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0.02745

op

5

.b o

0.16450

hy

1

*2(6)

J^lt - (jljjVI iicsii jit - gilill

w

w

j-fe ,|[HI(g)] / [H2{E)] [l2(g)]j<-^iiAil gjlj u1!

w

ilcliill jiyi oljjSjJ Jj>

1.0129 0.2024 0.4821

fj '■"* " j-^1 J-itj ^_

Lijp ~ . (2-1)0^1 ^ya

u^-

I^-)

t^J-® 'u-^

US lOJ IJ ' dAj

< culi jljj-o^ «([HI{6)]2 / [H2(E)][l2(8)])3-^uail gili ol a^i, liili. (^IjiVI iiai jit) • (2-1)

-30-

i>

Nadher Alshamary

ySU-sJi aijrti .
.Aic (jljjVI OJIJ I (2-1) JjAck

([HI(8)]2 /[H2(g)][I2(8)))

([H'u.ppMM)

Litl j--'■!I

< "d jljjVI cuij 5ijU-o liljS jjSLtu <

k=jhi3

2(g) ][l 2(g)] Ijjb **.<1 m jj)j. 55.16

< (1-2)^^1 jj-fi

sAAj < (^IjdVI OJIJ iljL rel="nofollow">L6

. 698.6 K ^-a

ty'l

jJI ^iLilJI

— (jljjVI <1Liv Jit ~

il O-idjJI

(jjb

< o..i.511

.-.\l 1-1 a "11

J-it jljil olj-tSjJ y-e-uuj , (jj|j>ll JcLi-jJl yi <-£Glillj V*\ flit I jljil J_oL«_6

hy

' olj^'

CjfjAjli (ji ihn^j a '■ '■-J L^J

"tajj jjc.

f^L) jL«—a) O^VI CjjIj <JjL*_o

(15)

^jLoJI (Jc.LilU dulill Isi ■La-tSj

^1 gitUI

Jqxuj ^Jl jjAauilI I« i

op

'

•Gla < liUj ^^j

.b o

jjji

I Jg-liTill

gs po t.c o

:

55.46 55.17 54.67 55.31 55.21 55.16

58.70 71.07 56.62 54.60 272.79 144.41

m

1 2 3 4 5 6

C)4_>^=>l i CJJI

'II

Jtlfijif juJ>j i_3i

C0C1,

.e x

CO + Cl,

: jjilitl

I aiA ^ujua^llj (16)

Lj .ilr [Jj.10 jJI

gjLliil i (3-1)

JO-ojjj

yJcj . (iij-ltl o'j-J—S^y-lll) O'JH'

w

{j) jjjs |>

w

I (jlj . Clj j CX) J i-uIjIjVI iTj[i^45iJjjI (ji L-itljJ L^KIj I I^JLU^J SjljaJI ia-jj jjt L^j.La.a.

^uLtiU Sjjo-J iiiitt Ja^jj G) VI '

w

: (J-Aj (OjLadlJl

'il-ti jj-A I >2il JU d^lU SLkjJJ

jjtiij ^jJI JJi i 0.32 jjxll jp i (Cl2)j (CO) f-a

i-i-tLkjs5Aj ■ JtLilll lifJ tjljjVI tiulj

fcj-fl) Cil^-tSjGJI (jp ,

(^1 VJ-^*

jj-a jj «"" iijlll ol^J Sjill {^c- (COCIj)

Ijj oi

jjaII Ijjs

Sj-j> JSI jji

1 JtUull Ij^J

iJLa. ^ (j_a (C0C12 )j (C]2) J (CO) J^.J Lojj'lj . Sj)o(j-pu : ^till

rcoci2i 7 —Yr— \ ~ 0.32 litre mol [CO][CI2]

Lf£

^ ol j qjSJ (jl yau < (jl^l

■ (17) -31 -

jyvi jic

CUIJ j>ai I (3-1) JJJA.

{j* ! 6r)

[COCl2]

CI2

COCl2

[C0][C12]

1

1.21

0.21

0.79

0.321

2

1.00

1.00

3.10

0.322

3

0,43

0.43

0.57

0,324

4

0,66

1.66

3.34

0.328

d , c , b , a

aA +bB

gs po t.c o

m

CO

cC + dD

: yJLlJI

rc? rpi-1 j i.i^ll [A]' [B]"

J*_i J-i-ii_jaj ylJI

ijfi SjLi-t

[ ]•<

.b o

^1^11 CiljjSjJ (jU , <£jSJ I Jai

jlji.! Cilj-J-SjJ

hy

J_A*ijV[ ijiLaJI (jJt

[c] -[dY

^

"btiS jlcj

^ fAP (<-ajLlll . JILaK (ji (« 'r Ull I JaJ jaaAj ^jU i (18)

^'^IL ^JIB : (jJc o^i)' cr'^h^l u'^'

w

Jjti JJUJU C»JIJ ilaao/lile.

(jii (j'l

LT^'

Up

w

, iiJjiJI cljjlSjjJI 'pt (j^Sa ijl 1-1=^; Li ^a.! vUiSj -ia^J -(j ■■'-bill

((Ail J <JbuJI Jaill f-« 3_ujjU1
.ill^ll

.e x

a b [a; [B]

w

<

op

; (K) {jljaVI CulaJ liaaliJI <^11]I tjJJt (_5jlajJJ K=

*J.>U ^[jJaVI

oLaj^a. Jot (^jLuj (_#Ju i CjIjjSjIJ! 6 j-A L^-JI jijJ tjl

jljll) tijUeXll 5JjL)uJJ j^aaVl u-uLaJI (jJfc jljil) <JjLjJ.I

i< D , C , B , A CiljLiil ol—jli-£| ijJi

( (^ / JjiL)

. iaalall jljllj "lltliUI

J—cLij)l (jjjJ

llBilJ
'^1 (j]a • « iL5 ' d^ ■ ',B)!J

^ (D)j (C) CMi Sja^tl SjUl op '

•(D) J (C) ofj Sj^tl Sjill t^Lua (B)j (A) o^ Sj!ipl Sjlil op« u'^1 ^ LJ>

^UatuSJI JiLiUI

CiljaS:.ja

J-a CjjL

:

tx11-111 >aJI

:iJ:iiJI

d" uiaLi

^UiaSJf Je-lxlJI <^0" di ^

o^»5

f

. jl^ll lilt oL»Jo>- J>ic. jjuV -32-

* (D) j (C) i>

' "Uc-Liail jlpl

Nadher Alshamary

ljU£}\

Olj^l

: aA+bB.^IjjII

yjujK^jVI JclllII LijjJ <j|

^ cC + dD

(39)

< B , A . D , C iaJJLiJlj <JaUlLI jl^il ol!uj^ aljiti Jlal d , C , b , S : : (jl j-^a < ■U^ll Jxi

jjjiaiij t

jJpliaU iLoujly

r, « [A]' [B]1

(20)

rf = Kf[A]*[B]b

Tf

m

, jjjjUVl (Jftliuil Itjxu

(21)

gs po t.c o

' jj^iUVl JAUJJI

oxuUJ culi jj-* ((Kf»■*•_'-■ iSi^\

ft. ^ [C]1 [D]d ■•• rb=Kf[C]«[D]d

r

f=rb b

c

M" [D]" tA]*[B]b

«Kf »«^ua.

"[

>

JtLiull itjjjj dulij 4 (Kf) ^LiVI JcLilJI icjm ojIj ^ •K

CutjH _J (_ijAJ 4 ^=*3 CUIJ

w

jlj-i-a jj (Kh

(23)

(25)

op

■ K' . '■ Kb

(22)

(24)

hy

Kf [A] [B] = Kb [C] [D]

4

.e x

.••

1

JtliJI
.b o

.

JpIAOJ UujLj

:

w

ul d

(27)

w

K=-|^

•K = iMl [A]* [B]"

(28)

^8) ojIj «Kn

CuIjj < ^LaVl JcUHI

JJ-C

Lcjjj-i tjljjVI ajt iajU3l jljil JJC fjai

uiUiljj Culi {j^J Qjuiill <jli

Culi OjJuj

V>^ Jj-aLa. olj I_i_>JU (j) JJSaj ^j5 I

tjljjVI oifc ikliU) jljll oljjSjJ 4_,J^ JoaU ^ -33-

, J/Jl J^JJI . liljjSpJL
, I

CuIj tfl f «KC » <jU (jljjVI iTuIj i—S_)*J <]UJI 4.1A ill ,^.n ji ■LlL.-qJ I

• Kc >jiu <1

jjxi

jjjl I Cj^Lc-LillI
(jljlVl ojIj 4lU <]UJI 4 Jla

jjljjlVI CuIj 1—

: jjU (JjLJI (Jclilll 4,jmilLj < K = [C]' [P)'i (29) c [A]n[B]b i^Jajluoj 4.—-4.1111 lj
1

iajt.iAlL
CjjIj
liuCi ijjjLjj

m

1 (jijlVI <Jla. Jlx.

Kp

P

p(l ° Pi-PbD

gs po t.c o

pc

Kp =

C

(30)

: jU < ji(j;iAu]l5UI c»lljjj^l (jjjIjiJI JMSJJI <11^. CaCO^^

> CaO(sj + C02(gj

I JcLillJ

Kp , Kc aifiW ^

+ bB ^

; yill! .''Ijt~^-11 ^LJJLJ


: jjlllll ijjjl-l Jclilll lljj} 41! ijlijil

.e x

aA

culj jti ™

jilL
op

<«jt

"

hy

Kp = Pcos

.b o

; (jjjjSII ' ■ ■ .■'>1 ^Lj jlil ^jcJI JaJLAlL Oc ja*j <

(31)

cC-fdD

(33)

w

jljll aj(j < D , C , B , A : jjjll £»Lljja. jlacl jjA d , C , b , a (jl liu^

w

. iljlill 41LJI yi"culiijc

w

: 4JI1II UjSJI 4] jjStKpOj^fKpB^liJLJcUill pc pd K = Pc ' D I' pa pb F A ■ 1 B

u^yj (34)

L^U!! iljUll 3^ jSLu 4IUI aja ^ 4lU . ^lill jUJf dL^>

cljUJI t.±* 3I ! JIUI

PV = nRT

<35)

P = £. rx v

(36) -34-

Nadher Alshamary

* [

]

a^i) < (j^

lU^) ; ^tUI JS^II
•■• P = [ ] RT

i

(37) ; (jU i ^JJUJI JtUlll oljii- jj-lt tLLJI

j.'l-'ij

P A = [A] RT . PB = [B] RT . Pc = [C] RT , PD = [D] RT (38) I
i3■

' i CiLlij^jl jIlIaV iiiLuJI *

gs po t.c o

= [A]a(RT)a , P^ = [B]b(RT)b , p

c = [C]C(RT)C , PdD = [D]d(RT)d

:(34) "UjIAII ^ LAjjUii _ [C]c(RT)c , [D]d(RT)d P

[A]B(RT)6 . [B]b(RT)b

.b o

*•

.e x

kp.lM.RTM)

■'

(ATs ^ ^

op

d ctd i J (RT) _ i[C]J c[D] K = a n p rAlarulb rcrU+fa [A] [B]b (RT)

S JLcUJ

hy

_ [C]jD^. (RT)'(RT)t rAlaTDlb CriTf/DTlb [A]a[B]b .{RTj(RT)

(39)


; jjJt Ji ^.-»'i < y^UIl t>jj)

p

1

m

; (23) <JjLxLL S

M

(43)

K

- im T^kir m»r

=

W

w

w

=

w

[ATM

An = (c+d) - (a+b) J jU^Lj : 4

Kp = Ke .(RT) "jl^l

up

(45)

(jjU

jj-i-il) JJuu «Ang i '

"UtUllI jljil

-35-

<1UJI yi) iaJiliJI

JjVi

Kp i Kc £J4J Li}-^ Kp jUl <-^>4 ',-a^ (jli i ji i

ajlaxJO

Cul£ IjliflAll)) <^JcKcJKp

= An cuK Ij^ Kc ^y> Jjai (jjij Kp[jli < SjILu <^jS cilj An cu!£ lj|j, Kc ^ Kc = Kp :

US < Jnliill f\y yit. «An » LuS

:^JU31

dhAj*. .Jl^ti J SJL^

O^liill: Vji

m

: jm JfcUStl i dJj JU,

(jl ^

' (') >*

(ji SjLjj Lja.

(46)

^UJI yi)
gs po t.c o

P^'sfg) ^;=Sr pel 3(g) + C12(g) JOi (jl

• JtUltl liA uli

JcliJIII Ioa (jjSj ^UlLj < (2)>* (ijjLill ^UJI

<_^jli]l jI^I ol%>^

: ilLail 4i£ jji (An) i_»Ua^ jjS ijj , ^.■vjUI jljJ.1 An = 2 -1 = 1

.b o

•/ Kp = Kc (RT)An'

hy

■•• Kp = Kc (RT) .*. Kp> Kc

op

u^l Cull i-ajJ (jLi tCtU-ijjaJI JIJ-£-1 jj-fl ajL)j

•

jlac'l (47) (^ja An) (48) (49) (50)

i^il I .-^ f 1 i~ll ?JLk.

<j| , 1 -s.'■ , IjSUj

.e x

. (Kc ) jjSjjJL 4jc. jj*1I iCulIiJI tdljl L^AA _>JS| [jjSlI (Kp) jaLi^JL tie-jixll

w

. iajUil A[yl\ OlUja. JiliC'l

w

N2(e> + 3H2(£)

>2NH3(e)

(51)

^1 ''■ Lolu < (4) jJi (ijjUJI OUJI ^ji)
w

: UllS

I ij-- aaa Cjj& JcUUl IX* (jti i

as>A <

Ij> fjki

. (2) jJk ("IjjLiJI "llUJI j^i) ■Lajllll JI^IJ diLUj^. jdr. : IjSa 4iUJI 4iXA jjj (An) ' 'I'jlucl (j-i

An = 2-4 =-2

(52) (<JUu An)

Kp=Kc(RT),in'

(53)

Kp = Kc (RT)"2

(54) -36-

Nadher Alshamary

Kp . (RT)2 = Kc

(56)

•• Kp < Kc

(57) ilAfri ^ JJAJ I^LOJ V

cjilfrlilll : (ollj

: yJUII JftUUI , dlfjjllo

jA-c.

+

^2(g)

—

2 HI

(g)

ILL ■ It I j(jI1 oLAj^a. jAi jji A-aj i JxLilJI Iaa

< (2) j-t (iijUJI iJUJI

gs po t.c o

jljja] (ji jjju ■<_i.->(.uaj V J^Lill) Ijjt jjli i yJLjJL^ , (2) _>* (iijUJI iJLaJI

m

^•2(g)

jljll oLLj^.

rAn ijjSjj i olLj^JI

An = 2-2 = 0 Kp = Kc . (RT)An = Kc . (RT)0 (RT)0 = 1 Kp = Kc o

.b o

.

: ^JUJI JcUill ia_uAJL (1000 c) C

CO2^;

I

.

(CO)

op

Ja.jL.AlI "Lj tjjSj I (jji^ ^Uoj

+

. (0,100 atm)

_

p C0

w

'P

w

=167.5 atm p2

K

W =K . P ((» lvp r COjl,)

w

P2CD

P2

(»>

=167.5x0.100

P2co0

= 16.75 (ii pCOiii=vm? P,„

i

= 4.09 atm, jaw 4.09

(61)

XualSI Jjl jLfc -Uj-I-A >;.nu.-vl

-(ll=?.PCOl(ll-0.100 atm).

Kp

Cfih

2, CO{g>

.e x

P

(60)

(Kp = 167.5 atm) oil^ Ijls (DJls—.

hy

(s)

(59)

^

-37-

UjJjSJI ALui^i

jlL

(CO^,) jLU

(2) = : (500°c) N2(g)+3H2(e)

JtJI Jtltu will. Kc <^5 .

2NH3(g) ■

SjljaJI <^jd dit Kp = 1.5 X I0"5 oilS Jjl

Kp = 1.5xl0-5 , Kc = ? R = 0.0821

L , atm / mol. K

m

T = 500 + 273 = 773 K An = 2 -4 = - 2

gs po t.c o

/. Kp =Kc(RT)An An = -2 K^K.lRT)"2

, Kp=

Kc

(RT)2

Kc=Kp.(RT)2 Kc = 1.5 x lO"5 x(0.0821 x773):

.b o

-4

hy

Kc =9.51 xlO

1

u

t ^ *1

"v->_l Laji liLaxftAJ

jmj tsjLuij i.i uni laii (JiajJ I J ti~\ i n/i

op

AjJcliall

i A'j—51Laj

:

dJL^. jjVI I ''X «.

< 4."ulj,iU

^vj.tLuJ ^'iI j «j<M

— 1

j^ic. iiiLwjSil o^lc-Liull 4_ii.u^f,

U3^J

JaJLttj j fi"i; II_1 4j|

.e x

i Ij_i i ijl

n\ '. LjtSii (jljjVI <0U».

. Sjl^jaJI 'Lr^jJ jt JaXxAll jjj _) '*"' : Jj-a i ^ |_J 11 ntlj ,

w

(J^

w

w

ilLa. Alj' .

Uv JJJLJJ (j^(j ^

(jl jjV I <]L^ (jc. Jt' u l' <j|j

S4W tf* 1^1 I 4 niVil (jjl_in .<11 ^UolII liljj

CA^-C-OLIII "LC^-ui u* I ^Uajll (ji

4, aHj ^(j »j5l I ^UiiJI — 2

u.ui5.*JIj

SiL^. yll

j i ■ ..'C'i i lj |

fi tj-uj tljlj 4.1

^U\H

^ttLaVl (jJtUlll (jjijjjj /g^LuJ
* gjljiJI ? irkL jl ojOiLLlLI
".'J

(jj"_'5II jljllVi HLv — 3

jic Jaj LulJ ,,i niKJ I

I aoAj < CaC03(S) j CaO(s)

(JIjj a'>»' y*

■ CaO(S) j-ti C02(g) Jtliu jl < CaC03(S)

-38-

Nadher Alshamary

.JU-53I

. : U JilCJ (jljjVI cu(j jjc iJlill Jaliili Uulj jS jlj (jf uajj .

^i_I,^J i (jljjVI liulj -.'I ■ ■■*■

iiit

— 1

uic tuli IjIdLi ^JUUJ yijiiVl C*JIJ ~ 2 j)

liUj op

o'jjV I culi
•lifl-iJ CuK ij( Lot i SjJtt

jjt <-sJiWJjIjI(

lj '^j"* |jl

—

. 44^toja —

dl^ll

I cwlj Oui — 3

ia.jJ jjll j i ■ ■■ i Jf lalll qI

dllj op

j

aA + bB - =

UJ^' (Jctiill tLaJ <j(

gs po t.c o

'■

m

: JxLiiJ) oLi-l ^Jx J)tXxM*W

- cC -fdD

• D i C , B , A otjL*Jt

jljct tjj rel="nofollow">« d , c , b , a ; oj ■',.^-v

: islyLxlI o» Jvia^j < jJJLUJI (JAUIJJ

cuIJ

"

'

1

Up i

o^bJLj

(63)

.b o

k -HIET c [A]a[B]b

(62)

o^a-AJ ((Kc »o'jjVI Cud iaAfi jliiXa o{-i i ilujiaJI ^Jc. dlj Jj , L Ltju'i So'jjVI CjIj 3 .ja c^ls

hy

iJU. die. JcLillJ ^ • tr4^' 'La^Vi iailil) jljll

op

JtLiall

< UjjSj Ja-Ij ilajl (ji jjjju JcUjlI {j\£j did jJjjj ( Ida.

^^1*4 lli ^li , lj_a, S^jJL^a o'jj^' dlula 1 ft_ii

Up '

w

jJajj , jljjVI <J[a dlfi. Ida. jJW.

JaIjJI (5jUuj) Sda^ll

o'jjVI Cut Laji jjij Ljjcj

. ojLuiift jji; jli
w

u' L*^3

.e x

. Ujjjjiaii yiUJI Jclijll ftUjl

JXLAUI

w

Cib^jk dld^j I JtUiJI [.A^J

dluG

Ijl Ul

3ia.ldl jljll ^ oLib 9-1-uJf

jjjLufcjiJI JcUdl (jb^xu llauLj^jjII O^aj ' 'pfj-a

^ SliuLlI iajlillj iklidl dl^il (cjljj^_p)

; yiBll Jliil

o^ dlj

Cj£-*i)

f 250 C Sjlja
Pcl3{g)

+ C,

2(g)

(64)

, KC = 0.0415 mol/L

-39-

1^1 o 1^1^u]

JjVl J^ill

1.00 mol of pd5(g^

:

(jl Lf^jHS

0.50 mol of pclj^gjj 0.30 mol of cl2(g) j , Jjl a£k.lj
't fcLaJll (Ji'l ^ ") Jilij

lU jl ^

(J* f'J&iJI 'i* 1^*

:

<
SU»*il fjill

gs po t.c o

JtlilU jljjVI OjIj <JjIa-o

m

1 J

fpClJCl^ [pci5]

: sLk«J.I CiljjSjill =o.oi5

mol/L

, 0.015 mol / Lj^ sUajk-LI

.b o

00^003 0.1

lilfi oic Jtl—LiJI

hy

\1a (jl Jj o-. .'It ilj , 0.0415 mol /L= u'^1 <11^

iLUJI <5^1 Wi ^

c ol

w

JALAJJI JJ , JJU .jljiVI

Jt d^i fj

;oliM rel="nofollow">JI 6it JiU. ,> 'K,.« 0ij3i

o'b •

o'»

45 UJ^*«

»Xb

^ ^^

ij

^j J Jf-N

^

yu j J^UUI j j«4 lit

'x = X

J)^l Jl uyLuS J^- X f^5

f^1

^ ^ tk1-^1

, ^laVl Jtlilll

.

IK,

V

<>

iUill ^ < X = Kc Ux*.

w w

dW

JL# jeuLj. Jis ^ m*i\ >s* ^ ^ . ^Vl Uj^ iij-o

J|

(i^J trlx-all jlj-jVl cul5 ,> JJil ^

jljll ol^jj .jl a;] '. 0^1

.e x

^, «X..

(65)

«Xb jjljiVI cwli

K

u^J« ^ <

O,^ '

JC.UJI1 O'J^'

op

jU. JljJ

:

ki -1 ^^i"2

l ^

;(Jdill JfiLBll tL43l J Ji) jUJI Jj uhuII <> c'jil-^4'

uk'

.[Kc^tsjt^u J^x

x

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: O) Jli_ lyJtUI ujlill JcUiIi 227 c »■la.jj ■

2S02(g) + 02(g)

250

Kc — 36.9 mo) / L; oitS Ijl

3(g)

0.03 mol of 02(g)

r kU. (j(i

0.125 mol of SOj^j j 0.05 mol of S02(g)

iiLkVL tikui (i Lcj ^

gs po t.c o

. JcLilll j.ji, in ftlkil

2

[so3]

x~ [SO ]2[O ] 2 2

X = 208

mol /L

X = 208

mol / L

K. = 36.9

mol /L

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-

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JtLiill yji iLliAll SjLj jit

— ■

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Fe304(s) + 4H2(g)

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4 = (ijjUJI yUJI jj-i)
iJLaJI

= O]


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J s

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1

oP ' -^

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op

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w

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tpl

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jLisJl pUili ! ijlyl Ulx. pi ^LkiJI

Jp^ P M up j^'

: piill piiili lJIj juxjijuy, »4yj.j j».ac p pit < jUtJI pUil CHjCOOH^ + C2H5OH(!) (HC1) ciLa>l alt , ^...a". o5pl Pj . • pl p-i o'P^'

1

pt j-'j-f ^ aUj (jLi

„■ ._..■= CH3COOC2H5(1} + H20(1)

liLi.1 (jp dlab p pti ^t^uuj ...(75)

o'o*'
P' tyj P o'j3^' p^j

P! J-^f plaiM la* jjU < jli». pl*^ P-*^ ^al'j

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Kc j Kp

1 Kc ^ja

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gs po t.c o

" PC15(g)

pC]3(g) +Cl2(g) yj Jj

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H2(g) + ^tg)

^

2HI

{g)

w

w

. ja-lll

: yA o^l

[H2] = 6.4X 10-3M,

[1,]= 1.60X 10-3M.

[HI] = 2.5 X 10'2M . 2HI(g)

sr H2(g) + I2(g) . 1.84

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c*G - 10 "la-jJ Si£.

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; Jcliill Kp j Ke H

2(e)

+

^(g)

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I JtlillJ Kp 1.1'■'<">I

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2S03(g)

: JtUiII Kc o' ■ 4,17 x 10

2

'^1 ~ "

jJjj 727°C Sjlja.

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: cJL^JI JJ_X>S SJU £* [Co(H20)6] C12(s

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hy

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N204(g)

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m

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CjLLJ&lSJW Sjii}! *d Vjla-o


J^k-U Ij-A Sjoi ^.JJJ .

jj«■ jlj-ill J_' ■ ^-j'l LJi£

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i_-"i'-^ CiLlitj^jjSJy I ■ ■■■°''^

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< (NaOH) ^^^11 ^uui^jjola ; Jla : ^Vl - 3

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>H+ +cr

HCl

> Na+ + OH'

r

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Na OH

t ii^|j 6 L^j [ d>J J dSj J[ 1 a t I

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NaCl ——-> Na+ +

: 1UL*JaS\

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Jla

^ ' (^H-0 oVjUa^ jjaaUJI c^lj CJVJIaju I j<XiLi jjc. J.J«"I|

CH3COOH=^ CHjCOO"+H+

(4)

NH4 OH

(5)

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- NH4 + OH'

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w

W

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V

ex

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oc HjUII

o

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= KH . V (l - o=) . SxajIL iljliiU «o=» C»j3 JLpjjI

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(l0> 4iU . Ij?- ^ji.Atl

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2 oc " = Kn . V

(H)

- = VKa •v

(12)

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■

01/511

c=— V

-

uj

(13)

K

c 4 JJS LJIJAJJ < <$SLiu CIIJIJ (jfi5 '.

I-.iljj JSIVI .'i*Ca~ 5 -vj i .

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< m, j.Lfl rw."ill jiLalLu^jl lj^jL3)l .

t

I * i ..15 i i on,

ojIj '_■■ ■■ — J, (l.323 x 10-3) ^jLuu liLJiJI

I-.1 iJS43ll 'Ca.jj jji cuJt lj|

gs po t.c o

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CH3COOH

j] I'Ka'll

5

J a 11 f I fl«L»

a i J ;'|^n . f

CHjCOO' + H +

w

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= lO"2 88 = 1.3 x lO'3

H+ ^[CHgCOO-]^ I.3X lO"3 : <JJUiI jvLit'iAJiLj <jli.iir> ^5n 1 > Ka > jjJ.«-.!I .'Ka" I^IiTi K

_ [CH-,C00 ][H'] _ 1.3 x 10"3x 1.3-xlO-3 [CH3COOH]

0.1

-53-

yJliU

.

K, = 1.69x lO"5

s

1.69 x10

oc zz v C~

0-1

oc =0.041 2&««— i ^ 3 a ■ « . A. Sj_c.L3 LjjjJ

'jLi '

4

tt.j 1 I All dfclI ^jjc.

Lb jjxilaJ jjioJ i I (j ' n fl\ "LijjJoJlj

iJijUJ.!

-•Ka "tl ojli ._■... -1

<jLa2» (jS-aj

Kj,

gs po t.c o

B+ + OH'

BOH

Cjjla (jlj ( loo" I' BOH

m

: LJlllI itjbuiiJ LLLIO uJSiGj SjclSlI ftiA ^jlj I Kb jJk

(14)

liKalll OJIJ (jLs i <££11 (Jaj

05) : (3) Jli—-

. (4.2%) ^jLbuj (0.01M) jjUujlJI iJ>Ll i.'.K.t^lI 5-3-jJ (jl o-oJc. lal

.b o

. joUjiH "Kb" jJ

hy

I aIjl* a 11 1 aiU ctll

jjliiijlll

NH^ + OH-

op

NH;, + H20

^-1

[nh:][oh-] Kh =

.e x

4.2 ., A. rv, _ a A, w -10-4 x 0.01 =4.2 x "TO M 100

w

[NHJ] =

[nh3]

[NH4 ] = [OH'] = 4.2 x I0"4

w

u^b

w

[NH3]= lx lO"2 (4.2 x .0^4.2X10-^,^,^ (lO"') i&Ajxc li>j ^1 oALb^-VI clti ^ < 4^'

:

' aAjt>4l

: LLAJ I^UU^IS Jl f.• .iS'u LfAj <

'M ^ fll ^ . "HA" WL I4I

SjJila U^LB^-VI (Jiijjj 1-j^uj (jVlj

-54\

Nadher Alshamary

^uU!; i

2^1

j jj 11] 11 J-i "Lij-a^

n .1. : (JILo «

H2A

I ljlilii

dsiu -!

i'Ka" d . ..Ij i iV : JjJJUA jjJt ^Ki'i <JU

H2S =

~ IV + HS"

(16) ; j-4 < S^UAil a j-A itKiS OJIJJ

[h+][hs"] k

t17'

m

".=^pfer

HS' ==^r H

gs po t.c o

tVWl2>^l

+

+S"'

(18)

: _jjt SjJaaJI aii dSjj O-ilij

=

[h;][s-]

'■

(I9)

[hs] (jL,

H2S^=2H+ + S--

1
i-Kfl'll col!; ^1 ^'i

(jSju jljill IjAj

.e x

(Kj^X Kni ) Ouwij <Jc.

:

w

■Gli « (H3P04]

(jdaU^Vl tilSij - 41 : JLs (

H^A

w H3PO4

oj (Si (22)

w

Ka=Ka|.Kai

(20)

(2n (21)

op

K [H,.S]

JSilll JjIoj (jiojj

hy

: IJtlll

/jfixjill (jjljj uAn-.ll

.b o

: j^Jtill

u>U>J' :

— H* + H2PO4 : iJtill Sj^JI

{Jlc.

(23) OJSO K6i < SjLaJI aifJ liKilll ojIJJ

_ [h-][H2P04] [H3P04]

(24)

ftl 1

: 3jUJl : i!jlvoil UJa i IH2PO4I (jjjVl M2PO;

>

l^oij

H+ + HPO;-

(25) I J-A Sjii'vl I £.j-* i.lK»" Cjjlij

rH+l[HPorl K

=

(26) [h2po;]

m

rJiJlsllSjUM r <JJLUJI liii» i |HP04 j - H+ + P04-"

,

gs po t.c o

HPO;-

M[Por] [hpo4] :

0^=^

_ [H+] [po4

:

.b o

3H+ + P04- -

H3P04

]

uKilll

•

(27) (28)

o^iS (29)

ilKs'll ojIJ oJ^i

(30^

hy

[h3po4]

iiKtL

op

(Ka,xKajXKa|)

.e x

: old

UL). HjS ,> (0.1M)

: (4) Jl^ ^ [H2S] . [s2']< [HS"] / [H+]

w

0L

(31)

(Kn) (H2S) = 1.1 X lO"7 . Ka] (HS") = 1.0 x lO"14

w

:

w

K^KBt .Kai .Ka,

:J :

OljnVI^

LS

1 H2S(_>^W>J obVl cKi"ill

H2s

H+

0.1

0

0

0.1-X

X

X

+

-56-

HS"

J-l

Nadher Alshamary

_ [H^HSj _ X.X [HjS]

0.1-X 0.1 jloilL <jjlii,L

X 4^2 JUaI jiojj

X2 ^ = 0.1 r2 = = 0,] x K X0 "i X2 = 0,1 x 1.1 x 10"7 = 1.1 x lO"8

X = [h+] = [hs ] = 1.0 xlO"4

m

X = l.Ox lO * mol/L

■ -

HS-

H

+ S"

-Mid -[HS-]

[s--]= l.Ox lO"14

moi/L

1

'1 ^

■ p'-0

! iJljJI
' HgOMOH-

.e x

on'l J-4 ,H10+ "

lA tieoi irifl 6j

I ^ SijLuJI
w

H20^=^H++OH"tjp 'UjA*

uh'

SJLLC OUI y) -'••■ -j

w

:
OjIj yl'M-i jjiaj tjija. f 'Lilc.

K - MohJ. 1 [h2O] .laa.

' ■ ■tils

(33)

w

ujjU 3J Ai

''Kan "IJ-' uj* (32)

LT® V51-5 (^■ + }

:

J^UI ^Ul JJU

op

H20 + H20^

(jjjj

: (Kw) cUJJ

jAj i I aji'A

hy

'

'

.b o

K

-

LiKilJI

gs po t.c o

; (j«a.o-».,l.l

+

(34)

<" I^K-AJ •

Kix[Ha0] = [H»][0H-]

ul C^' '

^ [^2^] o' ts' ■

^dxP^Jj fUI tjl >.' --J ^JPUI

j'A-' (35)

Jjtfi

= [H+J[OH" J

(36)

(r0Yo Sjl^ ^ OjLill (i—Aj < ( lO'''1) -CLftjJfl OjIj jliia

[H20] = 55.5 mo! /I .Kj = 1.8 x lO'16) j^HjOj OjIj

. flUi yjjjV)

(^i)

V-J^

(j! |±1J -.J

'-0 JAJ' Kw

cl—II iJ 5.o"

■'l

Kw = [H + ][OH-]= lO"'4

(37)

jJtj I CUIJ j'ji-a tjc SjL^t <ju (Kwj . [lO"'4) Lsiijjio iljlj "Uui (^jLuj ^Aj (

(jjjl

/. [H+][OH-]= lO"'4

m

(38)

gs po t.c o

; (jli 1 <JjtiILll (JaILJ,! ?]U. [Hh] = [oir]= lO"7

: jli <

[ir]

> [oh ]

[it] > io-7 10'6 . io-s, io-" , ....

.b o

[h+]=

[h+]< IO'7

; jjli ( 3jacliil J-JUJ.!

IO'14

.e x

op

[H+]= IO"8 , 10-g , IO-10

JJlail ilLw jji Ul

hy

[H-] < [OH']

(39)

; ifjUlU lluibj 'Oc

. J>ai ^ [H + ]

OJi'

V11^1

(39) ■ Jl^' if*

f5-^1

UJf'

w

w

w

pH = -log [h+]

J*

pOHi ^ I . JjLJ.1 ^ [OH']

H (a"^0

oifl jfjd JLuJI

>»

: ^JjUiL LujiLij
W

-58-

Lai

Nadher Alshamary

cAK^1 ^

j-cIjAJIg

if} H ^UJUUI! J^UASi 3JU ^ (1)

+

7

[H ] = [OH] = lO"

pH = -log [H+] pH = -log 10

7

pH = 7 log 10

m

(log 10=1)

■ "7" J-4

"l^l

JjUill

gs po t.c o

pH = 7

Jjl , lillj ^

^ouaxaJi (jalbutll Aili.

H

1 > [OH-]

+

H ]-

lO'6 , lO'5 , I0-4

.b o

pH = -log [H -] pH = -log 10'6

hy

pH = 6 log 10

pH <7

I

jjU t

JJU1I yLa,


w

.e x

LJ^j. 7 ^ Jsi tjj5j LjJ

op

pH = 6

w

[H+] < [OH-]

w

[H+];= I0-b , lO"9 , lO"'0 , :

[H + J luS ijc. (j^jxtlLj

pH = -log[H'] pH = -log lO'8 pH = +8 log 10 pH = 8 .-. pH > 7 -59-

- u

, 4jac,LSJI ojlj .7 ^

1

M

iJJLJ.1 IIL*. . l^J

j!jU. ^ya '<%>* (jic, JV JjLtuVlj

JA^JI

5ij-»-« (jiaJ <ji

: iJtill "Ua-ijcul)

"Uj u\ ojlj UJS

Loaij < 1 jiij ■t'lAJ

^IjVu.hLj < <1 (pH) ^'i-i-vjijlU^-II

14 13 12 SJL) L^lill

m

11 10

gs po t.c o

9

(JjUl.)

'-jp • LV.A ./.UV Ci£i JU^' up < 7 (> J5l

op

UjoJ

SjIiAuil : (1*2) ij^ii

hy

,

.b o

IaAJWI

J>LII jjU .3 =

.e x

^iS) Cx&

w

."14"

fjj d >Vb < 5 =

, ^'. ■~-^ }i.' -jtt

I aK ii.yc.LSJI jljjUj ,

^ij d JiLJ. I oLS Ijp

^11 Lus oi5 LttK jl jjj "LU-cloLXJI jjl (£\ '. <.1.1 o.aIA

UM ' 7 (j^ j^l <:KM. tap

^ «J Ua^I .U^-

pj ^

u^ '^1

,^1 JaAI ji*. i

pjll

ojljjl

w

w

. JjLilo JjiaJ-l IAJS ijl (Jp1 'illj iJj * 7 ^LxaJ yjAajjOf-* pj d ijps4t U^ 1^1 '-al pOH , pH oiji&UJ) ; yli I 0 LaiJ (PjfV) JjasISJ!

[H+][OH]= 1014

^ (41)

; (jU ( (jppjl ^jjjlfll ia-Uj log log

14 ' + log OH; = log 10'

H+

(42) (43)

+ log OH' = -14

-60-

Nadher Alshamary

Js*0^1 ■ ' ("0

I lIjUIl j^Sjia i_)ji>aLJj

■ log [h ] + (- log [OH']) =14 +

pOH = - log [OH']

(44) +

j

pH = - log [H ]

^

/. pH + pOH=14 oijx, m . (14)

(45)

Uj15 Ijljlo

<^1 •

'LaiS i_iUua. 4Ajlkull <1^1*11 "Lkxuljj ljSLaj < Ln^Jr».1 3 r, ,n

+

pH = - log [H ]

: 5JjL»J.I ^ j^Li iLLJi <JjUJ.I 3jIjS ij^oj *1411 »

|5H

gs po t.c o

[H ] ^ I0-

^Ujf'

oLtn.-t. (jica
pOH , pH j 1

■

10-3N

10'3N

«

:

uj^ ' (AJ5

J

^

(jl

cr

10-3N

.e x

.*. [H+] = L0'3

+

: (5)Jli

f3^' v*40-'

hy

> H

'" Q j 4_Li_4|

op

+

r

.b o

{y, ^ 0.00! dM

:

HC1

jju^c. j^Uj

m

:iilLi]l +

pH = - log [H' ]

w

w

pH = - log !0'3

w

pH = 3

= (6) Jli ^y £ 0.001 JjiiJ, ^Jua.juAi^JI j»j^>11

-f :J

: +

NaOH

> Na 3

10' N

+

Up ' C5L>S

OH' 10-3

]0'3 -61 -

CJI

J-

[i-r][oH-] = io-14 riri- 'Q-14 _ 'Q-14 1 J" [OH ] " iO1 [H+] = 10"" pH=-log[H+] pH = - log lO""

m

pH = 11

, (0.05 M)

gs po t.c o

: (7)

-d <

ijj^l

[HH ] = 0.05 M pH = -log [h+] pH = -log 0.05

.b o

pH = + 1.3 pH + pOH =14

< [OH']

•

: (8) ojd' jAAs' [^ + ]

J

w

ol :

w

[H+]=10-,;

[H+][OH-]= lO14

[oh"]=M [OH]^ [OH ] = lO"5

-62-

«

uifi :

w

[H+] =10'pH pH = 9

.e x

. pH = 9

.

op

pOH= 14- 1.3 poH = 12.7

:J—

hy

pOH=]4-pH

pOH Jl L-mi-kl

^

Nadher Alshamary

jukU SjLf

^-

(0.2 jjla o

tFli^.j_jjj^(

jj^JI

jjill) jxjlij ^jlJ! t JJLJI dt ^ i-JiUI JJUJ.!

Sa^-lj iULi
oicj < (j^lj, (5) ,^1 (7) pH jjl daJ . Cjli-Aii^iJI

(pH) Jl lUjj (>1 iadik

ii ijiLi^■ — I ilA. 11 I ^ i»
^j" . -> j < JjUla

^ M)

^A-niJI ^ I (j ...a; d .,<^f

i jdijil JjiaJL (J^iaJ.! lift Jlo jjJualjj ijajijj V

' LT^JU-1^' f5^1 *> Uf^-0 &•>-*

^ 6^-la5 L_ii>1 LJiill JJU-j>it jjU . iliiaJI

m

oUWI ^

I a' ijKj ^4>1 Sj^II cJ - Silo - a^li . LjaJI cjbj^JI

gs po t.c o

Jib

1> U^-*-0 C5^ aita^iiSj J^ . JXiJI ^ ljj.it (j!

dJa^ .

JdLJ.1 J^Li ^

^dlj

. aaill 4i> J-»ft Jli) i jkijll dlj jji Jli iiOa. bll < i-U-^jlJI obUx (jAajg , iLiJaJill > Li^jSJI pH J) -UAg jjJt LiL^l ^^J]!

diLJl ij-"^

J^-® <<-o.iLal

■

Sj_-;< LuaaI LJilil Jill - .llj aI^xa] dljS L4JJ, pH Jl ^ 5iil^j . JjiaAiU

^gAJ-.; o L^ia-a. ^ jjSi; — »LisLi <Jla/aj - pk. 1 I J^bJIj

.b o

:

..fljjjii j| iiujltl oibLiitl

|»JSj]|

(Jaia

J_jIa-4

AJ^S aAC-U jl (jj$ U^aa

: Jla < ^JiLa d^la^, ^ , 4^ S-i^Ufl jl

op

C6Lkj dJill

hy

jAAuSjjaa ; Jla , L^^Ul aa-'ij iiuui SacU ^ jl,

dlj jw:

w

CH3COOH ■

: ^IJI J^l

w ;

jJiUI 1JJ2JLI C>Lljl-m I-Kir.

> CH^COO' + Na+

(47) ^ ddill

Oiti Jo J iaJ UIaj ,

Jl 5JS LbbJI J diiu 4jU HQ

, (^Jjjj^ajl

(46)

Ofjjl ?1L^ oL^jj ,d^C ja i aj% Jl 5JS dlij j5

(jioj. ,> JJ5 iiLil jic

. CH3COO- + H+

w

CH3COONa

JAIS AiUaj jjj'U

<1uIj Liji; (jijj jxiiUI J>1=J.I did pH Jl

.e x

: yJlill jaJI

oilij

f

, jt-tilj jj, USj

,> liKilll jaL djJlj<^Lll| olyjVl ^

■ oliJjJiSJI ^^UVl jJiu dxj) •GIAjj] t>ia^ jAj < HCI jeu*- ^ JJj aiLysl a^j

> H+ + cr

(48)

lidaj , O^J' ALifll < y}-,\ JJ__U| J jbj: (H + )(j;i^1>J_aJ| CiLijjj J Ju=d , (i^u ioa.. Jiill aUjVI J JaliJl

Jii, >4^ (46) 31jU1I -63-

jU5l otjjjl

, 0>UJI C»(jjj| ^-0 Ujlaj) lajjj ofi-JU-'ff"

^o.n.r.ll ^0 Jjia
(J^^1

Cy

, IjS^j , Luli LujJj JjiaJ.1 ^

^ d?» fl-Tl L^jLi < NuOH > j>.jJ4j_taJI j-i_Lu^jjj_Lfl ; JiLo i hyi o^li ^

3iLi>l Jufi L«1 : Lob l^fl" J^ItJ.I

> Na+ + OH"

<JjU_o

(49)

jjtjjl 5JL». ^

iriLjjjV 'oi. Ojm

JJ^JI OLJJJI

; Jj 1*111 pill otjj^. ijjSll lf*-o J■^Ti ..jij-a, >

j

;

H20

(jA n.-» cKij

gs po t.c o

H+ + OH-

as-jj

m

NaOH

IJ « "LaJjjLii^) lAji, 1 »,.i Uj i
Jii. i^ij

(50)

, I.KAJ,

[l-I+ ] ijjjajjJuiji oLljjJ jyljjj I dLUJI Ly\.af^ i'.Kill ibja, i ^-aLaVl &L^lVI (ji J'-l

^^lll lilil

pH Jl "tajJ LAi'l

' <1iIj

I ciLljj) [JLil Ijia^ .

jjjj) ^o

I Lujiij
■ ,,<1j* .All jjAo-^ll ijKtt u iiAA. "NaA"

pH 4-o^3 l-jLul--*.

.b o

f^laJLa

<-:klLo) J-a-lj i "HA" i_ij* I a l_yr>a.r>, Ijj^l <j|

.-^ H+ + A" > Na+ + A"

NaA

(52) i Liij-a. cKa'j ^^AasJJ

.e x

lit i.'Kai culj ijc. jj i*111 j^-oj "Clj i
liu^j

w

:

= = ''[ii^1

w

K

. [,1=^ j'« . ^
LaS ^j. «-vti

(53)

[A- ]

ol® ' ^

liiSil 'Li.jJ jjl

w

<> K<°n j^jc.

|<Si;

(51)

op

HA ■

hy

: ^ U iLjo « lib !<
IjLs.
[HA] (jU < lilljSkj . [Salt] jtlll jjSjil LjLuio

: jjc, (jAjjjGJI (jSLoj i <juLuJI ilaLall

< IJIJ

[salt] — [ A" ] [acid] = [HA] .■.K.=[H']I^i [acid]

(54) -64-

Nadher Alshamary

— : ,jli i

AA-Lj

log KB = log [H+] + log

(5S' 1— X (56)

m

- log K. = - log [Hi - log -ML

-iosS

'

c57)

gs po t.c o

pK =pH

pH=pK"+logpr| LlIj IjljJuo Ll^uI jjSj ^pICa| jliiiil jl-i i cut 3i ..."ill

I

JjilaJI t_y=-o-3- (j-« (jj^u <

op

JaU^ ciljsTjs

(pH)

pH Jl 'LojJ [jl

(1-2) . OitAj I jcLo :

[CHgCOONa]

(CH3COOH]

[salt]/(acid]

pH

0.01

0.1

3.74

0.05

0.10

0.5

4.44

0.10

3

0.10

0.10

1,5

4.74

4

0.50

0.10

5.0

5.44

5

1.00

0.10

10.5

5.74

1

w

w

w

2


^

.e x

.

ijjG cuLi jjl

o

hy

C rel="nofollow">lj <

L_yi-o-iJI

[salt] jj- «i m.'il I (jit JaiU do"! «"i i f U'l^i [acid]

.b o

jtJll

Kjj

(58)

il ^Ujl < fj-i'li I JJLxJ.! ?ll^ (ji

(joo ->.11 pKgi jxiile :[4.74

pH

=

pH (ju ^SiLsdl (jjjlajjj

tjLlaJI (jA/iai pKjj ] ^JLMJI JjdaJl (ji < 5 < 3

= pKtt + log-t^p [acid]

pHfi) = 4.74 + log 0.1 = 4.74 - 1.00 = 3.74 -65-

pH(3) = 4,74 + log 1.0 = 4.74 + 0.00 = 4.74 pH(5) = 4.74 + log 10.0 = 4.74 + 1,00 = 5.74 : pH = pKa

oji i

—Jp I acscJ J

ojSi Laie, (1)

^ = 0.1 |acidj

pH = pK. + 1

[actdj

-

<xuaill

10

uj^

ua£LL5 < itikla JJla-a Sit

"

Ljic. (2)

'

^

^

, jJiill J>LJ.I

. ... ^

CjLUjJI jjijua Lf-ii ^ LI.-nil

II <■ • iuuJL

pH Jl

j. III % Ji.lj

[jljjVI jji-fl ; JLill Jj

CjUjJjSII jj^Ji iJiJ.1 LL-O^. SjLlcl

op

Uia ajLulal U^oj < (COj ") J "

.e x

w

, Slijll jji]

w

w

^^

■ (7.44 - 7.35)

jJ «i[]j

~ (HC03] : 6^ OJ^1

J>l=-a^

<^b ■

LJ^Jl

. <J1 SjLtVI

u^V

(S^ o* O^t1 H pH Jl <-J5

^

1

a5 L<" ' (>—^1 LilL ,^11 Oh"^ «>

^1 JUJ1 I ii L^-aJ JJj . ftlio (P LU3" pH Jl

[^X-o

^^jSLolbc'LyiA11

pHJliaoSoUdUj^lJilj . ^l^jljla - [C0l-]/[HC03]

^ ^ai aiL ui^u f Jl Op ' ^ iS*

olj ujSl jjLuiyi

"I yitj • •ol-iJJ

^ j»jJJ pH Jl

LaAjLuc.! (jian ^b

J-4 Uaj

Q>£i U SjltJ .

hy

, tjjLi ;UII

. [salt] -J —tr- V1-" [aeidj

JJLail (ji

.b o

, loa. IX^

(3)

gs po t.c o

i .<- ".tl. Lf] pH Jl La.ifl

1 '0

m

pH = pK., - 1

=:

Lo jjViTuuj i RijLtJI gilllli

^J^l' JJl-^JJ O'l (Jl " pJ1

^ "'11 ui

I ^ ui^^j . jkJiill

ftll

^ % c
JJiJI

,> u^- ^

"PH" ^f5 V^3-1

. (Ka = 1.75 X 10"s) op - 66 -

« M)

Nadher Alshamary

pK., = - log Ku = - log 1.75 x 10'5 pKa = 3.76 [salt]_ pH = pK0 + log j—rrr [ac [acidj 0. pH = 3.76 +log h log ■ 0

: ^ J

m

pH = 3.76

gs po t.c o

: (10)JU—.

. ( 3.53 X KT4) ^ "HF" <*»>•>

^ (0.25 M of NaF)

jjjG 0.15 jjl^ (j)

(0.125 M of HF) UA. ^

pH •

I . (200 ml) :J

^1

4

pKj, - 2.45

"WX

op

=

1000

"

1,25 M

.e x

[NaF^

x 1000 = 0.625 M

hy

[HF] =

.b o

pKa(HF) = - log Ka(HF) = - log 3.53 x lO"

pH = pKB + log

[acid]

w

pH = 2.45 +log

L25

(^all

w

w

0.625 pH = 2.45 + 0.30 = 2.75 : Indicators a

L+ljl Jjjil. '<jjLa jxi. j]

Jclji j)

. (^iliiJI) JJLAGJI
^Ul JJJI jLli.1

^ Lpl^Ilj SjaLfcil oLxkx. yj Laj-A_l_uJ:l ?JjVj oAjlJ •

(ja SjLc ^

ijxi SJJLJLLI OLL^C yi <JjVl JJilj , iJiU. JJJI

^

jail, (2-2) CS-HJ '

-67-

bW(

.-'j ^Oa JJj

-.11 y-A«JI

^liJt J^iil . SjjUil oLUft J ^ij)l (jjji

..U 6JJLLII JJIJII LfJ

LT" ieuijll ^Jtlill

a^'

6

>J

Jj—IJII

ph. ph.

LjdljJ Jjiai Phenol Phthalin

\

^JlJjjJI JAu Methyl Orange

r

wi (J^UI fJJC '_* ■*

10.5-8.3 C5JJJ

tjjJ JLK'J + (^_jJ fjr, n-. S^cLl + 1 *-L. SJ4.13 + J i i ■. -. 5jjilJ + yi

: (2-2) JJJlt

4.4 -3.1

«tini i A SAAU

^.i

M.O.

?y3 4Jell + ^ iyj sjtU + uji o^^-

6.3 - 4.2

^tol

7-5

lilJ1

gs po t.c o

m

. ■.

lluuA Sac 11

" 'ti)l J Lie

L.P.

.b o

Aj.\ rl fl?lg A.t^i o^-i JsLuij^l ^3

-

U1"'^ u^-

(59)

.e x

w

JJ-1

J-*

: Ubi\ 5JjUdi iLu

oLijjVl yj£jZ uj-®1 i-j_> t 'S'

ul

< a3^'

JJjJ'j

. LUIS-U

>dJ5

-^J CT® i-y^' J->?,-J

CL&!

w

OJJ!

w

yy < CyAlaJt aLsoVI ^ JtLijJI ^-uj i "UluLiiji Ixil lijly • Jj-=^} . (^j.A.n^ll Jcu^l Lji tvljUI jijjc. JJjJi

Jj ...

Lfb

(HIn) oi^ i''^:i'

^ J-J^' •O-W

< "H' 6d3^:il[H + ] CJIJJJI {-»

(OH ) dibjjl oj-fl

u-^ ^ (

b■."""' 'v>^ (OH )

< ^loVl iUGVI ^ jAlilll JfiMJ , -UiuLijI iJjJ, Lidaj . J^UJ (^jii ,^131 .

JjLil (j-i djltl (in") oIjjjI .

j^-..JII.. J^i—*JLI

.Ltujll

[H+] il^joJd—f"

uli ' -68-

-tliG

<JjL*i,l ^ ijljjVI

^1) . a)Ui

' cs^1-5

UJ—a>-^

[H + ] J>^JJ Jaj

m< *>

(c5JJj)

(^111

jjU ■ I_I,1^G Ijjj^

i

: (ph. ph.) dyJl^S iXyuto\

>■ H+ + In"

op

HIn

^ Lajsliil (in')

e

d _yojj I I^u.^a

J^jX

hy

.•K&-.. jAJ , (HIu)

r

^VIJAjif Methyl Red

M.R.

abjj

^

'■ (HIn) dSi: kUjI jAj

IJJjj JjiJI

^l) '■

1'*—I—' lj^-A5

Nadher Alshamary

^

— oljjVl jjLa i lj j .\^

J OJSJ

--> ^.A-aLaJI JtLtujll

c'ij l-^L® U1^' Op *

•

. jjljjVI lii »Laul

OJ^i

* ('^•inclj'-y'^' liJSij I^MIJ (jic. Jj irt-^11

Jcaimjll (jij . jLuiill


Uljj

[H+][ln-]

. K

-=1Ti^r

(60)

[h+] = KwM[InJ

(61)

Sj-tiLji

(lo ] j (Hln) (jijjSill

jjjj Li u'lli (ji

I & jjb ^ ~ •?-' -j

m

jjjj)

J

gs po t.c o

• [H + ] ofMj^'

: (M. O.)

