)

UNOMUR _ gaeros sadamkvirveblo misia ugandasa da ruandaSi (1993 w. ivnisi _ 1996 w. marti)

UNOMIL _ gaeros

meore sagangebo Zalebi

UNTAG _ gaeros


(1973 w. oqtomberi _

gardamavali periodis

ONUMOZ _ gaeros

liberiaSi (1997 w.

1979 w. ivlisi) (axlo

damxmare jgufi (1989 w.

operacia mozambikSi (1992

UNAMIR _ gaeros daxmarebis

seqtembridan _ dRemde)

aRmosavleTi)

aprili _ 1990 w. marti)

w. dekemberi _ 1994 w.

misia ruandaSi (1993 w. oqtomberi

(namibia)

dekemberi)

_ 1996 w. marti)

* 2009 wels Sewyvita arseboba

654


aseve mouwiaT iseTi sakiTxebis gadaWra, rogoricaa arCevnebisaTvis saTanado pirobebis Seqmna, diskriminaciuli kanonmdeblobis gauqmeba, patimarTa gaTavisufleba da samSoblodan gandevnilTa dabruneba.

gaeros jariskacebi zogjer gadamwyvet rols asrulebdnen mSvidobis SenarCunebaSi mTel msoflioSi. am suraTze naCvenebia, rogor gahyavs gaeros jariskacs xorvati qali samSvidoboze snaiperis cecxlis safrTxis pirobebSi.

1991 wlidan gaeros 400-mde mSvidobismyofelma ikisra axali rolis Sesruleba el-salvadorSi: samoqalaqo omis dasasruls maT Tvalyuri unda edevnebinaT da daefiqsirebinaT samoqalaqo uflebaTa darRvevis faqtebi da gaewiaT rekomendaciebi maTi saboloo aRmofxvrisaTvis. aseve, 1991 wlis oqtombridan gaeros mSvidobismyofelebs daevalaT kambojaSi samSvidobo SeTanxmebis Sesrulebis monitoringi oTx mxares Soris, romlebic manamde omSi iyvnen CarTulebi. SeTanxmeba moicavda sxvadasxva SeiaraRebuli Zalebis ganiaraRebas, 350 aTasi ltolvilis samSobloSi dabrunebas (repatriacias) da arCevnebis Catarebis uzrunvelyofas. erTi eqspertis TqmiT, aman gaeros daakisra `faqtobrivi pasuxismgebloba, emarTa qveyana 18-Tvian gardamaval periodSi~.13 1993 wels 40 aTasi mSvidobismyofeli gaigzavna yofil iugoslaviaSi molaparakebebis xelSesawyobad, ramac qveyana sabolood 1995 wlis noemberSi SeerTebuli Statebis mier lobirebul samSvidobo SeTanxmebamde miiyvana. am Zalebma, natos samxedro mxardaWerasa da gaeros mier dawesebul sanqciebTan erTad, aiZula serbi diqtatori, slobodan miloSeviCi, keTilsindisierad ewarmoebina molaparakebebi. mogvianebiT, rodesac arCevnebSi damarcxebis Semdeg miloSeviCs saxelmwifo sadaveebi waarTves (da saxalxo mRelvarebis Semdeg, rodesac man scada arCevnebis Sedegebis


655

gauqmeba), gaerom didi roli Seasrula yofili diqtatori prezidentisa da samxedro danaSaulSi braldebuli sxva pirebis gasamarTlebis saqmeSi. civi omis Semdeg gaeros samSvidobo misia ufro xSiri da ambiciuri gaxda, vidre odesme yofila. mxolod erTi wlis manZilze (1999 wlis ivnisi-2000 wlis ivlisi) gaerom ganaxorciela samSvidobo misia kosovoSi (iugoslavia), siera-leoneSi (dasavleTi afrika), aRmosavleT timorSi (indoneziis yofili nawili), kongosa (centraluri afrika) da afrikis koncxze (eTiopia da eritrea). magram es wamowyebebi, risks Seicavs da warmateba garantirebuli ar aris. magaliTad, 1992 wels gaerom mSvidobismyofelebi gagzavna somaliSi, raTa xeli Seewyo SimSilis zRvarze myof mosaxleobaSi sursaTis usafrTxo darigebisaTvis, magram maT Tavs daesxnen amboxebulebi, romlebic gaeros dasavleTis (kerZod ki SeerTebuli Statebis) marionetad moiazrebdnen. gaeros mSvidobismyofelebi, Cveulebriv, cdiloben Tavi aaridon Zalis gamoyenebas da msxverpls, Tumca es yovelTvis araa SesaZlebeli, gansakuTrebiT, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, ra cxel wertilebSi uwevT maT moqmedeba. 1948 wlidan dRemde gaeros samSvidobo Zalebma didi danaklisi ganicada daRupuli 1600 adamianis CaTvliT. samSvidobo misia libansa (244 msxverpli) da kviprosSi (170 msxverpli) gansakuTrebiT sarisko iyo. am oridan arc erT SemTxvevaSi konfliqti ar dasrulebula (meomari mxareebisaTvis misaRebi gadawyvetileba ar moiZebna) da amitom gaeros samSvidobo Zalebi iq isev imyofebian. 1990-ian wlebSi ganxorcielebuli 10 samSvidobo operaciidan umetesoba 15 adamianze naklebi msxverpliT dasrulda, rasac ver vityviT siera-leoneze _ aq misiis 46 wevri daiRupa. gaeros mSvidobismyofelebi yovelTvis verc saWiro politikuri cvlilebebis gatarebas axerxeben. kambojaSi mSvidobianoba gaeros jarebis gasvlis Semdeg didxans ar gagrZelebula: 1997 wlis ivnisSi saxelmwifo gadatrialebis Sedegad gaeros ambiciurma mcdelobam, xeli Seewyo qveyanaSi demokratiis ganviTarebisaTvis, marcxi ganicada. yofil iugoslaviaSi gaeros mSvidobismyofelTa mcdelobam, mieRwiaT cecxlis SewyvetisaTvis, Sedegi mxolod mas Semdeg gamoiRo, rac natos jarebma sahaero da saxmeleTo mxardaWera aRmouCina samSvidobo operacias. sabolood, serbeTis armia damarcxda da prezidenti miloSeviCi iZulebuli gaxda, molaparakebebi daewyo. erT-erTi daskvna, rac gaerom bosniisa da kosovos omebidan gaakeTa, aris is, rom samSvidobo misia regionul konfliqtebs ver SeaCerebs wevr qveyanaTa samxedro daxmarebisa da regionuli samxedro aliansis (magaliTad, natos) mxardaWeris gareSe. faqtobrivad, iugoslaviasa da sxvagan miRebuli gamocdileba mtkice argumentia axali regionuli samxedro jgufebis SeqmnisaTvis, romlebic imoqmedeben rogorc gaeros samarTaldamcavi organoebi. gaeros samSvidobo misia zog regionSi mudmiv realobad iqca konfliqtis saboloo mowesrigebis gareSe (qaSmiri, kviprosi, libani da zemoT dasaxelebuli magaliTebi). aseTi misiebi gaeros biujetis xarjebis zrdis mudmivi mizezi gaxda. 1990-iani wlebis Sua xanebSi gaeros samSvidobo misiebze weliwadSi 3.2 miliardi aSS dolari ixarjeboda da am Tanxis erTi mesamedi deficituri iyo. 2001 wlis ivlisidan 2002 wlis ivnisamde gegmis mixedviT gawerili iyo 3-3,5 miliardi aSS dolaris xarji. mTlianobaSi, 1948 wlidan

656


2001 wlamde samSvidobo operaciebis saerTo danaxarjma daaxloebiT 23 miliardi aSS dolari Seadgina. amasTan, saWiroa am cifrebis dinamikaSi ganxilva, rasac gaeros mowinaaRmdegeebi iSviaTad akeTeben. SedarebisTvis, SeerTebuli Statebis Tavdacvis biujeti mxolod 2001 wels 300 miliardi aSS dolari iyo [2009 wels aSS-s Tavdacvis xarjebi 700 mlrd aSS dolars aWarbebs - mTargmn. Sen]. pentagonisTvis imave priodSi gamoyofili iyo 48 miliardi aSS dolari axali vertmfrenebis, 67 miliardi aSS dolari TviTmfrinavebis (F-22) SesaZenad da 223 miliardi aSS dolari axali erToblivi sabrZolo qvedanayofebis Sesaqmnelad (JSF). am cifrebTan SedarebiT yvela samSvidobo misiis saerTo xarji Zalian cotaa. rac unda mokrZalebuli iyos am misiebis warmateba, mainc warmoudgenelia ukeTesi kapitaldabandeba msoflios gadasaxadebis gadamxdelTaTvis.

gaero da amerikis sazogadoebrivi azri sazogadoeba gaeros undoblobas ucxadebs. bevrisaTvis gaugebaria, sinamdvileSi ra funqciebs asrulebs igi. paradoqsia, magram gaeros imijis problema yovelTvis gansakuTrebulad mwvaved idga SeerTebul StatebSi, qveyanaSi, sadac mdebareobs gaeros Stab-bina da romelmac yvelaze didi roli Seasrula mis CamoyalibebaSi. sazogadoebis undobloba gaeros mimarT metwilad arainformirebulobiTaa gamowveuli. gaeros miCneva Camoyalibebis procesSi myof msoflio mTavrobad, igivea, rac zRapris dajereba. gaero, msoflio organizaciidan, romlis Tavdapirveli mizani omis Tavidan acileba iyo, gadaiqca organizaciad ufro nakleb ambiciuri mizniT, rogoricaa mSvidobis xelSewyoba (magaliTad, droebiTi zavis (cecxlis Sewyvetis) monitoringi, samSvidobo procesze dakvirveba da naxevrad gasamxedroebuli Zalebis ganlageba). is aseve Zalian mosaxerxebeli adgilia wevri qveynebisaTvis dialogisa da umTavres globalur sakiTxebze molaparakebebisTvis. gaero aseve arapirdapir uwyobs xels mSvidobis SenarCunebas, roca ekonomikur da teqnikur daxmarebas uwevs uRaribes qveynebs. arc is Seesabameba simarTles, rom gaero mxolod da mxolod SeerTebuli Statebis nebis Semsrulebelia. piriqiT, iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac zogierTma wevrma qveyanam, maT Soris SeerTebulma Statebmac, uari Tqves sawevros gadaxdaze, rodesac ukmayofilo darCnen ama Tu im gadawyvetilebiT (1998 wlis martSi SeerTebul Statebs 1.3 miliardi dolari davalianeba hqonda gaeros mimarT). mTlianobaSi, gaerosi sxvadasxva qveynis davalianebam 2.5 miliardi aSS dolari Seadgina, rac TiTqmis orjer metia mis wliur biujetze. amerikis sazogadoebis nawili miiCnevs, rom amerikam sakuTar Tavze didi tvirTi aiRo. Tumca, aRsaniSnavia, rom gaeros daaxloebiT 1300 mSvidobismyofelidan, romlebic 1945 wlidan sxvadasxva misiisas daiRupnen, mxolod 3 procenti iyo amerikeli. kidev erTi, naklebad cnobili faqtia gaeros mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri wvlili SeerTebuli Statebis ekonomikaSi. niu


657

iorkis yofili meris, rudolf julianis gancxadebiT, gaeros wyalobiT niu iork siTis ekonomika 1990-iani wlebis bolos yovelwliurad 3.2 miliardi aSS dolaris mogebas naxulobda; niu-iorkSi gaeros Stabbinis arsebobam 30600 samuSao adgili Seqmna, rac 1.2 miliardi dolaris wliur gamomuSavebas niSnavs.

koleqtiuri samxedro moqmedeba. 1990 wlis agvistoSi, rodesac erayi quveiTSi SeiWra, gaerom samxedro operaciiT upasuxa. amgvari koleqtiuri saomari moqmedeba koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis mizniT, romelsac aSS xelmZRvanelobda, vudro vilsonis auxdeneli ocneba iyo. misi xedviT erTa ligas samxedro Zala msoflioSi mSvidobisa da samarTlianobis dasacavad unda gamoeyenebina. gaeros moqmedeba eraySi analogiuri iyo 1950 wels CrdiloeT koreis winaaRmdeg Zalis gamoyeneba. maSinac, koalicias aSS meTaurobda. amgvarma moqmedebam maSinac problemebi warmoSva. sabWoTa kavSiri ar monawileobda am operaciaSi. moskovi kategoriulad ewinaaRmdegeboda amerikis mier gaeros gamoyenebas Tavisi sateliti (damokidebuli) saxelmwifos, samxreT koreis dasacavad. marTalia, samxedro misia gaeros droSis qveS mimdinareobda, es, egreT wodebuli koreis konfliqti, sinamdvileSi iyo omi, romelsac SeerTebuli Statebi awarmoebda jer CrdiloeT koreis da Semdeg CineTis winaaRmdeg. samSvidobo operaciis meTauri, generali duglas makarturi angariSvaldebuli iyo aSS-s prezidentis da ara gaeros generaluri mdivnis mimarT. kidev oTxi aTwleuli gavida, vidre gaero isev CaerTveboda saerTaSoriso koaliciaSi agresoris winaaRmdeg. civi omis dros yvela aseTi mcdeloba uSedegod sruldeboda, radgan TiToeuli zesaxelmwifo vetos uflebas iyenebda meoris mier SemoTavazebuli Zalismieri gamoyenebis SesazRudad. 1990-91 wlebSi, rodesac SeerTebulma Statebma (britaneTis mxardaWeriT) eraySi wamoiwyo samxedro operacia ùdabnos qariSxali~, gaeros uSiSroebis sabWoSi Seikribnen msoflios wamyvani saxelmwifoebi, raTa gadaewyvitaT, rogor epasuxaT erayis agresiisaTvis. es iyo pirveli didi gamocda gaerosaTvis civi omisSemdgom periodSi. SeerTebulma Statebma moipova uSiSroebis sabWos mxardaWera erayis winaaRmdeg rezoluciis misaRebad, mkacri ekonomikuri sanqciebis dasaweseblad da sabolood miiRo Tanxmoba Zalis gamoyenebaze quveiTidan erayis armiis gansadevnad. erayis winaaRmdeg omi amerikis moqmedebis Sedegi iyo. gaeros sakuTari Zalebi eraySi ar gaugzavnia. generaluri mdivani ver akontrolebda verc koaliciuri Zalebis ganlagebas da verc maT moqmedebas. iq ar imyofeboda gaeros generaluri Stabi da Sesabamisad ver xelmZRvanelobda koaliciis wevrTa (ZiriTadad SeerTebuli Statebisa da britaneTis) mier ganxorcielebul samxedro Tu diplomatiur operaciebs. igi arc operaciis dafinansebaSi monawileobda. saomar moqmedebebs umTavresad amerikis mokavSireebi: iaponia, germania, quveiTi da saudis arabeTi afinansebda. amitom, ar SeiZleba erayis winaaRmdeg oms gaeros operacia vuwodoT. igi arc koleqtiur qmedebad SieZleba CaiTvalos. ufro zustad rom vTqvaT, es iyo SeerTebuli

658


Statebis mier Seqmnili da gaeros mier sanqcirebuli farTomasStabiani koalicia. [sparseTis yuris meore omis dros, aSS-m erayis winaaRmdeg samxedro operacia uSiSroebis sabWos sanqciis gareSe daiwyo - red. Sen.]

didi saerTaSoriso organizaciebis problemebi warmatebebis miuxedavad, gaerom ver gaamarTla mis SemqmnelTa yvela imedi. misi damaarseblebi Seecadnen gadaeWraT is proceduruli problemebi, romlis winaSec idga erTa liga, magaliTad, gadawyvetilebis misaRebad saWiro konsensusi, romelic ligas xSirad xels uSlida adekvaturi zomebis miRebaSi. amis miuxedavad, gaeroc araerTxel aRmoCnda imave problemebis winaSe. proceduruli problemebi xSirad politikuri azrTa sxvadasxvaobis Sedegia. universalurobis problema. pirvel rigSi, saWiroa yvela, metnaklebad mniSvnelovani sididisa da gavlenis mqone qveynis darwmuneba, raTa SeuerTdnen did saerTaSoriso organizaciebs da darCnen mis nawilad. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, adre Tu gvian, krizisul situaciaSi gamomJRavndeba aseTi organizaciis araadekvaturoba da igi daiSleba. erTa ligis magaliTiT TvalsaCino gaxda, rom saWiroa aseT organizacias SeuerTdes yvela Zlieri saxelmwifo anu yvela, visac Seswevs Zala, daarRvios sayovelTao mSvidoba. gaeros SemTxvevaSi amis TvalsaCino magaliTia CineTis saxalxo respublikas, romelic ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi gaeros miRma rCeboda. dRes gaero universalur organizaciaa 192 wevri qveyniT, im juja saxelmwifoebis CaTvliT, romlebic rukaze wertilebad Canan. uTanasworobis problema. patara saxelmwifoebi did saxelmwifoebTan Tanasworobas moiTxoven saerTaSoriso organizaciebSi. sxvagvari damokidebuleba Seuracxmyofeli iqneba da SesaZloa sxva saxelmwifos suverenuli qveynis Sida saqmeebSi Carevis saSualeba misces. imave principiT, Zlieri saxelmwifoebi moiTxoven, rom maTi upiratesoba gamoCndes specialur procedurul sakiTxebSi, rogoricaa vetos ufleba, romliTac gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos mudmivi wevrebi sargebloben. sxva SemTxvevaSi, isini amas sakuTari mniSvnelobis damcirebad miiCneven. ufro metic, vinaidan wevr saxelmwifoTa SefardebiTi Zala droTa ganmavlobaSi icvleba, Tavdapirveli formula, romelic aseT sakiTxebs agvarebs, drodadro gadaxedvas saWiroebs. zogierT qveyanas, romelsac adre didi Zala hqonda, unda CamoerTvas uwindeli uflebebi, raTa adgili gaTavisufldes aRmavlobis fazaSi myofi saxelmwifoebisaTvis. es bevrad metia, vidre ubralod `teqnikuri~ problema. verc erTi saerTaSoriso organizacia ver SeinarCunebs sicocxlisunarianobas, Tuki ar gadaWris uTanasworobis problemas da amave dros ar iqneba imdenad moqnili, rom Seicvalos mdgomareobis cvlilebasTan erTad.


659

kompetenciis problema. xSirad saerTaSoriso organizaciebs Zala ar SeswevT, gadadgan esa Tu is nabiji, radgan mas esa Tu is saxelmwifo ewinaaRmdegeba. arada, calkeul aseT saxelmwifoebs vetos ufleba SeiZleba arc hqondeT. magaliTad, Tuki ganviTarebadi qveynebi gaerTiandebian, maT SeuZliaT dablokon generaluri asambleis funqcionireba, SesaZloa uSiSroebis sabWos romelime mudmivi wevri daiyolion, veto daados ama Tu im sakiTxs (an, Teoriulad, maT SeuZliaT umravlesobis mopovebiT dablokon esa Tu is sakiTxi uSiSroebis sabWoSi). Sedegad, saerTaSoriso organizaciebs akliaT im saxis Zalaufleba sxvadasxva sakiTxis gadasaWrelad, rac sabolood calkeuli mTavrobis kompetenciaSi Sedis. erTaderTi, risi gakeTebac maT SeuZliaT, aris sayovelTao interesis sferoSi arsebuli konkretuli sakiTxebis gadaWra (magaliTad, samSvidobo operaciebi). erTianobis problema. warsulSi yvelaze warmatebuli saerTaSoriso organizaciebi iyo aliansebi, romlebic saerTo mtris winaaRmdeg iqmneboda. amis magaliTia saRvTo kavSiri, romelic safrangeTis aRorZinebis SiSiT Seiqmna. kidev erTi magaliTia Tanamedrove arabuli liga: rom ara saerTo mtris (israelis) winaaRmdeg gaerTianebis aucilebloba, arabuli qveynebi, albaT, am bolo aTwleulebis manZilze sisxlismRvrel brZolaSi CaerTvebodnen erTmaneTTan. aseve, rom ara komunisturi eqspansiis safrTxe, 1940iani wlebis bolosa da 1950-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, CrdiloeT atlantikis xelSekrulebis organizacia arasodes daarsdeboda. gaerom erTianobis piks 1990-91 wlebSi miaRwia, rodesac mas msoflios saxelmwifoTa umetesoba SeuerTda saerTo metoqis _ erayis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad. Tumca, rogorc ki realuri safrTxe qreba, aliansic sustdeba. suverenitetis problema. suvereniteti, anu saxelmwifos uzenaesoba teritoriul farglebs SigniT, safuZvlad udevs oTxive zemoxsenebul problemas. qveyanas suvereniteti an aqvs, an ara, an Tavad wyvets sakuTar Sida saqmeebs, an ara. rogorc mecxramete saukunis amerikelma politikosma jon kalhunma erTxel aRniSna, qveyana iseve ar SeiZleba nawilobriv suverenuli iyos, rogorc qali nawilobriv fexmZime. ase rom, efeqtiani msoflio mTavrobis Seqmna mxolod im SemTxvevaSia SesaZlebeli, Tu arsebuli mTavrobebi daTanxmdebian daTmon suvereniteti ufro zemdgomi xelisuflebis sasargeblod. am perspeqtivas ki saxelmwifoTa (da politikosTa) umetesoba Zalze sariskod miiCnevs SiSiT, crurwmenebiTa da undoblobiT gamsWvaluli msoflios pirobebSi.

saerTaSoriso samarTali mSvidobisa da harmoniulobis ganviTareba SesaZlebelia mxolod dRevandeli eri-saxelmwifoebis sistemis pirobebSi. am konteqstSi saerTaSoriso samarTals SeuZlia gaaZlieros saerTaSoriso organizaciebi, raTa maT ufro mSvidobiani da usafrTxo msoflios ganviTarebas Seuwyon xeli.

