Huawei Optix Ptn 950 Installation Guide(v100r005) x704j

OptiX PTN 950 Packet Transport Platform of PTN Series V100R005C01

Installation Guide Issue

02

Date

2013-08-10

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. 2013. All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior written consent of Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.

Trademarks and Permissions and other Huawei trademarks are trademarks of Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All other trademarks and trade names mentioned in this document are the property of their respective holders.

Notice The purchased products, services and features are stipulated by the contract made between Huawei and the customer. All or part of the products, services and features described in this document may not be within the purchase scope or the usage scope. Unless otherwise specified in the contract, all statements, information, and recommendations in this document are provided "AS IS" without warranties, guarantees or representations of any kind, either express or implied. The information in this document is subject to change without notice. Every effort has been made in the preparation of this document to ensure accuracy of the contents, but all statements, information, and recommendations in this document do not constitute a warranty of any kind, express or implied.

Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. Address:

Huawei Industrial Base Bantian, Longgang Shenzhen 518129 People's Republic of China

Website:

http://www.huawei.com

Email:

[email protected]

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About This Document

About This Document Related Versions The following table lists the product versions related to this document. Product Name

Version

OptiX PTN 950

V100R005C01

Huawei iManager U2000

V100R009C00

Intended Audience This document describes the installation process of the OptiX PTN 950 in of preparations for installation and system installation. This document describes the installation flow and method. This document is intended for: l

Installation and commissioning engineers

Symbol Conventions The symbols that may be found in this document are defined as follows. Symbol

Description

DANGER

WARNING

CAUTION Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

DANGER indicates a hazard with a high level or medium level of risk which, if not avoided, could result in death or serious injury. WARNING indicates a hazard with a low level of risk which, if not avoided, could result in minor or moderate injury. CAUTION indicates a potentially hazardous situation that, if not avoided, could result in equipment damage, data loss, performance deterioration, or unanticipated results.

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Symbol

About This Document

Description

TIP

TIP indicates a tip that may help you solve a problem or save time.

NOTE

NOTE provides additional information to emphasize or supplement important points of the main text.

GUI Conventions The GUI conventions that may be found in this document are defined as follows. Convention

Description

Boldface

Buttons, menus, parameters, tabs, window, and dialog titles are in boldface. For example, click OK.

>

Multi-level menus are in boldface and separated by the ">" signs. For example, choose File > Create > Folder.

Change History Updates between document issues are cumulative. Therefore, the latest document issue contains all updates made in previous issues.

Changes in Issue 02 (2013-08-10) Based on Product Version V100R005C01 Compared with issue 01 of the V100R005C01 version, this issue has the following updates: Update

Description

Whole manual

Known bugs are fixed.

Changes in Issue 01 (2013-05-31) Based on Product Version V100R005C01 Compared with issue 02 of the V100R005C00 version, this issue has the following updates: Update

Description

Whole manual

Known bugs are fixed.

Changes in Issue 02 (2013-01-15) Based on Product Version V100R005C00 Compared with issue 01 of the V100R005C00 version, this issue has the following updates: Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

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About This Document

Update

Description

Whole manual

Known bugs are fixed.

Changes in Issue 01 (2012-10-30) Based on Product Version V100R005C00 This document of the V100R005C00 version is the first release.

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Contents

Contents About This Document.....................................................................................................................ii 1 Compliance and Safety.................................................................................................................1 1.1 Warning and Safety Symbols.........................................................................................................................................2 1.2 Safety Precautions for Using the Equipment..................................................................................................................2 1.2.1 Safety Symbols............................................................................................................................................................3 1.2.2 Electrical Safety...........................................................................................................................................................3 1.2.3 Battery.........................................................................................................................................................................7 1.2.4 Laser and Fibers...........................................................................................................................................................9 1.2.5 High-Altitude Operations............................................................................................................................................9 1.2.6 Installing and Removing Boards...............................................................................................................................10 1.2.7 Miscellaneous............................................................................................................................................................10

2 Equipment Installation Process................................................................................................12 3 Installation Preparation..............................................................................................................14 3.1 Requirements for Running Environment A and Installation Planning.........................................................................18 3.1.1 Equipment Room Environment Requirements..........................................................................................................18 3.1.2 Layout of Equipment Room......................................................................................................................................19 3.1.3 Construction of the Equipment Room.......................................................................................................................19 3.1.4 Cleanliness of the Equipment Room.........................................................................................................................21 3.1.5 Requirements for Temperature and Humidity inside the Equipment Room.............................................................22 3.1.6 Corrosive Gas Control Requirements........................................................................................................................23 3.1.7 Electromagnetic Requirements..................................................................................................................................24 3.1.8 ESD Protection..........................................................................................................................................................24 3.1.9 Surge protection and Grounding Requirements........................................................................................................25 3.1.10 Power Supply...........................................................................................................................................................27 3.1.11 Lighting in the Equipment Room............................................................................................................................30 3.1.12 Protection System....................................................................................................................................................30 3.2 Requirements for Running Environment B and Installation Planning.........................................................................33 3.2.1 Requirements for Selecting a Site for Equipment.....................................................................................................33 3.2.2 Dust Resistance and Water Resistance......................................................................................................................34 3.2.3 Corrosion Protection..................................................................................................................................................35 3.2.4 Principle for Heat Dissipation of a Network Cabinet................................................................................................35 3.2.5 Cooperation Between Air Ducts................................................................................................................................38 Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

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3.2.6 Cabling Space............................................................................................................................................................40 3.2.7 Power Supply for Equipment....................................................................................................................................40 3.2.8 General Requirements on Surge protection and Grounding......................................................................................40 3.2.9 Grounding Without Dedicated Grounding Environment..........................................................................................41 3.2.10 Selection of the Network Cabinet............................................................................................................................43 3.2.11 Hardware Installation Problems..............................................................................................................................45 3.3 Requirements for Running Environment C and Installation Planning.........................................................................47 3.3.1 Selection of the Outdoor Cabinet..............................................................................................................................48

4 Equipment Installation Guidelines (IMB Network Cabinet).............................................50 4.1 Tools and Instruments..................................................................................................................................................52 4.2 Overview of Devices....................................................................................................................................................53 4.3 Dimensions and Installation Clearance Requirements.................................................................................................56 4.4 Installation Process.......................................................................................................................................................59 4.5 Installing the IMB on the Wall.....................................................................................................................................60 4.5.1 Installation Options....................................................................................................................................................60 4.5.2 Installing the IMB on the Wall (Side-Mounted).......................................................................................................61 4.5.3 Installing the IMB on the Wall (Back-Mounted)......................................................................................................66 4.6 Installing Devices in the IMB.......................................................................................................................................70 4.6.1 Installing the Chassis.................................................................................................................................................70 4.6.2 Installing the Power Device.......................................................................................................................................71 4.7 Installing and Routing Cables.......................................................................................................................................72 4.7.1 Cable Installation Process..........................................................................................................................................72 4.7.2 Expected Effect of Cables Installation......................................................................................................................73 4.8 Hardware Installation Checklist...................................................................................................................................77 4.9 Power-On Inspection....................................................................................................................................................78 4.10 Installing the Cover Plate for the IMB.......................................................................................................................78

5 General Installation Guidelines...............................................................................................80 5.1 Unpacking Inspection...................................................................................................................................................82 5.1.1 Unpacking the Chassis...............................................................................................................................................82 5.1.2 Unpacking Boards.....................................................................................................................................................83 5.1.3 Requirements of Inspection.......................................................................................................................................86 5.2 Installing chassis...........................................................................................................................................................86 5.2.1 Overview of Cabinets and Mounting Ears................................................................................................................86 5.2.2 Installing the Chassis in a Cabinet.............................................................................................................................87 5.3 Installing Boards...........................................................................................................................................................87 5.3.1 Inserting a Board.......................................................................................................................................................87 5.3.2 Removing a Board.....................................................................................................................................................89 5.3.3 Installing a Filler ..............................................................................................................................................90 5.4 Checking Tail Fiber Connection...................................................................................................................................90 5.5 Grounding Specifications.............................................................................................................................................92 5.5.1 General Grounding Specifications.............................................................................................................................92 5.5.2 Grounding Specifications for the Building................................................................................................................92 Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

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5.5.3 Equipment Grounding Specifications........................................................................................................................93 5.5.4 Grounding Specifications for Office Power..............................................................................................................93 5.5.5 Grounding Specifications for Signal Cables.............................................................................................................94 5.5.6 Specifications for Managing Ground Cables.............................................................................................................95 5.6 Engineering Labels.......................................................................................................................................................95 5.6.1 Introduction to Labels................................................................................................................................................96 5.6.1.1 Material...................................................................................................................................................................96 5.6.1.2 Type and Shape......................................................................................................................................................96 5.6.2 Information Carried on Labels..................................................................................................................................97 5.6.2.1 For Power Cables....................................................................................................................................................97 5.6.2.2 For Signal Cables....................................................................................................................................................98 5.6.2.3 Remarks..................................................................................................................................................................98 5.6.3 Filling Information on Labels....................................................................................................................................98 5.6.3.1 Printing Labels........................................................................................................................................................99 5.6.3.2 Writing Labels......................................................................................................................................................101 5.6.4 Affixing Labels........................................................................................................................................................102 5.6.4.1 Attaching the Label to the Signal Cable...............................................................................................................102 5.6.4.2 Attaching the Label to the Power Cable...............................................................................................................103 5.6.5 Frequently Used Engineering Labels......................................................................................................................103 5.7 The Requirements of Cabling and Bundling..............................................................................................................104 5.7.1 The Requirements of Cabling..................................................................................................................................104 5.7.2 The Requirements of Bundling................................................................................................................................104 5.8 Binding Strap..............................................................................................................................................................105 5.8.1 Architecture and cutting of binding strap................................................................................................................105 5.8.1.1 Architecture..........................................................................................................................................................106 5.8.1.2 Cutting..................................................................................................................................................................106 5.8.2 Bundling the Binding Strap.....................................................................................................................................107 5.8.2.1 Procedures for Bundling the Binding Strap..........................................................................................................107 5.8.2.2 Expected Result....................................................................................................................................................109 5.8.2.3 Precautions............................................................................................................................................................109 5.9 Assembling and Testing the Cable Connector...........................................................................................................110 5.9.1 Assembling and Testing the E1 Coaxial Cable Connector......................................................................................110 5.9.1.1 Assembling the Straight BNC Male Connector with the Coaxial Cable..............................................................110 5.9.1.2 Assembling the L9-M Male Connector with the Coaxial Cable..........................................................................114 5.9.1.3 Assembling the Straight SMB Female Connector with the Coaxial Cable..........................................................118 5.9.1.4 Testing Cable Connectivity..................................................................................................................................122 5.9.2 Assembling the RJ45 Connector with the Ethernet Cable and Testing the Connectivity.......................................123 5.9.2.1 Connection Relations of Network Cables............................................................................................................123 5.9.2.2 Assembling the RJ45 Connector with the Shielded Ethernet Cable....................................................................127 5.9.2.3 Assembling the RJ45 Connector with the Non-Shielded Ethernet Cable ...........................................................132 5.9.2.4 Checking the Assembled Cable Connector..........................................................................................................134 5.9.2.5 Testing Cable Connectivity..................................................................................................................................137 Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

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5.9.3 Assembling Power Cables.......................................................................................................................................139 5.9.3.1 Assembling OT Terminals and Power Cables......................................................................................................139 5.9.3.2 Assembling Cord End Terminals and Power Cables............................................................................................142

A Glossary......................................................................................................................................146

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1 Compliance and Safety

Compliance and Safety

About This Chapter This section describes the safety precautions that should be taken during operating and maintaining the equipment or using U2000 NMS (Network Management System). The safety precautions cover the safety rules related to the human beings and equipment. Adhere to these safety rules to avoid injury to the human body and damage to the equipment. 1.1 Warning and Safety Symbols Before using the equipment, carefully note the warning and safety symbols on the equipment. Perform operations on the equipment according to the indications of these symbols. This section describes the warning and safety symbols on the equipment and the indications of these symbols. 1.2 Safety Precautions for Using the Equipment Before using the equipment, read the safety precautions carefully. During the operation of the equipment, follow the safety precautions to ensure the safety of human beings and the equipment.

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1.1 Warning and Safety Symbols Before using the equipment, carefully note the warning and safety symbols on the equipment. Perform operations on the equipment according to the indications of these symbols. This section describes the warning and safety symbols on the equipment and the indications of these symbols. Table 1-1 lists the warning and safety symbols on the equipment, and the indications of these symbols. Table 1-1 Warning and safety symbols Symbol

Indication This symbol is for anti-static protection. A notice with this symbol indicates that you should wear an anti-static wrist strip or gloves when you touch a board. Otherwise, damage might be caused to the board.

CLASS 1 LASER PRODUCT

This symbol is for laser class. A notice with this symbol indicates the class of the laser. Avoid direct exposure to the laser beams launched from the optical interface. Otherwise, damage might be caused to the eye or skin. This symbol is for chassis grounding. A notice with this symbol indicates where the equipment is grounded. This symbol is a fan safety warning. A notice with this symbol indicates that the fan leaves should not be touched when the fan is rotating.

!

This symbol is for multi-channel power supply. A notice with this symbol indicates that the multiple channels of power supply are available.

1.2 Safety Precautions for Using the Equipment Before using the equipment, read the safety precautions carefully. During the operation of the equipment, follow the safety precautions to ensure the safety of human beings and the equipment.

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CAUTION l Before performing any operation on the equipment, read the operation instructions and precautions carefully; during the operation, follow the equipment-specific precautions and operation instructions provided by Huawei strictly to minimize the occurrence of accidents. l When performing any operation on the equipment, follow the safety regulations of the local areas. The safety precautions described in the manual are only supplements to the local safety regulations. l The texts introduced by the word "Caution", "Warning", or "Danger" in each manual do not cover all the safety precautions that must be followed. They are only supplements to the safety precautions for operations. l The engineers that are responsible for installing and maintaining Huawei equipment must be equipped with the general knowledge of safety operation. Therefore, they must have completed relevant training to familiarize themselves with the proper operation methods and safety precautions. In addition, they must possess relevant working certificates.

1.2.1 Safety Symbols Safety symbols indicate the safety instructions that must be followed during the installation or maintenance. Table 1-2 lists the levels and meanings of the safety symbols. Table 1-2 Levels and meanings of the safety symbols Levels of the safety symbols

Meaning DANGER indicates a hazard with a high level or medium level of risk which, if not avoided, could result in death or serious injury. WARNING indicates a hazard with a low level of risk which, if not avoided, could result in minor or moderate injury. CAUTION indicates a potentially hazardous situation that, if not avoided, could result in equipment damage, data loss, performance deterioration, or unanticipated results.

1.2.2 Electrical Safety When installing or maintaining Huawei network equipment, follow relevant electrical safety precautions to ensure the safety of human beings and the equipment.

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High Voltage

DANGER The high voltage power supply supplies power to the device so that it can operate. Direct or indirect (through damp objects) with high voltage and AC mains supply may result in a fatal accident. l

When installing the AC power supply facility, comply with the local safety regulations. The personnel who install the AC facility must be qualified for performing high voltage and AC operations.

l

Do not wear articles that conduct electricity, such as watches, chains, bracelets and rings when performing high voltage operations.

l

Switch off the power supply immediately, if you find water in the rack or if the rack is damp.

l

Make sure that the device is kept away from water when being operated in a damp environment.

WARNING Non-standard and improper high voltage operations can result in fire and electric shock. Therefore, you must abide by the local rules and regulations when bridging and wiring AC cables through a certain area. The personnel who perform high voltage operations must be qualified for performing high voltage and AC operations.

Power Cable

WARNING Do not install or remove a live line. Transient between the core of the power cable and the conductor may generate electric arc or spark, which can cause fire or injury to the eye. l

Before bringing the power cable into the power distribution frame (PDF), bind the bare parts of the power cable with insulating tapes.

l

Before installing or removing the power cable, turn off the power switch.

l

Before connecting the power cable, make sure that the power cable and label conform to the requirements of the actual installation.

Short Circuit The short circuit makes the components fail to work normally and even causes damage to the entire equipment. During the component replacement, avoid the short circuit that may occur when you do not operate the tools or boards properly. Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

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Use tools such as a screwdriver according to the regulations. Do not place any tools on the honeycomb plate of the equipment.

CAUTION Prevent any screws from falling into the equipment and causing short circuit.

Tools

WARNING Use special tools when performing high voltage and AC operations.

Drilling Holes

WARNING Do not drill on the rack without permission. Drilling on the racks does not conform to the related requirements and may damage the wires and cables inside the rack. If the metal shavings from the drilling enter the rack, it may result in short-circuit of the circuit boards. It may also damage the Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) performance of the cabinet. l

Before drilling a hole on the rack, wear insulation gloves, and then remove the cables inside the rack away.

l

During the drilling, ensure that your eyes are completely protected. The hot metal shavings may cause injury to your eyes.

l

Ensure that the metal shavings do not enter the rack.

l

Nonstandard drilling may damage the electromagnetic shielding performance of the rack.

l

After drilling, clean the metal shavings.

Thunderstorm

DANGER High voltage and AC operations, or operations on a steel tower and a mast when there is a thunderstorm are prohibited. When there is a thunderstorm, the electromagnetic field generated in the thunderstorm area may cause damage to electronic components. To prevent the device from being damaged by lightning, use proper grounding. Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

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Electrostatic Discharge The electronic components on the board can be damaged by the electrostatic discharge. Thus, when replacing the board, make sure that the equipment is properly grounded and take proper measures to protect the components against electrostatic discharge. For example, wear the ESD wrist strap during the operation.

CAUTION The static electricity generated by the human body can damage the electrostatic sensitive components on the circuit board, such as the large-scale integrated circuit (LIC). Take the following measures to protect the components against electrostatic discharge: l

Make sure that the equipment is properly grounded according to the equipment grounding requirement.

l

Before touching the equipment, board or integrated circuit (IC) chip, you must wear the ESD wrist strap to prevent the electrostatic discharge on the human body from damaging the static-sensitive components, and ensure that the other end of the strap is properly grounded. Figure 1-1 shows how to wear the ESD wrist strap. Figure 1-1 Wearing the ESD wrist strap

CAUTION Make sure that the metallic portion of the ESD wrist strap is in with the skin and the other end of the ESD wrist strap is properly connected to the ESD jack. NOTE

If the ESD wrist strap is unavailable, wear ESD gloves.

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l

When correctly wearing an ESD wrist strap, make sure that the resistance value of the ESD wrist strap range from 0.75 Mohms to 10 Mohms. The validity period of the ESD wrist strap is two years. When the resistance of the ESD wrist strap fails to meet the requirement, you need replace the ESD wrist strap.

l

Avoid touching the boards with clothing because this may generate static electricity that cannot be defended by the ESD wrist strap.

l

Use the ESD pad when replacing the board. Wear the ESD wrist strap properly and use ESD tweezers or extraction tools to take, remove, or insert chips. Do not touch chips, circuits, or pins with bare hands.

l

Keep boards and other static-sensitive parts that are not installed in ESD bags. Place some desiccant inside the bag to keep the board dry.

l

Place the boards or parts that are temporarily removed on the ESD pad or other ESD materials. Do not use non-ESD materials such as white foams, common plastic bags, or paper bags to pack boards. Keep these materials away from boards.

l

Wear an ESD wrist strap when operating the ports of boards because they are also staticsensitive. Discharge the static electricity of cables and protective sleeves before connecting them to the ports.

l

Reserve some board package materials, such as vacuum forming box and ESD bags in the equipment room for future use.

1.2.3 Battery When installing or maintaining the battery, follow relevant safety precautions for the battery to ensure the safety of human beings and the equipment.

DANGER Before handling the battery, read the safety precautions and the procedure for connecting the batteries. Electrolyte overflow can cause potential damage to the device. It can lead to the corrosion of metal parts and circuit boards, and damage the device and cause short-circuit of the circuit boards.

General Operations Before installing and maintaining the battery, pay attention to the following: l

Do not wear metallic articles, such as a watch, hand chain, bracelet and ring.

l

Use special insulation tools.

l

Use eye protection devices.

l

Wear rubber gloves. Wear an apron in case of electrolyte overflow.

l

Always keep the electrode upright when handling the battery. Do not place the battery upside down or tilt it.

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Short Circuit

CAUTION Short-circuit in a battery may cause injury. Though the voltage of a battery is low, high transient current generated by a short-circuit releases a large amount of power. Keep metal objects that can cause battery short-circuit away from the batteries. If metal objects have to be used, first disconnect the batteries in use and then perform any operations.

Harmful Gas

CAUTION Do not use unsealed lead-acid battery, because the gas emitted from the battery may result in inflammation or device corrosion. Place the battery horizontally and then fix it properly. The battery in use may emit flammable gas. Therefore, store the battery in a place with good ventilation, and take precautions against fire.

High Temperature

CAUTION High temperature may result in distortion, damage and electrolyte overflow in the battery. When the temperature of the battery exceeds 60 centigrade, check whether there is acid overflow. If yes, clean the acid immediately.

Acid Liquid

CAUTION In the case of acid overflow, absorb and neutralize the liquid immediately. When moving or replacing a leaky battery, observe the damage caused by the acid. When acid spill is found, use the following materials to absorb and neutralize it. l

Sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) : NaHCO3

l

Sodium carbonate (pure alkali) : Na2CO3

When using antacids, strictly follow the guide provided by the battery supplier. Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

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1.2.4 Laser and Fibers Clean the fiber connector correctly. To avoid injury caused by the laser beam to the human body, replace and connect fibers safely.

Laser

DANGER The laser beam launched by the optical interface board or by a fiber can cause damage to your eyes! Do not stare into the fiber connector without wearing protective glasses during the installation or maintenance of the fiber.