^Kilj

JA^SI

L4J jj_^j I -UaxiJI ■Ijj) lAr, SjtU J>t SjLt. jA

/ (MOH)

v

Jfjjil Jilj

: iJtUI

.b o

MOH - . >■ H+ + OH"

JAU (OH ) oLjjj] (jli 1 1_lji.II'I Ij-u5

CIA;'

■

oi^l • J>La^' u*

w

w

(MOH) tjyjSj ftLajl

w

iljL*jJ] LSJo ilKt'u

^ JJJI ^>1) Jjlail ^

(OH ] jy-SjJ (jU «

.e x

u'o""

AC HI I

< CHjCOONa <

AyipUi^l i.jyl LUaj. ^yill cilj (M+) OL\JJ1

< ^JLiLuitl <1JLIJ,I

JJ-JI

a>^' J-4 csJ^UIl JqaujJI ^ JLJoll jjyl) . jjyJJI (The Common Ion Effect) t dt^l uUI

< liUAJI i^Ana. ; iliu

' Hyiu^ CuljjjiJI iXjiau. LuJ "lj) ^jiu ; IJUI

CH3CQOH —^ CHjCQQ" +H+ (j^jl) ^.aj-X.All (.jA-a.^ll

^

^ JyljJI 4j-a.j jlc Lai

i^al All »LyjVI ■

->11

(62)

' <=111 jjjjSlI (H+) OIjjjI

Ji

' (MOH) dlaj ilaJJl jjtj c ^UVI iL^jVl ^ JtUlSI

op

jy^jj j'jjJ

jjjLall

yi (OH j

hy

iLLJI <JjU1I (ji ^IjlVI Jliuj i

uJ^i '-y-^ <

iLL

aa.1

Lrk.

..

(63)

u^' .->,j ( Lyj coijjl-ill JyLaJ,! [l^A ^1 I'.a . A| (jLj

OiLi. Jtia : JLo I (i <_> * lAll c_>itAAllij

oJjjJi^JVI jjuj dl^Lm-a ; <JjL»-Ji UjJQ
-69-

^lill JvaiJl . > CHjCOO' + Na+

uj-i ■

<

^

LLJaj , J^UJ.1 jji JIJJJ

^jJI iLaJi^fl jji JJ-luj JtLajJI o!>tAJI

(64)

<10^ (

LriLkJI

(CH3COO- j ciiiLL!! ,^1 ■ JlA-t ■

i ^jiuLijl (jjl iLajVI ^

• ijA-aaJI (j-jG

JcLLdl

tlllj jjc.

■ a

LijSJ

. X .-i1

1jjji

(jJc.

<*-0

liKaj ljic, dljli.glI (j_5jVl JJJLJ «UU(jj y^ojj

a IjjjJ 4j|

I ^JLlJI j^-->'ilI

• »..5i a • All 1jA« r-l I 4iLa.

a liljl I "lj ^gjJI ^"iLoVl J-i.1 Jjl-tl, I Ij-A (jjj llLiAl IjU I (NH4OH)

NH4 + OH'

^NH^ + Cl"

hy

NH4C1

.

.b o

jAlj 4I oLjljjVlj dilijjVl (jc. jAAAill (jSjLi 4jLfl t jijjj^aVl

NH4OH

J J', 'Ajjj.U 6

Jtia (j^4j < (NHj) ji-jjjjjjVl : ^LJI j^ill

J>laJ(

(65) (66) |NH4 j jjul jJ-Sjj Sjljj 4_rtj"i"ij

op

6.1_c.laJ( til. 's.aj jjU 4aLuL^aa^I IJuJ. IAaUj <

.e x

. ililj ^ 1~ '

GLa 1 <.a..ij-iAl) sj_c.LsJI til^a' ^ic. UjSJI Jj-a ,j»iLa

jJaSay

; "Kb " 4i*A^JI

w

aj_c.LaJI ijKa'i ojIj ujI..i"-~v

. ((idjliiil

L)*-?- U^4I (1^ "Iji laa-M-ij

gs po t.c o

jji

^ JUj

All SjtliJI ijj I— A J«-v. (jSLaj i iu^]t

t 4 i utt'i ^LwJI CJ^JILHVIJ 4ajt i All 4, a j,« ij-i 5 J-CLa (j-lc. ^gj..".atj

a ^ (jljjVI

| ^CH^COO" J

a p ■4j" itij QIO
^->11 >K St 51

. (jjl4l jji

IjLJfVl jJjGii jaj11 'Gljjjl Xa.1 iiLxAl A.ilj i Aljl». «

'

■ ■■

m

CH,COONa

w

"

w

_ [nh:1[OH-]

1 oL=JL*J.I

(

[NH4OH] jjS-oj tiltp. 1 jt-k.'i.a

^

^LaJI tjjli I.I jLacI (j^aJ 4jU 4 aja-«ll

J-^LaVl (ja J«-U ij^ Jjl lilLj ->J / «4;jiii JjaI j| jtiLI

. 4

I JJUall i u 1 nljvl jie. Clm c^1

Hydrolysis

^;5UUI ^JUI J-LhUI

(sill JtLfiJl) : <jLj je-UU ^Hl Jl->"ll 1-kj^-l

— LjOx-LSjI Vjl «."i...a jl I j. lA .nLa. gjLill J^kll ijjhi; oii lifJ < ^gicLS J-A'lj ^ ■ A a ra, • i_»ljll -70-

(jj

LXJJ —(jua Mill jLjJ
Nadher Alshamary

Jyy\ JjLij ^ ujiij jJll)

lijia tyw* -»■ <

^j' Jj

f-f <^*3 O^iJ : (Sjc,12

•

4^15

i^ji C)Afl'., JJIju ^ gjlj jtio - 1

I 4JJ3 SJC.(5 £-a t.iuj/i (_>A^A JaLu ^ya gj(j jcia — 2 Satis

, 4aj> !<•» Satis : 5JJ3 aids

LVA-OJX Jjlaj jjji ^jli

—3

i.gjs.i A [^Ar.-^ Jjlju £y> gjlj jtia — 4

(jjji (j
m

.

: dUi JliU

gs po t.c o

Jj '.".^JijXj-* ^_o Jjj^jja-L^JI ^jAn % JjL*S ( rel="nofollow">1 gljj ^jllj < NaCI I

; iJLllJ

NaOH + HC1

> NaCI + H20

.(Uj I KS, CjJjjlill fill d*j) fill

diilll fk.ti jJij <

^^Jt eUlj jkjoJ^Mall

hy

(70)

C>1—JjiVi <

UJIJJJJ

UdS^ L^-tAAj f_4

i (cr)

, (NaOH) j^iil (OH") olij/i* (Na+) oIjjjI atJS V JJjS , oljjji ■ Jjl*^'

.e x

i> JS

.5Sjii (OH") j [H + ]

Jjiail >-.u.l'i<j JllJltJ < iyLulo Cuiii CjSjJI

w

w

: 5^ atf-lS ^u» tiuua QMS. JjUS ^

j_a dJAII

I 4-3 LJ I 4!,l(< n if 1 ^ ' i-| I ^ ^ I. 'j .

CHjCOOH + NaOH

> CH3COONa+ H20 : (jl jaAc ' c=UI yj <jiS CKsaj ^JS ^is

CHjCOONa

^ ; luti

: dii Jli» JjIj-j (> gjjj ^illj < CH^COONa . ^ ij .^n oiLi. ^ L

w

j j! ii

i'Kt"i Jjja" (69)

^

op

CJLJJJIJ [H j CJLJJJI jjl J—i UuL-sdj 5jjLia|j 1 a J_jLaJ.I yi

culjjSU!^ fjjJjtt]) ajjjiS Jiiaj

.b o

> Na+ + Cl"

H20^=—0H- + H+

|Jlt

li>L < (68)

:

NaCI

jiia

> CH3COO- +

Naf

-71 -

I

(71) oilA ..,(72)

.*■.■—J

ytell J^iJl _ H+

H20

+

OH"

....(73)

t CH3COOH ^ LjljIj (OH J j

u^—a

i liKjLlil j-j-c. ijjlA.ll

NaOH ' (OH j iTiLyjl

wi ■*» ""i V (Na+ j

'ia

(CH3 COO j Ljljjjl jju (H+)oLjjj) t>A*j J -> Ti LaLu iJ^laJll

t.-t.

{H + )

Jii^LULj

m

[oh-] > [H+] c>lisi '■ (OH-)

: ALxija

^4 iSjfi ijii nt. Jjbu ly* jjluL# jsl* ^oju : IAIIJ

,J _I IU 'NjjJ-yt ^_a djjJ-KjjJ J.jH yA-ojx JJLJU fjji gljj

gs po t.c o

0^1

jji

» NH4CI (

: dUi Jli.

I Jaj^JS jtio

! 3J1S1I JUjLuJI iLk

NH4OH + HCI

> NH4C1 + H20

... (74)

NH4C1 H20

>

;

NHJ OH"

+

or H+

+

I NH4OH Jj LfljJ

'(or) Cjljjjl

Oili V (HT) cljjjl oji '

(NH4) CiLy-il J-A (OH") Citjjji t^Aaj JjiH Uiu < J>UII Iji

.e x

JjAU^JJXXA

(76)

HCI

op

(H+) Cilijj'l

(75)

hy

T

.b o

: 4JtJI O^IJUJIJ iLk . PUIJ pjjj!_JAV f Ja JJJS ^Xa liKijJj

JLULj.fH4] > [OH'] ultfi;(H+)^Ja^(OH-)o^^j3j^JL^L,r^SiJU.I

Li.

w

w

w

. Kj.AftTkll

it

: 'UjjLua S^li

i i\*»si

l_JJu'l'Cj

Jjbu {^« jjli-* jtU jyu : C*j1j : JJi Jit.

Jj lAll (jAft.-k Jjljj fjM giij

jllj < CH-jCOONH^ » ^-u^-aVl oM-A. ;
CH3COOH + NH4OH

> CH3COONH4 + H20

.. (77)

; iJtill CIVJIAAJJ UXU < pUIj ^JJJAVI CL>LA JLLI CH3COONH4

> CHsCOO" + NH4 -72-

... (78)

Nadher Alshamary

dl>-Nl ■ H20

H+

^

+

CH3COOH

OH"

.... (79)

NH4OH

J-A—(jjjil/ |NHj I OIjjjI ^-0 (OH ) . 1 fl>«.All i'I.I^M 5j_c,Li]()

(CHjCXDO j oLIjjI

iTilyj)

j-»~i"i dUaSj 1

■'—a.jj ^ifc LjiSjJij ^jLJI iJ^J-rkJ,I ^ i ii-ij £\jj (jj—# ■l.c—lj -ill uij

(j* (JS

J3-*"

;

.-.

J -^.Ti 3JUJI ijjk

y-Aj '

i3f

—

I

ilb*JI ii*

— liA 4j| Ja-jj . <1 ijt i.jJI

m

.

: JjVl ilUll

[H j i'itSu (jIlliLj , *1 ftj » I A11 SjctiJI

<3»jj

>^l UJtiA-uall {jrtntll liKa"

Cul^ 1 jl

gs po t.c o

+

. <Xi^3,aoJI

J^I". 1,1 1_VIlU^.i iJUJI ajjf

■ [oh j ^

: luW ^JUI

+

[H j

Saj« . All JjJcLSil I'Kal
I^ rel="nofollow">11 (jAAaJI liKfl'l <^wjj CijK Ijl

.b o

7.ai.oJI J^LJ.1 <_unjSkt <JLJ1 aid

> [OH j >

:

^JUll

hy

[H + ] (jjSj jjJljJLu .4 tji 1 All aJx.Ull <'Kil 1=1.jj Jjbu i ajiiAJI ^Aa-wll ijKo'i ?a.jL3 cwLS Ijl JjLJ.1

.e x

op

. JjUUI

VUI ajj.

, [oh ] =

jiuL^HI j-f-c

^jlpVI

. Solubility product^kj^l {J^auS jdJ) ijliVl J^U

i_uljjl t j-J I Ciljjjlj ujliJI _^iC. ^cill

(j I jj I ijjj •v 1 <jLa < clil jjJl (jLjitl — '

w

J-LC .j(jj 1 (jjVI LujJ 4j( 4JLJJ ajjh jj-C JUj

■* ^io iiljj ulc.

uJI LLK (^■^a'i ijSifl j 1 ujjljll

(jju 1 p-ilI

w

(1 jl.i rtlI) uuljJI jMt. ^JJ,Ij Hjl-^l, I yj dilijjV I ijil ^milaJua

w

Ljji Ju j 1 i-ij i; "t-i-a ieja. jjLi i ptil Jl - tjljjjll JJitl - (AgCl) LAjJI JJjjK Ja liLol jj*fl Iji/j. OIjjjI J| <-JS - jUJI J — i.'Kftt_. ^jllj 1 Ji) ^ ^ (ci j j (Ag+) oUjjI

< JH ^a iJljJI pjjl iJiij (jjj

p_yjlj ijlill jjj JJ.I

(jljil <1U

cjL^VI jjaa u'jjVI
AgCI(s) (uiL-n)

AgC!(dissotvc) (Jlj)

^ Ag+ + CI("Glyjl)

-73-

... (80)

< liKi-ill

(jUjill

<jV 1 Sfl J fl,-> <0

^ 1 AgCl(disso^e) jjLi I lii : (jJj L«S <SjLji1( flijl*!! JAnj (jia-jj

■> Ag+ + cr

AgCl(s) , .

... (81) ; (^ii LS yUJ) fiii jji {jfjjVI liulj (ja jjju'll

Kc =

(82) [AgCl

K, .[AgCl] = [Ag+l[ci-] (jli

iijLutui 4Sisj

(jV) LlIj bjLiial

Ki;.[Aga] = Ksp=[Ag ][ci] jAj i tijljil (jljjl 5JI_2».

5-a.jJ Jic- CuLa jljS-o <jU (jLjjJ! S

^ll-l

[LfcJJJi (_>IJV

^1 jV (iJ^Laj i_ajju
gs po t.c o

:Ksp +

[AgCl] (jl

m

' (Kc • [AgCl]j

(83)

(84)

|KSpj 'Lljyi iJ^aU» I-Sjjuj

oljj-iV 1

iJj^sLa.

. ^ u'lU dj 1-^, n

[|_J 11 «-il 1^

SJLIJC. jtHI J_4

. 250C Jup

ciJi\

Salt

Ksp

1.1 X lO'10

pb Cl2

1.6 X lO-5

2.4 X 10'5

Hg2 C!2

1.1 X l(r18

1.2 X JO-5

Ag Cl

1.7 X lO-10

BaF2

2.4 X lO"5

pbBr2

4.6 X lO"6

3,9 X lO-11

Ag Br

5.0 X lO"13

pbF2

4.0 X lO'8

Ba CO3

1.6X lO'9

Ag2 CO3

8.2 X lO'12

pb CO3

1.5 X 10"15

w

Ag2 SO^

w

CaF2

w

: (3-2)

Salt

hy

KSP

.e x

CaS04

ja*J (Ksp) Urt\

op

BaS04

.b o

. 25 C aic jjljjil) ■(r.J |K.SpJ ^l^yi J^aL&.^jS (3-2) JjasJI

• • — * i_fcj. jjjj-lil LII! J i qc, 1>j-S iijl jifl (J^3L>- <1 > IJ rt>( , t-uulj

^iy) JA^IA , jil ^lU JjIa4 ; jjlljll Jtll jiii i Ijji HA

{2>^ jcU

:

" Ma ilc-

4^OHI Jt-J-Ojj

Nadher Alshamary

OljsVi ^ uj-uilj u>^

LU^- " (^1 <-^■^-*11 olj-ii Jjl-..fl ?JLi^l aic : 5J jbu«l! 15aL (AgCl) 3.i fia] I JjjjK

AgN03 + NaCl < [Ag+] <

> AgCU + NaNO^

(jj—jI

J^LsJI jjL^ Iaj <jl

J

^

uls

< LajJI jjjjK fUl

jjt_n.ujjj dij ,->_> ■ULi < 3 i

all

(85) ' y—'j-* oj 5lj

LrSJj

J^oLs. {y, i KSp i

ija _}A^1 ([Ag ][a jj ^yjjjV) .L-AAll

■s. ^ W
'• fl'i Ofijll ^ jAj '

m

Jiij V

IjjjJ UJ^J '-"jj

gs po t.c o

^Ul liA ^ya diyo

= [Ag+][cr]:t>FiJ;;V,'J^>u,o1^ 'jl ^5

.(ijljjl <JLi. Vtujj

» i_u-mj4 AlI -■ W <jLi < 4 ia ill JjjijJSI i K-^p > [Ag ][C1 ]: .yjuVI J-i^aLaJJ l

d>J-VJ iji) i Jtill t^o

1,1

J-iil -ti l <Jl_£i.

. ^JUM B _>-f-C- Jjla-a Ljjl u_9^ ^Jj

,U.Lj

I^-OJ

.b o

fiA ^ I'-J ,« < l

-^A

hy

, iajc. (jji l_Jxulj (j^Sj (jioil {yt (jlS lj) La ljjA=kj La

op

i_ji mjj iiiAj=kjV_j t ^ i-A-a yxe- JjL-t.n LjjjJ UJ^J

.

lj| Lai

< ^.U.u.a lj»j ti>L-o LjJ

•(u^

|jU iJj—U^i '

y^jjVl iJa-oLaJI j'aLu <4_>*-ai «1_juLuiV(

L

< ^sp ^

J—t-aLJI (jL^ lj( ^1) ■ (o^jj

<jLs < KSp <

I lL-cLJI J,IS )jl (2)

.e x

.(ijjla iJjia-a) ojjjjjj ijAa-J^ 4jU i Kjp — ^jjVl Jj-alail jjlS Ijj ^3) J«alA fA &a tiaji SjUluiVl (jlaa : Ufa

. iaalih ^ UJJ&J Ale- < l^uxu

(Cr) ajj^KII ciLyj] ^ ^j.'u-va

w

w

w

yS AillAaU

^jitj . < ;,A all JJj>K jj i-wwlj

(IiUjjVl

AajlSa!

UL-al Ait <jLs i liJJj jjJt JI "i a

('^S+ > Na+) "UAillj

olij-il (ja U-i tlA

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Nadher Alshamary

1,7 x 10"'° = X . X X2 = 1.7 X 10"'° X = 1.3 x lO"5 inol/i . 1.3 X I0-5

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Nadher Alshamary

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w

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-94-

Nadher Alshamary

ISCjLJjJl

W = jj^ull ^ JjJull JioiJI = | pdv

... (8)

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(1 litre)

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1,987 cai.

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hy

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hy

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W = (1.987 cal)( 373.1) W = 741.3 cal / gm mol

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q = AE + W

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Ijj |>-U ijjJI c&ltlijll Ji-a) culj In* iA At ^A yllf oLkiaaJI 3JL^ ^ Lai

JAj f Uklll (jli , 3kLila jl iAlij CiljLt ^Jt JaLAj

< (culi ki-A ^

JoAAJI 3^.^

■ (PV) Jj-ii AjJ Jjic Sitla

In'ill

^SUall Jjilil — JoiuAll OJ-JJ iJlil iiOJI 'H" _^a^lL I4]

— ^.LialU yKJI

1I

IjSuy . "PV" JiLi Ujji ^ iJjjJL) UlLII ^J) UUbVU . "E" • (jjilijVI jl jt 1 U'lII ^_jl_jaJI

L <1 n'CI I 6 j-4

i (E + PV)

H = E + PV

(43)

'LjjIxuVI <JLxll (^ic. Jaii j.n".* -1 Ail iu-^ '. <JLa. 5Jlj j-i".iu i "E" I ^JJIall <J^La.

LaLaj 4£Li>

jkJ {£^11 ^)LuJ.! ^yC.

11

1

?Jlj ^.l.vAl ml ujjjljil (j-o

gs po t.c o

Heat of reaction at Constant.Pressure

aJ_c: J r 1 liltt Sj)_>-»-

m

! |(jpj CuLj

A « 1 ( 3 .'.I j'.ll ilUJ |j

<jjj 1 CuIj tri« ij\ jic.

<1110.

; LxALJ L^ic

H = E + PV

(44)

: (jU i •UJIAJ.I aigJ LUAIAIII

.b o

dH = dE + d(PV) dH = dE + PdV + VdP AH = AE + PAV + VAP

i> <—AE = q-PAV

AH = q - PAV + PAV + VAP

(48) (49) AP = 0

(jli < Joi^Atl C(_j-u jitj

.e x

.•. AH = q + VAP

(50)

AH = qp

(51)

j .«~ M

ojIJ in* < A Cia«I

w

~ 11

w

AH = q + 0

w

iJJ"

(47)

op

hy

*. JjVI

(45) (46)

(_)^kill]

aJ.1

(j| 451

1

UuLlU iiiUllI

j*tJLA (j-®

—

1

45j!Iadi (ji (j^Sil) LuiLii xiitalll Sjl^aJI (jjSj < lift* I All Cull _>« nm ^yi — 2 : CAJIJ

< /.i j'ill <11 La. yij

< 'i« lit I jl ^

: ljL US JJLJI jOlSJI ^-i-aAj tjSiJ

,"E" ULLljlI «IU! . "H"

Li d-j U f.

J

u

CjuLJ

UuldluVI

A t f. 5^1 aljiaJ,

^yu iiiUtJI UjjI <j| (joj-U

: UIUII yjL*uall LBola i - 108-

Nadher Alshamary

—— <jjlISL.bjJl

i

Reactants

—

.>

Products

(iuljJjVf 5JUJ!) ilcliia jJj-o

(52)

jfjJ (iial^lJI

H, =6, + ?,¥[

H2=E2 + P2V2 ; 3JbJI iiitJlj

(jjjuJI) JnUlll Ij^J yjJlijift ^ joioJI (jLi

AH=:H2-H1

(53)

AH = (E2 +P2V2) - (El +P1V!)

(54) <]lj "H"

t P = P2 = P, ^

m

: oji < AH = E2 + PV2-E1-PV,

(55)

gs po t.c o

: (jic J-uarxj lijli < iajLoJI iljlxtl >.■>'j" ojlcLj AH = (E2-E1) + P(V2-VI) AH =

AE

qp=AH .

+

PAV

qv=AE

.b o

hy

jjl jLil/tU) CjljLxit LoLJI yjbdl (jj 1 Ul (jSjsJ <

op

(jjii Lftlu i CJ!AJ^JI JIJC,I

■uti (58)

(j-lfi J >~i m" jjlll olj In nil <JLs.

jsil

: (LJda l<jl-.. .'II.... jUJI jLiJl * ^ 11

(59) ul^j) (60)

.e x

PAV = AnRT

(57)

-ol^

qp = qv+PAV

PV = n RT , (3ijlj gjofi I

(56)

(61)

w

AH = AE + PAV

w

: uli

AH = AE +AngRT

(62) oLjjys. jljJil (jjj

w

(jjSj {jl Jaj-liu I CI>U.LjLIH oLjj^a. jlj_C.|j

Jlaj "Arig " iu-a, . "LjliJI ^JLaJI jji : (5) Jli

: (25°C) Jit ^ ^Allj . ^Ld) Jtliill ^

+ ()

- 2(g)

(ae) ^^1

^ 2 C02(g) 0

. (R = 1.987 1. atm / K. raol.)

- 109-

AH = - 135.272 cal :

ilk

art •

T = 25+ 273 = 298 0K , AH = - 135.272 , R= 1.987 Ang =2-3 = -1 : iJllil StSiWI jjji jjAjjaIILj AH = AE + AngRT AE = AH - An gRT

m

AE = - 135.272-(-1) (1.987) (298)

AE = 454.768 cal.

gs po t.c o

AE = - 135.272 + 590.040

: JtsJI JcUSI

C

(s) + 2 H2(g) (511.24 cal.) ?*!» 11LI

JtLilJI jjl

AH

CH

4(e) Jjl nIf, Ijl cutj

(R = 1.987 I. atm /°K. mol.)

.1 if,

Lk . (250C)

.b o

.

^

■ (6)

hy

T = 25 + 273 +298 0K , AE = - 511.24cal , R= 1.987 An = 1 - 2 = -1

op

:

ta>L<JI

jj^yuILu

.e x

AH = AE + An g RT

AH = - 511.24 + (-1) (1.987) (298)

w

AH = -511.24-590.040

w

w

AH = - 1101.280 ca!.

pU.1

= (7) f»m Cy> x=>-lj y-o!_^a.

jjc.

I

4_i

. (9720 cal) ^ (jlia J\ ^U( 4JUI ; jju Lolc < jfV-Lll Cj^JJ jit j-iilJI lillj

lj|

JjiilI 1_U4*=»I

. R= 1.987

: UliJI UJUK JUJJJ <

u^l (Jituj ^ya PUI ^5+

Nadher Alshamary

<>jl H

1120(1) ...

20(g)

.'. An = 1 -0=1 : jjU < (100 C) ^ pill LAajt

^1 Sjl^pJI

T = 100 + 273 == 373 °K jjt ■UiUllI Sjljjl

AH ~ jajLuall

j

AH = 9720 Cal. : 5551*11 ^

m

AH = AE+ Ang RT

AE = 9720.00 - (-1) (1.987) (373) AE = 9720.00-738.54 AE = 8981.46 cal.

gs po t.c o

AE = AH - Ang RT

: (8) Jlfc

cut jv> •v, ale. (jl lull jL*J j'jl—^.Vl Sjlj a.

.S

. (-211.613 cal)

.b o

l^j) lL^jj « (25 O) ale.

>CH4(g)

op

hy

R = 1.987 cal / mol. 0K JL Uk , ,>11111 Ij^l AH iUS

+ 2 02(g)

: > C02(g) +

• !J (Lk O'V1 2 H

20(i)

.e x

An = 1 - 3 = -2 T = 25 + 273 = 298 0K

AE = -211.613 cal.

w

AH = AE +Ang RT

w

AH =-211.613 + (-2) (1.987) (298)

w

AH =-211.613 - 1184,252 AH = - 1395.865 cal.

- Ill-

1 1

^

iJbJi

4 oLc. JJLui_4g d.l.t.ittl

t <".i n ft I Lj 5 5-1 J

I l5x_iti liij I -1 lr ji^Ju La — 1

?

Jc-lilll ijjLSllj :

Lo — 2

La-O

us^c. — 3

m

. jxUjJI *

gs po t.c o

, ciLLpJ.) ♦

. jvliiil I ^ l^j I (jC AJ ,

A. r. 01) Iin 1- |7% I — 4 : ijjc. — 5

.b o

. "UjySjjjjijSal,!

«11 Jjx. 01 >1 ft«l IJ 5 », I I,i5v < 11 C) 1 ll«*j Li

op

.

i-ijc. — 7 5^14*11 *

> 5j5lpLLjjVl "UiajJI +

.e x

.

Uaxll *

w

. Sal; H ^iaxll 4

w

w

,

L^Jl5L4i| ijc. jslKj ^5 1 SaLUII 1—ijt — 8

■ , culj

I La — 6

; yjSj Loa

hy

?

41

VJV11>

Ir^^b

.U< IA jit JjoJ.! JiulJI JaLilml (jiaj I-LS .

ISaaLjjjJJ 1 tjj-aLiaJ ljjj ^

,'j »j 111 I i_yaj jjljjVL

^

-10 —

11

La —12

^Uai fjg^
9 <^-±hiLth oLiaS Sjl^sJIj Ji-iUI jjl - 112-

_

La —1 4

Nadher Alshamary

»■

ijjljl~\

■,

,

—- . . -

--

,

. yui yu lXjc -is , i..ujnfI jSj j_4 < V ji.j <JUv

w j q ciulS L# Ijl — 3.j-.ilL — ~

. AE = qv !<]■"i>j5 ^twltul (j^oj i-SjS i AH — q p

^l"uti.ilI (jiaj

• (qv ' ^p)

S culi

jle. Jclijil Sj!j^>. L —17

^ Culi Jr>juA die jJtlillJ

dicj Culj ^•>-->■ die. Sjl^^l (jJJ-oi QU

(j —1 8 gllluil — 19

^

U - 20

in* I rt diA jlc, dial; Ldlc. «

JjdJ.1 JiAjl u.u^a.1 — 21

m

(10 4jl-l—2—a OjLj

—16

-Ui-jl Jj-c.

j2u>H jkJdt)

o_a (400 J) Ujj^s

gs po t.c o

. (2 litres) ^1 (I litre) (> atm.) yi

jli dd-oli Ldlft - 22

^eLi-aj oU. (10 litres) Jl (5 litres) ^ (10 atm.) sjd-5 cwli ,
die. yll—ill jlil jlj' -*^1 Sjlj a. •-•■■■ '»— 23

.b o

Lfll d-^jj < 25 C die.
i U. 11 U . i.^l I

. (-211.613 cal)

w

w

w

.e x

op

hy

(R = 1.987 L. aim / "K. mol). : JL* Lit, Jtliill Ijfl AE i^i5

- 113-

~i ■

w w hy

op

.e x

w .b o

m

gs po t.c o

Nadher Alshamary

^

.^uxii JpUOJ V-UII Sji >1

gs po t.c o

m

^0

+

.SiU ijl/•! uji ^

.^>1^1 4 4 a 111. U

0^LJ

4Ai

^

hy

.b o

wll

. a—-LA!I oJ^lail ^ ^

op

. JAcll

w

w

w

.e x

; J^UJI oljly- ^1 ^ ■Lri^'SjIy ^ ■

«j!J?- iiJ . JiLcJI Sjl?!f .^jLj jj! Sjijp* ^

: oljlji-l .ijjlp Llilji

•VUl

fjj->A fAy] ^ Sjl_pS

j'

^

m gs po t.c o

a5U»

.S^-»jty ♦

.

.b o

.

Sjly>- 4iCSjlifJ Sj|^>-

: J^UJI 5^ > ^ ^1 >I^Ji #.

w

w

w

.e x

op

hy

. JpLcdl UJLP

^1 O_J^laJl «.SipUdl

.2^UMj SIPIHI il^JJ

^^

.it^j^AJ 2-*jilt «jlj^~\ -:{j Sjt^-

Sjt_ijA-l 2^-ji jjb ^ .ij>1 pU-SJI OilljS 4.

Nadher Alshamary

4-wj\yM

< L/n"i ^,11 ji (^'iii\i,i^
(jjjuu u js: -Uuijjj ^Jc,

p LajSJi

c- i jij'slLi '. yjtjjjii Jl yuL»_iS ^lij ji Jttij

' La^j ijjitjj ^pJ| > Lfl "U^U^ll hjIj^JI CiljAttll Uula i <j'.Lrt> o
N2(g) + 3 H2te)

jUj |H2j

2 NH3(g) + Q

jtc jUjI ; L^iLaS ^

gs po t.c o

UaU I [NH3j jjLi^JI JlA oijiU (N2j

yJI lijtfitiUI (Jt

m

•

- i

: UjUJI (1)

, (Endothermic reactions) : Sjl^il iLdU O^lc-Ui - i_i ■

5jj

-3

'ihjkjh

N

'UaS (j-aLc»lol

' '■*■ ^ UiJ^l (^2)

2(g) + 2

1,-klioj ^jJI

(^2)

0

tjlj ^Aj

jlfi- jtaJl I Lpixal ^jxj

.b o

:

kkiijJI jj-a) SjljaJI

2(g) + Q —^ 2 NO2{g)

(2) } o^lj

Al OJu».J

hy

. (Calorie) yuJ\ ^ ^LjkJI pU^SII y JL^-V) WLiJI ijl^l

jjl Jifcu

w

.e x

•ULi -

j LajiUi SjIjjJI Li

op

,>5 eUl tjps Xa.lj

ijLt

. 15CC ^

Sjij , 15.50C Jl 14.5'C

^jjiLjuSJI jVI
1 cal = 4.184 Joule .

w

tyjLj.q.t ill J^l a LU 4ii-v( inll f+Ju cjlku yL-^i JuLa

w

ol.^Ltwdl .jklJ ^

Jir.1 I^ll Sjl<-i_e-S ^uUi Jjl

SxlJIj , luylJI SjljaJI : Ju , oL^LiiK

citiu^jullj

: Specific Heat ("c) SjUU '

Sj

^' c>

S

J'^

CajiUf Sjlj^JI huiZ l^iLj SdU

SjljjJ) ■ Saa.lj ij^la

- 117-

Sjl^aJl

jldiaj

: Specific Heat of Water frUll LfAJ'

i>«

Sjljali

3-a.jj ^i_>I ?_oj^]| SJIjaII <-X«< ^ . (4.184 Joule . gm'C) ji I Cal. gnfc U^ljio IlC : Heat Capacity SjU ^IjaSI SjuJi

JSI JJ-LU L.I

. SJ^kIJ ij^la

Sjlil HJS ta-jj

. (J / C) • ^

-Loj^UI Sjl^sJI 4-utt£ ^

a. 5^.jj

Sjlj-^llj Sail ?jjIj_2JI o-uJI (jjj

dlli (jl iliLi.Jt .-■! ijj «"II ^ ».a-..j

tijjJI

gs po t.c o

. Sjlil
m

: Ullll ^IjUil i^-a, I Ajj lajin <2^Lxllj

: Molar Heat Capacity (C) A^jJaJl AjjjlWJ1 jM^UI i^a

i

(jljjVI j^Uul

• SaLdJ ,^^1 jjjll ui

Sjl^Jl tjt SjLc uAj « iujjaJl

(fja-

/

Lr*

ajl_pJI JL^oi LfiU

4-yjj-dl <jjI^aJI <J-liiII Sj-a-jy . SUOJLII Sjl^aJI

c

OuuJl ui^JUj

jl£. .

Ca-jJ SaUl ^

< CJ-QUJ <J_)l^yJI "UlaJI (jc. ^uxlil 1jS-aJ^

op

-^r

jli . l4l«y (4)

.e x

q = C dT

5jujJ1 JUaIUII

hy

;

^UjjI jlf. "q"
q

=

m

<J»S

tiayAll

•la-jj jjjJ « La SaL (ja "tK Sjl^a.

4jLuJi itjliuj ^(aAJL.uIj I "t^ " ^ut^l Sj'ja 3^j^j i"t| " ■UJIJIJI Sj!^».

w

: jjl jLlctj ZLUJI

w

w

--"

.b o

J-a-lj

LJU. < .j'lj,-a j?\H .-.1 11 ...-vll

i a «11

C

SJUU

Lilklll jl <-juq_1_a1.1

x

4jUI its

x

(tj-ti)

(5)

^tijji'l jivUU Sjl^JI

^juLaji 4jS-tt

, Calorimeter' ^xudl ^xuL uj^li

CMJJ ijitl jjwLtjiVl


Ijr»imL <
Cf^tcLilU Lka.UzJ.I (ii*AlLI jl 3 ut"nil Sjljidl V-e^) lijl^yvll oljJ-il! I (jjjLil

jj.ii i yl j 'V jJb . 2/,I ,>.<11

- 118-

Nadher Alshamary

■■

j±-\ PL^SJI ■ L.\'k o*1'^ ^-Vr^Ao-UVJ ; (jujjdtl ujUajSII Jtlilll ^_jll Lajj <-oI.Ijk-L.u[ uyimi jXuill

Ltt

(J*iLil ^.J-t "ii.nj ILjill jAxti-a jjl vlaj I jtiJij . Cwlj |>-y ..->. jit Jkjj ^.| CjjIj 1"» ■ ■i Jit

' ' —'[J Jr I ft"Ii

Ijl

• (3'j-^-•''' oLLt ebSl ^ 'uikiil JLu-*-4

~ ('"4)

- SJLX (Sjl^aJI Jj>-..nll u>5ly

LJVI IkiA , JtUill
Cy ■ullaoil

. ilcUill jljil ij*

<JjS

oUaS jjJ.vA-l .i.L JtLiill pIj^.1 |»jjj

m

■>*■"^1

<j >4*J £i*v I pUJ J^a

tlJiZ oLui^. jS^jj , yiLjuSJi Jtliull ^4 Sjl^aJI j^Uoil la-tiicUl jjj. «l'ljj"-. ^

gs po t.c o

. pllf ^lijI^JI LuuJJj SjljrJI 4a.jJ

iJ VXA

irW

i jui^yr

.b o

Q

hy

C=I>

^Lij JtUlJl

\

vii>Xl

op

^ »ui

.e x

pU

w

w

w

XujI

(Bomb Calorimeter) urjl^l -. iLiill 'SjLa li1^-1)

pUaJUnL iUx

Jxli;

Jtlii ^ UlLill Sjlj^l

vUu^,j

(I -4) Jli 3«(KlM ajljJ.j ^Li ILja

LJUI 2.j>. "tij :(ku

-119-

j ■< i.»ll ^ ^ io>ij i I ^ alj"i ■•> I 5jl_>-^ (JuLaji jljil Sjlll

jl_i_i SL-oj

^LiS *< j

< Jlf. * .-lU n jv.W'l.iMjj , Lolj Vj^ Jjj-*-9

.^5jUI

cisj jji~v.'i.^Vl 5j-«i

. "t| " "Cl-lX-U
VjulsulA oLII

ijjijj — 1

j-« mil >0-*J " 2

^.jLi Jx-aJ (SlitTCr)

|_>ulilLu) SjUJ

jIjla.Vl ^vLfic

~3

,> ttikUl Sjl^l -4

m

. "t2" ^^l^JISjIj^l Sjlj-aJI jJ-mllj pLU L->g»l-e-' —5

gs po t.c o

^ QLo 1 .It-wj j » I.I n It oi^lf :

Cw,Bi <.KI |

^ OuJI

^-"l-t jO

4

(Ctota])

^-"Calorimcicr

pi fti] iijl^JLauJI

j* i JAAII lyl^aJI 'Lu-JI

.pLoll <_ic-^l!1 Sjl^jaJlj j.Ja'Lm.ll PLII "tljSk ^>4 UMJia'i / PIAD CijIjiJI 'UAUII Sjl^ja. u* Sjljjil

JAaJl I

^(jfl LaJ^-luJ.1 SjljaJlj.

.b o

^ Ul

I3j_)ia3l

i>uJI C^^jg,.

Sjl^-

^ljAlu.1 ^4 >*4441

. (CtQlfl,)

. Cuajit'll »• (q)

IS*

^ ~

0) :(l)Jls—.

w

Sjl^JI ia-jj c^i^U , pUI ^ 1.2 Kgrn ^ (sS^i • cfj^ Sjl^=Jlj. 2.21 KJ / "C ^

w

w

^ pUJI

6

: 4aIL11I <JjUJ,I jJjiklujL I |t2 " tij SjijaJl

.e x

q = (Ct0[0,)(t2-t1)

**-44ill (>

op

^ SjLylt

hy

•LmiIaLI 5-)J<5l-tail >» <4-^ ^.IjaIauL j( < ^)*-uJ.( ^ "Lij^^x-a Sj(>a, li.cS
5jjI>V1I

(5^' Uk « 25 C ^11 20 C >a . 4.18 J / gm0C

. Jalij)! liA (j-o iCUUI SjljaJI JxoS t-t"ijvl

pLJI «L»j!>41 iiujJf CJJ^Q =

5jl_>aJI x PU.1

= 4.18 X 1200 = 5016J/'C

- 120-

Nadher Alshamary

= 5,016 KJ/eC 'Ua^' ^Calorimeier

=

^ fC

<^JI (Ctota)j = CHj0 .+ CCa|0riinet(;r C(ota, = 5.016 + 2.21 = 7.226 KJ / eC : 5SiL*J[ jjx "q" "liilalLI Sjf_pJ( "UaS i 111.un. ^ = ^total

i ^lllLj

"^l)

q = 7.226 (25 -20)

m

q « 7.226 x 5

gs po t.c o

q = 36.130 KJ.

■ (2)J^

(3

ufjj Ijli i^CgHjjOgJ jjSjjiaJI < slil

(1.5 kgm)

(jj o!UjU

^uLSl

(^jJIj i In* iA Otm j^Aa-uiSVU ejlalf j.« l.u.I I . (19 C)

^a^uLI S_)l_y^

^<<.u.a jvw

jjj SjLj JcUHJ

, JLJL

iiuJI o'4 Laic , (25,50C) ^1

Jn«.[_s J>o

-^c 45IU>U 5j(_^nJI

i_»u.>.I • / gm°C)

op

hy

(4.18 J jjJS pLoJJ "Ciftjjll

SJJIJJJVI SjIJAJI

[jjA.aiAIU JtLillf UaJA.II ij ^Ls».l

.b o

. (2.21 KJ / "C) ^ ^uJl

5^)

Chjo=

X fill itS

^total — "L ^Calorimeter = 6,27 + 2.21 =

Cfoin]

w

w

w

.e x

= 4.18 x 1500 CHjo = 6,270 KJ/0c

8.48 KJ / °c

a =

.

^total " L]) = 8.48 (25.5- 19.0)

= 8.48 x 6.5 q = 55.12 KJ Si

u,L^

j^Jc ■uL.i.a.

(55.12 KJ) ^

I ^ (3 gin)

. (180 gm) JjLxj U

< (X) j^SjIaJ)