660


350 wlis ganmavlobaSi saerTaSoriso sistema regulirdeba saerTaSoriso samarTliT. es ukanaskneli gansazRvravs saxelmwifoTa uflebebsa da movaleobebs erTmaneTis mimarT. `TamaSis wesebi~, romlebic suverenulma saxelmwifoebma aRiares, ZiriTadad xelSekrulebebiT gamoixateba. saerTaSoriso samarTlis sxva, aseve farTod aRiarebuli wyaroebia Cveuleba da konvencia; samarTlianobasa da moralze dafuZnebuli zogadi principebi; agreTve, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebi da avtoritetuli iuristebis swavlebani. saerTaSoriso samarTlis yvelaze cnobil kodifikaciad rCeba hugo grociusis (omisa da mSvidobis Sesaxeb naSromi), romelic gamoqveynda 1625 wels, ocdasami wliT adre, sanam 1648 wels vestfaliis zaviT eri-saxelmwifoTa sistemis dabadeba oficialurad gamocxaddeboda. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso sistemis warmoSoba daemTxva TamaSis wesebis Camoyalibebas, romliTac saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis mowesrigeba xdeba. vestfaliis zavis Semdeg, saerTaSoriso samarTali yoveldRiuri msoflio politikis ganuyofeli nawili gaxda.

sargeblianoba erTi wuTiT warmoidgineT uamravi praqtikuli SekiTxva, romlebzec sarwmuno pasuxis gacema SeuZlebelia saerTaSoriso normebisa da konvenciebis gareSe. rogor SeiZleba ganisazRvros sazRvrebi xmeleTsa da zRvaze? davuSvaT, or saxelmwifos Soris sazRvarze mdinarea, vin gadawyvetda: (1) sad unda gaevlo sazRvars: mdinaris napirebs Soris, mis kalapotze, Tu mdinaris zustad centrSi; (2) mdinare unda yofiliyo Tu ara naosnobisTvis Ria erTi saxelmwifosaTvis, orive saxelmwifosaTvis, Tu arc erTisaTvis; (3) aqvT Tu ara mdinaris saTaveSi mdebare saxelmwifoebs dambebis, hidroeleqtrosadgurebisa da rezervuarebis aSenebis ufleba mdinareebze, romlebic dinebis boloSi sxva saxelmwifoebis teritoriazec miedineba? am saxis kiTxvebi Tavs iCendnen saerTaSoriso urTierTobis bevr sxva SemTxvevasa da sferoSi. ras SeuZlia ama Tu im ucxo qveyanaSi akreditebuli diplomatiuri warmomadgenlebis usafrTxoebis garantireba? rogor mowesrigdeba moZraoba Ria zRvaSi? vin wyvets, unda hqondes Tu ara neitralur saxelmwifos ufleba, gaagrZelos normaluri savaWro urTierToba omSi CarTul orive dapirispirebul mxaresTan? esaa ramdenime im arsebiTi mniSvnelobis sakiTxTagan, romelTa gadawyvetac uaRresad rTuli iqneboda saerTaSoriso samarTlis arsebobis gareSe.

Sesruleba da iZuleba gasaocaria, magram saerTaSoriso samarTals adgenen da axorcieleben is saxelmwifoebi, romelTa SesazRudadac iqmneba igi. rogorc erTi avtori aRniSnavs:


661

Tavisi arsebobis oTxasi wlis manZilze, saerTaSoriso samarTalis zedmiwevniT akvirdebodnen. roca misi erT-erTi kanoni irRveoda, amas yovelTvis ar mohyveboda saTanado reagireba. xolo roca sadamsjelo qmedebas mimarTavdnen, is ar iyo yovelTvis efeqtiani. da mainc, ar iqneba swori uarvyoT saerTaSoriso samarTlis, rogorc savaldebulo wesebis sistemis arseboba.14

saerTaSoriso samarTlis ganxorcieleba yovelTvis did siZneleebs ukavSirdeboda. damnaSaves saxelmwifo sjis kanonis ZaliT, magram saerTaSoriso sferoSi arc erTi saxelmwifo ar aris mmarTveli (cxadia, arc gaero). cxadia isic, rom SeuZlebelia saxelmwifoTa dapatimreba, gasamarTleba da cixeSi Casma. Tumca, maTi dasja mainc SesaZlebelia. mTavrobaTa funqciuri ekvivalenti saerTaSoriso sistemaSi ZalTa balansia. sxva sityvebiT, `kanondamrRvevebad miCneuli~ saxelmwifoebi, sxva saxelmwifoebisgan diplomatiuri SezRudvebis, ekonomikuri embargos an blokadis msxverplni xdebian. eqstremalur situaciaSi SesaZlebelia maT sazRvrebSi SeWra da dapyroba. aseve, ar aris marTali mosazreba, rom saerTaSoriso samarTals aranairi Zala ar aqvs da did eri-saxelmwifoebs arasdros mouwevT daemorCilon mis diqtats. sinamdvileSi saerTaSoriso da saxelmwifos samarTals Soris gansxvaveba intensivobazea damokidebuli: im dros, roca rigiTi moqalaqeebi, rogorc wesi, umal elian sasjels kanonis darRvevisas, mTavrobebs ufro xSirad SeuZliaT daarRvion kanoni da darCnen dausjelni. amis gaTvaliswinebiT, politikuri zewola saerTaSoriso samarTlis moTxovnaTa Sesasruleblad realuri da azriania. amis Tanamedrove magaliTi iyo serbeTis xelisuflebis mier iZulebis gziT miRebuli gadawyvetileba eqs-prezident miloSeviCis gaeros tribunalisaTvis gadacemis Sesaxeb. sapasuxo politikuri reaqciis SiSi ar aris imis erTaderTi mizezi, rom mTavrobaTa umravlesoba umeteswilad mihyveba saerTaSoriso TamaSis wesebs. rogorc ukve vnaxeT, yvela qveyanas SeuZlia saerTaSoriso wesebisa da regulaciebis unificirebuli sistemidan sargeblis miReba. am wesebis gareSe saerTaSoriso vaWroba, mogzauroba da turizmi Zalian garTuldeboda, xolo saerTaSoriso finansuri transaqciebi, ucxouri investiciebi, teqnologiuri transferi, safosto da telekomunikaciebi lamis SeuZlebeli iqneboda. diplomatiuri imunitetis saguldagulod damuSavebuli da farTod aRiarebuli wesebis gareSe Zalian cota mTavroba gagzavnida Tavis warmomadgenels ucxo qveynis dedaqalaqSi. arsebul garemoebebSi saeWvoa, SeuZlia Tu ara nebismier mTavrobas, qedmaRlurad Sexedos saerTaSoriso samarTals. diplomatiuri izolaciis, ekonomikuri ngrevisa da samxedro SurisZiebis safrTxis winaSe mTavrobebi, rogorc wesi, xelSkrulebebs, konvenciebsa da zogad wesebs mxolod yvelaze eqstremalur, gamonaklis situaciebSi arRveven. saerTaSoriso samarTlis SemTxvevaSic Zala yvela saxis politikis safuZvlad rCeba. uzrunvelmyofi Zalis gareSe kanoni farsia. saerTaSoriso scenaze policiis rols saerTaSoriso aqtorebi individualurad an koleqtiurad TamaSoben. amrigad, ZalTa balansi àucilebeli mdgomareo-

662


baa TviT saerTaSoriso samarTlis arsebobisaTvis.~15

saerTaSoriso samarTali Tanamedrove epoqaSi meore msoflio omamde saerTaSoriso samarTlis yvelaze mniSvnelovani nawili gaxldaT Jenevisa da haagis konvenciebi, riTac Camoayalibes omis wesebi. 1945 wlidan saerTaSoriso samarTali gansakuTrebiT ganviTarda ramdenime mniSvnelovan sferoSi, maT Soris, SeiaraRebis kontrolis sakiTxebSi. samomavlod, mosalodnelia, rom saerTaSoriso samarTali dainteresdeba ekologiuri problemebiT. Jenevisa da haagis konvenciebi. mecxramete saukunis Sua xanebamde omis wesebi gansazRvruli ar iyo. 1856 wels ramdenime Zlierma saxelmwifom mxari dauWira mravalmxriv saerTaSoriso konferenciaTa seriebs, romelic dagvirgvinda parizis deklaraciiT, romelic zRudavda oms zRvaSi, ukanonod acxadebda mekobreobasa da akanonebda sazRvao blokadis formebs. ufro mniSvnelovani iyo 1864 wlis Jenevis konvencia (gadaxedil iqna 1906 wels), romelic exeboda brZolis velze daWrilTa mopyrobas. kidev ufro didi mniSvnelobis iyo 1899 wlis haagis konvencia, romelmac gaamaxvila yuradReba saxmeleTo omis wesebze. 1907 wels haagis meore konferenciaze gadaixeda 1899 wlis normebi meomar da neitralur saxelmwifoTa uflebebisa da movaleobebis Sesaxeb. aseve, wamoWril iqna sakiTxebi axali saxis iaraRis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb, rogoricaa e. w. `centrdakarguli~ tyviebi [tyvia, romelic mizanSi moxvedris Semdeg iSleba da mniSvnelovan zians ayenebs msxverpls, amJamad akrZalulia - mTargmn. Sen.] momwamvleli gazi da gaziT savse naRmebi. SeiaraRebaze kontrolis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebebi. arc erTi sakiTxi ar Canda imdenad mniSvnelovani, rogorc SeiaraRebaze ormxrivi kontrolis Sesaxeb molaparakebebi aSS-sa da sabWoTa kavSirs Soris civi omis dros (ix. cxrili 18-3). imis miuxedavad, rom es molaparakebebi mravalricxovani da sapirispiro iyo, maT birTvul Sekavebaze gavlena mainc moaxdines. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlam, gaumjobesebulma urTierTobam aSS-sa da ruseTs Soris, ubiZga aSS-sa da ruseTs SeiaraRebis SezRudvis sakiTxebze molaparakeba gaemarTaT. yvelaze mniSvnelovania 1993 wlis strategiuli SeiaraRebis Semcirebis xelSekruleba II (START II), romlis safuZvelzec birTvuli qobinebis raodenoba, pirveli msgavsi xelSekrulebis mixedviT Semcirebul donesTan SedarebiT, kidev 60 procentiT Semcirda. metic, START II-ma akrZala mravalqobiniani saxmeleTo raketebi da Seamcira wyalqveSa gemebis atomuri qobinebic. aSS-sa da ruseTs imedi hqondaT, rom `SeZlebdnen gamanadgurebeli omis safrTxis Semcirebas iseTi saxis birTvuli iaraRis akrZalviT, romelsac orive zesaxelmwifo gamoiyenebda prevenciuli dartymisas.~16 bolo ormoci wlis ganmavlobaSi SeiaraRebis kontrolis mizniT miRebuli xelSekrulebebi mravalmxrivi gaxda da mas miuerTda msoflios bevri qveyana. molaparakebaTagan gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia:


•

•

•

• •

•

663

1959 wlis antarqtidis SeTanxmebam akrZala yvela saxis samxedro saqmianoba antarqtidis kontinentze da yovel xelmomwer mxares misca sahaero meTvalyureobis ufleba. aseve, akrZala birTvuli mrewvelobis narCenebiT garemos dabinZureba da waaxalisa TanamSromloba samecniero gamokvlevebisas. 1967 wlis kosmosis SeTanxmebam akrZala kosmosSi birTvuli iaraRis, mTvaresa da planetebze samxedro bazebis ganlageba da akrZala kosmosur sivrceze romelime saxelmwifos pretenziebi. 1968 wlis birTvuli iaraRis gauvrceleblobis SeTanxmebam SezRuda xelmomweri qveynebi birTvuli iaraRisa da masalebis gacemasa da miRebaSi. im dros, roca qveyanaTa umravlesobam xeli moawera am molaparakebas, ramdenime xelmomweri ar emorCileboda am wess. irans, erays, libias, pakistansa da indoeTs xeli ar mouweriaT am SeTanxmebaze. 1971 wlis zRvis fskeris SeTanxmebam akrZala birTvuli iaraRis gamocda wyalqveS TiToeuli qveynis 12-miliani sasazRvro radiusis gareT. 1972 wlis biologiur iaraRis konvenciam savaldebulo gaxada biologiuri rezervebis ganadgureba da ukanonod gamoacxada am saxis iaraRis Senaxva da warmoeba. 1993 wlis qimiuri iaraRis konvencia miznad isaxavs aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi qimiuri iaraRis ganadgurebas. aSS-is senatma SeTanxmebis ratifikacia 1997 wels moaxdina.

amgvari SeTanxmebebis molodini usasrulo araa. mTavrobebi, rogorc wesi, xels ar aweren xelSekrulebebs, romlebic arasasurvel valdebulebebs uwesebs mas. magaliTad, aSS-m gamoacxada, rom mas isedac ar ganuzraxavs qimiuri iaraRis ganviTareba (erovnuli usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad ar eyrdnoboda am saxis iaraRs) im dros, roca man xeli moawera qimiuri iaraRis konvencias. iq, sadac qcevis wesebis Sesaxeb molaparakeba qveynebisagan moiTxovs maTTvis mniSvnelovan sakiTxebze uaris Tqmas, saerTaSoriso samarTali ar aris sakmarisad efeqturi. saerTaSoriso samarTali da garemos dacva. mosalodnelia, rom momavalSi saerTaSoriso samarTlis is nawili, romelic garemosa da ekologias Seexeba, sagrZnoblad gaizrdeba da gafarTovdeba. zog mecniers miaCnia, rom iaraRis SezRudvis molaparakebebis gamocdileba safuZvlad daedeba transnacionaluri ekologiuri molaparakebebis axal epoqas. ramdenime gamonaklisis garda, rogoricaa monrealis protokoli, romelic krZalavs ozonis garsisaTvis saSiS nivTierebaTa gamoyenebas (ix. CanarTi `saerTaSoriso samarTali da garemo: monrealis protokoli~), saerTaSoriso ekologiur molaparakebaTa raodenoba da farglebi SezRudulia. SeiaraRebis msgavsad, ekologiuri sakiTxebic, rogorc wesi, erovnuli suverenitetis sferoSi eqceva. Tumca resursebis amowurva, gadaSenebis zRvarze myofi saxeobebi da adamianis mier gamowveuli cvlilebebi biosferoSi is sakiTxebia, romlebic, birTvuli omis SesaZleblobis msgavsad, yvela qveyanaze axdens gavlenas.

664


cxrili 18.3 SeiaraRebis kontrolis Sesaxeb ZiriTadi ormxrivi SeTanxmebebi SeerTebul Statebsa dayofil sabWoTa kavSirs/ruseTs Soris TariRi

SeTanxmeba

ZiriTadi miznebi

1963

cxeli xazis Sesaxeb

amyarebs mTavrobebs Soris pirdapir radio da satelegrafo sakomunikacio sistemas, romelic gamoiyeneba krizisis periodebSi.

1971

cxeli xazis modernizaciis Sesaxeb

safuZvels uyris cxeli xazis satelituri sakomunikacio sistemis amoqmedebas.

1971

birTvuli avariebis Sesaxeb

qmnis birTvuli iaraRis SemTxveviTi an arasanqcirebuli afeTqebis Sesaxeb Setyobinebis process; qmnis SemTxveviTobis Tavidan acilebis garantiebs.

1972

antibalistikuri raketebis Sesaxeb (SALT 1)

zRudavs antibalistikuri raketebisagan dacvis sistemebis gafarToebas erT teritoriaze da krZalavs kosmosuri raketsawinaaRmdego dacvis sistemebis Seqmnas.

1972

SALT 1-is droebiTi xelSekruleba Tavdasxmis strategiuli iaraRis Sesaxeb

1972

xuTwliani periodiT yinavs supersaxelmwifoTa xelT arsebuli balistikuri raketis gamSvebis mowyobilobebis mTlian raodenobas.

droebiTi SeTanxmebis protokoli ganmartavs da aZlierebs strategiul iaraRze Tavdapirvel SezRudvas.

1972

Ria zRvis Sesaxeb ayalibebs okeaniaze krizisis gamomwvevi incidentebis Tavidan acilebis procedurebs.

1973

birTvuli omis Tavidan acilebis Sesaxeb

supersaxelmwifoTagan moiTxovs konsultaciebs birTvuli omis safrTxis gaCenis SemTxvevaSi.

1974

birTvuli iaraRis miwisqveSa dilebis SezRudvis Seesaxeb

1974

antibalistikuri raketebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis protokoli

1976

1977

1979

gamoc-

birTvuli iaraRis miwisqveSa gamocdis SezRudvis Sesaxeb samSvidobo miznebiT

konvencia samxedro an nebismieri sxva mtruli miznebiT garemos Semcvleli teqnikis gamoyenebis akrZalvis Sesaxeb

zRudavs 150 kilotonaze meti wonis birTvuli iaraRis araregalur gamocdas.

amcirebs antibalistikuri raketebis dasaSveb raodenobas erT teriroriaze. afarToebs 1974 wlis SeTanxmebiT gansazRvrul akrZalvas birTvuli iaraRis miwisqveSa gamocdis Taobaze; moiTxovs damkvirveblebis daswrebas 150 kilotonaze meti wonis iaraRis gamocdisas.

krZalavs iaraRs, romelic planetis ekologiis modificirebis safrTxes qmnis.

Salt II (araratificirebuli) awesebs strategiuli matareblebis, MIRV-ed raketebis, grZeldistanciuri bombdamSenis, frTiani raketebis, kontinentTaSorisi balistikuri raketebis da sxva iaraRis zRvars; zRudavs iaraRis gamocdas.

1987

birTvuli riskis Semcirebis centrebis Sesaxeb

orive qveynis dedaqalaqSi qmnis birTvul krizisis marTvis berketebs.

saerTaSoriso organizaciebi TariRi

SeTanxmeba

665

ZiriTadi miznebi

1987

saSualo radiusis birTvuli Zalebis SeTanxmeba

anadgurebs SeerTebul Statebisa da ssrk-s saxmeleTo, saSualo da mokle radiusis birTvul iaraRs evropaSi da rTavs adgilze inspeqtirebis uflebas

1990

qimiuri iaraRis ganadgurebis Sesaxeb

bolos uRebs qimiuri iaraRis warmoebas; anaxevrebs qimiuri iaraRis inventaris raodenobas 1999 wlisaTvis, xolo 2002 wlis bolosaTvis 5 aTas metrul tonamde amcirebs.

1990

molaparakebebi birTvuli gamocdis Sesaxeb

axali protokoli aumjobesebs verifikaciis procedurebs.

1991

START (SeTanxmeba strategiuli iaraRis Semcirebis Sesaxeb)

30%-iT amcirebs strategiuli birTvuli iaraRis arsenals.

1992

START I protokoli

ruseTis, belorusiis, ukrainisa da yazaxeTisagan moiTxovs strategiuli iaraRis Semcirebas yofili ssrk-s mier STARTiT SeTanxmebuli pirobebis mixedviT.

1992

Ria cis SeTanxmeba

nebas rTavs SeuiaraRebel TviTmfrinavebs dakvirvebis mizniT ifrinon SeerTebuli Statebis, ruseTisa da maTi mokavSireebis Tavze.