Cleaning Fiber Connectors Clean fiber connectors with special cleaning tools and materials. The common tools and materials used for cleaning fiber connectors are as follows: l

Special cleaning solvent (Isoamylol is preferred, propyl alcohol is the next, alcohol and formalin is forbidden.)

l

Nonwoven lens tissue

l

Special compressed gas

l

Cotton label (medical cotton or long fiber cotton)

l

Special cleaning roll, used with cleaning solvent listed in the first item

l

Special magnifier for optical connectors

Replacing Fibers When replacing a fiber, cap the fiber connector of the unused fiber with the protective cap.

Connecting Fibers Take the following precautions when connecting fibers. l

If the optical power is excessively high, an optical attenuator should be used to protect the optical interfaces from being damaged.

l

When the fiber connector does not match the optical interface, use an adapter to connect the connector to the optical interface. In addition, ensure that the optical power meets the specification requirement of the optical interface after the adapter is used because the use of an adapter introduces certain attenuation.

1.2.5 High-Altitude Operations When doing High-Altitude Operations, follow relevant safety precautions for High-Altitude Operations to ensure the safety of human beings and the equipment. Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

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WARNING When working at a height, prevent objects from falling down. When working at a height, comply with the following requirements: l

Only trained personnel can work at a height.

l

The operating machines and tools should be carried and handled safely to prevent them from falling.

l

Safety measures should be taken such as wearing a helmet and a safety belt.

l

In cold areas, wear warm clothes before performing any high-altitude operation.

l

Appliances used for lifting objects must be checked and ensured to be intact before performing any high-altitude operation.

1.2.6 Installing and Removing Boards Removing the in-service board may result in service interruption. Thus, remove or insert a board during off-peak hours.

DANGER Do not remove the power cable and the PIU board when the power is on.

CAUTION l Before installing or removing a board, wear an ESD glove or ESD wrist strap. l When holding a board, never touch the circuits, components, cable connectors, and cabling trough on the board. l Before inserting a board, make sure that the protective tube on the backplane has been taken off. l Before inserting a board, make sure that no fiber or cable is connected to the board. l Insert a board gently to prevent bending of the pins on the backplane. l Insert a board along the guide rail of each slot to prevent the components on the board from touching each other and causing short circuit. l The interval for removing and inserting a board should be longer than 10 seconds. After a board is inserted into the equipment, it takes several minutes for the board to enter the normal running state after the startup.

1.2.7 Miscellaneous When installing or maintaining Huawei network equipment, you also need to follow the safety precautions for lifting heavy objects, operating sharp-cornered objects and binding signal cables to ensure the safety of human beings and the equipment. Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

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Lifting Heavy Objects

WARNING Do not stand or walk under heavy objects when they are being lifted.

Operating Sharp-Cornered Objects

WARNING When carrying the device, wear protection gloves to prevent injuries that can be caused by sharp objects.

Binding Signal Cables

CAUTION Bundle the signal cables separately from the strong current cables or high voltage cables. The space between two adjacent ties must be at least 30 mm.

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2 Equipment Installation Process

Equipment Installation Process

This section describes the general equipment installation process. Before installing equipment, you need to determine the installation mode according to installation environment. After unpacking and inspecting the equipment, you need to install the chassis, boards, fibers, and cables in sequence, and then check the installation result. After determining that the installation is correct, you can power on the equipment and then check fiber connections. Table 2-1 lists the general installation process. Table 2-1 Equipment installation process Installation Process

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Description

Installation preparation

Before installation, plan installation space, build telecommunications rooms, and determine the installation mode according to requirements of the equipment for running environment. This ensures that the equipment can be properly installed and commissioned, and then can run stably. For details on the requirements of the equipment for running environment, see 3 Installation Preparation.

Unpacking and inspecting equipment

When a project starts, the project supervisor needs to work with the customer to unpack and inspect the delivered equipment. For details, see 5.1 Unpacking Inspection.

Installing chassis

The installation modes for chassis vary with installation environment.

Installing boards

Generally, chassis for delivery are installed with boards. If boards are delivered separately, see 5.3 Installing Boards.

Installing fibers and cables

The installation modes for fibers and cables in chassis vary with installation environment.

Testing E1 cable connections

After installing E1 cables, test the E1 cable connections.

Checking installation

After hardware installation is complete, check the installation to ensure that the equipment can run stably.

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Installation Process

Description

Powering on the equipment

Before powering on the equipment, check the external power supply to ensure proper voltage and fuse capacity. After powering on the equipment, observe the indicators to determine whether the equipment runs properly.

Checking fiber connections

During installation of fiber jumpers, the fiber jumpers may be incorrectly connected or attenuate much optical power. To avoid impacts on services, check fiber jumper connections after the fiber jumpers are routed from optical interfaces to the optical distribution frame (ODF). For details, see 5.4 Checking Tail Fiber Connection.

NOTE

When the equipment is installed in an indoor cabinet, a network cabinet, or an outdoor cabinet, the references for each step in the preceding installation process vary. The references are as follows: l When installing the equipment in a 19-inch cabinet, an N63E cabinet, or a T63 cabinet, see the OptiX PTN 950 Quick Installation Guide. l When installing the equipment in an IMB network cabinet, see 4 Equipment Installation Guidelines (IMB Network Cabinet). When installing OptiX PTN 950 NEs in a 300-mm-deep indoor cabinet, note that a maximum of five OptiX PTN 950 NEs can be installed in the cabinet, with a distance of not smaller than 300 mm between adjacent NEs. In addition, the total power consumption of the cabinet must be lower than 1000 W. When installing both OptiX PTN 950 NEs and OptiX PTN 3900 NEs in a 300-mm-deep indoor cabinet, note that only one OptiX PTN 950 NE and one OptiX PTN 3900 NE can be installed in the cabinet, with a distance of not smaller than 560 mm between the two NEs.

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3 Installation Preparation

Installation Preparation

About This Chapter Before installation, plan installation space, build telecommunications rooms, and determine the installation mode according to requirements of the equipment for running environment. This ensures that the equipment can be properly installed and commissioned, and then can run stably. The equipment can run in various environment, and the running environment can be classified into three types, that is, running environment A, B, and C. This section describes the three types of environment. For the requirements for running environment, see Operation Environment. In environment A, B, and C, installation modes are different. For details on how to choose equipment installation modes and references, see Table 3-1. Table 3-1 Running environment and installation modes Runnin g Environ ment

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Description

Running environ ment A

Indoor environment where temperature and humidity are under control

Running environ ment B

Indoor environment where temperature

Example

Installati on Mode

Standard central telecommunications room or communication shelter

The equipment is installed in a 19inch cabinet, an N63E cabinet, or a T63 cabinet.

For details on the installation mode, see the OptiX PTN 950 Quick Installation Guide.

Wall in the corridor

The equipment can be installed in

If a Huawei IMB network cabinet is used, see this document and 3.2.10

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Reference

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Runnin g Environ ment

Description

3 Installation Preparation

Example

Installati on Mode

Reference

Room where temperature is not under control such as an attic in a residential building and humidity are partially under control or without control, or common outdoor environment with a simple shelter such as an awning, or common outdoor environment where humidity reaches 100% occasionally

Simple telecommunications room, telecommunications room reconstructed from a cottage, or telecommunications room reconstructed from a common residential building (In such a telecommunications room, air conditioners and mains are available, but sealing conditions are poor.)

a standard network cabinet.

Selection of the Network Cabinet for details on the installation mode.

Public area inside a residential building such as a stairwell or cleaning tool room

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Runnin g Environ ment

Description

3 Installation Preparation

Example

Installati on Mode

Reference

l Outdoor area close to a pollution source l Environmen t with only simple shields such as awnings l Place on the sea

Running environ ment C

NOTE An area close to a pollution source refers to an area where saline water such as the sea or a salina is within 3.7 km away from it, where a heavy pollution source such as a metallurgical plant, coal mine, or thermal power plant is within 3 km away from it, where a medium pollution source such as a chemical plant, a rubber plant, or an electroplating factory is within 2 km away from it, or where a light pollution source such as a food factory, leather factory, or heating boiler is within 1 km away from it.

Outdoor or an attic in a residential building

APM30H cabinet

For details on the installation mode, see 3.3 Requirements for Running Environment C and Installation Planning.

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This section describes the requirements for running environment A (environment under full control) and requirements for installation planning. 3.2 Requirements for Running Environment B and Installation Planning This section describes the requirements for equipment location selection, dustproof and waterproof, surge protection and grounding, heat dissipation, cooperation between air ducts, power supply of equipment, cabling space, selection of network cabinets and outdoor cabinets, and corrosion protection when equipment is installed in running environment B. 3.3 Requirements for Running Environment C and Installation Planning In environment C, you need to install equipment in an APM30H outdoor cabinet. When equipment is installed in an APM30H outdoor cabinet, the temperature at the air intake vents on the outdoor cabinet must range from -40 ºC to 50 ºC.

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3.1 Requirements for Running Environment A and Installation Planning This section describes the requirements for running environment A (environment under full control) and requirements for installation planning.

3.1.1 Equipment Room Environment Requirements This section describes the operation environment of the optical transmission equipment. A good operation environment is the key to guarantee safe operation of the OptiX transmission equipment. Therefore, the equipment room should not be located in any area with high temperature, heavy dust, poisonous gas, dangerous explosives, low pressure, serious vibration or loud noises. Moreover, it should be built away from the general step-down electrical substations and traction substations. While deg the project, you need to consider the hydrographic, geological, seismic and traffic factors according to the communication network planning and communication technology, so as to choose the place that meets the environment design requirement. The engineering design in of construction, structure, heating, ventilation, power supply, lighting and fire fighting should comply with the environment requirements for optical synchronous transmission equipment. It should also comply with the international standards and specifications related to industrial enterprise, environment protection, fire fighting, and human protection, as well as the regulations and requirements for constructing and deg buildings. Site requirements are as follows: l

The site should be kept away from pollution sources. For sources of heavy pollution such as the smeltery and coal mine, keep a distance of 5 km. For sources of medium pollution such as the chemical, rubber and galvanization industries, keep a distance of 3.7 km. For sources of light pollution such as food and tanner industries, keep a distance of 2 km. If these sources of pollution cannot be avoided, the equipment room must be in the perennial upwind direction of the pollution sources. In addition, quality equipment room or protection product must be adopted.

l

The ventilation port for air exchange of the equipment room must be kept away from the exhaust of city waste pipes, big cesspools and sewage treatment tanks. The equipment room should be kept in the positive pressure state lest the corrosive gases enter the equipment room and erode components and circuit boards.

l

The equipment room should be kept away from the industrial and heating boilers.

l

The equipment room is located on the second floor or the higher floor. If this requirement cannot be satisfied, the ground for equipment installation in the equipment room shall be at least 600 mm above the maximum flood level in the local record.

l

The equipment room should be kept away from livestock farms. If this requirement cannot be satisfied, it should be located in the perennial upwind direction of the livestock farms.

l

The equipment room should be kept 3.7 km away from the seaside or salt lake. If this requirement cannot be satisfied, the equipment room should be airtight with cooling facilities. In addition, the alkalized soil cannot be used as the construction material. Otherwise, the equipment applicable in atrocious environment must be adopted.

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l

The historical livestock room or the chemical fertilizer warehouse cannot be used as the equipment room.

l

The equipment room should be solid enough to withstand wind and downpour.

l

The equipment room should be kept away from the road or sand field with dusts flying around. If this requirement cannot be satisfied, the windows and doors of the equipment room should be kept away from the sources of pollution.

3.1.2 Layout of Equipment Room This section describes the principles of the overall layout of the equipment room. The communication equipment room houses a complete set of communication transmission equipment, for example, SPC switching equipment, power supply, and so on. They should be arranged compactly for ease of maintenance and management. Figure 3-1 shows a typical layout of the equipment room. Figure 3-1 Layout of the equipment room Service Console

Main Distribution Frame (MDF) room

Control Room

Diesel Room

SPC Switching Room

Power Distribution Room

Transmission Room

Transformer Room

Battery Room

Power line Communication line Network line

The principles for layout of the equipment room are as follows: l

Meet the requirements for wiring and maintaining the communication cable and power cable.

l

Avoid line roundabout for convenient maintenance, thus lowering the cable cost, reducing communication failures and improving the work efficiency.

l

Install the transmission equipment in a separate room close to the MDF room, or near the switch.

3.1.3 Construction of the Equipment Room This section describes the requirements for the construction of the equipment room. The construction of the equipment room shall meet the requirements listed in Table 3-2.

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Table 3-2 Construction requirements for the equipment room Item

Requirements

Area

The equipment room should be able to house all the devices of the terminal office at least.

Net height

Minimum indoor height refers to the net height under the roof beam or under the ventilation pipe. Normally it is no less than 3 m.

Indoor floor

The floor of the equipment room should be semi-conductive and not dust-arousing. Generally, ESD raised floor is required. The floor boards should be laid tightly and firmly. For each square meter of floor space, the horizontal tolerance should not be greater than 2 mm. If no raised floor is available, electrostatic conductive floor material with a volume resistivity ranging 1.0x107 ohms - 1.0x1010 ohms should be laid. The electrostatic conductive floor material or the ESD raised floor should be grounded well. It can be connected to the grounding device through a current limiting resistor and a connection wire. Resistance of the current limiting resistor should be 1 megaohm. CAUTION If thermal insulation cotton is required under the for the floor, or an ESD raised floor is required, do not use the thermal insulation cotton and the ESD raised floor containing sulfur to prevent devices from being corroded.

Load-bearing capacity of floor

>450 kg/m2

Doors and windows

Doors are single-leaf, 2 m high and 1 m wide. All doors and windows should be sealed with dust-proof rubber strips. Double-layer glass is recommended for windows.

Wall

The wall can be covered with wallpaper or lusterless paint, but not the paint that is apt to get pulverized or peeled. CAUTION If organic materials such as soundproof cotton are required, use materials that do not contain sulfur.

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Indoor ducts

Indoor ducts are used for cabling. The inside of the ducts should be smooth and clean. The reserved length and width (margins) as well as the number, position and size of the holes should comply with the relevant requirements for placing the optical synchronous transmission equipment.

Water supply and drainage

The service pipes, drain pipes and rain pipes should not through the equipment room. Fire hydrants should not be placed in the equipment room, but in corridors or the place near the staircase where they can be easily seen and accessed to.

Internal partition wall

The place where the equipment is installed is separated from the equipment room door. The partition wall can hold back some dusts, as be shown in Figure 3-2.

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Item

Requirements

Installation position of the air conditioner

The air conditioner should be installed in the place where the discharged air from the air conditioner shall not be directed to the equipment. The air conditioner must be away from a window to prevent the air conditioner blowing moisture on the window to devices in the equipment room when the window is not securely closed.

Other requirements

In addition to the rodent-proof measures (for example, measures against mice), measures against proliferation of fungi and mildew should be taken in the equipment room. When there is high humidity such as on rainy days, do not open the door of the equipment room to prevent moisture increase that may be condensed into water on cold surfaces of the devices in the equipment room. Storage batteries must be placed separately from devices in the equipment room.

Figure 3-2 Internal partition wall of the equipment room

Air conditioner Equipment

Partition wall

3.1.4 Cleanliness of the Equipment Room This section describes the requirements for the cleanness of the equipment room. Dusts on the equipment may lead to electrostatic adherence, and consequently result in poor connection between metal connectors or connecting points. This will reduce the service life of the equipment, and even makes it faulty. Table 3-3 shows the specifications for the density and diameter of dust particles in the equipment room. Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

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Table 3-3 Limits of dust diameter and density in the equipment room Maximum Diameter(mm)

Maximum Density (particles/m3)

0.05

14x105

1

7x105

3

24x104

5

13x104

The equipment room shall be guarded against dust and corrosion by harmful gases such as SO2, H2S, NH3, and NO2. 3.1.6 Corrosive Gas Control Requirements shows the limits for them. To meet the above requirements, take the following measures: l

Keep the equipment room far away from pollution sources.

l

Seal the doors and windows.

l

Always wear clean lab coat and protective footwear before getting into the equipment room.

l

Cover the ceiling and walls of the equipment room with wallpapers or lusterless paint (pulverized paint prohibited) to prevent dust flake-off.

3.1.5 Requirements for Temperature and Humidity inside the Equipment Room This section describes the requirements for the relative humidity and ambient temperature in the equipment room. Proper temperature and humidity should be maintained inside the equipment room for the transmission equipment to work well constantly, as shown in Table 3-4. Too high or low temperature or humidity will do harm to the transmission quality and service life of the equipment. Too high relative humidity in the equipment room for a long period will greatly jeopardize the equipment. It will cause poor insulation or even electrical leakage in certain insulation materials. Sometimes, it can cause changes in the mechanical performance of such materials. Moreover, the metal parts of the equipment are prone to rusting. But when the relative humidity is too low, the captive screws will become loose as the insulation washer may get dry and shrink. Meanwhile the static electricity generated in the dry climate may damage the circuits of the equipment. Too high indoor temperature will greatly reduce the reliability of the equipment. If the equipment runs in such a high temperature environment for a long period, its life will be shortened because the over high temperature will accelerate aging of the insulation materials. Table 3-4 Requirements for temperature and humidity inside the equipment room

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Temperature

Humidity

- 20°C to 60°C

Long-term operating condition

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Temperature

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Humidity 10% - 90%

5% - 95%

NOTE The temperature and humidity are measured 1.5 m above the floor and 0.4 m ahead of chassis when it works under normal environment conditions (without any protection plate in front of the cabinet). The short-term operating conditions indicate that the successive working time of the equipment does not exceed 96 hours, and the accumulated annual working time does not exceed 15 days.

3.1.6 Corrosive Gas Control Requirements This section describes the requirements for the corrosive gases in the equipment room. Besides dust-proof efforts, measures should be taken to prevent the equipment room from being corroded by harmful gases, for example, SO2, H2S, NH3 and so on. Table 3-5 shows the content limit on corrosive gases. Table 3-5 Corrosive gas content specification Item

Unit: part per billion (ppb)

Monthly Average Content

SO2

ppb

≤ 10

H2S

ppb

≤3

NH3

ppb

≤ 500

Cl2

ppb

≤1

N02

ppb

≤ 50

HF

ppb

≤1

O3

ppb

≤2

To fulfill the above requirements, take the following measures for the equipment room: l

Build the equipment room away from places with high-density corrosive gases such as mines, metallurgical plants, tire plants, rubber plants, and chemical plants.

l

Keep the equipment room far away from sewers, effluent pipes, shafts, dumps, and septic tanks. The air intake of the equipment room should be at the opposite side to the pollution source.

l

Do not use sulfur-containing organic materials to decorate the equipment room. These materials include ESD pads, thermal insulation cotton, and soundproof cotton that are made up from sulfur-containing rubber.

l

Do not store diesels or gasoline engines in the equipment room where devices are placed. When an oil-fired engine is outside the equipment room, ensure that the exhaust of the engine is in the downstream direction of the equipment room and the engine is far away from the air intake vent of the air conditioner for the equipment room.

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l

Place storage batteries isolated from one another. You are suggested to put one battery in a room.

l

Make an agreement with a professional monitoring company to monitor the environment regularly.

3.1.7 Electromagnetic Requirements This section describes the electromagnetic conditions and the measures for suppressing electromagnetic interferences. The electromagnetic requirements are showed in Table 3-6. Table 3-6 Electromagnetic specification Item

Parameter

Low frequency magnetic field

Frequency (Hz)

50 to 20 000

Ampl. A/m (rms)

10 to 0.025

Amplitude modulation radiated electromagnetic fields

Frequency (MHz)

0.009 to1000

Ampl. V/m (rms)

3

Pulse modulation radiated electromagnetic fields

Frequency (GHz)

1 to 20

Ampl. ( V/m (peak) )

3

To suppress electromagnetic interferences, take the following measures: l

Build the equipment room way from electric transformers, high-voltage power lines and other equipment or devices with high current. For example, you may build it 20 meters or more away from the transformer, or more than 50 meters from high-voltage power lines.

l

Build the room way from high-power radio transmitters. For example, build it at a place free of high-power radio transmitters within 500 meters.

l

If there is a mobile communication transmitter in the comprehensive building, make sure its interference level complies with the corresponding standard. Shielding and isolation measures can be taken for further protection if necessary.

l

Release and execute stipulations that forbid any personnel using wireless handy communication devices close to equipment in the equipment room.

3.1.8 ESD Protection This section describes the requirements for the ESD prevention and the preventive measures for the equipment room. The absolute static voltage value should be less than 2000 V. To fulfill this requirement, take the following measures: l

Train the operators on ESD prevention.

l

Control the humidity in the room to reduce the impact from static electricity.

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l

Lay ESD floor in the room.

l

Wear ESD shoes and uniforms before entering the room.

l

Use ESD tools such as ESD wrist straps, ESD tweezers and extraction tools when dealing with the equipment.

l

Ground all conducting materials in the room, including computer terminals.

l

Use ESD worktables.

l

Keep non-ESD materials (such as common bags, foams, and rubbers) at least 30 cm away from boards and ESD-sensitive components.

3.1.9 Surge protection and Grounding Requirements This section describes the requirements for surge protection and grounding. Table 3-7 shows the requirements for surge protection and grounding. Table 3-7 Requirements for surge protection and grounding

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Item

Description

On structure of the equipment room

Build the equipment room with steel and concrete. The equipment room should be equipped with facilities such as surge protector to protect it against direct lightning strokes. Make sure the surge protection grounding of the equipment room, or that of devices such as the surge protector, shares the same grounding body with the protection grounding of the building where the room is located in.