- 121 -

(jt <SlU'iU Sjlj^J) <*-*£ J^-a jj_3. ^y. cilkUl Sjl^JI

3 gm 180 gm ... x = ■180X355

rel="nofollow"> 55.12 KJ > X KJ

12

= 65 x 55.12 = 3307.20 KJ = 3,31 X lO"10 KJ

. ^ ^ (3.31 x 10"m) ^

!>

^ jjljJ-l

; JtLfill sjii JI^Jc tit

^ Ji

oLyla-L

ialiJI ^

AE = E2-EI =qv ,

JcJLLAU l^,J*-*. ^xjlio

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^ t A H = - ve I 'A H = -285.9 KJ (H2) (Products) gs po t.c o m H20(1)i Sj 1^-11 JJLUI dcUjJI ^iJ\y : (2-4) dSji |AH = - ve&H2 <11!! 4 HI(g) A H = + ve hy s .e x op 7H2(g} + ^l2(g) w SjljaJI reactants ^-LUJ : (3-4) d^ji |a H = + ve & H2 > H l) w w (H,) Jc-Ulll yjJUuV : Standard Condition 4. tid.JLH o^tUI t-»xiAll ^ Lu^Ljill 1^*-"^ Products ,/ A H = + 25.9 KJ t • (H2 j .b o H2 > H1 lit (AH) yjiljiVI ^ litj , [^>111 j-i I^ill (^I (0 C) . wUII ^uLS — Silt — Lelic. I) .(p - 1 atm.) LiAuLiJI tJjjJiJIj : ij^lj 1^. : (Heat of reaction) JxLtUI (>» cr4'-^ Jc-Lili Lalic < (itilAii'i jj iioiail . JcliaJI LlJJaj jljx - 123- «!_>.«$ 11 l^jL Jtlijll Sjl_>Ck, lJ^ju 'its Jiwlj £a SjL SjLa (j-olj-a. ^4 SjLo ^-41JfiLLL Lojjc. "AH" I ^ j._>.»ll11) ^ jl ■ JulilJI "Djlxj LbJ^au < jijA jj-o i ^jrL.I jj-a SjLa <_i.l a*I Ua-L-cw iZj lillji ^ "■ ■" Sjl^wn -- (jAj JjL*j 4-xlwtI La.1 i ft n jl < djl^lswVI Sjl^3.B . \&Ju.... m JjcLaUI oljfjj*. : Heat of Formation (jjil Labile. gs po t.c o csj-?- oj^j '-e-ii£- ■ (AHf) yJlAiVI ^ jaajIU L^i'u (jyiil) Sji^. ^ " • * I yLJL 4j I ^ fli Ij , «-») U* ■ r>l lj i {0°C) , {1 atm) . iuoiUill jjjAJ AHf j i (jylau ^jJI oi-aSj-ait (J4 J<.«T.'l.«JI (J-JJ^J l^jlr Ji ^-.'i Jc-liHl) AHf tajj jjLi 1 ■uj C!»' ' ij-ySjll CiLjJlijl i_y AHf(Producis) " 52AHf(rcDCtants) '•• (H) : (3) JU——^ Aa 25',C SiC. i^UIj jjJAjVI ^ (CjHs OHj w w w (_t-l£L) op 35 .e x f < CiiLcliXa jl gjl^jS oU^^ll 4.1* jjJC ' UiJ^" 4J!_)=>. jV_>fl44 LftU:»JI ?_uuUlll J>^JI UiJ^ : Utlll 'Ujl.n nil itt tU C2H4(g) + H20(1) SjljaJI ^1.1^."mUj .b o tjljjv jjl jLlfi-VI ^ ja-Vi . iJfji ^jLau lujiLjill OJLa. Jfclijll Sjl^p. i_iLufv (j^Ai ' <■■■■!' °H 4jl_}-iw ® LJJ^a.1 5Jc.lilll jljil (Jxi JS > C2H5 0H(l) , AH; = ? , AHf 12.5 KCa!,-68.3 KCal. - 66.4 K cal AHf = 52AHf(pr0Jucis) " ZAHf(re0C|.aiiiB) AH'f ~ AHHi OH) '1 AH f(c1H,)8 =-66,4-[12.5+ (- 68.3)] = - 66.4 - (12.5 - 68.3) = - 66.4 - (-55.8) - 124- + AH^Hj0\ Nadher Alshamary jjl = - 66.4 + 55.8 AH; = 10.6K.cal. : (4) : ^ Kjliill jl^il ijjjhZi Pe2^3(s) ly* (AH ) + JtlioJI ■ •-■ I > 2 Fe(s) + 3 C02(g) AHj -196.5 Kcal-26.4 Kcal. 0 -94.1 Kcal. : AHf = X^RProducts) * S^f(reBctBnts) AH + AH f(C0I)I]~[AHf(FeJ0})l f(Fe)1 + AH f(CO)8] gs po t.c o - ^ m J = [(2 x 0 ) + (3 X - 94.l)] - [(- 196.5) + {3 x - 26.4)] = [0 + (- 282.3)] - [- 196.5 + (- 79.2)] = (0 - 282,3)-{- 196.5 - 79,2) = - 282.3 - (- 275.7) .b o = - 282.3 + 275.7 Wj jljil y* JS y ^Lill JcUjJJ (AHf) C + 2(g) 0 ^ C02(g) - 94.052 cal w AHf ^ijii11_MJLa.l : <Jjljuail Uxlo 1 4^jU1I 0 .e x (S) 0 op J (5) hy AHj =-6.6 Kcal. ^AHf(Pro{luctsj - ^AHffreaclan[s) w AHf w ^AH^J-fAHj^.AH;^^] = (-94.052)-(0 + 0) . AHj = - 94.052 cal. AHf = AHf^^ i> jU JyjS ^jll , (^jl^aJI ■ 't_>J'J5i ujlj jli ui& - 125- ^ ^jluu ( i4jVl 6jxoljfc 6IJI ^ : Heat of Combustion i—i^vl■■o.i ^ill « (yjlliiV) a.ifl^ jji-JI L^JU La SjLa ^I^^La-l Sjl^^ . (jj-. i n'iV [ ^JcuJj tj^.n<\Vl 4^J ^b jLa Lab LS^Sfc SjIII lilc ^j-a Oa-lj Lab Uja. Jjlaj i ojlj_>- "tyj-a-JI CibS^>ll ^j-aa. J,! 4>3-J ^ Lab L5jo. jjjjlJI JiLu jjloj t r>b-aa i aUlj jjjJjill Ja^uSl ^jjb , tjjjjjll jljj^.1 SjIjoj I_iJ*j I SjljiJI ija iiai j^Lbil i5'j^' i-kivL-cyj < pLLIj [jjJj^ll J_"u^'l m : (6) J^ ; Ulil! <jjijua-!] iaik < {jjAjjjSfJI > 6 C02(g) + 3 H20{1) ,(782.5 Cal lj-h --b ! jjLi I J^Ltu gs po t.c o C6^6(1) +7.5 isS^i jicj (300 K.) SjtL^iLI SjljsJI cbl^ 1315 < Cub ■ta.iLi.-A j'lr, J«■ I a"11 ijjja- Ijl Swift 1 nil 11 Sjlj^ll i^mi'v I . (R= 1.987 I. atm / °K . mol) .b o AE = - 782.5 cal , T = 300°K , R= 1.987 An = 6-7.5 = -1.5 AH = AE + Ang RT " '" hy AH = -782.5+ (-1.5) (1.987) (300) AH = -782.5-891.0 op AH = - 1673.5 cal. .e x jjja, £a u^ua. jja JjL*Ij Ljift < gbbll (yJLjSVI ^ ,>+*511) tSj'j^l' J**-*!' y* JJLJ.I Jb ^ UiSJll JJUib . UiaJ.! JJUi! yi SjftLS ^ w >< ^ (jj-i-w-i : Heat of .Neutralization JaUtUl &)(>>. w w U.Luua jjJl JftliuJI tlucxouy I cKilll iub JftLilil (ja ft Sjjj^ jjc. J U'.M . jji pUI jjjSj (joLeux^U Jjljulll SjIj-O. (+-4 0' ^jLJI iClibj SwL^lj ijj-iil iftl^lj JjUHI Sjl JO. UoSj^ JjUuJl cJLaft ^ <-a.L*.*.J.I <^511 S^ftllll jl ^1 o^a^ll iftljillj JjLoJI SjlJ^ 5-ap Cibl o^l M3. (- 57.4Kj)jl. (- 13,7 K. cal) ^jL-u Cibjj'l 'I -"I jJi JjL*~jJI O-b-ft ^luJLaJf JftLiuJI ^jl (juLuil ^Jft i l-+ftj4 t_ilLa.l 1 : aLLI H^)+OH(aq)^=irH20(l) . ■» < + (OH") (Jfu^jjC+JI objj'lj (H ) jjojjao^l AH = - 57.4 KJ - 126- (12) Nadher Alshamary J—jjljil ►L»_S3l : (jl a=^ iilla ^kj HC1 + Na OH > Na CL + H20 . AH = - 57.4 KJ HN03 + KOH (13) > KN03 + H20 , AH = - 57.4 KJ iJjUi'l (jU c (dKSSJl I liKii 4j,I u-. yJc (14) acl^illj j^L^Vl » "LI' udi^ ''.jla.fj i (Sjlj^sJJ ilLa. (jLi 5jcHll j| ^jjk i JjLJLIII Sjl^^ £jj yJc Jc!J2JIJ gAl .^Vl gs po t.c o . .I.-,»11 JcLij) m ^iTi tiLcull ^ Lei Heat of Solution iul^l ^1^ jl ■Li.n.'i n11 Sjl_pJI 3-io^ yJlajVI ^ ^ iljj< (solvent) ^-watl JaJliII 3j_a£ ^ (solute) 4jIjil Salil ^ (a^lj , 4 Q iQ->- < jlc. J3LU | t-c| 5jIjVI 3jlnf cjikL^j 4a| (_rkaJ i Oli i (jjJCJi i_ll1ji yj L« SjL» "Lifjl AlCj A-Jj>K <4lj) SjIjA jjl culill I AJ-iJ 4 ij UVI I fi L»V I s JjijA A® ijx LfJ j.'KmSi SjI^A, j^Ual dUI ^ i-yjj L^j] .b o uyJJ I 'I op hy 1 , Sjlj^. JiUaal Lalj Sjt_>s«. 0^l ■^■" *1 I■ dlla 4 In^^La c HjILlu | ^ ^ ^ |_t | ^a .1 J'Li jvjj ^all pLVI H2S04 . 10 H20 j AH25«c= ■ 16.24 Cal 4 nj n "L-t&i "LiC^aJ I w "ta-fti w H2so4(]) + IOH2O(I) Jja Jil ojail cjVj^ jjt 4?"^^ ^5^! ^aIj . «"H JmijiJIj SjljiJI w (15) "LiljVf ej!j-i. ij-a •"«"J Alt, ( cjjjji (j-a ; ytll iljUlL <4.Wl 4ji»£ Jlel jj) (jiuj HCl(g) + naq 6*^ ^ > HCI, n aq ,...(16) aac ^ "n" j plil Lla , ojjll Jlaj "aq" >jllj ' ^allaH oVjUII lyi £Cu*a_ya J-& La5v "n" i." i* ^If i" HCl(e) + 5H20()) =HC1.5H20 AH29g=-63.995 KJ. - 127- j ....(17) • tj^1 ———— HCl(g) + 25 H20(1) = HC1 . 25 H20 ^ AH298 =- 72.177 KJ. HC'ig) + aq ....(18) =HCI(nq) AH291i =-75.076 KJ . oJdll jj-* Jj-o JSJ < flIUlt.l ljl__j_riJI (jLi — iiaLJI cjVUJI — ?1L». JS (jc, SjLc. ^ b^.VI ■Ljillj . i_4jL>Jill aiA olc. 5-^ 5j(jyi -uioc, ^ •Lillaiil "Gc glu V cijJLkj .^.11 SjljVI La-jJ ULL-a lit, JiiU "aq" jJaillj , ^|jy( i^UJl "AH" hul . HC1 m ij-* ....(19) gs po t.c o 4 > I o ^ i—I^»-Loj u-UI jjLuiac. liKlikj <4la i • 4 k 1,1'ilLi) ' La Ljlia llljl '*"• <*31* ^A*c- (jr^j : tfbVl A^Ludl Sjj_Ala CliLljjl (jJI ijljJ.I J uja.Luaa 'LJ^AaII JIJAJJ l CjL£-a •La-iLlII diLl^jVl LjjLaj jjt. T-JUi ^Aj : .b o . Sjljaii ojjUa i O [j_jliJ I j < .„K~i ^ju SaLuUI i jjij (J'^>'1 u^...-u jjAa, ?j_}l_^JI Cil^uJull ^j-a^-e ^.n/ HJJ . i ^ixlll j""i jjjj OLHU "J i w . "aq" jji^JLi Jjl-vt,l (jt jiAj jVij-wj ((jjill jjii «LjL^jV "Cu^ A."i j^oa. gjLjJI ^jLjjil jjiaAll J-OJJ < gjlill w i ijia- L-loiAjli Sjl^a. jJJa jA i (j-*-*-" w i U-0'-^ (£>?■ 6^ ^"Liil ^,-Kll Sjl^o Jit 4_11 jVI Sjl^a. j la" ajicj jiiillj ijiiaAll ^jaj "ti^LxlJ (jiLu u-lc- JtoaP < jVij -VJ . (^ii-o - jiSji'l) ■ i—uAlI "LwS. il O-0 lit)j j (jji i 4_iLxaJl JII ^La. i-ii-iAi jA • J'" "' * ^i./a'ir. (2>-a iijLe. SjJ Jj to ^ K . tjjliii'iH - 128- jj-c A A ^jlja - ) * x ft5\ jj-4l ^gjLuu AJJAAI! Sjl^a. Nadher Alshamary : uj C C (s) (716.68 KJ) ^ uj.jilJ ^1 Sjl^ AH (g) > 298-K - " 716 68 - ^Ull '_•! •■■ a. ■•'J ■v.i.all liLG I g 1.1 ^ lii' j.u'l V tij| ,jJl JiVl , (Ji iiU>}Vl oLlj^V I (jjjii -~ 3^ -"- iJLa (jSJj . Cil\j-iVl SJJi J «J.tn (jjijj-il ^ i — (20) ^ • JjL*jJI Sjb^ - * ^11 u-> I i + aq I JjjjJS jli ^ H("nq) + Cl^q) gs po t.c o ; nUI m . ol^jVl JaxuJ (VUG) Jtlii (fl . (21) . "Cl-'V'H*" : K) . Ju*U .b o AH;(H:q)=o hy (jis^j Sjlj^ (jl ^jjLmjI yJt c < tti ->11 oLyJ^J Bond energy 45LU ^yjl ■ j*4S ji Oi>Sj I oljjjaJI ui^jJ -IqjIjj Lflu LiJS op dlt ^1 nit i\ I ifculjil ^illa - V Ciljill Jj! (j-o .e x . <JajljJI iiLiu Gaaiij La ^yA "(JqjI^jII juXI ia^UI <5LUJIj . ^C^lcUull »tjj|^ Ciljill <JLiJt jji iojlj>ll ^ Ja»)j ^ (^H) Jj■ (jj jjjGII/i : lflu liuljll liUo .«<jjUJ! 3iLJI ^ oljj .LUcV : ^lill w w H-H(g) ■ " w ' : dBi Jii*1 > 2 H(g> , AH ='+ 435 KJ / mol. (22) Ci -CI(g)—>2Cl(g;. AH = + 243 KJ / mol. H-ci(g) ■ • ' Lo^j , <J iUjIjJI JJ—^ tfjLu^ >H(g) + ....(23) a(g)J AH = + 431 KJ / mol. I j I ^"| ftj '■ -WW cSLJ2^ tr* i «LU1I JIOJ LjjV ; 'tsy*- u* - 129 - ....(24) |ia2 yJl Cy J-^1 Jj, d-jl ■ ifc» jiLLail J^jll . L*,) ■ «i£J <5LUI LiS . ^jljJIJ Ciljill JJA-I "i ijj-® » oiliiLilil ^ Lflji tjjil , ^•-la.-ua ^juJuJIj I s__>l_>ail IjjUo JtLilll jit iiliaJI kjljjll lilj ' "iJL" (AH) • Oik.lilLI {yt ; (Heatof hydrogenation) (j-o laa.lj JjifcjJ '■ OivL^all ^UuVI 1 Jj-aJL Oli , LfjU O'fJJ s'i^ ^ik-olj jU, jkljkJLcal ikxoil^ (JiLJI) -Ac- • liilj JULa jdj . (205 KJ) UjjS SjljaJI o-a ixaS ^JiUaii Jlj ; <|j(jixi] Li-k i C6H6 (|) yil ^-yit-a jjJL + 3 H2 >C6H,J(1) (11 J (^-i-tMl) gs po t.c o Sjl_jrJ( ^ '■>< Sjij^ - t m (gj^ac. jjS| jjLkifJI *likjJJk Sj^ya-J yiod! Oj-A ljSi iaikiil AH = - 205 KJ (25) (AHflJ)i) Heat of Fussion : jlf-aiV) ij\jA - o Ilka 5jL {y> Ja.lj J>a ,(6.0 KJ) Jjbu > H20(1) j 11 all) pUI jjn JaJj Jyo j Lf^ail AH273 = 6.0 KJ (aHvBp) Heat of Vaporization: op SjLa i^a J-a-lj Jy# Jj--'-'! La._)J jjt < 1 w (^j^1) w , u& ' J ^ ub- ^ ... (27) (AHsub) Heat of Sublimation: ^Uull Sjljai - V tJi , Lj . .fi'. Sjljiiil J-^Allj Sjly^l : (44.0 KJ) ^ ^ J^lj > H20(g) j AH298.k = 44.0 KJ . w H20(t) Sjl>v - % IS* 1 .e x (298 K) ok. .U) ^ a>« JUa .... (26) hy H20(s) jit < ijUJl ^HiVI ^ jklil ^ .b o , iliLJI 4JUJJ SjLfi t> lb1 tr* kt iuilill Jfkull Sjlja-J jlfl 'aWI Sjl^ AHsllb - AHfUS + AH vop tfAj (28) JxLiUI ojlj-*- yrit . jtliJI dlj Uak ^ ^1 tyiJl va.k^l.1 ; ^ < JfiliUI Sjlya, yic j5ij ^1 - 130- ib-^13 di^ M>-0 Nadher Alshamary 4 jjl• — _ . (duli iiiua . . — _ CuIj <1 J^UJI Iiftj i O-jLj J^i.ua j! OjIj , , ) JfrlLlI Uiic. iiau | uijtjIsJt - 1 jlc, iiJ^j JtLijJI jjlS |j( La LLk ■ c»ljLc (jJt Jalij j^lll cj^LiiUI yL=. UA^J_o) ilLa. Lvj 1 i n ^UiiJI ^ji-u j] L»l I Cj-jIj JoA-bO Ciaj . Lulj SjjjS ^jll 2_JajJI yjL^lJI ^ a a ii&.<.o|[ "Ulc ^jJLu plil ^ JuLijll djJ-a^i j| , (cuLj JajLwa, jJjj {ijj-eJI Ja-ui LpAjI vtiOa-J jj tj^iJ| ^1 .-^■l'; --. - iililjJ! oLSlLJ) gs po t.c o 1 |AH = qpj cuLj < JcLLllI JLa m • ^Li^f jljilj JtUit) jlj_JJ cJilall oLSLLJI All ■ "LJ-LaSjl j] jklkill JAaj •UuLu (jLi < ^ , aLc. . jLi, Jj-ui Laaj : -UiLJI Uj Ujjj AH = AE + PAY AH - AE = PAV -Uij^JI (jij La) AV ^ 0 ijj ^il ^•j'J LLJutj SJLC, Lu^f ^L=^l "!> yi 4iU < Cal^Li. ^ ijP ( (tja. ...,(31) oiULilil 3. ...-.tl . Laj ^I'~" ■"(yiaj ilij-w < ^Li-o jLiJI yj (jijjj (AH - AE) jldlil uj!>■■ -> .e x • "JLa^I ^ 11 Vj : ifcLtil AH = AE +An RT w it> Jiaj "An" w yUJ! yi ciiLtLiill ^{C 1 op AH = AE (30) ^1 CliUlilJl .b o ^-J| ^ hy ^xUu (29) (32) -*■- w . Jaia 3jj UJ I : oil^ IjU An = + ve : AH < AE : up ' An = - ve • uj : up ' An = 0 a ' up < V AH > AE AH = AE - 131- : nj, > n i '■ n ' uj (f t f n2 = n u'tsl -.i.m ,.1, -- — . I,, - jJl • jjt 4-2lj■">.,■>,I CuUS !jl « 25 C jicj C»jli ^ : (?) (Jo o r.. Sjl^v » ...■ ^ I : (ju Lait i (- 771.4 cal) oj^j Uo io R = 1.987 L.atm/0Kmol. : J ' 5-tll.ll I ^JaluJ] IQ > ^ ''X^xy >1 i ^» ^ 7 C02{g) + 3 Ha0(1) AE = ? , AH = - 771.4 cal , T = 25 + 273 = 2980K , gs po t.c o R = 1.987 m C6H5 COOH(s) + 7.5 02(g) a-S. *~\ Ang =1 -1.5 = - 0.5 AH = AE + Ang RT AE = AH - Ang RT AE = -771.4-(-0.5) (1.987) (298) .b o AE = -771.4+ 295.02 AE = -476.38 cal . t-* ■ J- jlc 4jV ( cmIj ^•>■"> alt 4 fllU'il I lilfc (j-o hy CuIj la' io jit 3 allalt l (jl ioaibj .e x op <_o_l5 JjLoJ jJ!u I (295.02 cal) 6_jjJ5 JjLuJI li/^j < ^Uaill (jit Jtxu diJ-a-J j) Cijlj LaJSi ! <JtUull jljil wul,I ojIj t-i* i A aic Uiuijj (^ rel="nofollow">*.''41 jl d i ^.1 * 1 I) (Jf.LfijJI Sjl^a. L.j i n (HI oLi-<"S Ci2r ligiijl CjJ 1 j i iitlilLI jljil CiLu<2 Ciflf l^rxi w : Lf^ ^ C+AP U^±3 iy> (2 rnol) w LiJci < (68.32 cal) UjaJa , Sjlj-a. ^" 5 ^lU'i" 2 H?i (■ i +0,z m (jj jjaJ I SicUUi J1>J1 SJAS — cj w . JtUlll lj-a dolU'.l I , culi ait : UW >2H2i0 in j ^ Ltjai i Sjl3. x jjlU'." ^jU i (<3uLlJI ^111—s-*-i-q) AH = -68.32 cal (33) I ^ (4 rnol) jljjtkl ait Lai : 136.64 cal 4 H? +0,z * in in >4H20 ^ in j ^ - 132- AH = -136.64 cal ...(34) Nadher Alshamary ^ (jjii (^ niOl) Jjl^iLcJ Jot < aUal11 Sjlj^il O-0-5 Jjl ^1 jljil c>l,.j ft?v (j-lc i_ii^X5 JcLiltl jj I j-Sjj li#j • ^11 (2 tno!) (jfj-j-al jjc *1 alia'ill , 5If la".! I AajlUjj alkali &a Jil AjjUjaill AjlaJl — ^ jJJuJI (j-lc. ji-iS jjjIj l^j laJiLi j( 'tIf.IflVn CuLS c Ij-jji ajLJJ -LijLj^xflll H20(!) + 68.0 K cal. . ijjUJI 4Jl^tl jjJj HJUJI ClLa, (j-o dkijjiJI P UI — (^5) ... (36) -'Hj' "il ■*■..■>. u* Li^jpj ^"n «1 i Cjj^JI jl^ivl Sjl^a. i. ttlAl , lillj^j jl OJJJSII Sjlja. ,>. SjLc. huA\ j\ J^aU SjljaJ) - J hy . .b o L-^lu ij^l.j « "t^V I jlfc Jiilij Jit US <4jjUJI aJI {y ^J-oS tjiwj m : jjilJJI JlilU lillj ^ JJ ■ Jiii i^LiAjillj ijiLjAiJI oljiiull j^icSjIj^JI ytiLol*! Jjjalflj i op Sjl^aJI CIU.JJ • W ; l^j'u >jjJU 5jU LcjiJI Sjl^pJI (jli .. LfljLjf ujij Lai) .e x Sjl^a. ^.Jj jijJ ioj^UI SjljaJI ^ LJlJ- Sjl>jJ) ijc. SJUA JL&AImiI ^J^U! lyJl , Lj-al3 .'■ SjIjaJI w fjj I w « liua-j . «SiLa.(j lyj-a ia-jJ SjUl ya Jsalj w Ji • SjLJl -Jl ujyi CT® SalJI yA Aklj ^.o}^ Sjlj-a, 5ja.jj ■ (^Jj ■ LT4'-^- {£ rel="nofollow">?■ /y^) (jr4 ' IjAl ^AuJI LUAUJ jJOAall /J&AJJ C'jf U SjU cua^j I jli . ojIj Uixo alt jl call j>. 3.-> alt L^ujaJI 5jjl^_aJI 5 . ...H .- ^joaAlJI (jlflj "Cv" Cut ^a-3. ale Lilj^aJJ :>■ ale ILplj_jdl ^.«■ 1J>II IJJ. rkl Vj U^JI Ul , ^Idl) 6JJb m Jl Salo AH Jjiill (Jj.i.tiH U-aS jldJLaj < "Cv " CuUi ^ 3«-a. die f'Mf * gs po t.c o •LSI 3E culi Joi.i A jii. *jj . ■ i"til*! »die £jlj (jjJI dlti <.«.iull U.jd jld-.Sm I Sjl^l |j-a i a jLLI : Jjl daa < jiL ^ dA.[j J>!l ilclilll dl^l ad* die 1 ietilil [Jr.laT:! JJVI i3i>^' 61^jI & Jalii - "AH" ^ jjJdl ifujS (jli ., v.'.. -j '. "Hj" tfjIjsJI tsj^UI ^ J^iil J\ UL^iL, ikUUI Jljll Iju.u^l ^aJI Sjl^JI . 1(3 ».^1J : AH (Path l) = uli .... (53) Path II: — LSj'^- - J J *' ( T j Sj(^J I 4-a.jJ Oic. ' ^2 L^!^! (>« jl^-nili^o-mu i>o LAJLIJI jl^J.1 ■ ^-"p (Products) lifj i J*,LiI3 [jLi m 3 I) ellj xju {^jlJ.1 ^ yJSH ijjSj . JlaJLy AH(PathIl) = AH1 +(pm(1(lcl)(T2-T1) AH ijjji i ojIJJI (J—^LiJJ UJJIS .b o 6l (5' • .... (55) hy (react) {^2 - T,) -f AH2 = AH, + (Prod) (T2 -T,) ....(56) jic. w .e x T) Sjl^l op AH2 = AH, + [(prod) - (react)j (T2 -Tl j . Jjilll j) JcLflUI ....(54) < <2LLJI OLSJ (j^jlll ISIUJ : AH (Path I) = AH (Path II) .... (57) SJjLxll ftia LaJ AH2 j AH 1 t (j| iip. ■ . , "AH i" LAjvU SJI^JI {y, gs po t.c o 11 jl^ cfk"' ^2 J ^ : (prod) w . ikUli! J^Jl ^1^1 ^11 ^ : (feaet) w ; oJWI ^ a^Uti iljlxll <JIJS AH, - AH. -^TTr- = A ...,(58) AH2 - AH, = f ...(59) A dT - 136- Nadher Alshamary i-jjljJ-l .U^Jl a (ah) | = ACr (60) ST AH, d AH AH, A dT ... (61) 4: 5 (ae) < CU(J |vr»A m : ,^1 = AC, (62) AE, AE) = ACV dT gs po t.c o 3T ... (62) AE. : (8) ~2 ^2(g) < (90 C)jjt H20(1) (jjji! Sjlja. L-.UhiJ , |aH25*c - - 68.37 calj ^ 25°C jic. 5jlL&k .b o jJ- i-x-wJI ^ op hy ' is* (H20) = 18 , (02) = 7.05 . (H2) = 6.90 .e x AH2 = AH, + [(prod) - (reilct)] (T2 - T, 18- 6.9 + --x 7.05 (90 - 25} w AHgo.c = - 68.37 + w AH90.C = - 67.877 cal w : (9) JH. : iJllII aLykll {y (200°C) Ait 2 C{S)+3H2(e) (C) = 2.7 . ( (jJjS Sjly. ■ J...~ I -> C2H6 , AH25.c = - 20.24 K cal, (H2) = 6.9 , (C2H6)=15.4 :[y^\ '■ '-i.jAjjS <1JU^ AH2 AH] + [(pf0d) - (reaCt)] (T2 -T,} - 137- AH2(lfl.c = -20.24 + [l5.4 - (2 X 2.7 + 3 X 6.9)] (200 - 25) AH20o'c = - 22.112 cal : PLmj-USJI La Voisier - La Place (^jLwiJ <1 (jJJ cKft-'l . iJjV) Sjj^sljc. USl^LI villj Ai3^ aliil 1 «tiUajil Sjl>iJI 3aa^ IjJJC. J J ig*\l jj-ilj 't-t.l Uj 11 SjI^jaII < J C0 2(8) C C(s> + 02(g) , AH = + 94.0 K cal 0 2(g) > C02(B) , AH = - 94.0 K cal (Hess's Law of Constant Heat Sum) Jji Jjijll cjLfl , jljil (jjij Jjl L_v4lJ ( Ciljkk <£.J n ■v n j'l S.La.lj SjLk hy JcLiill li* . nilU. jkJJ (jl w w A+B+C+D w : A+B AB + C > ABC ABC + D A + B+C+D > ABCD > ABCD L^iu < jjajII AH • ^A ABCD <-£jil oi^1 LrL Jfij ....(66) u^i) , AHj ....(67) , AH2 ....(68) , AH3 (69) , AHj + AH2 + AH3 : (jU > Cjjliil AH = AH] +AH2 +AH3 JA>-.I-V]I ^juaA ....(70) Uiloj .-(71) - 138- Cy 5L-A — iktjjj ; ulbll^ I "AH" {.jjS > ABCD . >AB (65) »!>«i < CijIj jliLo — ' SjA-otic, ^ ABCD 1 oljL=wj ija.!^ (64) (jJlkVI ^ jjajIL co^-l -li^u jl u* lj<.iia'i ^ <^jLl1Ij iir.Liill jljil jjSj .e x I 6 JAW IJ SjLa. : jjjLi Laa lilt j . H^JUi. JS ^ l^j^ii't jjJ ?a4ljllj iklilil op Ja.1^1! jl ci(>LAJI cmK Lv^j. clmIj jUia Ljiifc JotSjjl .b o JtUj (Jy (AH) |iJ jLt lLKa1 j.l '. gs po t.c o ^ciAjj LSI 1 (j;^! Sja t liUi m ^jLuJ LjljVl SjljiJf L-ASS jjl (jJt (j V»i-Si I Nadher Alshamary <-.J rel="nofollow">1 » J&UlU Sj^lj -LwlfUlj JS u* L^.,i.i iajllJIj 5kLilil jl^il ,jl ?iLaJI ^jl ULL < LjjIj JJoj oljiaSk Sic jt ^ c Ij-uj , (jjSJLJI : _>3.l Vla4 jjJaJU >-5>^u • jli-j NHjfg) jjl-Lijifl jLc liUj , NH4Cl(iiq> . jvjjjj_sVl j : J.ylJtJI . HCl(g) > NH4C1(s) NH4C1(s) + aq ^ NH4Cl , AH, , AH2 ... (72) gs po t.c o NH3(S) + HCl(g) m : (oKJ^ u* ?£) '■ (JS*\ ' ....(73) : (jjiljL*!! «. r, -^ lj NH 3(., + HC1 (e) + ^ NH4Cl(Bq) ■ . (AH, ,+ AH2) .b o + AHj ) J-* <3j rel="nofollow">lall ftii : (g) + a q ^ HCl(aqj NH3(g) + HCcl(aq) + aq ....(75). , AH4 ....(76) " ' > NH4CI(aq) . (AH3 + AH4 + AH5)... (78) w LaAj < : JjU 1 cullll AHj +AH2 = AH3 +AH4 +AH5 rj^iSJtiJI .,..(79) ^ja.L A^UC ,> jjjSL : j*l J^U iu^l ^(i jlc jjU , JJjS : (S^i, ijb* J (2): ^-(gfaphite) + ^2(g) jjAJJI oi l/i ^ l^uij Jjjk isjLJIjiJtUllI jl^ll J,1 ikvaj w ouiA ..'..(77) oVjUIl ■ (AH3 + AH4 + AH5 ) jA tlJjJaJI 4 jj J^LaJ ZliJaU AH 3 > NH4C)(ttq) , AH5 .e x NH3(aq)+HCl(aq) . op HCI >NH3(Bq) jjJull Jjj ^ (Z) : hy NH3(E)+aq (74) w LjJS (i;\ f fjj"ijjJall ^ ^2Cg) » AH = - 393.5 KJ -139- Ui>ll (80) ■ C'-r1' C^h,.., + j 02(g) co ie) + Y C (graphite) > COte) . AH, =- 110,5 KJ 0 ^ ^2(g) ^ ^2(g) 2(8> + ■ C0 W AH (81) 283 0 10 2 = " (82) - •LltLsui.! jl^ll jLjaVI iiVI (83) i Culj yOJAjjUl dp ' qaA 03^(2 fj^eu jljjo-l Sjlja. dJj^} < tflljla.! 5jIjja+ 0 2(g) ~ ^ (2) 2 H2(g) + 02(g) C0 2(g) ' >2H20(]) AH 2R8-K=: " Jijla-* *&* : (10) Jli v 94 0 cal -- , AHjgs'i^ " *36.0 ea 1 rel="nofollow"> ^32(g) + 2 ^20^) , AH2gg-jc= - 212.6 cal hy (3) CH4(g)+ 2 02(g) 8.ii.fl'i Cy> |CH4j u^-' j^- uii^ .b o 0) C(graphite) JS ^ gs po t.c o . dul-LJl tijljaJ! m AH = AH, + AH2= - 393.5 KJ aiil + 2 H^g) ; •LJll]! <J j L«-<JJ lajlt i ^ CH4(g) .e x ^(graphite) op ^ ^LSoil jU. ,> Aa.lj ^(^a. (£>?. o^Si. Uait isJLiJI Sjl^JI ^ ^LV1-1 £*• di& 'j1^ , AH2g8-K= ' LiS^iJ ' SUaxtl CjVaLiil j-0 <_0-uaJ,i Jj^aaJ) uIajj (3) j < H2{b) » C H4(e) ' AH288.k= - 94.0 - 136.0 + 212.6 AH2sg-K = -230.0+ 212.6 ^Hags'K^ " 12-4 cal. , (-17.4 cal) ^ - 140- odJ^ sj^ ul c5' Nadher Alshamary '—jjl•La-SJI : (11)^15—« : JLJI (AH) ^ CHjCCXDH^i) , AH28g>[<= ■ X cal. 2 C(S) + 2 H2(g) + 02(g) : urAj • JcUlll (ji + 02(e) jljll jljaa.1 ^ ^2(g) ' ^288-K- - 94.05 cal ^ , AH2g8cK =" 68.32 cal (2) H2(gj + — 02(g) (3) CHjCOOH^, + 2 02(g) > CX)2(g) + 2 H20(l) , AH288.K= - 208.34 cal m (1) C(s, ^ Jfull ^.1 :J dLlAJl (jAa.Tfc La_ij ■ ■! 1-jtv.LirtU "X" gs po t.c o (jjjil iljllUJ ^(] ■ I■ " . Si In* I i CtVjlxtl ^ JJLJI {-AAJI Jj-aU. ^ (3) iljUl (A < L^JUS^J « 2 ^ (2 , 1) jjjjJjUil ^ : J-waUJJ (juifc hy < CaLill w w .e x op "Ujl—X <-0-1-1 yjlSj (-116.4 cal) w yjUJ.1 ^ , 1jA. n ->H (jj^J SJjLiJ. Loloi tljLui yj "LajLillj ileLi-ill jljil Jjj Jji ,jll> ft_n U^-1 ^J^AJ > CHjCOOHfu , AH288'K= -116.4cal. .b o 2 C(s) + 2 H2{g) + 02(g) J-l . X = - 116.4 cal lS^^" U< " * ' <11-^ (ji I 1} ■ ■■ a'l 1 ail.fcJI qVjLlII ^ .SlUll : -,l ,/i — c'J" rt ol r JJUu^j .lLLujI : ^au Lui — 1 . Sji^aJl aJjLLJI oilt-Lijil * . SjljaJJ —ajc — 8 • Ui)^' * ♦ • .b o , JjltUI 5__)l* • O^J^' 'J'J3, * i a. ^ j5y: ^jll) tUljail J^jl - 1 1 , ^ j OjL .,La,«,i.A Sic. OjljiJI |CVJ OjL — 12 .e x , jtiajuj "u rCy" , w ajc. .I — 15 -a -lie. tiLjJ^uJI (jAaft. : Lie. < (- 771.4 cal) ^ culi R= 1.987 L. atm / °K mol w w jit aoiijU pill ,> (1.2 Kgm) ^jic. ^ ^jLaj^ J^.Uj Sjlj-ailj i 2.21 KJ / 'C fjjk j« ui.nll 3jjI_>JJI (ju Laic.. 25 C - 16 20 C ^ya .(4.18 J/gm0c) ^jpLJI , JcUaJI I jji L)-0 ^■*LL' t_uA*a>l iijJi-o tya < 250C Jlc elilj (JaLaaVI ; LJLII <JjLxaJJ liLJa <s2>Llllj <JciiU! jljll 0^ - 142- - 17 Nadher Alshamary _ UulJ-\ .U-S3I C2H4{g) + H20(I) AH; 12.5 Kcai - 68.6 Kcal ; jJaliJI 66.4 Kcal jijil Pe2^3(s) + |aH j (jJljJI iJcliill 3C0(g) >2Fe(s) -196.5 Kcal - 28.4Kcal 0 + 3 C02(g) - 94.IKcaI I_ima.l — 18 w w w .e x op hy .b o gs po t.c o m ah; > C2H5OH(1) , AH; = ? - 143- w w hy op .e x w .b o m gs po t.c o Nadher Alshamary J.y'a.ftH •JJWI , tJ — gs po t.c o m J 4 J ^ iiivaJlj Sjlji-l j-ib ^ ♦ : J^il j?y cf ^ywjJl ■iS' .b o ■ OJ hy djjdl vjJI if:- .SjjLJJI 7,7 .e x op .ijN,jll ^ .^>1.1 ^£)( ^ ■Jil^JI ^ o!jUJl w ^ : Jsi^JI JJU*- 4 w w . JSI^JI ^ oljUJl ilij > ^>- ^! J^l 4 oJ jd j (j^jli — dJlili JjJlp*!! iif (<—lt« ygll) Jg Ja.-yya ^ m gs po t.c o .OiU JJUtJJ 5j*>- olS JJU" ijf cdIS w w '. ajlj^~\ 4>-jJ jjlll — olS JJUm -^H.^5 ji^/s JjLgj djli JJU^O • iS ^ .(JSj!^i-I i>-ji (_^'' * ~ atop jsl^Ji: tiiu w .e x op hy .b o JJI^Jl: tjU . JJl^-JI ^ Uyai; il>1 JJU^ . ^1 ^ A-JL^aJi iljli Xj^iJ j^LP — Nadher Alshamary : iUM in q (jjii <_^aU. JcLiaJI iLUll Jildia j^u^u Lr^j. ^Lljia^JI JtUlU 5j^uiIL - 'uu - l^jTUII L.^ll Jc cr^l ^ ^Jjil) cLu^il dilj^ Lfxs iixi=^ . tfA) ' ' i .'J^P O*/^' - ilia - LsjiULi . a(_.->II .-.I .1.^ lS£=^ m . 4^1 ; iuUjAiH t^JUJ 'ULLL LIU JaJU^, ^ Sjl^ JJMIj UL^JtUu VoljU^^I^ 'vtl^ U gs po t.c o • JJL^, 5/1 "U (jc SjLii, » ^.jJI JjLu .-« ..r.j .4JS)J 5-,<j| joiuj. (ijilj CiU ,> ^ Ui) ^Jl iU J L^ , ^UJl ^>1^11 UJLi VLl. (Ij.a.. ^ -UAi (^5 ySI j <1^U ^ SjLt •LLiAill <-ujjLi[ O^UAJI dU.K . 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(Jj I 'Ua5vl b^y^ya t UI a IS jlj I LaJ^La dllj Uj^d i ^.ail Ob e 111 jjJ I jLijj i ijU Jjiil CiljLiJI (jl J 'it ! ^^LVl (JiLa. jiUoajU La rel="nofollow">ljUi.l J I.a ul Lajjc. — iLflx — (jjjjLa ya ' i—ij*u CiljLill ijjjIjS ^iLiT^ . 0j uS Ujlii.nl ?jijlj^j gJJ Jlu n. i oljLi)) . V o-aIJ-=«. L^i ■ _.l-^ll ^l^li . 3.iAa . (alloys) JILluJL jl tjjj in'ir jLajl ,> SjLtt LfiU La ^LajJ -...1.^ iJjl-> a <>. <jjSd Jjd-yJ ^Ul'tt caiSJj w : JlLo, dtLuJI (jAju jf jj'. 3 jlut JJLa-o jc ye. ojLg - Vd_o - "Uldj-^V' JJjA i>a itlgu tjfi. SjLc ^ litLgJI uK^Jj o' w 3,,.''l~"" j-k£. iaJla^o (jc. SjliC. i — Ct^a^j] ii 111 h ^lll SjUI <-l-a-S yo ija^-a ^'l oSaj i ujlda (>• <-JaS . jiVf jUJI I,... iJjj-aj ji-aj) ?~py* Jjdjxll diljj i'hSj* . w Lyij 4a i iLsj l^laj '. Ij I iS < llnfi 3 j a t \ olj yi 5J a"- - - (jjJjSIl Ciljj l^ai (jjSj i <J-an JJl^a UjLjX.1 tjS-iyj < ■Gli < (illj g^j . 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JjLtlll SOeUJI Lall SJjC.Lil( ^j-4 ^jJll5>.o Jj-a Jjl*^I,I t_ilail CiV^a jjft K1 I ji-jiij (iJU^I jjSjSil) *iAMll - a gs po t.c o : Molarity or Molar Concentration ■ Jjiafcll |>« jlUI (jj v_»l jll ^ oV^I jjUj l^ac lillilj m ' IjJ-aJ 4^jl( jJl j, <>."1 I ?JjVjx = (M) L^jiaJ.1 CltjjJ JJJ1 jjixj (0.15 M HC1) jjjjjb ^AA a. JVJ-4 0.15 ^Ifk ^ ^Ll^J < c-uill ^ »LILI ijj£x ULAj ijSuaJ <jLi < JUmi ijlill (jx CiVjll Jd£. hy Olia I IjIAII SjLLI ^a 0^1 w w w j^lujaJI (jjjil j(j2-a jjJb : (3) Jli ^.127 ^ 41a ^1 1 .35 <Sjl^ J^LJ. ^jll ^ =J : (jU 1 46.07 ojj UJjIUVI Jj^l t [ja ^46.07 |, ^ ^ 127 Jja 2.76 = >* t^_a(i_jai( .e x {C2H5OH) ; <JtJI ~ op fjx < LuLa ^i^-a IjJjIj ( Jjl"» <1 ijx (jjj-a jiA-'V kJLi* jjLS I j|j x . ^sJJL . JjJl jjA «-> Jjja 0.15 (j-lfi .b o c ^ jja ^ Jjtl jl (ja ^ (X) i> oVjil aic. (X) olal^JL Cc '\j^ , SjUH - 156- j* aataJJ ^IjaJl ^^aJI ^1 (*) Nadher Alshamary JJ—^11 7 If. 2.04= ljIjII oVvc. = = (M) JjJa. 1.1 Ciljil JJe. (^oLs-a-Vl O^LtLij yij . yiajV^-aJl j -> , u-> JjLt cjcLu-u — LJLc. — ^-4 "Ujlj «H .' (OH j JJ-LUSjuJj^JI oLyjl jl (H+) ^ cjUJJI jat JA ^--v^tl JOJI (jU i ic.1jil'j liLjjj-jSil oLyjl gjjj■ SJI—iJJ jU tdJolj i (H+ j . OjjV^a i a* 'A LjJ w. A 'JJ dilyjl i^H AO^J <J «■■■t I (jjxi) liSi (jAn->ll jjU < (SO,' j •csj^ 0.50 = 2 x 0.25 ^iioj 0.25 JjI-^a : kilJi 0.0525 ijlc. jiJ / 0.693 Ajj^ys HC1 0.693 ^ Jja 0,0525 X 0 525 o 6°3 : Molalty or Molal Concentration aj>" op i-ilill [> (^>4 u^lj) tjA (1 m.) Jj_» .Tfiiu V Ij.'i-aj.S (j)^ I ! w (jlj w w ^LHjl ut JjAiOJI JJ_ajUI ^7 J"i'l , (X) (^V^i --fc oj^l jlala ^ <JVji.l c5^' JjlaJ-l cllj o*( ^ (I Molal, 1 ra.) J>lail jW»-a. 4JVaj j^IOOO ^ LliA jjjjiS ja ^ ^.Ij (jit oC. Jinlll (jlJVjJ.I 6^ liM" ifcS jl < J>La-Ji jULn-i ! i-JjiLI j> ijli JiJ .e x , aIII (> U HCIoAA^^ jill Llia hy JVj-# 1 JLjla^e t-jj-A-JJ , tJjill Cy fT- 1000 =J " = HCI 0^ ^ (X) .b o >10.0738 = ' r. ^— . ....-v I gs po t.c o ■ HC1 £ya m : (4) JU 1^ '. JLu (NaCi) (ji iAj-uLiAVl SjJ.lj ui^U. (jJt < AjaJI 3-a.jJ . j-iUI (ji oVjll jj_t j J.,i_-_I SjIj_=Jf (jlJVjJ.1 Lj.j.i JjiaJJ ^7 v yL/a. O'j^oj (jia, '. JjiaJ.) UIjS <jjAA ,[_>ulxll j( : (5) Jli u-» 225.0 (C7Hgj (jj>|>i<JI SjL» ,> ^ 5.0 ijljL J>lai • . ....^ i • ui)V - 157- — —w OJJ cji>J>l=JI = = jjjjlJI ^ ololja. ji^il jjc |k».1000 i^5-0 225.0 1000 0.24 = : 92.0 1000x5 — gs po t.c o 225 X 92 m ^^iJI JJfi Mole Fraction (X) : II >,i «H ijLe. i.ii 15 .0 i SjLLI 6SA . "X" -J (_FJjjaJI 6 JJ-c. <jLj Jjl-v ^ ijt Sjlt jJJyj < SJU hy 1^11 3ajjj^JI jjj.U^JI E, X, = I ....(11) ^4 LaSj : LLUOLJ dllj (jc jajjuII (12) oL-ljj-c. (j'lj .e x nA jjk ujlj-^JJ (jU « op , a^-a o* .b o = (Xi) lJ_jLJLi oOjia ^.AA.TW oV^ya jljtl J-I.^ll JW "Xj" >jJL "i" 0^1 otiji. (0 SJUI oVj-4 JJC- -j ul cwj-H* w : jjli < Rg ljJk i_iJ 3JI JJtj (13) XA=-^— n A +nB (14) w w XB= —— ^A+nR uP XA+XB = 1 ' 05) :(6)JlS jti. {y* 3.89 X 10"3 ^>0 (jj^i ' . -kjl—Cllij-il trtuV ■ - 158- (jJcj 6* 1.54 x 10 3 j Nadher Alshamary (3.89 + 1.54) lO"3 "N.+nH, 0.716 >.43 x lO'3 w w w .e x op hy .b o gs po t.c o m 54 Xl0-3 = 0.284 .43 x icr3 or - 159- ^ OljUJI JaJL>w4 — uHiljl—iJI ^-j—uiSi jj-iojj . 'i i flic-. J_JLs»_4 |J *lj■ "II 3_jjLil ; La^j I jj r.I.ua — JMjj-JI (jj ^ ^jy! 3uU a\j\t - i "--I ■ ||,"| i Lall La.ljj-ol l^A-n I jjLuiJjJI : (Jj-« I f 111 j_a JcLiuii f Jj I jaajj JjIjjjiII yj lytjAj jjlll CiljLill illt di Ijlil I (ja 4-14-ifta. (J-J l?v .o c U. I |j_o (jjSa V ^ ^' '-u^ I ^ ; Ullll oVjUIl jj-a NH-, + H.O 4 I Cjl jLii I lilt <1 |l" Pi nl Jj-aj , 1 ^.'u \ ^ I -J nJ^C ^ NH^OH SO-. +H.Q ^H.SO, HCI+H.O . H^Q^+Cr m g-i ft ^ gs po t.c o .* LaS i IS ill ■ "■"' I J-ij i^j I" 11 I^J I I j ' (16) (17) (18) — ^jla j ^ JtLij tiiJ ^jl — ijllj iiiH jl-*!' J^l3 ijiaaj Jj i jLUI (^6 jj ^ . Jj !->■ 11 ijc- inii i All I jjilcLili Vj I .e x op Jj I p ill jjJS (jJt hy (jjSj (jlll oljliJI ftjjl .b o 'LliVl la-p^ Gljli -2 (_£j'> "fcj "J itij t i 3j S ja t. JjJI "> n iijia jjj yju^S I ^jLt ! pill ^ Ijija-i Vji-a n i^yju ^jljyI : ..til I oljiill ^Jildj JlluJIj jliJI Q* JS AjuJa — 1 : jLJiJl j'l) "Uuij JjLJI ^ jU (j'l LaLu LoJl Jj-ls JJfg-uiJI ^ OljLxJI iilij &JLc Ojj^XI J-oljjdl w w , ^ilL V La'uj i pLLI I-6] ' Jjl-al I Lis|j < Sjl^^ll ?-=kjJ , (J^laJ.1 aAI < w ; — iUi i-yjj ^^JII iSjIjLiil IJJJ jj-ij oljic t AMI < (j-lia JaLos ^ LoLftj c-Ljjj 1j;iAjjj-i4ll Jaj^K jit 2 —i CsljU lilll* — ilia — .w'ia pLII ,^5 ?JL Jji u' ' ?' 1 "'Jj I pill (ji LaLaj Mjij Jj ni^l jit ' lai-iji .pUI - 160- Nadher Alshamary JJl -u — JjLJl huh - t-J (jl Ja-j : idnj . JJ'JJUU yjjj V l+il (jja u* < (j^A-o JiLu i_yjj oljlft Jll* u' .-iijf ^ loUl i-yi; LAIU » fUl yi ilia oljUJI 5jljV i (1-5) ciLJILA!! giLij iy , (jj SjljV! Lo-tJ y'(j < JaLAII ^ j-t.|j Jo« i Aj 25 c jic. p Lllj (jLJc. ikii ^UGjL SjljVI ^ , iULAil ciljlill ciLljj».j ^jljJI cjLljja. lA^ oi!^" pI Ne -246 1.14 x lO"4 0.082 x 10"4 Ar -186 8.90 x 10-4 0.250 x lO"4 Kr -152 hy 0.069 x lO"4 .b o LI 0.76 x lO"4 0.450 x lO"4 -109 110 x lO"4 0.860 x lO"4 -62 310 x 10-4 1.630 x 10-4 op 27.30 X 10^ .e x w 1 -296 "IJI j| #j!jail ■w'lfl '. (JjljtJI yi ciljLiif -Llj] jjJt Lut i pill (jzk-uuJ l-odla f'l I <JLuijII ^' al a j M ^jj j| f JjL-ll i IjijG - 2 jjjl LvjJ CiA-fljjl LeJS — SjLc C^*0^ "jljll pljfil jjl yij Sjl^ oUkjj jit < ^j( : dllj Jli^j . I j pAUAjU "ijjjj ' Sjljjdl 5a.jj 1 LiiA CiTki m gs po t.c o <2*1 j 1*11 yLIiJI CC) He w w — BLU yi ijij < LaLc SixLaslj uiiV' Rn ^ yjjj Lfili < "ULuAa (Juja. i-uSjj l^J jjlll LJuxAj jk 25° Xe 111 <jL1uJI <-ijiiiii < pUI . u.ujuII jfcJAJkJ jAVI Lfla ill I jjj "JIaa (jl aIIm (a-^ < (Like dissolves Like). -Ujjill u^ij <4J-iiJI o'u : JLjaJI rl jit iJ2j jLill 5j(jj jL J^ill J^-a-1 Lalt 4 a.-'j i.i5VI jit (jx U^jk 0.049 jaG (^>111 jiuJI ^a.jJ jit (JXUXJ pUI Jx Ij^wlj Laaou Li in OaG tjj ^ "i 5Vl jit ^x Laa^at 0.024 j-aG ^ 25° jit pUI (jj Lj-ilu I Jilj-kJI yi ■i.JjLiJI ill jl ^Jc. Sjljail ^ -II (j-alxJ I -i ■ > , jjjG ^J_« Jlill 11* tjiJi} . ja. OaIj , ?li Ii|jlx jl <1 ii.B IA oljtiil 6 j-* ill j| - 161 - — — CiljLill (jA*.it (.Ul (j-0 J.jjj (2-5) Jjji. ■ SjfjpJI Ltl ij^t i—itia oljlill iiljVI : (2-5) 50° 1.7 1.3 0.97 0.76 162.0 113.0 78.0 54.0 54.0 0.054 0.044 CO3 3.3 2.3 SO4 228.0 02 0.070 • i'i iJtJ-i I jL*-U J j'u'nI 0.037 0.033 jl*^ <J>-J— SjjliiJI a j-4 ljc. *cili jj^Vl Ji . ^jjyjiiil jjA i_»_>fJJ irj^J ^Jl |C02S^iiLi-a ljAJJ_o < Jjla-ll Jjjlj j-iilia (jjiu liua. I"CJIJ| JSJ "Ciicj ! U_I(]J j^laj.1 1 JjI^jaJI ^ cjljUJI 3jIjl (^Jc. .e x op j^LS Liji? I^^ULKJ ^Jdl , Sjl^all <3.jJ j"ir, ^t»« . Aj w jliJI 4 m^v 1jj.' -. djs-Ijji* OjilS (jAJJj 3ijw ^ SJIAII jUJl oli« Sa^ 5jlj?- >iiPj •«JL^1 :jl * JsLJl fjA w ^•VtaJb L-xtLs < jA5 jjjS »_jl>ill jlAJl iLS" CjArfLsd# . flJiUJl ; Ujlitllj — "LU^iLJ SJ^J-O (^jie. — (j-b <j-l.i 1^1 j^ojj Cg = K Pg .:.. (19) ■ d^-' cr" jl*" . Jjla,11 aaIjuj . ^jL* (CO2I L*.■ aUj w \L*Ji -ia*J> o^ UJ^; <^^-*4 S^uull La.U.^>il ^ (CO2j jit jjc. ^ili! I LficU^J .jLiJI L tli^> iS^LjJI (Henry's Law) ^ ^002^ hy t~« ' " (jlj ri3.La.jJl kL^Jl - 3 .b o oj%s • ^ 0.030 LamJI jljjl LaK CiljLiil Q-n.-y lil jl jl JoiutAJI _ja (oL^ta-j ^ e^LjjAotl L^j LA«j (^1 <5jjJiaU Ijl^j .JJLU ^ uiliil (COt^ m 40° 10° gs po t.c o | LfJ U 30° 0° Jliil (jl J« "-vtl SjUt to 0□ jljaJ 1 jLiil cwlij ■ JjLJIj jlill <xi->L (jL- , jlijl jail Al I jjc jjUXiJJ loJaUAuLi -162- = Cg .Li-rAjI = ^ culi = K j\A3l Nadher Alshamary i .mi B I jLiJi <;i n's i <j|jLiJI Ui i rt <jL^1 .Aa^l <j| < ij ^jLfll I • 4-9"jJ (jc. LujLLo) jLail iJ-oLa-oB ^iwujlj tlilj i X^lj JiUJI I . ^ i ii fi'i jjLi i J!lI ■J.iill jtiaxu Uil->11 jtv -t. o Jji.j oljLiJI itn -.11 > ' -■ j ^ula. ij l(] ■■'°'' ^ -~jl| I i t <_ii L^j _jj jj , .Iriiii-^! I IJJ) ijc.Lili 4jj.-»^^ii.l oljliil JjlL^-a I 'i a jjU'n V ■_ u' gs po t.c o OSJj i »(. ..TI I JjLJJ ^ I_iljll jLiil <(jjJLy iA ill< sj-Ll—o ajlj-a. 'Ca.jJ -LtC, |Jj1_i±JI jjji ClijUiJI ij-ft (j-o jLx- ji m a .Uiu A J_lc. l_^J I 4-i.jJ T'ir | m iA"jj I d Ui , Al •J CjL^jJj Sj 5> ol jLiil J^jLfca (jj^J VI iaja^u ijljVI d»>. i-> .*11 oijLill JaiLa—« ^ !<• csjj** uP'-' ul>^' u^i ' l-^Aj • JjUJ.1 ^ jLiil oLAjj-ai liKajjl •%" elLli (j^j V'(j : Joju iJLiJI L_ijjioJi jlc. LUJ , I S^l_)aJI CjLa.jJ ■ (1) f Ij 1 (jj^i^LuSVI ; Jld) < <xjIj]I oljliil ^-uil l.f.jjc, ifUl-s-d (j-iiiLalij I cUI u^-2' op Jj (jjil CjljLiil 5JLa. j^ia hy ( fj.'ljj ilj .b o • i-uiil JjLjJ I j jlill j-u j^jLjajS Jtlij liidaj V Looift (2) iljin^l • ^ i j^jlj ; Jj_o , .e x w - Jl I ■■ ■ ■■'■ *j .i £ ,-,l . «<■ d • cs.