1992

erToblivi safrTxis Semcirebis Sesaxeb

uzrunvelyofs ruseTs mravalgvari mowyobilobebiTa da daxmarebiT strategiuli matareblebis sistemis usafrTxo ganadgurebis, birTvuli sabrZolo muxtis transportirebis, birTvuli iaraRis radiaqtiuli narCenebis damarxvisas fizikuri dacvis, sabrZolo muxtis balansirebis da qimiuri da biologiuri iaraRis ganadgurebisa da mowyobilobaTa demontaJisaTvis.

1993

START II

2003 wlisaTvis amcirebs SeerTebul Statebsa da ruseTSi strategiuli birTvuli qobinebis raodenobas 3000-dan 3500-mde; krZalavs mravaljeradi gamoyenebis saxmeleTo sistemebs.

Zalze gamdidrebuli uranis Sesaxeb

amcirebs birTvuli sabrZolo daSlis Sedegad miRebuli birTvuli sawvavis diversiisa da moparvis risks samTavrobo Sesyidvebisa da samoqalaqo daniSnulebis reaqtorSi sawvavad gamoyenebis gziT.

birTvuli sawvavis Semcirebis Sesaxeb

krZalavs birTvuli sawvavis warmoebas birTvuli iaraRis an sxva birTvuli afeTqebis mowyobilobebisaTvis.

1995

1997

1997 konversiis Sesaxeb

1997

START III

avaldebulebs SeerTebul Statebs xeli Seuwyos ruseTSi plutonis mwarmoebeli darCenili sami reaqtoris gadakeTebas ise, rom veRar awarmoos iaraRis klasis plutoni; proeqtis dasruleba 2000 wlis bolosaTvis iyo navaraudevi, magram savaraudoa, rom 2002 wlisTvis dasruldeba. 1998 wels moskovis samitze ganaxlebuli xelSekruleba, rom SeerTebuli Statebi da ruseTi aRar ganadgebs 2000-2500-ze met strategiul birTvul sabrZolo qobins kontinentTaSoris balistikur raketebze, wyalqveSa navis balistikur raketebze da strategiul bombdamSenebze 2007 wlis 31 dekembrisaTvis, START II-is xelSekrulebis ratifikaciis molodinSi.

666


saerTaSoriso samarTali da garemo: monrealis protokoli monrealis protokoli, formalurad cnobili, rogorc protokoli nivTierebebze, romlebic cveTen ozonis safars, aRiarebulia yvelaze mniSvnelovan ekologiur SeTanxmebad istoriaSi da saerTaSoriso samarTlis axali epoqis momaswavebel modelad. kibos gamomwvevi ultraiisferi radiaciisgan planetis damcavi ozonis sferos eroziam SeaSfoTa msoflio sazogadoeba. 1986 wels ocdasamma saxelmwifom SeimuSava 1999 wlisaTvis florofluorokarbonebis (cnobilia CFC saxeliT da farTod gamoiyeneba avtomobilebis kondicionerebSi) 50 procentiT Semcirebis gegma. 1990 wels londonSi ganaxlda molaparakeba, romlis mixedviTac 2000 wlisaTvis CFC srulad unda aRmofxvriliyo. ori wlis Semdeg kopenhagenSi 80-ze meti qveynis warmomadgenlebi SeTanxmdnen, es vada 1996 wlamde goewiaT da aekrZalaT ramdenime saziano nivTiereba. 1992 wels aSS-m erTpirovnulad gamoacxada Tanxmoba monrealis protokolis modifikaciaze. monrealis protokolis modifikaciis uprecedento masStabebma daamSvida garemos cvilebiT SeSinebuli bevri adamiani. da mainc, molaparakebis Sedegebis ganxorcieleba rTuli aRmoCnda. Zalian neli tempebiT mimdinareobda ganviTarebadi qveynebisa saerTaSoriso subsidireba, raTa maT SeeZinaT iseTi teqnologiebi, romelic ar daazianebda ozons. xelSekrulebis kritika sxvadasxva mxridan gaismoda. zogs xelSekruleba usargeblod miaCnda, sxvebs sjerodaT, rom is Zalian cotas cvlida. da mainc, arsebobda faqtobrivi mtkicebulebebi, rom es mniSvnelovani saerTaSoriso SeTanxmeba SeiZleba efeqtianad moqmedebdes. 1997 wels gamoqveynebuli holandiuri kvlevisas erTmaneTs Seadares sam mosalodnel scenari: pirveli, ar arsebobda araviTari SezRudvebi ozonis fenis gamanadgurebel qimiur nivTierebebze; meore, xorcieldeboda monrealis 1987 wlis protokolis SeTanxmebebi da mesame, xorcieldeboda ufro mkacri kopenhagenis SeTanxmebebi. Sedegebi STambeWdavi aRmoCnda. `Tu SeadarebT imas, ra SeiZleba momxdariyo sxva SemTxvevaSi, dainaxavT saocar warmatebas.~

globaluri daTbobis Sesaxeb molaparakeba (ganxiluli msoflio liderebis mier kiotoSi, iaponia, 1997 wlis dekemberSi) kargi magaliTia imisa, raoden Znelia saerTaSoriso ekologiuri samarTlis Camoyalibeba. bevri mecnieri, maT Soris geofizikosebi da meteorologebi, winaswarmetyveleben dedamiwaze globalur daTbobas momaval saukuneSi. msoflio masStabis globaluri daTbobis efeqti SeiZleba damRupveli iyos, uaryofiTad imoqmedos msoflio klimatze, gamofitos niadagi da gamoiwvios zRvis donis mateba, rac daemuqreba bevr sanapiro qveyanas. globaluri daTbobis umTavresi mizezia naxSirorJangi, romelic warmoiqmneba navTobis, naxSirisa da sxvaTa Sida wvis ZravaSi wvis Sedegad. magram aSS-Si arsebobs politikuri opozicia nebismier molaparakebaze, romelic


667

xels SeuSlida, SeaCerebda an SezRudavda sawvavis moxmarebas. profkavSirebs afiqrebs samuSao adgilebis dakargva. mrewvelobis umsxvilesi dargebis warmomadgenlebi damatebiTi samarTlebrivi SeRavaTebis dawesebas iTxoven. skeptikosebi kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayeneben kompiuteruli modelirebis gziT miRebul Sedegebs da eeWvebaT, rom globaluri daTboba saerTod moxdeba. fiqroben, rom SesaZlebelia misi Sedegebis advilad gadatana. am sakiTxze msoflioSi mravali gansxvavebuli mosazreba arsebobs. evropis qveynebi ekologiuri standartebis momxreni arian, rac mxardaWeras ver poulobs aSS kongresSi. karibis zRvisa da wynari okeanis samxreTiT mdebare qveynebis mcire raodenoba sakuTar Tavs globaluri daTbobisas yvelaze maRali riskis qveS miiCnevs (magaliTad, zRvis donis mxolod ori futiT matebasac ki SeuZlia safrTxeSi Caagdos maTi sanapiro biznesi da daabinZuros wyali). es qveynebi kidev ufro mkacr standartebs lobireben, vidre evropa. am dros, ganviTareba qveynebma, maT Soris CineTma, indoeTma da braziliam, uari Tqves nebismieri saxis molaparakebaze. navTobmompovebeli qveynebi, rogoricaa saudis arabeTi, nebismieri saxis momaval molaparakebas miiCneven ekonomikurad sazianod da agrZeleben maT kategoriul oponirebas. erT-erTi pirveli umniSvnelovanesi sagareo politikuri gadawyvetileba, romelic jorj buSma miiRo, iyo is, rom xels ar moawerda kiotos xelSekrulebas. am gadawyvetilebam farTo kritika daimsaxura sazRvargareT, qveynis SigniT ki sapirispiro reaqcia gamoiwvia. globaluri daTbobis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis gaurkveveli Sinaarsi kidev erTi mxarea, raSic is SeiaraRebis SezRudvis xelSekrulebebs waagavs: maTze mosalaparakeblad mravali welia saWiro, kidev ufro meti _ maT gansaxorcieleblad da es procesi yovelTvis politikosebisa da politikis gavlenis qveS aris.

saerTaSoriso samarTlis SezRuduloba xelSekrulebebi, romelTa mizania omis ukanonod cnoba (magaliTad 1928 wlis brian-kelogis paqti, romlis ratifikaciac sabolood samocdaoTxma qveyanam moaxdina) da molaparakebebi, romlebic mSvidobisa da saerTaSoriso urTierTgagebis ganviTarebisaTvis imarTeba (magaliTad gaeros qartia), iSviaTad uZleben drois gamocdas an saxelmwifoTa ambiciebs. mezobeli qveynebis mier xelmowerili yvelaze Tavmdabali `megobrobis~ paqtebic ki saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi irRveoda. Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso sistemas aklia sami praqtikuli winapiroba msoflio samarTlebrivi normebis misaRebad. pirveli, dResdReobiT ar arsebobs saerTaSoriso sakanonmdeblo organo, generaluri asambleis garda, romlis Zalauflebac umniSvneloa. meore, arc erT saerTaSoriso aRmasrulebel organos ar aqvs ufleba, inicireba moaxdinos da ganaxorcielos saerTaSoriso samarTali (simbolurad, gaeros generalur mdivans akisria es movaleoba, magram, am SemTxvevaSic, am organos brZanebebs ar aqvs realuri Zala). mesame, ar arsebobs saSualeba, aiZulo suverenuli mTavrobebi,

668


uTanxmoebebi gansaxilvelad warudginon saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos an daemorCilon mis verdiqts. gadawyvetilebebis ganxorcieleba aris im eri-saxelmwifoebis prerogativa, romlebic xSirad am gadawyvetilebebs naxevrad an saerTod ar axorcieleben. manam, sanam saerTaSoriso samarTals aklia ganWvretadoba da Tanmimdevruloba, kanonis uzenaesobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli, is mTavrobebis mxolod darwmunebas Tu SeZlebs, magram ara iZulebisas. saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo. saerTaSoriso samarTlis moqmedebis araefeqtianoba naTlad Cans saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos muSaobaSi. saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo gaurkveveli institutia, romelic ikribeba haagaSi (holandiis Zvel dedaqalaqSi). igi gaeros qartiaSi Camoyalibebuli eqvsi umTavresi organodan erT-erTia. saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo aris sruliad kanonierad dafuZnebuli sasamarTlo organo mosamarTleebiT, proceduruli kanonebiTa da tribunaliT, magram yvelaze mniSvnelovania is, rom mas aklia cxadad dadgenili iurisdiqcia. saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo erT-erTia dasavleTis samyaros im sasamarTloTagan, romelsac gansaxilveli saqme iSviaTad aqvs. samuSaos nakleboba warmoSobilia ara saerTaSoriso uTanxmoebaTa ararsebobiT, aramed uTanxmoebaTa mimarTebaSi sasamarTlos gaurkveveli iurisdiqciiT. monawile saxelmwifoebma unda imoqmedon saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos 36-e muxlis mixedviT, romelic ambobs: mocemuli wesdebis xelmomwer qveynebs nebismier dros SeuZliaT gamoacxadon, rom im qveyanasTan mimarTebaSi, romelic aseve aRiarebs am valdebulebas, isinic aRiareben savaldebulod sasamarTlos iurisdiqcias yvela samarTlebriv uTanxmoebaSi, romelic exeba: (1) xelSekrulebis interpretacias, (2) nebismier kiTxvas saerTaSoriso samarTalTan dakavSirebiT, (3) nebismieri faqtis arsebobas, romelic dadasturebis SemTxvevaSi arRvevs saerTaSoriso movaleobas.

sxva sityvebiT, mTavrobebi kanoniT movaleni arian daemorCilon sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebas mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu maT micemuli aqvT Tanxmoba sasamarTlos mier saqmis ganxilvaze. maT SeuZliaT winaswar gaakeTon deklaracia sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis miRebis Sesaxeb, rogorc maT 36-e muxli mouwodebs an daemorCilon mas garkveuli pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT. saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos arsebobis pirveli oci wlis ganmavlobaSi 42-ma mTavrobam gamoTqva survili, damorCileboda sasamarTlos savaldebulo iurisdiqcias. es kanonze dafuZnebuli msoflio wesrigis mimarTulebiT win gadadgmul nabijad iyo aRqmuli. Tumca, saerTaSoriso saqmeebSi, iseve, rogorc zogadad cxovrebaSi, yvelaferi ise araa, rogorc Cans. am mxriv sainteresoa amerikis damokidebuleba 36-e muxlis mimarT. aSS-sgan, moelodnen, rom is ufro medgrad ibrZolebda saerTaSoriso samarTlis pativiscemaze dafuZnebuli stabiluri da mowesrigebuli samyarosaTvis, magram


669

aSS-s 1946 wlis 14 agvistos deklaracia, rom amerika Tanxmobas acxadebda saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos savaldebulo iurisdiqciaze, sinamdvileSi diplomatiuri xriki iyo. is acxadebda: deklaracia ar gamoiyeneba, roca saqme exeba: a) uTanxmoebebs, romlTa gadaWrasac mxareebi andoben sxva tribunals ukve arsebuli molaparakebebis safuZvelze an romelTa gadaWrac SesaZlebelia momavalSi; b) im uTanxmoebebs, romlebic exeba arsebiTad aSS-is saSinao iurisdiqciaSi arsebul sakiTxebs, radgan mas Tavad amerika gadawyvets; g) uTanxmoebebs, romlebic Tavs iCens mravalmxrivi xelSekrulebebidan garda im SemTxvevebisa, Tu (1) SeTanxmebis yvela monawile mxare, romlebzec gavlenas axdens gadawyvetileba, aris saerTaSoriso sasamarTloSi ganxilvis mxare an (2) aSS-i eTanxmeba iurisdiqcias.

es niSnavs, rom aSS daTanxmdeba sasamarTlos savaldebulo iurisdiqcias mxolod misTvis sasurvel SemTxvevaSi da ara avtomaturad. aSS-is Tanxmoba savaldebulo iurisdiqciaze ar iyo unikaluri. Tanamedrove samyaros arc erTi mTavroba ar daTanxmebula upirobod damorCileboda saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi da saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo. vinmem SeiZleba ifiqros, rom Tu aSS an sxva romelime saxelmwifo itvirTavda liderobas saerTaSoriso sasamarTlosTan gonieri urTierTobis damyarebis saqmeSi, SesaZloa, sxva qveynebic mihyolodnen maT kvals. ram unda SeuSalos xeli aSS-s da, vTqvaT, did britaneTs, raTa maT dadon piroba, rom momavalSi maT Soris uTanxmoebaTa gadawyvetas msoflio sasamarTlos andobdnen? yovel SemTxvevaSi, garegnulad mainc arafers SeeZlo daebrkolebina qveynebs Soris aseTi xelSekrulebis dadeba. Tumca, es SesaZlebelic rom yofiliyo, ratom iqneboda saWiro? erTi saukunis ganmavlobaSi aSS-sa da britaneTs Zalian mcire uTanxmoeba Tu hqoniaT, romelic xangrZliv molaparakebas saWiroebda; nebismieri uTanxmoeba momavalSic mcire da umniSvnelo iqneba, axlo mokavSireebSi iSviaTia azrTa sxvadasxvaoba, romelsac sasamarTlo garCeva dasWirdeba. cxadia, savaldebulo iurisdiqciis efeqtianoba ver gaizomeba, roca or mTavrobas esoden megobrul urTierToba aqvs erTmaneTTan. nebismieri uTanxmoeba, romlis gamosworebac SeuZlebelia Cveulebrivi diplomatiis gziT, isedac gadaecema gasarCevad saerTaSoriso tribunals. saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos sargebloanoba gamoicada 1980-ian wlebSi, nikaraguis yofil marqsistul reJimsa da reiganis istracias Soris warmoSobili dapirispirebisas. 1985 wels aRiZra saqme saerTaSoriso sasamarTloSi aSS-is winaaRmdeg. is daadanaSaules sazRvris danaRmvasa da ajanyebulTa mxardaWeraSi. saxelmwifo departamentma gamoacxada, rom aSSis mTavroba process boikots ucxadebda da uars ambobda nikaraguis mTavrobasTan molaparakebebze. prezidentma reiganma es qmedeba imiT gaamarTla, rom nikaragua sasamarTlos politikuri da propagandistuli miznebisaTvis iyenebda. 1986 wlis ivnisSi sasamarTlom aSS-is gamamtyunebeli ganaCeni

670


gamoitana. nikaraguis iniciativiT gaeros usafrTxoebis sabWom kenWi uyara sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis mxardaWeris sakiTxs. kenWisyra aSS-is sawinaaRmdegod dasrulda: 11 xma 1-is winaaRmdeg (didma britaneTma, safrangeTma da tailandma Tavi Seikaves, aSS-m vetos ufleba gamoiyena). samwuxarod, rogorc es winaaRmdegobebiT savse saqme gviCvenebs, savaldebulo iuirisdiqciasTan dakavSirebuli problema, iseve, rogorc zogadad saerTaSoriso samarTali, yvelaze naklebefeqtiani iq, sadac yvelaze metad saWiroa. 1998 wlis TebervalSi saerTaSoriso sasamarTlom mniSvnelovan saqmeSi kidev erTxel gamoitana ganaCeni aSS-is winaaRmdeg. amjerad saqme exeboda uTanxmoebas, romelmac Tavi iCina 1988 wels loqerbi (Sotlandia) Tavze `pan amerikis~ aviaxazebis 103-e reisis TviTmfrinavis teroristul afeTqebasTan dakavSirebiT. am dros 259 adamiani daiRupa (plus 11 adamiani miwaze). aSS da didi britaneTi intensiurad ibrZodnen libiisaTvis gaeros sanqciebis dasaweseblad, mas mere, rac libiis mTavrobam uari Tqva teroristul aqtSi eWvmitanili ori libieli nacionalistis eqstradiciaze. sanqciebi dawesda 1992 wels da agrZelebda moqmedebas. libiis mTavrobam saqme gansaxilvelad saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos warudgina, magram aSS irwmuneboda, rom sasamarTlos ar hqonda am saqmeSi iurisdiqcia. es proceduruli sakiTxi mosamarTleebma sabolood gadawyvites 1998 wels. am saqmeSi politikuri da samarTlebrivi manevrireba erTadroulad mimdinareobda. aSS zewolas axdenda libiaze, raTa mas gadaeca eWvmitanilebi haagisaTvis, oRond ara saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos, aramed Sotlandiuri sasamrTlos iurisdiqciaSi. 1998 wlis bolos libia daTanxmda aSS-is SeTavazebas da 1999 wels gadasca eWvmitanilebi gaeros. sajaro sasamarTlo procesi gaimarTa 2000 wels, xolo 2001 wlis ianvarSi erT-erTi libieli (libiis dazvervis yofili agenti), romelsac brali edeboda loqerbis masobriv mkvlelobebSi, damnaSaved cnes Sotlandielma mosamarTleebma da 20 wliani patimroba miusajes. meore eWvmitanili gaamarTles da libiaSi dabrunebis ufleba misces. am ganaCeniT saqme ar daxurula da arc aSS daTanxmebula libiisaTvis gaeros sanqciebis Sewyvetas. Tumca, am SemTxveviT Semzadda niadagi libiisa da dasavleTis (kerZod, aSS-is) xelaxali daaxloebisaTvis.

saerTaSoriso samarTlis Sefaseba suverenuli saxelmwifoebi saerTaSoriso samarTlis uyoymanod aRiarebaze maRla saxelmwifo interesebs ayeneben. ra Tqma unda, am TvalsazrisiT erebi gansxvavdebian _ zogi saerTaSoriso samarTlis wesebs iSviaTad arRvevs, sxvebs, SeiZleba, saerTod ar anaRvlebdeT es wesebi da maT mxolod mizanSewonilobis, mogebis TvalsazrisiT emorCilebodnen. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, faqti, rom qveynebi arian samarTlis ZaliT SeboWilni, niSnavs, rom saerTaSoriso samarTals isini daemorCilebian mxolod maSin, roca amgvari qceva qveynis interesebSi Sedis. sxva sityvebiT, saerTaSoriso samarTlis morCileba da pativiscema, sabolood, saxelmwifo intereszea damokidebuli.