Use TN-S for AC power supply

Equip the communication office with special electric transformers and metal-jacketed or insulation-jacketed power cable. The power cable is to through a steel pipe and buried in the earth before entering the office. Both ends of both the metal jacket and the steel pipe should be grounded by proximate. Make sure the buried length is no less than 15 meters. Each of the three live cables at the low-voltage side of the AC transformer should be equipped with a gapless zinc oxide arrester respectively. The chassis, the AC neutral cable of the low-voltage side, and the metal jacket of the cable connected to the chassis should all proximately grounded.

Equip the incoming power cable with a surge protector

Do not lead in or lead out the AC/DC power cables aerially for the office. Equip the in-room low-voltage power cable with a surge protector in the voltage regulator or in the AC . The arrester should be grounded proximately. If the office is located in the city, it is recommended to use an arrester with the nominal discharge current no less than 20 kA. If it is located in the suburb of intermedial lightning danger level or higher, an arrester with the surge current higher than 60 kA is recommended. If located in an isolated huge building in the city or in the mountain area where lightning strokes occur often, please use an arrester that has a surge current more than 100 kA. The ground cable should be less than 1 meter in length.

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Item

Description

DC power supply grounding

The working ground of the office, that is, the anode of a -48 V DC power supply or the cathode of a 24 V power supply, should be led from the indoor grounding bus line by proximate. The ground cable should satisfy the maximum load of the equipment. The power supply facilities for the office are to possess a DC working neutral line, which is introduced from the general grounding bus line or the protection ground bar of the equipment room.

Equipotent connection

All communication equipment and auxiliary equipment in the room such as the mobile base station and the transmitting, exchanging, power and distribution frame should be connected to the protection ground. The protection grounding of all equipment in the communication office should share a same general ground bar, while that of the same equipment room all connect to the same protection ground bar. The working ground and protection ground of the communication equipment in the equipment room should adopt the t grounding mode, that is, they share a same grounding network. Protection grounding efforts should also be done to the indoor cable tray, equipment chassis, metal ventilation pipe, metal door or window.

General requirements on grounding

The AC neutral line is forbidden to be connected to the protection ground of any communication equipment. Make sure there is no fuse, switch or other devices of the like on a grounding line. All grounding lines should be as short and straightforward as possible. Make all efforts to avoid winding of them.

On the grounding resistor

< 10 ohms. The upper end of the grounding body should be 0.7 meters or more underground. In cold areas, the grounding body should be buried in the frozen layer or lower. Make regular monitor efforts on the grounding resistor to make sure the grounding is always valid.

On routing of the signal cable

Signal cables should be led into the communication office from underground. Aerial routing of signal cables is forbidden. The leadin or leadout communication cable should be metal-jacketed. Otherwise, they should be routed in metal pipes. The ground cable of the arrester should be as short as possible. The empty pairs in the cable should be connected to the protection ground in the equipment room.

Lightning-proof requirements of outdoor cables

When the equipment is installed in an outdoor cabinet, the cables connected to the equipment may be exposed outdoors. If the length of the exposed cables exceeds 5 m, a signal lightning protector must be installed on the equipment.

On the grounding bus line

The general grounding bus line can be grounding loop or bar. The ground cable should be not of aluminum material. If interconnection occurs between different metal connectors, take measures to avoid by electric chemical corrosion. Generally, the cross-sectional area is a copper bar of no less than 120 mm2 or zinc-plated flat steel of the same resistance. The grounding bus line should be kept insulated from the construction steel.

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Item

Description

On the grounding leadin wire

The grounding lead-in should be no longer than 30 meter. As for the material, it is recommended to use zinc plated flat steel with the crosssectional area being 40 mm x 4 mm or 50 mm x 5 mm.

3.1.10 Power Supply This section describes the DC power supply system. The working power voltage for the equipment ranges from -38.4 V to -57.6 V. The transmission equipment offers a transmission path for communication networks, so its interruption will have a wide influence. Therefore, the DC power distribution system should be protected against power failure and configured with storage batteries. To deal with a long-term power outage, a diesel generator should be equipped as the standby AC power supply for the backbone transmission equipment. The DC power supply system consists of storage battery, primary power supply (rectifier), DC distributor and control .

Storage battery Storage battery is an essential component of the DC power distribution system of the OptiX transmission equipment. Functionally, it serves to: l

Stabilize the voltage for the transmission equipment to work reliably.

l

Store energy. In the case of outage of mains, the storage battery can feed power for a period of time, which depends on its capacity, so that the communication will not be interrupted immediately.

l

Filter for large capacitors. The storage batteries are useful for absorbing surge voltage from rectifiers and preventing noise and power frequency interference from getting into the communication equipment.

l

Automatically shut down. When the voltage of the storage battery drops to below -43 V, the control circuit can automatically shut down the output.

The storage battery of OptiX optical transmission equipment is charged and discharges under a low, constant voltage. Table 3-8 shows the relevant requirements. Table 3-8 DC charge/discharge status and voltage requirements

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Power Supply Category

Mains Supply Status

Battery Charge / Discharge

DC Voltage Value

Terminal Voltage of Each Storage Battery

The Number of Storage Batteries in Each Group

DC-

Normal

Floating charged by the rectifier

Floating charge voltage reaches 53.5 V.

2.23 V

24 PCS

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Power Supply Category

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Mains Supply Status

Battery Charge / Discharge

DC Voltage Value

Terminal Voltage of Each Storage Battery

Outage

Discharge

Discharge voltage reaches 43.2 V.

1.8 V

Resumed

Under loading conditions, automaticall y charged with a current 0.1 to 0.15 times of the battery capacity.

When the charging voltage reaches 56.4 V, it automatically changes to constant voltage mode, that is changes the charging status to floating charge.

2.35 V

The Number of Storage Batteries in Each Group

Primary power supply (rectifier) l

Primary power supplies shall be able to operate in parallel, and there should be current equalizing device between them.

l

The primary power supplies should be equipped with a current limiting device.

l

The output voltage of the primary power supply should meet the requirement for initial charging of storage batteries, that is 2.35 x 24= 56.4 V DC (when the power supply is -48 V DC)

l

A DC voltmeter and an ammeter should be installed for the primary power supplies.

l

The efficiency of the primary power supply should be more than 85% and its power factor more than 0.8.

l

Natural cooling is recommended for the primary power supply. The primary power supply should be able to work continuously with full load within 0°C - 40°C.

l

The output noise voltage (measured with a psophometer, plus weighing factors) of the primary power supply should meet the requirements shown in Table 3-9.

l

The primary power supply should be able to automatically shut down the output at a low voltage.

Table 3-9 DC voltage specifications

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Item

DC Power Supply for Transmission Equipment

Nominal value (V)

- 48

Voltage fluctuation range (V)

- 38.4 to - 57.6

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Item Noise voltage

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DC Power Supply for Transmission Equipment 0 Hz - 300Hz

≤ 400 mV (peak value)

300 Hz - 3400Hz

≤ 2 mV (weighted noise of psophometer)

3.4 kHz - 150 kHz

Single frequency: ≤ 5mV effective value

Broadband: ≤ 100 mV effective value

150 kHz - 200 kHz

Single frequency: ≤ 3 mV effective value

200 kHz - 500 kHz

Single frequency: ≤ 2 mV effective value

Broadband: ≤ 30 mV effective value

500 kHz - 30 MHz

Single frequency: ≤ 1 mV effective value

DC distributor and control l

The capacity of the primary power supply should be designed according to the power consumption of the transmission equipment of the terminal office, and a certain margin should be reserved. Generally, high frequency switching power supplies with a high switching efficiency should be adopted, which should work in N+1 hot standby mode. There should be an output current equalizer for each power module. The failure of a single power module will not affect the normal operation of the whole DC power distribution system.

l

Each control can access a minimum of two groups of storage batteries. When one of them fails, the other can supply power instead.

l

Each control can access a minimum of 5 primary power supplies.

l

The power supply equipment should be capable of automation, so as to satisfy the nonattendant requirement.

l

When the primary power supply charges the storage batteries in floating charge mode, the number of primary power supplies put into operation depends on the load. When one primary power supply becomes faulty, it will drop out automatically, while the standby primary power supply will automatically go into operation.

l

In the case of mains outage, storage batteries will discharge. When the mains resumes, it will automatically recharge the discharged storage batteries with a current 0.1 to 0.15 times of the battery capacity. When the charging voltage reaches 56.4 V, it will automatically change to constant-voltage charging.

l

When the storage batteries are fully charged, they will automatically change to floating charge.

The OptiX optical transmission equipment also has critical restriction on random transient noises, which include the abnormal operation noise of the equipment caused by external magnetic interference and the interference from the equipment itself and the grounding cables. The shorter the duration of the transient pulse, the higher values of such transient noises can be allowed. For the allowable values, see Figure 3-3.

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Figure 3-3 Transient noises V 1000V

100V

10V

1V

T

0.1V 0.1 m s

1 ms

1 0 ms

100 m s

1 000 m s

l

When the power supply equipment fails or works abnormally, visual and audible alarms should be given. Such alarm information should be able to be sent to the operation and maintenance center.

l

In case short circuit occurs in a tributary of the power supply system, the whole power distribution system should not be affected by the sharp voltage reduction. And the peak striking voltage should not cause any breakdowns to the transmission equipment.

3.1.11 Lighting in the Equipment Room The OptiX transmission equipment room is equipped with three lighting systems. l

Active lighting system, which is powered by mains supply.

l

Backup lighting system, which is powered by backup power supply (diesel electric generator) of the office.

l

Emergency lighting system, which is powered by storage batteries when the mains supply has been interrupted but the backup power supply has not yet started to supply power.

3.1.12 Protection System This section describes the requirements for the protection system.

ESD protection The equipment-affecting electrostatic induction comes from the external electric field such as outdoor high voltage transmission line or lightning. It also comes from the internal system such as indoor environment, floor materials or equipment structure. Static electricity may damage the chips on integrated circuit boards and cause faults in software and electronic switch. Statistics shows that 60 percent of the damaged circuit boards are caused by static electricity. It is essential to take effective ESD protection measures. The following measures are recommended: l

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copper foil should be placed between the concrete ground and the semiconductive floor and should be connected with the ground cable). l

Take dust-proof measure. Dust may do great harm to the optical synchronous transmission equipment. Dusts or other particles getting into the equipment room may cause poor connection between connectors or metal connecting points. When the humidity in the room is high, dust can cause electrical leakage. It is found in maintenance that the equipment failure is often caused by accumulated dusts. Especially, when the humidity in the room is very low, electrostatic adherence is likely to occur.

l

Keep proper temperature and humidity. Too high humidity may make the metal components rusty, while too low humidity may induce static electricity.

l

Always wear an ESD wrist strap and lab coat when touching a circuit board to prevent electrostatic damage to the equipment.

Interference prevention With the development of technologies and social economy, more and more electromagnetic signals are transmitted in the air. They may affect the communication quality by causing crosstalk and stray noise, and even result in communication interruption. The electromagnetic interference (EMI) sources include: l

The corona discharge of the electric transmission line

l

The transformer

l

Switches

l

Waveform distortion of the power supply network caused during the operation of large equipment

l

Radio frequency (RF) interference

l

Natural interference sources such as terrestrial magnetic field and external radiation

The interference, from either inside or outside the equipment or the application system, affects the equipment through conductive modes such as capacitance coupling, inductance coupling, electromagnetic wave radiation, common impedance (including grounding system) and cable (power and signal cables). In of external relations of the equipment, interference is from the signal cable, power cable, grounding system and spatial electromagnetic wave. Integrated circuits (ICs) have the interference resistance capability to a degree. However when the external noises go beyond their anti-interference tolerance, corrupted signals and even system malfunction will be caused. It is impossible to eliminate or shield all the interference sources, but the following measures can be taken to suppress the interference signals: l

High frequency interference in the power supply network is generated when the primary coil of the power supply transformer is coupled to the secondary coil through distributed capacitors. To suppress such interference, we can use an appropriate transformer, and install a low- filter at the inlet of the power supply cable.

l

The interference of the transient voltage in the power supply network can be reduced by inputting power directly from the primary transformer with a filter capacitor for the optical synchronous transmission equipment.

l

When the optical synchronous transmission equipment works in the 50 Hz mains power supply network with the above interference, the surge voltage caused by the power supply network and the over-voltage generated by lightening will be ed to the power supply of the optical synchronous transmission equipment, which leads to computing errors of the

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processors. Therefore, before directly using the mains supply, effective measures against interference from power supply network should be taken. l

The key to eliminate the interference from the grounding system is to avoid loops among various grounds, such as the signal ground (including analog and digital grounds), BGND, PGND and shield ground, or loops formed by large distributed capacitors. Otherwise, the common impedance interference from the grounding system may affect the operation of the equipment. In buildings other than high-rises, the working ground of the optical transmission equipment should be separated as far as possible from the ground for electricity equipment and surge protection device.

l

Prevent electromagnetic radiation interference from the surroundings to the equipment. In some integrated communication buildings, if there is a high frequency transmitter there, its influence on the optical transmission equipment should meet the relevant requirements. Independent power supplies are recommended for them.

l

EMI from the telecommunications line should be restrained. Influenced by high frequency electromagnetic field (external interference), high longitudinal voltage will occur in the core and sheath of the communication cable. Because of the asymmetry of cores in the cables, the longitudinal voltage will generate a horizontal noise voltage at the ends of the cores. When both ends of the cable sheath are grounded, the sheath will function as a shield layer, greatly reducing the longitudinal voltage and reducing the interference voltage. Other effective methods include: reduce the voltage or current of the interference source; reduce the line length and the spacing of the conducting wires to reduce the area of the affected loop; directly place the insulated conducting wires on the grounded floor; use a special grounding cable to avoid co-impedance; or twist the signal cable and the cable together to offset partial peripheral electromagnetic interference, and so on.

Fire protection For small equipment rooms, a certain number of portable fire extinguishers should be equipped in each room for an initial fire control. In large equipment rooms, fire extinguishing facilities should be equipped. An automatic fire alarm system should also be equipped in the equipment room. All telecom buildings with fire alarm system should have fire emergency lighting system and evacuation instruction marks at important places, paths and gateways.

Anti-earthquake demand The designed anti-earthquake intensity of the telecom equipment room must be one degree (Richter scale) higher than that for the common buildings. The equipment room building that cannot meet the requirement should be reinforced. When installing the OptiX optical transmission equipment, the following anti-earthquake measures should be taken. l

Use steel framework for the cabinet of the equipment. There are locking devices to fix the boards in the cabinet.

l

The cabinet is reinforced with guide rail on the top and s at the bottom.

Surge protection Chimneys, antennas or other things that are over 15 m tall on the top of the equipment room building should be designed according to the surge protection requirements for civil buildings. Measures should be taken against direct flash and intrusion of lightning current. In the main high-rise transmission building, protective measures should be taken to prevent side lightning strokes, especially in frequent lightning areas. Therefore designers should take actual conditions into consideration and take appropriate measures. For example, connect the metal external Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

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window frame to the surge protection wire; along the height of the building, place the surge protection metal bands at a definite spacing on the outside wall, and so on. The main equipment-room building should be provided with the following surge protection measures: l

The building should be installed with surge arrester nets or bands at the positions susceptible to lightning strokes. Lightning prevention wires or lightning rods should be installed on the top of chimneys and antennas that are protruding from the building. The cross-sectional area of the grounding wire of the surge protection device should not be smaller than 120 mm2, while the space between the wires not larger than 30 m.

l

The earth resistance of the earthing/grounding system is recommended to be less than 10 ohms, and the equipment grounding should be in accordance with national and local electrical codes as well.

l

Outdoor cables and metal pipes should be grounded before entering the building, and the outdoor overhead cables should be equipped with lightening protection devices at the inlet of the building.

l

It is suggested to use roof plates, beams and pillars made of reinforced concrete and the reinforcement bar as the ground wires of lightening arresters.

In the past surge protection grounding of the building was separate from the grounding for telecom system and power supply system, and a large distance was required between the grounding objects. However, the distance requirement is not satisfied due to small space of the building. In fact, they cannot be separated in most cases, so t grounding system is recommended for the lightening protection grounding of the building. The t grounding system shall connect the telecom BGND, PGND, surge protection grounding of the building, and grounding of the power frequency AC power supply system. A high earth resistance of the t grounding system is required. The earth resistance required by telecommunication is far lower than 10 ohms, and the grounding requirements for different telecom devices vary, so the resistance of the t grounding system should be determined according to the minimum resistance required for the grounding device. It is recommended to use steel bars in the walls and pillars of the building as ground wires for lightening protection. These wires should be electrically connected so as to equalize the electric potential in the building.

3.2 Requirements for Running Environment B and Installation Planning This section describes the requirements for equipment location selection, dustproof and waterproof, surge protection and grounding, heat dissipation, cooperation between air ducts, power supply of equipment, cabling space, selection of network cabinets and outdoor cabinets, and corrosion protection when equipment is installed in running environment B.

3.2.1 Requirements for Selecting a Site for Equipment To ensure that equipment operates stably over a long term, the site of equipment in environment of class B must satisfy requirements with respect to communication network design, communication technologies, hydrographic, geology, and transportation. When selecting a site for equipment, make sure that the site satisfies the following requirements: Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

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l

Equipment is installed in a place free from electromagnetic interference source (such as a large radar station, launching tower, and transformer substation), harmful gas source (such as a chemical plant and salt mist area), dust, noise, and shock.

l

Equipment is kept away from intensive vibration or noise, transformer substations, industrial boilers, and heating boilers.

l

Equipment is kept away from a tree or other plants. Otherwise, insects may be absorbed by fans, resulting in damage to fans.

l

Equipment is installed at least 500 m away from the seashore. If the network cabinet or outdoor cabinet is configured with fans, ensure that the air intake vents do not face the direction in which the sea wind blows.

l

In an area prone to snow or rain, the vents of the network cabinet or outdoor cabinet are at least one meter higher than the position with accumulated water or snow.

l

Equipment is installed in a position away from water drips (outdoor part of an air conditioner and dripping eave).

l

The AC power system feeds power stably and no other devices with high power consumption are operating. The rated voltage of the AC power system is 220 V and the voltage on the power grid fluctuates within ±10%. After equipment is installed, the voltage between L and N is 220 V, the voltage between L and PE is lower than 220 V, and the voltage between N and PE is lower than 5 V. Otherwise, electrical leakage may occur on the equipment and the may fall victim to electric shock.

l

Equipment does not face directly to windows of residential buildings. A network cabinet is at least 5 m away from windows and an outdoor cabinet is at least 10 m away from windows.

l

Equipment doors do not face residents or stand parallel with residents.

l

When equipment is installed on a wall, the equipment is at least one meter above the ground. This distance keeps equipment beyond the reach of residents.

l

The air intake vents on equipment are far away from outlets of a sewer, large digestion tank, or sewage treatment pool. Equipment is under positive pressure, which helps block aggressive gas. Aggressive gas may erode electronic components or PCBs.

3.2.2 Dust Resistance and Water Resistance The protection rating of the equipment is IP20. A network cabinet installed outdoors or in a corridor that is exposed to rain must meet the requirements of IP55 rating protection at least. A network cabinet installed indoors or in a corridor that is free from rain must meet the requirements of IP31 rating protection at least.

Dustproof and Waterproof Capability of the Device The protection rating of the equipment is IP20. The first number "2" indicates that the equipment can prevent a solid foreign object with the diameter larger than 5 mm from entering the equipment. The second number "0" indicates that the waterproof function is not provided. Install the device in a place that is free from flooding and prevent foreign objects such as screw and cable end from entering the heat-dissipation hole of the device. Otherwise, the device may be burnt due to short circuit.

Outdoor Dustproof and Waterproof Requirement If the network cabinet is installed outdoors or in a corridor that is exposed to rain, the network cabinet must meet the requirements of IP55 rating protection at least. ("IP" indicates International Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

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Protection Rating. The first number "5" refers to the rating for preventing the solid particle from entering the network cabinet. That is, ingress of dust is not totally prevented, but dust shall not penetrate in a quantity to interfere with satisfactory operation of apparatus or to impair safety. The second number "5" refers to the rating for preventing water from entering the network cabinet. That is, water projected in jets against the enclosure from any direction shall have no harmful effects.) In regions with heavy dust, it is recommended that customers add air filters to their customized network cabinets to improve the reliability of the network cabinet.

Indoor Dustproof and Waterproof Requirement If the network cabinet is installed indoors or in a corridor that is free from rain, the network cabinet must meet the requirements of IP31 rating protection at least. (The first number "3" indicates that the network cabinet can prevent a solid object with the diameter equal to or larger than 2.5 mm from entering the network cabinet. The second number "1" indicates that vertically falling drops shall have no harmful effects.) In regions with heavy dust, it is recommended that customers add air filters to their customized network cabinets to improve the reliability of the network cabinet.

3.2.3 Corrosion Protection To ensure normal running of the equipment installed in environment B, concentration of corrosive gas must satisfy relevant requirements. Table 3-10 lists requirements for concentration of corrosive gas in installation environment. Table 3-10 Requirements for concentration of corrosive gas Chemical Active Substance

Unit: part per billion (ppb)

Monthly Average Content

SO2

ppb

≤ 10

H2S

ppb

≤3

NH3

ppb

≤ 500

Cl2

ppb

≤1

The equipment installation environment cannot be surrounded with pollution sources such as drainage ditches, coal-fired power plants, smokestacks, fertilizer plants, paper mills, or daily commodity factories.

3.2.4 Principle for Heat Dissipation of a Network Cabinet The PTN equipment needs to be installed in a standard network cabinet that complies with heat dissipation requirements of the PTN equipment. 1.

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and the network cabinet must be capable of dissipating the heat generated by all the equipment installed in the network cabinet. 2.

The permitted temperature at the air intake vent of the network cabinet ranges from -20 ºC to 50 ºC.