^ Lo^) ijiii' 'L«^a-0 JjIj-lJI jji o'jt-iJI JaiL^-o ^^Ajj jjl <JU ^ j-a SjLiJLujVI jSLn-ij " (IjJ.i.iiiI 4 Lj-qj 4jjLiiI oLiJj-iiiI *' ■ * " AlCi — ^CLg — .*;■ i -- t J w . a yi jLil I o liLija. u L-m'u j3 oljUJI L.'| j( UAU^.( 'Cyia "U-a Jajj i.tu.-». ( (=111 j_a L^IcLflj ~ ■"■'• »UI i Ij^Jj . I jyo-jjiifilj w jUJI dja^ dllj] Ujj ^AaAMa ; JjLjJI ^Jc. jliil .U« IA yj jjAliajl idlj f^iuj < (jlj JjI^JI JlJ-6 jL-il'j JjLuJI ^ ijjliil jLiil (jjj ijfjjl ilLa. JliA (jj^a jj) i.i^ j i^ja-l ! J^iaJ,! LKaj dXij < CxiljJI CjljUil JjL • cU^I JjxAj Sjl^aJI <^.jj ^ ^UljVI (ji JjA UiiAll tjAiA. ^jt < (gjli iajljJI jj Jj-ui Jij .JiUJI Lxa J>La Ja jli Jjh : (7) JU . 1.38 x 10 < ( 0.21 = mol L 1 j*. d^lj JaioAj 25 C jic. pUI ^ (ji jj^.i.u.'vSLl ^^JjjAjl 5jIjl jl ^Jc. Ijl nlj^JL ^utm pU ^ j.-. . .■ - 163- » J^iJl . 20 C — f 740 rum Hg ^jZaj^L iv ;J : ^iJI ^.u^Vl Lljl gSlii "K" c^iyi Vjl u. c ^2 K = -^- = —^ = 1.38 x lO'3 Jjil] I O2 JoJU-A jgjj)*, irt,il jjjjJIj : t£j^ yjjaJI jeJLiJjl ^Jt J 1 n-» "1 Xo, • Ptolal 740 = 0.21 X 4^. =0.204 atm . 760 jkljijxuLi < C0;=kpOj m = gs po t.c o Pq, L*JJ « 1 All lift Jjr. jjjrt i.n'CV I jlA (1.38 x lO*3) (0.204) w w w .e x op hy .b o = 2.82 x lO"4 mol. L'1 - 164- (jJc J i.^x-w \ 1 ^-1 Nadher Alshamary JJl JlI JJIjjlmJI JJIipu t( J^JL>»-o ( L^uLaXa if>1^-4 Jjjii] Lob Ls.l^j-«l JTjJ-oJ La If'iftfl f tijlila C»L&,jJj I^Aaj . 5J51J yjl — ^i.VI ^ JS "LlaJ ^jl ^Ij^UVI jkJjc j-A Lo Lfj-aj < ijA — Jjl^jXiill (ji JJla-o La t1 (jioJ • Lj^aCj : , ^LaS3 . jrJjiaVI 5-ti JiMI - Vj'1 m I £: Iji«V I 54j>ia-o Jj Ijiul I — lu 15 . ^IjlaVI gs po t.c o ; Jji.-rtft'ill jjo Cjjuia felill f-Luii I 4 jjl ^ya £+ui • CLila ^4 LcalLaJLo V^L>—a ,_'i^l) ! i_.ii.I'I ja Jfir.iA J-^lj ijjl-k oil I« A - Vjt ^jl\ Jj|j_aJi kiLS yAj juo ill iai-iAll I AjVf. (j-ill yjb «Ujl—*JI . (jaij jjLiL; 760 JjUj La) . .b o ei_uSjlII — jjLIiJI i lafll C»LUl»a."» jl < " ■ ■1 j~ 11 — jLAjJI Ua iA» ^Jjl, iio>j.a^ ilil UUA n Ll] Jji-^ 11 (^a JS ^o yLjiil) <Joij j) i jjj Ut i All hy I (jxuuS jjJI ^IjloVI iab Jjlj-uJI JJL^a ^ijiiii" I'l'i^nj <j| t ^CiL'i.-^ji 1^ iliUakAJ.) dlili (jx At^Ljj JJ a ^ jlc. I cJjslj . um jjuai- i . iJlill . AJllUSi JjJLa-all - 1 3° "^.13 ' y "ij (^jjl JjiaJ.1 <j'tj ^Liil I_|jl--1 I >-ijA4 t w w w . iillAll .e x op : U>u Lai : Raoult's Law cjJjflj ^jjli tfjLa Jj-uAjiB jJUl i JJJAJUL f 1887 i jmuc. ^UUJI jA.^1 ^ * * yJc j^=o I n) i IjyjLi uAi^jSIj . "Uilll (JjJI.-t all ^jtA-JI JoiiAllj Jaa."!! ^c. L_ujJ,l j^G (icJjilj Li-acJI jjji JjI Lajfj o* jji i^ijJ.all ■ki-.AJI (j) jjaJ '. «lJuLa-tl J-ilL^J.I ■ tj,^~ Laj t "tijiJI aii (Jx. ci(y lj _>ia a2j . Lj i.uii Sj'jaJ' ?o.ja aui < . «c4j f lj U^LSB - 165- jijJI euXtJl gAixal « ^)jl5 gjlii Ui-l JviiJl. iJjj-all ^jU-JI ^-AJI (jJ-uAll ^ c4_y Ij o^il . ■itfl-.,!,! JJUJU ^ < ljIJuJl : Jbil JjLaJI {jli I (clll (jic. o^jUII i^a jjlkLfl ^xt JjLlu jji (jS^JI Jx-b) IxLti SjLo iilj! Jin (^jLi-JI JoxxiJI ^ jjALLLlVI •uit jJlai Lo J^u , LjJill P — Jjia-aJJ ^jLa-Jl Ui . Atl n2 — yljxU ■ i^UAail iai^oJI gs po t.c o n j — .r>i;ull <XLJ^JI CJLOIJ^II JJc. (jfj oUIJJC.J ( (jAl^WI = P" ~ P ^Lxn-11 jl.l a 1,1 tillj jtxx^aj <jLs I jyilll iJjLxull ^jLA.,ill Joi_iA]| X- = I-X1 X^l- X, = 1 -X, .... (23) .... (24) P' p" - P0+ p .... (25) w w X .= laixAll (j| > a_. Uj .... (22) w Xl= p° -P .... (21) oii ' ^'J .e x p P"-? op [x^x^i P0-P Xaixoll jji uU n'lll .b o = 1 jl a hy P" -P WI = (20) JjLxJI Jj^il I I '< > ■ ■ (^jtAxll JgJLuall ^ ^.jiii'it) m P — (jiill JjLuU j^jLLxII ki, ll jjt Lixo^i Ijji .... (26) .... (27) P = P0 , X, liA (jU i IxjIj (jljiji "P°" . I-JJ j-ai! , j^yAill (oeill) JjLJI JI n^ll I..li nlxL Ui .All .'-..-.j (ji »_>_IJJ>.I! P = cuis. X j ....(28) P^X, ....(29) : ^Jlail JTiJJI (jjfc •dclxua (jSxJ < C»(ylj - 166- Jioj 55^1*11 Nadher Alshamary . JJ1—^11 LluLu i^i mlxij JjJa-e ^ja ■ " '"H (^jLA-ili Jaju^ll I jxuSJl j-q : 4jUiJ) JaJL>. q.l I (i M - J'jLNMJI iaJLbJl) ^ ^ uj^-0 • B , A (jjijLu i P ^ = (A) i Pb (A) JiLuil ^jUkjJI iiiuAilj (®) = • JiLuill Jo-i^aJlj If* (P) JjLmlII iJuAllj XA = (A) SjLAJI Ptotal Ujjllj = ^A ^111 SJLJJ ^^iTyaJI Um <jli 1 L-cul lillill 5JLJI £JJJ jla-j| ^,1 .*.1^ PB " " ' t "A' JJLJ] <jjuuJL <JU i c^ylj Pa^X,,.?; = Xb ■ PB [xA+XB = l , ....(33) XA = 1 -XB . XB = 1-XA] hy : <5jLiJI <]jL*il =: " XBj Pa + X8 PB _ op Ptotai= Pa " XB PA + XB PB + XA ■CojS (jc (jojjajlLj - ...,(34) . ....(35) XB PB - XB PA ....(36) .e x Pioini ^ PA + XB (Pb " P A w Ptotal - Pa w ' XB , P|ota| (ju Able .... (37) < iLlill 5jl>aJI <».jj ait ojIj jlaJL> PA ^1 Aj.j Joa. (^It 1^4 J ■ ^ (PB " P A) tsu'-kjji w liitj .... (32) •'• Pwiid - XA . PA + XB . Pb Ptotal .." (30) ....(31) .b o PB laU gs po t.c o Xg = (B) • U,^ ' JjJrv« UjjJ (jlS I jli jiill JJLUJI ^jLauil LjLiAtl (jli i P^ — Jjla.U = A m ■ l-UiUJI . (3-5) "* ' (37) yabtil ^ XB < « .UA ii^Lt LS . (XB = Oj j Laic ,PA <-n i.i (jt (jcuj.«.!ill (jitj ( LaLaj JaILj ;yjUil Pwtai = Pb + Xa |pa - PBj ..,.(38) - 167 - ^.ULl Pa -7 %- 3 m i gs po t.c o \ XA = 1 XA=0 xB =1 ^1^11 Xj) =0 jUI - jUJI JJ^) ; (3-5) JLi .b o (B - A ^.LkiiJ hy . (cJ^ (j ojjli JJJJ ^UoiJI) ajiui JJUJI - 2 ptkLaA. ft jjl J AI <*j.'i I ijJljJ.I Jji. JJLaJ.! <JLa. yifl ! cJy !_> jjjjLS jjc. JJ-aJl jjlll JJUJ, I lilfc ^ I4I0 J5I op .k< art jjj-D-lo ^ (LJliil JjJLa_« <JLv .e x jj4aJI j»-uj( JjIlJI Ijdi Jj-a-5 — J-j'j) jkLkiJI <JL^ w . k-tA-jil Ij'- j^JI —^j>ij>K) t.LUj : dlj Jlio < ijoijjJI j-o jlAJI LQ-S I (jj-aAll fiA ^ f-"-"' J^La-II ^y, ^jjJI fiA djixu tyk*! ^jlky ' (uAA^ ' 'jjj 1 ■ ' 111 Cjl—O-1-1 ujLajJI 5j-uj CuLS Ijlj ! i_jl jlIj i_uilI Laj) f jlkdl u^l JjkJI djj Jjjj yjLa^ll 5>3 (ji (_>^Ua.WI JjU i dlj ijx J ■ Aal o Lij^ail ^5 ,^1 Joi-wa) djLJf) ^olfiil jjc. JdUdl ijJLc. JJA^. jli ( ^SjisJI w .''■ ^ya j w jjjj cil^LiiiVI Svui jjil ^WJJ utj * irt SjL^j c»lljj=JI jU .. »_ilai.(j tjjjJ.! c>l-li>^^yitj , (cJj' Ij u>jL2) 5_iILill iJUJI yjLajJI '~y^s-a Sj5 oft ylHI cjlVya. jl < vjjiU ctLk^a. wliilj (jc JLlu 4^-1^. (^1 ^4jj La^i ! jLa-JI (jJI < J rel="nofollow">kJ.I elidl . Jlilld^UI - 168- Nadher Alshamary ; loai < SJlill (jt i j-iVI ciLjj^. jjjj <_juiljJI ._jjL.->."Jj . ^jLLJI LpL^J' (jt UoU I 4^^ i_iUj-u) Jujjiaj < yi L^la JS jjjj i-jj.IIIj i_>lxll U"0 J—5 liLuj^. [jl — 1 LT^ Mj < olillj yjji' t> <J^i ^ j t545i5 oti ^ «dlliijj < lj-i 8-*" jAil liLLj-Ck ■" 2 03^ (.5-13^ CjLijj^aJI A j-A (jjj ^-«—a-lll jj-A (\y , Jjl-^ 11 I jj '■ A jjjSj jjjJl iif. --.y I l|>c ^ jji I IAJJA-O JJ !*> 11 jji SAJLJJI : Lui i jjc JJUJ.I p_ii nfl"! o'-j J^La-o — 1 m . i «iUj gs po t.c o , oJU JjAik Cilj JaJLs^A — LJ ^>1 (B - (jjj' .'wll cuL£ IJU » "B" J^VIJ "A" LOJIJ^J (jjJiLjj ^ ajub olj I.n4j I ^*j ■ A. <JUJ[ (j( La5> , (^lill JjU.lIJ ^jLL_J( JcuuLAjl (jA U VjL-^.n (jl Ly^yu B , A (jjl'il mil CjLjjj-3. j i~».l" JjjjxJ I Cilj JJUil il Lrv op .e x w w w n -j iLLSJl .LiiijAII <j| Ja-i < lilljS J-d-ij 'Lac. ^3AJ LOA I OflaJI (JJIJJJJI ■fil (j^jSj (Jjl--11 . « -v 11 4 jLj "■ ^ll (Jjlr>. a : I CUJ l£i_o( (JAJ ' uj^^1 • O^J^' t (4 - 5} J^iti jj-fl Jalaswlla (JaJlaJ.) »jjk JaI a'lll " ^1 <1 (j-a ,>^1 (jjSj A hy jjjU ujjLauil (£yt (jtj Jij j-xkttjj i I a ^ Jjjjii Jj'jJ Lf^LaJj (jUii^JI JJL-I.,-fij I aUfj (JJJ-JJVI (jlj i ^Ijl-wJI .b o B , (jjJjLuJI iaJA. (jc. ^Llll J_imi 1"^- — (jl ijlml.l ( (jj^J 511^11 (_ji JjLu tJiJ ^jlajJI l-i«.< All . cJjz [_) (jjjU l.^_i!n«j (jjJI 4jjlijll JojjuAJI (jA 4-laula (Jj !"■ i I lji I ■ 1 ■ '■' -i J>J=J.I cilj (jl JLSj iiLi « (B - B) , (A - A) (jaj L^Ia JS( A) 4 rj .,. Iya j X| JjlaJ.| iji (jjl'l i nil (jA oli JI It-IiAJI Jlaj (j-JAx (jJc I yJlill liLLull ^ I JjacJI ^ Va. 'm (JajLaa (j^Lajj ^ , JjixAiJ ^LflAiJI^ (jiiiaJl Jac. u* hf JfLfj <1 Jjl-^-.« II ^-Kll ^gjl -» jll u' . (jaiiLull (jA (J^ (jA iais IlAjsAaII oljjSjall jjc I ^lit,! clii^J,! qa - 169- I lii (jA JO-UJ ujjSj J^LaJ,! i S// gs po t.c o m 3- X, = =0 Xt> = 1 .b o =0 (B - (jjj .UUbjJ-1 oli JJW-O I ^>5 ojl^ Ijli < "B" JAVIJ "A" LLAJJXI jjjJjluj . i_JLuj 4j j -- i^ilj y i<•>i op a jjb ioi-i-o) -U Irfv^i : (4-5) iJS^i hy i_ia^a Jjj^Vi jj ^.Ltal I i!Uj (jl JLSj -uLi < (B - B), (A - A) l.g.'>n (jl La^ 1 jjSjll JSLuJI JcJutAil Jil Jjit-al,I ^ (JjLau J^J ^L=Jl Ui i^l w . cJjo lj ;jajU l.^ lUx.j j^JJI ijjLiJ I la^LuoJ I ijA JSl (jjii Jjl^v.nl[ w B , A ^-djLaaJl iaiL ^ ^jLlll J^LJI w (jjSj JjiaJ,! , jiAsJI A) itj-uj (j-a jSl JjiaJ.1 jji B , A (jJiLJi OLIJ^ JJ** J" .e x 4JUJI (ji L^AJ < La VJIA-O jji lj2tj3u jjJ-liLull (jj jji 1 iJolLsJ.! &jjb ilL=». yj 4j( oLIjj-^- off UJ-i ^)U >i!lj < 1 "'Vlj 1 dl.'i 5 ^JAA-a {y> J5| 4 ni 11« J^LaJ-l ^ I.JJJ.H'I CJ L^JI UJJLSJ "Gt gjjj IAA ! ijAill IJJIJJJJI Jjl-^. -oj < eUlj WC! t^a^a-a. I JoA-aiJ I jji L^La Jj.U—a : JJUxil viit ^3 , oliljHNOj i (5 - 5) JSLcm ^ .Ujr.^.lL JJLaJ,! biA JjJ. jLiwJ) ,U,i i.All ylLuJI illLuil ( !) 'LialSJI JejlaaJI (JlLal ijf-Jb. luJUilll i'llm-ll ( ■*""' o^is ) 3 ,■»i-vtt, ">U -lojUrvll iJj-oj £11--> . iJ_j.Uw-o II - 170- n-»i I Nadher Alshamary JJI Ul gs po t.c o m I" ^4^11 X. = I x. =0 Xn = 0 Xn — 1 •tpjj Jjc. cUI — jliJI -Ui-ua) UU-^ A : (5-5) JSji • . X.tji— . JJJVI JJILA.a ^-tlajVl a J-t <£LJII jjSVl ^ wiA,J^ll Jjiail jjt -ka^UI Sjlj-a. hy V^Lw, ^Sj^Vl yifUl ^ jj ,»UI S^jJtikA : \i3lj 4_LLI(J5 ol j J'Ij ■ ..t) ^ *. .b o .jJLtu ^p. Jj jkUilt Jjl-» a : ( pUl j-uVl >_«iUi.Li L-ifej yJjLii ^ljl»[ w w ^Jl - Sjlj^JI a.L , UtLJI . (jjijluJI i-uo ii , (j.'t.U hy .b o . Sda-lj <]Lia (j^ Un'il-^ILe Vjit^o ^LaJ ^"■ -' 11 JTjtA ikij 18.5 'C i_LUii ^fLij w .e x op I I 02 04 06 08 10 4^1 JA* > : olj ^IjlaVI S^jla^a iJJL^a : (7-5) t w J^aaj w ^Lla-'iL iljyi SJIJJ JAJVIU (iA ^jU. (j] Lf^-J iSji* CiflW oli JaJU-t - 3 , 1 ■ U'.Vi 6jj if; ,j (PLB — ^^y.) Sjl_)A ?a.jJ (jit J^aaJJ (jioj JJL^a (jit J-wa-a-i (jl-vji I J^lj Lvidj i LaLaj J>Iail ■* 3 ,I Lai I 208 C (jj (j-akaJi • ofi&? UJ^L 32% ^JLUJ .(^AjaJI LJil - 173- jJ JxoaJ Jh*. [A jiLa " ■ J.tl — > jyliJ.1 ua,-vla J, ^ <>=»-j4j • OJS_>4 jit 60.8°C 4 I ■""'I ^ " 1. 208 'C I1 60.8'C :;d i i i i 02 04 . 06 08 10 j±Sl\ —:—: i y Cjlj ^I^LoVI 6JJla-o : (8-5) JSLAJJ SifjJ nil I Sjl_j^JI t=k_jj Jaj ?»In i?ii| gs po t.c o 4jjLiUI J Ijl! O-jLS Ijj -LuaLL ! (t-JljjJl) JUyJl sljll jSu m L^jul=t Jj-i III (jicj I ■Uoj) .-a. In 'La.jJJ jljjj Jjla—ill Sjlj^JI jj' i'IiJ -> • (jjIM "ill J-^l <Jll icil jit ■GLi i JLall ^ Hall I Ojl j-a. <(_a._jj J-i^p < ''Hi ^ya _piJ ^jJI jj-*! l.'i.Sll I ^ya (0.1 M) ttjiS . (20°C) jlii^ (pic - Opp) i PHI yil lay->2\-C: SjLo tJjJ,-» , n ^11 O-iJj^yI's 11 iflLx^J ^yJjG <jl iVn < j_uG ^JJ SjLp! t>A-b . (Salting out of water) pUI ia.jj jjLa i (jxJjlxJI jjas JS ^ uyjl <-iLiAl.l SjLLl CulS lj) Lcl .b o < iJlj 5JiroL_c u^-ojj . (negative salting out effect) ^JUJI ^,>11! j^fch (Succinic acid) dlj'nin"^ 1J —■ II 4 Uj — I > .e x 4-a.^al op ujjIjLoJI 3_t_aS J..Vi.'u SjxiL-c Jjjj.nj jjLjj La-_ycJI JjL. 1,1 Sjl^ya. i=.jJ w w i4h ^ La La-Gil ^i-LTi hy . (eL — Jpua^ ^.Ual ji j^u .-ajju jl « ■ Lml xu.-a. Ca,j^a]l 1 "CajJ jjl . LLAil >I , L S jL s lil jLlkl lji Llx a j La" i j i VI (j's n i S^Lkll . Imrniscible Liquids 1 j-'-" *-.'.■ ^pc-l V ; liUU JlljxJI l^l'u ^ipicVI Lajjt ijjjG w JS LIjl J^a-j Ailj . (jpLixU ^ 31,1 o a'i a u^-f* ~ JJI>mj1I AAA ^1 — Lfllj kJljlj t IJ^. 1-1^. S^xi-ua j^.V! (jj ^JAIJLUJI ^yc JjLxu Ji Olj,/ n'ljj i JJ^aillj Jpjl'j < pUIj jjjLjPLjill t tillj JLL» ( Jjj-U jlxi . J^V! (jpxxul jSJj ji JjJ yfi-u >J|3-«xi JjLu Ji LaAA^.1 jjLi JljAy ( >=>>VI jja iLflJLux-a GljJ Ij^j I fcOApl LxjJ vlla ..Va-an LjGc ^i jjli .. ^IpLaVI (jLi ji Lai tjpjL I,.11,1 LjIAjJI Joy i.1 All ^j.a -y.A jjlill Joi—fcAll (jjij Lojlt i . - 174- Lcjlc. JpjLull JojLLa jlill lixi <jtj JoixAlI ^jUau (jl^yill ^jlc. JjLx Ji Nadher Alshamary (A , B) jjjXLJ (i_ijS_)jlI — jLaall Jai^-a) <j-^a-L* (9 5) JSui jtaAjjj ( I i J M JS 5 i .„•. ^^Jc, ^aZUuV jrljj-oV) u-o-J-U. jjaJjI-Lu ^6 -U«.aAH jjl J^'till li) B P0 ru B JJLJI 3' 0,2 0.4 gs po t.c o A J1U11 PA 0 m l 0.6 j~sn 0.8 10 . jr IjlaVI ^j-ajJfc UJJLJ (cjjlSjjll — JIAJJI Uj±J-ij ^1-.'LH ; (9-5) (Jixlt jfljiaVI u^JJC (j.1 ij'ill i ^ I ^ A I Jr. ^jJjLui ,Ull-fcl .b o La^_iA*j . Li . Atl ^(jjSj LaJlc. Lljl -. ill '—j« .All w w w iurvj 1 5j l^a. liit i jjjAilK a • (jlUij^-»lI LiA Pg , {j^ IjJi , y- Ij", a\ 1 ■< nijf I I 111 mil j 1 Ufl~ .iltj i-l« 1A1I ( J^jj itl^J , , j^Loll (j-o ^ I (jl ilf, 4 La". (J a... | i-vj" lojiaJll Jjl ilf. d Lo'. (jliJjJI 'La.jiJ jjli 1 Jyla-tI I Jo^lsJ, j (39) o^LJl Ljli. « .e x jUJ (j-SlI iai-LoJl -> J I t-|« 1^1 I < "P" L4I* LJil JSU ^jUJI LLJJI u.li « B , A op : ?5iUJL P=P*A+P*B . hy jajjLLjJI 1-li I All , ^oJ^Lqj^ "U-a^ fjjj 4.1 ..u'ltI ljic 1 a"i «j V A .1 1 1-1 il-.il ^Jc, La^Jj |J^ jlS I ^gjl-. ill Iii 1 AlI ^jV l^aiu , ia^l-LlLl Ja^ljILa (jxllUJI (jj ilS (j 1 ULU 1 4ljlj i"iii j.illjl Ij jl-.il ( ^uSjjj «-SsJ^ai jLaiilJ J^jl -- '11 J IL a "H .-.I iL r ■la_i I a. jjLi < 5JUJI aii jJaj . Ijjliaj ^Vl ^jilL'LueiLaJI clJj , ^UIj ^IjJLoVI ojxc <jj 1 ta-tJI Jjlj-uJI Jm A ^jl < lillj Jli-a , ^jj^xtl JjLuiJI t (99 C) jjc (jii-i t Ulj SjLiJLijjl/I jJlS£j Jl) (Steam distillation) "Ltala Sic. (jiij Jil pUIj (_gjrn ,«ll JjLfcJI L^la-o (jl daj Lal^j 1 (211'C) ^ yiiJI jjjjjjjljill j I _■ L ia.jJ . (100 C) - 175- fU) l^0 uAJ . (j—'U-l : ^U ' PA ub « ^ B ,A 5 : (jU t O^J lj ^'i ^ rel="nofollow">a=:'^-AP (jijil _>A«S1I tJiiJa <jU < T (jUIiil (jUaA^-ti. I - * PB=-^B^> ' (^0) , (jJjLuJl (j-lSJI lai^All Pa Xa P« X P I±ua (41) « Xa = tjjjjitt-U <jc. jaajuJt jjSju tjl (42) gs po t.c o Oa H-n, XB = s>'-u^l m : nA +nB ^ ^Jc (43) joUI jji B , A oVj-« jIxa! ^ nB , nA :LyLJ^<(4i) ^UII^Xb , XA "a n d A +"» 9 rin .b o K _ n, 'B n4 +nr nA Ma WR hy w & uZj nB= M7 .e x op ijjjM l—jui: Mb , Ma i tApjJiJl j^ic. B , A (jjjjl—all |i.lj_^JLi (jj^l La* : Wg , wa/ma PA w na > » wb.ma jl .... (47) Pa -M,, i > : it>j a. ....(46) w I wa.md w PB A .... (45) wb/mb PB .... (44) i a p;.Mb . (jjj t'lll ljjj_jiaJJ <jjLq-i1I Jo^jLlAIIj t (jljjVI . jLaotL - 176- {jlj a "i «"1 (jJj I (jli i till jjj jjUi" CiLUe. jjic. S^ta-Vl IS^LaJI L" Nadher Alshamary , ^Ijj oVI iajjt J'lj ■■■II U LllAj » <jLiil ajoia jlijjL I 4j1ajC. Jjuj JU ...It JaVj . SjjLuJI L^jLilc. JaLSi^ll J>uyj( Jjj Jla-Ii Lfj) jl < Lfl (ji Loj , jlil ^Lit (5^1 (jj.l'l U. J . h 1 ^jll pUI £* (jjjljjJjjVl JjA. -IIIJ Lajl «fl . 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JH • "tj " X*. ^yiij jl -laiO>Li LcS , tj l_fJci i_rA_} (ij) tj JSLjJI Jia.3t4j , Sjlj^JI jlc ^JJAJ (I) J^LJ.1 jjl Uljj i ^j=JI yi yliJi "t2" j "t, " , "tj" Jlc. A/ g/r/ hy .b o ^.LwJI gs po t.c o m [(') l_Ui=A' j-ii.'M (I- 6) Jlii op XjjaJIUjJ (jSill JJLUJI .e x • Ui k,AJI yi T} T3 : (1 -6) JSuli yjLiJI JoixAll (ji Jjiil idiijj i JajUj 'ijkjj ZSil ,,,ll ,-,1 AB w AD w jlilcl T( w AE " AC ^ "-^i _ ' tp to " ^2 ^2 " tfl " Mi _ (At) (10) (apMIAI) 2 -191- ",11 ^jLJl AP po i-Hi AP p<) " AP (H) I OC A I (12) _X2 (13) . [([) AtocX2 gs po t.c o AP m ; cJy lj uiils (XJ ijljjJJ jJuiill ^ Xj (14) A t = K1( . X2 (15) jjloa LAJAJ'(m) ^ Lfl^' d*i ^jl3 5-2,^ lilHj ' (^-2) A t = Kh . m .e x J-^vlj ClVjil JAX. w w w2 (16) : 1 ollj (17) (jUill ts^i "^b" • (J7j-0 Aa.lj 4jj£>S l£\ '. J>loJ.I w ^y, ^1) op J^Ul (jLJjJl SJaSi Ja hy .b o : LxAUj CAIill 0 jLaII yjJVjJ.! (jJJ : SjJtill mJ yJt "m" 5^tjS 1000 (18) m ~ Mj ' W, : jjli t iill j Wz At - Kk 1000 (19) ,, W^W" 2 ■ 1 , u^jaJI (^Jc. < ijlillj iJjjH . yliail - 192- UJL)!' J WJ ; iiu^ aj:?!! LJ-6 ^2 3 Nadher Alshamary •- iiiuil JJUJJ iUlljdl .^ . . —■ —I oji nil jjU—iJI CjjIj "Ljajj—JLAJ (M2) oljAll . lj-U3U (jioj i ifi-il—mil ItjLjllI ^ytj mVI ^JuLfcAi Cj 1 u3-1 [ L__)-ck3uJ jjUiall (I"6) , » I i-v". i.V I djALi CiLijil ^r>.\-J jLiiJkkij p lijjI CjjS ; (1-6) [Jj.l.-t. ^U3j1 lijli jLUIIUjj KbCC/m) tjLUJI ('CjiuMi 0.512 100,00 h2o 2.53 80.15 QH, 5.03 76,50 ecu 3.63 60.20 CHCb 1.19 78.40 C2H50H 0.83 64.70 CH30H 1.73 65.50 CH3COCH3 gs po t.c o m ^LJUSJI 6>J pUI AAV1 Jjlj jjijSII dytiV Ontui op hy .b o QJJAiJjl jjlj £vo {30 gm) ^ jjI—kill JjU jju. t^b L>^ .e x • •> lV (0.392°C) jljiaJ * < il^Lail : jjjjK ^JIJ w w M2 - ? W2 = 0.3 gm Kb(ccl0=5.02 A t = 0.392oC w2 1000 W, ■ M2 M2=Kb.W2 W. J^JiJ.1 I ^ ' culi jju Llf.] ^ W| = 30 gm Af = Kb. • olj—a ^ (0.3 gm) w [Kjj — 5.02 C (3) : 1000 At -193- —ll /l ■ 'J11 i •IV OVOM I W-.ih) : (4) JU—^ 5 0 , IU L;.'■ r/.VS yiii) LV (C(iH (20fi) VO I'.m .■.;, J. v-/. .b o .■•-'/'?. ■!■ 12-1-06= ISO unit) 1000 /;i.[! I !U> .e x 0.1'.'-i ( ' ;i,() op • i.. . hy 2/ ,' " ' ivi.'" • '.v.! , w Jjjaill AJaij ^ f.l .Uj.-aII 'i-l-s-flj jjJU < 1 I.Vii j> * (A lr) iJIJ -t!-1 . Llill ■iil..-. , ' , I iV -'.i I'^aV. 03-.1 ti-"" *VjJ '"d^ dV^- ao-»aJI •Oaij cij-!Uj J-M-uJI (ja i! ■'• . ,1 f.■■■ i JasTJ,! .ill J.s.x..-%.!l j.y€\ (j-j-u ^11 Cil ."• •. .i." ;;.il.., ,>») .ja-3j ■Li-i.'i.'i "4I (2 - 6) (jAUiJiVI tj1 Cy ■ , (l) v,l .1 u .'.■i.-.'.ij Uiai . |((lj (ijfji-. ja J-ii I ■! 11 . 11 j j -3 fjA SjjUola jM. SjL <j)jl JjC w w I - (1 :' I '.. ■i (jLlIc, "Ua&j m j'i , I!. I , jLlc. Ciul'l jjlj LoJc i gs po t.c o ('..i I (> ( - E^) J/i'i , < |l„J Sjljo. ■ [('') - 194- • a^aa-ill juo LIJV0 JiL-JI jjl Aic (tj) LaS < |t| J ^ J2t v'^' u-1 j&S* <.?■'" Nadher Alshamary .\\ j/ A j •No» r gs po t.c o c /-^n; e /, : ; m J 3. I k-jJ T, T, T, . .Vi^jUl iaCEj jjc. JOAJ-AII _)iAj '■ (2-6) JSlii jLuti Jj ^ ' ■ < itjljltt Jajlai. I "iSjUiJ) CliiAo-All (20) hy AC FC .b o • FC GE w AC - BC : (j{i . ljjjijUAj) j^UjUil AE - DH (22) GE w FC w AB ^ AD (23) FC " GE .■( jit (jU i UojI (21) .e x DE op : lillj ylcj < ^LfjLiia (DGb) j (BFC) BC 1^—IAjj ( JjLlaJ/ tiiAj ^ LfGjV ( "loiLaji .uc. t-jj 1 <-«iV Ltj A (f - K X2 Jjj-'iltl (jStaj "tjli i LAjIj ^Jvll JjL'-uil •lit (24) .litoi '(JoSi jji Jiei "A t" " itio. 5jViij uijjjj A tp = K-r. "m" jxuSii jjc (25) [ lilLtu - 195- |kJ US] m "Uu-fl J^C (JOJJAjJLj J ■i-T.all. W2 1000 At -K Atr "Kr-w7~Mr (26) {26) . jA3>"H iUiil (^AlLLjVI CUIJ 420^11 (Jri*-* O^-0^ <Sj(-cuI( ^jWI Jysj . 1^2j l_jlii-aJI , jv I jikiiJiVI <JuLut otuail 4>euuJ KF uj^ju <Ja2ll ^V^ll CjjIj (2 - 6) I OjIj ! (2,-6) Jjia. OaaaJl ioiJ (ji 4kiA^U CQLjUi gs po t.c o 0** lAA j 1 £IJ& Wli(^ KbCC/m) m |hIj.?>a,i.iiVI -uiLi. ciLujXI jjAiijl ...*. 1.86 00,00 h2o 5.12 5.50 4.68 -63.50 3,90 16.70 CH3COOH 6.90 80.20 CJOHH 37.70 178.40 8.10 70.00 C6H, op .e x ^jk oiH^l i> (gm)tx°S111) w (jj^' jjitS JJIJI (5):J^ o*^ JUJ^-0 -v * ?1 'jj V^1^1 . (Kf — 5.120c) jA 6fjV w w LjJllii . (4,50°C) dkilitj'tJ 'LJc i (5.50°C) jit J-AJaJ-l W, = 100 gm t0 = 5.50°C W2 = 3.0 gm t, = 4.50°C Kf = 5.120C »UI hy .b o chci3 H M2=? At^to-t, = 5.50 - 4.50 = KO'C w2 1000 A tr = Kf . W, ■ M2 w2 1000 M2 = Kf . W. " i • A Tp -196- Nadher Alshamary LT4 IjJ-i (" 9.79"'C) Sjlj-^k. <—i.jJ die. ' > ^"' Jj__jyjJ( . (-7.130C) m . jxa^vjit (jjLij (^iluAjU |Kf j '«-"H dulj. ....-^i ■ t0 = -7.13°C W2=4.32 gm t, = - 9.79°C Kf = ? M? = 128 M2 = MC|oHj =10x12 + 8X1 = 120 + 8= 128 .b o A t= t0 -1, = (-7.13) - (-9.79) M gs po t.c o W, = 150.0 gm :J = -7.13 + 9.79 op hy A tf = 2.66°C 2 66 - x 128X 150.0 4.32 x 1000 Kf = 11.82'C w w w K _ .e x Kr = A tFx— i— W2 x 1000 Jdc jjJc d^JAJ (jjll (^a l^jj (j;l i • < SdUl JaJUxaII tfIc CiI^JjV) ji ollij^Jf SjjLUla Jje. ILLa SjLo 4j(j| jjjii d , +.ri ; JjLJI (jU , pLAiJI IIa J^U. oldll clit^. 1< tAi 0 Ul Cillj^a. ^,U , • u^W3-1'1 ^ d*J (^Ulj f (semipermeable membrane) A •Uo-aUJlj S^UiJI /,1a t-ijjijj < LLLLj, dijj dajju )lj , iJjl^J.1 IdA IJAJ llLttij < ^ I_ud« jw-Lau Vj ojiil CitAjj-a. jjl^u ^ IdJkJla [ijLu+; tr^ ull - 197- t;A+£u^1 ^ ..Liill JiU. , ,-- {3 - JSjui ^jl II J..^all I jl^J I ~ -■■ — SjLj jjJj J-^-wgiLi 'Ujjj.a-ujVI . (A) •Uj—a—ijjJI iaj-uyi L.i.ti.'tj "t-ljU-la <.l-i P U^i) (13) iijjJI ^yi jijil "LIJJU pLiaJI JiiA. eLLI iJaLuiil f-Uijl iJJj Jjc. gilij i (B) ^■r>..*>ll . (13) 4j_jAlL JJ IT». i 6) l_k_=kjjJj (A) JJJ ^Jj.l^lI Laiu i (A) 'Cflj.aJ L 41. m"Ii . < (Ah) (jjJLj-s-iiJI I ^ lj-JjLijJI ^Lajjl (j-o I ^ JaA^AJI ^ [5j^' {sajMi^ m < (Osmotic pressure) Jjl-. nd ^^3 rel="nofollow">A-Lu,^' JaA^AlU ■ (H) I jjSjIiil .-. I I « M 11 - KM «UjLtii_n ^ La JjlcJ. (Tl) ^jLjAiuV) ,lo< »All gs po t.c o . isljll ftjLaJ] (M) Jfij-uai I (27) (28) "CLo^S jjO •Lc.Li.U JjJLr«2l <11 La. 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WRT w M= .e x nv - W RT M ...M op □V = nR . . : .1 hy □ = 0.0167 aim R = 0.0821 T = 23 + 273 = 298 K I .'jj. " .b o • .1 I.. II w nv w ,. 30.0 x 0.082 x 298 M= 0.0167 x I M = 4.39 x 10" a ^ fjSOj) Oidc ftjjiLiiil f-illl qoj DijLta dtOjs j'l jl.jAI 511-.. 1 ' '' ' . ' 1; ■' 1 , 5lai..ll ' .,1, ..... ; J-ro < Vviljj.'&l^i J-li. .lljji.l Jill.. I.-.lr " II .•If'i; Ll ..I'.'! ftiALii) jvjiJI dJlyjj UiUi.ldUj) ji j.-ii . . .U i., . i - 199- ^iLJl jjj—jI -.j i NaCl i yAjj ^ ijjl "wi jjLi i (jujjljjfcjV •LujJj I <-ij,kVlJ liaLj < (Na+] <->^>>0 ciLnj-mj^ll jjt jlajj <JLaJI bXk jjJ <jj ibjt i (ci j l-JLju La-a ! ((SJj'jJ vjAi) m^l I JJjdl dUj (jc. («2» jtiAfiU ^JLaJ) ftjjfc , I ijh"i 4 ij."-v 11 lilij ^jC. Lilac ^u.Uil l__yt- Ij^JI jV-Lfl 4JLj [jc 4jaiiLlll fi LLxSkV I J t ,1 rtl I i_in-ti.i CuLS (Juabk-al) ^ n luj ^UaLc «eJ(^A olLSf J^Jl jilj SaaLUI <j^aL3j( "La-ii Jjjj «! i m'Jl ^ylxuJ jJy i «Z» ^ajJL <J j-'j-JJ ' L^JiLvjl j| CiLjjjaJI 1 aai 11 lilLj Lilac m i L_>k: 4 i (33) (ilar, 6 JlALlIlLi /c'jaajjjVl ■L.iLi«-»!} <«id 7^ ^= I 4 IJ1-- 1 I (JJJ ^ ^ Jai nal I •Loan I (34) . I ^3^) gs po t.c o J.aai"iH .b o <j^aalL 4_SJiLiJ,I jjLjiiJI JoixcJI (ji (joliijVI 5aja — =z JaiaAll Ljutill —— Ljjkl u^auail (36) Lll rel="nofollow">" t (3/J (JU^I ^ .e x op hy Uac ^Ui( —I = L^ti 1,1 : LiUll ilaUIl IJA » Lij^j Laij (38) w nV - nRT JJ :u-.ll oJLac tLLJI ^IjUII '. flub* w <JI_a. w ^11.11 ^JLLAI O^J . oLlJj^lihfl JJLw. 5JLa, jji Jjjlalll j^L-oj V -UJI-*!! &j-* (jl cfc?-£ • ^ «<-&> ^Lai' : <]JLA1I ^r.u^-j'i JljjJ • I (39) IIV = i nRT . Sja^ll Jjjl • ■'"' olaJj_)J^yi jJLl Aj i^jil a. L.-vV I a at , ; ^ ^ •—- =; Lj.lni <jji II-> 11 ^Ix^Vl aat .e x w •• -^7 Jjl dxia. i CJUJJVI (40) ^.LxiaSU 1jJ$J I aaxll i.xru ^JLJLjj (4i) (43) (44) w M=oc(n-l) ''j' (42) .^1+"1(°-') .-. n oc noc + 1 - oc — jjjl-y 11 i (45) w jA \ • i (10) : Jli • 4 Ij'-Tji ^'u Ut i Line jjulill (0.005 NHC1) ijji'fct ataall ciolj yj Lji>liLa WI La ^ (jALi.ijVI) 9 426.1 ohm ' jjt ^Aoj jjij |2.079 x 10 ohm 'j . (0.0093° ^ L^o >.^^1 a^UI -201 - —J-l : "iiiUJ I (j-o I &1^1.1 (Jji-ojliI >_jl« II-> Jjiaj .Jill Ju«}-Jl x 1(K){) A= , c: 2.070 x 10'x 1000 02)05 ,Icro , .i =415.8 ohm A '426.1 = 0.076 gs po t.c o 415.8 m A.. i- 1 u^Jj n- 1 0.070 = i- I 2- I i = 1.076 .b o tjSaU HC1 ^)| I 'Inf ^Uil wU>S»jll *11 jjoLtojVI "tAJi = i 0,0093 x 1.976 = w w w .e x O.OI840C = -202- u^lj Llr»-1 V I X i = Lilac. ^uLall J^-v-"ll 4l>Si op . .J.—.11 w^-.ll iiaii t, I J hy L1_JJ' ljil .n = 2) .'. Nadher Alshamary JJLm-og illaul , -duljltl ■UwaUJU L j— 1 . Jj^oill lii ^ If] LiS^^Lj ^a)! > u.MI ^-Jj! —3 t,~."iVLi Jj ■ tt 1.1 La —4 . ^_>A.VI Aiajljjil L^alj]J( 4>?-J LS^i SJailj 3Jcialjlo iiaaaU^ "ill XI i A.'■ I (jl • 1 [2 X 10 3 jja (14 L) 4jli_a SjLa (jai (0.228 gfll) SjLaJJ hy JabuJI cuia & (0.919 gm) ^>6 . ( I .08 C) tSjlaaU CjJilJ cilia. .e x dli.la-lf ^Aa.a. ijLiit iCuli (jLj LaJc. < a JjI.-l a —7 jjc. jjajaaJI JLajjj 1 (5.1 17 C) 5awjJ AJC. .(5.12 C) jA .4.8 C ^ J^j'j ' ciililiwl ^9 jojuuall JjC. ^jJC .b o . (5.449°C) ^jl dl'i^Lna t yjO1 iJbiiJ- 25"C jjc ^^LjaiaaiVI J.iiaAll La —6 ■ !iA J_o_aJLj_j i i_S|_jA Coli jj-U —5 gs po t.c o i '" ("_jLj m . ""2 i_icjar»l (16.5 gin) —9 j^KlIu^ IjU . (!72.8rC) Ja.a."iH Culi (jU LaJc j 0 -cluju J L), iJLuj "LojS Ifl dnA / dl l»^J[ «»wa. i^lillj yi ^UilaJI < .'.I. ^ . (jj%5 ■ A cj^J-Q jac. = nA j. JcUiU (J) J^-JI I = b . a ; ijl daj IjJ '. dnA/dt_a dnB/dt 4 i&j^u J^Laill .Ll^j ^ , ^Lkill iULi A Jclilll t;,i .'■..^j (j-n (J) ub=»3JI 4c.j^u ^ylaajj V Jc.UUI 4C.J..4I J _ I / 1 C1"a V V (' a dt o-® • ^ (J ) ^jc, ij^j, p . T : iJllJI iaiLdl js (_rL Luli .. mJsj < LuQ -207- Sjij/i Li4.<[ (J7fi r .-;._L-. ruujjJ.i JUbiVl jJiu. ^l_JI (1/V) (dnA/dt) = d(nA/V)/dt = dcA /dt = d[A]/dt Jtlilll 4jkj . A CA ^ [A] (jj tiip. : ■tiitJI ^>aj| dt b ► mol dm ^ s ' I ^jdLoj r -V JcujjJ C12 H22 On sucrose - lM e dt dt 4-tuijJ (JX < M2O Jtliill <X.^au (jt Jjjj-lll jjSLa | dSj ^ C6 H [2 06 + C6 H i2 06 glucose fructose j-o "c" jjjSaiJI Tr=k'c itj-wJi (6) ^ < id&Ulli In c = - k 1 t + constant sJ-4 Jja-i UJ^i) •■•■(6) Up 1 = .... (7) t U^u" aPi . constant - In c0 hy : iJLUI Sj^l ^ (7) SljUIl oSSs, ....(8) op lnc = -k| t + lnc0 ...(5) klidlj kj Culill jj-aj-udj .b o 1 |Co] tjji; (4) (4) diujljj cljji jLjcVI ^ jaAili :ljSjb ^ Am 11 jjjiuJI jiSjJ j-a Liulilo "t" : yic. ii[a const V f dt cons,■ v jjij < IjjIj jjjiuJI + = m a gs po t.c o ' r .e x w c = c0e'k|t w v_ilLI ic.L« laSj jl —(9) : Ci^^PlilU Ca-jjikisJ AwljJ (Jk Jc-ltJI w , (t) 6jaJ i>j Jlc. (c) gSlill j\ Jclilll ppp UdOJU liuL^ii -LLUOUI. ij-UJU-J 1 6_yil—udl JSjpall IJ-* sjjoa i3ui» ^">111*11 ^iIaaJI ujjU^JI cdloli ^>juuJ( (jAj . JftLUll Ct^j U-Lpl ?3j_pJI (jS^j . JtlilJI •W^1 LP udM" (P; u^J ' i> cH1 Opi*- ia.4 ^ ud—Un ^ ; Jlitl Jj"" ^ylc. Ipdk < . JjLv'Hj Lya(■■ <•■■"I I~ids 0ujLpll (1) • Jj*I' culi t>»d2 (2) . jLi^jVI i_LoU-o -208- (3) idljl Nadher Alshamary oiULidi VTj . Jcliitll eljji f.y\ 11 ^ jjilll jjc jjjj ylll . 5jjUJI OiltLijJI I iaj^jUl (4) O^L-Oiil -tri , All ^ jAajjl (5) : J-cUUl Ljjj £4 I "iLajVl 1, -i.l" ^.0 jit < gjljltlj oiLc-Liill c»lj , ILlill) jl^il "LiSajLliSJI CiLuiLlD s .L «)1 gjLliJI j . . ^" J'jJ ^ JcUiJ) ciljAJxiJIj . iJc.LijJ) JiLL SjiCJLU SLIIjji I t>" 'UL^alij CiVjIjUo i gjl>iJ( I'll dc, (C' ' C2 ' Cn) ■ (A) JcUllI ■T' = K C ' AC» (ji ^.4 i 3iuillU C °x u^Lia ji 4ljL*-o ^ o^' o^-c-Lmi ••■■(10) JaLfij .b o ; Lol< > 2N0 + 02 K[N02p w w = ^ Jclilll Ij^J .e x - : ■ (12) (jjiU (jjSjj u* >J^V' ^JW t4 of^Vl JAij > (C2HS)4 NBr " '"' jUoI Jtlij LI „..{14) : >4 <J ^LS (jjS-ij -dlC.H, Brl l J -K2[C2HsBr][(C2H5)3N] d, ' ...(,5) IjSjJI : 720 K jit ^jli. Ljay CH3CHO jjL .— (13, w (^HjjjN + CjHjBr < j . <j"H ^ j-i-JLy : (jJtaJI Jtliull £ili "", op 2 N02 ajif JcLajJI (.Laij , hy *^1 cr*^ (jij ^ SjIaa ^ JcLilil Cujj ■ U^-JLP^' >4N02 + 02 2 N205 m =f gs po t.c o dt > CH4 + CO Jitl^iVI JtUi L1 ' -209- Jtliill ' (J6) — - Jvai3l ; jJs 3/2 - d [CHaCHO] ^ ^ j^CH-,CHO] < 4,a Uli»j a.<"> (17) (jl ', JcLilll JaLajJl ijjj '"J V IjSLly . (3/2) iSilft Jajj Vj , Ljjji (Jc-Liill jl (jjSjj ^jUau (jl (JcUllf (_>ii^LA, <jji ij^ J^Lxj) oiL^LiJ <-il itr.TI Jlail iJji i,» > 41 tla^n Luj 44jU>.< I ^ Jliil Jjj..1.1.1 I Jx-Ulll 5jjj ivJ>tLa.L CuIj i_lllauj m ( -dc/dc=:k,c 3 ?Jjla_i> tj^j gs po t.c o ; ljJk 1 [mol/dm' s' ] _ [mol/dm'*] ....(18) S ' ypA kj Cjlvia-J (jjii : jjjs k tjjSu < n (Jclii) IjiAj .b o (time)'' (Concentration)1'n ^jLa'l I J^Lilll J^lu ivk NO + 03 lSU ^ I.nl JJj ' JCUJII tiL .'Ji■■41 jtajV (NO) (19) U^j < <51-1^ {O3) (Jo^ ojSj (^LiJUj < 0^3^ lij w ^1 jiSjj ^>*1 1^1 jjV ^Jclilll w OH > N02 + 02 jj r> t j.ju . uUc yVklil Jj >ar w Sjj O^ctij J^Ulll jj'l .e x Ltuljj lJ$J oljlai LfJc. j»JJ ■ op g'l hy dllA jjl £x.M UAI IJJLU« (jLSj . itc-Lij , (yLull f-wjll o* Ap0-*!' ^ L"-1^ (^^9) o• JcUJll JxSa-uyj . (O) uP « ^ Jc.1^ i»aaM ^SJ «C.'l oaj Ui < iaiju. LSIJIA ljl^j Jaxili ^jaJ I jj jLiy < IJU. , (1-7) ilSLiiJU -210- Nadher Alshamary ■jL.-SCll Jjfj {<S-3^S) *^y- —— /. gs po t.c o m esbui i' guljlllj 0^£.lfllnil J-lA^J) i_L^Itji (jo-c. ^ gjljillj oibiLillll {yt jLSl (jl 11 ."V r I a"^ I O LjJ_^. JJ c. Ijh Jcl ilil JcLLill ' |N0 + hy Jj JJ*^" I ^ ^LU .b o Jojiiilt j :Uft-* < jjj.tjja. ^ UJSIJJLII ^J^UL> . iJLi ^--iAj isLU <] U null j| ja '-11 JtLtill (ji-®« iaiiiill op <x.J mil i^jLlt Lfl^j j.j.i..M < jOj ) t* (N0) u>^ jLajl 5x.jjju (jl ujjLaJill 0" nI AjSj . 'LLajj^il yjLii .e x ■JW ; iM = K2[N0][03] (20) w , ^jll (jjljj (jjij (JnUlJI li\) w w (jjiLxjiyi JI-v'ILa 1 4.* >iM11 j i^l'ull ^LxaiVI Jlrwlll ^ -uAjjAJI -LjUa.! 88 Ra 226 La.rJI (^ic Jloilj : iJLlJI a iy^JL 5^- Sjj cKt.Ti JtUlJf lift 86 2 Ra + He 222 4 (21) • LiJl oLc-L.t-Avl ^ lU'nj (j^pLS (j* 1 iajL^i (JtLijJI 3jjj j 1 fiinl j 1^1 V. l.iUj,.a j juak. cKa.L ^JU.1 jLtLii Ijl - ■ JcLiUJI ^"-j < 1 ■ JW (22) 'd CRa /dt = K( Ck!l -211- ■■ Sj-ajt-i ; ■ -. j_gjLxl Jl^-ll ; . I - - I I I Sj-ojVl O^LtLflj ^ . [iulii ISJ^ uM- .. II (V'-—^ — iljUwl oi'-C.LiaJI <1j_«| lj-o_5 1^! uklh^1 «-b^] oOSJi CH, /\ HjC CH2 CHjCH = CI^ ; (^43^ I- J^lfcUl (M) JatZLaiu ylll oljJnaJI JftLLllI ■L^i'iLj^_».0 Jjjju Ij ( ijJ (i.a.n'CI ( j l<"J I gs po t.c o . L<jj UjS» m ^iLo-^f (23) : ^Jtlll ^uiUUI ^UJI JftllUI ^ Jlill 2 O;, > 3 02 ^ (24) ,^0 JfiLijJI (jlSk (j| . <-ul_Ln XH <JjLju1.I (jJj jlo^l Jja.aj : (jibJI j^Ljj (jjSLi jjl ^jlll jj-o OU ,. "CujjaJI dt0^ °k40j]' .b o d jJI jjJC -dM-KaM2 dt [02] k -1 41 (jJc. ' ' (jilj *1(26) ij^-liill "tX-ulXia CisfcjlSI i .e x k. ^ 02 + O op I O3 (25) < (JCUJII liJlAI •IftjMill ij jjli (jl cr.nl Ajiaill hy lyJllJI ^ w 0 + O3 —2 02 ^7) 5JjL*IIj JIaUj OjjjVl jLii (j'.Xttl Jlajill w w ciljif oj-d' A-A' i^l (28) (29) M = ^f SjixaJI Lri> (28) &jU-Ul vJJiy 1 kj / k.| 0c. SjLj-t< Jx.l.ft."i II . 5JJJCUJI SjU^.i I cuL K L^j( ijiij-ti i (JfiLiill : lilljjl 35>L»JIj ,'n'ioVl JWil • Nadher Alshamary v'U-a ilj C^tS) is ^ya ■uic. I 111ii ^ (£ji\ i ij'-1 ft "II ojjLS jjil . J^UlU Lxjiiii I ' ^.-.KiH jjLi ,. •UiJtj) KAI 4a 1/-1 jjJt Jjj jJjiljlil lii^j i 3'j--"itl : ka_^uJ| CUIjj JfrliUl 4JUJ Cm*! u-^' — jf—sjoJI jjjj iS^UJI Lxiwjj I jlj , "ULeUj Jj-O Ja s^ilxo JtUUI Jail SjLc yJk < A i-^ " , ,,11 JjLi < (2-7) i - dC / dt La.j.ill ^Ic. Jxiaag iLilll v ^ JLJf jJl LuS U Jc.1 A S\C, ^ L-%.'» ft II ^ju LJ *. "i^ \ fl , ^'.! i m r ^JlallS idljijVI i^Uj—wJI ^L-i yd»*j CxLl^ll gs po t.c o (ratej^o = K0 [A]0 [B]0 L-ij . B , A (jJc-l—ixdl 4j 0.693 '"■ " k,0.693 mm m 5 gs po t.c o 1.18 x 10 = 5.87 X 103 min 1.75 1.74- CO 00 o .b o .73 .72 - hy 1,71 — op l.7fl — 200 w .e x 1.69 J . jjSjV1 tj-a log!0 (a-x) u^lSibJI; (3-7) Ji.i : 2_JLIj oMcLLUJ rt.A.l.ol C 7,11 rt.Cj >» t( iJjU-o - Ui : Uiii- hl\£i\ ClOiSjii A+B ^ (x) ojSjj < . B , A j>o 400 >. time w w 300 (J* 21*1^ - 1 > products uJt (b), (a) Lea B , A ^JcUxaII 5_ula-LV! ol^-^j-ill o\ Cxi^i (0 6ilnj ^« (0 'j'i' 0^5 Si—c. B , A ^ -216- jj—SJJ ^ ort ' Nadher Alshamary (vSLiisi.) aij (.isjtsy Vs : jj itj-oJI ^15 UJ%i ' u^- 0* - x) , (a - X) : U-A -^- = -^krtA][B] ....(40) : ~- = kr(a-x)(b-x) ....(41) i dx = k. dt .... (42) a- b 1 b-x 1 - j I dx = kr | dt a- x gs po t.c o 1 m (a -x) (b -x) .... (43) ; ^J) id^i ( iaiUil iiA J^K" i In(a-x) - ln(b-x] kr t = —i '-— '— + constant a- b : b (a -x) a{b -x) ...,(45) b (a - x) .... (46) a(b - x). Cylc-ILL* jl 4 JLAIj JjtULU w C J AIAI CJ^LCIUJ (2) . <jMil w w 2A > products A+B \j J .e x , 2.303 , k, = — 'og t0 t(a-b) Uaicj ; iJlltl Ri^UJI ^yjc. J1 hy krr t= —!— in a-b .b o Jn b/a a- b culiJ) (ji%j i X = 0 (jli i t = 0 op constant = .... (44) JaS>U1 ....(47) J > products .... (48) 3 JJA ' (jjic-Uloil I liljjSjill ■ ■■" ixia. : yJLlllS £=m*- -217- £;LJl ji dx T=kJ (a-x) dt .... (50) ; U til I i5^L«J I M a- x iJ-aLSllljj .... (51) + constant : jJi dulilf > (x = 0) (jLa < (t = 0) (jjSj Uoitj constant = - i/a i i a-x a gs po t.c o M= m : JtlK <JjUil I at a-x .... (52) jl ....