671

aris Tu ara aqedan gamomdinare, samarTlis principebi, umniSvnelo saerTaSoriso politikaSi? saqme ase calsaxad araa; saerTaSoriso samarTals didi mniSvneloba aqvs mTavrobebisa da mmarTvelebis qmedebaTa gagebisa da SefasebisaTvis. xandaxan SesaZlebelia mTavrobaTa dasja (magaliTad, sanqciebis gziT, rogorc erayis, iranis, CrdiloeT koreisa da bevri sxva damoukidebeli saxelmwifos SemTxvevaSi). mmarTvelebi aseve SesaZlebelia daisajon, magaliTad, yofili iugoslaviis prezidenti slobodan miloSeviCi saerTaSoriso tribunalis winaSe warsdga 2002 wels. saerTaSoriso politikuri cxovrebis pirveli principia erovnuli TviTgadarCena. saerTaSoriso samarTali warmatebulia maSin, roca is emsaxureba gansakuTrebiT Zlevamosili saxelmwifoebis erovnul interesebs. aseT dros saerTaSoriso samarTlis meqanizmi (rogorc wesi, saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo) iwyebs moqmedebas. Tumca, wamyvan Zalebs mainc urCevniaT gamosavlis miRwevis tradiciuli da samxedro saSualebebi (sadac Sedegs ufro kargad akontroleben), vidre sasamarTlo saSualebebi (sadac Sedegze kontrols gadascemen im mosamarTleebs, romelTa erTguleba garantirebuli araa). albaT, movida imis dro, rom saerTaSoriso samarTlis roli da saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos prestiJi gaizardos.

mudmivi swrafva mSvidobisken 2001 wels gaerom da misma generalurma mdivanma kofi ananma miiRes nobelis mSvidobis premia, radgan isini iRvwodnen mSvidobiani msoflios Sesaqmnelad. es iyo msoflio istoriaSi yvelaze warmatebuli saerTaSoriso organizaciis aRiareba. SesaZlebelia, gaeros amgvari sityvebiT daxasiaTeba bevris mTqmelia Tavad samyaroze (da msoflios istoriaze). sinamdvileSi, gaeros miRwevebi iyo mcire, magram arc sul mTlad umniSvnelo. 1945 wlis Semdeg SedarebiT stabiluri wesrigs ZalTa balansis politika da birTvuli Sekaveba amyarebda, xolo civi omis dasasrulma warmoSva ara mxolod wesrigis damyarebis axali gzebi, aramed axali safrTxeebi da arastabilurobis wyaroebic. jer kidev ucnobia, SeZlebs Tu ara qaosis mudmivi Zalebis dabalansebas axali saerTaSoriso organizaciebis gaCena da Zvelebis ganviTareba. saerTaSoriso samarTali da saerTaSoriso organizaciebi ver Secvlis diplomatiasa da oms (an mis safrTxes), rogorc saSualebebs, romelTa meSveobiTac eri-saxelmwiofoebi agvareben uTanxmoebaTa umravlesobas. ar unda velodeT, rom saerTaSoriso samarTlis pativiscema an xelSekrulebaTa xelSeuxebloba moimatebs imdenad, rom Zala aRar iyos omis SeCerebis an SezRudvis mTavari saSualeba. saerTaSoriso organizaciebs SeuZliaT dagvexmaron konfliqtebis marTvis uzarmazari davalebis SesrulebaSi, Tumca, isini ver gadaWrian yvela konfliqts yvelgan. mowesrigebuli msoflio naklebad iqneboda ganwyobili omisaTvis. SesaZloa, is yvela gagebiT ukeTesi samyaro yofiliyo. asec rom iyos, logikuri Secdoma iqneboda imis Tqma, rom vinaidan omi wesrigis ararse-

672


bobaa, amitom wesrigis arseboba avtomaturad niSnavs omis ararsebobas. faqtobrivad, ar arsebobs swrafi warmateba. arc erT calkeul faqts an movlenas, misi mniSvnelobis miuxedavad, ar SeuZlia gaxdes iseTi msoflios winapiroba, sadac aRar iqneba omi. ideologiuri mtrobis dasruleba msoflios umsxviles da uZlieres saxelmwifoebs Soris mniSvnelovani win gadadgmuli nabijia ufro usafrTxo da janmrTeli msofliosaken. magram es, samwuxarod, ar aris maradiuli mSvidobis garantia. amrigad, Zieba grZeldeba. imis miuxedavad, rom mSvidoba rCeba miuRweveli, omis Tavidan acilebis saWiroeba, gansakuTrebiT umsxvilesi omebisa masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis gamoyenebiT, imdenad aucilebelia, rom adamianebi gamudmebiT eZeben konfliqtebis mogvarebis gzebs. aris Tu ara konfliqtis marTva sakmarisi? unda vecadoT Tu ara konfliqtis srul aRmofxvras? naTqvamia, rom politika aris SesaZleblobebis xelovneba. Tumca, konfliqtebTan ufro warmatebiT gamklavebis gzebis monaxva dRes msoflios Zalian sWirdeba.

daskvna ra wvlili miuZRvis saerTaSoriso organizaciebsa da saerTaSoriso samarTals mSvidobiani samyaros SenebaSi? vaWrobaze, mogzaurobasa da yvela saxis mimosvlaze saxelmwifo barierebis Semcireba aisaxa Tanamedrove msoflioSi arasamTavrobo aqtorebis zrdaSi, maT Sorisaa multinacionaluri korporaciebi, saerTaSoriso samTavrobo organizaciebi da saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo organizaciebi. mravalerovnulma ekonomikurma SeTanxmebebma da samxedro kavSirebma aseve gaaZlieres regionuli da saerTaSoriso urTierTdamokidebuleba. miuxedavad amisa, saerTaSoriso organizaciebisa da saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebebis es STambeWdavi qseli Tavisufali ar aris saxelmwifo SuRlisagan. mravalmxrivma saerTaSoriso organizaciebma daamtkices TavianTi dadebiTi roli saerTaSoriso arenaze xangrZlivi mSvidobisa da stabilurobis uzrunvelyofaSi. meoce saukuneSi erTa liga daiSala dapirispirebuli erovnuli interesebis gamo. civi omis ganmavlobaSi gaero mraval dabrkolebas gadaawyda, Tumca warmatebasac miaRwia, rogorc mSvidobis SenarCunebis institutma. muSaoba mSvidobis SenarCunebis sferoSi gaizarda civi omisSemdgom samyaroSi. am periodSi Sedga gaeros egidiT koleqtiuri samxedro aqcia erayis winaaRmdeg. saerTaSoriso samarTali aregulirebs da aiolebs urTierTobebs damoukidebel saxelmwifoebs Soris, romelTa urTierToba sxva mxriv SeiZleba qaosuri iyos. rogorc gaeros, saerTaSoriso samarTalsac, zogadad, araTanmimdevruli istoria aqvs. saerTaSorso samarTlis Tanamedrove magaliTebia Jenevisa da haagis konvenciebi, romlebmac gansazRvres omis wesebi da daadgines SeiaraRebis SemzRudveli mravalmxrivi xelSekrulebebi. saerTaSoriso ekologiuri molaparakebebi saerTaSoriso samarTlis sul ufro metad mniSvnelovani nawili xdeba. saerTaSoriso samarTlis SezRud-


673

vebi aSkara xdeba im siZneleebis ganxilvisas, romlebsac saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo awydeba. gaerosa da saerTaSoriso samarTlis sisustes ganapirobebs is, rom maT ar SeswevT unari gadawonon erovnuli interesebi.

sakvanZo sityvebi funqcionalizm funqcionalistebi urTierTdamokidebuleba arasaxelmwifo aqtorebi multinacionaluri korporaciea saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo organizaciebi (INGO) saerTaSoriso samTavrobo organizaciebi (IGO) britaneTis Tanamegobroba msoflio savaWro organizacia (WTO) CrdiloeT amerikis Tavisufali vaWrobis SeTanxmeba (NAFTA) evrokavSiri (EU) erTa liga koleqtiuri usafrTxoeba saSinao iurisdiqcia saerTaSoriso samarTali

Jenevis konvencia haagis konvencia strategiuli SeiaraRebis Semcirebis xelSekruleba II (START II) antarqtidis SeTanxmeba kosmosis SeTanxmeba birTvuli iaraRis gauvrceleblobis SeTanxmeba zRvis fskeris SeTanxmeba konvencia biologiuri iaraRis Sesaxeb konvencia qimiuri iaraRis Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo savaldebulo iurisdiqcia

kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis 1. 2. 3. 4.

5. 6. 7. 8.

gansazRvreT arasamTavrobo faqtorebi saerTaSoriso politikaSi. ra gavlena aqvs mas saerTaSoriso sistemaze? ram ganapiroba gaeros daarseba? riT gansxvavdeba igi erTa ligisagan? ras akeTebs gaeros uSiSroebis sabWo da rogor iRebs is gadawyvetilebebs? sad gamoiyenes gaeros samSvidobo operaciebi yvelaze metad 1990-ian wlebamde? rogor Seicvala saerTaSoriso mSvidobis SenarCunebis konteqsti civi omis dasrulebis Semdeg? CamoTvaleT adgilmdebareoba sami an oTxi yvelaze ambiciuri samSvidobo misiisa bolo wlebSi. asrulebs Tu ara saerTaSoriso samarTali pozitiur rols Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi? pasuxi daasabuTeT. ra SezRudvebi aqvs saerTaSoriso samarTals? ramdenad efeqtianad funqcionirebs saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo? risi gakeTeba aris SesaZlebeli msoflio politikaSi saerTaSoriso samarTlis rolis gazrdisaTvis?

674 9.


aniWebs Tu ara msoflio politikis tendenciebi upiratesobas saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos? ufro farTo rols aniWebs mas, Tu ufro mcires?

SeniSvnebi: 1. 2.

3.

4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

10. 11. 12.

13. 14. 15. 16. 17.

Charles W. Kegley, Jr., and Eugene Wittkopf, American Foreign Policy: Pattern and Process, me-2 gamoc., (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1987), 149-150. pirveli citata aris Joan Edelman Spero-s naSromSi The Politics of Economic Relations, me-4 gamoc., (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1991), 104. meore ki Bruce Kogut-is Foreign Policy (Spring 1998): 7; online at www.findarticles.com/cf_dls/ m1181/n110/20492572/. rogorc gaeros World Investment Report-Si aris naTqvami. reziumesaTvis ix. Francis Williams, `Global Business: A Fact of Life _ UNCTAD’s World Investment Report Assesses the Role of Multinationals,’ Financial Times, August 31, 1994, 4. Lester Brown, et al., Vital Signs: The Trends That Are Shaping Our Future (New York: Norton, 1993), 74. Charles W. Kegley, Jr., and Eugene Wittkoph, World Politics: Trend and Transformation, me-6 gamoc., (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1997), 129. Kogut, Foreign Policy, 1; online reprint at findarticles.com Joan Edelman Spero, The Politics of Economic Relations, 112-113. George Modelski, ed., Transnational Corporations and World Order (New York: Freeman, 1979),3. Kegley and Wittkopf axdenen IGO-ebis klasifikacias wevrobis moculobisa da miznebis raodenobis mixedviT. aq mocemulia maTze miTiTeba. ix. Kegley and Wittkopf, World Politics, 144-148. Harold K. Jacobson, Networks of Interdependence: International Organization and the Global Political System (New York: Knopf, 1979). citirebuli Inis L. Claude, Jr., Power and International Relations-Si (New York: Random House, 1962), 97. Margaret Karns, `Maintaining International Peace and Security: UN Peacekeeping and Peacemaking,’ in World Security: Challenges for a New Century, me-4 gamoc., red. Michael Klare da Daniel Thomas (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1994), 199. Cveni msjeloba gaeros rolis Sesaxeb civi omis Semdeg eTanxmeba karnesas da Cven valSi varT misi naSromis winaSe. Karns, Maintaining International Peace, 206. Hans J. Morgenthau, Politics among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace, me-5 gamoc., (New York, Knopf, 1978), 281. Lassa Francis Oppenheim, International Law: A Treatise, nawili 1, me-2 gamoc., (London: Longman, 1912), 281. Kegley, Jr., and Wittkopf, World Politics, 472. es citata gotanilia Associated Press-dan, Semdegi statiis mixedviT Henry Slapper, Guus J. M. Velders, John S. Daniel, Frank R. de Gruijl, and Jan C. van der Leun, Èstimates of Ozone Deplation and Skin Cancer Incidence to Examine the Vienna Convention Achievements,’ Nature 384 (November 1996): 256-258.


675

sityvari: adamianis buneba – adamianTa saerTo niSnebi, romlebic gansazRvravs maT reaqciebs garemosa da sxva adamianebis mimarT. adamianis uflebaTa deklaracia – 1789 wlis agvistoSi safrangeTis erovnuli asambleis mier miRebuli es mokle manifesti Seiqmna rogorc preambula mogvianebiT dasaweri liberalur-demokratiuli konstituciisa; man suverenuli Zalaufleba ers mianiWa, magram SezRuda igi sicocxlis, sakuTrebis da usafrTxoebis individualuri uflebebiT. istraciuli decentralizacia – marTvis kompetenciebis gadacema centraluri xelisuflebisgan adgilobrivi biurokratiisTvis. avtokratia – erTi mmarTvelis SeuzRudavi politikuri Zalaufleba. avtoritarizmi – am terminiT xasiaTdeba saxelmwifoebi, sadac mTeli legitimuri Zalaufleba koncentrirebulia erTi pirovnebis (diqtatoris) an mcire jgufis (oligarqiis) xelSi, individualuri uflebebi saxelmwifos nebasurvils eqvemdebareba, xolo politikuri Zalauflebis SesanarCuneblad yvela SesaZlo saSualeba gamoiyeneba. avtoriteti – xelisuflebis unari, sazogadoebis wevrTa morCileba daimsaxuros. aziuri gripi – termini, romliTac aRniSnaven 1997 wlis areulobas aziis safondo birjebze, finansur institutebsa da ekonomikebSi. amerikis revolucia (1775-83) – am epoqalurma movlenam, romelsac agreTve “damoukideblobisTvis oms” an “revoluciur oms” uwodeben, bolo mouRo amerikis camet koloniaze didi britaneTis batonobas da 1787-89 wlebSi amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis Seqmnas daudo safuZveli; mas Cveulebriv 1776 wels damoukideblobis deklaraciis miRebiT aTariReben. amerikuli konservatizmi – politikuri midgoma aSS-Si, romelic sxva RirebulebebTan SedarebiT upiratesobas ekonomikur keTildReobas, usafrTxoebas da tradicias aniWebs. amerikuli liberalizmi – politikuri midgoma aSS-Si, romelic sxva RirebulebebTan SedarebiT upiratesobas individualizms, Tanasworobas da samoqalaqo uflebebs aniWebs. anarqizmi – doqtrina, romelic principulad ewinaaRmdegeba nebismieri saxis xelisuflebis arsebobas da xSirad ukanono da Zaladobrivi meTodebiT ebrZvis mas. angariSsworeba (retribution) – damnaSaveTa dasja imis safuZelze, rom maT boroteba Caidines da tanjvas imsaxureben. antarqtidis SeTanxmeba – saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba, romelic karZalavs yovelgvar samxedro saqmianobas antarqtidis kontinentze da uSvebs iq nebismieri qveynis mier ganxorcielebul

676 RonisZiebaTa inspeqtirebas. is agreTve auqmebs nebismieri qveynis teritoriul pretenziebs antarqtidis mimarT da xelmomwer mxareebs avaldebulebs mSvidobian TanamSromlobas kvlevebis sferoSi. antisaxelmwifoebrivi terorizmi – terorizmi, mimarTuli xelisuflebis da saxelmwifo institutebis winaaRmdeg. arakonvenciuri monawileoba – politikuri aqtivobis formebi, romlebic kanons ar ewinaaRmdegeba, magram moqalaqeTa umravlesobis mxridan gakicxvas imsaxurebs. arasamarTlebrivi monawileoba – politikuri saqmianoba, romelic winaaRmdegobaSi modis saxelmwifos kanonebTan. arasaxelmwifo aqtorebi – eri-saxelmwifoebisgan gansxavebuli moqmedi pirebi, rogoricaa multinacionaluri korporaciebi, arasamTavrobo organizaciebi, saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo organizaciebi, romlebic garkveul rols TamaSoben saerTaSoriso politikaSi. araZaladobrivi winaaRmdegoba – konfrontaciisa da protestis araZaladobrivi forma; mas xandaxan “samoqalaqo daumorCileblobasac” uwodeben. asi yvavilis kampania – mokle periodi CineTis istoriaSi (1956 w.), rodesac mao Ze-dunma gasaqani misca gamoxatvis Tavisuflebasa da individualizms. es politika Seicvala reJimis mimarT gaxSirebuli kritikis pasuxad. askriptiuli sazogadoeba – sazogadoeba, romelSic individs statusi da mdgomareoba ganesazRvreba misi religiiT, sqesiT, asakiT an sxva msgavsi niSniT. axali industriuli qveynebi – qveynebi, romlebmac bolo aTwleulebSi miaRwies ekonomikis ayvavebas, industriis saeqsporto dargebis ganviTarebas da saSualo klasis swraf zrdas: magaliTad, samxreT korea, taivani, singapuri, tailandi. balfuris deklaracia – ase ewoda britaneTis sagareo saqmeTa ministris pativsacemad, romelmac 1947 wels gamoacxada, rom “britaneTi mxars uWers palestinaSi ebraeli xalxisTvis erovnuli saxlis dafuZnebas” da ikisra valdebuleba, rom “xels Seuwyobs am miznis miRwevas im pirobiT, rom araferi unda gakeTdes iseTi, rac Selaxavs palestinis arsebuli ara-ebrauli Temebis samoqalaqo da religiur uflebebs an romelime sxva qveyanaSi mcxovreb ebraelTa uflebebs da politikur statuss”. bastilia – safrangeTis revoluciis dros (1789) es iyo parizis avadsaxsenebeli samefo sapyrobile; 1789 wlis 14 ivliss bastiliaze xalxis ieriSma da tusaRTa gaTavisuflebam mZime dartyma miayena monarqias da safrangeTis istoriaSi mTeli epoqis aRsasrulis simbolod iqca. mogvianebiT revolucionerebi giliotiniT gauswordnen TviT burbonTa samefo dinastias, kerZod mefe lui XVI-s da mis eqstravagantul meuRles, dedofal maria

677 antuanetas. bikameralizmi – ix. orpalatiani sistema. bipolaruli sistema – ix. orpolusiani sistema. birTvuli iaraRis gauvrceleblobis SeTanxmeba – 1968 wels Seqmnili saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba, romlis mizania Seaferxos birTvuli iaraRis armqone erebis mier aseTi iaraRis mopoveba. mas ar SeuerTdnen safrangeTi, CineTi da sxva qveynebi, romlebic aqtiurad cdilobdnen birTvuli iaraRis xelSi Cagdebas. birTvuli monopolia – mas adgili aqvs, roca dapirispirebaSi myofi ori qveynidan erTs birTvuli iaraRis gamoyenebis realuri SesaZlebloba aqvs; meore msoflio omis Semdeg SeerTebuli Statebi daaxloebiT aTi wlis manZlze inarCunebdnen birTvul monopolias. biujetis deficiti – centraluri xelisuflebis mier wlis ganmavlobaSi imaze metis daxarjva, vidre is Semosavlebis saxiT iRebs. wlebis ganmavlobaSi es deficiti saxelmwifo valad iqceva da mniSvnelovani xangrZlivvadiani gavlena aqvT qveynis ekonomikis sijansaResa da keTildReobaze (ix. agreTve erovnuli vali). bihevioralistebi – am mimdinareobis momxreebi politikis Seswavlisas qcevas ZiriTadad faqtebze dayrdnobiT afaseben. bihevioristuli fsiqologia – fsiqologiis skola, romlis Tanaxmadac adamianTa da cxovelTa qcevas garemodan an sxva adamianebisgan miRebuli stimulebi (gamRizianeblebi) gansazRvravs; Sesabamisad, SesaZlebelia adamianTa da cxovelTa qceviT manipulireba, Tu sasurvel qcevas pozitiur stimulebs SevuTanadebT, xolo arasasurvels – negatiurs. bihevioraluri inJineria – waxalisebisa da sasjelis kargad daprogramebuli gamoyeneba individsa Tu cxovelSi qcevis sasurveli wesebis dasamkvidreblad. breidis kanoni – prezident ronal reiganis pirveli pres-mdivnis jeims breidis saxeliT cnobili kanoni (ZalaSi Sevida 1994 wels), romelic iaraRis yidvisas xuTdRian mosacdel vadas awesebs; misi mizania, dro misces samarTaldacvis organoebs, gaarkvion, myidveli nasamarTlevi xom ar aris. (breidi mZimed daiWra 1981 wels prezident reiganze ganxorcielebuli Tavdasxmis dros). britaneTis Tanamegobroba – TvalsaCino magaliTi preferenciuli savaWro SeTanxmebisa, rodesac ramdenime saxelmwifo Tanxmdeba, erTmaneTs eqskluziuri savaWro upiratesobebi mianiWos. moicavs did britaneTs da misi yofili koloniebis umravlesobas. britaneTis raji – britaneTis koloniuri mmarTveloba aziis subkontinentze me-18 saukunidan 1947 wlamde, rodesac indoeTma da pakistanma