3.

Fans need to have the backup function. After a fan fails, the other fans can still work normally. A failed fan needs to be replaced in time. For more information about the air volume of fans, see the air volume of an indoor cabinet.

4.

The heat dissipation capability of a network cabinet without fans is greater than the maximum total heat dissipation consumption of the equipment in the network cabinet, and the internal temperature of the network cabinet is lower than the maximum working temperature of the equipment.

Thermal Design of a Network Cabinet with Natural Heat Dissipation When the equipment is installed in a network cabinet with natural heat dissipation, the air duct direction of the equipment needs to be consistent with the air duct direction of the network cabinet. The equipment can be installed horizontally or vertically. Table 3-11 Requirements for a network cabinet with natural heat dissipation where the OptiX PTN 950 is installed horizontally Sets of equipment that can be housed in a network cabinet

1

2

Dimensions (mm): H x WxD

100 x 580 x 500

200 x 580 x 500

Positions of the air vents on the network cabinet

The air intake vent is located on the left of the network cabinet and the air exhaust vent is located on the right of the network cabinet.

Cross-sectional area of the air vents on the network cabinet (cm2)

≥ 230

Requirem ents for the position where the PTN equipment is installed in the network cabinet

It is recommended that the air vents on the equipment face the air vents on the network box, and the distance between the equipment and a side of the network box be at least 20 mm. In this manner, the heat air can be directly exhausted.

Requirem ents for the width

If air vents are blocked, the blocked area of the air vents does not exceed 10% of the total area of the air vents. After installation, the fans on the equipment are on the left. When the fans are rotating, the air flows from left to right, in the same direction as the air ducts of the network cabinet. Requirem ents for the height

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≥ 460

The equipment needs to be stacked without any space. The distance between the equipment and the ODF or power supply on the top or in the bottom of the network cabinet is at least 45 mm.

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Table 3-12 Requirements for a network cabinet with natural heat dissipation where the OptiX PTN 950 is installed vertically ed installation mode

Vertical installation

Sets of equipment that can be housed in the network cabinet

1

2

Dimensions (mm): H x WxD

580 x 100 x 500

580 x 200 x 500

Positions of the air vents on the network cabinet

Air exhaust vent are close to the top of the network cabinet and air intake vents are close to the bottom of the network cabinet.

Cross-sectional area of the air vents on the network cabinet (cm2)

≥ 230

Requirem ents for the position where the PTN equipment is installed in the network cabinet

Requirem ents for the width

The equipment needs to be stacked without any space.

Requirem ents for the height

The directions of the air intake vent and the air exhaust vent on two sides of the equipment need to be the same as the vent directions of the network cabinet. This ensures that the heat air can be directly exhausted out of the network cabinet.

≥ 460

The distance between the equipment and the ODF or power supply on the top or at the bottom of the network cabinet is at least 45 mm.

If air vents are blocked, the blocked area of the air vents does not exceed 10% of the total area of the air vents. After installation, the fans on the equipment are in the lower part. When the fans are rotating, the air flows from bottom to top, in the same direction as the air ducts of the network cabinet.

Thermal Design of a Network Cabinet with Fan Cooling Table 3-13 Requirements for a network cabinet with fan cooling where the OptiX PTN 950 is installed

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Sets of equipment that can be housed in the network cabinet

1

2

3

Dimensions (mm): H x WxD

100 x 580 x 500

200 x 580 x 500

300 x 580 x 500

Air volume of the cabinet

≥ 42

≥ 84

≥ 126

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Sets of equipment that can be housed in the network cabinet

1

2

3

Dimensions and number of fans

One 9 cm fan or two 8 cm fans connected in parallel mode (Air volume = Maximum air volume of a single fan x 0.5 x Number of fans)

One 12 cm fan or two 9 cm fans connected in parallel mode (Air volume = Maximum air volume of a single fan x 0.5 x Number of fans)

One 15 cm fan or two 12 cm fans connected in parallel mode (Air volume = Maximum air volume of a single fan x 0.5 x Number of fans)

Fan positions

The fans need to arranged in the diagonal direction of the entrance on the network cabinet.

Cross-sectional area of the air vents on the network cabinet (cm2)

≥ 81

Requirem ents for the position where the PTN equipment is installed in the network cabinet

The distance between each side (left or right side) of the equipment and the corresponding side of the network cabinet is at least 40 mm.

Requirem ents for the width

≥ 144

≥ 225

If air vents are blocked, the blocked area of the air vents does not exceed 10% of the total area of the air vents. Requirem ents for the height

The equipment needs to be stacked without any space. The distance between the equipment and the ODF or power supply on the top or in the bottom of the network cabinet is at least 45 mm.

3.2.5 Cooperation Between Air Ducts When selecting a network cabinet, make sure that the air ducts for the network cabinet match those for equipment.

Recommended Air Ducts for Equipment Figure 3-4 shows the recommended air ducts for equipment installed horizontally. Figure 3-4 Recommended air ducts for equipment installed horizontally

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Recommended Air Ducts for a Network Cabinet In the case of a network cabinet with natural heat dissipation, make sure that air intake vents are kept as far away from air exhaust vents as possible, to achieve a better chimney effect. Air intake vents must be in the lower part of the network cabinet and close to the bottom ; air exhaust vents must be on the top of the network cabinet. A network cabinet with natural heat dissipation enables air to flow in three typical modes, that is, bottom in top out, bottom in side out, and side in side out, as shown in Figure 3-5. Figure 3-5 Recommended air ducts for a network cabinet with natural heat dissipation

Bottom in side out

Side in side out

In the case of a network cabinet with fan cooling, arrange air intake vents and fans properly so that air flows evenly without forming an air reflow zone. A network cabinet with fan cooling also enables air to flow in three typical modes, that is, bottom in top out, bottom in side out, and side in side out, as shown in Figure 3-6. Figure 3-6 Recommended air ducts for a network cabinet with fan cooling

Bottom in side out

Side in side out

The fan tray assembly must match the design of vents on a network cabinet and generate sufficient air volume. A general rule to design vents is to determine the area of vents based on the size of the fan tray assembly. This ensures a minimum of 30% of the maximum air volume generated by fans. For example, a fan tray assembly with dimensions of 120 mm x 120 mm x 25 mm generates 144 CFM air volume to the maximum. In this case, when the area of vents is 14400 mm 2 (40 mm x 360 mm or 120 mm x 120 mm), the system can obtain 57.6 CFM air volume at least. Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

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3.2.6 Cabling Space When installing the PTN equipment in environment B, you need to consider the cabling space in front of the equipment. l

When installing the PTN equipment in a network cabinet, you need to follow the standard of installing the equipment in a 19-inch cabinet. There must be at least 3 U space for installation, the cabling space in front of the equipment must be no less than 75 mm.

l

When installing the PTN equipment in an outdoor cabinet, you also need to follow the standard of installing the equipment in a 19-inch cabinet. There must be at least 3 U space for installation, the cabling space in front of the equipment must be no less than 75 mm.

l

When a network cabinet is installed on a wall, sufficient space must be left around the cabinet. For more information regarding the space requirements of a network cabinet, refer to 4.3 Dimensions and Installation Clearance Requirements, which describes space requirements of an IMB network cabinet. – At least 800 mm space must be left in front of the network cabinet. – At least 200 mm space must be left at the rear of the network cabinet. – At least 200 mm space must be left on the top of the network cabinet. – At least 300 mm space must be left below the network cabinet.

3.2.7 Power Supply for Equipment The PTN equipment s DC power supply and AC power supply.

Requirements for DC Power Supply The PTN equipment s both -38.4 V DC to -72 V DC power supplies.

Requirements for AC Power Supply The OptiX PTN 950 s external AC power supply. By default, it s the EPS30-4815AF power system. In addition, it s internal AC power supply with voltage of 220 V AC (100 V AC to 240 V AC). The OptiX PTN 950 (extended chassis) s internal AC power supply with voltage of 110/220 V AC (100 V AC to 240 V AC).

3.2.8 General Requirements on Surge protection and Grounding Telecommunications devices have stricter requirements on surge protection and grounding than other devices. Taking proper surge protection and grounding measures is the major requirement to ensure that the device works normally.

DANGER When routing power cables or service cables connected to equipment to the outdoor area, do not route them overhead. 1.

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NOTE

l When the device is installed inside the building, and the subscriber cable and power cable are routed in the overhead cabling mode, install an elementary surge protection device on the input side of the AC power system and ensure that the surge protection rating is not smaller than 5 kA (8/20 μs).

2.

If the building has installation environment with a dedicated grounding system, use the grounding system of the building directly to ground the device. Do not use the downlead of the lightning belt or lightning rod of the building to ground the device.

3.

If the building does not have installation environment with a dedicated grounding system, it is recommended that you use the protective earthing (PE) of the AC power distribution system of the building to ground the device.

4.

If the building does not have any dedicated installation environment for grounding devices or the PE of the AC power distribution system, construct a new grounding system. It is recommended that you install the network cabinet on a lower floor of the building to reduce the grounding cost.

5.

Routing the aerial open wire into the network cabinet is prohibited. Use the cable with metallic jacket and route the cable underground into the network cabinet.

6.

After the power supply enters the network cabinet, use a surge protection bar.

7.

Connect all devices and metal parts in the network cabinet to the ground bar in the network cabinet in an equipotential manner. Connect the ground bar in the network cabinet to the external ground device by using a ground cable.

3.2.9 Grounding Without Dedicated Grounding Environment The equipment is generally installed in harsh environmental conditions. Even if in the installation scenario without dedicated grounding environment, you also need to ground the equipment properly if possible.

TN-C-S/TN-S AC Power System (N Wire and PE Wire Are Combined into One Wire on the Lightning Protection Bar or N Wire and PE Wire Are Provided Separately) It is recommended that you use the PE wire of the AC power cable to ground the equipment. The prerequisite is that the PE wire of the AC power cable for the corridor of the building is already grounded properly.

DANGER The PE wire of the AC power cable must be grounded. Otherwise, electrical leakage may occur on the device and cause personnel injury. Figure 3-7 shows the grounding connections of the TN-C-S AC power system.

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Figure 3-7 Grounding connections of the TN-C-S AC power system

Figure 3-8 shows the grounding connections of the TN-S AC power system. Figure 3-8 Grounding connections of the TN-S AC power system

Use a ground cable (the cross-sectional area of the ground cable must be at least 6 mm2) to connect all devices in the network cabinet to the ground bar of the network cabinet. Connect the ground bar to the network cabinet in an equipotential manner through a metallic structure. Use a ground cable to connect the grounding point of the reinforcing rib of the optical fiber to the ground bar. You can also connect this grounding point to the network cabinet in an equipotential manner through a metallic structure. Use a ground cable (the cross-sectional area of the ground cable must be at least 16 mm2) to connect the ground bar of the network cabinet to the PE wire of the corridor AC power supply.

TT AC Power System (Provide Only L Line and N Line and Directly Ground the Device) It is recommended that an external ground device be adopted. For example, use the dedicated ground device (such as the ground flat steel sheet, ground post, and ground bar) of the building or the base concrete bar of the reinforcement concrete of the building, or deploy a new earth screen. Figure 3-9 shows the grounding connections of the TT AC power system.

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Figure 3-9 Grounding connections of the TT AC power system

Use a ground cable (the cross-sectional area of the ground cable must be at least 6 mm2) to connect all devices in the network cabinet to the ground bar of the network cabinet. Connect the ground bar to the network cabinet in an equipotential manner through a metallic structure. Use the ground cable to connect the grounding point of the reinforcing rib of the optical fiber to the ground bar. You can also connect this grounding point to the network cabinet in an equipotential manner through a metallic structure. Use a ground cable (the cross-sectional area of the ground cable must be at least 16 mm2) to connect the ground bar of the network cabinet to an external ground device. NOTE

l In an installation environment with dedicated ground devices, the corridor ground device is recommended for grounding. l In an installation environment without dedicated ground devices, it is recommended that the base concrete bar of the reinforcement concrete of the building be used or a new earth screen be deployed for grounding.

3.2.10 Selection of the Network Cabinet When selecting a network cabinet, mainly consider the factors such as capacity, parts performance, protection performance, engineering installation performance, ventilation, and heat dissipation. These factors help to select a reliable network cabinet at the initial stage of network device deployment to ensure that the device runs reliably. The network cabinet is generally installed in a basement or corridor. The network cabinet needs to the wall-installation mode and AC power distribution, and must be capable of obtaining power from the power system inside the building. Its EMC and noise must comply with standards. When an ONU is running, the network cabinet must ensure that the noise is lower than 5 dB to avoid disturbing residents.

Space of the Network Cabinet The space of the network cabinet in different configurations must meet the requirements of terminal block layout and the space for routing FE network cables, power cables, E1 cables, and optical fibers. For the requirements of the cable routing space, see 3.2.6 Cabling Space.

Surge protection and Grounding of the Network Cabinet l

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l

For the AC-powered cabinet, it is recommended that you reserve a surge protection bar and ensure that the surge protection rating is not smaller than 5 kA (8/20 μs).

l

The network cabinet must provide a ground bar for grounding all devices in the cabinet in a unified way. The resistance of the PGND cable must be smaller than 10 ohms.

Protection Performance of the Network Cabinet The device is not waterproof. Therefore, when the device is installed indoors, install it in the network cabinet that is free from splashing water. In regions with heavy dust, it is recommended that customers add air filters to their customized network cabinets to improve the reliability of the network cabinet. Ensure that all cable apertures for external cables are sealed properly. If the network cabinet is installed indoors or in a corridor that is free from rain, the network cabinet must meet the requirements of IP31 rating protection. (The first number "3" indicates that the network cabinet can prevent a solid particle with the diameter equal to or larger than 2.5 mm from entering the network cabinet. The second number "1" indicates that vertically falling drops shall have no harmful effects.) Test conditions/parameters of IP X1: drippage: 1 mm/minute; duration: 10 minutes. Eligible adjudging criterion for protection: l

No water enters the cabinet.

l

The water that enters the cabinet must be within the amount that may affect the normal operation and safety performance of the cabinet. Water must not accumulate on the insulating parts that may cause electrical leakage within the creepage distance. Water must not enter the electrical parts or enter the winding (resistance) that cannot be used in the damp state. No water accumulates around the cable head or enters the cable.

Engineering Installation of the Network Cabinet The engineering installation performance of the network cabinet must meet the requirements of installing the cabinet on a wall in the main indoor application scenarios of the network cabinet, such as a basement or corridor. l

The network cabinet can be adaptively installed on different walls.

l

When the wall is not flat, the network cabinet can be leveled so as to be installed reliably (the recommended adjustable scope is 10 mm at least).

The space for routing power cables, optical fibers, and subscriber cables are planned properly in the network cabinet. Various types of cables are routed separately and the cables do not cross over each other. The positions of the MDF and the ODF are proper to ensure that the cable length is proper after the device is installed.

Ventilation and Heat Dissipation Performance of the Network Cabinet Requirements on the ventilation and heat dissipation performance of the network cabinet: Obvious air intake vent and air exhaust vent are distributed in the air duct of the network cabinet after the device is installed. The permitted temperature for PTN equipment to run ranges from -20 ºC to 60 ºC. The temperature inside the network cabinet is different from that outside the network cabinet. Therefore, the permitted temperature at the air intake vents on the network cabinet ranges from -20 ºC and 50 ºC. This ensures that each board on the PTN equipment satisfies requirements for heat dissipation. Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

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3.2.11 Hardware Installation Problems A correct installation mode is the prerequisite for ensuring that the ONU works normally.

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Keep off electromagnetic interference.

Do not route ground cables or subscriber cables into the room in the overhead mode.

Connect the ground cable to the ground bar.

It is recommended that you use the metal tube that is grounded to route cables out of the outdoor cabinet.

Do not use the cabinet that is not waterproof outdoors. The protection rating of the outdoor cabinet must reach IP55.

Ground subscriber cables in a unified way.

Use a dedicated surge protection bar.

The device does not have any ground cable.

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3 Installation Preparation

Seal the cable apertures of the cabinet properly to prevent dust or insects from entering the cabinet.

Ensure that the cabinet door is locked when the device is running.

Ensure that the ventilation openings of the network cabinet are free of obstacle.

The ends of the optical fiber that is not used must be protected with dustproof caps.

Replace the air filter if its holes are too small for the wind to enter the device. Regularly clean or replace the air filter in the area with heavy dust.

The corrugated tube does not enter the network cabinet and the cut of the corrugated tube is not smoothened.

The metal wire of the optical cable that is not in the overhead mode must be fastened.

Signal cables must be routed separately from power cables.

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When the device is installed on a wall, instead of using plastic or other parts, use the mounting brackets and expansion bolts delivered with the device to fasten the device.

Ensure that cable connectors and ports do not face upwards.

When the device is installed indoors, if the device is close to the sewer or heating line, water may easily damp or enter the device.

When the device is installed in overhead/side cabling mode network cabinet, the water may enter the device through cables. It is recommended that route cables under the aperture, keep the distance about 100mm. Overhead/side Cabling Mode Network Cabinet

Aperture Cable ≥100mm

3.3 Requirements for Running Environment C and Installation Planning In environment C, you need to install equipment in an APM30H outdoor cabinet. When equipment is installed in an APM30H outdoor cabinet, the temperature at the air intake vents on the outdoor cabinet must range from -40 ºC to 50 ºC. When PTN equipment is installed in an outdoor cabinet, do not install other type of equipment in the cabinet. If other type of equipment and PTN equipment have to be installed in the same outdoor cabinet, make sure that the equipment satisfies requirements for heat dissipation and anti-erosion. When installed in environment C, the equipment needs to be installed in an APM30H or OMB outdoor cabinet, which keeps the equipment fully isolated from the outside environment. For the installation mode, see the OptiX PTN 950 Quick Outdoor Installation Guide (APM30H Cabinet). Environment C involves the following cases: l

Outdoor area close to a pollution source

l

Environment with only simple shields such as awnings

l

Place on the sea NOTE

An area close to a pollution source refers to an area where saline water such as the sea or a salina is within 3.7 km away from it, where a heavy pollution source such as a metallurgical plant, coal mine, or thermal power plant is within 3 km away from it, where a medium pollution source such as a chemical plant, rubber plant, or electroplating factory is within 2 km away from it, or where a light pollution source such as a food factory, leather factory, or heating boiler is within 1 km away from it.

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3.3.1 Selection of the Outdoor Cabinet When selecting an outdoor cabinet, mainly consider the factors such as capacity, parts performance, protection performance, engineering installation performance, ventilation, and heat dissipation. These factors help to select a reliable outdoor cabinet at the initial stage of network device deployment to ensure that the device runs reliably. An outdoor cabinet is mainly installed in an outdoor area or an indoor area close to contamination sources, such as an underground garage. Its EMC and noise must comply with standards. When an ONU is running, the outdoor cabinet must ensure that the noise is lower than 7 dB to avoid disturbing residents.

Space of the Outdoor Cabinet The space of the outdoor cabinet in different configurations must meet the requirements of terminal block layout and the space for routing FE network cables, power cables, E1 cables and optical fibers. For the requirements of the cable routing space, see 3.2.6 Cabling Space.

Surge protection and Grounding of the Outdoor Cabinet l

The electrical continuity between parts of the outdoor cabinet must be satisfactory to provide reliable grounding, safety, and protection performance. Ensure that the resistance between any two connected points is less than 0.1 ohm.

l

The AC power system must be installed with an elementary surge protection device and the surge protection rating must not be smaller than 20 kA (8/20 μs).

l

The MDF must be installed with protective units and the surge protection rating must not be smaller than 1 kA (8/20 μs).

l

The cabinet must provide an internal ground bar for grounding all devices in the cabinet in a unified way. The resistance of the PGND cable must be smaller than 10 ohms.

Protection Performance of the Outdoor Cabinet When installed outdoors, an outdoor cabinet with rainproof heat-dissipation hole and bottom lead-out cabling mode is recommended. In regions with heavy dust, it is recommended that customers add air filters to their customized outdoor cabinets to improve the reliability of the device. Ensure that all cable apertures for external cables are sealed properly. Waterproof plugs must be used when the device is installed in an outdoor cabinet. If the cabinet is installed outdoors or in a corridor that is exposed to rain, the cabinet must meet the requirements of IP55 rating protection. ("IP" indicates International Protection Rating. The first number "5" refers to the rating for preventing the solid particle from entering the cabinet. That is, ingress of dust is not totally prevented, but dust shall not penetrate in a quantity to interfere with satisfactory operation of apparatus or to impair safety. The second number "5" refers to the rating for preventing water from entering the cabinet. That is, water projected in jets against the enclosure from any direction shall have no harmful effects.) For example, test conditions/parameters of IP X5: flow: 12.5 L/minute±5%; distance: 2.5 - 3 m; spray duration: 1 minute/m2, at least 3 minutes. Eligible adjudging criterion for protection: Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

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l

No water enters the cabinet.

l

The water that enters the cabinet must be within the amount that may affect the normal operation and safety performance of the cabinet. Water must not accumulate on the insulating parts that may cause electrical leakage within the creepage distance. Water must not enter the electrical parts or enter the winding (resistance) that cannot be used in the damp state. No water accumulates around the cable head or enters the cable.

Engineering Installation of the Outdoor Cabinet The engineering installation performance of the outdoor cabinet must meet the requirements of installing the cabinet on a wall in the main outdoor application scenarios of the outdoor cabinet, such as an elevated platform. l

The outdoor cabinet can be adaptively installed on different elevated platforms.

l

When installed on a concrete floor, the cabinet can be leveled so as to be installed reliably (the recommended adjustable scope is 10 mm at least).