(53) ^JLIJ J-cLAU AX^UIJI ^c. <J,Jja."ilI Ifjjt LLAA. I ^iifi ilhO L>A;y4jJU JtUlU itjxJI liutj (jjJAJ ,j£«J hy ^ (ji dJ^j / SiojVl L-flh'v. Jtlilll i^jSj . .e x op ixjill Ijaujja ujiSj ' iftjl ^ (53) UjUII UaaJl (>1 (jS* . JfiUlil Cutj "ta-J-a jjJS kr Ojliit : AjuLull w a-x b-x w log JO ^ Ij^A k i =' I08 io (2) ^ . d>Vl tSM w LL iJjLa_o : (jijjAjll Ijujk (1) .b o : ^ iJ."' + (a-b) 2,303 r a < jiJ.S 1 ;.ii-a Joi. ulc Lflo ULeuaJ . t t log 10 (a - x) / (b - x) (jiJ .... (54) 1-1J> • "J ' : i-i, JcJJI I jj Jxo kr (a-b)/2.303 kr SjoS Aiiaj -218- lfi\J Nadher Alshamary o>UUill (IJLslSL.) Ulj (^jU) «j3"' = (2) J^-ii ill-i n Jjc. oiLcUllI cuLS I 25 Joe. Jj*j 11 fjAJ Jc,Lin : ^Ulli iijjtU ol^jJL Si.jjVl Time/min 0 4.75 10 20 35 23,2 6.1 [Na2S203] 35.35 30.50 27.0 [CH3I] 18.25 13.40 9.9 55 oo 20.3 18.6 17.1 3.2 1.5 0 . log |0 (a - x) / (b - x) 0,287 t/min 0.436 0.580 4,75 10 20 Jai. i-l Ijl CHj I , Na2S203 0.357 0 JclijJI JtUjll gs po t.c o yji; (46) <JjUil ^jU 5^11 : t UijjS <1»5' :J m tr11 (^" x}' (a' x] ui^U ■ cuil 0.802 1.093 35 55 i>« , t (jjjllj log j0 (a-x)/(b-x) (jjj -iSiUJl . (4-7 Jli) . luji X I w 02 w w .e x 60 O op hy .b o 2 " w 10 20 30 40 50 60 time ' Ufj V'jll < uLa. (j JcUi. ^^Jc, JiiA, JtLiJI jxaSLu^ LL ^ JtboJ ^jLa jL^oj ; (4-7) Jiii. (j| j]. a = b Aua (jbliil ^jilf 0A , (t) £>3!! Jjli, 1 / (a - x) ^ . kr {Iaxuj 13] Ljli a j* (4 - 7) JUJI -219- : (3)Jl5 : f 30oC jlc. i <^11 Jjjfc ijj l-t. 11 JjjjV I CH3COOC2H5 + Na OH 4 ^1 AC. jji > CHjCOONa + C2H5OH 6^5' 0-05 moi dm ' ^y> Jil ijiSij : I03x / mol dm'3 time /min jJs < <j-oj,V I > ti .ijc. 5.91 11.42 16.30 22.07 27.17 31.47 36.44 4 9 15 24 37 53 83 (a - x) / moi dm "3 22.7 25.9 4 9 t /min , <jl Uij "7) jk2j JSjiJI ^ : InTi ,^411 «Uj^1 I 29.7 35.8 43.8 53.9 73.8 15 24 37 53 83 jA L»-5 (t) tx^ kr :J H JcLfl^il (jli Ijl gs po t.c o (52) m < Jf 1 a" 11 kr OJiiil CtaJ 1 / (a - x) (jjLx' Jtlilll -LS^LaJI 1 ('j'"1"" l_fk' .b o solpe = lcr = 0.640 dm3 mo!'1 min'1 80 hy 60 op 40 w w w .e x 20 20 40 60 80 .> time JAjVI cj^U* CJH 300C jjc. : JfrUill jap i>» ><^1 ..». Sj " « (jl .*•. ■ -vj i jjjLill (j-o jjjSjJ I (LuloliVI <. "1 n-j.fl kXtZu) i-ti^'ill iojLii o^LiJil lait a jj (3) —iuu lK'^V <J>j5UI "Ujiui^ll s>litl ^ _>—e^ll . x = a/2 iv..7- -220- Nadher Alshamary (i-SLitSf*) »JTj (LSCJU-J) y:^ 5 _ ( ^-o Lii ii^r, 1 u nixj i .8 i/^'i Sjls e-u »I'm i j^jlII yMt-Lrti Sjji l"ir, fjl I 3JjUJ.I jji r kr a (a/2) i J^Ul.JJ jjjljjj^fl j (52) <jjIaIuVI oljJ^jill I j j-tl i}jf& < u* j^a I j-* jj-A ^ye, Sj-JjLia itjxoll Cula (jjJJi-j |jSva.ij u^x-Q-j (jijli (jjj«" (j^ool Ijtj J.-".-y'l &2 j ^| m . products op jiiUlII yi A+B +C IjJuV I (x) cul^ i i_ijj^i]J jjJc- C « B i A Jg. 11 j 11 ya (Jil .e x u-K-ll oitcULUJ ic>jLuiJ rt-j oL^-J) iljLai hy : luyjf .b o (a (64) c < b i a oil S IjI • (E) ftj45 j*j cOUiLilll jjSjj : LilLJI (JJg ,^^1111 ^ ■ui.ujUlll ilj 'mJ, I. -"^"j w ^-=kr (a-x) (b-x) (c-x) w HjLjJI <-4^1x1 I i_.-.<- (a) ^-ajlL I4J Lj-ejj i 4jiL!l3) cQtfcii'i nil (^jLtuj Uicj w yJu 1 l.laj...ujj jiSi 5j_^a ^ = kr ... J dX a-x) = kr dt ....(65) ; 54ID! ' 2 (a - x) = k,. t + constant ) ^Ic. < 5iiUJI 4it, .... (66) -223- £jLJl X 0 i t — 0 j'i jSj Lajjc. 1/2 : iJLUI 5 jj) ctilill OJ^JJ i^ill SJjUil' u^j krt = —-i—--L 2(a-x) 2 a 4 il a» 11 L-ijLauJ I ^jLu nJ^UlU ....(6?) (jc. I <5j^la4 Lej i fti-ni Sjili cjuIj2 (ja ji < (t) > 1/2 {a - x]" {jjj 32ilxl( 1 j U^J '"' ' (f- / 2) Ja-tilll jl < (67) <5^1*-!! ^ °■ X 4-aJ-A (jc. 1_jo;jj-3LxJI dsu ijJLllII iljUiil j>!j aJLuilj m t ie^xJ I OJIj i—il »'i"^ (jiajj k t K ta5 --L. " 2^ ' gs po t.c o : <1111111 <3^1*11 ^ a m Cf <" t ( Ca^Lr (JlU) — ^ jV ( k hy l ^j-Q .b o ! *" ^ ilc.[ fl < jLlUlVI Lj [ |j[ k-i jj£_pll ^ a Jjl (jiijillj i op Jc-Ul/JJ ■ o'j^' ^ .e x u* u*^1" (xc) ' w initially A a BO : ^ at time t a-x x = ^ dt = LLIJ k. | , k( (iiup. Cy^j ^ ^ B , A (> Ji atequilibriun a - xc xc u^l' u-® x LiJ^i l-MJ I Lillll 53^(jJL Jcliltl *lc_>xu w w ^M dt jjAltlilll ■ klu (a-x)-k.,x ' ■•■■(69) 0 = kl (a-x^-k., xc (70) 1 : a k| = "'("-'O Xc (71) j1 kla = xc (k,+k.l) (72) -224- . A Nadher Alshamary Cj^pUdl i_}fj {tSCjt-S'} iSy- • t jjjSj (t) fijji (^aj jic ilUil dx / v -^.("-x) k.ja-x,.) L—i .... (73) k a x l ( c " X) . .... (74) : <33Ldl kja xe I dt .... (75) m xe-x gs po t.c o dx k, at In xe -x * 2.303 . lo —^ g>10 at xe xe -x k = -i X, op •UtLU.1 xc -X hy k.+k., =34^-1^,0 t .e x Cxy^ <^c*UiJI Sjj-ttiJI w w 4i=k dt w 1 |- = k(a-x) 2 = k (a - x)2 7 ~ = k (a-x) (b-x) .b o : <S!vLAJf 0 (jjuljiJ (a-x) kt = ~±~ a (a - x) In ~ = k (a - x)3 kt. 1 2(a - x) -225- .... (77) <3>UJI <xu^ Lfj,j k Ci)ja.j a 1 .... (76) ; (1 - 7) JjAa. kt- x kt- oi .... (78) yi icjaJI ^jili i.j 1 a l.'C'il 1 ajj^axJ) Jct- In : J-.oa.'i ( (72) <JjUII ^ . <xijJl ?jjU.I oULuJI a- b 3 JaKlIU ( - ) a(b-x) - 1 2a2 t1^ mol dm'V1 a1 s"' a0 (-1) dm3morls"1 b a x £-4 « i.J-ail'lk-1 a"1 dtn'mor's*1 dm6mor2s'1 a'2 £l\ II : JxLalll DjIJJ'I ^JUO : A+B > products iliUfl : ^jiJI j> JfiUn ^ : JLUI j^l ^ J^UiJJ ox^J! JJJL^ ^ mte = K [A]"1 [B]n! lP6, h-.."ij i Cj^Ic-LLlII jj! jcaAIj « ic.j_uill (j^Li ■LswjJ yi SjLtj Jil LjjjJu i—Scl .i^i.'n JcLiltl J&l—jull *1 UJJ j_i its (jl J—i ^fljl mil UjUJ,l (jJt .V A-A-JLJ ^jll ioA-i jJl kr Cut I^J-i^ UyjLS.1 oLa-jJ j ' m r, LkjjS < Sjlj^JI ' Jc-Lilll 5-a.jJ jj » "11 jjIjjLjj V gs po t.c o Sjlj-a. Aaj jij . LltLijII Sjlj^ m I n"lI <-c._)j^i ....(79) : UW ^jVl !o g|()kr=b-Y .Jiliill La jit .b o din kc _ AE dT RT2 AE i C.ittUlJJ k. k -i [C] [D] w , i. f~j"l I ^jlc. J^aaJ Jit 111 , kr = Aexp (- E / RT): LJUII -■ (8'?) iruli Jj; kr ^jl iSoa, <1jL*_o 5jLi$ o^ajj . XlcliiLI ijliMaVf ojj oLjLalll jjjill JaUa j( omjAH6j) c«li Lr^u : 4JUJU1 yUali 5 UUJI ^ AE JAIXJ ^AUVI JcUlll isLjut CJ] U^ii, a)S^C+D) J\ (A + B) ^ Jilisll jLu^. J ^ li^ . ^LVI JtLiill lu^L hy ' tJJJ Liu < E*Lu2 : ^sJl^yAOi ^lu^1i^b' E*| Lf^fi ^Lkj <1LaJ| UUo B , A olli^JU : ^^1 , ?JUil( ?JUfL Uk^l iiL^\ ^ ,..-u Ji-^1 (" u^J UUa w w ^ 4^1 oLajU^JI ,> ^ ' Hi Wd Ui oySU Ej ^Luu iiLLIf 1^2 ..II-, .- JcU^ll dLoli tJLklL, UtUI .(C+D) guljill 6j*a JtLLdJ o^Jj , <JUJI 6^ Lfjjl Vj ^ E'j ^ U^,, ojUUlII UL^ ^ EL^j w ' ^C + oAlii ^ ' E; <> l>5 ^ . U^J .e x - op e; ^ .b o *E-1 ^f ^ ir_4) JaAill ySljUl JyjSil f (A + B) oilfilim ^tui ^i^Vi JS oa-j , .-.l^L-.n {, ^ , oUU^JL J^UJ L+jc glljydJ) oL^I j, • ^ ' d)^1^ (jJt ^LyjSlI Jtliill -227- ■ ■ . A olijjaJI (jJJ olajl i Alll jjjj J . E" «Uill «UJI 5^2 (v) ; iJloll (jJji j I 3JjLxi 4jtjS kr = A exp (- E* /RT) ■ \f ....(89) kr cuIj cjI^>j (A) jjjill J^Ui, ('i <S[j j : jjic. J' fir, j < <5jLaJI cjLafjjLty jAuj ....(90) K ~ l0£,o A- 2.303 gs po t.c o m In kr = In A ~ RT i aJLiuUI Ail hJt ^ujL) j^L (J&UlU ■UUill 3Sllall (j-jjAj (jioj ; (jjSLjjl) : ^"^>11 (1) JJJ I Sjl_>-aJI 1 witj—a. A Slc. Jcl till Lfij—tJI iTuljJ cJuLjJ .b o (jjj Li^LnJ) hy . - E / 2.303 R ^jLuj djj ^_L.a"u n/. iai ^Ic. J < 800C yJl 20oC (> Sjlj-^J! oL^-jj ^ l/T < log io kr = (6) Jli—• jb, JjiiVI ^ op : WLUIgStUI 0,100 0.335 1.41 3.06 8.13 21.1 50.1 .e x lO^/dnvWs"' *"u Temperature / DC 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 w w . JtUlll ItUiJI <5U=J1 w log^rfdm'moV's - Temperature 4.525 T.015 T.4853.910^.325^700 243 ]03K/T 303 313 323 333 343 353 3.413 3.300 3.195 3.0963.003 2.915 2.823 (^jil 0^• (6-7) jdij JiiJI 1 /T < log(o kr <3^5251*11 3 - E* / 2.303 R = - 4.7 x lO K .-. E* = 2,303 x 8.314 x 4.70 x 103 Joule mol'1 = 90.0 KJ mol'1 -228- Nadher Alshamary o^e-Udl ijfj (iLSwl^J) _p- 20 10 W O " gs po t.c o m 0 -10 280 300 320 340 ,0 g kr Uh1 f-J ! (6-7) JUi hy f f .b o 1/time .e x op . j^yi ^4^ cjjtUii jjjuii din kr : ^ l«S iJUitl ULUI jj+iAj (jicj « T, , T, .... (92) " rt= w w d In kr = In (v) e' w dT : r ^Jc. Juxxl , liiUJI «iii J^lil, E' 's il T2 R .... (93) T, r R T, E* 1 R T _ T. 1 .... (94) ji 1 .... (95) T2 " T 1 -229- U< k, '0610 TT" E* 1 1 2.303 R T, T2 = .... (96) ji 1 k, E* logio I—= 2.303 R .... (97) T, T2 (>» pj^JI (> |JI4) ' (A) <_>La^ U^dJ iij>Sa IsLaJ, <" ^1, al. ..I ^ic. • .n" ■ ..1 I U-.11 JjdiSJ l-JiaJJ lillj ^J^{j < 1 / T < lOg |Q kr J,[Z iULU ^ ^ylllj < ^.jlhLUJI LIAI) cA^iJ ' •••• (98) :(7)J^ Le>-VI (^u t^jLill J^UUJ ^jVI ^ <0.385 dm^mor's"1 >* 600 K ain ic^uJI <^1 , 16.0 dm3mor1s'1 j^cuLiJIo^' 716 K .b o , JtUuil A Jdjall i E . (97) illxilI UUoJI v-u-'L-^I yjUif hy : 716-600 16.0 A385) op 2.303 x 8.314 .e x log i = m IxuJ ^yifc gs po t.c o : J..J .'..ftjl <5iU, JAJOL (A) jg* iog ,„ kr = log l0 A - 2 3Q3 KJ ISiUI 716x600 1.619x 2.303x 8.314x716x600 ,^,.1 116 - 114.8 k j mol'1 : ^ < (98) jJj dljUll fj* 716 K w w w ■"■E ~ k2 (KljAl^Ly 114800 log,,, (id.O/dn^mor's-'^Iogm A- 2.303 X 8.314 x 716 ,*. A = 3.8 X 109 dm^mor's'1 jbuiJi ^ ... J.,. LI :-,-.,.l ^ ^ , UL-^I o^LtUUI ^ .JUil! ujSljjil dlji-u^j^l -230- 1 Nadher Alshamary L^Sol *Sy>- > , BC Sjj A + BC JAIJJ litii (5^ (j-u jxUj " (99) >AB + C ( BC jjji A A S I ttKij i BC ^gj-a.11 jj_o A «_J^JJE! Sjiill (jL# jJ^.1—ij C UJjSplI ijll tjil J J :i ! ajLjJI 4x® >"""j ' j J * tyj^l : L^J^J < (jVl nl-^l -io-jj ullj (jjjill dtajVI (£l '. gjl^ill 'Lp-lj (j^LiVf h I Jfilfllll JL^j — I . C . AB > [A ,1-11 HjjI yiaJI Jlaj B » JUiJI C] I LiAi( JSj m Sjj-i-all jji "UiftaJI ftjji A + BC ajl jji t-ilpJI ^jJI S-jj . ■til - UJ JA) < oil—tl—4—lil fcl ^ut ^..Ui.hjJI LjSljill gs po t.c o . A > AB +C ?SLii I AB : iilLlll ....(100) ^ dlcj c^+y'j • iJ^Li-2il jL.in-a jjic £-l-oj 5J5Uq ^If] 211 » all 211 -.11 j] I till I JtLajJI _)-i«j .kaj 3ah d 11 Ljllua^U .b o UJ%3 * C? - 7) jkij Jiiill J^LilU itUjJI iJUaJI JIUi Ej < obLfcLLiU ^ JLxlJI i_iS!^lLI (jjjii jjc. ?JLL ^KJI jjjJI • JcUAJI SjIjjJ Sli" . gjlji ,^1 ci>ltLiill Sj^uall Jd tjiajj w AH = E; - E*, w ! Uaj I ^jLiJU. idliau . SjljtJ jjlUI ^jill ^ JcUili July / ^jill IJLu AH ■ SjljtJ (j^UI JLAW 6J%? AE = E* - E*! ^ AE o^Sii '. kixAll J^L ^ jsxi Jli* w . AH E-j i E| o.'".'a^l on ^ cfJ^' J'ALl tA*0! .e x jit op hy . (^1) ^^1 JcLiiJ] <1LuJ| 151UI ^ E:, Ci^3 • (^UVI) ,> JtliJI 4 Luill -231 - AH E* < E!| Ef > E*| I jl (1) lj| (o) JUill Ei w E.} 1 gs po t.c o m A + BC AB + C >^ E^lv" Jclilll jl i.nt ciliLLs : (7-7) jSLii .b o (jJljJI JtLiii! A + BC > AB + C ObjJaJ op hy : jJL-gjjm J-cLaJJI (j-^J • ^ijLuJij lijtJtJI jaLu^jVl fji jjJji oj-c-LLU ijjlJJI iaLuyVl ^ 4_«jiljjJI jjl .e x ^jJI (j-o J JOLJ^VI iji w w JO-t 4_rJlJ i CiLajL^a-jJI AiA w I CiLtoLj-ill "Gi j^JC. ijjlLill a j-4 dlljjj I Sjjia- ia-jljj (jjSly < Joalji^l JJAAJ ^.JLuojJI ijljJ -tAxly (jjjLiJI ^5^11 JjJlil y-lc. ^jL-j-o-i^II JcLLall <-c.. J&i t "il 1 • JcUUI JojMy ,> : .•>!I S^wj liiJaG (jilt oLejLalll i>o ' jLi ^ C+D 2A ZAA = 2n2a2 Cki^jJ ■ OoiiUill lijUJI O^LlUllI jjji iJcUlll Jii*-Q (jjj jvjlI-^I" liiji-:*. (j-o JJV i B ^A.1 jLt ^_ MJJIJ-ojSII LyLoia ZAa Z J^ixa di^f oljLiil 5S_yiJl ^ (10l) M - 232 - Nadher Alshamary L!L,.XI| liitAftUdl (i-SLiliL*) i-JTj (iSjcS) iSj Rj i ^jl iA."il) ^i»a Gj 'jWI Sj^j j^ji liljjjaJI J-i»_i . jUU ijjVjII JILill ^-a Lo-S D < C LSJaX:J ^■*-0 A jliJI Mi. 5SJUI Sjl^J) O Tj. Cil^liiJ f LJI cm till B ( A U^AlLL. j> jjjjLil JAUIII (jl^ lj| Lo( r yjuai >C + D ....(102) : SitRT Z AB ~ n A n CtLjUolU uJ%3 2 (103) B ^AB _j-A (JAD < fij"y^l »xa.j ui ® i A 0-0^*0 Og ' liu^. m A+B Oab = gs po t.c o J 4 A .al(j ijjaJLjj < J i. ^ fc| J ^1x6 aA + aB 2 ; ^jUujj. m. x rnR mA + mB 1 JiC. jj( J-a-" i ia.jj jic ijr>..N JjJjj q] i JLtl Jijki jjLlS , ^jLuaj Jt-xAlj ij-*J J CiLajl i ji'II JjAx (jc. hy U-ij J-ua—i—fi jl—ill Jil—:»j) "L-ftj—lu 1_o| < lO^ITl op <jUa t^jjJ (105) (700°K "til jjl B < A Aajl Ifi'ill Ciilij^JJ JiV < JaLilll <-clmaI) ajuA (ja Jjji ji ^jLwim <j1Jq (^Jc C)>Ucli,".ll r.ili^ 7X |j( VI JUill xjSIjJUl Lj_jiujVj <sLL> i'lh". ^jil £yi j.u£ll ^lajuj w ; ^JllJI <SiL*Jlj EC JI "LtilJI ....(106) w exp(-Ec/RT) <JL*j silLi i.'lliaj (^jlf ciLjjjaJI qji j 11.511 ■ oLajAl^j w i E jj. La} jic. ihijaxj AjjLaJS]) .-.Si■■I i"tl J^xlj jijLiaJ ijlli .e x ' iaiSJI (ja UjSJI ' ^yJk Zjjjj ^.jl u-x.-lll Jj-* a a JjjiAl ^LlqmS! Jc(iu ■ (J^Lii ,inA\ (104) Sjfj^x. .a .-.I.! ... — .b o M. = 111^" i LtAii <^i2JI aia ^ ~ ■ ■'•j : j* Jali: JAj^j exp (- E* /RT) (^jLuj iSOa (JL. Jnlitil l oLjjjaJI >mj^J jxjUaiK JjXii ^JJ-O JiuL. t_rAj V JaUuil (jJoiij : I^j..Lull 45LU v = 2 Zaa exp (-E* / RT) ....(107) -233 - : iJlill djLvll jjj Kr Jc-Lflltl ojIj lxjSjj v = Kr [A]2 =Kl. n' uU < iJUJ • Kr - V n *> - 2z AAexp(-E'/RT) : yJa J■ n-t'i < (101) tfoUJI Cy xrRT .... (108) m exp - E* /RT) M ! jj-ij i LftjSa LJJLJI i'n A j I ^IjLaui jkljJI I j jf» gs po t.c o Kr = 4 a Zaa 6^ Kr = A exp (- E* / RT) 5j^iaj (jjJ (A) J1 .-. A = 4 a" rrRT 2 M :ijtl]| <JjUil ^ LS i Kr - CTab 8 TfRT ....(109) .b o >C + D hy op = Kr [nA][nB] (110) ; iS^UJlj iiijajill iljlxo : UU\ ^SiUlL Kr 1 2 eexp (-E* / RT) .e x V liJljJLJ iJcLij ^jlc, ^jLAllI 'Ujlco A+B V = zAR exp (- E* / RT) I_jl '.'i-r*. (Ill) M- w w ! A JJjllI lf^A5 8 TTRT (112) w A — Cab SjL**" ul*1 ; hi,I iijJa-i - 2 O^U.I.«"aII ^jLi-ajSJI kiAjjll (jl ^jlflj Lf-\) ( 4 f'j-\l I <jo_4JlA jumi jjjll lilfc , Qjl . IXloL^jJI «i"l-.JiU. JUill 1_J^(_>lll < jy*-' JlLaLij i_i1U"j i lic.Liall liilljJjjaJI jj-JJ —ujJ < (A) vJJjjll JxiU-o (jc. I jikll JjjJ.1 Jj i^i"ilL . oljliJl liila (jjh/iAll Jfil—illl -234- Nadher Alshamary A-sU^Cll o^UUJl (LSwlSL-) ylj (iSJtS) «>.. » Vj < Liulij-o J^bu OilcLilo (jlS ^j( <1 £MM C_>SIjXa (J-A ijJajjijil <5LJI ^)l j^.1 u'j31 « D«C ^ jvr._)ll i-uJiji (jJc. 1 iii OAIAJJ B < A o^Lfcil : A+B - - (J'jjVU LSX* JUiJI > - C-f D : j) jifult m , SJIIAXI SijjiJL K = exp (- AG / Rt| (113) kj / k.| .'. Ink,-Ink,, =-AG/RT ?£.JAjJI yjjlj lj±> ^ i-'l'll I ljA K (jl ihua'J (114) : AG, In k, = -+ GQtis^nt RT .b o itSl SjjaJl <JUJ( op AG v..-. : ^Uli lUUIII X* cuLS IjLi i JLl&JI AG., « AG, jjl products oiLtLiji) {jxt (j(j5l <11-3. elLl* ^,1 .e x <-5LLJI yi ^ will {jC (116) jaajSI hy i-Jlj u^LoVf A+B icjaJI (115) AG i In k., = —+ constant RT : uuSplI ^^ic. culj bbjj gs po t.c o ; bJUll ttiUlU AG SjaJI <5Lb)I ^ jjiilL ^JLiajSJI JcUlD K : yjVlS JtU^l .->i < oilttillIjJbill wjSljllI (117) 1 blL'JI Sj^ueJl jji <5iUJ( wjjSJ < I^ajjal) 6jU.L>j w w w AG* In k,. = - - ■ '-~ + constant RT kr = V exp (- AG* /Rl) liutj hj I S^aJI (118) KT cwtj J-A K I^u-w V — —^— ^1 Jaj t ^-uL.va'vVI ISaaUj^o^JI ^ 1 ' A."..il.j : •ulllll i2iL«Jt jjJc. kr = —expj-AGVRT) lil, idjiL (119) -235- ^Ul JWI1 (120) , JUiJI : lj;u iJoLilU Ol da»j i jjljjf/l K. ISJ^LujII AG = AH - TAS : JulLUI Sj^l ^ (118) ^bUJI KT AS' 1 K AH* exp (121) RT m h cxp AH* ui^ AH* = li* - nRT gs po t.c o : IJtiJI tSiUlL WOlll (122) o^LjLiII JSL[j 4 ■JjjUll cj-lij-aJt JLjUwl oiLtli-lU (1 - n) 6^3. . iJiLui JoL^yl ^ , "UjUll ijlujail luli ct>l£.liiU (n — 2) . Jr> 1 RSUy JojAljJi 1 +- AS^ ¥" exp : iJUJI ioiilLi JcUlU kr -E' (123) hy KT kr = — RT ciiU-lijll yi op : ^ Lc£» Ki" jjSj (n — 2) ilwa. AS* R .e x kr = ifexp 2 +- cxp (J^iS cc^UsJI ^ .b o jjc _>aju . <JiLJi A>L«.jV! yi o^Udl 1 U>jl^ -El RT (124) yjL ^ (1241 r->;UJUi, ^IJL^ oSl£ obUUSll (A) jjjiH J-U-p Jc. w ! AS* , KT A = ~t— exp 2 +R n LiS w w (125) SJ^1 [LZj* (A) JJ^Ul J-oL*-. AS . KT A = -r— exp n +R h JUjUAI ^ (126) Jr-lioll -236- H ^njj Nadher Alshamary iJUaSa UI, is^ . • 0 j ^ ' aj * 'v gl SJ j_d_Lo CJ fji il^xUI oiUUU) ^*_a (jl — a*j Luafl — , Sd^lj S^lxk ^ Jij! "LlIqj^j cU^fjl* i^-ia d^ltLij]) JS ijl yi^-6 tjlai jlH&VI jjlS ClUUiJI (jx jl Jjiln (jjj^i ijLe. tsylAJ (jl J-^vJ ji Sjj (> SjLa^ , LJLc. ijj^J • l CiljkA. yJc jijj oSLuU^II OirttUliJI i3*^' U^!J ' S>aJI (j-nj i j'l Sjj-iUI oljjll ntkl'it aljL SjaJI jjiiiJI (jjSi ^lltLj < jjSj Ujj ; 5J>IJ j^Jj cj>U.liIII ^jiiS (jiajj , ^linli iMA ^AC. ci;!)Cc.Ljj (l) m . 3 ilnr*. <.it.nLi ul^o Cj^X-IAj (ii) gs po t.c o . icjili 4.1 UI I; in a OiltUj (iii) : ILAuoajp o^cUi]! (i) ' (jiaAJ JaUill lij(j ,, jl ^jl (5^1 (^-« Joaiu . y-naAa. -tu^J ^ . (jjliiuVl yil ^jjJI CH3C Jij ^ Jlillj . = CH2 + I2 Ad*J > .b o CH3CO CHj dlij (jjSj ^jlll lia ^ OH > HI + CH3 COCH2I : U&\ tiuiUUl : Js>.I_>a . 41 iiiiuJI 1" ■ ■ -'" (1) . jLilil j( JJU (tj) • JclijJI ^Lfjj 4 I; 11 kill I JAJ t-iUj[ (_a.) w w (ii) JfiliUf jjlj , o^UUlJI yA ^jltl Ijjk w .e x op OH j( (127) hy CH3CICH2I : aUUi Jkjjs cb (>iJLi Lftuuu U , JtUUJ UulJI ^ blsa-L dJ<)» ll dt ^ . axj UJ iLuLui] jUU jfixj tfjllj , Sjjii.) Sjoll : lL*LJ| jLijJl jl jaj ((_j) j-fAVI IoAj . ^ OiJ& 1^ L5-4) gj(>ll) s^k] gllj cjjLfiUllI J^.5 jaJI j^iJI Ij^Ai ■ • oiUUill 4j>b SjJaUl 6ia ^ L12, ^L. .t Uij . 31 niiiill jLolikj gjI^itI -237- J-A^jl ; ji I 11 iAju LficLilj La| iLJLJl j+j tjUji, (»jf) ( JtLijJI JoAjy ^ Sj^JI jjJLuill . Jc-Ulll i^tlLoL*. ijlii i fiiA jji .' SjLcL : iUjiUl aiuiUUi cj^Uj (iii) jjjSj j-XLau I (^jlc. Joxiy (j-i dja=«j Lo Jj-O < Siu^l jlc. liiJa-J ,^1 ji OiJ^' uj* "* CJ^AU^JI U^xj ^ JcLili Lodit iJJjj 1 >0H+0: 0; + H3 > OH" + H' 1 ) a" 11 (128) j (1 j «"...« gs po t.c o H+02 [j^jjiifll (Jalij m : jjJj US iiGii Sj^JI (129) jlj^l jljjj 1 oiULillJI a SJi uAJ , jUijl iyjLD. yil dllj cgAji : ^_o j. Ciij jl — 3 I (jSvU I "Ultv^JI y mil 11 it I oiULiill yi .b o j iSj" jIj^j liji i*! '--- iju^Lij <-£-l_yUl CjLj]I y U. jjJI 1 Vj kits Sj^JI jjiJJI j^SjS Lfji (ji-ij 21=^ Jj-aj jJi JAILIII 5jJda ^ Sj^JI : u' Lf^ hy d [Radical] _ dt I ijpU ji iljU-o (jtiliii) (j-i IjJvS iiJcLu <jjiaiJI ii2/Br2: .e x op ; Jtliul! <_iS-ulS_u) (jj* < UjJAj ■ ^t--.il JjgiLujJ.I 200 - 300°C US^ISJ,! ^ <£.j-uJI (jjjlj o^j w ; yjuii iijUii j-ii; jtUiii cdU* jl J-^j •Ai cj>jU iji j_ d[HBr] k;[H2] [Br,]' dt 1+k-[HBi]/[Br2] a30) : Br2 ^ , S.L«ll ^Lilll w w -~"...M (jjjLiJ|j ( J^lillt ajl_p- (>li2 -i kl ciiwly ^ Br' + Br' 1 ySjjlSjn o^jSSl (initiation) -238 - Nadher Alshamary OL^5J! ('uSvjlSL*) AJIJ (X-SWILS^) ^y>k2 Br* -fHz ^ HBr + H* H' + Br 2 ^ H' + HBr k 2 - Br' +Br' > (propagation) HBr + Bi- (propagation) H, +Br* (inhibition) (termination) gs po t.c o m . Br, J-Ii <«ji^ (J-A 1-ij(j]I ajU -.1 ij , 'LtLaJI 'LLuLJ.I O^LcUj]! cil i .^1 JS JcI ft.j|I lojk , JxililJI oIj4j £* 4jaiiL^L« iia.1 ^>aJI oljj ^ JtLLIII lift Ji " "j 11] ' Ju!">, ! 5jjU. ILuLJI cjiLaU^. oLuij . ^ail) J jl ^."Wl oljk^. ^ jlj-si . ■■(_. JcliiJI 4.l<jU<j n i : IJtill dyj^ JCUJII _yM ^c. — 1 hy : <jIIJ]| 44>UL .b o li*(jLaiiiiVj. jcUiii uLui^u ^ liijiaaji j-j-ii < op l^lI = k2[B.-][HI] + k3 [h"] [Br2] .e x -k.jH]tHBr] : ^ (131) [h-] , [Br] ,>^^1 <11^1^3^-2 + k, [h*] [Br 2] + k.j [h*] [HBr]-2k., [Br-]2 = 0 ..,.(132) w w w = 2k, [Br 2] - k2 [Br-] [h2] -^I^k, [Br*] [H-,] - k, [h*] [Br 2] -k,2[H][HBr]=0 (,33) : yUif xljUil ; (133) SLUI Jl (132) yaUl fcUU - 3 2k, [Br2] -2k., [Br*]2 s0 im) -239- : ^yic. J I J_ [lir-] = (k,;k,,)= [Br2]0- (135) : yJa US Sjj J < (135) 3JjL*J.I ^ r,,.! ^ J= k,[Br3] + k.3 [HBr] : I jJ ( [®r] ' O* (135) ^IjW 1> (136) 5JjUi( ^ (jA^yulL rir1-^(k'/k-^W[B^]" [ J k,[Br2] + k.2[HBi] gs po t.c o m (i37) ( ; : 5-Jli)l lo>L*JI yJaxil! L^jJI (133) iJjljJ.1 iSLualj (131) ?JjIjlLI .Ujhiu cj^yj = 2k, [ir] [Br2] : ^ic, Ji-n-yj < (138) lijUil yi (137) (138) (^c- (joJjslllj d[HBr] 2k3k2(k,/k.,)I[H2][Br2]^[Br2] k, [Br2] + k.2 [HBr] AUUJI (jb (Jutiiu _i_ d[HBr] 2k2(ki/k.|)2 .... (140) L»^^c. < (130) aIjWJI .e x w CH3CHO ^biitu^bU w : , k" = k.2 /k2 w JtlAHI llfc ijjjj 1 oiUUili Cy ^1 (1) CH^CHO -w u* J-u-ibJi o^LoU, ^ S^-aJI Qi u kl ^ CHj + CHO* (2) CH; + CHjCHO (3) CH3 CO* (140) ^1^1*^11 (jlj (Jjdl 1 2 k = 2k2 (k,/k_ jj , (1.5) buoll aauoj 1+k.2 [HBrj/k-, [Br2] op dt [B r2 ] cslc- (139) hy : .b o dt ....(141) CH4 + CHj CO* k , -^ ^ CH; +■ CO .... (142) ...• (143) -240- Nadher Alshamary . (J-SLiK-*) JJlj (ijSwUjS') iSj>- — (4) CH 0' —— CO + H' (5)H-+CH,CH0 ^ H.+CH.CO' k6 (6) CH; + CH; ....(144) > ....(145) C2H6 •••■ (146) , .UjuikiH Jiiy jjjjSJI JAAJIII^LOVI £-a JfJfil Jc-liu — 2 m , JJIlluVI Jjl (jkAlt ; 4jk>JI 3JJ^I cUW-Vl J^Aii Ja-u - 3 : JaUill lk> gj'jj ^ • (jlAjV' jl^ ud^ . SJ^ JjjJJ gs po t.c o . SJ>UI Jj) - I iLXJ) jU. - ; <JL»ll 6iviojj.1 uilij] Sjki. - 4 ~ .b o ....(147) . LajSj JjLJI JtlilJj iiiulito (^o ■ la-jjiil ; kibJI <JjL«IL jiAjJlljjjiVI -Uv^o CjLu^ Jja^ ykij hy |-CH3CHOj + k2 JCH-J JCH3CHO] op = k^ jfi-uSl LljjlS jl JJJLaji (jl JAJ JSJ - d [CH3CHO] _ k jCH3CHOj3/2 - d [CH3CHO] — 1 .e x ^If. (Jxoad ,t + k5 [h*][CH3CHO] 4^."iI ill iJS (jfJc. (148) tjlill KLaJI 4j_>kj ij^'kiij [CHQ-] w d w w = k, [CH3CHO] - k2 [CHj] [CHjCHO] = k^ + kj [CHjCO'] - 2 kfijcH,]2 = 0 j'cn^cHoj _k4 [cHO-] = 0 (149) ....(150) dfCH^CO'l r ir ■, r i -L—2 1 = k2 [CHj] [CH3CHO] - kj [CH3CO ] + k5 [H*][CH3CHO] = 0 * = k4[CHO,] - k5 [H'] [CH3CHO] = 0 (151) .... (152) : yit J1 .i-s'i i (152) 1 (150) (jjiljUil p.. Ai [h*] = k, /k5 (153) -241- : jji (151)« (149) "UjUil aic, < ^Jlj 2 k, [CH,CH0]-2kfl [OH*,] +K5 [h ] [CH3CHO] = 0 : (154) SbUil (154) (153) UuLdL o^L 2 .•.2k, [CH^CHO] = 2k6 [CHj] '....(155) [CI-i;] = (k,/k(iy [CH^CHO] 2 (156) (158) ^1x11^(156) . (153) J-AJII oljk=^ ijjLS_a i jjjil (LijIdljVl) {j^jVl SJIMJJ gs po t.c o LT^ uU0-1-1 ' ^LAjjVI d fCH^CHOl ' ( J-=k!(k,/lcr,)^CHJCHO]":! jj^j , iULUI^JWI ...(158) *uJ (^ilI (jjjLS j-o j*". I (^LuLJI Jfvj iti'i" ajto.'v) "LuIjjjVI fcjiaaJI jji (C - C) laU^ll j-uiSJ (158) ?Jjljd,I ^5^ AuhjilLluujSU <xLUl| ljc. I .b o t (51 ...(157) m -cirCH^CHOl 1 1 r l — = 2k, JCH3CHO] + kj (k, /k6)2 [CH^CHO]1 J«" JUljull niI ^.I/.r 1 \ k ^, A*..j i k=k2 (k,/k6)2 ■ S JjAiil CiIjlaJvlI jjJl 5i(jLflJ I "LaLtd(j JJjilt (JxljLa I hy ; "(Jll!! <5^1x11 ij-lc- J op A, exp (-E; /RT)2 kr = A2 cxp (- Ei / RT} ...(159) .e x AscXp[-E;/RT cxp E; + l(Er-Ej) ....(160) RT w w (a, kr = A2 -L w : ^ ijKJl yixill ^Udl ^ ^tULj E'=E>i(E;-E;) 061) S^UiJ <JUill ^JLLJIj , 0^ / ^ jU 332 ^ UljiiVI S^Liit 311x111 350 Cil . E2 "UuX 32 kJ / ^£jLalI Lfj) ( Eo 3 n j ft i_iLui tv ; jjJLilK E i E i_iLij«». jAj~ai\ j^Jfc (3I"mI. ill I ^1 I Ljalii!) I t lIlS id LLwjjSU tjJJi AH j-ixi "5 jl I CjIuiLiI "Ca-iS ^Jc. J io.-^'i (161) 3JjlitII ^ (jAajxilLj < mole E* =32 + -1 (332 - 0) = 198 kJ / mole & -242- Nadher Alshamary UL^i\ (iXllSL.) J • J^LilJI jja •Lc.l^.jJL^I (jiaj r>."i 11;1 ^j) njj i|KC103 j jiij i L*4j-uj JcLilli i'hSj i j iA-v.\U jj...■.■£ 1 (jjLi 4>?j • J-^LUII l ljik,( IjJ JljJ.1 Jjjj.i,i jit gs po t.c o iltlij jIjahV) j- "^"11 m . < i Aa^'m Sjl^a. 2 KCIO3 (s) M''0^ 2 KC1 (1) + 3 02 (g) hcni . 41JL*II fji o^Lilll ijrt ■ A V >iij,-v '. tljlxl,! ■ .. pi j^K ^jAj-uTu Jvl-- WI (161) j.<.u]l jji jLiaJI J^UJI i_u$_i ! ji.aJ.1 jjc Jcliltl jjc. i_tjlIjLuw idLxu jL^tl Jc-UaJI : iJ 111 I JljljiiU ]>l j.6.6 Y < X i^ljjj^, j^u p-jL^iiL ■'•h'-' > XY .b o X+Y : >XC > XY + C op XC + Y If* (j* (162) (163) jL«=JI J^UJI (ji iiaiUI < . jtiaJI JxLtll jJS C (jl >■ — . (^jAl Sj-a <-cilj2JLuil .e x jji-a-J 1-1-4IS /t^-1 I "(-IJI 6jJ.«-io (;i.c5> <1 I jLuill (j^J SjL*JI ^-4j , Jc-LilJI Jc-LilJI Ic-j-oj SjLj (jJI 4543J w (jl 1 ■ w ijJc w Jc-LAjJI 4 Jj-i (jjSj , la-tuliuVI .-■>! r I a'K ls^i\ JjcLilll I" ■■"'■"!I UUo JoLoijVf ^ lilJj jjie. Jliilj < < ■.. l\ oiLtLiJIll >-t'i 1.0 jn jLi-^JI oJi 1 ^IAj , ^2^(6) ^ < ^jLoV) (^LaJLt,! j ° -Ijj <jjLiJ) : iJljJI HjUaJJ L*jj uUjj 600°C jic. jjilj 2 Jil U^i .tin lilia jfc. JctilU AH 1 j mt'i jjjfc jAaJll JalilU AH JcUllI Sjl^k (j-«UV( JtlilJJ ,U_iui'nl I liLLi <j Jij 2 . i-uCJI SjJaaJI jl 4,mil J »<• jjjijj < Jp I all I I ji^ll JJX, jLuill (j-a < t.i.ft'i jJt < j ■ n't,*]I Ci>Lc.tilJI ^Jc. jliajl A>i;iN20 Jt\jI ji=JI JtUllI jjU hy x+c ^ ^ j,l ^2 (e) ^ ^2 (g) Sj(alt ^LoLi. (164) -243- ■ — ' . — * N20(e) ^ ciljioi. (jJc >a! JJC JnUaJI " (i65) > N2(g) +0(g) I Nt , 0 ljjj J''1^1 Ji £yj .".I ~.il .--."H a--. ■"'■ — 1 "Lfilia jLiJI , JJLUJI JaUsIl ^ LiS : NjO CS-A^ f 0 <e)+N20(B> 1 <1 (5J^' >N2(g)+02(g) oj ' -2 ....(166) ?■"'"'a csj^' jl*. ^1^11 OPJ m pii 240 yJI J—uaj jt—aj.1 JJC. J-fililll Ij^J Inj iti'l'tl <14110 (jj J_o.j jSj , Lul^j i-^i.n (juolj (UJa_ti(j • J-H/uUe- JtLilll liUujjj i jlc £ya iLjiS < ^a-v> iJ^lajll li^J ^-< gs po t.c o LAILL^ IjIUM ^lUJl ftjjh : tJLllI cilptkll ,^-4 iillj i^i < (_>•»■■> At I i JjLuJI jl...l I jjt i <3-jJ Sic. — ] jpSl oljj c l2(ii > 2 Cl(g) 2 N20(e> + 2 a(6) j-o .b o . N2O > 2 N2 (g) + 2 CIO(g) : > Cl2{g) + 02 ^ hy 2 C10(e) op (jj54j i Sjji.Vl SjlaAJI p ?j 11 sfJ I "GJU^^lj i C1 ,>» ^o1 .e x cJj Lfltl w , * iiia'i oilfcliLllI i,,a'"<• £yi w oljjp. l^-JA (jio"h <pa£. jlp>Vlj . jUPI J^UJI w 5^J.a.."u,J. I iCxjiV I p — J 111 I (Jj.-luj .... (167)" ciLAll itj.1 i Al i CIO J^ ''"■ — 3 (168) |Cl2j oljU^H ^ . paJ.1 jjc JcLilll iaiAHJI <5Uo jj-o Jil jlj-oil * iptdl (jl ,U-vblj gr3W (jAi ' (2N2 , 02) ^ JtLUJI li^J - p-=P' Jc,LilU ,lnj i^inil JJKJI JAUjj — 2 j'i i ■OV ! jL^ 140 1^1 iJ-«l*J! Cx£i ^ I j-f- j-iPl p In III j^Jc. JaliuJi — ^"1 ill I * n. a 11 ^ la l^^-J CIO i jLiaJI ' jLiPl f^-'" yic. ■Ual&i.l I** 5 If I all I i SI-., ^.VI pJlj I^jl jnpl) ^IpAVI J^Li. plill p jjujl.^lll jp. pPI I <-aLPI iPjLiil ^ ^llSjll Jojljjll L|4V° (p *1 .' ^Aj ' (p-PI jCUl OLIJJ^-) jLiPl C^"4 tp" (j10 ijl I-fP ^)J-rwj . ijllxoP I irjLSpi p 64_j^.pl l>Ajoj . yjjpSJyi ijjjpll p CiIjp"> ajl "U Cil4jp4J ijJjaJj f w c^Uill o>ULL1 t Ea , r - . Ha,f Z exponents . « Z Coeff = Z exponents * . Z Coeff < Z exponents -247- ^ -: •U4_}J I - ■ .i.. - Jtlill k —)l I cjjIJ CI I — -J . sec"1 « , liti'e2 mole"2 sec"2 * . litre mole*1 s"1 : * — Jc-lilJI jjII ^ill i oxxft^ 2 0, •Vm >3 0,■i(i> : iJlall £ j^uaJ! jjc. l..a" I \ I Is jAu m . Rates C ... 1 gs po t.c o M Ka [03 ] . Rate = o2l . Rate = Ka [Os]2 N k,,!' ^jUkVl L^UlJ! yjl*]. .b o ; w w ^ ^.jUcuJl * •TaITW * . In [A]0/[A] » ^ 33^UJI (jU I 3UjiiiiH .e x jjjii jxjlj/ajll w : op hy ■ w'lir 5j^iJ l*JJ — (J , Jlilijll — ^jllAtll Stj-MJ * ■ ijtlilll I itjjjj * , (Jc-lilJI > jikjLua!lll 3c.j-tu * ^ ella s-niil JiSj . Julilll ^ Sjl^vll c.^1 ~ 2 S ijc. Liu) I <£,__jiU 5jI^JLO Jjij ^laaa i jU - 3 ? Jf IatH __)■■■' -UAj JtUli! <]jLxtl (j^j (3_>ilf la — 4 f ^' ^b\ IjLb — 6 ? iJJj - 248 - l-L^J < JtUlII j5i Lb — 7 Nadher Alshamary SjL»-5C!l (LSwISja) iJTj iSy. ^UjjiVI L-8 ^ JcLflj]) > C2H4 + 2 KBr + K [l3] Js* 0.500 0.500 0.500= 1.800 7.200 1.80 = culi/jV^ 0.810 1,080 0.27 = C2H4 Br2 jjSp KI . JiiLilll .iaj ^ jjjjla Aa-jl m C2H4Br2 + 3 KI A+B gs po t.c o JclilU- 11 ^•C-hD ; jjii A >G + D G+B >C J^-Uill JJXO laA. Jjl J^.J 2*.. U ■ 4juj4JI w w w .e x op hy .b o *1 Jr. till I ui i'i ^U Lo -249- w w hy op .e x w .b o m gs po t.c o gs po t.c o m Nadher Alshamary cjIJi>-JJI ^ c^Uilillj ^bljU ^ J^^J! 4 .b o Jyisai Ji^^l u-Li 4 ^iJI oL-U (jljjJJl oU;;.kj 4 Aftiljjd Oi?*-J 4 hy f-lil L5ip op J-^sOiijiaj S^Uil 4 w w w .e x J^\JA}1 ^^Lk^-Vi Syjb-a 4 ^UJ^l L^UL! 4 Li^l :UiLLJ1 s^Jl 4 ^'ylf L^i- 4 LjLiLLI 4 J>ji . olp JJL-^J Ajbu-I 4 w w hy op .e x w .b o m gs po t.c o Nadher Alshamary ; A ^ A ty ■LAJLIIi < <-IJLu... 11 pL^ai , ^Lx^l i tiUj ^4 4-u^ai ci >«i JjjJq ^ pL^ai liiLtUjj ( ^JIAII jSTcjj j jjjLaJ,! <ji.i i: ijia« ^AIjJOJI j^ia lj uua" -Lu_^-SJI pUx-iai * ■ • (j-4 I i 45^' (jX-ujj Cil^fiVl "Gxa-U |_fj Vi'ill {AJ iA« i ^x CiUjjVl Lflj Lu^ai plj nj^ll J^l ykillj . I J>Iaitj ■ jlj'tll Jixajll • cx?- rel="nofollow">4^ w .e x op hy .b o ollage Sourc S^AUUIJ gs po t.c o Electron flow j m u" ' "D ' Lijl (j^j 4 ^j^ai jLpJl jj^o o' U^1 U^1^1 : o| <s^' • (i-8) jai : I ^.'«.»■* AiMjtJIj Aju^SUI ofjua-^Jf ' oLulj^jSJ^I JJLax ^jlc. |»jl jj^jLS . E 4xjAiixJ.I ixiljl Sjill w w ^ loa flow f E "r" Lj^ia LauIJJ (1) L R j ( cJjillj E j < _)JJxV) oI Ja.>j I cuxxjl . UAiil j-iLxl Cy cJx J^la-p lUl ^jiaJ jiJUy Sixp.lj i_Mli SJI oj^xl lj] ^1 pL^fSJI O-x-S JA i -253 - , ^ytiLaJ-a n 1 4.45 ^ijuj 106.3 "ll^a i4_^»C. jJt : . jijl OiJj Ujlaii > iajlli J^U. J ^ a^.lj CJji!! JAXB! Ja.lj 6jj5 JLJ jl>«y fO^OI C»UaJI Jlj Jj> ■<_> ajAi jLu jjjLu Jijjj ^pJI < ^ail <_> ^ ^Ujj . s Askjyi Cy t Cyj (j^ I Q m •^ (2) gs po t.c o Q= 11 .(^bljliJl ifAjjSjj • 96.500 ^ I ol^jijjiiyi PLJ^IJ : ri i {Leg 15" II JLu^JLII oLLiLsm^ ^fjljU uJ^JLS . oLjj^n L-aSj (jjj . •Lajjjlj L n. II I CSJ?-' 6 j-4 H-XculjJ .b o : c^bbUS aj'V! O^lill xjUoiVI ait (liAu_>lLI jlJ JtLij ^ ?Ji.ljll SjU.1 it»S jjl a>iai JMA. SjU) ^ op m o= Q m oc U .e x m =zll i ...i...I'.'ii c^jdi>* z . cilt t Sal jj-^1 I W jbj jjj-0 ^' ijUajii a«^' w •. 171 = 2 0,0(1=1) I (1=1)0}^ Ojicj. aj>W jLp jir* '• w 6 J. 5^ hy Lij^lo Luuiljj m '■^ cr'b^1 ^ OaiA < jjJaSfl UJL^. w 3,"... ij, uJi^' u-4 , cjjjil I ....1-- ^[xn 4-uo+i,f <> apO" ' Sa^b <^L. ji Joj-LAJI jl SjljaJf 5^ja a'jll u'ju' o"* ^ a^bJI li» 0^i . jfjil ijfl <jilH,l ul^Vl j-« Oajl> Jc. 'L^io . SaUil ^jill o^' cf4 ' JJl— ^ oSjll 00 ; uJ-ill -254- ^ oi SaUl <> dy Nadher Alshamary »—JlVy^xjl ►L»_S3l (_gl i iuLtajSJI ollilS-il f-n I_lj uLlj JjjtS]) jk: direct curreni source 0 © o gs po t.c o <—Ae' No, Cu *. so,1 H2O Cnlhodc .b o Calhodc 2 2H20_+02(g) + 4 Ag{s) H,0 Ktf.i anode Ag' + c" _ m ■KS- i op . jjulaJI .e x : cLuit^-'l I c^Lijji yic Cu2+ + 2e w w 31.78 = w Jjia-1 tjLLiSVl Je.liill Cu • Ag+ + ejj^ll jj, 3..iAali 2H20 — rel="nofollow"> 02 (g) + 4H1+4£' hy 4H + 4-e" Cu ' +2e' Cu(s) anode ; (6) (jjLjj uijUjJIj Jtliilf I jjs 63.56 2 ^ 2 i-iUSH Jclij > Ag djj-" ■ 3^^' dlii jjl ijiuxj • 'UAill (jit <jAiIlj Jaii lo^lj JjiaJ.! ^ La] (7)" .A~u Jtlilll Ijjb j| .'-..-. 107.89 jJxa I^y. ojJoA ijja All a4 i_iAaJ( otjjjf • ^lj^l.314 j)jl 4uiij ^jjJI (l):Jli—• ^ 5j*iJ( Cuti jlu ,jjj alj jSUj is* j±4j . ujJhjJI SjUf <^iJ! L kdl J -siji t ;J ' All el.,* + 3c" > An + 4C1' , , 1.314 gm An moles of An = ——£— 197 gm / mole i—i-AjJI i'i»jI i~\ jij S\r. = 6,67 x 10 •' mole Au 3 mole electron Q = (6.67 x 10' ^ mole An] x mole Au m = 2,00 x 10'" Faraday , = Q/,= i - 3.22 Amperes 1 600s gs po t.c o (2.00 x 10'2 p) (96,500 C/F) : (jJjjJK 1 oLij|_>a5JV Li 4\-mJI r>1 (jjljiil ^5,11 i_iLji.n.'iI jjc, SjLix. . jjjj—lil elLntl Joj.'u JJJLJII IiAj < SjjAa. (_5__>A| jjSLoI jLj-ill . a j 1" <jj . tilLail S-ilfiJI Jj-a Cil\j>iiJy I ia-Qj / <jLob-LuJI 4jL^lJ I ^ dlitull ^ hy ?^ .X* u* obj^VI ciLLfj ^ op ! JLJI "LLLljll otjjjjSjyf JjAj Jjj-a {jj liu-a. I ^^4^1 JjlillL (j-tLj-ua Lj iiUjo.VI . ^LL ^illj i Ladk. . JLfi SJJIJI JbU- ^^11 jLpI' fjalj (^1 D^iAla dfa. ^>-6 (I) w (1) »jdJi Jxai . cAjl (1) ajji (jjj-Ji tj-® J>^- 3^' w ,> jaja ijjj Joaa j_o ^Uoli vJiLLiVI cJjAll csyLuSj - 4JUJ( SJ^J ^ ^ #0J4SJ1 ■_■!_■ ■■■• I jtLuj 1 JaV < tilLull ^ w ^ jyJI Uf^ll I J^la jiaj jij uLo^jl (jxi .e x . ((jjSa JjLu ■_■! > ■■■'ilj ^j-i^ j5»l I jLjjII ilL=JI b'xt (ji .b o olijjjjilVl U( jfcJI x jl^b' . jjAi,! ivja (Jj (ji o^j aSj . jUJI jylijj oljjyjSl^l . _a4 U-lOdl iylia j)jj2 j-a ojljiAVI 6.i> Ji-laly « 3^' Cf® olaubll iljljlAVI : Electrolytic Conduction JJ^Q-O tj'.tj- j< '(ja «u valku J.l..^ylt[ J+iia '. Sj-sJI oLyjVL Ja^agJJI «Q3^aJJI J-a^Jl Jxaaya ^ jtil jUlli . CilljUA-iliW Nadher Alshamary i-jL^1 Jila-iil liUjj i (3-8) (j-o I J i I/sjjJI . ( CJUJJVI Li, lUc /jAj ijjjLucJI vb laiS i 0 gs po t.c o 0 m direct current source C( Na Na UJr-l .b o c .e x t_>->J<|1J <.L-> ilili jn «J (^jJ) i oUj-uLS (jLfl • oLjjjJ Jjji-j Ca^ojil "tJaJI j ' ■— " ' . u-wjll ^5-JVI I_IU»1I S i'I . « .'Cll . a I',..-VI f sUu^tu yJDLij (8) jje LJLJI Oaj_jiSJ I Cibjj) JxuStlLy >Cl2+2e' : ^llJK "tjl-^ll NaCl(I) JLajLl > 2Na : 2CI' oLajLH^JI L_itlt«aVI jjp ^Vl .ilt Lo| , LjJIjjjLa-l w i C>Lj_>j^( jJaij w i_ilnflj| I ^j^jJ.1 ijajjf «i, j tlLj . ..t -■ 'it a (oLjj-uV I) JjjjJSJI CjCj^I I Lai < (^jjlill) w Ji.fl "mi J_jjLiil j'tf .fl . anode ►Cis+le" Jd-L'H : (3 - 8) Jiii. ylLtJI t-iUtH <J-=>.U 'La-jj 2Na+ + 2e' 2C1" op • (^a hy Cathode Na + e" ►Na + (9) JtlilJl ^Jc. 2Na(l) + Cl2(g) ( ujlLaVl jit oiUiLii)! ^ao«jj (10) " -257 - ^UJI J^ill ,■ <-■ 11 Jjill ^LliV "Ujl I wLij_jK i—al.tA i i l->4 "^'>A i-al I JjdA-a (jjiij i 600 C jic "ill \ 11 ^jAJLui^j «" ^all 4 |1 •. «11 ^ a a j i^xlI Jjjj K jl^ ^ajl ■ ^o._) jJ I hXA AJC. '• cr^JJ^V JjxajjII (Ji£. Sj^ll J-olj*!! < CJIJJJVI j^ju^SiVI Jxt4ajlll OAIVU . CtljJjV I tj-iJ ujlaall 6^ ^1 J . otjjjVI 5jjlio (2) . i-wii) jj—la jkjA' ■ Iilj , Jj.