678 damoukidebloba moipoves. bundesrati – zeda palata germanul federalur sistemaSi. mis wevrebs, romelTac uSualod niSnaven qveynis miwebi (Länder), ZiriTadad araformaluri gavlena aqvT sakanonmdeblo procesze. bundestagi – qveda palata germanul federalur sistemaSi, romelsac wamyvani roli aqvs qveynis sakanonmdeblo saqmianobaSi. bunebiTi mdgomareoba – adamianTa cxovrebis wesi manamde, sanam Seiqmneboda qcevis socialuri kodeqsebi da normaluri adamianuri qcevis kontrolis koleqtiuri teqnikebi. burJuazia – marqsistul ideologiaSi, kapitalistTa klasi. “gamarjvebuls yvelaferi miaqvs” (winner-takes-all) – saarCevno sistema, romelSic imarjvebs kandidati, vinc yvelaze met xmas iRebs. gamoCenili liderebi – individebi, visac gansakuTrebuli politikuri sibrZnisa da unarebis meSveobiT Tavisi qveynebi gansakuTrebuli gansacdelidan gamoyavs. ganviTarebadi qveynebi – qveynebi, sadac ar aris uzrunvelyofili politikuri Zalauflebis gadacemis meqanizmebi, saxelmwifos mxridan servisebi da piradi usafrTxoeba. ganmeorebadi gamokiTxvebi (tracking polls)– amomrCevelTa erTsa da imave SerCevasTan ramdenjerme Catarebuli gamokiTxvebi, romelTa mizania droSi cvalebadi ganwyobebis dinamikis Seswavla. gancalkevebis kunZulebi – ojaxi, eklesia Tu sxva socialuri organizacia, romlis SigniTac SeiZleba SenarCundes Sida winaaRmdegoba gabatonebuli totalitaruli reJimis winaaRmdeg. garantirebuli urTierTgandgureba – CixSi Sesuli dapirispireba birTvuli SeiaraRebis sferoSi, rodesac orive mowinaaRmdege saxelmwifom icis, rom Tu erT-erTi oms wamoiwyebs, Tavdasxmis obieqts gancdili moulodneli birTvuli Setevis miuxedavad mainc darCeba sapasuxo, “meore dartymis” sakmarisi unari, rom agresors miuReblad mZime ziani miayenos. civi omis dros amas eyrdnoboda or zesaxelmwifos Soris stabiluri strategiuli urTierToba. gaorebuli aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba (dual executive)– saparlamento sistemebSi miRebuli funqciebis ganawileba or pirovnebas – saxelmwifos meTaursa da umaRles aRmasrulebel Tanamdebobis pirs Soris. ukanasknelis rols premier-ministri asrulebs, xolo saxelmwifos ceremoniul meTaurad romelime sxva arCeuli piri (prezidenti) an monarqi gvevlineba. gaucxoeba – ubralo moqalaqeebis ganwyoba, rom politikuri monawileobis normalur formebs Sedegi ar moaqvs an rom maT ar eZlevaT politikur procesebSi qmediTi monawileobis SesaZlebloba. gayofili aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba (divided executive)– viTareba safrangeTis xelisuflebaSi, rodesac prezidenti da premier-ministri xSirad sxvadasxva partiebsa Tu politikur msoflmxedvelobebs warmoadgenen.

679 gawveva – pirdapiri kenWisyra arCeuli Tanamdebobis piris gadasayeneblad. genderuli gansvla – es termini gamoiyeneba SeerTebul StatebSi qalebisa da mamakacebis saarCevno qcevebs Soris gansxvavebaTa dasaxasiaTeblad. gansxvaveba yvelaze TvalsaCinoa im politikur problemebTan mimarTebaSi, romlebic xelisuflebis mier Zalis gamoyenebis marTebulobas exeba. generaluri Statebi (Estates-General) – safrangeTis sakanonmdeblo organo 1789 wlamde, romelSic warmodgenili iyo sami wodeba – samRvdeloeba, Tavadaznauroba da ubralo xalxi. gestapo – nacistur germaniaSi ase erqva saidumlo saxelmwifo policias – hitleris instruments, romelsac is ebraelTa da politikur oponentTa masobrivi teroris gasatareblad iyenebda. glasnosti – sityva-sityvtiT niSnavs “Riaobas”; es termini aRniSnavs sabWoTa kavSirSi mixeil gorbaCovis mier cenzuris Sekvecas da politikuri debatebisa da gansxvavebuli azrisTvis asparezis Seqmnas. glasnostis pirveladobis modeli – ganviTarebis Teoria, romlis Tanaxmadac liberaluri politikuri reformebi win unda uswrebdes ekonomikur reformebs. globalizacia – procesi, ris Sedegadac teqnologiurad yvelaze ganviTarebuli demokratiebis Rirebulebebi, ganwyobebi, damokidebulebebi da produqtebi mTel msoflioSi vrceldeba mas-mediisa da vaWrobis meSveobiT. gomindani – CineTis nacionalisturi partia Can kai-Sis liderobiT. 1949 wels daamarcxa mao Ze-dunma. gradualizmi – rwmena, rom mniSvnelovani sazogadoebrivi cvlilebebi unda ganxorcieldes TandaTanobiT, reformebis gziT, da ara erTbaSad, revoluciuri wesiT. gulagis arqipelagi – metaforuli saxeli, riTac cnobilia yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi ioseb stalinis mier Seqmnili da saidumlo policiis mier marTuli monuri Sromis banakebi, sadac gansxvavebulad moazrovne da politikurad arasasurvel pirebs agzavnidnen. damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobroba (dsT) – sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg Semqnili axlad suverenuli qveynebis susti federacia. masSi Sevida TiTqmis yvela respublika, manamde ssrk nawili rom iyo. danaSauli kacobriobis winaaRmdeg – danaSaulis kategoria, romelic pirvelad niurgbergSi nacisti samxedro damnaSaveebis gasamarTlebisas gamoiyenes; mieyeneba milionobiT udanaSaulo moqalaqis ganurCevlad ganadgurebis SemTxvevebs. danaSauli mSvidobis winaaRmdeg – samxedro damnaSaveTa niurbergis sasamarTloze gamoyenebuli kategoria, romelic mieyeneba saerTaSoriso mSvidobis darRvevas gaumarTlebeli, agresiuli omiT. daqvemdebarebis Teoria – mis mixedviT ganviTarebadi qveynebi Raribi da

680 mdidar erebze damokidebuli rCebian didi xnis manZilze kolonializmis formaluri dasrulebis Semdeg, radgan industriuli erebi (dasavleTi) yvela Rones (politikurs, ekonomikurs, samxedrosa da kulturuls) xmaroben nakleb ganviTarebuli da Warbi iafi muSa xelis mqone qveynebis mxridan konkurenciis aRsakveTad. amiT narCundeba msoflio ekonomikuri sistema, sadac dabalia fasebi nedleulsa da soflis meurneobis produqtebze. devolucia – aSS federalizmis konteqstSi es aris Statebisa da adgilobrivi xelisuflebisTvis meti uflebebis miniWeba, raTa maT vaSingtonis Carevis gareSe SemoiRon kanonebi, gaataron politika da miiRon gadawyvetilebebi. deitonis SeTanxmebebi – 1995 wels parizSi (safrangeTi) xelmowerili samSvidobo SeTanxmeba bosniis omis dasrulebis Taobaze; man qveynis teritoriis 49 procenti serbebs gadasca, xolo 51 procenti – muslimebsa da xorvatebs, saraevos dedaqalaqis statusi SeunarCuna da Seqmna centraluri xelisufleba koleqtiuri saprezidento mmarTvelobiTa da parlamentiT. demagogi – adamiani, romelic saxelmwifo Tanamdebobis mopovebas cdilobs popularuli SiSebisa da crurwmenebis manipulirebiT, Semdeg ki Tanamdebobas piradi gamorCenisTvis iyenebs. “demokratizacia” – mixeil gorbaCovis SemoRebuli politika yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi demokratiul reformaTa wasaxaliseblad, rac agreTve gulisxmobda met konkurencias komunisturi partiis SigniT. demokratiis kedeli – kedeli pekinis centrSi, romelzec 1978 wlidan dauSves reJimis sajaro kritika. demokratiis korelatebi – pirobebi da garemoebebi, romlebic erSi demokratiis Seqmnasa da SenarCunebasTan pozitiur korelaciaSi myofad miiCneva. demokratiuli mSvidobis paradoqsi – demokratiuli saxelmwifoebi xSirad arian samxedro TavlsazrisiT Zlieri, eomebian sxva saxelmwifoebs, axdenen samxedro intervencias, xandaxan agresiis aqtebs Cadian, magram erTmaneTs ar eomebian. demokratiuli socializmi – mmarTvelobis forma, romelic emyareba saerTosaxalxo arCevnebs, ekonomikis ZiriTad seqtorebze saxelmwifo sakuTrebasa da kontrols da moqalaqeTa keTildReobaze mimarTul farTo socialur programebs jandacvisa da ganaTlebis sferoSi. diadi proletaruli kulturuli revolucia – 1966 wels dawyebuli qaoturi periodi, rodesac mao Ze-dunis miTiTebiT CineTis axalgazrdebi (“wiTeli gvardia”) Tavs esxmodnen biurokratiul da samxedro Tanamdebobis pirebs kapitalisturi da materialisturi tendenciebis aRmofxvris sababiT. eWvmitanil Tanamdebobis pirebs iZulebiT agzavnidnen SromiT koloniebSi

681 “gamosasworeblad”. dialeqtikuri materializmi – karl marqsis Teoria istoriuli progresis Sesaxeb, romlis Tanaxmadac ekonomikuri klasebi erTmaneTTan brZoliT safuZvels uqmnian ekonomikur sistemaTa ganviTarebad Tanmimdevrobas, romelic sabolood uklaso sazogadoebis SeqmniT dasruldeba. didi naxtomi – CineTis ekonomikuri struqturis gardaqmnisa da modernizaciis mcdeloba mao Ze-dunis mier 1950-iani wlebis bolos da 1960-iani wlebis dasawyisSi; am dros mTeli mosaxleoba mobilizebuli iyo TviTkmar komunebad, romelTa SigniT yovelgvari saqmianoba jgufuri wesiT mimdinareobda. distopia – sazogadoeba, romlis Semqmnelebs srulyofili politikuri wesrigis Camoyalibeba swaddaT, magram aRmoaCines, rom Zalauflebis SenarCuneba mxolod ZaladobiT da komunikaciis saSualebebze uxeSi monopoliiT SeeZloT. disciplinebuli partiebi – saparlamento demokratiebSi es niSnavs imas, rom kanonmdeblebi rogorc wesi erTiani partiuli jgufebis saxiT aZleven xmas partiuli platformis mxadasaWerad. doqtor bonebis saqme – precedenti inglisis sasamarTloSi (1610 w.), rodesac iuristma edvard qouqma Camoyaliba principi, riTac kanonis uzenaesobasTan winaaRmdegobaSi mosuli sakanonmdeblo aqtebi Zaladakargulad cxaddeba. duma – sruli oficialuri saxelia “saxelmwifo duma” an “saTaTbiro”; ase qvia ruseTis erovnuli sakananmdeblo organos – federaluri sakrebulos qveda palatas. is 1993 wlis konstituciiT aRdga mas Semdeg, rac 1917 wels gaauqmes. masSi Sedis 450 deputati, romelTagan naxevars saerTo-erovnuli partiuli siebiT irCeven, meore naxevars ki – erTmandatiani olqebidan. evgenika – saxeobaTa memkvidreobiTi Tvisebebis kontrolze mimarTuli moZRvreba; Cveulebriv, is mimarTavs SerCeviT Sejvarebas saxeobis gaumjobesebis mizniT. evrokavSiri – evropeli erebis ekonomikuri asociacia; adre cnobili iyo rogorc saerTo bazari an evropis ekonomikuri gaerTianeba. evrokomunizmi – tradiciuli sabWoTa komunisturi Teoriis saxecvlileba dasavleT evropaSi, romelmac uari Tqva Zaladobriv revoluciasa da diqtaturaze da arsebuli saxelisuflebo struqturebis arCevnebis gziT gakontrolebas mianiWa upiratesoba. eTnikuri wmenda – bosniaSi gavrcelebuli praqtika, rodesac muslimanebs ZaladobiT aZevebdnen qalaqebidan da soflebidan. eTnocentrizmi – erebis uunaroba, met-naklebad obieqturad Seafason sakuTari qmedeba nacionalizmis ideologiis gamo. ekonomikuri SeRweva – gavlena, romelsac erTi an ramdenime qveyana axorcielebs winarevoluciur periodSi myofi qveynis ekonomikur cxovrebaze.

682 erTguli (loialuri) opozicia – inglisSi Camoyalibebuli rwmena, rom ZalauflebaSi armyof partias ekisreba pasuxismgebloba, alternatuli politikuri strategiebi da programebi Camoayalibos. aseT partias xandaxan “erTgul (loialur) opozicias” uwodeben. erToba – ix. Temi. eri (nacia) – Tumca es termini xSirad saxelmwifos da qveynis sinonimad ixmareba, is aRniSnavs gamorCeuli enisa da kulturis mqone specifikur xalxs an did erTnikur jgufs. magaliTad, frangebi, holandielebi, Cinelebi da iaponelebi qmnian rogorc ers, aseve saxelmwifos (swored aqedan warmodgeba termini “eri-saxelmwifo”). magram yvela ers ara aqvs imis iRbali, rom sakuTari saxelmwifo hqondes – amis Tanamedrove magliTebia qurTebi (cxovroben TurqeTSi, iransa da eraySi), palestinelebi (dasavleT sanapiro da Raza, libani, iordania), puStunebi (avRaneTi), uigurebi da tibetelebi (CineTi). eri-saxelmwifo – geografiulad gansazRvruli erToba, romelsac erTi xelisufleba aqvs. eris mSenebloba – procesi, ris Sedegadac mocemuli teritoriis macxovreblebma, maTi eTnikuri, religiuri Tu lingvisturi maxasiTeblebis miuxedavad, Tavi unda gaaigivon Sesabamisi eri-saxelmwifos simboloebTan da institutebTan. erovnuli asamblea – safrangeTis orpalatiani sakanonmdeblo organos qveda da politikurad wamyvani palata, romelic yvela kanons iRebs. erovnuli TviTgamorkveva – eris ufleba, sakuTari xelisufleba Tavad airCios. erovnuli vali – yovelwliuri sabiujeto deficitebis TandaTanobiTi akumulacia, rac iqmneba imis Sedegad, rom mTavroba xarjavs mets, vidre Semosavali aqvs. es aiZulebs xelisuflebas, fuli isesxos xarjebis gasastumreblad, ris Sedegadac msxvili Tanxebis gadaxda uxdeba sabanko procentis dasafarad, rac TiToeuli wlis saxelmwifo biujets akldeba. erovnuli interesi – politikis mizani, mimarTuli eris gavlenisa da prestiJis SenarCunebasa Tu gazrdaze. erovnuli usafrTxoeba – qveynis dacva sagareo Tu saSinao mtrisgan. eqspansionizmi – qveynis strategia, mimarTuli misi teritoriis an gavlenis gasafarToeblad. vaimaris respublika – ase erqva germaniaSi pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg, 1919 wels q. vaimarSi gamarTuli sakonstitucio konvenciis gadawyvetilebiT dafuZnebul konstituciur demokratias. mas politikuri da ekonomikuri arastabilobis periodSi mouwia arseboba da 1933 wels hitleris xelisuflebaSi mosvliT dasrulda. “varskvlavTa palata” (Star Chamber) – istoriulad ase uwodebdnen sasamarTlos inglisSi, romlis iurisdiqciac gafarTovda saimisod,

683 rom mefes SeuzRudvelad SeZleboda daesaja nebismieri qveSemrdomi misi brZanebis SeusruleblobisTvis. varSavis xelSekruleba – 1955 wels sabWoTa kavSirisa da misi satelitebis mier Seqmnili samxedro bloki, riTac Seiqmna erTiani samxedro sardloba da sabWoTa kavSirs mieca SesaZlebloba, sateliti saxelmwifoebis teritoriaze didi samxedro kontingenti hqonoda am qveynebis gare agresiisgan dacvis gamocxadebuli mizniT. vaWrobis pirobebi – saerTaSoriso ekonomikaSi ase qvia qveynis mier msoflio bazarze SeZenili produqtebis (saqonlis, nawarmis, momsaxurebis) fass mis mier gayiduli produqtebis fasTan mimarTebaSi. sxvadasxva saxis saqonlisa da momsaxurebis fasebis struqtura saerTaSoriso bazarze ar aris xelsayreli sasoflo-sameurneo produqciisa da nedleulis mwarmoeblebisaTvis, radgan samrewvelo nawarmi maTTan SedarebiT Cveulebiv ufro Zviria. zRvis fskeris SeTanxmeba – saerTaSoriso SeTanxmeba, romelic krZalavs birTvuli iaraRis ganTavsebas zRvis fskerze 29-miliani teritoriuli sazRvris miRma. Tavisufali (laisser-faire) kapitalizmi – ekomomikuri wyoba, damyarebuli im ideaze, rom centralizebuli saxelmwifos regulirebisagan Tavisufali bazari ekonomikuri sistemis saukeTeso regulatoria. Tavisufali mewarmeoba – sxva saxeli kerZo mewarmeobisTvis, romelsac saxelmwifo zedmetad ar aferxebs Tavisi regulaciebiT da SezRudvebiT; misi sawinaaRmdegoa saxelmwifos mier kontrolirebadi ekonomika an biznesebisa da mrewvelobis saxelmwifo sakuTreba. Tavisufali sabazro ekonomika – decentralizebuli ekonomika, romelSic fasebi, xelfasebi da sabanko procenti, iseve rogorc warmoebuli saqonlisa da momsaxurebis erTobliobas miwodebisa da moTxovnis Zalebi gansazRvravs da ara saxelmwifo. Tanaarseboba – ix. kohabitacia. TanatolTa jgufi – asakiTa da sxva maxasiaTeblebiT msgavs adamianTa jgufi. Temi – individTa nebismieri asociacia, romelic emyareba geografiul, eTikur, religiur Tu eTnikur niSnebze dafuZnebul saerTo identobas. Teokratia – xelisufleba, romelic eyrdnoba religias da romelSic samRvdeloeba dominirebs. idealizmi – politikuri filosofia, romelic saxelmwifoTa qcevis gasagebad da, SesaZloa, Sesacvlelad sakvanZo mniSvnelobas aniWebs Rirebulebebs, idealebsa da moralur principebs. ideologia – myari, winaswar gansazRvruli warmodgenebis erToblioba sazogado sikeTis miRwevis saukeTeso gzebze, gaziarebuli

684 politikosebisa Tu moqalaqeebis mier. terori – teroris forma, Cveulebriv marqsistuli mimarTulebisa, romelic miznad isaxavs saxelmwifos damxobas. imperializmi – teritoriuli gafarToebis (imperiis mSeneblobis) politika, xSirad samxedro dapyrobis gziT. warmoiSoba sityvidan “imperia”. individualizmi – aleqsis de tokvilis mixedviT, ase qvia adamianis grZnobebis sakuTar Tavze problemebze mimarTvas, mTliani sazogadoebis zogadi wuxilebisgan Tavis gamoyofas. jon stuart milis mixedviT, es adamianis is Tvisebaa, rac mas cxovelebisagan ganasxvavebs da mis gansakuTrebulobasa da Rirsebas gansazRvravs. instituciuri revoluciuri partia – meqsikis dominanturi politikuri partia 1929 wlidan bolo periodamde; mas arCevnebi ar waugia 2000 wlamde, rodesac erovnuli qmedebis partiis warmomadgenelma vinsente foqsma saprezidento arCevnebi moigo. interesTa jgufi – adamianTa erToblioba, romelic cdilobs, gavlena moaxdinos politikasa da kanonmdeblobaze specialur interesTa gansazRvrul sferoSi, risTvisac iyenebs lobirebas, partiebisTvis finansur Sewirulobebs da sxva xerxebs. internacionalistebi – Teoretikosebi, romlebic upiratesobas aniWeben erebs Soris mSvidobas da TanamSromlobas da saamisod mxars uWeren yvela mTavrobis monawileobas raime saxis msoflio organizaciaSi. intifada – arabulad “ajanyebas” niSnavs; ase daerqva palestinelTa ajanyebas dasavleTi sanapirosa da Razas seqtoris israelis mier okupaciis winaaRmdeg 1987-1993 da 2001-02 wlebSi. meore intifada Zaladobis gansakuTrebuli eskalaciiT aRiniSna – eqstremistuli palestinuri dajgufebebi xSirad iyenebdnen afeTqebebs kamikaZe (TviTmkvleli) terorostebis mier, israeli ki okupirebuli teritoriebis dasaSoSmineblad uaRresad mkacr meTodebs mimarTavda. kaTalitikuri omi – konfliqti, romelic lokaluri da SezRuduli Sejaxebis saxiT iwyeba, magram farTo omSi gadaizrdeba mas Semdeg, rac samxedro aliansebis gaaqtiurebis Sedegad masSi sxva monawileebi CaerTvebian. kapitalisturi dagrovebis kanoni – karl marqsis mixedviT, es aris Seuvali kanoni, risi ZaliTac yvelaze Zlieri da xarbi kapitalistebi TandaTanobiT moicileben ufro sust konkurentebs da gazrdian bazarze kontrols. kanoni ex post facto – kanoni, romelic ukana ricxviT axdens Cadenis momentSi kanonierad miCneuli qmedebis kriminalizacias. kanonis uzenaesoba – am koncefciis Tanaxmad, xelisuflebis da misi Tanamdebobis pirebis Zalaufleba da diskrecia SezRuduli ideologiuri