The space for routing power cables, optical fibers, and subscriber cables are planned properly in the outdoor cabinet. Various types of cables are routed separately and the cables do not cross over each other. The positions of the MDF and the ODF are proper to ensure that the cable length is proper after the device is installed. The fiber management tray is installed in a proper position beyond the air exhaust vent. When devices are installed in an outdoor cabinet, they cannot block the internal air vents. A distance of at least 50 mm must be reserved between adjacent devices. Place the battery and device in different compartments of the outdoor cabinet to protect the device against corrosion.

Ventilation and Heat Dissipation Performance of the Outdoor Cabinet Requirements on the ventilation and heat dissipation performance of the outdoor cabinet: Obvious air intake vent and air exhaust vent are distributed in the air duct of the outdoor cabinet after the device is installed. The vent position and vent dimensions are proper and meet the environment specifications of - 20 ºC to 60 ºC. An APM30H cabinet must run with ambient temperature ranging from -40 ºC to 50 ºC. If the cabinet has to run with ambient temperature below -20 ºC, a heater is required.

Outdoor Cabinet Monitoring The outdoor cabinet can monitor the door status, temperature, and surge protection.

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4

Equipment Installation Guidelines (IMB Network Cabinet)

About This Chapter This chapter describes the installation process and installation mode of the PTN equipment in an IMB network cabinet. 4.1 Tools and Instruments This section describes the tools and instruments that need to be prepared before installation. 4.2 Overview of Devices This section describes the IMB, PTN 950 devices and AC/DC devices. 4.3 Dimensions and Installation Clearance Requirements This section describes the dimensions, installation clearance requirements and minimum clearance for the IMB mounted on the wall. 4.4 Installation Process This section describes the process of installation. 4.5 Installing the IMB on the Wall The IMB can be side-mounted or back-mounted on the wall. 4.6 Installing Devices in the IMB This section describes the procedures for installing the PTN device and power device in the IMB. The power device is AC/DC power device. 4.7 Installing and Routing Cables This section describes the cable installation process and the expected effect of cables installation. 4.8 Hardware Installation Checklist After the IMB is installed, you must check the hardware installation. 4.9 Power-On Inspection After installation, you need to inspect the equipment after powering on it. For the inspection method, see the description about equipment power-on in the OptiX PTN 950 Quick Installation Guide. 4.10 Installing the Cover Plate for the IMB Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

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This section describes the procedure for installing the cover plate for the IMB.

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4.1 Tools and Instruments This section describes the tools and instruments that need to be prepared before installation. Marker

Phillips screwdriver (M4, M5, M6 and M8)

Diagonal pliers

Flat-head screwdriver (M4, M5, M6 and M8)

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Adjustable wrench (capacity ≤ 19 mm)

Socket wrench (M10 and M12)

Torque wrench (30 N·m to 50 N·m)

Phillips torque screwdriver

Crimping tool

Wire clippers

Rubber mallet

Guarded blade utility knife

Wire stripper

Hammer drill (Ø16)

Heat gun

Level

Multimeter

Measuring tape

Vacuum cleaner

ESD gloves

ESD wrist strap

Hydraulic pliers

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4.2 Overview of Devices This section describes the IMB, PTN 950 devices and AC/DC devices.

IMB Figure 4-1shows an IMB. Figure 4-1 Overview of IMB

(1) NO STEPPING sign

(2) Protection plate

(3) Slot assignment label

(4) Cover plate

PTN 950 Devices The OptiX PTN 950 requires DC power supply. If only AC power is available on site, an AC/ DC power conversion device must be installed. NOTE

When the OptiX PTN 950 equipment uses an external chassis, the AC/DC power supply equipment has already been secured in the chassis and does not need to be installed separately.

Figure 4-2/Figure 4-3 shows the PTN 950. Figure 4-2 PTN 950

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Figure 4-3 PTN 950 (extended chassis)

AC/DC Device When only AC power is available on site, you can use the EPS30-4815AF power system to convert the AC power into the DC power for the OptiX PTN 950. To ensure that the power supply of the equipment is not interrupted, you can also connect the device to batteries. Then, if the mains supply is interrupted, the device can be powered by batteries. Figure 4-4 shows the appearance of the EPS30-4815AF power system. Figure 4-4 Appearance of the EPS30-4815AF power system

Figure 4-5 shows the fuses of the output tributary and the output terminals of the EPS30-4815AF power system. Figure 4-5 Fuses of the output tributary and output terminals of the EPS30-4815AF power system

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Table 4-1shows the mapping between the fuses of the output tributaries and the load tributaries. Table 4-1 Mapping between the fuses of the output tributaries and the load tributaries Fuse for the Output Tributary

Load Tributary

FU-1 (10 A)

LOAD1 (10 A)

FU-2 (20 A)

LOAD2 (20 A)

FU-BT (20 A)

BATT (20 A)

Figure 4-6 shows the connections of the EPS30-4815AF power system and batteries that supply power to the ONU alternatively. A storage battery array consists of four 12 V -40 Ah storage batteries. The dimensions of each storage battery are 197 mm (W) x 165 mm (D) x 170 mm (H). Figure 4-6 Connections of the EPS30-4815AF power system and batteries

Connect the device to the EPS30-4815AF power system with a monitoring cable, which is a standard non-shielded network cable, so that the NMS can detect the working status of the power system. Figure 4-7 shows pin assignment of a monitoring cable. Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

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Figure 4-7 Pin assignment of a monitoring cable Device side RJ-45 connector PIN1

4815 power system side

Twisted pair

Twisted pair

None

White/orange

RJ-45 connector PIN1

PIN2

None

Orange

PIN2

PIN3

White/blue

None

PIN3

PIN4

White/brown

Blue

PIN4

PIN5

Brown

White/blue

PIN5

PIN6

Blue

None

PIN6

PIN7

Orange

White/brown

PIN7

Brown

PIN8

PIN8

White/orange

Connect one end of a monitoring cable to the CLK1/TOD1 port on the device and the other end to an RJ45 port on the monitoring module of the EPS30-4815AF power system (the RJ45 port on the left is recommended).Figure 4-8 shows the connections. Figure 4-8 Connections of the monitoring cable

4.3 Dimensions and Installation Clearance Requirements This section describes the dimensions, installation clearance requirements and minimum clearance for the IMB mounted on the wall. Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

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Dimensions Figure 4-9 shows the dimensions of the IMB. Figure 4-9 Dimensions of the IMB

Installation Clearance Requirements for the IMB Right-Side-Mounted on the Wall Figure 4-10 shows the installation clearance requirements for the IMB right-side-mounted on the wall. Figure 4-10 Installation clearance requirements for the IMB right-side-mounted on the wall

(a) Recommended installation clearance

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(b) Minimum installation clearance

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Installation Clearance Requirements for the IMB Left-Side-Mounted on the Wall Figure 4-11 shows the installation clearance requirements for the IMB left-side-mounted on the wall. Figure 4-11 Installation clearance requirements for the IMB left-side-mounted on the wall

(a) Recommended installation clearance

(b) Minimum installation clearance

Installation Clearance Requirements for the IMB Back-Mounted on the Wall Figure 4-12 shows the installation clearance requirements for the IMB back-mounted on the wall.

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Figure 4-12 Installation clearance requirements for the IMB back-mounted on the wall

(a) Recommended installation clearance

(b) Minimum installation clearance

4.4 Installation Process This section describes the process of installation. Figure 4-13shows the installation process.

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Figure 4-13 Installation Process Start

Install the IMB on the wall

Install devices in the IMB

Install cables

Check the installation

Powering On the Equipment

Install the cover plate of the IMB

End

4.5 Installing the IMB on the Wall The IMB can be side-mounted or back-mounted on the wall.

4.5.1 Installation Options The Indoor Mini Box (IMB) is an indoor subrack with a small capacity. It can be installed on the wall. The IMB can be side-mounted or back-mounted on the wall. The side-mounted mode can be classified into left-side-mounted mode and right-side-mounted mode. Figure 4-14 shows the installation options.

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Figure 4-14 Installing the IMB on the wall

(a) Right-side-mounted on the wall

(b) Left-side-mounted on the wall

(c) Back-mounted on the wall

4.5.2 Installing the IMB on the Wall (Side-Mounted) This section describes the installation procedure of the IMB side-mounted on the wall.

Context NOTE

The installation procedure of the IMB left-side-mounted on the wall is the same as the procedure of the IMB right-side-mounted on the wall. The following description is based on the IMB right-side-mounted on the wall.

Procedure Step 1 Remove the protection plate from the bottom of the IMB, as shown in Figure 4-15.

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Figure 4-15 Removing the protection plate

(1) Protection plate

NOTE

After all cables are routed, cut parts of the protection plate to seal cable holes if there is spare space in the cable holes.

Step 2 Install the mounting ears on the IMB, as shown in Figure 4-16. Figure 4-16 Installing mounting ears

(1) Insulation washer

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(2) Installation positions for bolts

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Step 3 Use a level to check that the two anchor holes on the marking template are on a horizontal plane, place the marking template against the wall, and then use a marker to mark anchor points, as shown in Figure 4-17. Holes marked A are used as anchor points. The distance between the marking plate and the ground is 1000-1200 mm. Figure 4-17 Marking anchor points

(1) Level

(2) Anchor holes

CAUTION The bolts in the wall must bear a stress of a minimum of 1.25 kN. Step 4 Drill holes at the anchor points, and then install expansion bolt assemblies, as shown in Figure 4-18.

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Figure 4-18 Drilling holes at the anchor points and installing expansion bolt assemblies

(1) M10x60 bolt

(2) Spring washer 10

(3) Flat washer 10

(4) Expansion tube

(5) Insulation washer

-

Step 5 Place the IMB onto the two bolts at the upper anchor points, and then use a torque wrench to pre-tighten the two bolts until a 20-30 mm length of each bolt is reserved out of the wall, as shown in Figure 4-19. TIP

Tighten the two bolts at the lower anchor points prior to the bolts at the upper anchor points, and ensure that the subrack is vertical.

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Figure 4-19 Pre-tightening the bolts at the upper anchor points

(1) Insulation washer

(2) Mounting ears on the IMB

Step 6 Align the mounting ears at the lower part of the IMB with the anchor holes, and then use a torque wrench to tighten the bolts, as shown in Figure 4-20.

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Figure 4-20 Tightening the bolts at the lower part of the IMB

(1) Spring washer 10

(2) Flat washer 10

(3) Insulation washer

----End

4.5.3 Installing the IMB on the Wall (Back-Mounted) This section describes the installation procedure of IMB side-mounted on the wall.

Procedure Step 1 Remove the protection plate from the bottom of the IMB, as shown in 4.5.2 Installing the IMB on the Wall (Side-Mounted). Step 2 Install the mounting ears on the IMB, as shown in Figure 4-21.

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Figure 4-21 Installing mounting ears

(1) Insulation washer

(2) Installation positions for bolts

Step 3 Use a level to check that the two anchor holes on the marking template are on a horizontal plane, place the marking template against the wall, and then use a marker to mark anchor points, as shown in Figure 4-22. Holes marked B are used as anchor points. The distance between the marking plate and the ground is 1000-1200 mm.

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Figure 4-22 Marking anchor points

(1) Level

(2) Anchor holes

CAUTION The bolts in the wall must bear a stress of a minimum of 1.25 kN. Step 4 Drill holes at the anchor points, and then install expansion bolt assemblies, as shown in 4.5.2 Installing the IMB on the Wall (Side-Mounted). Step 5 Place the IMB onto the two bolts at the upper anchor points, and then use a torque wrench to pre-tighten the two bolts until a 20-30 mm length of each bolt is reserved out of the wall, as shown in Figure 4-23. TIP

Tighten the two bolts at the lower anchor points prior to the bolts at the upper anchor points, and ensure that the subrack is vertical.

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Figure 4-23 Pre-tightening the bolts at the upper anchor points

(1) Insulation washer

(2) Mounting ears on the IMB

Step 6 Align the mounting ears at the lower part of the IMB with the anchor holes, and then use a torque wrench to tighten the bolts, as shown in Figure 4-24.

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Figure 4-24 Tightening the bolts at the lower part of the IMB

(1) Spring washer 10

(2) Flat washer 10

(3) Insulation washer

----End

4.6 Installing Devices in the IMB This section describes the procedures for installing the PTN device and power device in the IMB. The power device is AC/DC power device.

4.6.1 Installing the Chassis This section describes the procedure for installing the PTN device in the IMB.

Procedure Step 1 Slide the chassis along the guide rails into the corresponding slot on the right of IMB until it is fully engaged, and then tighten the four M6x12 bolts on the , as shown in Figure 4-25.

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Figure 4-25 Installing the chassis

(1) Fan Unit

(2) PTN Device

CAUTION Make sure that the fan unit of the PTN equipment is on the top of the PTN equipment. ----End

4.6.2 Installing the Power Device This section describes the procedure for installing the power device in the IMB. The power device in the IMB is the AC/DC power device.

Procedure Step 1 Slide the AC/DC power device along the guide rails into the corresponding slot on the left of IMB until it is fully engaged, and then tighten the four M6 x 12 bolts on the , as shown in Figure 4-26.

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Figure 4-26 Installing the AC/DC power device

(1) External Input Power Interface

(2) AC/DC power device

CAUTION Ensure that the port for external power input is at the bottom of the AC/DC power device. NOTE

In the DC power supply scenario, the PTN device is required. In the AC power supply scenario, the AC/DC power device and PTN device are required.

----End

4.7 Installing and Routing Cables This section describes the cable installation process and the expected effect of cables installation.

4.7.1 Cable Installation Process This section describes the process of installing cables.

Process of Installing Cables Figure 4-27 shows the cable installation process.

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Figure 4-27 Process of installing cables Start

Install the PGND cable

Install the power cable

Installing the E1 Cable

Installing the Ethernet Service Cable

Installing Fibers

End

CAUTION l You must prepare cables according to actual cable routes during the installation. l On site, tailor the 10 m long ground cable and make an suitable connector at each end, as required. l Attach engineering labels to both ends of each cable after the cable is installed.

4.7.2 Expected Effect of Cables Installation This section describes the expected effect of cables installation.

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Figure 4-28 Cable connections in the external AC/DC power supply scenario 3

4

6 7

5

2

1

NOTE

During equipment installation, bundle power cables if they are too long.

Cable connections in the external AC/DC power supply scenario: 1.

Install ground cable for the IMB network cabinet. Then install ground cable for the AC/ DC power device and PTN equipment.

2.

Install external power cables for the AC/DC power device.

3.

Install power cables between the AC/DC power device and PTN equipment.

4.

Install E1 cables.

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5.

Install Ethernet cables.

6.

Install fibers.

Figure 4-29 Cable connections in the extended chassis scenario

3

4 2

7 5 6

Cable connections in the extended chassis scenario: 1.

Install ground cable for the IMB network cabinet. Then install ground cable for PTN equipment.

2.

Install power cables for PTN equipment.

3.

Install external power cables.

4.

Install E1 cables.

5.

Install Ethernet cables.

6.

Install fibers.

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Figure 4-30 Cable connections in the embedded AC/DC power supply scenario

3

6 5

7 2

Cable connections in the embedded AC/DC power supply scenario: 1.

Install ground cable for the IMB network cabinet. Then install ground cable for PTN equipment.

2.

Install power cables for PTN equipment.

3.

Install E1 cables.

4.

Install Ethernet cables.

5.

Install fibers.

(1) Ground cable for the IMB network cabinet

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(2) External power cables (3) Ground cable for the PTN equipment

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(4) Power cables for the PTN equipment

(5) E1 cables

(6) Ethernet cables

(7) Fibers

-

-

CAUTION l During equipment installation, all signal cables need to be routed in underfloor mode and then be led out of the chassis. If the cables are routed in overhead mode, water vapor is condensed to water, which flows to the cabinet along the cables and then corrodes the boards. As a result, the boards are short-circuited. l When the IMB network cabinet is installed on the wall, the bending radius of the fibers let out of the network cabinet must be no less than 40 mm so as to avoid over-bending. l When routing the power and PGND cables on the bottom of the IMB network cabinet, ensure that the holes for heat dissipation are not covered. l After routing the cables for the equipment, bundle all the cables at the outlet of the cabinet, avoiding stress generated on the internal cable connectors when the external cables are pulled. l Lead fibers out of the cabinet outlet using winding pipes and bundle the winding pipes instead of the fibers using cable ties.

4.8 Hardware Installation Checklist After the IMB is installed, you must check the hardware installation. Table 4-2 provides the checklist for hardware installation. Table 4-2 Checklist for hardware installation

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SN

Item

1

The position for each piece of equipment conforms to the engineering design and meets the space requirement. Sufficient space is reserved for equipment maintenance.

2

The devices are securely installed, and all the bolts are tightened.

3

All the power cables and PGND cables are not short-circuited or reversely connected. In addition, no damaged or broken parts exist.

4

There are no connectors or ts on the power cable or PGND cable.

5

The lugs at both ends of the power cable or the PGND cable are securely soldered or crimped.

6

The bare wire and OT terminal at the wiring terminal are tightly wrapped with the insulation tape or heat shrink tubing.

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SN

Item

7

The working grounding and protection grounding of the base station and the surge protection grounding of the building share one group of grounding conductors.

8

The connector of the signal cable is intact, and no damaged or broken parts exist on the cable.

9

The distance between the bundled fiber and the BBU is between 40 mm and 70 mm.

10

Labels are correct, legible, and complete on both ends of each cable.

4.9 Power-On Inspection After installation, you need to inspect the equipment after powering on it. For the inspection method, see the description about equipment power-on in the OptiX PTN 950 Quick Installation Guide.

4.10 Installing the Cover Plate for the IMB This section describes the procedure for installing the cover plate for the IMB.

Procedure Step 1 Fit the tabs on the cover plate into the slots in the IMB, as shown in Figure 4-31. Figure 4-31 Installing the cover plate

Step 2 Tighten the M3×8 bolt on the bottom of the cover plate for the IMB to 0.3 N·m using a Phillips torque screwdriver, as shown in Figure 4-32. Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

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Figure 4-32 Securing the cover plate

----End

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5 General Installation Guidelines

General Installation Guidelines

About This Chapter This chapter describes the general installation guidelines on unpacking and inspecting equipment, installing boards, checking optical fiber connections, equipment grounding regulations, engineering labels, cable routing and bundling, and making and testing cable connectors. 5.1 Unpacking Inspection When a project starts, the project supervisor should work with the customer to unpack and inspect the delivered equipment. 5.2 Installing chassis The installation modes for chassis vary with installation environment. 5.3 Installing Boards Generally, the chassis for delivery is installed with boards. If boards need to be delivered separately, install the boards by following guidelines stated in this chapter. 5.4 Checking Tail Fiber Connection This section describes how to check the fiber connection by using an optical interface. 5.5 Grounding Specifications Suitable grounding helps to avoid accidental personal injury and guarantee the safe running of the equipment, and provide EMC shielding to improve the quality of service (QoS). 5.6 Engineering Labels Engineering labels are affixed to both ends of various cables to identify the physical positions of cables on different devices. There are two types of engineering labels, specialized for the power cables and signal cables respectively. 5.7 The Requirements of Cabling and Bundling Introduces the requirements of cabling and bundling the cables. 5.8 Binding Strap This chapter introduces the architecture and usage of the binding strap, as well as precautions for bundling the optical fibers. 5.9 Assembling and Testing the Cable Connector

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This section describes how to assemble the cable connector and how to test the connectivity of the cable.

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5.1 Unpacking Inspection When a project starts, the project supervisor should work with the customer to unpack and inspect the delivered equipment.

5.1.1 Unpacking the Chassis Unpack the chassis before starting the installation.

Prerequisites The chassis must be delivered to the site.

Tools, Instruments, and Materials l

Antistatic gloves

l

Diagonal pliers

l

Paper knife

Precautions

CAUTION l Integrated circuits (ICs) are sensitive to electrostatic discharge from the human body. When handling boards or metallic parts of the equipment, wear ESD gloves and hold only the edges of the boards during operation. l If the equipment is transported from a cold and dry place to a warm and damp place, wait at least 30 minutes before unpacking it. Otherwise, the moisture condenses on the board surface and damages the components.

Procedure Step 1 Transport the packing box to the equipment room. Step 2 Check the packing box, and stop unpacking it in any of the following cases: l The outer package is severely damaged. l There is water leakage on the outer package. Find the causes and provide to the local representative office of Huawei. Step 3 Observe the labels on the carton to check the equipment configuration and take a record. Step 4 Cut the strap with the diagonal plier and then split the adhesive tape properly along the seam between the cover and the body of the box with the paper knife. Do not scratch the articles inside the box. See Figure 5-1. Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

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Figure 5-1 Unpacking the carton 4

1 2

3

5 6

7

1. Pressure-sensitive adhesive tape

2. Strapping band

3. Carton label

4. Packing box

5. Moisture barrier bag

6. Foam protector

7. Chassis

-

Step 5 Open the carton and take out the chassis box from the carton. Step 6 Open the chassis box and take out the chassis. Then, check whether the chassis is damaged. ----End

5.1.2 Unpacking Boards If the board is separately delivered, unpack the board before you install it.

Prerequisites None

Tools, Equipment and Materials l

ESD wrist strap or ESD gloves

l

Diagonal pliers

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l

5 General Installation Guidelines

Paper knife

Background Information Generally, the board has been installed in the chassis properly before delivery and is shipped together with the chassis. If a carton is used to pack boards for shipping, unpacking and checking are necessary when the boards arrive at the destination. (Generally, a carton is used when boards are required for capacity expansion.) The boards are put into shielding bags for transportation. Take ESD protection measures when you unpack the boards to prevent damage to them.

Precautions

CAUTION Electronic circuits and components are extremely sensitive to electrostatic discharge (ESD). When handling circuit boards, make sure that you wear a securely grounded ESD wrist strap or ESD gloves, and only hold the edge of boards during operation.