-i-ojjJI jlvljj (^1 ! Sjlj_aJI . <jl jj,l SjUI m J.lL->,3J I ■Ctiftfc jvLfUJ J.ir,J . ^.illUlj j n.nb^Jl : (J!La i JaL.ViH SjJjji ^a^LiC j li A.r>a! 4_^_lLii_o gs po t.c o Lpljjj'xl I L^vjLill ol^JjVl |ja iLuo_0 I i_iLk3V! OiLeLia 4 r. :.I 1 jttlu i I^iti ol^jjf ■llj--v-"n < "Cj-O-Lj f' • Lajjjufl ', I - j"'!'1— ■ '■ lai-SU [jl aUI ^1 [j^oj t ^jLo Jcu^j jjpfl Jjl"* I I il£i (J-Ic. i,.n I/ill . L^ia ^jUalU JojoJ,! Jjl-> 11 I jlc- i-jl-laSl J>=hj (y® tJj!">■''H elll >H2{g)+20H7 jjiill aLil (jj» oji (12) i Ij-a. >, ft_i ci^IjlhSII <= LLI : hibJ\ 3ijU-ail .e x (13) : »H++OH- w (11) cii.Lvj »H30++OH- 2H20 (14) : ^ LS p Ul JK»"I ijc- 4aoLjJI lj;i^.jjJ:»4JI objft JjHij w w H20 % JljLLi op ULlU . 25"C jit 2 x 10' hy 2c-+2H20 CJIJJJI .b o > Na (Jjta-jJI ^Lfl < 4^VI •Lj^a.U oJLuJI oLjojjSJI oUjjI jjji c' + Na+ (^) 2H20 ^ 2H+ + 20H" (15) 2c" + 2H+ >H2(g) (16) ; Ubll ^jHI ^^Jc. 2c" +2H20 . 4JLJI >H2(e)+20H- (16) ( (1 5) (17) ol^fl ojiy ( Jjillll Jit allt Jljii.1 <>• gii; -258 - Nadher Alshamary »U_SOl S04 JJJUI Jt-t-lll : (jitlK JtliiJI 2S04"" i jjAVI ait SJ-UJSVI •uLit iia^i ai'i^Ti Lait ^^itl oIjjjaSJI SamSl < ^jiVI "Uswli > 2S04 + 2e" ; (18) ' •^ji^l •ii'1 JlujSljj (^1 (_Jjh sUI jjU la^J LS Jtliill jjjLjill J^itill >02+4H++4e- 2H20 (19) . I i.i^i.ftLa. lJUaJU .U.t.-t 1.1 Jjl-vl I jj^ja dilij—iiSU Jalxi iiia_:xj ( cioLA tjUaii 114-kjj i a^jjVI ait ^jjaj...^ll iJjl-» 1 jt..SHI jit att>^ii ij (j^ll JiKlill lal, : 201" —> CI2 (g) + It Cathode : 26" + 2H20 (20) gs po t.c o Anode m ; jjXi LoS j j tjjj i o Ljjjj Li! I > H2 (g) + 20H- (21) : jjjiJjhdl g,.ita.J 2H20 + 2Cr > H2 (g) + Cl2 (g) + 20H- ; ^lill JtUill < jSoj ja*j jja i^lijji jjj (ij-it-j > H2 (g) + Cl2 (g) +2(Na+,OH-) jLiJ / . yJt J.^i j.® (jAfVl iwiiLsJI (jj LaS i jjoULa. jjjJ&a jjj (jaLaiJf oli-i^jS .ljil->.t op JaLx-iij . S04" • cLy^lb Cu2+ d^L^ill oLi^l ,> .e x Ja Anode w Cathode :2(2e-)+2ar+ w w JjlrwaJI 02 (g) + 4H+ + 4e' : 2H20 — (22) < IjO-wm "UUjJUJI AOJ) j ■"' »~j hy i" Ojuj . jjKJI jltj .b o 2H20 + 2(Na+ , Ci") ij* jjiii ,. 2Cu2+ + 2H20 jLijjVl 5lSi JaLxJj jaiaLa. (23) >2Cu(s) , . " — (24) : (jjiljlull F-ar.j > 02 (g) + 2Cu (s) 4-4H+ eJtanta-ill OJj^ (j® (25) JjlailI L»5 : (Xa CI" . Cu2+ Anode : 2Cr Cathode; 2e" + Cu2+ ——— Cu 2+ + 2Cr > Cl2 (g) + 2e' (26) > Cu (s) (27) ——— > Cu (s) + a2 (g) - 259 - : jjilalxU (28) o fj | jjfc iJJj ^ iA ."i ij i l_iI UtV I oiL£.Lij 1 |j| "t—i.n. t'l < (4-8) Jiii I (juLajjl (^4 ijj jlai (j-U i Uai t < (jL <-r>.Vl -k 'ill ot—tjjl.~».l. jjJj .^11 J jl->-"li jAc CU'+ dxuiLaall ; ^Jj La^ Cu'-' + 2c' (jA) (29) ^ Cu (s) I ivLm^Vl Ji-linj i-iVI (1) 2S04" I 4ajlj Jn.JJ < JJJVI Sir. ■ >S20R--+2e- (30) + >02(g) + 4H +4e2+ > Cu + 2e" (32) gs po t.c o (3) Cu (s) (31) m (2) 2H-,0 .b o diiccl current smircc Cu 2- ^.2 + Cu hy 2- Cu Calhndc .2T+ 2e + Ca' ► cu (s) w w w .e x op SO4 Sj| . (juLiJJI Cy u.\4^a a ^ Jj^UUl) C^bjal tSA f OaJLiai^j I ^JoSli SoU idi yi I 4>lV( SJU LXJS-I Cu (s>JJM itua. ! tJic. anode Cu2+ + 2c" : (4 - 8) Jidi ^ (v^' t_ili^ jjuUjS ^Uall Cil^Jl : alii. ^ ^LCill S^X* Jji=d3 UJJJQII LU^' . 4^1 ,jjjK S-^2ll ._,Ut . »AILuaiJLi FiUJI yii I 3kJij]l ylkiVl - 260 - Nadher Alshamary ; j(_ijJ) Ji,^-iji ^Jc, SJLII ijji-ij <—uj^ II LAJJJ jljVI kJ^jlLa ol^J J uj^u UU 1 Lajlill I_^liis {jC. SjLf-t i) j u i" <) > Jl J-i-ua^JLlf <_ojLLo L^J j^lll SJLLI Jjj-ojllfj . l^JLyULe ^-o L.ui5>r ejiulxu f—1 \ ohm j ojjli Cy*j (33) R=Y (34) m ^ = IR ^ R C ■ (^= IV ) i=J>S aa.(j J4^il (^JLau U^ic ( (I) jLlO f (j,.-,IVi'ln <-j-i-aj C1I34A J4£. jLnll 4L^k-j I (jiXl'i 1 404 . uJjSjj .b o ' (d) CxfliJ iiLiill j_a UbuSjCj (A) (j^JaS)! ^ ~ ^V .e x op lAildaj K ilulolI 4 AJ8 J-aLoj i (^^) Jii^jlJI jJi K ■ ..■■I"!I liulj ji'ajj . ^u (d) RiUnllj 2ji^.l iyA (A) ; ^Uull . (k ) 9JAJ1 ojIJ Lfiij — luliJI 4BICII i_a_>*JJ a : j.cjl f) J j H^IJT H (jiiL-S 4J K 4-n.j.fl 4J ijj^j (_J jll Jjl-. 1,1 4_<)jLi_fl ^JUL5j 4 I J,' "t I (juI v fll ! 4JI0JI <404)1 4 > lA H ^uifi ^ t-»jj , 4 11A f | w w I La 4 jl-> (jj •3' hy Conductance = "^- = -y- uoLota, (jSLajj w K k=Y (j| liui-aj < C5d^-j 0' Jilalll ! 4 <1 All jljul ■ W" A.I i Jjl-. 11 Ji. -»j~t t at) A . j : -jP'"" ^0^001 JJ^Lb jLu |> 1.1 A." . ,.l . iji.-^jtll oLouLlS Ijoio L-tiIIIJ dS y>^(j ' i—itlaiV I cOtcUj jjjlj 4a,l 1 im |*_o LJj—L= 1—t■.ijlio-i Jj—i-otllI jjl ijjSj Ladoc. —j (35) gs po t.c o Conductance = 4- = — (37) JoxayoJI ^IJ 4-dlaJl ftdA ^4 <J-OLAII <^JLA1( (jioo ■LilAH liulo 4_ijjU4jj olo-aLS (jU (SjljaJI CiLa-jJ 1—SitliwL (jUJlao ^joJI Joooajlll JLllLj •UJLAI) . Ajjlj Sjlj^ <=wjj doc ; A ^LSUI J * U"^ CSJ*3^ ' lH1 j*-?-1*) Lajjoj 4iLJ.I (joolal (jjU -261 - 4jL ^aKil Jooapll tl juLl^ _>ju JA*i i JJIAJ,I lull CiLyAjVlj oUjjjliJI Jit Jj-lojj 1 CITl'^ liiJj i ol jil K (jj liwA-j < <JLJI i^jlj=..tjilI JJCj •U^jll CiLla^JI 1000 K ^JLOJ JjlnJ,! A=i^lii J-a-fj _jl] (1) Jitiajj (jli ' •uitltl oIaa-jII i^'G A (jli lit '. jjI Jit C)L®I_>aJI J>it ^yA) ' (38) ' jj-A N il^-v cm2 / ohm equivalent . m : ( 2 ) Jls 63.3 ^JUUJJ Lfj'l iTjJAJ < KC1 ^ 0.02N J^ta-aj SpjLdl jAi^ltl "Uia. 4-ojlL» (I.I Injfl Oijlill Culi .0.05N ■LjjjI j r "t I n al I CjIjjj J^la-w M-oJ L.njjf j . 25 c 78.5 gs po t.c o J. . 2.768 X lO"3 ohm. cm ^ KCl ,> 0.02N , 0.5N OJJLC. liljjj JjlaJ. jyyill Jitajlll >. II'IIA I (1 ) iL R jA k IJAtl Cut (i ) hy k = .b o t JjJiJ.1 li^J Jjilit,! Jjj-cjlJI "LaJifi La _ 0.4520/cm = 5:}6 >< 10-3 /ohmcm .e x k op K = k R = (2.768 x 10"3 ohm cm) (163.3 ohm) = 0.4520 / cm : (jjii < 0.05N 4ijjljc < iu^JI oljii JJITVJ. 78.5 ohm 1000k N / . W w = w . w jlOOO cm'Vlilre) (5.76 x 10"3/ohmcm) 5.00 x 10'2 equivalent / litre = 115 cm2/ohm equivalent , Aj^ia 25 aic. AjllIjjiSiyi JJUJl AiiliJl -262- ^ (1-8) Jj-iaJI Nadher Alshamary p-U-Sat JJULl A ^il£il o>L^>UI : (1 - 8) 2 .cm /ohm equiv. ofaa.jJL 25°C Electrolyte 0.001 0.010 0.100 NaCl 126.5 123.7 118,5 106.7 KC1 149.9 147.0 141.3 129.0 BaClj 140.0 134,3 123.9 105.2 CUSO4 133,0 115.2 83.3 50.5 gs po t.c o 0.000 ±4A.LX1 jic, Aq Sjda-a -Uui ^jJI f 4-ilL»-fl ** Cilj « i'C m Concentration equivalent/litre (jLuaJLu NaCl J>lal '^Kll UJ^i '~'i ^ ■ CjI^jVI ^xi i, ''I -> '11 . ■ i.... i S LUUi_a bJaaj oUJJVI (jjSj , ijL^VL wiiiij Jicj , SJlxx jjii JlaJ.( lilijjVt iii I ''la".i»n 5aa^ ujjI . '..*-'-^11 CU^JJ-iSJjU (oi:) (jjdtl J (juLti jijio yj-a-j LoS liKilll yjljLa 5jIjS! hy op ^ CIL1;3-^^ '• > >^^111 ^ ia-ljlil •yiKIl Jwspllj , it. '■ las. SjJJ^a (jjii Lfj] ^ Aq ul w V (41) JJXoJu JJjj , ^^sJI w f (40) « = A/ Aq Aq iilflVU tJjJLLj Sic. 'jjilill iAljiall ftiAj . ^ir. Jj.^-vll A< A . i j»j . 5iAj.-U.a (jjSi <jjU. o!3jSj2 X*. JJU-J Jj-uajiJI ^ oj £.■>' iJ^L^J.] '■ w JJJUJI jjjtil! JIQJ ^jJI '^iKLI 6JjU1I iLll jbjj jicj i 3jL^jVLa ui i aA" aic % 100 (jjU ojl—JUjfcl .e x *^•^*11 J 1|i ■r.ui Ije. (39) cuIXH^J^U ; L-ftjaAlU SjLjj tAj^j 4jjL«JI ylfl dlljJ ^Lo i a.. ,A ■■'.,j<1~ I dUlaJI ^ H30+ +CH3COO- H20 + CH3C00H - J_l, II oL-wLki JiLu .b o : jljjj urf^ ■ ■tj-J.-'.All cJju-^li|U Ao .1" ^lal ...I ^ ^■.-^■,11 : Ujjl^AII ol^Jxh^V IjU ; Jit 1-ajtt.AI Xul Icj+uj {JZJ; : JUll Jlill ^ lillj l^io yjSli ^1 , oUjAO ^kilSLLI oiLu-ajlil -263- J-14JI ; ^ : UW 25°C S^Aq (3) JU 426.2 enr / ohm equivalent HQ 91.0 cm2 / ohm equivalent NaCo H3 O2 126,5 cm2/ ohm equivalent NnCI S 25'C .itf. HC2HJO2 liMiil (jAn-wi AQ 'UJULO Ao (HC2H30,) = An(HCl} + A()(NaC2H302) - Ao (NaCl) gs po t.c o = (426.2 + 9!.0 - 126.5) cmVohm equiv. = 390,7 cm2 / ohm eqiuvalent la.jj U . 5,2 cnr/ohm equivalent ^ HC2H302 ^ A 5,2 cnr/ohm equiv. A)) 395.7 cm2/ohm equiv. op = 0.013 w .e x I .3% ^ w JJLa^. . dJj ^ w SfjjJZJJUJ. : UtlK iJSiiJI : 0, 1 -CujUc. eLJaJI t_)Aa--K O f. JJljjJAJ JQ L>. 'yitsil 4 '^aJ ' . k >>jlLi <J >jij • j! Jjj . JUjj I lUUII) JUa yJ] D jj Aq j'u UJc.« hy ©c = 0.1 JjLU .b o •i 390.7 cm2/ohm equivalent ^ eUiJI i-1 m sJ • 0 01 - (1) D , 0.1 D . ID . La.jj aic. Jj-LJ.1 l>3|^uj 1 ^ qj-aj-* ' <> 4:u ^ O-0 J>« ' ■M' -264- Nadher Alshamary :(R)MC&-(2) < (jj" 1 ii'jj-* SjJqISj ujLUSI Lfj < : (jl Oaj . _R_ bd jjAi->"i« JJj" « ^LJ » u2- Cy ^ gs po t.c o ^ju^Uj "GLjjj j±C. I m i <-ULJ J£J 5jijj 2000 — 1000 jAi o-4 ilyu-uill JA^JIJI Sjlaji ?Jjl*-tt . LU^I iajHo ^ R JLACI . a_ rel="nofollow">irxli (5-8) (Jiii w w w .e x op hy .b o K cd ifj • : (5) Jli—» 3468.9 L^-j-^jLa—», 25°C jic. 1000 ^ KC1 {y. 'yiLSLa ^a. 1 ^^ir, ^j . IA Sjli ^jLj-a 0.1 tjjl->-n. 25 C jic. ^0.012856 (Jjl-v a.II yjyjJl j. .^.j ")i ■ ("ij' 4573.5 I^XnjLLa I I j ...ai 4 il^. f I (jioj <0) (ia. JA-W. alii Jjaaijj) 5^^411 (j-A jit , iljU.! ._.■■■ ^ I (LoVl Ji- <^>111 olliW^^ ; k.-.U SJL.^ cb^1 ^^ CtUxfabj 03^ (SJ^I iW^b ' H2S04 ' hy u^O-Vlj eLdiil HI aLuiUi Ujit .b o 1 0.1 Jjlai) o\ HN0 3 ' 1101 O?. Ojiilll OH ^ l^1 An '^1 .e x li$j. op ^1. (6-8) J14. aW- SJUJ, U^Ji ^^ • illil ' ^OhV Lo w w jijijjJ. Cj^u, i]jL*Il 6^ ^ ■ "J1-*1* . olijjjlSib ^OjjuStl (jbAO (42) AQ = Aa+ + ^ ^ yA^Vl J^^il L^ X-d . Xo , olbAU ^jStlmll w Kholorowshi's Law for independent migration of ions . -266- ^ Nadher Alshamary 4) Q i <§ u _ 1 gs po t.c o m I ■«> H o •—■ Dtr OJ .1 I L J L 0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 Vc f : (6 - 8} JSji moles ionised ((jjllJI 4i.jj) ^ = total moles .b o K" 73.52 .e x v, JjinjllI : (2-8) ions K op ions hy , 25'C jic <»LfjV L >jjc. ( (43) v cr 76.34 50.11 | Bf 78.40 s O •§ o Lr 38.69 NOs' 71.44 If 349.82 g .2 § V2 SO4 — 79.80 w w w ^ Na4" 0 (jjk JJC. i JjiKll J j i AJJJ I ljM j ni^tl (jjSj (^\ lijc. : iil^jVLa i.,jjc. A moles ionised [ (44) total moles -267- — — .yWl J^iJl ojLJ i—il I !■ "i- jj-i in'i (oc) <S ujl..'.'i.a rel="nofollow">l SSjjJaJI aj-ft I i_ax*_iAll ^^Jc. ^jlau Jjj^p jjuLiia A ^ilill Ja-i^ijlll : jjl .W'I HA ^o-^ila J "CAJJVI (JAIA^AU UAUIJIJI i■ ^I^A!I L^jLuja. (jfUti i Aj) < jjAAaJt A,, = xu1' + XA~ : (6)Jl5 i ;) H A«..a.j i -1 . 25°C ^ohm . J Ja 11 = "X tni.cooNii 126.45 ■ 426.16 - 91; m.1 h^iL '-.aja-w"! Ale, ^Kll X cHjCOO" ^nhci=^n#^ +XQa. = 126.45 ohm"1 L ia.jj I_Im-w I " chjCOO-+X'0N^ 0 10 , A Na hy a. + V ^ HCl ~ X % 0 q. A N#a op ^"ai^OOH =^0Clt,C()ONa +X .b o => 0 0, +A ^ Na* =91,0olim ^"mci - ^"ir + ^0a- =426.16 ohm"1 ^Ci^COO- i r»l I oM^J m '-^l I gs po t.c o <_»_> a " ulc. « .e x = 91.0+ 426.16- 126.45 w = 390,71 ohm"1 ■ 3j1+i^ (-«>.ajaVi jjt iiLlsJI yAui^J 390.71 ohm ' w w , 250C jAi. : cUI ^ ^b^UI 4,-^ > -».iJ.M ^5LjV) i-ubgi <>4^ , SJcu-.-.-o Uf^ko OJ'1^ uj^'J ' P ^S ' yii : ^ .1.1,1 J>k-4J A Cl . s- ' BaS0 uM" ^ J-■ 1'' 4 J'u •'Ul Cr^1 J^u^UII ^ K . jJll ■ °,aA~ jit A0 = iMi 8 " uU^u^jlll ^ Ag ILLIS ' ^OOK ' S AJJJS Xa-JJU uiiail JjkJ.1 (45) (46) Ag -268 - '■H* Nadher Alshamary . iluL^ll ■ ■«" "(jjj ' 11 iy Aq llijfi I j] : (7) Jli—* K< 25°C jie. 3.41 x 10'6 ohm"1.cm"1 ^ Lciill jj!> K ^^ . 1.6 x 10"6 ohm"l ,cm'l4Jji 25'C ^ O^JUI Ao uV ^ • 25flC ^ ^ ^ ^Ll' ^ fUl A ga ^AgCl KSQ|U(jon - KH,0 KAec, = (3.41-1.60) XIO"4 = 1.81 x 10"6 ohm'1 cm"1 X0 Aga at 25°c is 138.3 ohm"2 cm"' equiv" S= A Ao .b o 1000 x 1.81 X 10"6 138.3 1000 xk Ji^qjlll gs po t.c o ; LuaiJI Jjjjl^l m 138.3 ohm"1.cm'1, quiv'1: ^ = 1.31 x I0"5 gmequiv / litre op hy OAAJI JJiijUjii *41^0 < *Luiij : JjWijlll Xij>ioi JiliUl ^jLfltl ILjJalI ugi 1 Jj-44»$JJI d-ij^Kj D^JLLII ' SUC.L2 SjjLa-a (jl-LJ ^ (3^ elllA O-mliu . AjjUil LIIA^ el^l w . Jjj-Jf gjlill (jjiilll JiAj 1 Sjjlxll «La1ar b ljj| jl irAtc-lijll 3^ JfiUal) w 4jiiJI '4A ^ 250C S*. JA / dy rel="nofollow"> 1.31 x 10"5 ^ JajiAiij LrL=.Vl w 4^ .e x I a I-.r. IIH 5^ u' ;3J^I f • : Ajji SdcVS £• ^ji oia-o. SJJUA -1 , .J_MJ ,^H dJ-Ao^jjLixA J>U_B ty (7-8 JSLii)* 0. 1 LfijLc <jH SUr.L5 iULij LjaJ (jl ^ L^MaJ -269- t^jl) ' — — (h 1 + cr) + (Na+ + OH") Cjl-yjl I "''J.i '■ .' ^jV -cUii S*. ^jAxlolilo ^ajiiruii^ (jjU-jt Uo^Li ■d^k.JI ! ^^^u-ull tjA-aail joijJ ^c. ol^>o j&Z- m u-lc. dIj "' ■ "1 V Ao-uiSijjI gs po t.c o (j5L Na+ + Cl" + H20 ,'jxa.diljjjl Jrwj JUa^jj jJij "Lolcj i LjjIj - hy .b o -a !XI op U .e x Volume of alkali added ^Vl ej-aif w "II 'ij d w , 5jjS S JC-LS ^-O (£yi 6jjU-a ! (7 - 8) (JSAII : Aiuuti S^lS ^ {^jS ija** Sjjbu ' NH4OH Jla >A SXC.L3 £* tfji w .'il..- s^l SutlSil oV ■ tiiii. oji. Jj-uajd! ^ jJLlll (j.^ •■ (^^0 < ^iJ < Uoa-L^JI oLLij^J^I :(8-8) JldJI ^ -270- cLl^l Nadher Alshamary & o gs po t.c o m oa 73 C o U Volume of weak alkali added . "U>.» i A Sa^-LS ^uo LS^S unAt*. SjjljLa : (8-8) Jiii ^11 <1 *-*«■» J| <3 ) | CflLkJl 'JcLiUllfl f 'Lxjjf^-S <^Lla ^Jj ^Lilll iSliJI hy J)J.t-O [< i»I al-v .b o : Galvanic cell CiLjjjjjily I tJiljj (48) bci-n.-rtj (jiS jl LaS i ^jLuJI ijc-liill Jnnl (jiojj rel="nofollow"> Zn2+ (aq) + le" (49) w > Cu (s) jJt CibjLpSJ^I JlSUl ', ejUaiVl jjt w 'i 11 J-wijVI •ulsJI I .ii^.'i w JJ-S (II) ^plajJI olyjJj Oi^' ; laS-4i Jc-laj 2e" + Cu2+ (aq) (JC SjLxC ^L .e x Zn (s) 4 ^i** * "II 4jJrJ I ^ A . i.t > Zn2+ (aq)+ Cu (s) op Zn (s) + Qi2"1" (aq) ^ JJ I £>> i <-ij l-~J 1 (50) (jl Jclillll »«■■" t d /d'lflll djl-vil qjj fij_JuLl_a ilu-u-ijj < d ■ ->■ j I A-if 3 . .j j| jUj '4* ^XaJ-uiJ jjSJ (9 - 8) < tjAjJI ^4=41 ' fl'^»'l La| c (jJ-lAjLUI CjLjjj-jS IjJ ( 'Lwi^il ^ (ji^ajlAJI jjdJLa ^ i_ilai . ^jolajll Cjbj^jjS Jjl-1 n jji (juLaJdl ^JSXA fjx ^jJa5 -271 - Vollmctcr Porous Partition + Cu -SO, 2- Zn ►Zn2++2e' (JLufj "uli) op ( jjjJyLaJJ (jjj w L->;.ll i_jl-i8j (jji 1 ,,-vVlI I gAhjj 0-° J>—4 I Loj'm.i . f L^ai j'n .a .^L^Al) i.jU 8 j-ijLj QaJj yj, .i^jLAJI uj.US |_yAlf oLijo^Jy I JjiAy < JjAVI Jjaj IjJij iJ^u^ijLAJI « jjt) ilLJ-uLsvAll ■Laxij , p.jJjilL ? ha Ami I oljj-j] ^UOJI UU5 "u ."n < Jjj. J Siji—Lj I 11 j^La. <jiaJI ^ 5 .■■n.'i JIj-Aja.I a Ti i M i L^ij i£m -i .' ^uLa-lfl uJai jj) 4>jVI j-xA-j-j < jjj i^jLAll --.'-Ua jjc gAAS w <_5iy Li I JUJI *uLk. i (9-8) JSjjj I JaLLl) jA-qj i .e x < S w I 3i-.jl2.ll SjjljJ( jLJ lilLoa oljjj'l ,^1 Qj I sijl—rJ I ijj-J—fl Cu2++2e'—f Cu hy Zn i Cathode .b o anode ClUjjVl m 2+ gs po t.c o Zn oj 1o >Lx-ai jLaJI JjuaLk. (jc. SjLic. ljJ) J^aJL ?j l->H [jx Jj-xi 1 iJc.Lij (j/x 3_aAlAjl ^-ijj ^11 OLLJLi • ^ f| I E = -2 (96.500 coulombs) (1.10V) = - 212.000 J 1 cal = 4.184 J 6| -212.000 J . •'■ E = ,, ■ = -50.700 cal. 4,184 J/cai -272- I olAJl ernf i ^ /y ^ Nadher Alshamary fjjt i ■ ■lJc Jj 5,1 a. Jj j ^,.1 ■ a « j j a , *jIj -■ ^jJI (^yiAflVI J-«—^ (-50.700 cal) * nt tllj J&i-iAJI die. ii-i5 iJ-C-Ul {yt 'tjIf. ij.^-m La] (^jSi "Ulfi-J < ^LUlJJ SjaJI ^SLla AG = -nF^0 i . .a (51) F <(^aAll!l ^(dljUJI ddc.,jl) JtUill ,^1 iiiULI cbj^yi CjV^ja dOC. Jjxj D ■•'< F Li^jicl Ijli. cJ^U AG (jjSl# 23.06 cal/v ioailU P ^>e. ll^c. Id[3 jiilili '. AG0 j-ojll daAl t, JdJJ Oiildll SjSlI ^ t, < 5xLulii( old^JO ^IdljU I4IC AG ^jU .. fjljS m , iiU*. Lu-uUill 3_uj^ll •uildll aji!! {y> <53AJ.( a_)-=4l iiLLJI JjV Ji-J. JLlA jjilJIj fdiAaa ^ JeLilll Jat LuuLio j-aIaj JelilU S_>aJI iiLUl ^ gs po t.c o 96,487 tjnt'iH . Lllitj UJ^1 ^ j-'llH (jlj < Jd*3 iilda.y ^.QllII : Electromotive force 5 ■!< ^ (jx.LsAll Cjtli^J-5 jja (1) J-^-ls CiLlj>iS jVj-q (1) Vjl-I. ft I'l ad-^3 i.nl Ijl JSjiJI didj (jl <_ll-t.ll IJ^OJ < (9-8 JSoi) Jldlld .b o : iiiljJI SjiJI Zn (s) |Zn2+(lM)| |Cu2+(1M)| Cu (s) t Vj'l 45IVI Jiaj d'^jll i_JjSa . i_ili^aV I I hy dljll I D « . duljilL <-uj^5UI 1I JctilJia .e x SjUl d^t*\) i 6j■ op [jLj jjjjj CjlUJitl 3jHiLi ; ^jilUI (^Jj ^Vl ^>a j.^ul Lfj( jjjj >1^1 '■ i-uljjlG <_i IAII Jjl-Tt«SdU laA-ualL CiljLill IJLxij < < il-tll ojSjj SjLjS I Joij^a die. otALej jl jL*JI CiLyjVl d^. Ij LVjjS_j3 , ^LuiLill ^jdH J^jc. |t3j Vj . d . Id II J^U. 2 1 .j j'tll i_iLh.ujI 1 (jjj ' 'Id It I ^ — 11 - a h ^ ^ ^ I . * II I^J, ' A - 1 g 11 (_j.. I ta a 5^_ild jj - ' — ''J d —-11 (_j'.l id ft . ^ a ... i I a * I ^ ^ . ..I . ^ff i*l!. I (Jj.oli *ii *5l <J.i i .ij^ i ^cJ^kll) emf cul^ IdU , djld II U* J jUll sLikjVI jjJ u C«Ly[_jj^JVI (jjj < jj"! iSf i < .oLaJI ijJl {jji j '*^1 5jiaJJ . LMit djU.!! >r/14j_>jSJVI I'LiiaJI ^ -H-aJI (_>«jljjLa jLij j,eiTif CulSi Idj (jicj i_juLift^_) ■LJ.t. 11 Cllll j>uJ» ^jl,i..i" Lajjcj .'U.laJI Jitij ^lixjl <^.LI H.O ^ ■ n^ull a LajVI . < iia-11 < a,1^1 L^ajVI j5xlI <jLfl;dJI Sj-Sll ^4 i_iLu&j| lj£. Uioj ^lu^JI (jl .,. CiJ^~i3 ' CjI^jq^JVI .'Ij -v~ ^iLi i ^ 11 i •tu-jjjijjlSJyIj 4jjtlJS]| 4ii--JI o^ttLaj yic ^IjljU (jjjljS 3.'^'"'''J dljLfl 2 gjjjj i ljU3 3 '**■'■"" 4.11,^ 11 Oj LS [jl ihidsu Lojk^L^j i 2 jjl ahtl (JIj " A VIj 6 J , n'CV I -|^J ^ i «" JJ—LuL^jJi CjLlj-tl 3-° J>—0 d—->.lj JljlLklj i m jj-a j I'Ij 1 die £JJL j^tjLaJI jj-o Jj-a J-^|j 6d.i.ii.*rCj oMtLiJli . 4J51SJI .> Cu2+ gs po t.c o : ^ yLUVI > Zn2+ + 2c' Zn Cm11 + 2c- (52) » Cu (s) (53) jl < oLy^uSJVI (jjijudU^-il dd-c. (jja (jillil i^Li.uui JlLu (j-f-i '. ^HJI d^ oiLtLilll il* Sflj-2 dltj H-ilcj . j>.Llli Ji-ill J_fic -t-'i (^dil jjjSj <.i!>^o ^ "to-ks culi IdU AG .b o (jLa . yiLSli Ji-Lii = -nF^ 3[ I 5jJUu AG <-o-jd tiUall ^ 2F < ijii ^Lhiil s.j-aJI ijaltJ) /*»jikluiJj i LULaIJ hy i 4>iVI d^ . A U 5V< ^y op 5 d5 ilU i 2 .KH . o. dfsJ 2alt~l I <_ nl I 1 kjLua dlc> w w JjLw. ^ SjLjJ ijJdiGll dj-^l Cy . Sda-^l l\3 "1* " I df^fuLio j»-a.in jit (jit Jol itillj I (j-ujLaI! uJaS 1^*5^ ItfjJUi H+ (aq^ U^-JUd-^JI C-lljJl ^ (juLkj ■_JnAj 2J-LIO SjJaiJj Lidrvl'-'U tr^- 'bj-n1'"n < (j'Ao-a. k_ilod LX&i ' (10-8) J^All (jij Jjl-- o jjSj SdUJI yi) Jtil j^>0 Jjlauu I 3_i^.L3.j . LiiJI (jlixal JJUo Jali ^-I-OJ O^J . (S^i y ■CLo-Lfl (^jLuu I <-k■*■•>.j-a "LjjjjLj w . t-j yXuoj £^ya-2~o jjc SjLt jA ^aLUI (jJiil JilijJI jjl liu^a- .e x U <:u_>4SJl LtildJI S^jULi ; n I s^Laif Jioj ^jdjll ia^JI o\ : pt H2 I H+ I Cu2+ I Cu -274- (J-A SjJalAilj , Cu / Cu dL}2ll J^jd {^dJI • jjdjlO ^JldJI Sj>^l (jit luliJaJI Wail 5jtj£ Nadher Alshamary < ^.1II j <11 "Ui-iUf ij-illj . ^jjtill jiA ^1 >'ill i_iJa-tJ JjjVI ' ■ t-^ll ^a iq'i iJaUj ' « j - c^j * - ' j i.'iJ i <- (jj-a-Ju.1 J 011 i-iU fl |jjSLy 0.34 f£j[ ■ ■" SJI 4_*-iIjJI SjJflJI , 5 j-uoSV I gs po t.c o m salt bndge //T^N r- -s © .b o o Cu hy Pt op Cu anode cathode 4 le' + Cu24 -> Cu(s) . ^Um wlaSj ^ anode cathode I_JQ2 : (10 - 8) JSui JjlLij i. w^j| i-JaJI > 8■■-»"> w w UJ^ (C) w .e x HzCg) —> 2H + 2e' ' u' < (Cox) j-4^^ ^ 1 "8} J'wii I ^ <3.. -> 2H+ +2e" ,o C ox =0.00 v. : 2e" + Cu2+ > Cu .0 C = +0.34 v. 3-®Ji t^-^b I 3_iK,llj , Lo^Ui : H- (j{-i < 'Uuiil I yjaju (juUwill wiLi Afa. <-a-jj3 (54) (55) LrtuLuJ| i-JaS 'J - .'■,. -j +0.34V o.._>LlIj : UWILISM) - 275 - (^IS) lSJ ® 11 ' CiLjjj_Jl£jy! Jl—1_5—i—ujI Cu2+ L_i—.o.'ill lilljj'i (2) LUI—liu ilw JJSI) H+ (jAa-juJAftl • ■ 34 V^ - UJ^J ' ^ (jjLib'l Jf«^l ^ ^^ y-lc ttlJj CiLjjjj Jljli.1 (3) t-JnS (jx 3 A [^ • ol^i 0.76 ^ JuliJJ 3j«ildll SjaIIj « ; yJj LaS I ■> Zn " + 2c' m ciuh<xic C0.,.^+0.76 Volt : 2e' + 2lV > H C = O.oo Volt jj UJJOAII J-4^.J ( K^.I.I'AVI Jtlij V.iirtj J[jjj l^j! I^trr. '. JAU^QJI , (Zn+- I Zn) (jjj-ojUJI i_AJai SjUil '{2c + Zir — ^ Zn , ^ ^ —0.76v) (56) gs po t.c o : Zu ja 1jj^ajUJI i^a'i i^jr. 1 2 miodc ; J-iAiSLlK QuUjJI yJaS (1) (57) -A. 0.76V (jic. . Jljli.VI Oj-a. fLitlijll ■ < ■ ^'i Ly&z, ^1 a .11 j i,^. .'-.■^ ^1 .b o ; Sjjjc. jjJaj La^wi.a:. jji-u i., i Ual I ki^aJ J4'1) '-J,^a4 (0 hy u*- ^IAJD^V' JLjJaJLujI (ji UoLuu Jal jjji! oj-L^jLaJI ol^-jl (2) .{Jf^ op (ji ljAj^ajLaJ( (^JjJU^al I t rel="nofollow"> (jujla I -UlaJI bSJt I—Jol Ji^a. I Jlill Jjy.il (jixS • ^yj/LiS ■ 't-a Jj a. ^Jc jfilU jjjLiiill alajVl^A ((jaj-ajlaJI CJLjjjI JljoaJ u^j) I I_ja2 ^ic, y^Iau i 3-11 a .e x JjA^va-H ^j^oLull ^' Sj.i.u^'j (3) : SJlllI LiaJI w (j-o ( Ni " t Ni jjJjUaK Niu |Cu2+ | Cu w w Ni '+j4 J5j'ill vUaS iJ-« JMJ < cJj i 0.59 4-Jj o—J 3 I—a •L—liaJl 3 jjj ^Ul < * iljJf aj Ell (_jjl uoj Ni+Cu2'1 >Ni2*+Cu C(,= +0.59V (58) : ^jLajJ 4j| Xajj Cu 2c' + Cu 2+ / Cu ^jJ-uLlbI I ^la ill i. jlnfi a. jyuAfi j2j > Cu (s) +0.34V (59) -276- Nadher Alshamary ULJI . UlJJ ^1 Jcliill ,> Cu+ / Cu 4^1 Ox^i Jc-li: U^i Ijli ^ : jylc. Jitt-x'i emf > Ni2+ + 2e" Ni 2e' + Ni2+ +0.25V > Ni _>i^l olkiVl I 4*-fll Jl (60) -0.25V (61) 1 4-ii 3 8 v^ ^ " ^ ^ , JjJaJl LUJ-"! I) 4-u^>« vLUjVI > ^JU J1 "*"■ ■"l ^ m 5 .1^11 (jjilUI) JI^LLVI JtUS ■-i..n'i u.Li ' <^LtL. 4^ (^jall ■ ■tx'Stl ^ u>^' V1^' gs po t.c o (jjiVI) aa-ux^Vl JjiLi; ULu^ 1^1 . Jj^1 Ag+ + e" - Ni. - C =-0.25V Ag . hy , j^KJ! jjt Ag / Ag IiAUI w ; .e x : 2e" + 2Ag + w cathode vlidJ tja_3j V^jjV I Jjfi liajlaJI (64) > 2Ag. C = +0.799V 0 (65) OiWI Sjill IjSj i idAJ] (^Kll Jc-Lilll ^0= +1.049V liU^j i 2 ^ VO-*-*1 Ag+ 4-ix?«-flll oIjjjI , (JjaaJI ^L2 Cy J■ n->'i ^coJOj (66) u*-'^1 , (65) , (64) £_jL l>^ni i i-B. JjiV I jA > Ni+ + + 2Ag ; w Ni + 2Ag+ iU j^Vl IxAill ojji > Ni2+ +2e' ^0= +0.25 V : Ni (62) (63) op t...<*i"ll ijj-N JJ4 4 .lA-ti ■ > ■ ^-" afTJ S.b.ixv^' I anode xjlkiVl Ofa. gal^J (? = + 0.799V + J .b o + 2e' i^l" Ag+ / Ag . : jjllillSl Ni2+ 4 . 0^1 : iuxxl^ll LAilljJiajJI yJaS (> Ni2+/Ni i^y iJc.Liall ui^oj (jl ale. H.n.i'Kt lj Sajiiil oljjjj^y I 4xilaJI SjJill uLxa. ^ cjLksVl jjfj. If-d <-^l) . a^jlV) i_ikS a-f^. SjLiil ja i«'i Lf-j-i : 5 .(^11 ajll jJ. j^jiaalill uJaS v^5 <*1^11U i> (J>^" ^ < I j ini'i ia-«2J() 4>jVI ^1 a^a. ISj^U! tMj ' ^4UI jLUJ l^Ic. I-^jj iJAH 4^^' uJ^? Jat-v'ilhj -277- J-oiil QI | C{I2+ || Ag+ I Ag > Cd + + + 2Ag Cd + 2 Ag' (67) : ^ < iixuLiK "Lu^Sil ixilall SjiJI (68) C = (+ 0.799) - (-0.403) = + 1.202 volt (69) , £_<-A_j-o jjt LaS jjaoj JcUull r J-uj Jjl Jjj 5^^! SjiH Ag | Ag'1' |1 Cd3* | Cd 2Ag + Cd2' > 2Ag+ + Cd "LJaJt Ci.n t uj (jf LoJ gs po t.c o : SjjidJf uic LksJI m (right)(left) (70) C" = C (right) - .b o : (left) , olU £-u^l sUuVI yi J^ SjCiVlj .e x Jtlioll ^/jSc jJi 'ULLil JcOj U^iJ w C-0-036V (73) ^0-O.OOV (74) 2^^ LT4 ,4}4!i^' U>J' f JJJCJI 5Jla.j Us; Fe w 0 JJ < ■ w u.' 7JJJ11 (72) S V idiJt u' : ^1 2e' + 2H1 op = -1.202V. 3c' + Fc34 (71) hy = (-0.403) - (+0.799) JjXaJl fJu (n)a-->aaJI Ul—^ ^1 j^- jrL^-"' '■ (+ 0.036V ^ ^LlJI JxLilU ^ ) . S.w5a( yi SjLj &) .J^U:; Fe2+ J\ ^^ ^ : iJbll <JjU1[ e- + Fc3* ■■■ uj^jj - Fc2* 0-771V oif^ (75) 2 .Utttt Fe * oljjji Jc.Uj]l (jiuj ; (^011 Jcliill t-wu 2e' + Fe2* - ■ - Fe ^ = - 0.440V -278 - j-«Vl iiUj ^LusjIaJ (76) Nadher Alshamary IjJ-aLjj.l _i jII CJIJJJ! J-6 JjJ_aJ! j 1^1'if jLcul (j-o Fe" + JjjJjfcLaJI oLyfl j._i.■ ^.-^-">1 ^ ox Uj^dJ < (+0.036V) F6"l+ JjVI JLaJia.VI <J^.LccJ.I 4-«_xSJI lilt ^ ' {0.440V) • ' . • ■. iV t Aoj' 1 £0 (volts) Half-reaction 2.87 F2 + 2e" - 2.00 S2Oi'+2e-~ 1.69 1.49 L 2F' ' 2SOj- + H202 + 2H +2e- gs po t.c o 1.78 AiuiUill L-lU^sVi J:jg -^ ) m . ^ 2H2Q ■ + Pb02 + SOj- + 4H + 2e" + PbS04 + 2H20 2+ 8H +Mn04 + 5e- =Mn + + 4H20 1.47 2CIO3 + 12H + lOe' Cl2+ 6H20 1.36 Cl2 (g) + 2e-=2Cr 1.33 CfjO2" + 14H+ + 6e' 1.28 Mn02+4H++2e-^=Mn2++2H20 1.23 02 + 4H+ + 4e" . 1.09 Br2 (aq) + 2e- ■ 0.80 0.77 0.54 Ag +e" ■ Ag 3+ Fe + e" Fe2 + I2 (aq) + 2e" = 2r 0.52 0.34 2.27 Cu+ + e" : Cu 2+ Cu +2e-=^Cu Hg2Cl2 + 2e" ■ 2Hg + 2Cr 0 0.22 0.00 AgC! + e" •. 2H+ + 2e' ■ .b o 2Cr3+ +7H20 2H20 hy 2Br- Ag + C!" — h2 w w .e x op + w -0.04 -0.13 -0,14 -0,25 -0,36 -0.44 -0.74 -0.76 -0.83 -1.03 -1.67 Fe3+ +3e — Fe Pb2+ +2e" Pb Sn2+ + 2e" ' Sn Ni2+ +2e" " Ni PbS04 + 2e" —— Pb + SO^ Fe2 + +2e" Fe Cr3++3eZn + 2e ->— ■ 2H,0 + 2c- ^ Mn2+ + 2e' A]3++3e- Cr ^ Zn H2 +20H" Mn " - A1 -279- A — — ^ Mg2* + 2cMg Na* + C Na C:r '■ + 2c- = Ca lia2 ■" + 2c- t Ba K"h + c" ^ K Li* + c' ~ Li -2.38 -2.71 -2.76 -2.90 -2.92 -3.05 : tjUaflVl k ft! I I ^j£L i fli t -y ^ j^. k,.^J^L 4 I r ( ^ *1?, f wJt \.\ I sU I I ^ fl c#^" \jJZ I 4 Tt l-v f I j m : Oj-ujjj <1jUlo iji.tioij l^-iic J^4/%rJI (77) v^iljUdJ jvLlII CuLjJI R r JJ_ft jlj Jc,! a ."ill 'Lj^uLaII "Lxiljil 6^511 4 Aji yji ^ gs po t.c o I .987 ) CjLji^^SJVI CjVj—q JJ-C. n i 'LiiloJH , 4_iiaJI ^jLi, io-aj <_s.jj T I , irJjS / 23.06 I J ij "i ,3.7 Ij OJ—UU-5VI OiLtLij .b o JljIIA.1 tjclij j j" «j (^dllj « Jjl i>tl jji jo-eyil Julilll i,. t ■ rt'i jjJI jLi.ii.il I jj/i aLoVI : <J I SjJ^oJI oLijjj^JiJJ jJiftluiXI (jjjVl j( (oxidised form) + ne" jl j Iii'n II Zdi^Oll Zjj^iall jiljAliajL • (Reduced form) (78) (j^AJ t ,3-ijil lijdaJl (j*) op . ZiUuSjil Sj,^^.^! Jjlij tji Sda^jll (^jLuj L^lJUi lljla-o 5j_}J-a 21- 2Cr w w 2c-+CI2- .e x 1 ljj£> O^Lc-LoIiJI vjLiaj) jjli .. JjdaJI 2c- + U Cl2(g) + 21- (ail) "V jV J-a^i-iauj llK ^.) JaTmil ljio;j_j i hy dJljj i / LaJ-Im /j «_i,ii i ^laljli OJIJ J* F \ »' (jj ylLjVI (jjijj (JljiLVIj X i. ., Lc. Lij J J Ja.'l Lfl ^ rh.^yui J^JLMJI iJljJI J^olixjl £-L2\J $"= +0.536V (79) ^t)~ + 1,630V (80) 1 Cij SwUi^jJ.1 Sjj^all Jjj^J o ^ > 2CI- (atl) + I2(s) (81) (82) w ^'= + 0.824 JcLij ' «■ -->'1 SJj" ■> o jj■< JJJI Ljii liu^w i Sdi'i^U j^-^ lJ^-" (fl {j-^1 i—al t ■ /-"Vli iJjIAil Jiuul S4>a.jJ.lj i-iLiajV Sxi.-«.5y.l jjc. 6JJK o>Lc.Li> dJlli jU < ciljj^^iJI C uj L«| i (3-8) ■ {^iS* ^ •*!>• (jAj) , ik-lilll i_iLi^»Vl cjijjSjj jj-iilj iidaJ j( (jSLti i ; sjojjS La-jdi CJaj jjS: U^Li jji 1^1 c^yUUill Ul—uoZi ^.JQ > XJJ i> diV . L^d^' 1> L>^ JLfi < ^1 05^ -280- 4a=^ Nadher Alshamary — .. ■■-■———— — — \ Lit I jij4jLc.jiII ^.4 (77) UjLjJJ ijS In Q •La-ls . 4 >l*.ll jj-S 4Ln< "inil I OIj LiJ [j 4jI jj.1 -llj-ll oULjlS (^yLtiu Q j-lu^J1 li* Jo^uj . — — • jl y I jxLHIj i <jjLjjxjSJI (jj-Aj ljie- o^Lc.Li.'ill Q J ■ ■-. I --11j , j-lu^ iijLjAjSJI oUU-iil M SjL LJUJ oLJIa^JI (Jj^ci Li. l j 1 Alt J >1 >" 4,vl.'it I Jclilllj < 1 — > yY + zZ j|_jiI c>2)t-At-*A Xj L« .^>11 <J(jLal| jjli (83) IJJAJ gs po t.c o : iijlil ijjLjA-jilI ifjlxl,! 0-_WlML 1 Kl'tax) -Ui-iAll LfiAlj!liVI m >• cljLUI LJL*-i Li . y-* f84, yi jljil cjLJLij j >," «'>j Jjj--*-"! 2.303 yi y_>-iAiL > CMAjjj JJjL*_q yi ojIjjJI jta-i (jc Uaojji (j^. j-^JU jLiU •UJJoa 0.05916 , ^ ^ JogQ .b o . .o C=C 298 y-4 T <10 yuLu^U jkjujLtjJ yJ| ^«i.Ull (85) ■t-J-laJ hy ' (log Q=0) i (Q = 1) < (ajinljill 3JLJ() 1 = jIjaJJ iJUill 'Cj—flljJI Sj-ill ul—i n ,->1 .'■■ ..'j 'i 5JjLi_a I*! > ti«*i it ujlaA op Ojf^ c=c '. Zn /Zn jLail <_iU5 ^ l« i ■ ....-vl : 2+ 2e" + Zn 0.0592 , yj'C 1 : (8) JU—• ++ > Zn J J fjC. Llixijji [jjj , 4,^1, "i5u, I oLjj^jSJyi La.t'v 5JjLjlL( J) ' -" " + (jAxajLUI oIjjjV ^jV^L) 1 —I-logI^T C86) (-0.76V) y-4 Lba=J) yA yAAajlAK t-JoiJ ^ ? = -0.76--^-log f-L-) 2 lo.l, = -0.76-0.0296(1) = 0.79V. -281 - M ^ 4JjLJ,( : (jti., Zn yO ^ . 6 da-jJJ ijjL-uA Ijj K . i LL-aV I 4_J Lai .e x w w w r ^ ^ Cfjj j) < ?j_tuL5 ^ic i_iLkj| £y> 4 '.jC A < ? 0.1M ^Uuj yAAQjLkJI oljjjl jjSjj [zn A. " ...1 Lal*i (87) : (9) • : ytill UL1! ^ u^l (I) Ni Hr* (0,01M) || Cl" (0.2M) |C12 (latm) | pt ;_.kn j.iiii APr. .....1 (..) : yJtll (JtLilll ^ (jji ^IjIjU 2 I Juliu (l^ > Ni2'1' + 2C1 Ni + Cl, I llildtl SjSlI -l-a-iij i (n = 2) m : uJk ^.jlrk li -Uo/Lsll gs po t.c o C = c" (ci?ycr)-c0 (Ni2+/Ni) = +i.6iv (jlo J ' •--—" i Ox*u__yj <JjL>_4 .jjjJqaj <jLi I ji rii 0.0592 . l«g . = +161 [Cl-]3 [Ni3"] [Cl,] 0.0592 . (0.2)2 (0.01) l0g ^— —(I] = +1.61 - 0.0296 log (0,0004) V hy = +1.61 -0,10= 1.71V .b o r AG = -nFC op = -2(23.100 ail/V) (1.71V) w SjjSLo ClA. *£***£ .e x = -79.000 cal = -7.9 k cal. Concentration Cells •. CIOJJVI tjlloSVl CjM—su' w . otyjVl j£-jl ^ w : 5JLlJI « Jliil Jjhii ^^1*^ Cu | Cu2+ (0.01M)|Cu2H- (O.IM)I Cu ; jjJc. 2c- + Cu2+ - — - Cu yjUil ijjs (88) = +0.34V , (^1) jiLaiiU JcLiill 3^Li fj] ; ^1.1^.01 Jcliill Cu2+ a^Lull Cu2+ jjS>i SjLj Cj[i ., 1-^ < -282- S^.iSt L*jj 'ud3 Nadher Alshamary .up : JU\£ UU\ Jcli 2+ Cu + Cu (0.1M) > Cu2+ (O.OIM) + Cu ; I jj f < >iaJI . Ann L, = 0.00 . jUJI 0.0591 . — log ....(89) I jInftll (jl 1 jflinll ' nn •U-LzJ! 0 j^J ^ 0,01 0.1 = -0.0296 (-1) = +0.0296V J 11 >. T M a I l.qxg ■ ilUal/1 Jj ^ Jjli .. j< i a" ^ - . gs po t.c o 4 j-ii jJI Slj-5JI (jLi i LuU.b Q-fl-au <_ullU Ula.] < jjmlSjul m : *^1 i-uv>^JI UilJI SjiJI ^jLu: V SjlA. (I ixulHI 2 . tumbSjul (jl U l-v If (jiaj I-I--~ J a*"! CiiaJI (jjrfi-Sl i_t*4 < otlaSVl 4_)-{.,•> (jja <jj ihi Uj 3 jl-. II UiJljll SjJJi > ol^JVI l_lLmijl i—44_JJ ■*•"-- ■ 4". Ift (jjSj < Lujlia Ll^jU. ulj^ I'lfliU Ijl <jl I.UA, (jSLaJJ i 0—a—ill tlllj (ji. <—A—J—*—ua SjLjj Ojjj y^jlUJI cJj ill (jl S lj| - i ' .b o 1—^—aIulTl j^jJI < I J l"- il I "Ijl ar I J.yUjj > i (jj»J . tijIUft (jj^J i CiljS "t-ajJ (j3( i_iU=iSVl i^MI 1^' ■ i Jj It ill 4 j I o r »(jj( < wJ I U aV i Jj^a. O-Jj^pSlV 1 w .e x gljj itij-> '■ alifiuuj OUJJ i i 4 il-JI ^jSJJ (j,.«I.II I _pLl3L 4.i 1-J1 (^i ijjLail j_iSplI w w I il Ufc". ijl .-.Ij L i "II (jc ijjj Lmly . Jliwl I 2j I n f, p (jj I (jjJjjjSiy 1 J^Lal I ojaKLi i IdA uj I InS'inV I jj'f (JaISa , Lojlill (jJc, 'I*"!! op u " "l" (jJj^La .'(jjjjk,! (jjjjja ^Jc. oli-'iJl LjiLa 4jljIJ ^JeHU ^JCiiLtj JjJUiJI 2 jlaj- P jJ ; <JJ.i,ii-.tl < nj Sll (jjs u-lai ijj^-1 hy (Jfi Ajlj^l) tj-« pj)^. jtjA.'i.j-.ijj , i o^ai ju JI Jaa. (jll . > 6 jj I jJ I CaJIjII Sjlll (jA J-J^l Jl-a'H ' j>> JaAjLull jjl I ■^1 "VJajJ I c4>iJ( (Jjua—Lfl i jUVI jaVI Lo) oljJill (ji SjLjJLi I ujLkSVl Uc, JtLilll (jJqJI Jjj-II (jc 'UUj Ijj (jl jXIjljj . ,.1 ; all (jp L^fl-uiy i I la (jjii (jjUi! I-IJ tiijal J j.^11 (55*3 • wijLla.L L^A-nA,fl i_»Ia=laj < JvUjjj jAauj JI-> "ill "ULajt Jxaj ^JaLUoJ,! (jjil (jAJ.jj.uSV 1 jLc, jl (jaj.jijjL.LjJI jit >^l .^."1 <.ijiUil 2 « . all j'Clj • l^A-aA* - 283 - ^)1 (jiajj < oLlafiVl (ji 2a,UAi...li Sjlil — JoJlill j'l ——T Jil-^'tl <JU<1 ■>.t-X."...'^ ljAjjJj < oLLaJlj ijjlirnll (_raill JalaJJI ^ . ^Ul J[>MI ^ cM1 — JJajll <-xL>£, ^ ^Vhi.U oUill SjLjy . -0.828V C *■ ■*■}-* v"" 7 ' u^Ij yl>-* j-4 OH' uij^ • itjUJll 5-iiU.I JJLaJLI (_riu : uJljJi^ C-.'.^l ?ljla-a ^[j-tHiiL <Jj(jklll Sjjlil |JJta>fll! >H2 +20H' m 2c- +2I-HO C = 0.414V ^I^wZLluL < jjjliJI uJc p^UJI ^ aa* J ■-i.'>tsl Jlj>la.( JxaJuuJ.1 ^ M-tH 4^4^ < loj ^"v.rv ! pLLI Jlj,"i.-» I 4^1 gs po t.c o i - 0.414V .jfc (90) ■ -njj < slil JljJLa.! d^-a. i3>® SjLjj j>.L.^.,"i-i.u" ^^1 lilti i_ijjjj 1_>ii^t u* cll^j < jM^at S4>^>LI i_filltoVl (jli lij 3..> .ill—uj ^JL^I uJoi d j .-v L^J <1jL*_j> I dlcj . O^jL^II C0 = 0.763V I L_jiUiVI 4>fa. "UdUlLi iutil (JJlaUl u-ia < ftUll adI jjS-aj 'IjjUI JjIUJ.! JiaJi .b o ^xa^dj jll Cilijji : JtU! JcliJJ ^ Jc. dx^aJI <xUc 4c' + 4H•,■ + 02 ■ hy 2H20 C = +0.815V . JJJ^KU ^Lo |JJ->"ill daft JjjjKJI ■ 2C1- .e x 2c' + Cl2(g) (91) d-^-^ll iJJ-i Up ' 0j-?0 op 5d-"fcSl iLd-^u "tjic.J I Ljika (jJ^J ^0= +1.36V (92) w w wsill^U ,^^1 JIS-JJI gjlji i_iiLxjj . (ji^j-LuSSU •H-aJI JL>® <>* cUl I Jllll J';■ ■ ■ lO'7 = ' SjlA II w jlc (j-Jj 4>jVI dii. Cjj^J'^ llildll Sjill d A.'ml ii^p, '. JjlaJ.! ^ dOjjVI -lr-l-'/3-' CtldJjjiill "U-LLlI ijjlla-all ^^SJI Jl-."l I i^c- uii (J"* ■ iida^i < jjjjyjSllI JlHj) jkJj ii-p. '. v_iLUiVI dac. dJ^j < CIO3' j'l CIO' lilyJ aJ^j jjSij (^pVI) LiAill wJoi ^*-^11OJ-® aJ%> Cj^lt-Lilll JJJllAj ^ J^l jl^ dc-L^: Idl Jlill Jjpu yJcj . lj>iliJI jLc, 3^' ^ jU. JtLK ^ . AgCl : <1U. JSU Jdf»-j JljiiVI e' +Na+ >Na ^0=-.714V -284- ' ^ Lfij (93) Nadher Alshamary 2e' + Jhe"T" ^ he (, = -0.440V (94) 2e' + Cu2+ >Cu ^0= +0.337V (95) C0= +0.799V (96) e" + Ag+ > Ag : yitiK olll >H2(g) + 20H- , ^ ~ -0.414 (97) 1 • -0.714Vjji oLtJJ ^ ^ iJJ6 m 2e-+2H20 lj^i3 (It Ij^ . (-0.616V) jl. (+0.799V) gs po t.c o e LJI So-to^Vl i^-al Ljl in i\ piLSsJI a die. iid-aa ^j]l ciJ»—ailijt—i Vjl 3—•AjlL ^—Ull ^ ^iU. Jl 1^ < (-0.415V) • (-1.855V) j if. j-ij ail j)Ji < (-1.088V) jjjt ^1—aAiLj p^l_U 11 iy-a-) ■' —&II .jjdjj^JI .b o , jxlxUI jtia : Commercial Galvanic Cells ajjLsAJI ujJLajLxJI biLil 3 ij > i SLaiS < (4>i'L5 J^sjj ^dil) jjj^ajLaJl op iy i j-lia-i-l I J J 11|< I jjiLli Ha! -> 1 (^jjKII) OAifj^, J n 1 Mi'jJ ( » Zn+ + + 2e- : Zn cathode : 2e" + 2Mn02 + 2 NH J w w anode tJJLiJlivLUVl ,.