685 unda iyos uzenaesi neitraluri wesebis erTobliobiT, romlebic xels uSlis mTavrobis mxridan TviTnebur da usamarTlo moqmedebas. kapitalizmi – kerZo mewarmoebaze damyarebuli da mogebis motiviT warmarTuli sabazro ekonomikis sistema; is komunizmis sapirispiroa da mkveTrad gansxvavdeba yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi arsebuli centralurad dagegmili ekonomikis sistemisagan. keTildReobis saxelmwifo – saxelmwifo, romlis xelisuflebis upirvelesi sazrunavia Tavisi moqalaqeebis socialuri uzrunvelyofa da romelic am mizans aRwevs specifikuri sajaro politikiT, rogoricaa janmrTelobis dazRveva, minimaluri xelfasi da subsidiebi binebis asaSeneblad. kemp devidis SeTanxmeba – 1979 wlis SeTanmxmeba, riTac israelma sinas naxevarkunZuli daubruna egiptes da sanacvlod egiptesgan misi arsebobis uflebis aRiareba miiRo; yofilma mtrebma sruli diplomatiuri urTierToba daamyares da erTmaneTTan mSvidobis SenarCunebis valdebuleba aiRes. kerZo interesTa jgufebi – maTi wevrebis pirad interesTa dasakmayofileblad Seqmnili jgufebi. koaliciuri mTavroba – politikuri situacia mravalpartiul saparlamento sistemebSi, romlis drosac arc erT partias ara aqvs umravlesoba da yvelaze Zlieri partia droebiT kavSirs amyarebs ufro mcire partiebTan sakanonmdeblo organoSi umravlesobis mosapoveblad. koleqtivizacia – miwisa da warmoebis yvela sxva saSualebis saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi gadasvla. koleqtivizmi – rwmena, rom saerTo keTildReobisTvis ukeTesia, politikuri erTeulis SigniT arsebuli warmoebis da ganawilebis saSualebebi saerTo (da ara individualur) sakuTrebaSi iyos. koleqtiuri usafrTxoeba – saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi am mizniT ideba SeTanxmeba ramdenime qveyanas Soris erTiani Zlieri gaerTianebis Seqmnaze, romelic daupirispirdeba nebismier qveyanas, romelic agresiis aqts Caidens. raki verc erTi calke aRebuli eri ver ajobebs koleqtiur Zalas, agresia warumatebeli aRmoCndeba. kolonializmi – politika, romelic ganuviTarebeli regionebis da susti qveynebis ekonomikur da politikur saqmeebze gabatonebas cdilobs. mas “imperializmsac” uwodeben. komunizmis pirveli stadia – marqsistul TeoriaSi ase uwodeben kapitalizmis damxobis momdevno periods, romlis drosac proletariati amyarebs mSromelTa diqtaturas kontr-revoluciis Tavidan asacileblad da socialisturi ekonomikuri sistemis dasamyareblad. komunizmis pirveli stadia – marqsistul TeoriaSi ase uwodeben utopiur uklaso sazogadoebas, romelSic adamianebi maqsimalur

686 TviTgamoxatvas aRweven, sazogadoeba TanamSromlobis da harmoniis mdgomareobaSia, xolo omi sruliad gamoricxulia. konvencia biologiuri iaraRis Sesaxeb – 1972 wlis saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba iaraRis kontrolis sferoSi, romelmac monawile qveynebi daavaldebula, gaenadgurebinaT biologiuri iaraRis arsebuli maragebi da ukanonod gamoacxada aseTi iaraRis warmoeba da Senaxva. konvencia qimiuri iaraRis Sesaxeb – 1993 wlis saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba iaraRis kontrolis sferoSi, romlis ZaliTac qimiuri iaraRi aTi wlis vadaSi unda moispos. is moiTxovs qimiuri iaraRis maragebis ganadgurebas da, aseTi iaraRis warmoebis Sewyvetis mizniT, im kompaniebis monitorings, romelTa produqcia SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas nervuli agentebis dasamzadeblad. konvenciuri monawileoba – CarTva politikuri aqtivobis yvelaze gavrcelebul da martiv formebSi, rogoricaa xmis micema, mediaSi politikuri sakiTxebis midevneba da politikur mitingebze misvla. konservatizmi – politikuri filosofia, romelic sxva RirebulebebTan SedarebiT upiratesobas aniWebs keTildReobas, usafrTxoebas da tradicias. konstitucia – xelisuflebis mowyobisa da moqmedebis ZiriTadi wesebis gansazRvra. konstitucionalizmi – ix. kanonis uzenaesoba. konstituciuri demokratia – umravlesobis nebis principze agebuli SezRuduli mmarTvelobis sistema, romelSic politikuri Zalaufleba daqsaqsulia mraval dajgufebasa da interesTa jgufs Soris, xolo saxelisuflebo moqmedebebi da institutebi konstituciiT gansazRvrul wesebs unda Seesabamos. kontrterorizmi – terorizmTan sabrZolvelad gamoyenebuli meTodebi. kohabitacia (Tanaarseboba) – safrangeTSi ase uwodeben gayofili aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis iZulebiT Tanaarsebobas. kosmosis SeTanxmeba – SeerTebul Statebsa da yofil sabWoTa kavSirs Soris dadebuli saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba, romelmac akrZala kosmosSi iaraRis Setana, kosmosze erovnuli suverenitetis gavrceleba, da waaxalisa TanamSromloba da informaciis gacvla kosmosuri kvlevebis sferoSi. kulakebi – SeZlebuli miwaTmflobelebis klasi ruseTis sazogadoebaSi, romelic ioseb stalinma gaanadgura, radgan isini ewinaaRmdegebodnen saxelmwifo kontrolis qveS myofi didi koleqtiuri meurneobebis Seqmnis miseul programas. legitimuri xelisufleba – mTavrobis samarTlebrivi da moraluri ufleba, marTos garkveuli mosaxleoba da konkretuli teritoria. legitimuroba – politikuri Zalauflebis aRsruleba adamianTa erTobis SigniT mis wevrTa mier wesebis nebayoflobiTi dacvis

687 safuZvelze. liberalizacia – yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi ase uwodebdnen represiuli saSinao politikis Serbilebas. sabWoTa istoriisTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo liberalizaciisa da represiis monacvleoba. liberalizmi – politikuri filosofia, romelic yvela sxva RirebulebasTan SedarebiT upiratesobas aniWebs individualizms, Tanasworobas da samoqalaqo uflebebs. liberaluri ganaTleba – ganaTleba, romelic xazs usvams kritikuli azrovnebis unarTa ganviTarebas literaturis, filosofiis, istoriisa da mecnierebis Seswavlis gziT. liberaluri tradicia – 300-wliani tradicia dasavlur politikur azrovnebaSi, romlis azriTac xelisuflebis mizani individualur uflebaTa win wamoweva da dacvaa. amerikuli liberalizmisa da amerikuli konservatizmis damcvelTa Soris didi xania mimdinareobs dava imis Taobaze, romel individualur uflebebs unda mieniWos upiratesoba. libertarianeloba – moZRvreba, damyarebuli rwmenaze, rom xelisufleba aucilebeli borotebaa, romelic rac SeiZleba naklebad unda Caerios individualur Tavisuflebasa da pirad cxovrebaSi. uwodeben agreTve “minimalizms”. loialuri opozicia – ix. erTguli opozicia. lobistebi – adamianebi, romlebic cdiloben, gavlena moaxdinon xelisuflebis politikaze raime specialuri interesis sasargeblod. lok sabha – indoeTis federaluri parlamentis pirdapiri xmis micemiT arCeuli qveda palata. indoeTSi, iseve rogorc gaerTianebul samefoSi da sxva sapalamento sistemebSi, mTavrobebi iqmneba qveda palatis umravlesobaSi myofi partiis (an partiaTa koaliciis) mier saerTo-erovnuli arCevnebis Semdeg. magna karta (magana carta, TavisuflebaTa didi qartia) – 1215 wels mefe jonis mier misi baronebis mimarT gakeTebuli politikuri daTmobebi, ramac inglisSi kanonis uzenaesobas Cauyara safuZveli. maJoritaruli sistema (first past the post) – gaerTianebul samefosa da SeerTebul StatebSi gamoyenebuli saarCevno sistema, romliTac sakanonmdeblo organos kandidatebi erTmandatian olqebSi iyrian kenWs da imarjvebs is, vinc sxvaze met xmas daagrovebs. zogierT sxva qveyanaSi – magaliTad, safrangeTSi – Tu verc erTma kandidatma xmebis gansazRvrul procentze meti ver moagrova, or yvelaze Zlier kandidats Soris kenWisyris meore turi cxaddeba. es wesi xels aZlevs farTo da myari socialuri bazis mqone partiebs da orpartiuli sistemis Camoyalibebas uqmnis safuZvels. kritikosebis azriT, is arademokratiulia, radgan gadaulaxav winaaRmdegobebs uqmnis patara an axal partiebs da amomrCevels dilemis winaSe ayenebs: an xma misces mxolod politikuri speqtris centrTan axlos mdgom, wamyvani partiis kandidatebs, an gaflangos Tavisi xma gamarjvebis

688 Sansis armqone kandidatis mxardaWeriT. marTebuli samarTlebrivi procesi – samarTliani iuridiuli procedurebis garantia; aSS konstituciaSi mas me-5 da me-15 Sesworebebi adgens. marqsistebi – karl marqsis (1818-1883) politikuri filosofiis mimdevrebi, romlis mixedviTac momavali ekuTvnoda industriul Cagrul klass (“proletariats”) da rom saboloo jamSi “uklaso sazogadoeba” Secvlida sakuTrebis mixedviT klasebad dayofil sazogadoebas; civi omis (1947-91) dros am termins SecdomiT miuyenebdnen yvelas, vinc sabWoTa kavSiris Tu CineTis saxalxo respublikis ideologias emxroboda dasavleTis winaaRmdeg. marSalis gegma – meore msoflio omis Semdeg dasavleT evropisi masiuri ekonomikuri daxmarebis programa. mas safuZvlad edo SiSi, rom omiT gaCanagebul qveynebs komunisturi revoluciebis safrTxe Seeqmneboda. masirebuli sapasuxo dartyma – samxedro-stretegiuli doqtrina, romelic birTvuli kontrdartymis realistur muqaras eyrdnoboda. mas SeerTebuli Statebi 1950-ian wlebSi, amerikuli birTvuli monopoliis mokle periodSi iyenebda. am doqtrinis Tanaxmad, Tu sabWoTa kavSiri SeerTebul Statebs an mis romelime mokavSires konvenciuri iaraRis gamoyenebiT daesxmeboda Tavs, SeerTebuli Statebi birTvuli dartymiT upasuxebda. masmedia – masobrivi informaciis saSualebebi, rogoricaa televizia, radio, filmebi, wignebi, Jurnal-gazeTebi. masobrivi mobilizaciis reJimebi – totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi maTi evoluciis yvelaze aqtiur etapze, roca isini xels uwyobdnen moqalaqeTa monawileobas mitingebsa da politikur SekrebebSi. masobrivi moZraoba – lideris da/an ideologiis erTgul mimdevarTa nebismieri didi jgufi, romelic mzadaa moZraobis gulisTvis nebismieri msxverpli gaiRos. meiZis restavracia – iaponiis feodaluri xanis dasasruli 1868 wels, rodesac gavlenian individTa mcire jgufma taxtze dasva simboluri Zalauflebis mqone imperatori, wamoiwyo ekonomikuri modernizaciis programa da Tanamedrove saxelmwufo biurokratia Camoayaliba. meore dartyma – simetriuli sapasuxo dartyma birTvuli Tavdasxmis winaaRmdeg; paradoqsia, magram “meore dartymis unari” arsebiTad amcirebs imis albaTobas, rom birTvuli dapirispireba realur birTvul omSi gadaizrdeba. meore samyaro – komunisturi saxelmwifoebi. mesame samyaro – ase uwodeben aziis, afrikis da laTinuri amerikis ganviTarebad qveynebs, romelTa umravlesoba adre evropis kolonia iyo. es qveynebi rogorc wesi Raribi da mWidrod dasaxlebulia. mzardi molodinebis revolucia – ganviTarebis gziT miRweuli revolucia,

689 romelsac mesame samyaros qveynebma unda ganicadon pirveli da meore samyaroebis warmatebaTa mibaZviT. mTavroba – pirovnebebi da institutebi, romlebic qmnian da amkvidreben wesebsa da kanonebs adamianTa ufro didi erTobebisTvis. ministrTa koleqtiuri pasuxismgebloba – britanul sistemaSi es principi kabinetis ministrebs mTavrobis yvela qmedebaze da gadawyvetilebaze saerTo pasuxismgeblobas akisrebs; ministrebi Riad da sajarod ar upirispirdebian oficialur politikas an premier-ministris nabijebs, Tumca daxurul Sexvedrebze SeuZliaT idavon da gansxvavebuli azri gamoTqvan sxvadasxva sakiTxze (da ueWvelad asec iqcevian). miumxrobloba – civi omis periodisTvis damaxasiaTebeli politika, rodesac mravali ganviTarebadi qveyana (maSin maT “mesame samyaros” qveynebs uwodebdnen) arCevda, ar mimxroboda arc SeerTebul Statebsa da mis mokavSireebs (“dasavleTs”) da arc sabWoTa kavSirsa da mis mokavSireebs (“aRmosavleTs”). miumxrobloba imiT gansxvavdeba neitralitetisgan, rom is ar gamoricxavs lokalur konfliqtebSi qveynis Carevas an agresiul moqmedebas, da rom meore msoflio omamde is ar qceula mniSvnelovan cnebad saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi. miuRebeli zarali – omis dros ase uwodeben ngrevis dones, romelic potenciur agresors sxva qveyanaze Tavdasxmis cTunebas gauqrobs. swored am mizniT aviTareben birTvuli strategiis doqtrinaSi meore dartymis unars: man unda Seakavos winaswari an prevenciuli birTvuli Seteva (“pirveli dartyma”). miwodebisa da moTxovnis kanoni – kapitalisturi anu sabazro ekonomikis safuZvlad myofi es principi adgens, rom ekonomikis saukeTeso regulatoria bazris “uxilavi xeli”, anu Tavisufali da SeuzRudavi ekonomikuri aqtivobis savaraudod racionaluri Sedegi. kerZod, es Sedegi moaqvs sakuTari egoisturi interesebis mqone Tavisufali individebis (mwarmoeblebis, momxmareblebis, mewarmeebis, mSromelebis) racionaluri gadawyvetilebebis safuZvelze aRmocenebul kanonzomierebebs warmoebis, ganawilebis, dabandebis da moxmarebis sferoSi. mogolebi – muslimi dampyroblebi, romlebmac dinastiuri imperia Seqmnes aziis sub-kontinentze; maTi yvelaze gamoCenili mmarTvelebi iyvnen baburi (1483-1530), akbari (1556-1605), Sah iahani (1628-1658) da aurangzebi (1658-1707). Sah iahani taj-maxalis arqiteqtoric iyo. mozaikuri sazogadoeba – socialur-kulturuli mravalferovnebis gansakuTrebiT maRali doniT gamorCeuli sazogadoeba (aseTi ram gavrcelebulia afrikis da laTinuri amerikis erebSi). am niSans SeuZlia, qveynis ganviTareba Seaferxos. monarqistebi – mxardamWerebi sistemisa, romelSic politikuri Zalaufleba ekuTvnis erT pirovnebas (magaliTad, mefes), romelic piradi

690 gadawyvetilebebis safuZvelze marTavs. monawileoba – aqtiuri CarTuloba politikur saqmeebSi, rac SeiZleba gulisxmobdes moqmedebis saxeTa farTo speqtrs – xmis micemiTa da masobrivi protestiT dawyebuli da SeiaraRebuli ajanyebiTa da terorizmiT damTavrebuli. monros doqtrina – aSS prezidentis jeims monros mier formulirebuli status qvoze mimarTuli politika, romlis Tanaxmadac SeerTebuli Statebi unda SeewinaaRmdegos gare Zalebis nebismier mcdelobas, Secvalon ZalTa balansi dasavleT naxevarsferoSi. moraluri relativizmi – azri, rom yvela moraluri msjeloba arsebiTad subieqturia da mxolod maTi gamomTqmeli pirovnebisTvis aqvs Zala. am koncefciis Tanaxmad, ar arsebobs romelime mosazreba moralis sakiTxze, romelic ramiT jobia nebismier sxvas. moqalaqeoba – ufleba da movaleoba, konstruqciuli monawileoba miiRo TviTmmarTvelobis mimdinare funqciobaSi. mravalerovani saxelmwifoebi – suverenuli saxelmwifoebi, romelTa kontrolirebad teritoriaze cxovrobs ori an meti (xandaxan gacilebiT meti) eTnolingvisturi jgufi (an eri); sagulisxmo magaliTebia indoeTi, nigeria, ruseTi, CineTi, yofili iugoslavia. mravaljeradi ganadgurebis unari (overkill) – imaze gacilebiT ufro didi birTvuli arsenalis floba, vidre saWiroa mtris sruli ganadgurebisTvis. msoflio savaWro organizacia (WTO) – aradiskriminaciuli savaWro organizacia, risi mizanicaa globalur Tu regionul doneze daubrkolebeli savaWro urTierTobebis mxardaWera. adre mas erqva sayovelTao xelSekruleba vaWrobasa da tarifebze. msoflio sasamarTlo – aseve cnobilia rogorc “saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo” (International Court of Justice) – gaeros ZiriTadi sasamarTlo organo; sasamarTlo ganixilavs nebismier saqmes, riTac masSi Sedian misi iurisdiqciis nebayoflobiT maRiarebeli mxareebi. mtkicebulebis uaryofis wesi (dauSvebeli mtkicebuleba) – samarTlebriv procedurebSi ase qvia wess, romlis ZaliTac konstituciuri moTxovnebis darRveviT mopovebuli mtkicebuleba ver gamoiyeneba sasamarTloSi braldebulis winaaRmdeg. multinacionaluri korporaca – kompania, romlis saqmianobis mniSvnelovani nawili sxvadasxva qveyanaSia ganawilebuli. mcire intensivobis konfliqti – aseTi ram xdeba, roca erTi saxelmwifo afinansebs, asponsorebs da exmareba Zaladobis sporadul da xangrZliv gamoyenebas metoqe qveyanaSi. mwvane revolucia – soflis meurneobis produqtiulobis dramatuli zrda Tanamedrove sairigacio sistemebisa da qimiuri sasuqebis Setanis Sedegad, damaxasiaTebeli Tanamedrove indoeTis,