Procedure Step 1 Wear a securely grounded ESD wrist strap (or ESD gloves) and make sure that it is securely grounded. Check the packing box of the board and make sure it is intact without any damage. Step 2 Cut the straps with diagonal pliers and use a paper knife to split the tape along the seam between the cover and the box body. See Figure 5-2.

CAUTION Do not cut too deep into the carton with the paper knife. Otherwise, the knife might scratch the articles inside.

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Figure 5-2 Board carton Pressure-sensitive adhesive tape

Strap

Foam plate

Label on the board box

Board box Carton label Cushon foam

Board box Board

Shielding bag

NOTE

l Each board is packed in both a cushion foam and an shielding bag. Keep the bags properly. They can be used later for keeping the boards or packing the damaged boards returned for repair. l The ambient temperature and humidity may have an impact on the boards. In each shielding bag there is a small bag of desiccant, which shall not be thrown away. l Wait for at least 30 minutes before unpacking if the board is just moved from a cold, dry place to a warm, damp place. Otherwise, moisture will condense on the board surface and damage the components.

Step 3 Open the carton and check whether the number and type of the boards are consistent with what is marked on the carton label. Step 4 Check that there is no evident damage on the board package. Step 5 Open the board box and take the board out of the shielding bag. l Hold the bottom of the shielding bag with the left hand. l Take the board out of the bag gently by its front with the right hand. l Do not touch any electronic component on the board surface to avoid damage. l Keep the bags properly. Step 6 Check whether the board is physically damaged or is not in line with the packing list. Table 5-1 lists the checklist. In this case of any damage to the board, local representatives of Huawei.

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Table 5-1 Board checklist Item

Requirement

Name and quantity

The board name and quantity should be in line with the contract or packing list.

Outer view

The board should be clean and free of any scratch, loose component, or damage.

Connector

The connector should be properly installed and free of tilted or deformed pins.

Step 7 If no problem is found, put the board back into the board box and put it in the place specified by the customer. l If you are going to install the board right after unpacking, place the board on an ESD surface to discharge the static electricity. l If you are going to install the board at a later time, pack the board using the original materials and place them at a cool dry place without direct sunshine or strong electromagnetic radiation. ----End

5.1.3 Requirements of Inspection The received goods must be inspected against the Packing List item by item. l

After the goods are inspected complete and intact, both the engineering supervisor and the customer must sign the Packing List. After that, the customer takes over the goods.

l

During the inspection, if some equipment is stated undelivered in the Packing List, directly report the situation to the order management engineer of the local office of Huawei for subsequent handling. Both the engineering supervisor and the customer shall sign the Packing List to confirm the situation.

l

If any short, wrong, extra or damaged equipment is found during the inspection, both parties shall sign the Unpacking Memo and the Packing List. The project supervisor shall fill in the Equipment Problem Report and send it to the order management engineer of the local office of Huawei within three days.

5.2 Installing chassis The installation modes for chassis vary with installation environment.

5.2.1 Overview of Cabinets and Mounting Ears This section describes cabinets and mounting ears required for installing PTN devices. Table 5-2 describes requirements for cabinets and mounting ears.

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Table 5-2 Requirements for cabinets and mounting ears Model

Cabinet Model

Cabinet Standard

Description of the Mounting Ear

OptiX PTN 950

l 19-inch cabinet

IEC60297

The device already has mounting ears installed.

l 19-inch open rack OptiX PTN 950

ETSI cabinet

ETSI300-119

Bridge mounting ears are delivered with the device and can be installed on the already installed mounting ear.

OptiX PTN 950 (3 U extended chassis)

l 19-inch cabinet

IEC60297

The device already has mounting ears installed.

l 19-inch open rack

Image of the Mounting Ear

NOTE

For details on the structure and dimensions of each mounting ear, see the OptiX PTN 950 Hardware Description.

5.2.2 Installing the Chassis in a Cabinet For details on how to install the chassis in a cabinet, see the OptiX PTN 950 Quick Installation Guide.

5.3 Installing Boards Generally, the chassis for delivery is installed with boards. If boards need to be delivered separately, install the boards by following guidelines stated in this chapter.

5.3.1 Inserting a Board This section describes how to insert a board in the chassis.

Prerequisites The chassis must be installed correctly.

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Procedure Step 1 Connect the ESD wrist strap to the ESD jack on the chassis. Then, wear the ESD wrist strap as shown in Figure 5-3. Figure 5-3 Expected connection of the ESD wrist strap

Step 2 If a slot is covered with a filler , loosen the two captive screws using a screwdriver until the screws spring out. Then, remove the filler . Step 3 Rotate the ejector levers on the front of the board to the open position with both hands. Step 4 Push the board gently into the slot along the guide rails. Then, push the front of the board up to end when the board engages with the socket on the backplane. See Figure 5-4. Figure 5-4 Inserting a board

Button

Step 5 Rotate the ejector levers to the close position. Figure 5-5 shows the expected insertion of the board. Step 6 Tighten the captive screws on the board, as shown in Figure 5-5. Installation of the board is complete.

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Figure 5-5 Tightening captive screws on the board

----End

5.3.2 Removing a Board This section describes how to remove a board.

Prerequisites The fibers or cables connected to the board must be removed.

Tools, Instruments, and Materials ESD wrist strap, philips screwdriver, ESD box or ESD bag

Precautions

WARNING Removing a working board may affect the equipment or interrupt services.

Procedure Step 1 Wear the ESD wrist strap properly according to Figure 5-3. Step 2 Loosen the captive screws on the front with the philips screwdriver until the screws spring out. Then, rotate the ejector levers of the board to the open position with two hands when the board disconnects to the socket. See Figure 5-6. Step 3 Remove the board with stable force. See Figure 5-6. Figure 5-6 Removing a board

Button

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Step 4 The removed board must be put into an ESD box or ESD bag. If the empty slot does not house any other board, install a filler onto the slot according to 5.3.3 Installing a Filler . ----End

5.3.3 Installing a Filler The empty slot should be covered with a filler to ensure proper EMC and to keep dust away.

Prerequisites None

Tools, Instruments, and Materials ESD wrist strap, philips screwdriver

Procedure Step 1 Cover the filler onto the empty slot. Step 2 Drive on the captive screws on the filler according to Figure 5-5. ----End

5.4 Checking Tail Fiber Connection This section describes how to check the fiber connection by using an optical interface.

Prerequisites The fiber must be installed and routed from the optical interface to the ODF. On the power supply device side, the power switch must be turned on.

Tools, Equipment and Materials Optical power meter Short fiber

Precautions

DANGER Avoid direct eye exposure to laser beams when connecting the fiber.

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Connection Diagram for the Check When using an optical interface to test the fiber connection, connect the fiber to the optical power meter on the ODF side and connect the fiber to the OUT port of the optical interface board on the chassis side. Figure 5-7 shows the connection diagram for the check. Figure 5-7 Connection diagram for checking fiber connection by using an optical interface External cable

ODF

Fiber jumper connected to the out port

Optical power meter

ODF side

Chassis side

Procedure Step 1 On the chassis side, remove the fiber that connects to the OUT port of an optical interface board. Step 2 Connect the optical power meter to the OUT port of the optical interface through the fiber. Step 3 Turn on the optical power switch and set the working wavelength according to the optical interface type. The optical power meter reads that the launched optical power of the optical interface board is A. Step 4 Recover the fiber connection to the OUT port. Step 5 On the ODF side, remove the fiber that connects to the OUT port. Connect the fiber to the optical power meter. The tested optical power is B. Step 6 Remove the fiber from the corresponding OUT port of the optical interface board. The optical power meter reads the LO state and receives no optical signals. Step 7 Compare A with B. l If the deviation between A and B is less than 1 dB, it indicates that the fiber is correctly connected and the attenuation of the fiber is within the normal range. l If the deviation between A and B is more than 1 dB, make sure the fiber is fine and correctly routed, and then check whether the fiber terminal is clean.

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CAUTION If the fiber is connected through a flange, the deviation between A and B should be less than 2 dB. Otherwise, it indicates that the fiber is incorrectly connected and the attenuation of the fiber is not within the normal range. Make sure that the fiber is fine and correctly routed, and then check whether the fiber terminal is clean. Step 8 Check the fiber of the IN port in the same way. Step 9 Recover the fiber connections on the chassis side and ODF side. Step 10 Repeat Steps 1 - 9 to check fiber connections to other optical interfaces. ----End

5.5 Grounding Specifications Suitable grounding helps to avoid accidental personal injury and guarantee the safe running of the equipment, and provide EMC shielding to improve the quality of service (QoS).

5.5.1 General Grounding Specifications This section introduces the general grounding specifications. General grounding specifications, as shown in Table 5-3. Table 5-3 General grounding specifications No.

Description

1

Working ground, protection ground (including shielding ground and lightning ground) should be bonded to the same grounding electrode.

2

Cable racks, equipment frames and enclosures, metallic air ducts and doors and windows in the equipment room should be grounded.

3

All the metallic equipment units that are normally neutral should be grounded.

4

The ground cables should firmly with the ground bar in the equipment.

5

Connection to the already grounded equipment for grounding purpose is not allowed.

5.5.2 Grounding Specifications for the Building This section introduces the grounding specifications for the building. Grounding specifications for the building, as shown in Table 5-4.

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Table 5-4 Grounding specifications for the building No.

Description

1

Usually, the earth resistance of the telecommunication site where the base station equipment is located is recommended to be less than 10 ohm. It also should comply with the relative stipulation of the country.

5.5.3 Equipment Grounding Specifications This section introduces the equipment grounding specifications. Equipment grounding specifications, as shown in Table 5-5. Table 5-5 Equipment grounding specifications No.

Description

1

All the network telecommunications equipment including mobile base station, transmission equipment, switching equipment and office power should be grounded. All the protection grounds (PGNDs) of such equipment should be finally bonded to a general ground bar. The PGNDs in equipment room should be bonded to the general ground bar in the same equipment room.

2

The PGND of the equipment should be connected to the nearby ground bar (supplied). Copper-core conducting cable with green-yellow plastic insulation cover should be used.

3

The grounding terminals at the front door, rear door and side s of the cabinet should be separately connected to the grounding post of the cabinet.

4

Any nonconductive paint should be removed from the metal-to-metal .

5

The cabinets the adjacent cabinets in a row through the fixing bolts and washers on the cabinet top.

6

When the cabinets of the same type are connected, cables not longer than 300 mm should be used to connect the grounding busbars of adjacent cabinets, if these busbars exist. The cross-sectional area of the short cables is required to be 6 mm2. Two ends of the short cable should be secured to the terminals of the ground bar.

5.5.4 Grounding Specifications for Office Power This section introduces the grounding specifications for office power Grounding specifications for office power, as shown in Table 5-6.

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Table 5-6 Grounding specifications for office power No.

Description

1

TN-S AC power system should be adopted in the equipment room.

2

A C-level AC lightning protector with rated current not less than 20 KA should be installed at the AC power cable inlet of the equipment room.

3

PGNDs of the office power and telecommunications equipment should finally connect to the same grounding electrode. Grounds of telecommunications equipment and office power in equipment room should be bonded to the ground bar in the same equipment room.

4

Lightning-proof circuit should be added to AC power interface.

5

The positive electrode of -48V/-60V DC power or the negative electrode of 24 DC power should be grounded at the DC power outlet.

6

The working ground and PGND of DC power system and the PGND of switching equipment should finally connect to the same grounding electrode. Grounds of telecommunications equipment and office power in equipment room should be bonded to the ground bar in the same equipment room.

7

Surge-proof circuit should be added to DC power interface.

5.5.5 Grounding Specifications for Signal Cables This section introduces the grounding specifications for signal cables. Grounding specifications for signal cables, as shown in Table 5-7. Table 5-7 Grounding specifications for signal cables

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No.

Description

1

In the case that the digital trunk line of the transmission equipment connects to the wireless base station, no matter directly or indirectly, then E1 lightning protector should be installed in the corresponding interface of the transmission equipment.

2

The outside cable should have metallic protection cover and two ends of the cover should be well grounded. The end in the equipment room can be connected to the ground bar in the equipment room. Lightning protector should be installed in the interface connecting the coming cable. The ground cable of the lightning protector should be as short as possible.

3

Both the outer conductor of coaxial cable and the metal shield of shielded cable should firmly with the metal surface of the target equipment.

4

Idle wire pair in the signal cable should be grounded in the equipment room.

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No.

Description

5

The TDA tone cable should through the main distribution frame (MDF) that has a security unit before it goes out the office. Metal shield of the cable should connect with the PGND of the MDF. The MDF and the cabinet should share the same grounding electrode.

6

Overhead signal cables in the telecommunications office or mobile base station area is not allowed.

5.5.6 Specifications for Managing Ground Cables This section introduces the Specifications for managing ground cables. Specifications for managing ground cables, as shown in Table 5-8. Table 5-8 Specifications for managing ground cables No.

Description

1

Ground cables should be routed separately with signal cables.

2

Ground cables should not be routed into the equipment room through overhead cable trays. They should be routed under ground or inside the room.

3

The PGNG cable must be a tless copper-core cable. Installing connectors, splices or breakers to ground cables is not allowed.

4

The PGND cable should use copper-core conducting cable with green-yellow plastic insulation cover.

5

The neutral wire of the AC power cable should not connect with the PGNDs of the telecommunications equipment in the equipment room.

6

The PGND cable should be as short as possible (no more than 30 m). Otherwise, the should adjust the position of ground bar.

5.6 Engineering Labels Engineering labels are affixed to both ends of various cables to identify the physical positions of cables on different devices. There are two types of engineering labels, specialized for the power cables and signal cables respectively. The power cables include - 48 V / - 60 V power cables, power ground cables (BGND) and protection ground cables (PGND). The signal cables include external alarm cables, network cables, clock cables, optical fibers and so on. Engineering labels for cables ensure the orderly and correct installation of cables of equipment and facilitate the easy subsequent equipment maintenance and inspection.

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NOTE

In case there is special requirement from the of the equipment on the description method of the labels, the labels should be printed accordingly. However, this must be stated in the self-check report.

5.6.1 Introduction to Labels Introduces the labels used in the equipment.

5.6.1.1 Material This section describes the requirements for the thickness, color, materials, ambient temperature, and fill-in method of the labels. l

Material: Polyester (PET), with UL and CSA certifications

l

Color: chalk white

l

Thickness: 0.09 mm

l

Ambient temperature: - 29 to 149 degrees Celsius

l

Laser printing or handwriting with oiliness markers

5.6.1.2 Type and Shape There are two types of engineering labels for power cables and signal cables respectively.

Label for Signal Cables The label for signal cables is L-shaped with fixed dimensions, as shown in Figure 5-8. Figure 5-8 Label for signal cables 84.0 7.5 7.0 5.5 (2)

5.5

10.0

11.0 11.0

TO:

1.5 (2)

(1)

0.6

5.5 5.5

1.0

7.0 7.5

(1) 2.0

37.0 Unit：mm

1.Dividing line

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The dividing lines on the label help to specify more clearly the position of a cable. For example, there is one between the cabinet number and the frame number and another one between the frame number and the slot number. The dividing line is 1.5 mm x 0.6 mm in size with the color of PONTONE 656c (light blue). The cut dotted line helps to fold the label when affixing it to the cable, and its size is 1.0 mm x 2.0 mm. There is a mark "TO:" (upside down in the figure) at the lower right corner of the label. The mark is used to identify the opposite end of the cable on which the label is affixed.

Label for Power Cables The label for power cables should be attached to the identification plate on the cable ties that are bundled to the cable. The identification plate has an embossment of 0.2 mm x 0.6 mm around (symmetric on both sides), and the area in the middle is for affixing the label, as shown in Figure 5-9. Figure 5-9 Label for power cables 10

26.2

TO:

11

12.2

(2)

0.6

25

1.5

(1) 100

(3)

1.Cable tie

R1.0

2.Label

0.6

3.Dividing line on the label

5.6.2 Information Carried on Labels This section gives the information carried on labels for signal cable and power cable.

5.6.2.1 For Power Cables Labels for power cables are only affixed on one side of the identification plates. On the labels, there is information (the part after the mark "TO:") about the location of the device on the other end of the cable, like the location of control cabinet, distribution box or power socket.

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5.6.2.2 For Signal Cables The two sides of the label affixed on the signal cable carry information about the location of the ports connected to both ends of the cable. The information is given like this: l

Area 1 contains the location information of local end of the cable.

l

Area 2 (with the mark "TO:") contains the location information of the opposite end of the cable.

l

Area 3 has been folded up inside the label.

Printed parts on the label for signal cables, as shown in Figure 5-10. Figure 5-10 Label for signal cables Area 1

Area 3

TO:

Area 2

Seen from the cabling end of the equipment, the text part of the label is on the right side of the cable. The side with "TO:" that is facing outside carries the location information of the opposite end, and the other side carries the location information of the local end. Therefore, the information in Area 1 at one end is the same as the information in Area 2 at the other end of the cable, and vice versa. In other words, the local information at one end is called the opposite information at the other end.

5.6.2.3 Remarks To use labels, focus on the following points. l

When printing/writing and affixing labels, pay attention to keep the labels clean.

l

Since the label paper is made of moistureproof and waterproof material, ink-jet printers and ink pens are forbidden for printing and writing labels.

l

Labels should be affixed with good order in alignment.

l

Cable ties should be bundled in the same position of power cables, with identification plates on the same side.

l

The positions of "up", "down", "right" or "left" are all based on the viewpoint of the engineering person who is working on the label.

5.6.3 Filling Information on Labels This section describes how to fill information on labels. The contents can be printed or written on the labels. Printing is recommended for the sake of high efficiency and eye-pleasant layout.

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5.6.3.1 Printing Labels Use a laser printer to print the label according to the template.

Template for the Printing Template is available to print out the label. You can obtain the template by: l

ing the template from http://.huawei.com. The directory of the template is Documentation > Engineering Service > Engineering Quality > Quality Standard and Template.

l

Asking for the template from Huawei local office.

The template is written in Microsoft Word, as shown in Figure 5-11. Figure 5-11 Template of label

1.Cell

2.Cell

Cells Merging on the Template When using the template, you can directly modify the contents on the template, and the following should be observed: l

The settings of centered characters, direction, and fonts should not be changed.

l

When there are too many characters to be filled in, zoom out the characters, but make sure the printouts are clear and legible.

To merge the cells, you should first recover the table structure (if gridlines are displayed, you can start from Step 3 directly). 1.

Select the menu item Edit >Select All.

2.

Select the menu item Format > Borders and Shading >Borders. Select Box and click OK.

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Drag the mouse to select the cells to be merged and select the menu item Table > Merge Cells.

If two merged cells are still not enough to accommodate the characters, use multiple lines.

Requirements on the Printer To print the labels, laser jet printer must be used, although there is no restriction on the model of the printer. Before printing the label, set up the page and try the printing on ordinary blank paper (both sides are blank): 1.

Cover the blank paper onto the whole page of label paper, and check whether the page setup conforms to the requirement.

2.

Make sure the printer properties, such as "paper size" and "direction", have been set correctly.

3.

If the warning prompt as shown in Figure 5-12 appears before printing, click Ignore to continue the printing.

Figure 5-12 Warning prompt before printing

If the printout conforms to the requirement, print it to label paper. If the printout does not conform, adjust the page setup and try the printing again, until the correct printout is produced. The method of adjusting the page setup is as follows: 1.

Select the menu item File > Page Setup.

2.

Select the Margins tab page.

3.

Select Left for Gutter Position.

4.

Set Header and Footer to 0, and adjust the values of Top, Bottom, Left, and Right.

After the page setup has been made correct, save it for future use. This page setup is only necessary the first time you use the template to print the labels.

Requirements on the Printed Label After you print the labels, check whether they comply with the template specifications: l

All the printouts must be on the label, and nothing should be printed on the bottom page of the label.

l

Contents in the cells should be aligned in the center. In a single-line printout, the dividing lines and the mark "TO:" should not be covered by the printed characters.

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When the cells are merged and the printouts are made in multiple lines, avoid covering the mark "TO:" when printing the texts by using the space bar to move the printing contents to the next line.

CAUTION Different from the ordinary paper, the label paper is composed of two pages. No matter what model of printer you are using, feed in the labels one after another by hand. Never use the autofeed mode in order to avoid jamming the labels. Different models of printers may have different feeding modes, make sure to feed in the labels correctly.

5.6.3.2 Writing Labels Use the black oiliness markers to write the labels. For easy recognition and good-looking, the font in handwriting should be close to the standard typeface as much as possible.

Writing pen Use the black oiliness markers to write the labels. In special cases, black ball-pens are allowed, although not recommended. When writing with the ball-pen, take care not to leave the oil on the label, which may contaminate the label and blur the words. NOTE

The delivered marker has two nibs. Make sure to use the smaller nib to write the labels.

Handwriting For the sake of easy recognition and good looking, the font in handwriting should be close to the standard typeface as much as possible.Table 5-9 shows the standard typeface. Table 5-9 Standard typeface for handwriting 0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z

The font size depends on the number of figures and letters. The words must be medium-sized, legible, tidy and good-looking.

Writing direction Write the characters in proper size, and the direction is shown in Figure 5-13. Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

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Figure 5-13 Writing direction of the label

TO:

5.6.4 Affixing Labels After printing or writing the label, remove the label from the bottom page and attach it to the signal cable, or the identification plate of the power cable.

