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AP Bio HW #1 Chapter 1 Due 140905 AP Bio Period:

3

Name: Joseph Nguyen Date Completed: 9/3/14

Answer all questions (15 points) and draw 3 concept maps (15 points) Type all answers use Font (Times New Roman) size 12 and use MS WORD. Retain electronic files. Print a hardcopy and turn in by the due date. Each assignment limited to 20-50 words essay and a bullet-point outline. For Diagrams (Concept Map), hand-drawn and/or scan into WORD file.

1. Briefly describe the unifying themes that characterize the biological sciences.

-The cell -Emergent Properties -Evolution -scientific inquiry -structure and function -energy and life Cells are the basic unit of structure and function. Emergent properties are a result of interaction of parts. Evolution is the core theme of biology. Evolution is the idea that organisms today are modified descendants of common ancestors. Another theme is that all organisms perform work, which requires energy. 2. Diagram the hierarchy of structural levels in biological organization.

3. Describe the two major dynamic processes of any ecosystem.

-transfer of energy/matter -transformation of energy/matter When organisms work, energy flows through an ecosystem usually in the form of light entering and exiting as heat. Energy and matter are transformed in the ecosystem. Chemicals that plants absorb from the air/ soil are recycled into animals that eat the plant and recycled into the environment. Energy/matter is transfer back into the ecosystem.

4. Distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

-membrane nucleus -protects DNA Prokaryotic cells do not have a membrane nucleus to separate the DNA. Eukaryotic cells have a membrane that encloses the DNA. 5. Describe the basic structure and function of DNA.

-genes -chromosomes -genetic material DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, contains hundreds or thousands of genes. Chromosomes contain genetic material in the form of DNA. DNA is replicated and transmitted from parents to offspring. They are the unit of inheritance. 6. Describe the dilemma of reductionism.

-reducing complex systems -incomplete view Reductionism is the approach or reducing complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study, however it provides a necessarily incomplete view of life on Earth. 7. Explain the importance of regulatory mechanisms in living things. Distinguish between positive and negative .

-product, output -end product -slows -speeds up Regulatory mechanisms are important in living things because they make sure the chemical processes in cells are accelerated. In negative , the mass of the end product slows and stops the process. The positive is opposite and speeds up the end product. 8. Distinguish among the three domains of life. List and distinguish among the three kingdoms of multicellular, eukaryotic life.

-bacteria -archaea -eukarya -plantae -fungi -animalia The three largest domains of life are the domain bacteria, domain archaea, and domain eukarya. The three kingdoms of domain eukarya are the kingdom plantae, kingdom fungi, and kingdom animalia. 9. Explain the phrase “life’s dual nature of unity and diversity.” And define what is a living thing.

-ancestor There is unity in species that descended from a common ancestor. But there is diversity as organisms evolved from their common ancestors.

10. Describe the observations and inferences that led Charles Darwin to his theory of evolution by natural selection.

-succession of ancestors -vary in traits -overpopulation -suited to their environment Darwin observed that individuals in a population vary in their traits, many ed on from parent. Second, a population has the ability to overpopulate so competition is unavoidable. Third, species are generally well adapted to their environments. 11. Explain why diagrams of evolutionary relationships have a treelike form.

-more descendant species Diagrams of evolutionary relationships have a treelike form because there are more descendant species every generation and, very much like a family tree, it branches out largely. 12. Distinguish between discovery science and hypothesis-based science. Explain why both types of exploration contribute to our understanding of nature.

-discover nature -explaining nature -both testable Discovery science is about finding more about nature, where hypothesis-based science is about explaining nature. Both types of exploration contribute because they are both testable. 13. Distinguish between inductive and deductive reasoning.

-large number of observations -general to specific In inductive reason, generalizations come from a large number of observations, where in deductive reasoning; it is generalized from general to specifics. 14. Explain why hypotheses must be testable and falsifiable but are not provable; and give the everyday meaning of the term theory and its meaning to scientists.

-cannot be proven -survive falsifying tests -untested idea -ed by evidence Hypotheses can be tested many times but cannot ever be proven. It can be put through tests that could falsify it, and gain more . Theories are untested ideas, but in science , a theory explains an observation and is ed by lots of evidence. 15. Describe what is meant by a controlled experiment.

-unchanged variable In a controlled experiment there is one unchanged variable so that scientists can compare different tests on that variable.

Draw 3 concept maps with the following word bank and provide corresponding titles, levels of linkage (as many levels as possible) Use the words only once. Use all of the words. archaea bacteria bioinformatics biology biosphere cell community consumer controlled experiment data deductive reasoning deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) discovery science domain Archaea domain Bacteria domain Eukarya ecosystem emergent properties eukaryotic cell gene genome hypothesis

inductive reasoning inquiry kingdom Animalia kingdom Fungi kingdom Plantae model molecule negative organ organ system organelle organism population positive producer prokaryotic cell reductionism system systems biology technology theory tissue