691 meqsikis, taivanisa da filipinebisTvis. mwiri informaciis racionaloba – idea, rom moqalaqeebs SeuZliaT, azriani arCevani gaakeTon (magaliTad, gonivrulad miscen xma) miuxedavad imisa, rom isini arasakmarisad erkvevian sajaro politikaSi, kandidatebis av-kargianobaSi da mimdinare problemebSi. naTesavi qveynis sindromi – viTareba, romlis drosac erTmaneTTan kulturulad dakavSirebuli qveynebi da liderebi msgavs poziciebs icaven. nato (CrdiloeT atlantikis xelSekrulebis organizacia) – 1949 wels daarsebuli samxedro kavSiri, romelSic Crdilo amerikisa da evropis saxelmwifoTa umravlesoba Sedis. misi Tavdapirveli mizani iyo evropaSi sabWoTa kavSiris agresiis aRkveTa. nacia – ix. eri. nacionalistur-separatistuli terorizmi – terorizmis forma, romelsac sakuTari saxelmwifoebriobis maZiebeli jgufebi misdeven. maTi saqmianoba Cveulebriv mocemul erovnul sazRvrebSia moqceuli. neitraliteti – politika, romelic upirobo prioritetad miiCnevs omSi Caubmelobas. saamisod qveyana mezoblebis mimarT raime muqaras erideba, mxolod TavdacviT samxedro resursebs inarCunebs da arasodes emxroba konfliqtis romelime mxares. fineTi, SvedeTi da Sveicaria neitralitetis politikis warmatebiT ganxorcielebis magaliTebia. nihilizmi – msoflmxedveloba, ris Tanaxmadac yvela arsebuli socialuri da politikuri institutis ganadgureba TavisTavad sasurveli mizania. nomenklatura – yofili sabWoTa komunisturi partiis sistema, riTac is akontrolebda yvela mniSvnelovan istraciul Tanamdebobas da amiT uzunvelyofda mimdinare gadawyvetilebebis mimRebTa mxardaWeras da erTgulebas. oligarqia – avtoritaruli mmarTvelobis forma, romlis drosac gavlenian individTa mcire jgufi srulad akontrolebs Zalauflebas. oligarqiis rkinis kanoni – elitisturi Teoria, romlis Tanaxmadac nebismieri didi organizaciis (mag., politikuri partiis, profesiuli kavSiris) marTvis saWiroebebs TavisTavad mivyavarT mdgomareobamde, roca informaciisa da komunikaciis misawvdomoba da maTze kontroli biurokratTa mcire jgufiTaa SemozRuduli. amis gamo es jgufi organizaciis farglebSi Zalauflebis yvela berkets eufleba. omi mcdari aRqmis gamo – saomari konfliqti imis gamo, rom or qveyanas arasworad esmis erTmaneTis namdvili ganzraxvebi. omis eskalacia – saomar konfliqtSi ase qvia gadasvlas SedarebiT ufro lokaluri da SezRuduli Setakebebidan srulmasStabian omze. Cveulebriv es xdeba, roca mocemul momentSi wagebuli mxare

692 brZolaSi gardatexis Sesatanad Tavisi samxedro Zalis mkveTr gazrdas gadawyvets, da es tendencia grZeldeba, sanam orive mxare omSi Tavisi sruli potencialiT ar Caebmeba. orpalatiani sistema (bikameralizmi) – sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis dayofa or palatad. orpolusiani (bipolaruli) sistema – ZalTa balansis tradiciuli evropuli sistemis gardaqmna or mtrul banakad, romelTac SeerTebuli Statebi da yofili sabWoTa kavSiri edgnen saTaveSi. TiToeuli flobda gadamwyvet samxedro da ekonomikur upiratesobas da mkveTrad upirispirdeboda metoqis politikasa da ideologias. palestina – libanis da siriis samxreTiT da iordaniis dasavleTiT mdebare teritoria, romelsac bibliur dros iudeasa da samarias uwodebdnen. dRes am teritoriis udides nawilze arsebobs israelis eri-saxelmwifo, romelic 1947 wels Seiqmna SeerTebuli Statebisa da didi britaneTis mxadaWeriT. palestineli arabebi – palestinis yofili teritoriis (misi udidesi nawili dRes israelia) arabi macxovreblebi. sxva arabTa umravlesobis msgavsad, palestineli arabebic muslimanebi arian. milionobiT palestinels iZulebiT gadasaxleba mouxda meore msoflio omis Semdeg, roca ebraelma emigrantebma, ZiriTadad evropidan, istoriuli samSoblos aRdgenis ocneba aisrules. aman saTave daudo xangrZliv dapirispirebas palestinel arabTa da israels Soris. partizanuli omi – mcire mobilur erTeulebad moqnilad organizebuli samxedro dajgufebebis taqtika, romlebic terorisa da sabotaJis aqtebs axorcieleben, Semdeg ki samoqalaqo mosaxleobaSi iTqvifebian. partiis yriloba – sabWoTa sistemis umaRlesi politikuri organo, romelic xuT weliwadSi erTxel ikribeboda. formalurad is partiis wevrebs wamoadgenda, sinamdvileSi ki mmarTveli elitis mier gatarebuli politikis legitimacias emsaxureboda. partiuloba – Tagvanwirvis, enTuziazmisa da upirobo erTgulebis suliskveTeba, rac komunisturi partiis wevrebs moeTxoveboda. pauperizaciis kanoni – am debulebiT karl marqss surda imis Tqma, rom raki kapitalizms axasiaTebs Tandayolili midrekileba krizisebisa da umuSevrobis zrdisken, muSebi garduvalad gadadian Warbi muSaxelis kategoriaSi. patron-klienteluri urTierToba – politikuri monawileobis forma, ufro metad gavrcelebuli ganviTarebad qveynebSi, rodesac, ierarqiuli sistemis farglebSi, gavleniani pirebi garkveuli sikeTeebis sanacvlod moipoveben xmebs, finansur saxsrebs da imtkiceben politikuri Zalauflebis bazas. perestroika – am terminiT aRniSnavdnen mixeil gorbaCovis sxvadasxva

693 mcdelobas, gardaeqmna sabWoTa ekonomika misi socialisturi xasiaTis sruli uaryofis gareSe. perestroikis pirveladobis modeli – erovnuli ganviTarebis Teoria, romlis Tanaxmadac liberaluri sabazro reformebi win unda uswrebdes politikur reformebs. pirdapiri demokratia – mmarTvelobis forma, romlis drosac gadawyvetilebebi uSualod moqalaqeebisa da ara maTi warmomadgenlebis mier miiReba. pirveli dartyma – moulodneli an winmswrebi Tavdasxma birTvuli iaraRis gamoyenebiT. pirveli samyaro – industriuli demokratiebi. piruku diskriminacia – masze saubroven maSin, rodesac pozitiuri qmedebebi, romelTa mizania istoriulad Cagrul jgufebs daexmaron samsaxuris, sacxovreblis da ganaTlebis mopovebaSi, umravlesobisTvis Semaferxebel faqtorebad iqceva. es umciresobebis da genderuli diskriminaciis msxverplTaTvis upiratesobis miniWebis gauTvaliswinebeli Sedegia. plebisciti – kenWisyra, romelic qveyanaSi tardeba sajaro politikis konkretul problemaze. pluralistebi – am Tvalsazrisis momxreebi Tvlian, rom raki nebismier did demokratiaSi politikuri procesi decentralizebuli da instituciurad danawevrebulia, politikuri Zalauflebis struqturebis kontroli SeuZliaT mxolod specialur interesTa SemozRudul sivrceSi Seqmnil, erTi sakiTxis garSemo gaerTianebul koaliciebs. propaganda – mas-mediis gamoyeneba mosaxleobaSi sasurveli Sexedulebebis Casanergad da xalxis azrebisa da qmedebis sasurveli mimarTulebiT warsamarTad. proporciuli warmomadgenloba – politikuri struqtura, ris pirobebSic sakanonmdeblo organos mandatebi partiebs Soris nawildeba amomrCevelTa miRebuli xmebis wilis Sesabamisad. proletariati – marqsistul TeoriaSi, muSaTa klasi. pozitiuri qmedebebi – socialurad an ekonomikurad uares mdgomareobaSi myofi jgufebis wevrebisTvis upiratesobis miniWeba warsuli diskriminaciis gamo dakarguli SesaZleblobebis sakompensaciod. politbiuro – patara jgufi, romelic yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi umaRlesi gadawyvetilebis mimRebi organo iyo. misi wevrebi xSirad imavdroulad komunisturi partiis centraluri komitetis mdivnebi an wamyvani dargebis ministrebi iyvnen. politika – procesi, ris Sedegadac sazogadoeba irCevs da gadawyvetilebebis misaRebad saWiro ZalauflebiT aRWurvavs Tavis mmarTvelebs, moqmedebs saerTo miznebis misaRwevad da agvarebs konfliqtebs Tavis SigniT.

694 politikis axali gageba – meTvramete saukunis doqtrina, ris Tanaxmadac politikuri sistema SeiZleba ise moewyos, rom Seiqmnas kompetenturi mTavroba, magram Tavidan iyos acilebuli Zalauflebis zedmeti centralizaciidan gamomdinare tirania. “politiko” – aSS-Si ase uwodeben kanonmdebels, romelic maTTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan sakiTxebSi amorCevelTa nebas misdevs, magram sakuTar mosazrebebs eyrdnoba im sferoebSi, rac nakleb aRelvebs amomrCevlebs an sasicocxlo mniSvneloba aqvs eris keTidReobisTvis. politikuri apaTia – politikuri monawileobis mimarT interesis arqona. politikuri ganviTareba – xelisuflebis unari, efeqturad gamoiyenos Zalaufleba, wesrigi da sazogadoebrivi samsaxurebis muSaoba uzrunvelyos, amasTan Tavidan aicilos cvlilebebi liderTa Soris. politikuri partia – individTa nebismieri jgufi, romelic erTmaneTs eTanxmeba sajaro politikis zogierT an yvela sakiTxze da organizdeba im mizniT, rom Tavisi wevrebis meSveobiT xelisuflebis kontrols miaRwios. politikuri realizmi – filosofia, romlis Tanaxmadac yvela politikur urTierTobaSi sakvanZo faqtori Zalauflebaa, amitom saWiroa misi pragmatuli da gamozomili gamoyeneba erovnuli interesebis dasakmayofileblad. ganxorcielebuli politika fasdeba rogorc kargi an cudi imis mixedviT, Tu ramdenad sasikeToa is erovnuli interesebisTvis da ara misi moralurobis xarisxiT. politikuri socializacia – procesi, riTac sazogadoebis wevrebi iTviseben maTi garemos Zireul Rirebulebebs da emzadebian samoqalaqo movaleobaTa Sesasruleblad. politikuri qmedebis komitetebi – konkretuli kandidatebis mxardasaWerad an sawinaaRmdegod warmarTuli kampaniebisTvis saxsrebis mosazidad Seqmnili jgufebi aSS-Si. politikuri qmedunarianoba – politikur saqmianobaSi qmediTi monawileobis unari, romelsac Cveulebriv safuZvlad udevs ganaTleba, socialuri statusi da sakuTari Tavis rwmena. politikuri SeRweva – ekonomikuri ganviTarebis xelSewyoba gzebis da xidebis mSeneblobiT, satelefono xazebis gayvaniT, raTa saboloo jamSi ufro integrirebuli erovnuli ekonomika Camoyalibdes. policiuri Zalaufleba – saxelmwifoTa unari, SeinarCunon Sida mSvidoba da wesrigi, uzrunvelyon ganaTleba da zogadad dacvan adamianebis janmrTeloba, usafrTxoeba da keTildReoba. prefeqti – safrangeTSi ase qviaT mniSvnelovani saxelisuflebo organoebis xelmZRvanelebs. proletariati – muSaTa klasis sinonimia marqsistul TeoriaSi.

695 proletariatis diqtatura – marqsistul TeoriaSi es aris muSaTa revoluciis uSualod momdevno stadia, romlis drosac saxelmwifos komunisturi partia akontrolebs da mas kapitalisturi reaqciisa Tu kontrrevoluciisgan icavs; proletariatis diqtaturas wminda komunizmisa da uklaso sazogadoebisken mivyavarT. proporciuli siebis sistema – proporciuli waromadgenlobis meTodi, romlis drosac partiebi qmnian sakuTari kandidatebis ranJirebul sias da mis mixedviT SeyavT isini sakanonmdeblo organoSi. Jenevis konvencia – saerTaSoriso samarTlis korpusi, romelic adgens omis dros daWrilTa, tyveTa da omis zonaSi moxvedril samoqalaqo pirTa mimarT mopyrobis wesebs. rajia sabha – indoeTis federaluri parlamentis zeda palata – Statebis arapirdapir arCeuli sabWo. “rbili fuli” (soft money)- (aSS-Si) iseTi Sewirulobebi politikuri partiebis erovnuli komitetebisi, rodesac partia ar aris angariSvaldebuli federaluri saarCevno komisiis mimarT im pirobiT, rom fuli konkretuli kandidatis saWiroebisTvis ar iqneba gamoyenebuli; erovnuli komitetebi ase miRebul Tanxebs gadascemen partiul organizaciebs Statebis doneze, romelTac Cveulebriv angariSvaldebulebis nakleb mkacri wesebi aqvT. kritikosebi “rbil fuls” uwodeben uzarmazar xvrels kanonmdeblobaSi partiebis dafinansebis Sesaxeb da mas legalizebul korufcias uTanabreben. revolucia – sazogadoebis politikuri da socialuri institutebis Zirfesviani Secvla, rasac xSirad Tan axlavs Zaladoba, kulturuli dapirispireba da samoqalaqo omi. revoluciis ufleba – jon lokis Teoria, romlis Tanaxmadac, Tu xelisufleba Tavisi moqmedebiT sicocxlis, Tavisuflebis da sakuTrebis Zireul uflebebs laxavs, moqalaqeebs ufleba aqvT, ajanydnen da Secvalon is axliT, romelic marTebulad Seasrulebs Tavis amocanebs. revoluciuri komunizmi – ideologia, romlis Tanaxmadac kapitalisturi sistema muSaTa klasis Zaladobrivma ajanyebam unda daamxos da sajaro sakuTrebiTa da saxelisuflebo kontrolze damyarebuli ekonomikuri sistemiT Secvalos. revoluciuri omi – amerikis omi damoukideblebisTvis (1975-83); ix. amerikis revolucia. rektifikacia – maoistur CineTSi ase erqva yvela “kapitalisturad” miCneuli Tvisebis – mag., materializmisa da individualizmis, aRmofxvras. respublika – mmarTvelobis forma, romlis drosac suverenitetis matarebelia mocemuli qveynis xalxi da ara misi mmarTvelebi. respublikebis udidesi umravlesoba dRes demokratiuli anu warmomadgenlobiTia, rac niSnavs, rom suverenul

696 Zalauflebas axorcieleben moqalaqeTa mier arCeuli da maT winaSe pasuxismgebeli warmomadgenlebi. referendumi – xmis micema, riTac moqalaqeebs SeuZliaT pirdapir gaauqmon sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis mier miRebuli gadawyvetileba. saapelacio sasamarTlo – sasamarTlo, romelic ganixilavs saCivrebs saolqo sasamarTlos mier miRebul gadawyvetilebebze. sabotaJi – xelisuflebisTvis Ziris gamoTxris mcdeloba, xSirad gare Zalebis daxmarebiT. saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo organizaciebi – saerTaSoriso organizaciebi, romelTa wevrebic kerZo pirebi da jgufebi arian. saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi – gaeros mier Seqmnili saerTaSoriso organizacia, romelSic mravali qveynis mTavroba Sedis. misi mizania xeli Seuwyos globalur TanamSromlobas savaluto sferoSi, saerTaSoriso vaWrobasa da ekonomikur stabilobas. is aseve exmareba sagadasaxado balansis gaTanabrebas wevri qveynebisTvis sakuTari fondidan sesxebis gacemiT. saerTaSoriso samarTali – CveulebaTa, xelSekrulebaTa da sazogadod miRebul wesTa erToblioba, romlebic gansazRvravs erebis uflebebsa da movaleobebs erTmaneTTan urTierTobaSi. saerTaSoriso samTavrobo organizaciebi – saerTaSoriso organizaciebi, romelTa wevrebic mTavrobebi arian. saerTaSoriso terorizmi – terorizmis forma, romelSic erTi qveyana sxva qveynis xelisuflebas upirispirdeba. xandaxan “saxelmwifos dasponsorebul terorizmsac” uwodeben. savaldebulo iurisdiqcia – samarTlebrivi valdebuleba, daemorCilo sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebas. msoflio sasamarTlos arsebobis pirveli oci wlis manZilze ormocdaori qveynis xelisuflebam ganacxada mzaoba, eRiarebina misi savaldebulo iurisdiqcia. sazogado sikeTe – politikuri erTobis wevrTa mier gaziarebuli Sexedulebebi imis Taobaze, Tu ra miznebis miRwevas unda emsaxurebodes xelisufleba: magaliTad, man unda uzrunvelyos usafrTxoebis, keTildReobis, Tanasworobis, Tavisuflebis, samarTlianobis maqsimaluri done yvela moqalaqisTvis. sazogadoebriv interesTa jgufebi – jgufebi, romlebic mxars uWeren RonisZiebebs, romlebic maTi azriT mTel sazogadoebas waadgeba. sazogadoebrivi azri – moqalaqeTa Sexedulebebi, romlebic gavlenas axdenen saxelisuflebo Tanamdebobis pirTa gadawyvetilebebze da qcevaze. sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxva – moqalaqeTa gamokiTxva maTi Sexedulebebis gasagebad.

697 saliamis taqtika – am meTodebiT v. i. lenini TiSavda Tavis oponentebs mcire jgufebad, romlTac erTmaneTs upirispirebda da iolad amarcxebda. samarTliani omi – TavdacviTi omi, an omi, romelic erTaderTi saSualebaa qveynis mier dasaxuli marTebuli miznis misaRwevad. samarTlianoba – sazogadoebis SigniT sikeTeebisa da movaleobebis ganawileba damsaxurebis mixedviT. samoqalaqo ganaTleba – potenciur moqalaqeebSi im Zireuli Rirebulebebisa da Sexedulebebis STanergva, romlebic safuZvlad udevs mocemul wesrigs. samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba – kanonis araZaladobrivi da Ria darRveva, risi mizanicaa iuridiuli, politikuri Tu socialuri usamarTlobis warmoCena. samoqalaqo

liderebi

–

individebi,

romlebic

seriozul

gavlenas

axdenen xelisuflebaze raime oficialuri Tanamdebobis daukaveblad. samoqalaqo omi – omi eris geografiul Tu politikur nawilebs Soris. saomari danaSauli – omis dros Cadenili danaSauli, romelic serozulad arRvevs omis zogadad aRiarebuli wesebs. saparlamento sistema – demokratiuli mmarTvelobis sistema, romlis drosac xelisufleba koncentrirebulia sakanonmdeblo organoSi, romelic irCevs premier-ministrs da kabinetis wevrebs. maT imden xans SeuZliaT Tanamdebobaze yofna, ramden xansac parlamentSi umravlesobis mxardaWera eqnebaT. saparlamento suvereniteti – did britaneTSi ase uwodeben dauwerel konstituciur princips, risi ZaliTac britaneTis parlamenti uzenaesi sakanonmdeblo organoa; parlamentis mier miRebuli kanonebi ar eqvemdebareba samarTlebriv gadasinjvas da arc samefo taxts SeuZlia maTi gauqmeba. saprezidento sistema – mmarTvelobis demokratiuli forma, romelSic umaRlesi

aRmasrulebeli

Tanamdebobis

piri

saerTo-

saxalxo xmis micemiT airCeva fiqsirebuli vadiT, xolo misi uflebamosileba mkafiodaa gamijnuli xelisuflebis sxva Stoebisgan. sasamarTlo gadasinjva – sasamarTlos ufleba, xelisuflebis aqtebi arakonstituciurad,

maSasadame

Zaladakargulad

gamoacxados. safrangeTis revolucia (1789) – man safrangeTSi burbonebis dinastia daamxo Tavisuflebis, Tanasworobisa da Zmobis (liberté, egalité, fraternité)

698 saxeliT, konservatuli, aristokratuli da roialisturi institutebiT

marTul

evropaSi

liberalizmis

virusi

Seitana da napoleon bonapartis mmarTveloba moamzada; man safrangeTis pirvel respublikasa da napoleonis omebs Cauyara safuZveli. saSinao iurisdiqcia – arsebiTad suverenuli saxelmwifos ganmgeblobas mikuTvnebuli saqmeebi. saSinao terorizmi – terorizmis forma, romelsac axorcieleben adamianebi qveynis SigniT romelime mTavrobasTan kavSiris gareSe. saxelmwifo