5.6.4.1 Attaching the Label to the Signal Cable This section describes the positions where the labels should be attached on the signal cables and the means by which the labels are folded. The steps to attach the label to the cable are shown in Figure 5-14 The finished labels should be on the right or top of the cables, according to different cabling methods. The left part of the figures shows the method to attach the label when the cable is laid vertically, while the right part of the figures shows the method to attach the label when the cable is laid horizontally. It is recommended to paste a label at a point 2 cm from the connector. NOTE

In special cases, for example, to avoid cable bent or affecting other cables, other positions are allowed to attach the labels.

l

Stick the label to the proper position on the cable, fold the narrow part of the label according to the directions shown in Figure 5-14.

Figure 5-14 Sticking the label onto proper position of the signal cable

1

2 TO: A03 33 33 33 33

(1)

1. Cable

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The length of the narrow part is based on an external cable diameter of 2.6 mm, after this part has been stuck to the back of the label, it may not overlap the entire printed part. l

Fold the printed part along the dotted line according to the directions shown in Figure 5-14.

l

After the printed part of the label has been folded, the narrow part of the label should be covered completely, as shown in Figure 5-14.

Fold the Label Fold the label upwards along the dashed line, and attach it. After being attached, the label is shaped as (3) of Figure 5-14.

5.6.4.2 Attaching the Label to the Power Cable This section describes the positions where the labels should be attached on the power cables and the means by which the cable ties are bound to the power cables. Remove the label from the bottom page, then attach it to the identification plate on the cable tie. The label should be stuck to the rectangular flute, and should be stuck to only one side of the identification plate. Make sure to attach the labels on the same side of the identification plates. The cable ties are bundled 2 cm from the connectors, and other positions are allowed in special circumstances. Cable ties should be bundled on both ends of a cable. After the bundling, the finished identification plate should be on top of the cable in horizontal cabling, or on the right side of the cable in vertical cabling. Make sure the label is facing out, as shown in Figure 5-15. Figure 5-15 Appearance of attached labels on power cables Cable

B03

TO:

TO: B03

-48V2

-48V2

Cable

5.6.5 Frequently Used Engineering Labels This section describes the frequently used engineering labels. The other labels are omitted here. You can perform the operation as required on site.

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5.7 The Requirements of Cabling and Bundling Introduces the requirements of cabling and bundling the cables.

5.7.1 The Requirements of Cabling Describes the method and requirements of cable routing. l

For equipment room installed with s and ESD protection floor, cables can be arranged in downward mode. That is, all cables can be routed through the interlayer of the floor or the cable trough. If the overhead cabling mode is adopted, cabling tray is required above the cabinet for holding cables.

l

The specifications and cross-sectional area of the cable, and the route and position for cabling should be designed beforehand.

l

All cables should be arranged neatly, with their sheaths remaining intact.

l

Communication cables, such as alarm cables, network cables and clock cables, should be arranged separately with the power cable and optical fibers.

l

Turnings of the cable should be smooth, with the bend radius reaching 60mm or above.

l

Any damage to the insulation layer of the conducting line is not allowed.

l

The cable arrangement should take the future maintenance and capacity expansion into consideration.

5.7.2 The Requirements of Bundling Describes the method and requirements of cable binding. l

Bundling of the cable should be tidy, clear and elegant. As a general rule, cables are grouped by types, or grouped as needed when they are in a large number. Bind them with cable ties and route them in either upward or underfloor cabling mode in the cabling area at the two sides of the cabinet.

l

Cables must be bundled when arranged in ducts. Bind the cables closely with appropriate tightness. The space between the cable ties should be even and the overall appearance of the cabling nice.

l

You may not bind the cables when arranged in cable troughs. But they should be placed tidy and straight in the trough with no crossover. Moreover, the cables can not overflow the trough. At two ends and turnings of the trough, use a plastic clip for the cables.

l

Cables both inside and outside the cabinet must be bundled. Keep the cables bundled closely and neatly.

l

Use cable ties of different specifications for cables according to actual circumstances.

l

Do not connect two cable ties in bundling. Otherwise, the binding strength will be weakened.

l

After the bundling, cut the remaining part of the cable tie smoothly, removing all burrs.

l

The space between the cable ties is even and is three or four times the size of the bundle diameter.

l

When making turning for the bundled cable, keep the bend radius as big as possible to avoid breaking the cable cores at the turning.

Figure 5-16 shows the specific operation of bundling. Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

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Figure 5-16 Cable bundling

1. No cable tie at turning

2. Cable tie

3. Burr

4. Cut smoothly

5.8 Binding Strap This chapter introduces the architecture and usage of the binding strap, as well as precautions for bundling the optical fibers.

CAUTION To avoid any human-caused accidents, read this chapter carefully before bundling the fiber jumpers.

5.8.1 Architecture and cutting of binding strap The section describes the architecture and cutting of the binding strap.

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5.8.1.1 Architecture The binding strap fulfills its locking function by cooperation of these two sides. The binding strap for optical fiber is 12.7 mm wide, with one hook side (transparent polypropylene material) and one mat side (black nylon material). The architecture of the binding strap ,as shown in Figure 5-17. Figure 5-17 Binding strap

1

2 1. Hook side

2. Mat side

5.8.1.2 Cutting This procedure cutting the binding strap after installing the fiber jumpers.

Prerequisites None

Tools, Equipment and Materials l

Cutterbar

l

Binding strap

Precautions NOTE

You can use a pair of scissors if there is no cutterbar on site.

Procedure Step 1 Install the binding strap on the plastic axis of the cutterbar, as shown in Figure 5-18. Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

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Figure 5-18 Install binding strap on cutterbar

1

2

3

1. Binding strap

2. Plastic axis

3. Cutterbar

Step 2 Roll the binding strap and allow it to through the guiding trough of the cutterbar. Step 3 Cut the binding strap into appropriate length by slantly hauling the binding strap towards the cutter tooth of the cutterbar, as shown in Figure 5-19. Figure 5-19 Cut the binding strap

1

2

3 1. Binding strap

2. Guiding trough

3. Cutter tooth

----End

5.8.2 Bundling the Binding Strap This section describes how to bund the binding strap.

5.8.2.1 Procedures for Bundling the Binding Strap This procedure describes how to bind bundling of the binding strap Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

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Prerequisites None

Tools, Equipment and Materials l

Optical fiber

l

Binding strap

Precautions NOTE

When you use a binding strap, keep the mat side inside and the hook side outside.

Procedure Step 1 Arrange the optical fibers into a bundle. Step 2 Cut off a piece of binding strap of appropriate length according to the size of the bundle. Step 3 Hold the fiber bundle with one hand and press one end of the binding strap on the bundle with the thumb. Step 4 Strain the binding strap by the other end with the other hand, as shown in Figure 5-20. Figure 5-20 Step 2 of bundling optical fiber

Step 5 Turn the binding strap around the fiber bundle with appropriate strain till the mat side adhibits the hook side snugly, as shown in Figure 5-21.

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Figure 5-21 Step 3 of bundling optical fiber

----End

5.8.2.2 Expected Result The section describes the expected result of the binding strap. Figure 5-22 shows the bundling result. Figure 5-22 Bundling result of optical fiber

5.8.2.3 Precautions Bundle the fibers as the follow items. l

It is only the mat side of the binding strap that s the optical fiber.

l

Arrange the optical fibers tidily into a bundle before bundling.

l

Bundle the optical fibers with appropriate tightness. Never bind them too tight.

l

The space between two binding straps should not exceed 40 cm.

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5.9 Assembling and Testing the Cable Connector This section describes how to assemble the cable connector and how to test the connectivity of the cable.

5.9.1 Assembling and Testing the E1 Coaxial Cable Connector This section describes how to assemble the E1 coaxial cable connector and how to test the connectivity of the cable.

5.9.1.1 Assembling the Straight BNC Male Connector with the Coaxial Cable This section describes how to assemble the straight BNC male connector with the coaxial cable.

Prerequisites None

Tools, Equipment and Materials Coaxial cable, whose components is shown in Figure 5-23. Straight BNC male connector, whose components is shown in Figure 5-23. Figure 5-23 BNC connector and coaxial cable

Heat shrink tube Crimping sleeve Connector External conductor of the coaxial cable Internal conductor of the coaxial cable

Protection tube of the coaxial cable

Insulation layer of the coaxial cable

Procedure Step 1 Strip off the sleeve of the coaxial cable according to the coaxial cable materials and sizes shown in Figure 5-24. The external conductor, insulation layer and internal conductor should be exposed as shown in Figure 5-24. Table 5-10 lists the recommended length of the reserved external conductor (L1), reserved insulation layer (L2) and stripped sleeve (L3). Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

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Figure 5-24 Stripping off the coaxial cable External conductor of the coaxial cable Insulation layer of the coaxial cable

Protection tube of the coaxial cable L1

Internal conductor of the coaxial cable

L2 L3

CAUTION l When stripping off the sleeve of the coaxial cable, do not scratch the external conductor. l You can also determine the stripping size according to the size of the connector. Refer to Figure 5-25.

Table 5-10 Stripping size of the common coaxial cables Cable Type

External Diameter of the Coaxial Cable

L1 (mm)

L2 (mm)

L3 (mm)

Remarks

SYFVZ-751-1(A)

2.2 mm

5-6

7-9

10-12

-

SYV-75-22

3.9 mm

5-6

7-9

10-12

National trunk 155MI

SYV-75-42

6.7 mm

5-6

7-9

10-12

National trunk 155MIII

SFYV-75-2 -1

3.2 mm

5-6

7-9

10-12

National trunk -II

SFYV-75-2 -2

4.4 mm

5-6

7-9

10-12

National trunk 155MII

Label for the NM cable

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Figure 5-25 Size of the straight BNC male connector and stripping size of the coaxial cable

L1

L1 L2

L2 L3

L3

Step 2 Successively lead the heat shrink tube and crimping sleeve through the coaxial cable, as shown in Figure 5-26. Figure 5-26 Leading the heat shrink tube and crimping sleeve

Protection tube of the coaxial cable External conductor of the coaxial cable

Heat shrink tube Crimping sleeve

Step 3 Unfold the external conductor of the coaxial cable to a trumpet shape, as shown in Figure 5-27. Figure 5-27 Unfolding the external conductor of the coaxial cable

External conductor of the coaxial cable

Step 4 Insert the insulation layer and internal conductor into the connector plug of the coaxial cable. The external conductor of the coaxial cable partly wraps the external conductor of the connector, as shown in Figure 5-28. Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

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Figure 5-28 Inserting the straight BNC male connector into the coaxial cable

Connetor

Step 5 Use a welding tool to weld the internal conductor of the coaxial cable with the internal conductor of the coaxial cable connector, as shown in Figure 5-29. Figure 5-29 Welding the internal conductor Internal conductor of the coaxial cable

Connector

Welding

Step 6 Push the crimping sleeve toward the connector. Crimp the external conductor of the coaxial cable tight. Use a crimping tool to tighten the crimping sleeve and coaxial cable connector, as shown in Figure 5-30. Figure 5-30 Crimping the external conductor

Crimping sleeve

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Step 7 Use a heat gun to blow the heat shrink tube so that the tube can tightly clad the crimping sleeve, as shown in Figure 5-31. In this way, the straight BNC male connector is assembled with the coaxial cable. Figure 5-31 Blowing the heat shrink tube

Heat shrink tube

----End

5.9.1.2 Assembling the L9-M Male Connector with the Coaxial Cable This section describes how to assemble the L9-M male connector with the coaxial cable.

Prerequisites None

Tools, Equipment and Materials Coaxial cable, whose components are shown in Figure 5-32. L9-M male connector, whose components are shown in Figure 5-32.

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Figure 5-32 L9-M connector and coaxial cable

Protection tube of the connector Crimping sleeve Connector

External conductor of the coaxial cable Internal conductor of the coaxial cable

Protection tube of the coaxial cable

Insulation layer of the coaxial cable

Procedure Step 1 Strip off the sleeve of the coaxial cable according to the coaxial cable materials and sizes shown in Figure 5-33. The external conductor, insulation layer and internal conductor should be exposed. See Figure 5-33. Table 5-10 lists the recommended length of the reserved external conductor (L1), reserved insulation layer (L2) and stripped sleeve (L3). Figure 5-33 Stripping off the coaxial cable

External conductor of the coaxial cable Insulation layer of the coaxial cable Internal conductor of the coaxial cable

Protection tube of the coaxial cable L1 L2 L3

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CAUTION l When stripping off the sleeve of the coaxial cable, do not scratch the external conductor. l You can also determine the stripping size according to the size of the connector. Refer to Figure 5-34.

Figure 5-34 Size of the connector and stripping size of the coaxial cable

L1

L1 L2 L3

L2 L3

Step 2 Lead the protection tube and crimping sleeve through the coaxial cable, as shown in Figure 5-35. Figure 5-35 Leading the protection tube and crimping sleeve

Crimping sleeve

Protection tube of the connector

Step 3 Unfold the external conductor of the coaxial cable into a trumpet shape, as shown in Figure 5-36.

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Figure 5-36 Unfolding the external conductor of the coaxial cable

External conductor of the coaxial cable

Step 4 Insert the insulation layer and internal conductor into the connector of the coaxial cable. The external conductor of the coaxial cable partly wraps the external conductor of the connector, as shown in Figure 5-37. Figure 5-37 Inserting the coaxial connector into the coaxial cable

Connector

Step 5 Use a welding tool to weld the internal conductor of the coaxial cable with the internal conductor of the coaxial connector, as shown in Figure 5-38.

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Figure 5-38 Welding the internal conductor

Internal conductor of the coaxial cable

Welding

Step 6 Push the crimping sleeve toward the connector. Crimp the external conductor of the coaxial cable tight. Use a crimping tool to tighten the crimping sleeve and the coaxial cable connector. See Figure 5-39. In this way, the straight L9-M male connector is assembled with the coaxial cable. Figure 5-39 Crimping the external conductor

2 Crimping sleeve

1

----End

5.9.1.3 Assembling the Straight SMB Female Connector with the Coaxial Cable This section describes how to assemble the straight BNC female connector with the coaxial cable.

Prerequisites None

Tools, Equipment and Materials Wire stripper Crimper (with a jaw of 2.5 mm) Coaxial cable of a 1.6 mm core diameter, whose components are shown in Figure 5-40. Straight SMB female connector, whose components are shown in Figure 5-40. Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

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Figure 5-40 Straight SMB female connector and coaxial cable

Crimping sleeve

Connector Protection tube of the coaxial cable External conductor of the coaxial cable Insulation layer of the coaxial cable Internal conductor of the coaxial cable

Procedure Step 1 Strip off the sleeve of the coaxial cable according to the coaxial cable materials and sizes shown in Figure 5-41. The external conductor, insulation layer and internal conductor should be exposed. See Figure 5-41. Table 5-10 lists the recommended length of the reserved external conductor (L1), reserved insulation layer (L2) and stripped sleeve (L3). Then, twist the external conductors of the coaxial cable as one. Figure 5-41 Stripping off the coaxial cable

External conductor of the coaxial cable Insulation layer of the coaxial cable Internal conductor of the coaxial cable

Protection tube of the coaxial cable L1 L2 L3

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CAUTION l When stripping off the sleeve of the coaxial cable, do not scratch the external conductor. l You can also determine the stripping size according to the size of the connector, as shown inFigure 5-42.

Figure 5-42 Size of the connector and the stripping size of the coaxial cable

L1

L1

L2

L2

L3

L3

Step 2 Lead the crimping tube through the coaxial cable, as shown in Figure 5-43. Figure 5-43 Leading the crimping sleeve

Protection tube of the coaxial cable Crimping sleeve

Step 3 Unfold the external conductor of the coaxial cable into a trumpet shape, as shown in Figure 5-44. Figure 5-44 Unfolding the external conductor of the coaxial cable

External conductor of the coaxial cable

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Step 4 Insert the insulation layer and internal conductor into the connector of the coaxial cable. The external conductor of the coaxial cable partly wraps the external conductor of the connector as shown in Figure 5-45. Figure 5-45 Inserting the coaxial connector into the coaxial cable

Connector

Step 5 Use a welding tool to weld the internal conductor of the coaxial cable with the internal conductor of the coaxial connector, as shown in Figure 5-46. Figure 5-46 Welding the internal conductor Internal conductor of the coaxial cable

Connector Welding

Step 6 Push the crimping sleeve toward the connector. Crimp the external conductor of the coaxial cable tight. Use the crimper to tighten the crimping sleeve and the coaxial cable connector, as shown in Figure 5-47. In this way, the straight SMB female connector is assembled with the coaxial cable. NOTE

Crimp the external conductor of the coaxial cable twice by using the crimper with a jaw of 2.5 mm. That is, crimp the external connector, rotate it by 90 degree, and then crimp it again.

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Figure 5-47 Crimping the external conductor

Crimping sleeve

----End

5.9.1.4 Testing Cable Connectivity This section describes how to test the cable connectivity by using a multimeter.

Prerequisites During the process of routing or bundling cables, and installing the connector, the circuit on the cable may become open or broken. Hence, after the preceding procedures are completed, test the connectivity of cables.

Tools, Equipment and Materials Multimeter

Background Information In this section, the cable has a Anea 96 connector at one end and a group of SMB connectors at the other, as shown in Figure 5-48. This section describes how to test the cable connectivity by using a multimeter.

Procedure Step 1 Set the multimeter to the resistance gear. Step 2 On the SMB connector side, connect the two probes of the multimeter to the internal and external conductors respectively. Step 3 According to the pin sequence table of the connector, use a shorting stub to cause a short circuit between the two pins corresponding to the SMB connectors. See Figure 5-48.

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Figure 5-48 Testing table connectivity

R0

Short circuit pin No.25 and 26

DDF side

Chassis side

Step 4 Observe the multimeter, which should read 0 ohms. Step 5 Remove the shorting stub from the connector. Observe the multimeter, which should read resistance of infinite ohms. Step 6 Repeat Steps 2 - 5 to test the other SMB connectors. ----End

5.9.2 Assembling the RJ45 Connector with the Ethernet Cable and Testing the Connectivity This section describes how to assemble the RJ45 connector with the shielded Ethernet cable or non-shielded Ethernet cable, and how to test the cable connectivity and network cable connection.

5.9.2.1 Connection Relations of Network Cables The commonly used network cables are classified into straight through network cables and crossover network cables based on the different pin assignments. Figure 5-49 shows the pin assignment of the straight through network cables.

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Figure 5-49 Pin assignment of the straight through network cables Connector X2

Connector X1 Pin 1

White or orange

White or orange

Pin 1

Pin 2

Orange

Orange

Pin 2

Pin 3

White or green

White or green

Pin 3

Blue

Pin 4

White or blue

Pin 5

Pin 4 Pin 5

Blue White or blue

Pin 6

Green

Green

Pin 6

Pin 7

White or brown

White or brown

Pin 7

Pin 8

褐色 Brown

Brown

Pin 8

Table 5-11 lists the pin assignment of the straight through network cables. Table 5-11 Pin assignment of the straight through network cables Connector X1

Connector X2

Color

Relation

X1.1

X2.1

White or orange

Twisted pair

X1.2

X2.2

Orange

X1.3

X2.3

White or green

X1.6

X2.6

Green

X1.4

X2.4

Blue

X1.5

X2.5

White or blue

X1.7

X2.7

White or brown

X1.8

X2.8

Brown

Twisted pair

Twisted pair

Twisted pair

Figure 5-50 shows the pin assignment of the FE crossover network cables.

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Figure 5-50 Pin assignment of the FE crossover network cables Connector X2

Connector X1

White or green

Pin 1

Orange

Green

Pin 2

White or green

White or orange

Pin 3

Blue

Pin 4

White or blue

Pin 5

Pin 1

White or orange

Pin 2 Pin 3 Pin 4 Pin 5

Blue White or blue

Pin 6

Green

Orange

Pin 6

Pin 7

White or brown

White or brown

Pin 7

Pin 8

褐色 Brown

Brown

Pin 8

Table 5-12 lists the pin assignment of the FE crossover network cables. Table 5-12 Pin assignment of the FE crossover network cables Connector X1

Connector X2

Color

Relation

X1.6

X2.2

green

Twisted pair

X1.3

X2.1

White or green

X1.1

X2.3

White or orange

X1.2

X2.6

orange

X1.4

X2.4

Blue

X1.5

X2.5

White or blue

X1.7

X2.7

White or brown

X1.8

X2.8

Brown

Twisted pair

Twisted pair

Twisted pair

Figure 5-51 shows the pin assignment of the GE crossover network cables.

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Figure 5-51 Pin assignment of the GE crossover network cables Connector X2

Connector X1 PIN1

White or orange

White or green

PIN1

PIN2

Orange

Green

PIN2

PIN3

White or green

White or orange

PIN3

PIN4

Blue

White or brown

PIN4

PIN5

White or blue

Brown

PIN5

PIN6

Green

Orange

PIN6

PIN7

White or brown

Blue

PIN7

PIN8

Brown

White or blue

PIN8

Table 5-13 lists the pin assignment of the GE crossover network cables. Table 5-13 Pin assignment of the GE crossover network cables Connector X1

Connector X2

Color

Relation

X1.1

X2.3

White or orange

Twisted pair

X1.2

X2.6

orange

X1.3

X2.1

White or green

X1.6

X2.2

Green

X1.4

X2.7

Blue

X1.5

X2.8

White or blue

X1.7

X2.4

White or brown

X1.8

X2.5

Brown

Twisted pair

Twisted pair

Twisted pair

Figure 5-52 shows the pin assignment of the RJ45 connector. Figure 5-52 Pin assignment of the RJ45 connector

Pin8 Pin1

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5.9.2.2 Assembling the RJ45 Connector with the Shielded Ethernet Cable This section describes the materials of the RJ45 connector for the shielded Ethernet cable and the procedures of assembling the RJ45 connector with the shielded Ethernet cable.