^2030 + H20 + 2NH3 . ol_jS 1.5 w j Lai I (98) — oLe,!AJ.ill ; iJ-'-a) ^iuidJI <Jj^iJI Sj^aVl >4 (Jjc s Lcj . .e x die o9-e.Lfl-jil dJd-fi. d,. hy (12-8 lK") 3-iL^JI 4-JaJLi 5jjUj»Jf 4-a^JJI old I 3-til "ilsll OililaJI LjiLaJI (99) 1.25 jAJ Id^sw iiUJl jxdjtdj.ui 3jLJ1 (j^LaJI ji • (43^'-^) a>i>^ 4>—4>i|-^ f.vlAJLtuj . jjj-ajLail (lUj yjc . idi»i o4^yj^iVI lal.ajj ( OjJ^I mtaj-iil J-i uj^jyd—L* . ddiji 1.35V ^^ill 'iA O* 4^' eilij^J I (^n mil 5j>ii I Uti -» n y > Ujll II ^jjll ' jdjAjUJI 4^1 je. jjij tuaj ; yL LS oOaiVl CJ^ULij jjSiij anode cathode ; Zn -f 20H' > Zn (OH)2 + 2e" :2e-+Hg0 + H20 >Hg + 20H-285- (100) (101) + sealer Zn aimuiiMir (anode) m graphite (cathode) Pomus paper lining gs po t.c o Mn02 andC Nil,|CI mulZnClj. Cy ^ 4^1 ^ hy ^Uu Sxj-Luo .b o "Ula- : (1 1 - 8) ijiii ij^j "uliJI ^a.^'i c-iUU^j < eUu^iSlI op : : pb(s) + S04'" > pbS04 + 2e' cnthodc : 2c' + pbOol-s) + S04"" + 4H+ w , jjjlSJI juLL-o ^ jot ,> w 6 ijjUw ^>1' ij-" Cyu 1 ,> jjji ^ JJLU ^ v^^u, I4 ^ v 14 , L4..,A,iu ^ LA-.! <^1^.1 ^Vl w ? lj^i} .... (102) > pbS04(s) + 2H2O.,,. (103) .e x anode >A OJ^JSJVIJ < bjjl^ (^La^jJI ' biLi. oxu jl d^Ci ^ ' ^4^ 2 SjaIjH , cJji 12 jl . j^jU. jUa jjj-aa. jklj^luuL illljj « (^Lo^l j^jl) ^jLLJ cJaJI CjjlkJI J; »'■■.' Jxo. lillfluu ^aAIaJ.1 j] . Ly^. SjLt . Jjjliaill Oa|jjaSJJ iilaS (jiilaAj cU^J < "tajUajll {y-^ <J>' ^ -286- (jSaiJ j ' r^jlS " ^ (^) J U^J ^-4^' (j^d ' Nadher Alshamary anode : Cd (s) + 20H- cathode ; 2e- + Ni02(s) + 2H20 . Sjlcj > ^ Cd (OH)2 + 26" » CSJ^ (104) Ni (OH)2 + 20H~ (105) ^ Sa=k.IjJl idaJI : (jx Cajllll iiliaJI (Jjj % "it 4jLtaJI (j-tt 100% ijl.U.n ^.llA. 3 .11 -Jl l^Li. (jLS , 70% jl 60% jjlj , d ■*■ .•■l<_,l! 6__>aiUu. (j 114,1 jl » SsLLi I C | H2(g) | OH" | 02 (g) I C ; :2H2(g) + 40H" cathode : 46" + 02(g) +2H20 4>5>JI i_iLkSVf SaaLill ^ Li . .1 UeVI cOtclij ,'tf iijlitl gjljill >4H20 + 4e" (106) op > 40H- (107) ■ ja , iJiJ > 2H20 (1) .e x 2H2(g) + 02(g) I jLt hy anode u;KJI JtUill jxs^J (108) gjlll 1 etll jA xLj < <JLc w w w . 4ij_}fvi Ajy aj d4A.ll j(j3a.Vlj ( CiLalftjJI i if >o jjij L^jolil frtSlii'v (jxa-j^uiSVl jUj uLu-uIjjJaA jl J.LI.H^I ^x.^! jLiii ^ til]^ < 5aiill ij|_jjj^JI LjUoil JiLl i Jl-o-flml ijLU .b o J■ ' JjSjJI UiLk I L^LiJ I ^.n.lal m 4>2jJI gs po t.c o Jjl C LiLi. -287- J ale. dj lAII Ua^'j i-oLc, JJLulo^ AILUII . o^' lU1^ 1> ? JlajJI 4jXL ^^Lwai. ^c. j^jj (ji liLaj "i i_iUaiaVl wile (2) Ji=^l <jlftr plja.! ^ ^1 Ci^C-Uoll L .(jjjiUl I ciUA*1 i_iUaSVl ale. o^lx-lilJI ■ I (4) m • gs po t.c o , (UAaJ! ^jjs jjaJai QXi l^Aill ofjll Jjl- a 6^ ily^5 • . Cuil^eJl 1> jj»K 0^ (ijj J>4-^ (-?>) !uijL^(5) .b o •uiaj] iiilikil iJiJl - hy Jljli-VI a^a. — . cuji1^>1 ^IjU-o kjiSI (6) op (atj) w w w Fc (s) + ccl .e x 2+ f > Fe (kj) 1_l_>i.iijlll . a(7) ^LJ W_LS (8) Jtlilll ■.-n.nrt. ^11 c ijjliii LJik JAJ ' r. + cd (s) 1 3jlrJI 6j-A (ji Wj ^ 11 l^j jjui^kll Lo . SjLxuJI JjxJta laii La ale ( i^LuqjII ^ja ^ liiilewj Jjlll OlUUllI ^ S liUJI jajal I .05 Ojji JUJ . [58.71 = j-ie. jjuUijtl J^lfl "LiSll 1« ; 2+ <3Li! jl I t^ill — UuUL IjjS Sale.| jjSLoa uiai - Jluil) Ljli^ Ul> U (11) ale. i J5 ill I CiLu_ji5 J^Iewa ^ja L^j_iaujJ ^Ju ^jlj! Jiiltl l'] (10) -^1 (12) ieLij 6ja3 jaj ^ jji j _< i nI 0.578 "Ga-tii jLu jlj-a| ale i ^LsOJI . [63,5 — l_yjI"i11 0.223 gm i^u-uijJlj ^jiLII (jajll ■ CILLI^JS jjl-va -288 - I (13) Nadher Alshamary •Lovjd1 ^LcUj 8 ljA jAi-oi J0 <jj-uj jLu L^Jaxj ^jJI (^IJIJLAIIj ciL^jJjill JlIx. 3+ 1.5 c-ui jUb Cr [51.99 = (\3J^ ^1 oLjjjl Jljiil jjc. Lol^?- UJi"] ^ 4CLU • 'HI I a J11 .^V j'jiUI doc i JjUJ 5 adl jjj-OI 1.2 . o[^l 110 bjSi : a- Sn2+ + 2S042" (15) jLulf "CajJ i .J '.UJ- I (16) JJJ-J.I (JjLiiil jjc LJJ|J i ^liC cd^U.Laljl 1(17) Ll (18) ^Sn + SjO^' . b- pb + pb02 + 4H+ + 2S042c- Mn2+ + 2C!" m ^ (14) > 2pbS04 + 2H20 . gs po t.c o > Cl, + Mn . ! (jJHll Jtlijll (jjajLSlI <-lLktl 2+ 2+ Mg + Ni > Ni + Mg (19) . cul^i 2.13 ^4 . JutiUI AG0 i : ijlldll <^1^11 JeLiuj <£^11 S .IA.H 2+ A' u-ll (0.00l0M) > 2Ai I (20) (0.1M) + 3Fe .b o 2A1 + 3Fe 3+ ' AgCl ljj-uijj jji i-ilinl i AgN03 < 'r> all olj-ii JjJft-a ^11 HQ jLt i »j iAl (21) I Cy jlj-" 1 ^ dJj^Kll CjLjjjI ijii uiu^i j-a op uf-^jL^ll (jAxar. dilj ._4>o 0.1 hy I ^—tAail tjki j "il I. "d'if c4>-i 1-04 ^jyLujj Ldl^il d^ -v n-i-i ^5 d -.j d-3j. 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J-aLSlli jl ,mi 'v'l'j I i Ja Ijt.uJI 4.1/ it'll Lij , Jj U-JI j oil al I oLu^- !>" '—'jLjJiJI Sj(i! 3^ jjjSj w J i afi i._ii iol I ~ 2 Yl w jjll Jj-fjj 'I jj-i.'i.Aj ■GUU^-S. J-A I_iii-cijj liisUa-J J...l.fl'iH iji-ii oXuaJl iJjLjjJI i_id^ .e x Jji-J-"!! vjia. Sji uJj-cu ^1 0 OjIS ljU t op Ji_i (jLi 90 hy •'• «Us =Yj, (I+cos0) .... (6) '.-a-"'-»2 (•) ^LalJI <jjIj jj) jtj-cJyj . Young's equation ^jL 5JjIjlaj (6) jvS^ . (5-9^) 1180° ^1 6 ^Ltdl <jj)j - 296 - Nadher Alshamary (1) gs po t.c o m h) s (juLiiJI 5jjlj : (5 - 9) ijiii .b o I JJjj ^iJI hy JJl^-Mxll ur^Ll_UjJ| J_ujj| iJiiLi Methods of measuring surface tension of liquids op ^yj) (jJtia •UjajVf : AjjxuJI (JjUuJI L.i„ii i T LijJoS i_< i n'l JjUu .e x ■doSill JjC CjjjjVl 2;jLL. -Liju-cjl IJM Ji! A daijJI die. iyjjVl w w w ' jk-"< h ^Lijjl ^yJc (0 jic Jitu) laA-ioll 2y li/bj i — — ■ (_jyLuu Lu B i hj-Ltil Jilj JjLwJJ ^LiLiil ^yi A jit iai_iAJ[ (J* I J^lj JiLiJI ^ txui i'hSLj 1 ni'if . (6 - 5JLa. LLujjjJa^JI ja>j-i?Ji <3sjlj B jit iji.L^ll f^jLuti /. h(d-d')g = ~(I) -297- (7) >' . gs po t.c o m < (jojliVI S ^Tvlgj-ul! iiUI "Uja <_iLuia>: (6-9) LK■" — S^i i dV jjl : 1J-'-0 ' I jJCUJJI ait Joi^All ^ (8) Jtiaujjl Jixul JOJUaAII « j^Jt] Las—4 J'l ■■■II .e x op "CLi !80 = ^LiJi ijjlj ojl^ lj|j i ^-ui h LajoS <jLiJL4 diuui ^Jl "L^JuiJI ^^jVl yjj JiUu ^ Lx^iiij ajj-eJuo i I' . (8) j»3j ■ °' "'' < 5a_yJL-iii ?^_j-u| <_i L^j hxu3 '~' w ^yA ("d"?" ^-'•LS-ill i'\t la.rv l_) it IJ*| ?j|_jJjVi w ij^vaic. w P = xg (d-dx)4- liua. jiJoli-uI J-Ui V yjJI (JjIj-uuJ] ** y "'^ Jj hy I (3^^' .b o •'• 7 - — h r d g (JjLuJI jdajj" d Jji-1 (7) jvSj "LljU-ll jjU < d • •ijjjjVl d^j JiUull iiliS Aiajla (2) " 'Lljt^A <xLii j i I—tuni laLi '■ fLJM X iJA£. oj^i)1 ; jjk b L*jliA i ti f»'i 3tlii (jjjSjJ 2Y (9) (jUail P = xgd + H b JLq-*I (jo^) (10) -298 - Nadher Alshamary gs po t.c o m O-Ja—h e ^vA'Jjll Cn^ ■ (7-9) Jii . « (JjLuuJJ ^y5»j,"l"i.i,n_j^J i^JI Xi».i All ...I^IJ to.«■■ A11 *1 i aS> (xgd) iJjVl (j| '—> »*> . (7-9) J ■ ^max tjl ^i I (jj JoiiAJI lxJ^J 2y op . ^|_1 (-■_>. fl ^ ^ L-. / nl I J ■ 11 |_ if I I^V- i Ad* .e x JSVl JjLuJI Ir-Lilll idA die hy Praax = Xgd + lj_i .b o ojjIjJI mS'i ; * » «■ j \ ^ *« « .. I ^ U; .^1 j ^J.I I < : w d)^! (3) II4I 3jjj»jiill i^ujllVl l^i ^LojjV) ^Jaj-uJI (jl itij">j jkdAJLuu ^IJI < A ^^JcVl ■ ■ A1 jl A ij'l '"H • TAB w I jl»5 i_i*^>'i) T L*^]a2 (11) JjLluII ^ l.j.inij j ■>i.r, 1 ^lu r UsjJoi > t ■ i_i..n'l jjlSi ijliaJI jjij ^ «UUi£ . B Udjcj < "LjiiVI TAB = yhgdr Aujij w (12) . JjSyi JLLJI »]| XtLuil ^^Itl <^_^aJI SdLjl '. Sjl^aJf . dJjaJI jcixuJf jjjjSlI JfciiJI (jj. Jjj* jJ* ^1 jiLJl jjjj jjJaltl ^tliii.ll idKjjj '. ^ u ... tf J'.J : l| j^all Jij villl(j '■ jtLJI (jil alt j»- y-ll -299- u L ,..|i xdJ! J ■ : < s ^ jJwJl , v ^ r U>5 J5LJ) ^ ^ ^ 1 j^. u15 .'. v «: r' or r« v ■' s <*.- I"1 (V l v M oc V:/1 (13) ^ M^IS Ijli ! mills dj . JiUU LujfMV)273 ^ gs po t.c o <JLU ^ y([viv)2/1 OJ^'(13) ^(^1 273 ;<Jtlll = y (MV)2'3 = K (tc -1) L^«J , tJjbu. ■-- ^Jl m M ^ MV jl ~ <^m1I . mXJI ^| ji, (14) 1jrJI iasjJ ^ tc ixxa. J-^-J I JLxJ.1 I j-4 J^j.U La. .jljj , Sjl_>-^JI La.jJ .iV j a .^11 y 2 « .; .b o : Llbll SjjxzJI ia.G (jl jjSxu <3JLJJ| <3^1X11 j) jdluiy 7(MV)!" = K(te-6-t) ijxj (15)" . (8-9) (JSxi aj)_^ k Cullll w .■ujj^JI ^tn.nll <SLU Sjl^aJ I 5-a-jj i_UL*ji jxijuy ; t Sjl^Jl w w y1 ' ^Jl <1^x5 J^al ^U...!! jjjlll $ ^ ^aJlj jijiLuiil ixaJI Jx-o jJl (15) I (14) [jjlljlxil .e x ' Y (MV)" ale hy m.jJI ,> Jil Sjf^a. op CXUXJ ' ■) Y (MV) TEMPERATURE . ^UxJI jxill ^ Sjl^JI jll : (8-9) JSxi -300- Nadher Alshamary tykQall ! < 4 J jliflll IJJIj.I.IJI jjA j i i "s JJ_ll 2.1 L^iLoa.Vl (jij i Jj gill ; Jij i ^e. Ajjj k 4-a^Jt (jLs liK 8" I Lelc. J■ —" k 3-a iJI (jl ijjUl L^j^l I JjljxiJl La I / 2.1 (j-a Ji I k d CS2 > CCL4 , C6H6 ■ • ° jjjSj ■Lu^sll JjIj-JIj . 2.1 ulc J■ «-i->'1 JLfijJ (jtsl L«.1-1,8 f ^0 d IUI jj-ij jtiojj oLS>U, tilLjjy : iSiUJI T jjJjjjlL Laiilij La,j-AJI • ytlll 2/3 M d-dv La.jJ m ....(16) Tc J I < » LaL LISd <2^1C. = K(TC-T) ^ Tj ( CUIJ (^k Yo iu^. gs po t.c o 7 = Yo 1 - 1.2 < Lyjjijjl iljtjua , JJUI Sj^jJcua <5il£. di-JJJ ....(17) 1 ojjjlill uJt < ftjLaaj JjLmJ! .b o UU\ Wi op hy d^=c Cy oUiLullI £-n.yj "UAjJi jlj^JJ .e x Sjj JJL-U JSJ jj-" CUIJ C liiva. : Parachor jj—JljUJI l^ojuJ ludJlJI aaill (jJc J^uaail jjSuu 4jj MirJ.I jVJjill ijjLLuj . oljdil (jjj (j-® 4-a-lA " i.ii.IJ 1^11 ft .✓.II w JM' i 144Ui lalij jjc. w j»(jl 1 (£>aJI Cjljill jjj liLUI Is 113 jki,, ^ r > < I il«^ <^^JI ^apjl jjaj , |^j).a.^-o yjLwu (j) (j^uj ' a ~H n 7.I <-Li-«aLL w 4—wljJ Oj-fiilj . {y .-■! «*l ..."II liSj , ^j^JI (jl (ja CILI.^II 6j-A Cux^Allj . O-uoU. _■>,%!I ^1 ijtU, ixuj^JI ^ja. ^11 / v Sjj u>^ IjLaitf! jk^u 12.2 jl 7.8 Lai (j_jSLi (jA-o.^_uiiVl Sjj iLxuljj ^Kll ^ -ll 1 ..*1 ...11 . "Ujljjjt ij'jLa.) ikaljj ikjjjj ijj-.j-CVl i (jLifi alt ljuJ I -L.-JI (^jL2 |j| , <Jqj gjbj ulc. J^uajJI (j^ay . Lftdlc. LjjLula (JjljaJJ (j.-alrkiull dill (jjSj , Sjl^a- CiU-jJ Oat (jSLIj -301 - — 'cJ I J ..n aH ; JJUJI •U>LxJI jLit'3/1 ^ iiJUj J_ =C tl - dv ....(19) , Sjl_>^JI oLa.jJ {y Jjl^Ji Lrlc jiLn (ji jjioji L^j| da.j '"'■J <6J^vJ JjLlJI LiLi^ ^ dv i dj < SJjIjJJ j^iJl ^ 7 jjiy : ^ J-.^-.'i M ^ (19) 1 My 1 m - ' =MC=P d - ....(20) 1 .'. =P . ;j-^jJI j^JI U,.,H oAll "Li^j i_Uaj Lojjc. 1 SJLJ! jjjJUI ^jL^u j-k. I4I ^ ->ll <4U j^ljloll •; ^ I^Aj. JI>L( ij-fJ <j>U Lfiu ixajj ^1 jtjil i> - fc;Uil hy op .e x w U^JJ 23,2 46.6 ; r^i CJ 6.1 -1.6 ' U; dajlJ -302- (^1 j^ljLJL .(1-9)^1^310^1 JJ^IjLH {wj : (1 - 9) ilajl (ia-11 "■ ' ' Lf1 (y^JI o!-« ■ <±y v^^'j . Jaj[j_>llj oLS^O'j w osjL^" L^Ull olj^ljUl iijjil giLkll ,> w ....(21) cUladl alj-oil jj^ljLJI tjULii (jLi .. -uJcj .b o J^Udl II* L.-o gs po t.c o 4JC Jik; P culilb 4,8 c 17.1 H 12.5 N 20 O 53.8 G1 39.2 P 68 Br 90 I 48.5 S Nadher Alshamary I j-^UaJL LLuj^a 'j ^ v 1-^J.'ir. i ^ ka >< I [ tijJjJ ^ ^gtf-i jj-L'- l__) Lit I .<JjLa.Vl ^ ir a"i w■ i i -a- Ijl i ^ i if It i^Li] lj &jjb ^ If. < « ' »H [JjiJ—riuj r iijLa.) «< .i^iAi—LUJ iajlj^j lyWIobS/l . C6HsN02 />tjii jp-iilI j'mt (1) (b) o gs po t.c o m o ^xusJll P = 288.9 P = 264.1 ^-a jiu L jjij 264.5 (jjk ljUr P ■tajs jji . (b) : POClj j^ifcgjjitl JjjjK 0„w.^V .b o /C1 0= P —ci (a) \ (b) Lt« i b ^_>11 ^-a Jjjj Lo^Aj ! 217.6 = Ij^i P ^ op P = 217.5 w w • ^,'.'^"1 IX* "Liia-Ajl jvA-tll I^.f (a) on AitJ jjjj -%> ■ £i a <.j^UIP= 243.8 .e x 'b-aj^lI t-wSjill a_l5tll i_jjSjjJI (2) a / O hy V, a5j ^ JAJ ■ 206.3 Adsorption ^ ^3=4' (_ |-"."s ^ j ■ A . t-■ ■■ jj-lc. . ^1.^11 jl JjLiuJI iLoL^JI j ■ i. (£J& Jjj^" iiia. ! ■ il.y-.il juLjjjJ < rel="nofollow">j.ii'iIL jl JUJf jJ La^ ({^A-Vl IjI Jjk, siA ijl fi5»j-i.ul uil tj-uu JjLuJI jl ujIlcJI jl 1 r11 ail QjlajLU Lflt jl^l i>e»A4 ilLaJI aj_4 (jLfl ( !ja <-ilo-C. ^-O-^LUJ I tlilj i.* "!! jxjjLi <."i'lj |_f^. t-)l HI'I'SL SJUI |Jijj Jli > -L ', L^aLuoJLaVI A^jtLU ^C, S^JAUAJI aJA '_C. jlj^a-aVLj (JjLtutl . JiLuJl jl i_i11nil iJA.Ij jkl ^ a ^tia^iJI (jit olAll "II jjJI Jj-Oj tjl-i • jjl m a'lll < (k-wiil) iJjLl-uil ^ J^JLOJI : Jio . jJcuaJJ ik^ilo Jjljt S_)-aJI jtlajjJI "LaLLi J-J. Ca.j 11 gs po t.c o ^ m JaJLil ^^kuju ^i.C jl^LAVl Utllll Jjill JJil oliUf jjl-^ lj| r jVV**-!! y-Ki • J-lLlulM LL ^ ^ «->"_■ uAj < jl^"^' tr® y^L=»- -^VU. j£*J; ^ oU.LuJ,l Sj^-j c^la-l (jl 05 jJiill <4^5 tyi .b o JiLJ! . Liyi-LJI (^Lo-a-Vl u^*iS j,* L 1 iUiaJ.1 JJL=J.l ^ I-JIAII Cy ub-" (S) hy : ^ US tflc, u"^"'11 •u±l]| w V-5 dy ^' , U , ,,i I ^ dy '• 'LfiMa "^r a i^s: s jjU < w , 5ju^ tj* .e x . J>Uii (22) op S = - -— . -^r (Gibbs equation) '__J I jJ, I i> lt^ , oai - " cr® dy _ , . O^-J-O (jjis (S) (jU I -^- Ia-uAIJ IJLuj Ia-U Ait Lai w ^ ^ifcl j^Sjl ^ , Jj>U„lI iji.lj Jyx ^'jil I ^ - ... 3j<J . ^Ul J^lj^^:U>U^5jU^S3^IU4Ul!otjiL^U^C^,iJ ^ yiaJI <JjU-o lf'\ ^UJJI e-dAj . olUjaJl '• br> ^b ; UUI ■••■ (23> (To -7) A = KT -304- Nadher Alshamary ■ » ■ ■■ —■ .... ■■■■■ ... - J 7ts . A = KT .... (24) ^4 Aj .j JaXt^a TZs ^L*JI cijLi)! >4 R i i Jijl-. 0 ' lA ^ ^s l^p- yil]I p L cuLj ^.ui'ij i K = ■ J,lc iiA (jLa < CjljLiJI Jji fiju uA' <--^1 '.>il,l lt* (N)j ' ttlUI Sjl^ai) Tj i ciljUil iljLxi)j (jjI olj <JjLjdl 6iA £yj -Ul-JLllI ^-1 Lr.iill ^4 (7o " T) jyaJxiiJI J—liJl jji tjL I n Sill jj'l iojjj} ^-aj\ J—Sj J.II JjUl <14 (j^iu (jJlllj ' liA3 Cy n. ^Vl j'l .-.^J - gs po t.c o vA—0 ijlaif oLsaUI m . IjjLiJI CilSjUII . (jjLa III! S_>ail iSLtaif jjJtujJI JiiJI ^ (jxxAllI yl USj-pLL^^A jjLo^jV ■ ^LXJI J^ia ^e. UJJJ Sjljj JSI jiLj l+jli i pill ^io-tu JaUu (jx itali <-£.jjuu j it'lu ^jl (jiflJ ikli fjil iiiiJjVI ^jAj.-v Jlo ?.uUS j-j hy l_rit iljA 640*CL«;I5 LU jljjj cLjSj SjlJ.1 oljjjaJl (ji CH2 ao-« .b o • (iLP-' CHj JiS jckiJL Ii i-nfl'i <2^1*11 I jU , -cln m tia U i ill I : op (>® Tb 7b-(ya+Yab)=Tb-7a-7ab w j ' ^ ^U.i. Lajii-fl « -Ui "-(jjj V ^itl B J'l --H lsj^' uj^JJ ' cla*JI s^pJI <5UJI ^ Lyaiil! 6U:I ^ QJSj JJj ' tx^' 6UjVi ,^2 yAB (25) Ya w w Jit jLinVI jvjjij .e x I Ya ^ ^Ujlilinlll jt ■«■""■< 3jj"~ - SjjAll SjUI ojli > (9-9 J^ii) iU^■■In.i.ulI t_Flaiu JjI iij-U <_lft^.1 (jifiJJ f P UI ^Jc j inVij... A JjLJli c J jLinl : (9-9) Jiii -305- lldl jJiLio li*^1 c>^ COAU Ljj'-'-"-0 jLiljVi J^L*^ aJ%J ' jL^aWI JJIL*-O : iJljJI olSiUJI (^a jtjLolj^A LoS A ijjl ■ 111! COa tlLuiLalll B ,A WAH = 7A + 7u - Yah (26) ^a = 2 YA (27) ,•. CO ah - COA = YA + Yn " Yah - 2 YA (28) m [jLizii I J^U.) spreeding coefficient = Yn - Ya - Yab jLiail J^U-o Lfl ^^lll eitl Ulu r gs po t.c o : jLufc*iSfl J-OL.TiO (jJc, JIMU ^JjuS ; ji.VI JiUJI ^.U..1 ^ ol^ JSLi ^Jc. ^A.yTi ciit-aL*-® olj ^JIjauIU < JjLJI jtixMi ^Jc. >*5ilu Y Ia^iaJI lJUu : (jV J bJjS*~a ia-jaj I-UI J^-41 OAoV J""*! .b o Y„ .o (72.9 dynes / cm at 20ac) - Yc.h, (29 dynes / cm) -Yiko.c^m^ (^7.7 dyne/cm) =72.9 -66.7 5 i- tjjl.. Sj-^ op , hy = 6.2 dyne / cm ,cu I , j^uj/ (jjij 24.6 ^ .e x (- ^ jLiaiVI JaU^ cs^' 44^' CK^- ^ ^ ur^' Lfl ^1 jUII J X)^ w - CN , - COOH , - £>JI ,> ^ ^ liJIij-ut jfj-o i><» iijXUj f 7 26 d en / CITl) - y uJUu-bJt w JJI^jujJI ^3 ^ J^HJ w Insoluble substances on the surface of liquids : . aUI JiUu Ci& ^ ;s.u ^ SjUI jUi^iL X'J ' tfill BUU ^11 . X' pU , • tX" ^ S>L^, ^U.JI iAllj Yo ^ X ^ ^ ^'X1 AoiH jL-ui-JI Xr1'Yo 7TS UiJL^v(ai^.LS^!^41iyY<>X"Yo u) -306- oU-ljall yij , <jj!j jjc OXI ul jlk; Avljil ^ Uli. li^u^l jJi • alAAil JCS JJjj, Y^- '"■■■'I X*! Oij CSjXi ' Y v1^1 <> D"1-"''(X sLUil ^L^iJ Nadher Alshamary LyJa—)i IykllkJl J5j (ulill) SjUIj jjiaAi) JiLuJI (j-o ^laxiJl . (10-9 ojlj I iK « jljll jja j j jlilf " Yo " Y O^i *( 11,* 1 ^ajjU ■ t-sjjc. -Liiu-oJI I l-i» ■ A Jic.j 5^LjJ,( 4jLjj <j| ^jATiI : jjJj Loi <5i(jtJI 4ii Jjiua jjitu < 7ts A = KT (29) gs po t.c o E u "S3 (2) I IA t=l m (1) \ . 'Uh-s-a Sjiji. La^ i i_ulAli jjL .b o Area / molecule A Ja£. A < 7ls (jjj <3^1*11 : (10 - 9) Jiii lJU I f. 1 fctjJ I J5LJI hy Jit ■t.-vLull) A <7ts ^yu Ini n ^Jc. i U ku i'i f ,'i O^jrifw.i. SAikljlII . JjLJI ^,U I .I ^le. SjlLaJ,! Sjjlil! jJ^lf ol t>la I op . (yllill jliJI .~Hj Jaiiill (jjj ^ya Jil Sjlj-ii t-ll ^'ir. il 1 Lill j .e x jJlC, I, ^ jjf. (Ji^ -v'l . Int i All jjj SjLj i^\ w 4Sila w P 1 ■'■* * 11 ^ A j i« I a ftti ill b!yk jj-fl 1^ ■ A»1 I oLwrwlt) jjii i iJSJ S-l,,.ll oVL^. ola.1 ■ u a li lt C t I^.K iji ^' rel="nofollow">-»'iU •LjjLJuia ■ j I—. d t L'. <■ ^j| j tL\ ^jj-. a'i Ijijjc, i I i-i'l' nl I .LUin'il * JniJ 7CS - A ^y.'lrfcia w I^lldaj ! i (1) ^5j (jAaAil jjic. ■ ^". Sajjau 6jLj dao c a JI » . ^ o La-L-o-o JaC_J cl.i m >11 ^jLS n |Jj(j-uiiil lal t i^ail "daj\jijj I j iA.ij jjJc. Ca^fjXa (iiLlij^ll .')>& ^j_a I '' * iii i i.jl'slU ^ V>«j I (t-1 All (ja Jilil c_yaJ!^ Ij 5 in (_gjl I IIJ .Ui-I-A olj O O-al.t 3 I,III ^Jc. -UiJI J_a JjCj , j.-jJ! CijLa.( y j j 11 (j-A iliO-xi CjU-a^) I ^ i.ii aj <_a.l mtij < iJSJ j'jj" ' "- "' I 20.5 LljjJS 3^1.... : Ji—« < /'im Sjj 34 yjl 12 (jaj (jijjj^lf oljj ij* jj-t jjJC, -«I Ij i 4 Iii-I "ill 4iniUJi . 4^14^11 (jALaivVlj CifkUaVlj C^IJI ^LLiiU S-l«Ka jl 4jjLwi-» CJIjja 1.1) 11,17."iI 20.5 4_ii.Lum M-^ 1 Lj4j--at Sjjji jjji; 4S'KHI -307- 4j'n mil 5j_iiVl CjLujLid 6,^ —— —■——— Lai r — <4^-1-0 ..... i — ^il^l JwmJI . - ^11 ^LaL-JI (jjSj Laji.i ijtJa-uJI ^ jl _i JlaII 5_xJaill (11-9 Jitiill gs po t.c o m * H.C. Pointing upwards Polar groups CJIC V -/ V J Jjx «LLo " " dm.Lou jjj C CjLjja. I (11 " 9) Jiii C jjjjj-i .b o . e III ^cltujg ^^Jc. JLiil Jj .' *" (jl*-* ■ i'i^ )i<j--' hy »^-aj (^illj i-jl-n.il ilLjl. \ "> 1 nil (jAo-d d-^ljll t (j_)jLs.jJl jxa — N < "liLjiJI d «Lfijj^J( tjjjll M op X 20.5 c iil—mall ...■u.>'»i (1.5) M j-* Jil <_a.Lmil (jl iil_l >J X . L» jl 556 jjlj ^-» -til . 556 27.1 = w w Ujja5 ^ OjLJI jljll ^■•>^>11 = i^Jc (Jj . L-Jma-ll ^ ^ ■■■ , IfaJaou Ijlc. Iji-iVl jl oljUJf jljlol ^ (jjSj C]7H35 COOH « < l'i 1 xu! | IxiiV I ol i Jl Li w 0 j-Aj ' c I .e x JjJq 1 ■I'jj (jjj diLmil i_>Llij-o. (J^-OJ r Sjj-iaII Jl ^■L..J. I —jJ> | d -yj < i\ 1 I uifjLLJI jl^Lo) Sjxall ,> 4 .L r. J - '■ «"J . j " ^11 uiixoJL jLa^jJI jl jLjdl (j-a-m-y i jll! ^JaouK <1LiJI ii* (ji ujLoJI LAiij < jlJ.1 jUJI jLill j'l ( (jdc-j < jldl jl^ll Sjioil doil I ^xj ?j5L«J(j 1 jljlaVI dLoc LiOic. ^1 Sjl^dl . jlji«VI -308- (S"** j^1 Nadher Alshamary 3-^1...^ . - a)! I LuiLut J-alxi l^La i 'CtaJttjjJI j^l^jiaJI (^o Sj-*lla ij| liu^- ■ . .. ..II JijJj . SjUI jtLuJI ia.L^ta CulS lj| Sj:^ iJLii iTj! j la 'i A * "■ ^1 jjiajj ( L.n.n i_uSjJ ofj L^V S SjLa Lkjlafcu jSj I ^ "' ■ •«" !_)» IJVI jUI j^uitaJI Jfcki-J is^Liw jjl Cyy • 1_la. ISjJxuJ lj ^jLjiJI oljl-iil i>a Sj^ . ia-tlll ^l u"' ^ 3 . XII ^Li , i^jla 5.=.jj 25 Sjlj-a. ^.jjj a>—^ (iljLill aiLU Sj^JI ftjlAoJl CjL-eSil; 2 - 9 <J_)J-^ Critical temp'C C.C. odsorbed/gm Liqui Faction NH3 easily liquefied 130 136 COj moderatlye liquified 31 60 N2 moderatlye liquified -146 11 H2 difficulty liquified -239 1.8 op hy .b o Gas OH c£jU^' £_ '^J , jljia^U <jL15 jjS| w w w .e x Ja^j i jUJl "U^lllj oli^j ofjLiJI 1 U i i A ait < ^LiJI ^ill ^ a^-lj (vl_>aJ : (2-9) Jbll JL>i=Jf ^ oljUll m iiLLS SaUjf j'jjj J _I"I*IJ gs po t.c o . a 11 jUJI 70" ■2 I ■3 < O £ < 30' 80" Pressure .^\^j^l:i\2-9)^ -309- (>> iJLuiVI 4jljj ^ IjLjj-Lti SjLijll ,j ^ . (j'l J,l jlxll j|^ ,lni . (12-9 Jlw) jliJI olj-i^ao ^JsvuJ I Jiu ^LxJ.! jLiJI jjl JJj , Sjl^aJI 1-aJS LaUjjil jlftn jkj i JJiV I tj!"® ' O'j3' 4^' L&A3 L rel="nofollow">^ SjjUa Liix-C. JJ-A ji-iil jlj^ILal <.|1 nr. ^1 liix^k. ! —aJI jJ'lj i Sjf_>iiJI Ca-jJ iSLlo jiUajL i i'iy£i Sjl^aJl liU^J ' Sjlj-sJI CiLa-jJ L-ftbA-a jAc. jl^jlaVI oU^j^jl ^y> >iD^J ' 'Ulnf. ^jlc. , (^LiJI njStmfill ^Um jtc m jl^loV LujIJ-1 1 A'ljj . jljj-dVf Sjl^-a. I yij jUI gs po t.c o t 0(jljJu45f( 1 jjl Sjlaii jlitl oljjja- ij-U i_ijLk!lll ^jS 4-«-»AirJ Ujj jljlaVI S-JaA j>_ii.i cjljlill 3j jUI C53^^ 4^3^" 4^* LT0-^ ja Sjlall <-iilall ijjSl Lajjn .b o • op '. yuyi J^o, JliJI w .e x SljU^, ^ 'iU-LJ ^ Sjl^ 1 <^| lU^JJ (j1*"^* ^ ~ ^ jl xJi i '. -Li—«LJ[ jl SjIj—:«JI jj!—""i-L 4—C,J—L^IJ cSji ^1 jUJI olAjj^-^jijJ "Jj I J&I a>^ JLijj o1^ 453^ 6^b ' ex1" oliLJI ^ j^l SjL ■.^'ijj? , ^LiJI -- 'M gL.u ^ jLij ' JIjm'JII J* jlij < j'j^' : , jJ^JI OU^VI eU . uaUoll cL^ yL jl>Vl (2) CH& y-L ^ ; s^di Sjill ji cjj^b jU-1 c^1 oti ■■■ ^ yi^. 4 , JilIj-i-ul i gL-m oic JUxJI jA U$ w w , SJ^ oA - ^ \Ji dy^b 0^' c^' <^1 -310- ^J1-^ J' ^ uULAy 3'iJ, ■^) J1-5^1 s Nadher Alshamary ^1 < SJIAII Sjjll (^1 lixpSlj JJ-«J ul C^i ' -tLi^ls jjij . (viLcJI ^L. J>juoil jjXa-^uSVl jLcj I J5VI ^jAiJ JLXjj tjj" .1. ^ "1J "i 11 ^kui yJc. ^yLa-ll , LjIj ft _jJ| lillj .i_JLxu jjjl IjljJLsl ^ 1-tiu jljJLaVI Jll» < J>aa1I jLiJ[j jUI jckj-JI yAJ CiLijjJ^JiAl <_aJoi| J-3.J4 tjj.i'i IolI ; jralUa*- «JI ' L LI lij 1 L^jJIjl - ,«. ^>11 ixlL.ut.i5v Jjlxil ; JLxll Jju.i ^Jaa . jaaII jlill (jt (jJ I I A X I I 4n^I CO 4xvA ft I I ^ L . ., JjIj jvxj 1 jLil I dijj 3jl "txvJl (J-L <Ji] I j j Oj "t I ^tixui IJ-L j A oi I [Xv^iJjd-L^J I (j I I jl&LI j J .1 I n5> I ijj I ■ jLill oLULj Sj^Lc, Lfl 1 gs po t.c o ^jJI jl — m ■ ds* / j*-'" 100.000 — 10.000 (jjij La yij JJ-OJ jljioVI 5jl^=»- j Of^jU^ 1 j" nil jLiJI •ULuil f, ; oU^xjgjj! -vlIU Ij.^lc I "11i.fi -» u^lj ' jljLa^l CiLa yxlt^jl jjx SjJdc ^Ijj] dxjj ■ (13-9) (JSxulI w w w i^LA^jjjjjVl Add jJax-ej . (jjSj lJUJI (jj ju-ai) jLill — 5 -311 - <3vxijlIj <jJllll CjLajxjjjjV I dt.| ^1 j ^ a'i'i 1 £-kJl -o ■o & lyncll yiw Type HI /, -a I m Pressure Pressure Pressure Type V gs po t.c o Type IV 1/1 / > Pressure Pressure > P0 LOJJ I 1 fSj jkj-LJjjjVU iijLJI i x n =KP m IT! Jil X jlAil J^LiJI KlS (30) (jlft JaUj CUjIjJ K , n « (jljjVl ; ^J o w .e x ^,1 jjiij Joi-LAtl rel="nofollow">kilj <jUI ^k«JI (>» op , TVjikUji f-jAxpl SL^J-' iaiUlli . SjljsJI LF^ "i-a-kinyil hy j,-?-ijJI ljjSj r JjVl .b o . jljiaVI CiLojjIyjjl ; (13 - 9) w p^IIj l/n aA; 4^ j-ii— ^ ' w Lj]ail\ f.l.w'u.uLj (31) log ~ = — log P + log K m n .> J!L«J P iuik. lc >g Pj ' log — aloe K *a ,-lu! Jl i»=«J.I -312- Nadher Alshamary m k , log Pj. log — m "" gs po t.c o logP iiiUil: (14 - 9) lyj-uoJI ait jtJajj-i 5JjL*-JI ijjU'ii (14 - 9) ^JJLUJI JSUiJI ^ , <JLJ| & jjt (ji iwiLa jjS| jjLuu^ iljlxa i >* iiJ^J ait d . J. a ^ '. a Jpja. i o jic. i jlinll gJaxy Ij ■a i^,l °i .j ^jJI Sji .ai.) oljLiJI (jl jjUo-^jV ^i^jl ■ "II J lalxl L|icS! jJjuiJ a jJi-aJ. I *1 rel="nofollow"> itill yl j.ilr (j < aa-^lj ' > iLloU hy d a -U .b o jfjJLoMJ tr* u' op I oli-ljill 3jjU.'i i-^-0 ' Sa>lUI La ^Jl ^it,a^-'lV j^' .tijlj Rjjl^i-01 CjLc. .e x : L«Aj ' ijfluSUZLo jjiLiaC l_fic. ^joaj < jjS-uoLliJ ijljj! jljlaVI : jUaalV) j\ o&il! (1) w J^a itjLaJI ySLaVL L^-elala-^iL i_jI mil ^loa-" y-lt ^jUJ( iaxujJI ^ jLill w oN i w Ls i. 111 i A \ IA . as > jUJI o £y> jjjll jUUI w jj-oj (jl I—jJ (Xu 4^1 ir. aLiaj . (jLi-ll 1j-a ^j_a ij (jjSj I j-ii. jtJLiiJI ljJi < (jxjua ^aj ait ajiaJ.1 CjL-uj-tJLj ^LulLI ^a ^aJeu-ei ^^11 ^—4 ' ^.U. *'iil I JcJaajJI IJ-A) < ^LUIj jLiJI £ya lajl-t. JljLa ^al) jtlaA«JJ Oi LfJ j^dla-aoi ^itI ^r.UjhII ■tn.I i uaj jt-ilI -Ui |A -313- . I A i- 5l I J-i aicj > ^fi.Wi nil <_iLat aLijJj , uiLaJI ^rln in ^Jc. ji-aJ . Jtiitull I^yt ■lii.LlJ.I CjI^vIi nil Cilfi LaJS ^pjixltl^ j-uu^ll d I - ■ ■ ■■ Uu < oljLiil '_iiulila ' (jlillI Ja*-o |jLi ,. ■Uic.j " - - — ——— wl J.rliill rate (if adsorption = K, 11 - 0] P (32) . CUIJ Kj » tviiA ^JS P lit : jWll ^ Cr^i LJS jla^t U jiL&\ ^Vl Jjl (2) jUJl ^ Jjjm ji ^^p-xlll Jituo , {y, L/kiJ.I y^i\ Liuilili, . UvAa rateofdcsorpiion = K, 0 (33) ■ es^-i ^ Kj aj^y gs po t.c o .-. K, (I - ()) V ~ Kt B tsjLuui; u'j2^' m : • ; ^jic J' it.-v i < K, !' I^J4J_P SviLc-l e l_)3Kl-y "" •■•()=iv^ (34) 'I ' (35) LoUloj Uaj-ai K.-, ^ If. d * . ..at 1^ Iru.tJ I ^y ^ in» I I ^uiSil jU.1 jJaxJI £y ITl x _ Kb P _ (37) . OJIJ K aP f3C1. I +bP ^ jxUijil CjLLo-q , a = KP ; J n "i «1 culjll b < a I jjl-ft-n.'iV w . , Sj II w jJa-uj txL. 1 X jUJI ixaS .e x ! +bP w in ^^Ic. op ~ =K0 ni 02 : JUL-o) t jd»j jki>> I /»>'<« Lrdv*j ^ (38) ^jLxtlj jjJa I p fLit J-altuj P a-oA X / m SJaiLxIl . (lltilIJo^crJcN2 j'i : <JLlll ibj_yj^vtl fji (38) ui*_a n i ojSS (jl ij^y P.^l + fJljp x/m a I a f e j-ajlj f b / a /oz-\ ' K , K j / Kj tjj* b litjp. hy .0 K.I P / K-,~ hp _ " * KWK^+K, P/K2 I +bp .b o . n _ (39) P L*JI . () 5 - 9) -314- I ui j^a>« j-a LaS i 1 / a ^ ^jLsi.1 Nadher Alshamary «~—ki >jiLtJl ■ P ,U« tAl! i . x/m gs po t.c o m x/m ^55^1 ; (15-9) ■ jSTilj, IJajlII ^jlilll ^Jc xljUil ftjj ^..U-,. .b o • L4-^' lillj ?jajsI OIU . Utir.ll L^i vjiual=kj (38) (40) Uk^, jixjj SjlJLl jUJI iuiS jjl .e x : lix AJUJI iajfcua!! lie- ((_jJ : ^1 (38) 5JjUJ.I = constant w w x ap a — = -r^- = — = m bP b ^11 w "liJo Jlei ^Ij / tulj (41) JlJ.) jUi| jjli , Ui.All SjUjj • iJlc. U^i-L^ Olt (41) <JjlAil , Of? 57aj : l.ia. ^Jaiaxi LjiLia die (]} hy op x ~ = ap m Ktla. (jbJLx n X ' "^j" ^ Kp ^>41 Alt (40) "Ujladl <£Lij jjI^W ^1 iua. J-^'J*J jvl-lrt-'ijul (jioj t kiLtAi) SU. nj" . jv .a .1'. «i <_iltj • j^L^V jxjjljjji ^ <x<sLl, <1U. UjliStl ijlajj ■ -315- ji UyU < '■*'• sd^j , da.l.jJIj ^ ^''1 Brunauer - Emmett - Teller Theoary : j <' .1 ^ • "U—11^ Sjlj-a. CiL-a-jJ uUC ; 5 .Aa '1 j. ^ i.' "" < 'rta-i-'iii .-<1 ^-j i .llcj . i«.l -v Ij <.S.xli3 dla-i.u I jl oljLiJI (J* jLc. CiLxi^a. i_jd^-" jjf I4J jjS-cu i ojlail jtill (jli ,.^x*1lU1 ^-jS . CiUJall jjx dJde <jt .oi.1 CiLft^laK ^d »■ kj "t Jj-iaj Joj*-•.<* die L^aj.i<mj '■ JUjIj 6^ ^ IjiV killjj < jlijlj ^f-4] ~ jAjL^ •til i' <^1 V < IV 1 III 1 II —uo die. ^tjii.tt.illj , 1 fttluall (jijlVI <JLa. ijjlj ijjljXal jlyl-oVI 5jl^ uJ^J ' of ^ 0^ <JLl^^J ^tUlU! Sjl^aJI ^ E[a iaa- ! £[_ ,^1 oIaaLI) '-« JA3 ' f . jjJjVl "LLlLJI <« ■■• J *"<^" liu^- u fllrtf. jl Jxi . ?_ilLjJI o.lUII al->.UI IdA ^ (_PjVI iSJall (ji jLiil oP El-0 ciili Idl (1) ^ ^ j'1"^''" '-f1" ^El^ E, oll^ Idl (2) u^lj ■ (JjVl hy tJlUll oldiiaJI C*lli Idlj i El^ Ej dul^ Ijj (3) QjU.oll III , II cLie^U. Ill ^1 ^aoL^la^Jt U; , A ^Jc. jUUI op ^Ij , djjd Udie dl^j < . (ktJI jlji-iU o11^ ' ^d*^1 d^. elllA l^i jdjj ^Ij : Adsorption from solutions JaJL^I 0^ c^"11 oijii JI^LI LJ»j] ^ div^ j|: J'di of O^J o^" o> jdLAfJI i^Sj of jl*" a- «=iUuUl Jd^-a Jdx. eJll* cb^1 o^ ' ^ISaU1 o4 ^ o^^f Ui* w w ^ Lodi^j.. jjuai . uJ^oJI 4 Lodlej . UU1I Jo^iAJI die jld^L djjd L^ll d^.J^LJI jUj w . V . IV -Ij'-ill j^J .e x Ju Jd^-o tjlZ, ^ jljlal eiliA J d^j dii. L^\ f 4^1 o^- U>I" dV-h ■ Ji^ 11 1 uWd^ -> 6dA jlji-^l S,j^Uij . deljillj ^iUa-V) JalU^ ,> uJliai J^l Jc >1^ J yil tifda, Sj .A-slI Ulu , ^biUI . >ai jUii SjLj £4 6dLj! I (jj jljlaVI ^JVI ^Vl iiiloJI jL-alll ^ jjSI ulftl ^AjJaJL < E| *>" oi^; ,^1 *ld-ij Ll^i' II Oidiol jjLo-ajV 1^.^131 .b o ldJ4 . 4 rel="nofollow">^i} (®* E . T) O^loJ i^jdS^j gs po t.c o [JjJI m , ^liiloll lja dJd*J jljLal «ljdi*-l CjLaj-uj^JVI adA djj^K o-luIju Sfdj^. a4; U/' ,dLA;Lil : dW^daA 4 1 >1^ • tr ^ J' i^iJI (> csd^ of 6^; L i . djlij^ll oLyjl jljl®' yll ^ddf' -^d^ ^'jd -316- Nadher Alshamary , II ■ I,1 i jjJc. 4 jj_oll Jill {yt AJjj 5_jl^sJI ia.jJ Jjjll ij-ti iJlLa JJLaJ,! ^y, jl^LaVU <.- rel="nofollow">.1 ■■» a SjU^j , JjlvJ.I ^ SjlII jaSljaj ta.Llll in" ( ^i**> 81 J-a. |^JI jaijjJI S JLj^jJ jljJyJ jl^LaVf ^ 'I' ■* (jjjil jj'lj <JjLill ? a . a~Hj , fdljLxlJ ^j-il i a i^ll jljiaVI i lag (j-fl lijJowl U Jla i olt^iJI ^luu ^ If. i_ililI CjLxij^a yi a.i — Ij la .U i ^jjLaaJiV 4jjl J.nj 0 i_)!iitl jjSjjj Jn,ujj ITl jLtl Umll £y, J"^ a i~-j lJil X SjAaif lo^tla iP 1 — = K C"" («) iljlxa (j^Sa ^(^Vl gs po t.c o : m -5r=T^ C L^ji (43) ; ^jJc. Jao-v". jaljjlijUl iiiy log i- = log K + -i log C • JflL^i' o-a jljlaVI . (16 - 9) logC ^a logx /m .b o ij^ll (jl ^jU'u jjl yiaa ^1^1*11 ii* (j) LSiUll iujj ^ill hy aUaiSJI (ji i.pj At! l^J i aji-.ll aIaj . 3iLLj.l JJUJ.! Iji iJLt (^jjSj J>UJ.I olill jIjI (ja JaaujiIL jjliaj 1jj*.-aH Oau | Oij ^ -tijU-a j!j4-OU • ■- ; iiliiaJll iua. '. A^LLm JjIU-a ^ ^,1 (^aaJLaU ^.jjxapll ^jiac jjli < jljiaVI itiac. ^ g^lill Uxkll jja UJ^J ' op c£*i (44) jjSj Ajj^kll • , ^JVI Uia. SiC. w w X m cjlill tjji 3&UII : (16 - 9) Jii -317- LJAT. .jjfi jljla^U yal^-kUui <3ALaa ^litL w .e x iAaajllI Jilajjl iliLlgx, ^Xc C*i 2, i i L>5 * ^pic. oljLit) jljj-ol ^J^"t i kIiLL.iUitI (j-o ijulilJ . QjJJiB C^La-Lvj (ji liU^j t e I^>-a <£.jLfl (JJJ La yji jt- iA" in' i SjLa jia-jj i Ja KjL j-uII (jit jl jljlaVI -IxoaU. dJj^ JALjlS diJ^JI ^ L^J-aVl i jULa. J-aL*^ ^ r JJLJ.I . y-L. Ujl^aL "LILiJI oljUil U^yj • tSL^' " W . Sjlil SaUl Sjl iJIj (J-L ifi-oVl (^ai ( Sac-Luji JaIjC a>?-J ,>• Jj "I^i jl^LaVI yij . SuL^j, ftll J^a CJUJO J>LL ^iljUJI (J-* (^j Sj-uS oM-tlij a J "I^l liij t jLLa. gs po t.c o I ja.tJI ft 11 i-i11«-»lI m Sj-.-L"11.1 LeLaJI iTjljUJI jjjj jlji-oVI oLuJ JJJJ.J yi IA^AII ( jiuJI J[)L»_a ^ ijjIJJJIJ <^>11' a'jl' Cy : Chromatography J^u ^ jl u-* ' ^ J^^LUI la-A Llxj-qj IjLi . J>l^-a jji vt^-jil Vlill oLyl^i i-iilU.L ULLLy , jU Sjai 1+) s SaULi : 4>ajJI JjJo ^ ciliJa ^ IxilaJI oLjjl^-a J^i o^J (^J-Lv) jljjVI (j.-aU "inn op .'w'. >LlL« r Li oLLJo J\ f jl^p-aV! 7 ,(17- 9 Jiai) B , A c Ij^-'l ^11 ^kiy , (^ji— jjaxu yJt OLiaj jlii jtkuJI .e x J^bu J) SjLii Ij . .11 jJa^u ^ ij' all SaUl w tja— j^u jjl Jji ^ ,^11 t-uX* . j^* Sj '^ Ij al o& oba^ x . n = 5-12) Na30 . Al2 O3 . nSi 02 x H20 -320- Nadher Alshamary Jl e_y»UaJl ■ Mg2 + ■ cilyjlj Ca" . + ■ ... ^jo-uJISII ... ylt <-i>La-ll ftU,! jju LojlaLi f otjjJl J^-o ^j.ui.'if.Ulj ^.i.miII^JI oljjJl ija-j i t-i,iu ^..Luj-o ^jSj jllaj , pLJJ Ijjjjt i_ixuij V jjjlll i I olajjl jjJII Cilyjl , liuJjjjJI ✓ Na+ +Ca++==: X = Ca2+ +2 Na+-(47) X ^ Na+ zeolite Jj U-aJ 'GL>L*-aJ , S^o Oo^JJjJ I ^JLiJ m ^ia (>« gs po t.c o • do-r I i,i.T II oLoJa; Kg pJbujjMJ 411*11 jl^ll i_iLo jtLtu (jJc. pU.14—loU. ; JjLJI jl—lilil a^iJI i> JJilJlj iillj j»l)j . JjLJI ^ iJU ^uLu lylj L^l (yJlj , Cy^ '■ 'Ljl'j ' o^i ' J * i'" Jjjj tilia^j«»LaJI 5jjLa. oi.. ,1.^.11». U... ^ lr ,,I ®Ls-YLl .e x YL j' Yu LI| ' JJJ1 Jjja ILuiu, Lfl iL^U Jo^ I^J (48) J3j ^LuJI 5jj(j (jl (^b oLuj^i. (jc. SjLir. 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OlJajKVlj 1 (jjbJ.' Jj-wa • '•L^ ji ' liMjua^A jl •'Ul jJi jlailiVI • (2 -10) ■ j^AWJ ^Uy^l iju 4Ajlia : (2 - 10) il m ciLill ''-^ 'til 1 4 'ITV MI |J »■->"! •CL-V UJ JX'VJV .e x J-ajjUJ 1 ^JUXJI — op .1 t,t.i»l$|j oljalj^iS hy : ijj-' A. c. _>ri_c. jlj-x ^ (Jj-a *-J) 1A r j|j-o 1 | A.U».n w bjj Jfa, jlvilo ^^ic. (jjj , (^.•a,jia"i ^jlt CiLiajill jlj!L«l tjj i.ii_i Lx-a [ Li^ jJoS l^ijLSj ^clai.u w w . . ■ a uSuJI jl ^OxajjI (J,o-t i (jl-® Ob^iLlI J JI I^I 4* (J-A 4jjlilIj I Cijltll I JJ-A L_4I I j-J-to-* il jjLlSjjJa ; Cupti] dJ* (i) ; Iflx i ^5^1° Sut yJc. -328 - Nadher Alshamary (jjjjAjJ.1 ■UAiH ji k_uljJI jl jjjjiUl) ^ya 4^.jJ ji*i . ctll ^-l •' (jjj I^L9 i-il iAj . «Lj_>£. jjLSj IjJ-j-n ( jjlJI fill (ji jU-JI wiiSly , jjjjiil jj -•-^ AIA p-,-1 ^-i.aJj < g£Jl (ji FLC.J1I JJJJJ I Cjl-iil . i iJL*!! j3 - 10 J jjjUilillj udbJI J-AA ^11A-1.1 J <Sj^t-JI Matal electrodes gs po t.c o m + rV. W& m op hy .b o vAvIv>Kmx4Kt:fl}K^>Xv>>j am : .e x o,'-^^"" Cyti ■7d^l|j jLuiijVI iaj^j £>-0 w ■ i XijjJaJl (2) ^ -^31 (jJI U.~\\ al^tl °" I <^.Ua iSAJ-^j (<2a3j / a* '"■'"«"H LiL^J) OIJJJVI (JAJU w 3jp-lls) sJKB) S^Ui (Ji£. OJ^JLII sii j-ajjuj w •LuiiJI Cii^ ji jkjj-uiIj^JI aj^JJ Jx«j illoi ; ejj".^. -ui Ji : t-LSmijI (u) : tfj-Qj i SJJJC LA iaailtull jjLJIj : jl Laaxuil^i "" 5^|j J-JL^-o JljjAl j^k aa".«jj < Jj—"^1 Jj' - 4^3 _ JjAaJLj^iJI : ^ , <]j"i -329 - UiJ, (1) l^j j, tl_.[jf-pl.