–

damoukidebeli romelsac

politikur-istraciuli

gaaCnia

mocemuli

mosaxleobis

erTeuli, loialoba,

axorcielebs monopolias Zalis legitimur gamoyenebaze da akontrolebs teritorias, razec misi moqalaqeebi Tu qveSemrdomebi cxovroben. saxelmwifoTaSorisi omebi – omebi suverenul saxelmwifoebs Soris. saxelSelaxulTa bili (bill of attander) – saparlamento aqti, romelic pirovnebas damnaSaved cnobs da sasjels ufardebs sasamarTlo procesis gareSe. saxelmwifo gadatrialeba (coup d’état) – saxelmwifo Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdebis mcdeloba alternatuli jgufis (xSirad samxedroebis) mier, visac ZiriTad saxelisuflebo institutebze kontrolis mopoveba

surs

mmarTvelobis

formis

an

sazogadoebis

Zirfesviani Secvlis gareSe. saxelmwifo moRvawe – xelisuflebaSi myofi politikosi, visac gaaCnia gamorCeuli politikuri unarebi da praqtikuli sibrZne, sazogado sikeTeze zrunavs da adamianebisTvis mniSvnelovan pozitiur Sedegebsac aRwevs. saxelmwifos armqone erebi – xalxebi an erebi, romlebic sxvadasxva saxelmwifoSi an farTo teritoriaze cxovroben da ar gaaCniaT sakuTari

avtonomiuri,

damoukidebeli

Tu

suverenuli

mmarTvelobiTi struqtura; aseTi xalxebis magaliTebia qurTebi, palestinelebi, tibetelebi (ix. eri). saxelmwifos marTvis xelovneba – saxelmwifos saqmeTa unariani gaZRola. saxelmwifos mSenebloba – iseTi politikuri institutebis Seqmna, romelTac xelewifeba

qveynis

SigniT

saxelisuflebo

funqciebis

ganxorcieleba da resursebis ganawileba. saxelmwifo

terorizmi

–

usafrTxoebis

Zaladobrivi samsaxurebi

meTodebi, iyeneben

dasaSineblad da dasaSoSmineblad.

rasac

saxelmwifos

sakuTari

xalxis

699 sajaro sikeTe – ix. sazogado sikeTe sionizmi – moZraoba, romlis Tavdapirveli mizani iyo ebraelTa erovnuli saxelmwifos – israelis aRdgena, dRes ki mis mxardasaWerad iRwvis. socializmi – es ideologia koleqtiur da saxelmwifo sakuTrebas upiratesobas aniWebs individualur da kerZo sakuTrebasTan SedarebiT. status kvos strategia – saxelmwifos amgvari politika miznad isaxavs, SeinarCunos

ZalTa

arsebuli

balansi

koleqtiuri

usafrTxoebis meqanizmebis, diplomatiisa da molaparakebebis gamoyenebiT, aseve eswrafvis mis legitimacias saerTaSoriso samarTlisa da saerTaSoriso organizaciebismeSveobiT. strategiuli gamokiTxva – sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxvis am tips iyeneben imis gasarkvevad, Tu ra poziciebi unda daikavos kandidatma da ra saxis politikuri reklama Seuqmnis mas pozitiur imijs. strategiuli SeiaraRebis Semcirebis xelSekruleba II (START II) – SeerTebul Statebsa

da

yofil

xelSekruleba

sabWoTa

kavSirs

strategiuli

Soris

birTvuli

dadebuli SeiaraRebis

SezRudvaze. stratificirebuli

SerCeva

-

sazogadoebrivi

azris

gamokiTxvis

am

nairsaxeobaSi respondentebi SeirCevian asakis, Semosavlis, socialur-ekonomikuri statusis da msgavsi niSnebis mixedviT im angariSiT, rom SerCeva mTlianad sazogadoebis struqturas Seesabamebodes; gansxvavdeba SemTxveviTi SerCevisagan. suvereniteti – mTavrobis unari, realurad ganaxorcielos uzenaesi Zalaufleba saxelmwifoSi. terorizmi – politikuri aqtivoba, romelic Tavisi miznebis misaRwevad eyrdoba Zaladobas an Zaladobis muqaras. teroris mefoba – adamianTa masobrivi dasja safrangeTis revoluciis dros maqsimilian robespierisa da misive sajaro usafrTxoebis komitetis brZanebiT. ase uswordebodnen adamianebs, visi Sexedulebebic

revolucionerTa

utopiuri

idealebisgan

gansxvavdeboda. tiananmenis moednis Jleta – 1989 wels mosamsaxureebma da studentebma pekinSi tiananmenis moedanze gamarTes mitingi demokratiuli Tavisuflebisa

da

mmarTvelobis

sistemis

reformis

moTxovnebiT. jarma Zaladobrivad CaaxSo saprotesto aqcia, ris Sedegadac daixoca 1500 da daSavda aTi aTasamde adamiani. totalitarizmi – politikuri sistema, romelSic sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela

sferos,

ekonomikasa

da

xelisuflebas

mkacrad

700 akontrolebs mmarTveli elita. tradicionalistebi – Teoretikosebi, romelTa mier politikis Seswavla fundamentur

da

“maradiul”

problemebSi

CaRrmavebas

emyareba. tradiciuli

sazogadoebebi

–

aseTi

sazogadoebebi

warsulze

arian

orientirebuli da winaaRmdegobas uweven cvlilebebs. maTi gavrcelebuli

niSnebia

siRaribe,

ekonomikis

ZiriTadad

agraruli xasiaTi, wera-kiTxvis dabali done da maRali Sobadoba. transnacionaluri terorizmi – aseT ramesTan gvaqvs saqme, roca sxvadasxva qveyanaSi

moqmedi

teroristuli

jgufebi

erTmaneTTan

TanamSromloben an mocemuli teroristuli jgufis saqmianoba saxelmwifo sazRvrebs kveTs. trumenis doqtrina – aSS prezidentis hari trumenis dapireba, rom misi qveyana daexmareba yvela Tavisufal qveyanas, romelsac SeiaraRebuli umciresobis mier ganxorcielebuli revolucia an gare agresia daemuqreba. tutelaJi – yvela adgilobrivad miRebul gadawyvetilebaze centralizebuli biurokratiuli kontrolis sistema, romelic gamoiyeneba mmarTvelobis

unitarul

sistemebSi

(magaliTad,

safrangeTSi). ubralo umravlesoba – amomrCevelTa yvelaze didi nawili. uzenaesi sasamarTlo (aSS-Si) – umaRlesi donis federaluri sasamarTlo, romelic

wyvets

samarTlis

interpretaciasTan

Tu

sakonstitucio principebTan dakavSirebul gansakuTrebiT rTul sakiTxebs. ultranacionalizmi – ukiduresi nacionalizmi, romelsac xSirad faSizms adareben;

agresiuli

memarjvene

orientacia,

romelsac

Cveulebriv axasiaTebs militarizmi, rasizmi da qsenofobia. umravlesobis mmarTveloba – principi, romlis Tanaxmadac upiratesoba eniWeba kandidats an programas, romelic miiRebs amomrCevelTa xmebis naxevars plus erT xmas mainc. umravlesobis tirania – politikuri situacia, romelSic dominanturi jgufi xelisuflebis kontrols iyenebs umciresobis jgufebis dasaCagrad. undoblobis votumi – saparlamento demokratiebSi ase qvia kenWisyras parlamentSi, romelic mTavrobam aucileblad unda moigos, raTa xelisuflebaSi darCes. unitaruli sistema – sistema, sadac adgilobrivi xelisuflebisaTvis uflebaTa


701

delegireba centraluri mTavrobis nebazea damokidebuli. upirobo kapitulacia – arCevani, romelsac meomari mxare damarcxebis piras misul mowinaaRmdeges aZlevs: an dauyonebliv danebdi (riTac gamarjvebulis keTil nebaze mTlianad damokidebuli darCebi), an bolomde ganadgurdi. urTierTdamokidebuleba – politikuri moZRvreba, romlis Tanaxmadac arc erT ers ar SeuZlia sruli izolacia sxva erebis politikuri, ekonomikuri da kulturuli qmedebebisgan, da rom amis gamo iqmneba erovnul interesebze maRla mdgomi saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mzardi qseli. urTierTSekaveba – am Teoriis Tanaxmad agresiuli omebi Tavidan SeiZleba aviciloT, Tu Tavdasxmis potenciur obieqts sakmarisi samxedro Zala eqneba saimisod, rom nebismieri SesaZlo agresori saTanadod dasajos. utopia – srulyofili politikuri da socialuri sistemis warmosaxva. utopisti socialistebi – adamianebi, visac swamda, rom SesaZlebelia qonebis warmatebuli erToblivi marTva, riTac gadaiWreba yvelaze mniSvnelovani politikuri problemebi. uflebaTa peticia – inglisis parlamentis mier 1628 wels gamocemuli aqti, romelmac daawesa marTebuli samarTlebrivi procesi da SezRuda mefis mier gadasaxadebis dawesebis ufleba. ujredebi – mcire, mWidrod dakavSirebuli qveda donis organizaciuli erTeulebi v. i. leninis bolSevikur partiaSi. faSizmi – totalitaruli politikuri sistema, romelsac saTaveSi udgas popularuli qarizmatuli politikuri lideri da romelSic erTaderTi politikuri partiisa da kargad marTuli Zaladobis meSveobiT sruli politikuri da socialuri kontroli xorcieldeba. faSizmi imiT gansxvavdeba komunizmisgan, rom Tumca ekonomikur struqturas saxelmwifo akontrolebs, is kerZo mesakuTreTa xelSia. federalizmi

–

SezRuduli

mmarTvelobis

sistema,

romelic

emyareba

Zalauflebis ganawilebas centralur xelisuflebasa da ufro mcire regionul erTeulebs Soris. federaluri asamblea – ruseTis erovnuli sakanonmdeblo organo, orpalatiani parlamenti, Seqmnili 1993 wlis konstituciiT. masSi Sedis zeda (saxelmwifo duma) da qveda (federaciis sabWo) palatebi. federaluri erTeuli (“Stati”, “miwa” – da a. S.) – ZiriTadi politikuristraciuli

erTeuli

federalur

sistemaSi.

is

suverenuli ar aris da Cveulebriv damokidebulia centralur

702


xelisuflebaze

iseT

sakiTxebSi,

rogoricaa

resursebis

(sagadasaxado transferebis da grantebis) gamoyofa, Tavdacva (samxedro usafrTxoeba da sagangebo situaciebSi daxmareba), agreTve sxva federalur erTeulebTan da ucxo qveynebTan ekonomikuri urTierToba. federaciis sabWo – ruseTis erovnuli sakanonmdeblo organos, federaluri asambleis zeda palata, Seqmnili 1993 wlis konstituciiT. masSi Sedis 178 warmomadgneli – or-ori TiToeuli 89 teritoriuli erTeulidan. filosofosi

mefeebi

–

brZeni

filosofosebi,

romlebic

platonis

“saxelmwifoSi” aRweril idealur qalaqSi mmarTvelebad gvevlinebian. fokus-jgufebi – adamianTa mcire jgufebi, romlebic komunikaciebis eqspertis xelmZRvanelobiT ganixilaven konkretul sakiTxebs. funqcionalizmi/funqcionalistebi – am politikuri moZRvrebis Tanaxmad, ekonomikuri

da

socialuri

funqciebis

TandaTanobiTi

gadacema saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobiTi organizaciebisTvis (rogoricaa gaeros specializebuli saagentoebi – magaliTad, iunesko), sabolood saerTaSoriso doneze gadaanacvlebs realur Zalauflebas da aq moaxdens politikuri qmedebis integracias. qarizmatuli lideri – politikuri lideri, romlis legitimuroba mosaxleobis mxridan

Tayvaniscemas

emyareba.

aseTi

Tayvaniscemis

safuZveli SeiZleba iyos warsuli sagmiro saqmeebi (realuri an warmosaxviTi), pirovnuli oratoruli niWi Tu politikuri nawerebi. qaSmiri – indoeTsa da pakistans Soris sadavo teritoria. qaSmiris udides nawilze kontrols induisturi umravlesobis mqone indoeTi axorcielebs,

magram

TviT

am

provinciis

mosaxleobis

umravlesoba muslimania, anu pakistanis oficialur religias misdevs.

1947

wels

damoukideblobis

mopovebis

Semdeg

indoeTma da pakistanma samjer iomes qaSmiris gamo, 2000-2001 wlebSi ki daZabulobam kvlav imata. indoeTsac da pakistansac arsenalSi birTvuli iaraRi aqvs. qveyana – rogorc politikuri termini, is daaxloebiT Seesabameba saxelmwifos da SeiZleba “eris” da “eri-saxelmwifos” sinonimad iyos gamoyenebuli. sityva “qveyana” SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas mis mimarT siyvarulis gamosaxatavadac (magaliTad, patriotul leqsebsa da simRerebSi), radgan “saxelmwifosgan” gansxvavebiT


703

mas emociuri elferic aqvs. qneseTi – israelis erTpalatiani parlamenti. SezRuduli omi – totaluri omis (magaliTad, totaluri birTvuli omis) sapirispiro cneba. SezRuduli xelisufleba – koncefcia, romlis Tanaxmadac xelisufleba ver gadadgams nabijs, rac ginda bevrma adamianma moisurvos es, romelic winaaRmdegobaSi Seva konstituciur principebTan – magaliTad, samarTalTan. SeiaraRebaSi Sejibri – moqipSe saxelmwifoebis mier urTirTsawinaaRmdegod mimarTuli iaraRis momarageba; es procesi xels uwyobs SeiaraRebis sistemebis dargSi kvlevis da teqnologiebis ganviTarebas, zogi eqspertis azriT ki omis mizezic SeiZleba gaxdes. Sekaveba – SeerTebuli Statebis politika meore msoflio omis Semdgeg, romelic globaluri termini

status-kvos

ukavSirdeba

SenarCunebaze

SeerTebuli

iyo

mimarTuli.

Statebis

mcdelobas,

Seekavebina sabWoTa kavSiri, raTa mas ver SeZleboda Semdgom gaefarTovebina Tavisi kontrolis sfero ise, rogorc es aRmosavleT evropaSi gaakeTa. am politikidan amoizarda nato, marSalis gegma, koreisa da vietnamis omebi. Sekaveba da gawonasworeba – sakonstitucio saSualebebi, romlebic saSualebas aZlevs saxelisuflebo Stoebs, win aRudgnen Zalauflebis ukanono gadametebas sxva Stoebis mier. SekiTxvebis saaTi – did britaneTSi ase qvia yoveli kviris orSabaTidan xuTSabaTamde sagangebod gamoyofil dros, rodesac misi udidebulesobis loialuri opozicia (xelisuflebaSi armyofi partia) axdens mTavrobis (xelisuflebaSi myofi partiis) qmedebaTa da gadawyvetilebaTa kritikas da gamokvlevas; yoveli kviris ganmavlobaSi premier-ministri orjer aris movale, upasuxos mwvave SekiTxvebs opoziciis mxridan. SemTxveviTi omi – birTvuli Seteva winaswari ganzraxvis gareSe Secdomis an araswori gaTvlis gamo (Tanamedrove epoqaSi). SemTxveviTi SerCeva – gamokiTxvis meTodi, rodesac adamianebi (respondentebi) SemTxveviTi wesiT SeirCevian mosaxleobis saerTo masidan (ix. agreTve stratificirebuli SerCeva). Sereuli ekonomika – ekonomikuri sistema, romelic axamebs rogorc saxelmwifo, ise kerZo mflobelobaSi myof sawarmoebs. Sereuli reJimi – saxelmwifo, romelSic Zalauflebis sxvadasxa Sto sxvadasxva socialur klass wamoadgens.

704


Stati – ix. “federaluri erTeuli“. “Calis gamokiTxvebi” – aramecnieruli kvlevebi; sazogadoebrivi azris martivi, iafi gamokiTxebi, romlebic xSirad manipulaciis da borotad gamoyenebis sagnad iqceva. Cveulebrivi politikosebi – individebi, visi prioritetic arCevnebis (xelaxla) mogebaa. CrdiloeT amerikis Tavisufali vaWrobis SeTanxmeba (NAFTA) – 1994 wels SeerTebuli Statebis, meqsikisa da kanadis mier dadebuli xelSekruleba, riTac sami eri SeTanxmda erTmaneTTan vaWroba Tavisufal reJimSi an Semcirebuli tarifebiT ewarmoebina. CrdiloeT atlantikis xelSekrulebis organizacia – ix. nato. centraluri komiteti – jgufi, romelic marTavda sabWoTa komunistur partias mis yrilobaTa Soris. mis wevrebs partiis liderebi arCevdnen. civi omi – daZabulobis maRali done SeerTebul Statebsa da sabWoTa kavSirs Soris, romlis drosac gavlenis gasaZliereblad mxareebi iyenebdnen diplomatiur manevrebs, urTierTmtrul propagandas, ekonomikur sanqciebsa da samxedro Zlierebis zrdas. cxeli xazi – vaSingtonsa da moskovs Soris komunikaciis daculi pirdapiri xazi, romelic 1963 wels, civi omis pikSi Seiqmna gaufrTxileblobiT gamowveuli birTvuli katastrofis Tavidan asacileblad. Zalaufleba – adamianTa da institutTa qcevaze gavlenis moxdenis an misi kontrolis unari rogorc darwmunebis, ise iZulebis meSveobiT. ZalauflebaTa

danawileba

–

xelisuflebis

organizeba

erTmaneTisgan

gamoyofili sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli da sasamarTlo funqciebis mixedviT; TiToeul Stos angariSveldebulebis damoukidebeli wesi, agreTve gansxvavebuli kompetencia da movaleobebi aqvs. ZalauflebaTa

Serwyma

(fusion

Zalauflebis

of

powers)– yovelgvari mmarTvelobiTi

Serwyma

sakanonmdeblo

organoSi,

rac

saparlamento sistemisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. ZalTa wonasworobis (balansis) sistema – saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis klasikuri Teoriis ZiriTadi principi, romlis Tanaxmadac daaxloebiT Tanabari Zalis mqone qveynebi cdiloben arsebuli viTarebis SenarCunebas imiT, rom saSualebas ar aZleven nebismier

saxelmwifos,

sxvebze

upiratesoba

moipovos.

ZalTa balansis sistemaSi monawile erebi aliansebs qmnian da

705


SezRudul omebSi ibrZvian, xolo erTi qveyana wonasworobis damcvelis rols TamaSobs imiT, rom rigrigobiT uWers mxars moqiSpe blokebs ZalTa balansis SesanarCuneblad. ZiriTadi kanoni – 1949 wlis dasavleT germaniis konstitucia. WeSmariti morwmune – adamiani, romelic Tavidan bolomde erTgulia revoluciuri moZraobisa da fanatizmis niSnebs avlens ideis mxardaWerasa da misTvis TavganwirvaSi. warmomadgenlobiTi demokratia – samoqalaqo monawileobis forma, risi meSveobiTac moqalaqeebi irCeven Tavis warmomadgenlebs xelisuflebaSi. warmomadgenlobis delegaciuri Teoria – mosazreba, romlis Tanaxmadac arCeuli

Tanamdebobis

pirebi

Tavisi

saarCevno

olqis

Sexedulebebs unda asaxavdnen. warmomadgenlobis meurveobiTi Teoria – mosazreba, romlis Tanaxmadac arCeuli liderebi,

Tanamdebobis romlebic

pirebi Tavisi

unda

iqceodnen

amomrCevlebis

rogorc

interesebSi

kompetentur arCevans akeTeben. wmenda – ZalauflebisTvis brZolaSi yvela metoqis Tavidan mocileba masobrivi dapatimrebebis, cixeSi Casmis, qveynidan gaZevebis da

mkvlelobebis

gziT.

xSirad

mimarTulia

yofili

Tanamzraxvelebis da maTi momxreebis winaaRmdeg, romelTac sakmarisi gavlena aqvT (realurad an xelisuflebis azriT), raTa safrTxe Seuqmnan gabatonebul elitas. wonasworobis damcveli – qveyana ZalTa wonasworobis sistemaSi, romelic konfliqtebis

dros

arbitris

funqcias

asrulebs

da

morigeobiT emxroba sxvadasxva mxares politikuri balansis SesanarCuneblad. xunta – mmarTveli oligarqia, Cveulebriv samxedro oficrebisgan Semdgari. haagis konvencia – farTod gaziarebuli wesebis erToblioba, romelic gansazRvravs rogorc meomari, ise neitraluri mxareebis qmedebebs saxmeleTo omebis dros, maT mier axali iaraRis gamoyenebas da sxva uflebebsa da movaleobebs. habeas korpusi (habeas corpus act) – 1679 wels inglisis parlamentis mier miRebuli aqti, romelmac gaaZliera inglisis moqalaqeTa ufleba, daculi yofiliyvnen kanonis mier.

თომას მაგსტადტი - "გავიგოთ პოლიტიკა" 466765

Overview 5o1f4z

More details 6z3438

More Documents from "Levan Jgerenaia" 4ry9

6g3p1u

6g3p1u

6g3p1u

6g3p1u

S15 - S13 Ecu Pinout h5g23

Desigin Of Wireless Weather Monitoring System.pdf 1i2a3b