^ ".,.1. , ■ ^ O-0 dJL^a-Luji (SXf^- Ji ( ._,l,'ilI Jjla_o <JjLjUa ,j « i , i j Utl I » LLI ^ya LVlI JjIaJ-l l-ij-lj '• 100 ^Jl uiA>iJl I— £y> 0.1 % 3-iliAlj (jj 0. I % |^o Cjti_>ii5 iLiLi^jj « , Ua-iUn. 6 J LiS -I.' ^ I oJbjll i^yi i.u-i..a (jlc. J.Ma r».'i illtj , S^sTVl ^ ^ Jivy ' Siu^ij JiuiS) Lfj^J "bijlj jj) jjll m ;(^JljjI JicLill] buj CAIJJSJI J^-O g-^i) (2) gs po t.c o 2 H2S + S02 = 2 H20 + 3 Si (1) ;^l^i^>(3) J^JUO Jjli " gAU OJj^Kll 1>1 Ijj. Jjia^o (^11 oljAJ Ciik.r. Oj-ulj LlJ^J Ag h +Cf =AgCl (s) . £& jau>^ I^A Jj-*^ J JJ J-I-A-^J . .I.J.III^JJJ Afti jl : ^JtUl JclilJ] UJJ , (2) (3) JlU-j-t (4) '"^A f'1^ "' '"' hy J-J.i 11.^'i ^ Cy cU^" ui^yj .b o 2 As*+ + + 3 S" = As2 Sj (s) I Lajifi »U.l ^ SjajS IxcZ ^l »ill^ (4) <> .e x op 2 Fc a 3 + 6 n20 = Fc203 . 3 H jO + 6 HQ Jl>4 ^iilJibUjXS) c£*i jji iS3l yjji) ■ L».4 i^*.' f-o u^d ^' jj Vj B SjL (ji w ■ A , B (> JL)^ b OJj^JI !> JLH-* ■>^-^^" C^i w w Cujj^JI Cy 1 A SjL JllA oili laj C ^ SjLij ' '■'J-l ^ tiAs ' Jja^l ..UI^IJ^I^ iu^jiJl J_JLi( A.>.d i.) . iaj^l jiUJI ^iUo tsA' jij-' ^ UaLJl a^1 ^ Jiij SjajS CiUaSj Ui^j iJxixal Ijl A culi Ijl L^i-ttj. f ujab^iJI 6iA (> -330- tsy^ Nadher Alshamary JJUil : cj4 **1/^ Jl>^' ij* ■ (2) isJ^b (1) : Sjlj^l (1) -•ulill oljjjVl j'l tSjILjAllj *JI JjiiJl (jjj ^^^11 ftUai^i (jj^ul^oll »U yJt Jjjill jjjJI ^ iL^kll ftii . SjLJI ^AIAJU (j^UJI PICJJI Jiloj J>ocJ I ^ajJ pLrj ^ jli-y , t5J>iJI J>laJ.L Lj^Sj jLfaJI ^Luj .^U^JaxJI ji c'l.n.AjjLII pLiju » KfUi^i) jLf^ ^Aiiu 60* jtfaJlj gs po t.c o . (2-10) Jiii}! < jiole m .jIjaIujU jail; (^.jUJI »U.jll ^ ^-^>11 ctll . JiLilL 3iX>ill ^SUjJI .b o Water Solution hy Sol. op Parchment membrane SjLjJI .,."i iijJJI thtj' w -Ul JLa—fl ^laA"> tjA* . (3 - 10) fij JiJlII ' SjljJ Ctt • S^LiJI i-iUfc ^I^-uj| 6it ^jil ^ » i A--,.,l I jL^aJlj , * .ij|] w ji is* w iiyUI *1* ^ u .e x . LJUJI SjLdil ^.Ulj*. jli^. ; (2 - 10) JSLUI -331 - (JJfi JsaiM W liter Sol. + Electrolyte Solution v.vWjrler-V.v m ^;-V-WijW-V.v •Le^*-y • gs po t.c o . ^^1 SjJjall : (3 - 10) JLi -tSjlj PUI ,^11 cjL\yjVl <j_iiLX.Vlj . <-a.J ■v-1.<..iU 4 i JLc Lifja. jji r.^U ijjLilll vJUAi (jJcj i . jjlyjluaJI jyljoluiiil Cliijil "UxtifcI jjcj "ULjiaK ai* cJUJI yi •LchOaJUiill : Jji (2) Mill •Lul&JI (jl VI i 4jjL*il ^-Ljuu_^iI ) Ojjicu 4.^ j i A ygic. ^J.«.o.A."'i ^.BJ Iji^j . 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Uii-B 5jl«il ^ (jySi LfLJU-B jjl ■J -H -- - ^jic J^aOjJI tjSLft i * I ojaiyjlll l-»| . jLioiVI ilJJj yUjiJ > Li-MJ Uoljjjl LfJ Jooajj jl I nl'iVI Jqj^j ,u.->Ui^,ll jijlll Jiy H V dJj (ft-jts < (y&H jLlilVI i^uyl JoLjjiU Ji* j+Ioj V j<.1.^11 64ijiu Jalaj L^iiLSj jl La£ 1 L^La Sj^jnB 5il5ill jljjii « jLiaiVI Jau>j -332 - Nadher Alshamary : Colligative properties J>L^a jxa jUI y^^aiJI ^Luitl jluaa ^'l Lajjj gs po t.c o uiAall ya (3) m : (jl Gj^a (lu>"-'1 ' l-af" gjjj La SjL 1^0 J^La-a ^ < int'i (j^JI 1^ -vTu jjjll i oL^jjVI • ^11 •ulj 11 "j ■ ki ».JJJ i <.j4.J t-JI J—Jl iJLI ^ II -u ^ , JiAJSjAlL S^aLUJI 6l» C.U a Jl. a_ilj , jJIla JLv_a ^ ^UJI Ja J^<« yG' jLlI y-U-1^' ^lAaill ijilj JtLuj Vj . « alb,a eLa-^u j| ( (ilia I.an ...JI iJLiSJI .,.^11 5U.,.Ijj Laltxo 5_^a-a. JiLi. La_LBj Lo^a. ■ sjaiki] diitllj ^AaJdJI uiLaAll jl jGill oi.ajn.-v ^a JJjl 4jl ui-a ^ Ja^jj Lajjfc V| LjjUJI jja ^UaUl uj tjjyJI oUuacJI jjSJl . A...-, yiajj .b o . oUauaJI »i* ^alu : Brownian movement ■ *Lfti*II cLau-ia-aJI (> . ly-uS IjLi , yit ? i» -"M ijjl jIU" <^j^. ^ S^a^ll JoaaJ.1 laa^ll oLij^J ■ b^h" Laji oLai^Jf iiA JjUS iua. ! Culill ^ oLad-uoJI ya yjjiLa SjjJ l "?lj a& . yljV! Sjjl^l oLAiiJI Jjfc Lailj . olfaJI ^laa. ^ ^Vl claJaaJI yj ULill iliaJJ) yi w SJjIjJI olaJ-LaJl . Lial jdilla jaia yjj .IjaJUa SoJJI IkjLaia ^UOMC. , diaJJI dG cLaa^I ^ iUSl SalLJI ^ ?■_■. - ^ ^^ w ■Liaj Olj-i-i JiUw L^-la-ifj-a OaaCjI aj aii a,H L^lLoG yjil j^iJI (4-tOJgatJI) Ja ^ . lia. JJLai Oc atii V 5^1 JJUil jl Ol aj „,?| djI^JI ^ fiajUul. K^aJI i^ljj ja jl^ . LjUJI olla>J( ' "'AW yaal^aJI iua. ja IkJaSaJI -333 - , : (4-10) Jii t "LuIjj-^ tux^iu ^j.-xcg-ti i U,'^.1* ^' J^Lxil Ifla ^JixuVl * j^JI ^ Ja-c^jJI "LxjJ Lu>j*J "Mj I (5X>-*11 jjl -Uj^ill Sjilall ,3^ 4j^K>i JjjxJn I , Svi^ya l> JSl) ' U-iu^lj JJLSJ ol uA JJLaJI JjlSj ^jl Ua-J ~>*J ' (^ " 10) Jiill ^ gs po t.c o <>• jiiJlll iJ>la>-» Cjji ^I^ILexU J^olAl! 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La^U (^^jyulljpLII) JLo ^ljp_aVI (jaijx u^jLlJI w JUt^ , L^ Saoc^ C-jla—j U^XJU (jc (jXXa . uilx,] U5Ij jjSn CiljLiJI ! flUI w ijjUJI <X:VI |jl , .wij, i\.^ ^ (J-Lc. jxUilll loA JvOAy < l^iu.. I^Aju ^4 jrlji^VI .^j-.- Jl^ ^ .-.uu |j| ySJI ciljUJI JOX ^C Jiiil yju . o^-lj,_ino , Saoa^j iXU Ipjj Oriijlj , Ly^c. ^4 ^a-jLui Component (C): Lfi> U^J' U-Xi-.. JalX pUf f Uiii f ^ -W ;i5ili,l 1^0' Sjfiill oLXJ.1 > Joe J3) y JjjS Lk^<>ji Jli—Vl aii (> Xu^a JS ^UiUI oLylil joc 55^ U vil^l <> J^l ^ .(PUI jU^ - JJIMJI PUI ~ gjyi) ^Uc] - 347 - Jt, .ujSJ.1 jU.1 jxliii. H20 .m ljl^i • (oj>-^JI jUj ur^- -^jj-Aii! cu^jSJI - ^^*1,1 cu^iUI) ciUkji Jliiii ^ ioa.ljj ^ L5^' dJAJ] , (S) CiJ_jjSJI I JoLi a^.lj •Cc. ^uu L^la Jij ilA)' ^jL^I ji yiLuJI L^li: , ojSJ-l jo^j rLki CaCO ,(s) = C:iO{k) + C02(g) (o^j^' I JU^a] jx^I) ujill Cj-® CaCO! : CaO C02 CaO : CaCO! + C02 CO 2 : CUCO3 + CaO UJ^d '"VJ ' uiliuvaVl ■ L^lc. jAJJ-ltl .b o -U^MiaJL < (jjii ^Uiill jjU liij , 2 . ^fySLii Ij LoLlij hy CiLc.!>U . ^Liil a>ej^' ajj-Si + J^LaJl jl ft-r. I ^SIaj l-f ■■•i^ iijiaJljj .jjjill LuLLI ^Ikill liA ^UaiJI Ij^J UlSUt «_ili^aV( ' ■ Ij"' Jjt J-J«"l| jjiaj .'■i.-s. '• J-t*-' ^LUlJI Ijj m : ^-jiuail j^iJLUI gs po t.c o ^kcJI jli Ji (^1 jl J_i^uL2Vl j] .-.L'j^j <11 . CUSO4 • ^^2^ ' .e x op CiuSO., . 5H,0(s) = CuS04 . 3H20(S) + 2H20(g) ... (3) I H20 , CuSO,| (jjl irjl4jiJ.I limjl jjj L±| 1-V Degrees of Freedom (F) : (ij/J-l) -UMJaJl ^U.j> w w I oil j Sjl^aJI : JXo iJjjilll w (jil '. ^UijJI li* U1-0._jJ 0 , iLil£k JJc ljAj ' I-AjjSj C*zx3 ^UiiJI ^Sa yifl CitjjJuiL ^LUj Uutij u^A^j (jSj ^ya SfJ ^1 i jjSjlJIj (^jUJI 1 JlvtJI jjSJj Ijiklj U'l IS> dA.Lllj I pUJ jklUj Jlill Jjutu yJc. '<^-1 «l« ljj£j Joi_yAj) ■Lt^.X.P IjjJ i <jLii < 1_yc»xJI I P^ tAj.i tjljj' ^1-0. jjxilxo J JJ.V i d ' *1 ^ 'La.jjj ^■ hill ^JCv JUtj , JPJLJII Lyjlij ^y-o-uuj (2 =: F) (I' 6 Ja.lj "Li^Uo <^.jJ JxV.j-a. ^llri'iH ^jjSj <jlj liij < JoixAl I jl olil jkUaj ^yj »JJj jXyj i <JaSjJ( kjillual Sjjtill OIJHVI ^>-o • Jd*^' li-* o'l uJLipya) 5jitj ^_y-3wj ^.Ltoail (jL^ ftl I clojLill (^a_i_ujj < Lol • j AX-lU ^jLa.) 51Lix ^yi pill jLijj JjLtutlj gJltl pltl JLiy =1) I " iJlj ^ «..J^ ■ "Iij i (F= 0) dlijl <-5>LU "Lajj (kUojJI ijjSli ^Li < 5_u!jLi!l ' u-® uj^ji ■ Od^JDMj 6dJJ^-,' -348 - ait ijjSj (ji jjV Nadher Alshamary ; H «/•< 5 ^ I f .".I A . , t-S "■ One Component System: ■ a'.^il SjtLsJ Luii 1 iS^\ ^Uaiil '"ij! C^ 1 ^ F= 1 - P + 2 (4) =3-P Ll_u <jLi ., a^vlj>a j^Uaj . F — 3 - 1 = 2 55>UI( jt^lj jA Li 2 ^ / uj^X' ^UaiJ 53iLLII cjU.JJ : LiJ(_j i fejiiuu* JJ-a-u ^il 4jlj dU jjj .jlLlIj ijjij ^Lkill Ljjiji $ '. jLit^l i^i aa.'|j . ,>^^111 jaLkl 43l ■UtS I 3'j " « ' tl*.,^.l gs po t.c o . 1~« iaHj Sjl_j^JI i-illuaVl i>« JJ-C (Jil (jl etuAJ m 3 . . a ^^ a] UJ^I (1) ^ C^i ^ a3^X' LjU^ F = 1 Jjli (1) 3JjLJ.I (>i . (jljjl <JU fji (jliu-o Ja-J ■'}!' * Ciiti lj| La| . ■ Ild\H g,,iAj jiji ijal^lil i °l", ^1 JJt ^ i ni I (jli ^SjljaJI jl 11 jaJ Jc. jalioltl {jl JLijJ i F — 0 L^O-J ^Ij i uilhtJI SicLS J-ljJCUJ Lf-Jj LLojj (jjLlaJI ainj < 3 hy JjLuJI pU.1 — ^oli<1^ : uj^X' t^jLa.1 ^.Uij ^ i ^..A.».i Water system: fUll ^Uaj u* ' J-al^j-j Jjl aLoil : IJtUI cLIJiVI CJ& ^1 cVUll , jla-i — JaLu — i_i11J-I : LJI^Iml 35^15 .e x op fill jLaJ — (1) i (JjLu — i_iLo : (jjilta (jjj (jljjl — lJxaj C)Lo.L«.ii.a CL# > OUIJJVI aAA u^- I—fi-'u-^lI 6AaL2 |j_ijjaSjj w i Idalj l^ufa L^j-a w w ,"l jij j i (jjLaa — ISiLkli 3-a.jjJ j J t "i 1,1 3_ajJi_C. y-Aj uil'i n- rel="nofollow">| . (1 - 11) Jinil! ^yi i Sjjtk LajJ l^la JiJj 3-fja^ 3-Jj!jLi Jjk Li I aUI ^Llaj jji SjjLJI oLIjj^J ^L-UJ^II : i fj i-.tj i j LS^Ua jil uLaj (jjj jljjl 31 La ^yV-v \ n Ji (J'L.r i < OC , OB , OA CiLuaLa Sj^Li (_ylt jkiujll " *■ ■ (iiiLi ^yJJ jyjLjjJI Jiitill |» iii 5' oLila."itI sjjjj < (F = 2) j jj.tU jyjtjj ,'ni-i jvllajJI jLi ^yialll JjLjj t jl .L ill : 4JUJI i_i(,'i jLVI jualjj (JL-aj jjillj AOC, BOC - AOB: • jLila . _>-uLLlI ^yjLj jjij ^.Uoall (jLa .. Jalj i .i'lKal iLlLol iilill LtJj£. Aaljj^j <3J^IJJI oLSauJLI LjL jyilG jjilt LiilMI J Uo'.H -349- jt .-.I ->.1 ... ^ ■ .l.^llj J^LuJI (0) itviJfj (F — 0) jjjS-j 'i.Ua'JI tjji jit plU'.l|j, Jjljjl c .B /1 / r wil-eJI '' 1 >v 1 X i 4.5K m in •> O-" U : LJI ^\.E '' ' - f i' // y A ^ y' w _/! ^ 0 jLiJI / G 1 1 1 \ \ \ iii " " ' gs po t.c o D 1 1 1 ; 1 1 1 1 1 1 ^ \ 374'C .b o 0.0075 "C . dUI m \ oliljjVI ^L, : (! " 11) Jilii (jljliVI -LU.^. a UjjIjJ J . A-ji j'jc. i «m jlU_i J-a (jl : OA Jo^\ (1) ( jLa—J|j y L^>ll lU'i.o jxi ^ja-jil gJiU CSJ^-jJI Ilk I All w jjAa-iil 1 .l-i-ajj pLai] J.n-7-'ill 5Jaij ^J (0) ItaUl ^ 1J-J4 j^Lxillj . SjljoJI CjL?.jJ UA^jJIj JcJljJJI JjLLo 6 JjxIj Sjlja. <^.ja J^jj < JiJJI !>» jcjAIj J^ 1 = LS^UJi cjU-JJ ujSi Ixy. w ^JU.( ^Lliii! o\ c^i: i""i r^tllj^ll w La-Jj ^Jl u'irt '>n .e x ^■ ji ^jLU-JI Jo-i—i^Ajl op hy ^^Jc. li* jVJjj r JoLilJIj l.j 'm jjjJI CjU.LjJ.Ij oLi^J.! Qjji ?JU. o< ,(- 273 c) jikLI jitjJl uJ^i 'C- ^ : t ij.fafill SjcU jj.' Li jic. elljj i F=C- P+2 (5) F= 1 -2+2= 1 (6) : OB ^^LUl (2) u^i A. . ji Jijyj (0) Cy L-Lul Ijjj y-^uJj < jLUJIj JiLuJI ^liklo liA liAj , SjljaJI c>U.jJ uiilLa Jlft 4jUj ^J. j^llUUI JiL-J jU^lll -350- Nadher Alshamary OljiNl ^ ia.jdtl ftiij < (JiLnJl yj-5*- jjl JjS-oJ V l-f%i . ^ 220 ^ l^t Jalilf i^lj 374°c o.Li jld ^jJcj « g,i->.■ «a jju^I[j iaii ■Ka.io Sjlja 'Ca.jJ jJSJ J-=-3f *^1 . i = ^iiyi :OC jj'nUW (3) ^'i— '"■ jl > " -■ " II 4 Ua". ^j_la.'Lo ^ n • hjj < JjLcJI 3 SU'i«j ■ ■ I. ^>11 < jlULj /jjj Jirt.ti Jj ■ '" 3 ft ■ J L.. , Ui I-A.I I J_Q rr I'll I jljj .-^'li iiajj jl P LI I jAra-l (0) nI IjJ^j <JLa. m -> 4jV f TyiiJ i j(^ ' r»'l I ^JJLUJIJ i^l .<-ill^ ft'i-ualI Jjl gs po t.c o ^JLaiJI jvj ill J 1 ft' 4 ,c IAA • ,U« ,iAll UlLl-ft aJ_a.Ij SjIjt-^ 3—a.jO ^/l V (£\ '. 1 — 3 c\lUt| ij^(_a.jj JJr. jjl—fi < 3JLall aJA {j (jj I <J La. u* (JjLuJ Ij >_) L<-|| i {y, JjajJ OC U-fcl I J>la (j-!r.j , ^ 1"] 1 ft 3-p.Lj {^1 f jl I'l jll Ij Jgi^ All 6 JA. Ij "La-all i_U-aJ CXH ylaaall (jl ^jlajll J5> Mill ^ jtaAjJJ . j , ^_o yj ,ji. io tt 11 j |] i o'lj g-£l) ij' jl ' ta* i All SjLjj JH ^ijll jt^-i .b o . "Ul^LlujJ ajcli £-a y ■ "I "" ■ l-LAj i jvaa-Tt.! I (jLs i (0) Jj) Sjl^^ja. ia.jj jjr. (jJjJJ . A*-*) : 00' JSoulaJ) j^fr ^ixLaS! (4) iijJJ <-iLl*_i pUl Jj_^jj hy J3| 3a.jal JjL-JI JJjJJ aUfcft JJjAjII Jjj) BO y'l-t.'iall ytjjU jljlal J-iL-JI pUI yjb 00 JoaJI yjjLaa yir <_aLlinV!j . ^ .I. JjaJ,! (JJLPJIJ , Jalijj op J^j-aa jfloj vJiJxu 00" yja-jjl JL-aAll yjajll (jli illljl '. jl'i mft jjfi (jljjl 3JUv yi 4.1 *aj JL ftjl^^11 .e x . L^4 3j-) .< i «- rel="nofollow"> I i 5'-. 3-il i A| i5i>~'a Ijl J aJ-an3 "tlralj LOJJJ i jLA-JIJ 4a.jjJI 6J-A JoC jQ~ ■ -1 ■ J ir ^J'lI... Ja Ji - A (^l ijlJ-a.1 jaj Ijl <jLfl .. <_lJ tj JjLuJI eUl yli , ^1^11 w yAaal,I jl jia/jUl fjjij -(jfjilpul 51Li) ^15 yJ| JUJ1 yij <J>a3Lj IJJi w iai-pAll ^ yltl Jj-a-a tjj-i oU! JjLuJ ^gjLa—JI ja*-LrJI (jl yi*J ^jilj tOA y'i-v'itl yir.1 ^ii 00' Cita-jJ JJr (jj^J «a-ft'up>tl Jj&U 3'.'^•"''J ^£11 (^jlaoll w . 1 — jfilajJ,! jjc. y'i->'iU a jjs JjLi. : t^UJl (5) ■-II ^ ■ -.»'■, UJ^i jftUiiJI . Ia.A-.Allj 3-a.jj (jx JS ^j-4 L^4 ^SU'ln yij ( JjLJij jla-Jlj ^£11 jiaLift yAj (jj Ja jli .. CiL^L-uil ajj» (jAlj iLSj ^'\ JjJ-."1 F=:C-P + 2 =1-1+2=2 . -351- " . A' I Ijjj (7)" :(0) AKill (6) S J-a-lj u* L^JS OC , OB , OA oLila^-a iJjLiaJI pLLIj jjj (j-a JS lAjifi JiAJI Mjailll ljJ\J < "Lu^till iJaiilL . juij j»-L rel="nofollow"> 4,58 6JXJ Jcti—oqj . ^ 0,0075° . • OJA dij (jjiy < IJIJHI <11 -» ia-jj !>« 4IJIJ Jat i ijfjjl ^ ^J^lill VJIL1J-QV ( 'J-CvLJI u-iLli-aVl (jjj (jl^iVI (jli < ^jjiaUJI (jji* J^-l fji uiti.ln j;"" iii. Ijjj Lojilij lill^J jj-^Q I ia-jJ Ui^JJ 1 fjj-c- (0) ikiitl tj-i-i ijiai,l f.LUjJf (jli ,. "UJcj ■ P — 3 jjU <JUJI a jjs (jjlll fU) ^.UajJ ■ (jjji 1 P UI Uaol <«L*11 1 jLLj — (JiLui 2 .e x .b o JiLo — uilirfa ioi-ckll yjaviji ^TLtl^Uull hy 1 jl «UI jiui jj%._uii ^Wi« wuyi op jLij — JiLuJ 2 JiLJI 0 JjLu — |_|1*A JU-J - t/3ai« OB OC OO „ AOO AOB uuiO BOC «kiti (O) UaAiJj ^lUSSJI t jfiUajJI (jlc ^211 J.alj.iJI j_ii.'| ^ j-j-aj ioJ-a. jit Airy . yA 1 6jAj» C^li io-i .n jic. gji)! OA jji. PUI J5LJ JJVJSII yAaA* ^■"l l ,. { [ ^LoJI w u^ajLj-iAll JLa^.1 (j^e-y iLmi i UoiJL SL.nll Tj SjlyaJI (jLi l^j I ; ( 1 - 1 1) jjj Jj-ia. LO^ jLi^j — i_ ijm w w I ■ ah.^WI 1 2 m (8) . { I "II) ^Sj JJ£. UilUI ; i_a.'uolI SiicU gs po t.c o .•.F= I-3+2 = 0 i .iU;!I L4I i iijj (0) 5La'. 4 fi . Pi t iA II J-oljX. >xjLj ^.Uidl djitAi ^4-a Ujjl lj| yj "> ■ nl jic. jvlkill illjlxu <jy*-o Ayj liil IjC-o yja-j (I " 11) -352 - LjA_>alLa ^ D iiaSjllj itoy T | yC J2a ajl_>a. Nadher Alshamary 61^1 ■"■ • DE Ja^JI jJA ^ ""i'1*1 f-Ltiill jjlj ii OJIJ ^ • u'jj' fU: J] 4il5 Sjl^l Ujj tjj *"■ ■ r» (JjLuiJ ^Jjj JiLuJi liklo ^ EF Jaii) Jjt JiLJI < "■'»' uE Sjl^l iajJ j-ij o »i)jL_aJI j.j j-lllj F , E ikiill J] jUjJI JiLJJ I <_■_»..■ jjli , jllj Jj SjI/j Ji\ Jlc, JaLiAJI JoLc. ^ ^xilU * rel="nofollow">11 u^J oli .. "LJlji < ^laT. ', jl j-L^'iVI jkLej j'lfj SjUjll ^ F.G I^JI ji£. , G Ikii ^11 Juoj Jai^II ^ JS l_>xilj jl SjljiJI <^.jj Jli^uVf uj-i ^1 <1,1!; Sjl^l Ia.jj JLltm • ^LJltl ia.jj SjLjj . jLiaJI 4flti'in ^ Sjlj^xll Ojfci ^ jkUull Loakj . jja j'lK iJit o^i • ^ gjyilj^ , E lUi Jl ^ F < liti jjJI J rel="nofollow">—uajJI j-icj , J-iLuJI Sjl_^ ! G Sjb-^If ol_>-iilll gs po t.c o JiUj. iUK ^1 pJeuj Sjl j ail m —SJjliJ LO olc. pUI jvLkj (jujJ lj|j . 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(71) iaoUJI jj-loJI LiMi JL^JLuiU dJAj < JcLlall J>Li. ?ijiiil yLuiJI ■ ■*•■' -"j : JcliUl iolullL. j**- C-Uylla ^ [oaill (70) (J\ ^ iiasLolal iajjj is'ijH I dlily • S^^iuiilly Sjylil) "Liacj Jc-Ulll gjti (^a • (69) (i>\j <600 nm ^a Lu^i < •Lu^J.I .b o < (320 n i_5U-aj u^'^ SjJ JtUn jij OOJJ (ij?- O* + 02 —^ O3 usjjVl ^LtoXol gs po t.c o ^Jl tiKily ,200nm 3'^j<"1 I m . Jclioll pljul 0* ilxj (6) jl^-l ijj&yj jJaaaa (A) ^>^11 JJLOII i>y < Jj$i jl SJA.IJ <5^4 J^j (Jykj jdxx^o jJ,j , (jAiiGa -kx.Ai • nrn -393- 1Jiuj j-Luaxa (I) < 253.9 nm ^ya 240 nm ,^0 Jloj Jja^a ( Jaaj^lo ,In 11,1 <-11 (2) • ^AJ^l I 4 a U\ t | .^jLiil ej-i-o j-I n.i.iH ^vUjj i^LviiiVI _ rel="nofollow">iaa. (jx 5jl5jJJ i_S^U: (B) , . <« rel="nofollow">>- ji • Jj-Ij is-iil fjic. JL^ "J-^ tx*11 ub-^41 ! J^UjAhJ-0 jl C-^J-0 (D) ' 5^1—s.^11 : I^IQ i ^(^1 m Lol , <2iL—OJSJI jl^jil up—o JJI—»-Q i>o ^'"^U Jy.V ! iaV "LLUJC. (C) gs po t.c o • ixW5 (y^ (^) ^j'l./n o jAj I ^.aA-juuxLI ej-i-All jJjAj g-ft-'.""' ' Sjl-a )>o fcS*-''* w w w .e x op hy .b o . -394- 4 ' a^'1 JIJ|> ixJ1'~0' '^^!-4' (P) Nadher Alshamary JjLula) a L» mil 3.2 X lO17 j-fl HBr ijjlj JU 'J ^n" ntt 6x10 J^fc ' H-2 OH (JjJ->"Jl ^4^1 ■ 1200 s mole . am ■ HBr .2jjb LijiA O-iVL |'K&U Jjl (jS-aJ 1 iU j'l Jtyj\ "UjLta (jl cuil . u^lail K3[H2J Sdii ^ Inbs J*(j , K4 » K3 yj jLitl yJc. lUI j "ill I ..tSjilSj .0 ol j1 ; ' .e x t4 Ui—M;* J o" jl—u* '^Wl Br, : yitllS JtUiJI lAuKja Ck (^1 hoi w Br2 I it La ^jlj^II JtliU) yi ^Jl Br* +Br* w w : ^lillS tjLjS! JjVl UiVutl ^ ~5 di£ rel="nofollow"> ^(> I ► Br +Br, chain intiation (1) Br2+H2—U.HBr + H chain propagation (2) H + Br2 chain propagation (3) chain inhibation (4) chain termination (5) * HBr + Br fc.i H +HBr—UH2+Br Br' + Br' -X Br -395 - w w hy op .e x w .b o m gs po t.c o .b o gs po t.c o m Nadher Alshamary w w w .e x op hy CiL^lhunU AuMli w w hy op .e x w .b o m gs po t.c o Nadher Alshamary Glossary UUl >. I h wa II AujJLJ A Absorption Acetic acid eiiiaJ 1 Acidic property Acidic solution Acidity m <1 W A A^vl I Activity Activity Coefficient gs po t.c o (LLiltl) LJUill Adiabatic expansion ^JLUJVI ja^ull Adiabatic process ^SULJVI iiiejj) Adsorption Adsorption from solutions lJjJt^J.( (jJc .b o Alkalinity Alloys op Anti logarithms Saii jjiiLu Sas-j) J-UJSI ->?■ .e x Atmosphere dfiUJI hy Ampere Aqueous solution idUi w Atomic mass B w Backward reaction w Basicity Basic solutions B.imolecular reaction iujyaJI ^Lu Jtli; Boiling point (jUJitl «Uo'. Bond energy n^\j] <51^ Brownian movement Buffer solutions jjmi -399- ■ " it,l U -yyi 4Ajlj c Calonmolor Catalysed reactions Catalysis (jcUll) jlLd) J^UJI Catalyst Cation Cation ic m Celsius scale gs po t.c o Chemiea! equilibrium Chemical rorniulu (?hcmienl reaction ^liLa ^.Uaj Closed system Coagulation .b o Colligalive properties Co!Initial solutions hy Common ion elTcct Completely miseible op C'omplex ions Conductivity ratio 1 JjjjV 1 JJJCI ^LaL»a <^lj w Jj-ajj w Conjugate L(r-. JjJ f d mi t .e x Conduclivily Conductor Jclij Conservation of energy principle w Culj -Ui uri Constant pressure Culii ^jv-s. Constant volume <j.a * L-ui 'Uojlj Covalenl bond Coulomb Cyclic process UJLK>%^ Cyclotron Cylinder - 400 - Nadher Alshamary D Decay JiUil Decrease Jij Decreasing of freezing point Degree of dissociation ijKa'l I ia-j J Degrees of freedom C»La-jJ Deviation iij-p. Diffusion I m jl ■ aa-. * dj ^ " Dissociation Dissolve Distribution Dynamic equilibrium gs po t.c o Dilute solution tfjp (iA^) Dyne (Sjill) £da.j .b o E Electric properties hy Electrochemistry Electrolysis op Electrode .e x Electrolyte conductors Electrolytic conducting Electromotive force w I •Uilall «jit) Electronic waves w CiLa.j-o Emulsion w k-OUluul End point (JjUlJI) <.1^1 5Le'. Endothermic Endothermic reaction Sjl^aJJ (joL JcLtu Enthalpy Entropy (^Llilll Equivalent conductance -401 - (^Usl yij) d liutectic point j 11 SUV. Sjlia ?)La. Kxcited stule .jlL Exothermic JjUo Jr-lfiJ Exothermic reaction tx^jauJI Expcrimenlnl photochemistry JdaSif Expansion Extensive properties gs po t.c o m Extraction Fahrenheit scale ■ "I (S^VI) IjilfJI yuji Innal state lijl^aJI KJ-OtUjli JjVl I'I^JLSH First Law of thermodynamics iujJI ^jU.1 JtLfij .b o First order reaction Forward reaction SiflUn ajjjll hy Free energy JcUa G •LuLlL*. Li^tA .e x Galvanic Cells op Frequency JjjLc. JaUn^jl Gaseous state ifjtill 5JUJI w Gaseous media 3^Lull w Graphical method ajSliJitl 3JLJI w Ground stale H ^ Half Cell 4X1^!) j*«l I I—i i n'l SjUl Half life period tJj*- Heat <«UxuJI Heal capacity l< >1 y=dl tsAaJ-l Heat content -402 - Nadher Alshamary oLnliuail Heat of combusion Heat of formation Heat of hydrogenation SjljiV Heat of fusion jl(] i<->'>VI SJIja Heat of neutralization JjUill ijl^. Heat of solution Heat of reaction JtLaill m Heat of sublimation gs po t.c o Heat of vaporization Hess's Law of constant heat sum. Ojlall Heterogeneous Heterogeneous catalysis Homogeneous .b o Homogeneous catalysis Homogeneous media /. «A I JL iJliu ill .e x Ideal gas (j_J4L5 *1 il il'l 1 ^".n JoLuujl op Ideal engine hy Hydrolysis Hydrolysis method i_L«sUwJJ Ideal solution Jlio w Immiscible liquids JT IjloVI ioJji yjVl Initial state llUf w w Indicators Intensive properties Internal energy <^k.la Ionic dissociation Ionic product of water • LJJ lonization constant ^1 cuG Ionize uA; -403- ■ •jl'w 4UJ15 Isoharic process 'uLoc, Isochoric process Isothonnal expansion Isolhcnna! process iJLajJJJjjjl iitcC Irreversible process I Wf, Irreversible rcaciioii ^ *it\r. ^xc. (JtlIai J m Joule Kelvin Kinetic chemislry L I-a Voisier & La Place I.aw gs po t.c o K (iluuSLH 4i 11*11 >*^1 Le Chaleiicr principle .b o Length Liophilic hy Liophobic o& pU!^ Mass .e x Muss iniinbcr op M jjj-aaV 1 Mechanical work yiuisil Ji^JI w Medium w Maximum work w Metallic conductors uiji\ Molulily JW a>Lai Mola! solution Wi Molarity Molar solution WJV^I f^=dl Molar volume Mole -404- Nadher Alshamary 4p*jUi Molecularity Mole fraction Miscible N . Negative deviation cJLu I «t I ' 'f ■ Negative pole L. ^ " 1 a Negative value m Neotron Neutral solution gs po t.c o JjIJLLO Neutralization Newton " Jjbu {ili 43j>ll LoU. .e x Feul £ One component system w Open system JtLjil 11 pH jjL Phase m Phase equilibrium UJLIuoJI 6>ic.(j gs po t.c o Phase rule Photociicmisiiy Photoelectric I'hoto properties Photosynthesis Iu*aiL Physical properties POH hy Polymerization Pressure w Proton w Products (vw*) iia^A jALi .e x Precipitation S^J4 op Positive deviation Positive value ill 4 ■ A 4 1 4^ .b o Physical quantity (SjjJI Sl^i Jilj jj uAl^ w Pure water Purification Q Quantum *, OAA-S Quensher aL»i.l 'LtUc Quenshing process -406- Nadher Alshamary oU^Utvall i*Jk> R Radiation Radioactive £-4^4 4 iA, ! • i^j | j ^ ^ ^ ♦ - - Radiochemistry Raoult's Law Reactants Lji Solvent Specific heat Spontaneous reaction (jjiih JtUj Spontanity JUttt -407- QjUJllwtl Sprcciling coc(Ticicnl jLiiiVI Stability constant (ciUiJI) jl^VlojC Standard d i,,, 1 ifitf 1~JJJ .*■ 11 Standard conditions ijjl-v 0 Standard solution iJUJl ui luGll A JiUlVl K i>j^' gs po t.c o S m Kg "Ljlj^JI ISLMIIIJJI mol SJUI w w w .e x op hy .b o dU' Sjl_y=JI "la-jj -413- (2) JjA}. ^MUVI CilJLkj Derived SI Units K > n'sll Sja^jjl JAJ l_ya UJ1 ^LUJ 1J m2 m3 —i**-. a jILo v_ia^jx Kg. ITT JSJ -1 in.s m.s-2 2 1 Kg.m..s- « J.m* N.nr2 Kg.m2..s-2 = N.m 2 3 1 Uliill iiilj iJSJ jj-b itjjjj I iuli i_|ij jj-a iiyj) (N) U^JJJ Xjill t!H5^ Joio^JI (J)a>(W) cJj <2041 iji) SjoiJl .b o Kg.m .s- = J.s" ^•vH gs po t.c o 3 m 5^Lil (C)^ A.S. Kg.m2.s'3.A-1 = J.A-'.s-1 3 2 1 Kg.m .s- .A- = V.A" (V)c^ yi^J! O+WI Juvi hy 2 w w w .e x op A2.S4.Kg*1.m-2 = A.S.V'1 -414- (n) (F)abU JLij|5ai i^UXI lu^I ^ » ■'■II Nadher Alshamary (3) SI J W S-wL«Vl ^3lull (jiuu i tUll 10 da 102 h 103 oUc-LAll tkSi! 10-1 d 10"2 c k 10-3 m 106 M io-6 105 G T lO 15 P 1018 E 'ji3 (lu L^l• w w w .e x op hy .b o 10 u^. 10-5 n gs po t.c o 12 IjSLus ur^-3 m oUfcl i -415- 2 io-> 10-15 P f 10-18 a J5i (4) —.1x4 - 1040 m. I Liter = lO^Om3. I aim = 101.325 N.m"2. OnC = 273.150K. I erg = 10-7 J. ICal = 4.1840 J. I eV = 1.6022 X 1049.1. hc = 1.9865 x 10-23J.cm w w w .e x op hy .b o gs po t.c o m lA -416- Nadher Alshamary (5) Aj—wl—wV) culill juj*! culill <(-4-111 2.997925 x 10,0cm/s C rj ■ 1 8 6.6262 x 10-27 erg.s 6.6262 x lO- h J.s 1.38062 x lO"16 erg/abs.erg K"1 16 1.38062 x lO* 1 erg/abs.erg K" Coloumb .b o 1.60219 x lO k e 4.80325 lO10 esu. 19 gs po t.c o 24 m 2.997925 X 10 m/s hy 6.022169 x I023 molecules/mol op 82.055 cm3.atm/abs.mol. NA jjjU.jS'1 joh R oijuu jibJi ioiai F CUIJ 0.082054 L.atm/abc.mol .e x 8.3134 J/abs.mol Cal/abc.mol w 1.9872 w w 9,64867 x 104 abs. Colourab/Eq.wt. 2,3060 x 104 Cal/mol eV -417- (6) JjJla. Sjajll ^Aj ^_UJI in J2-4 a^Ji t A JOJA! I k oiK T LU 4 n ilA^ »v F inol Cll N = kg m s-2 2 1 2 P Nur = kg nv s* 2 2 J = Nm = kg m s- Jb^ H, U, E S m*" mol " s-' J mol- SPI.OII.IVI t Sjjjj Sjill kixoll .e x op ..... duij E* JUuVi-II 5ilL Z i n"! 1 "Lcjau 4> V jiill ^XUO w w w s-l kr hy ..... 1 Sia.J <1 ljuJ SaUl 5x6^ dc/dt mo! nv* s-' nv* S"' .b o Jk-i gs po t.c o kfi s m M -418- JJjill Nadher Alshamary (7) uUlll iUjaauuIl w LijaJt p a JD 1 « ■ ■■ uijjail ui_>aJI >^l vJjaJI L l^jj a UJi K LK P llu X X IW LU. D P V Y 5 ^Uujj u^i) 7C m C OJ^M' w w w .e x op hy .b o V G3 4 0 gs po t.c o X e Lila -419- il e llil «# tuS (8) 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 0000 0414 0792 1139 1461 0043 0453 0K2rt 1173 1492 0086 0492 0864 1206 1523 0128 0531 0899 1239 1553 0170 0569 0934 1271 1584 0212 0607 0969 1303 1614 0253 0654 1004 1335 1644 0294 0682 1038 1367 1673 0334 0719 1072 1399 1703 0374 0755 1106 1430 1732 15 16 17 IK 10 1761 21141 2304 2553 27KK 1790 2068 2330 2577 2810 1818 2095 2353 2601 2833 1847 2122 2380 2625 2856 1875 2148 2405 4648 2878 1903 2175 2430 2672 2900 1931 2201 2455 2695 2923 1959 2227 2480 2718 2945 1987 2253 2504 2742 2967 2014 2279 2529 2765 2989 20 21 22 23 24 3010 3222 3424 3617 3K02 3032 3243 3444 3636 3 820 3054 3263 3464 3655 3838 3075 3284 3483 3674 3856 3096 3304 3502 3692 3874 3118 3324 3522 3711 3892 3139 3345 3541 3729 3909 3160 3365 3560 3747 3929 3181 3385 3579 3766 3945 3201 3404 3598 3784 3962 25 26 27 2K 29 3979 4150 4314 4472 4624 3997 4166 4330 44X7 4639 4014 4183 4364 4502 4654 4031 4200 4362 4518 4669 4048 4216 4378 4533 4683 4065 4232 4393 4548 4698 4082 4249 4409 4564 4713 4099 4265 4425 4579 4728 4116 4281 4440 4594 4742 4133 4298 4465 4609 4757 30 31 32 33 34 4771 4914 5051 51K5 5315 4786 4928 5065 5198 5328 4800 4942 5079 5211 5340 4814 4955 5092 5224 5353 4829 4969 5105 5237 5366 4843 4983 5119 5250 5378 4857 4997 5132 5263 5391 4871 5011 5145 5276 5403 4886 5024 5159 5289 5416 4900 5038 5172 5302 5428 35 36 37 3K 39 5441 5563 56X2 579H 5911 5453 5575 5694 5809 5922 5465 5587 5705 5821 5933 5478 5599 5717 5832 5944 5490 5611 5729 5843 5955 5502 5623 5740 5855 5966 5514 5635 5752 5866 5977 5527 5647 5763 5877 5988 5539 5658 5775 5888 5999 5551 5670 5786 5899 6010 40 41 42 43 44 6021 612H 6232 6335 6433 6031 6138 6243 6345 6444 6042 6149 6253 6355 6454 6053 6160 6263 6365 6464 6064 6170 6274 6375 6474 6075 6180 6284 6385 6484 6085 6191 6294 6395 6493 6096 6201 6304 6405 6503 6107 6212 6314 6415 6513 6117 6222 6325 6425 6522 45 46 47 4K 49 6532 6628 6721 AH] 2 6902 6542 4437 6730 6821 6911 6551 6646 6739 6830 6920 6561 6656 6749 6839 6828 6571 6665 6758 6848 6937 6580 6675 6767 6857 4946 6590 6684 6776 6866 6955 6599 6693 6785 6875 6964 6609 6702 6794 6884 6972 6618 6712 6803 6893 6981 50 51 52 53 54 6990 7076 7160 7243 7324 6998 7084 7168 7251 7332 7007 7093 7177 7259 7340 7016 7101 7185 7267 7348 7024 7110 7193 7275 7356 7033 7118 7202 7284 7364 7042 7126 7210 7292 7372 7050 7135 7218 7300 7380 7059 7143 7226 7308 7388 7067 7152 7235 7316 7396 .e x w w w .b o gs po t.c o m 1 op 0 hy -IjjUJ.jUl -420- Nadher Alshamary 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 55 56 57 58 59 7404 7482 7559 7634. 7709 7412 7490 7566 7642 7716 7419 7497 7574 7694 7723 7427 7505 7582 7657 7731 7453 7513 7589 7664 7738' 7443 7520 7597 7672 7745 7451 7528 7604 7679 7752 7459 7536 7612 7686 7760 7466 7543 7619 7694 7767 9474 7551 7627 7701 7774 60 61 62 63 64 7782 7853 7924 7993 8062 7789 7860 7931 8000 8069 7796 7868 7938 8007 8075 7803. 7875 7945 8014 8082 7810 7882 7952 8021 8089 7818 7889 7959 8028 8096 7825 7896 7966 8035 8102 7832 7903 7973 8041 8109 7893 7910 7980 8048 8116 7864 7917 7987 8055 8122 65 66 67 68 69 8129 8195 8261 8325 8388 8136 8202 8267 8331 8395 8142 8209 8274 8338 8401 8149 8215 8280 8344 8407 8156 8222 8287 8351 8414 8162 8228 8293 8357 8420 8169 8235 8299 8363 8426 8176 8241 8306 8370 8432 8182 8248 8312 8376 8439 8189 8289 8319 8328 8445 70" 71 72 73 74 8451 8513 •8573 8633 8692 8457" ' 8463 8519 8525 8579 8585 8639 8645 8698 8704 8470 8531 8591 8651 8710 8476 8537 8597 "8657 8716 8482 8543 8603 8663 8722 8488 8549 8609 8669 8727 8494 8555 8615 8675 8733 8500 8561 8621 8681 8739 8506 8567 8627 8686 8745 75 76 77 78 79 8751 8808 8865 8921 8976 8756 88148871 8927 8982 8768 8825 8882 8938 8993 8774 8831 8887 8943 8998 8779 8837 8893 8949 9004 8785 8842 8899 8954 9009 8791 8848 8904 8960 9015 8797 8854 8910 9865 9020 8802 8859 8915 8971 9025 80 81 82 83 84 9031 9085 9138 9191 9243 9036, 9090 9143 9196 9248 85 86 87 88 89 9294 9345 9395 9445 9494 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 gs po t.c o .b o hy op 9047 9101 9154 9206 9258 9053 9106 9159 9212 9263 9058 9112 9165 9217 9269 9063 9117 9170 9222 9274 9069 9122 9175 9227 9279 9074 9128 9180 9232 9284 9079 9133 9186 9238 9289 9299 9350 9400 9450 9499 9304 9355 9405 9455 9504 9309 9360 9410 9460 9509 9315 9365 9415 9465 9513 9320 9370 9420 9469 9518 9325 9375 9425 9474 9523 9330 9380 9430 9479 9528 9335 9385 9435 9484 9533 9340 9390 9440 9489 9538 9592 9590 9638 9685 9731 9574 9595 9643 9689 9736 9552 9600 9647 9694 9741 9557 9605 9652 9699 9745 9562 9609 9657 9703 9750 9566 9614 9661 9708 9754 9571 9619 9666 9713 9759 9576 9624 967! 9717 9763 9581 9628 9675 9722 9768 9586 9633 9680 9727 9773 9777 9823 9868 9912 9956 9782 9827 9872 9917 9961 9786 9832 9877 9921 9965 ' 9791 9836 9881 9926 9969 9795 9841 9886 9930 9974 9800 9845 9890 9934 9978 9805 9850 9894 9939 9983 9809 9854 9899 9943 9987 9814 9859 9903 9948 9991 9818 9863 9908 9952 9996 w .e x 9042 9096 9149 9201 9253 w w 8762 8820 8876 8932 8987 m 0 ; -421- 4*UjjUI ^ , 1990jxi>lU ■uljjJt jl-Jl « JJIJ ,f. jlj .^ajjillj .d^ii sjtli 375-351 ^ j'J 'OL^JJ -a ' (1) KmLuJI) 347-190 I .mLuj .J JJL tAfTij "Ujl^sJI li^*LujJij Sjl^aJI (2) gs po t.c o m . 1981 S^*lijl — "LjjJlJI j i.<^a < '^Xj^ . 1988 {^jil wl * -v * i J (<j 1 ^>"9® iti .1 a rv, | Jj,...i fv . J — jJjLxuj^j . f "-1 ei^n (ju+ui (3) — "LiJ U^-lAJI pLi_aj£JI pi i j .iLuu | (4-) 2002 - oU^UJ ^lill jL - jt^JI .b o 41 > •.■>.yi hy (1) J.T, Andrews and E, F. Wcstrum, J. Chem. Thermodynamics, 2, 245(1970). op (2) H. Reiss, Methods of thermodynamics, (New York. Blaisdell Publico, 1965); pp.22, 71. .e x (3) E.D. Eastman and W. C. McGavock, J. Am. Chem, Soc., 59, 145 (1937); E. D. West, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 81, 29 (1979). w (4) R. H. Fowler and E, A. Guggenheim, Statistical Thermodynamics, (London; w Cambridge University) Press, (1940), p. 224. w (5) D. Deklerk, M. 1. Steenland, and C. J. Gorter, Physica, 16, 571 (1950) J. Am. Chem. Soc, 49. 1870(1927). (6) Basic Chemical Thermodynamics (2nd ed.) E. B. Smith, Oxford University Press, 1977. (7) Elementary Chemical Thermodynamics, B, H. Mahan; Benjamin, New York, 1963. (8) An introduction to chemical thermodynamics E. F. Gaidin, Darendon Press, Oxford, 1961. -422- Nadher Alshamary (9) Chemical thermodynamics J. Klotz. and R. M, Rosenberg, Benjamin, New York, 1972. (10) Thermodynamics G. N. Lewis and M. Randall, revised by K. S. Ditzer and L. Browner, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1961. (11) Chemical Thermodynamics, M. L. McGlashan, Academic Press, London, 1979. (12) Thermodynamic, E.A. Guggenheim, North Holland, Amsterdam, 1967. (13) Introduction to phase Transitions and critical phenomenon, H. E.Stanley; Clarendon m Press, Oxford, 1971. 1972, pp. 181. gs po t.c o (14) Textbook of physical chemistry -samuel iasstone, published by Macmillan press Ltd (15) Applied physical chemistry, C. Heald and A, C.K. Smith English Language Book Society and Macmillan 1982, 1982 pp. 17-51. (16) L. K. Sharma, Physical Chemistry 1990. (17) G. N. Alekseev, "Energy and Entropy". Mir Publishers, Moscow, 1986. .b o (18) V. V. Sychev, "The differential equations of thermodynamics, Mir Publishers, Moscow, 1983. hy (19) Gordon M, Barrow, "Physical Chemistry", Second Edition, Tosho Printing Co., w w w .e x op LTD, Tokyo, Japan. -423- m gs po t.c o .b o Y..Y/ YVAT.^IajVijO) w w w .e x op hy ISBN 977-293-161-3 • U mil Xu>»llj UJ l SU w w hy op .e x w .b o m gs po t.c o Nadher Alshamary 14/62005 i.-,'i-; v«',;: r-ffi > '?'': v4:® t- '■■tf-'k,:-; ■ IMM s| r i>S; sap u : ;."-V. ^W . •? »< CM « '* '!■•' M ."NK' sMpMEci -f s ' ■'"■-:. S pI ijft «kg ■*> . -J* ^ , ' w w w .e x op hy .b o gs po t.c o m . « —-^ m fea ic 4?:"•■- i -S'| m.-. S w w w .e x op hy .b o gs po t.c o m Nadher Alshamary ■ .r-" fci&: •:r mm-.- • i&jmam. •a ifsm mm -•.'M r'..- ■ y., ii..; .. . i •. 'I gs po t.c o m • -■ • Mm ?/ mii e • mt/ -m m- op M w .e x rfLvm. m I hy -M Ho'ZiJ 'Mh %K : .b o m I § I I s m m w o> w I ^ ■s s Ss Mli ■ sy >'• "f/Oi i Related Documents 4l1u1k