Prerequisites None

Tools, Equipment and Materials Cable peeler, cable cutter and crimper Shielded Ethernet cable, whose components are shown in Figure 5-53. Shielded Ethernet connector, whose components are shown in Figure 5-53. Figure 5-53 Components of the shielded RJ45 connector

A B C D

E F G

A Connector external sleeve

B Connector metal sleeve

C Connector cable tray D Connector plug

E Network cable sleeve

F Network cable shield layer

G Twisted pair cable

- -

Procedure Step 1 Lead the network cable through the connector external sleeve A, as shown in Figure 5-54.

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Figure 5-54 Leading the network cable through the connector external sleeve

E

A

Step 2 Strip a 300 mm length of the external sleeve E and cut the nylon rip cord inside the external sleeve. Make a 5 mm cut on the cable external sleeve, as shown in Figure 5-55. Figure 5-55 Stripping the external sleeve of the twisted pair cable

E

Max.5 F

30.0

CAUTION l When stripping the sleeve of the twisted pair cable, do not scratch the shield layer. l When stripping the shield layer, do not scratch the insulation layer covering the twisted cores. Step 3 Lead the connector metal sleeve B through the twisted pair cable. The sleeve should envelop the shield layer F, as shown in Figure 5-56.

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Figure 5-56 Leading the connector metal sleeve

F

B

Step 4 Lead the connector metal sleeve to the root of the twisted pair cable sleeve. Cut the shield layer and aluminum foil straight along the edge of the metal sleeve without leaving any aluminum wires. Expose the twisted pair G, which is about 20 mm long, as shown in Figure 5-57. Figure 5-57 Stripping the shield layer of the twisted pair cable

20.0

G

Step 5 Lead the four pairs of twisted cables, which are marked in different colors, through the connector cable tray C respectively according to the colors. See Figure 5-58 and Figure 5-59. Figure 5-58 Leading twisted pair cables through connector cable tray

G

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Figure 5-59 Colors of cores in the cable tray

White-Orange Orange

White-Green Green

Blue White-Blue

White-Brown Brown

Step 6 Align the four pairs of twisted cables G on the connector cable tray C according to the illustrated colors. See Figure 5-60 and Figure 5-61. Figure 5-60 Aligning the four pairs of twisted cables on the connector cable tray

G C

Figure 5-61 Alignment of cores in different colors on the cable tray White-Orange Orange White-Green Blue White-Blue Green White-Brown Brown

Step 7 Cut the cables straight along the edge of the connector cable tray C, as shown in Figure 5-62. Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

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Figure 5-62 Cutting the cables

G C

Step 8 Lead the connector cable tray through the connector body D, and rotate the metal shield shell 90 degree to push the cable tray inward, as shown in Figure 5-63. Figure 5-63 Inserting the cable tray through the connector body

D

WARNING Make sure the connector cable tray is inserted to the bottom of the connector body. Step 9 Move the connector metal shell B toward the connector body to envelop the connector body and connector cable tray. Then, use the crimper to crimp the connector, as shown in Figure 5-64.

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Figure 5-64 Crimping the connector

B

Step 10 Move the connector external sleeve A toward the connector body until the external sleeve A hitches the connector metal shell. Then, the cable components at one end are made. See Figure 5-65. Figure 5-65 Hitching the connector external sleeve

A

Step 11 A network cable may be either a crossover cable or a straight-through cable. Which operations should be performed at the other end depends on the network cable type. l To assemble a straight-through cable, repeat Steps 1-10 to make the cable components at the other end. l To assemble a crossover cable, perform the following operations. 1.

Repeat Steps 1-4.

2.

Repeat Steps 5-6. In Steps 5-6, for the wire sequence, refer to the mapping relation of the crossover cables in Table 5-12.

3.

Repeat Steps 7-10 to make the cable components at the other end.

----End

5.9.2.3 Assembling the RJ45 Connector with the Non-Shielded Ethernet Cable This section describes the materials of the RJ45 connector for the non-shielded Ethernet cable and procedures of assembling the RJ45 connector with the non-shielded Ethernet cable. Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

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Prerequisites None

Tools, Equipment and Materials Cable peeler, cable cutter and crimper Non-shielded Ethernet cable, whose components are shown in Figure 5-66. Non-shielded Ethernet connector, whose components are shown in Figure 5-66. Figure 5-66 Material components

A

B C A

Connector plug

B

Sleeve

C

Twisted pair cable

Procedure Step 1 Strip the twisted pair cable according to the illustrated size and cut a 16 mm length off the sleeve, as shown in Figure 5-67. Figure 5-67 Stripping the twisted pair cable

.0 16

B C

Step 2 Align the twisted pairs in sequence and match the colors according to Figure 5-68. Cut the ends of the twisted pairs straight.

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Figure 5-68 Aligning the stripped twisted pair cable C White-Orange Orange White-Green Blue White-Blue Green White-Brown Brown

16

Step 3 Insert the cable B with the aligned twisted pairs into the connector plug A and crimp the connector with a crimper, as shown in Figure 5-69. Figure 5-69 Crimping the connector

B

A

Step 4 A network cable may be either a crossover cable or a straight-through cable. Which operations should be performed at the other end depends on the network cable type. l To assemble a straight-through cable, repeat Steps 1-3 to make the cable components at the other end. l To assemble a crossover cable, perform the following operations. 1.

Repeat Step 1.

2.

Repeat Step 2. In Step 2, for the wire sequence, refer to the mapping relation of the crossover cables in Table 5-12.

3.

Repeat Step 3 to make the cable components at the other end.

----End

5.9.2.4 Checking the Assembled Cable Connector This section describes how to check the assembled cable connector.

Prerequisites None

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Checking the Physical View of the Metal Slices The checking standards are listed as follows: l

The metal slices should be of the same height and are of the required sizes. The crimp part should properly the core conductor.

l

The metal slices should be basically parallel with a deviation of not more than five degrees. The top edges should be basically parallel with the axes of the RJ45 connector with a deviation of not more than 10 degrees. This ensures reliable .

l

No perceptible object, dirt or rust should be present on the surface of the metal slice. Otherwise, the conductivity is affected.

l

The metal slices should reliably the RJ45 connector socket. The plastic spacers should remain the same before and after the crimping, and should have the same spacing between each other. Each of them should be straight and intact.

l

The crimping blade of the metal slice should exceed the core end. The core end should tightly the trunking side of the RJ45 connector. The spacing should not exceed 0.5 mm.

Procedure Step 1 Hold the crimped RJ45 connector and observe the side from the front. Check the height of each metal slice. The standard height is 6.02 mm ± 0.13 mm. If no special test instrument is available on site, compare the RJ45 connector with another well crimped RJ45 connector. Figure 5-70 and Figure 5-71 show an unqualified RJ45 connector and a qualified RJ45 connector respectively. Figure 5-70 Metal slices of inconsistent height

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Figure 5-71 Metal slices of consistent height

NOTE

If the RJ45 connector does not meet the requirement, crimp the RJ45 connector again and make sure the RJ45 connector meets the requirement.

Step 2 Hold the RJ45 connector and slant it to a 45-degree angle. Side-glance the top edge of each metal slice. Figure 5-72 an unqualified RJ45 connector. Figure 5-72 Metal slices of inconsistent parallelism and height

Step 3 Hold the RJ45 connector. Observe the side and front of the metal slice, and check for any perceptible object, dirt or rust. Remove the perceptible object, dirt or rust, if there is any. If the removal fails, replace RJ45 connector and assemble the connector again. Otherwise, the connector is unqualified. See Figure 5-73. Figure 5-73 Metal slices with perceptible object, dirt or rust on the surface

Step 4 Hold the RJ45 connector. Observe the side and front of the metal slices, and observe the plastic spacers. Make sure they are intact and do not tilt. If they tilt or are not intact, rectify the Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

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RJ45 connector. If the rectification fails, replace the RJ45 connector and assemble the connector again. Otherwise, the connector is unqualified. See Figure 5-74. Figure 5-74 RJ45 connector with tilted plastic spacers

Step 5 Hold the RJ45 connector and observe the side to check whether you can see the core section. Make sure that the end of the cable core is close to the face of the cable trough of the connector. The metal should be higher than the end of the cable core, and be properly crimped to the cable core. If the RJ45 connector does not meet this requirement, replace the RJ45 connector and assemble the connector again. Otherwise, the RJ45 connector is intact. See Figure 5-75. Figure 5-75 Cable core not pushed to the proper position

No exposed cross-sections of core wires

----End

5.9.2.5 Testing Cable Connectivity This section describes how to test the connectivity of the Ethernet cable by using the network cable tester.

Prerequisites During the process of routing or bundling cables, and assembling the connectors, the circuit on the cable may become open or broken. Hence, after the preceding procedures are completed, test the connectivity of the cable.

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Assembled network cable

Background Information You can also use a multimeter to test the connectivity of the network cable according to the core connections. For details, see 5.9.1.4 Testing Cable Connectivity.

Procedure Step 1 Insert the RJ-45 connectors at the two ends of the assembled network cable into the RJ-45 female ports of the network cable tester in sequence. Step 2 Make sure the RJ-45 connectors are inserted properly. Turn on the network cable tester and start the test. In the case of the crossover cable and straight through network cable, the test procedures are the same but the indicators at the two ends turn on in different sequences. Test the crossover cable according to the core connections. l In the case of the straight through network cable, the indicators at points 1, 8 and G turn on in sequence. This indicates that the connectivity is fine and core connections are correct. l In the case of the crossover cable, the indicators at points 1, 8 and G of the main end turn on in sequence, and the indicators at points 3, 6, 1, 4, ,5 2, 7, 8 and G of the subsidiary end turns on in sequence. This indicates that the connectivity of the crossover cable is proper. NOTE

Turn the switch to position S to extend the interval for indicators to turn on. In this way, you can observe the change more accurately. See Figure 5-76.

Figure 5-76 Testing the connectivity

Step 3 Slightly shake the RJ45 connector of the assembled network interface and repeat Step 2. Make sure that each metal slice of the RJ45 connector reliably s the core and s the point of the female network port of the network cable tester. ----End Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

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5.9.3 Assembling Power Cables This section describes how to assemble the OT terminals and cord end terminals of power cables.

5.9.3.1 Assembling OT Terminals and Power Cables This section briefs the components of ring terminals and power cables, and describes the procedure for assembling them.

Prerequisites none.

Tools, Equipment and Materials Cable peeler Heat gun The components of ring terminals and power cables are shown inFigure 5-77. Figure 5-77 Components of a ring terminal and a power cable

A B C

D

A Heat shrink tube

B Ring terminal

C Insulation layer of power cable

D Conductor of power cable

Procedure Step 1 Peel a part of the insulation layer C of a power cable according to the cross-section of the cable conductor. The conductor D with length L1 appears, as shown in Figure 5-78. The recommended values of L1 are shown in Table 5-14.

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Figure 5-78 Peeling a power cable L

B

C

L1

D

CAUTION l When peeling the insulation layer of a power cable, do not hurt the metal conductor of the cable. l If the bare press-fitting terminal is not provided by Huawei, adapt the value of L1 according to the actual value L of the terminal. L1 = L + (1-2) mm.

Table 5-14 Cross-Sectional area of the conductor and value of L1 Cross-Sectional Area of Conductor (mm2)

Value of L1(mm)

1, 1.5, 2.5

7

4

8

6

9

10

11

16

13

Step 2 Put the power cable into heat shrink tube A, as shown in Figure 5-79. Step 3 Put the cable conductor into a ring terminal. And keep the ring terminal close to the insulation layer C of the power cable, as shown in Figure 5-79.

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Figure 5-79 Inserting the cable conductor into the ring terminal

L2

C A

B

CAUTION After the conductor is put into the ring terminal, the L2 part will extrude. The value of L2 should be less than or equal to 2 mm. Step 4 As shown in Figure 5-80, press-fit the t parts of the bare press-fitting terminal and the conductor by a press-fitting tool. Figure 5-80 Press-Fitting t parts of a bare press-fitting terminal and a conductor

NOTE

The shapes of press-fit parts may vary with the types of the press-fitting dies.

Step 5 Push the heat shrink tube A towards the connector till the tube covers the press-fit part. Heat the heat shrink tube using a heat gun, as shown in Figure 5-81. Issue 02 (2013-08-10)

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Figure 5-81 1-5 Heating a heat shrink tube

CAUTION Do not heat the heat shrink tube for too long time. Otherwise, the insulation layer may be damaged. ----End

5.9.3.2 Assembling Cord End Terminals and Power Cables This section briefs the components of cord end terminals and power cables, and describes the procedure for assembling them.

Prerequisites none.

Tools, Equipment and Materials Cable peeler Cord end terminal crimperare shown in Figure 5-82. The components of cord end terminals and power cables are shown in Figure 5-83.

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Figure 5-82 Cord end terminal crimper

A Cold soldering terminal

B Insulation layer of power cable

C Conductor of power cable

Figure 5-83 Components of a cord end terminal and a power cable

B C A

Procedure Step 1 Peel a part of the insulation layer B of a power cable according to the cross-sectional area of the cable conductor. The conductor C with length L1 appears, as shown in Figure 5-84. The recommended values of L1 are shown in Table 5-15. Figure 5-84 Peeling a power cable

L1

B C A

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CAUTION When peeling the insulation layer of a power cable, do not hurt the metal conductor of the cable.

Table 5-15 Cross-Sectional area of the conductor and value of L1 Cross-Sectional Area of Conductor (mm2)

Value of L1(mm)

1, 1.5, 2.5

7

4

8

6

9

10

11

16

13

Step 2 Put the cable conductor into the cord end terminal A. Align the conductor with the edge of the cord end terminal, as shown in Figure 5-85. Figure 5-85 Putting a cable into a cord end terminal

B

A

CAUTION After the cord end terminal is assembled, the exposed part of the conductor should not be more than 1 mm. Step 3 Press-fit the t parts of the cord end terminal and the conductor using soldering tool, as shown in Figure 5-86.

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Figure 5-86 Press-Fitting a cord end terminal and a power cable

Rough Flat

Step 4 After press-fitting the terminal, check the maximum width of the press-fit part. The width of the tubular terminal after press-fit should be less than the maximum width described in Table 5-16 Table 5-16 Maximum width of tubular terminal after press-fit Cross-Sectional Area of Tubular Terminal(mm2)

Maximum Width of Terminal after PressFit(mm)

0.25

1

0.5

1

1.0

1.5

1.5

1.5

2.5

2.4

4

3.1

6

4

10

5.3

16

6

----End

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A Glossary

A

Glossary

Numerics 1+1 hot backup

A backup mode in which two systems with the same functions are deployed, one in the active state and the other in the standby state with power on. The standby system backs up the data of the active system automatically. Once the active system encounters a fault, the standby system takes over the service of the active system automatically or by manual intervention.

1000BASE-T

Twisted cable with the transmission speed as 1000 Mbit/s and the transmission distance as 100 m.

100BASE-TX

IEEE 802.3 Physical Layer specification for a 100 Mb/s CSMA/CD local area network over two pairs of Category 5 unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) or shielded twisted-pair (STP) wire.

10BASE-TX

IEEE 802.3 Physical Layer specification for a 10 Mb/s CSMA/CD local area network over two pairs of Category 5 unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) or shielded twisted-pair (STP) wire.

A AAL

See ATM Adaptation Layer

ABR

See available bit rate

AC

See attachment circuit

access control list

A list of entities, together with their access rights, which are authorized to have access to a resource.

ACL

See access control list

active link

In the link aggregation group, the links connected to active interfaces are active links.

active/standby switchover

A troubleshooting technology. When an active device becomes faulty, services and control functions are automatically switched over to the standby device to ensure the normal running of the services and functions.

address pool

A set of IP addresses assigned by Internet Assigned Number Authority (IANA) or an organization tied to IANA.

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Address Resolution Protocol

Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is an Internet Protocol used to map IP addresses to MAC addresses. It allows hosts and routers to determine the link layer addresses through ARP requests and ARP responses. The address resolution is a process in which the host converts the target IP address into a target MAC address before transmitting a frame. The basic function of the ARP is to query the MAC address of the target equipment through its IP address.

istrative unit

The information structure which provides adaptation between the higher order path layer and the multiplex section layer. It consists of an information payload (the higher order VC) and an AU pointer which indicates the offset of the payload frame start relative to the multiplex section frame start.



A who has authority to access all the Management Domains of the EMLCore product. He has access to the whole network and to all the management functionalities.

ADSL

See asymmetric digital subscriber line

advanced ACL

An advanced ACL can define ACL rules based on the source addresses, target addresses, protocol type, such as T source or target port, the type of the ICMP protocol, and message codes.

AF

See assured forwarding

aggregated link

Multiple signaling link sets between two nodes.

aggregation

A collection of objects that makes a whole. An aggregation can be a concrete or conceptual set of whole-part relationships among objects.

AIS

See alarm indication signal

alarm automatic report When an alarm is generated on the device side, the alarm is reported to the Network Management System (NMS) . Then, an alarm prompts and the can view the details of the alarm. alarm cascading

The shunt-wound output of the alarm signals of several subracks or cabinets.

alarm cause

A single disturbance or fault may lead to the detection of multiple defects. A fault cause is the result of a correlation process which is intended to identify the defect that is representative of the disturbance or fault that is causing the problem.

alarm clearance

An operation performed on an alarm. Through this operation, the status of an alarm is changed from uncleared to cleared, which indicates that the fault causing the alarm has been rectified.

alarm indication signal A code sent downstream in a digital network as an indication that an upstream failure has been detected and alarmed. It is associated with multiple transport layers.

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alarm inversion

For the port that has already been configured but has no service, this function can be used to avoid generating relevant alarm information, thus preventing alarm interference. The alarm report condition of the NE port is related to the alarm inverse mode (not inverse, automatic recovery and manual recovery) setting of the NE and the alarm inversion status (Enable and Disable) setting of the port. When the alarm inversion mode of NE is set to no inversion, alarms of the port will be reported as usual no matter whatever the inversion status of the port is. When the alarm inversion mode of the NE is set to automatic recovery, and the alarm inversion state of the port is set to Enabled, then the alarm of the port will be suppressed. The alarm inversion status of the port will automatically recover to "not inverse" after the alarm ends. For the port that has already been configured but not actually loaded with services, this function can be used to avoid generating relevant alarm information, thus preventing alarm interference. When the alarm inverse mode of the NE is set as "not automatic recovery", if the alarm inversion status of the port is set as Enable, the alarm of the port will be reported.

alarm mask

On the host, an alarm management method through which s can set conditions for the system to discard (not to save, display, or query for) the alarm information meeting the conditions.

alarm name

Alarm name is a brief description of the symptom of the failure related to this alarm.

Alarm notification

When an error occurs, the performance measurement system sends performance alarms to the destination (for example, a file and/or fault management system) designated by s.

alarm parameter

Alarm parameters describe the location where the fault has occurred. For example, for an alarm on a board, the parameters include the shelf ID, slot ID and port ID.

alarm severity

The significance of a change in system performance or events. According to ITU-T recommendations, an alarm can have one of the following severities: Critical, Major, Minor, Warning.

alarm status

The devices in the network report traps to the Network Management System (NMS), which displays the alarm statuses in the topological view. The status of an alarm can be critical, major, minor and prompt.

alarm suppression

A function used not to monitor alarms for a specific object, which may be the networkwide equipment, a specific NE, a specific board and even a specific function module of a specific board.

ALS

See automatic laser shutdown

APS

See automatic protection switching

ARP

See Address Resolution Protocol

AS

See Autonomous System

assured forwarding

One of the four per-hop behaviors (PHB) defined by the Diff-Serv workgroup of IETF. It is suitable for certain key data services that require assured bandwidth and short delay. For traffic within the bandwidth limit, AF assures quality in forwarding. For traffic that exceeds the bandwidth limit, AF degrades the service class and continues to forward the traffic instead of discarding the packets.

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asymmetric digital subscriber line

A technology for transmitting digital information at a high bandwidth on existing phone lines to homes and businesses. Unlike regular dialup phone service, ADSL provides continuously-available, "always on" connection. ADSL is asymmetric in that it uses most of the channel to transmit downstream to the and only a small part to receive information from the . ADSL simultaneously accommodates analog (voice) information on the same line. ADSL is generally offered at downstream data rates from 512 Kbps to about 6 Mbps.

asynchronization

Asynchronization does not use the exact data signals timed by the clock. The signals have different frequencies and phases. The asynchronization usually encapsulates the bits into the control flag, which specifies the beginning and end of the bits.

Asynchronous Transfer Mode

A protocol for the transmission of a variety of digital signals using uniform 53 byte cells. A transfer mode in which the information is organized into cells; it is asynchronous in the sense that the recurrence of cells depends on the required or instantaneous bit rate. Statistical and deterministic values may also be used to qualify the transfer mode.

ATM

See Asynchronous Transfer Mode

ATM Adaptation Layer

An interface between higher-layer protocols and the Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM). The AAL provides a conversion function to and from ATM for various types of information, including voice, video, and data.

ATM PVC

ATM permanent virtual circuit

attachment circuit

The physical or virtual circuit attaching a CE to a PE.

attenuation

Reduction of signal magnitude or signal loss, usually expressed in decibels.

AU

See istrative unit

auto-negotiation

An optional function of the IEEE 802.3u Fast Ethernet standard that enables devices to automatically exchange information over a link about speed and duplex abilities.

automatic laser shutdown

A technique (procedure) to automatically shutdown the output power of laser transmitters and optical amplifiers to avoid exposure to hazardous levels.

automatic protection switching

Capability of a transmission system to detect a failure on a working facility and to switch to a standby facility to recover the traffic.

Autonomous System

A network set that uses the same routing policy and is managed by the same technology istration department. Each AS has a unique identifier that is an integer ranging from 1 to 65535. The identifier is assigned by IANA. An AS can be divided into areas.

available bit rate

A kind of service categories defined by the ATM forum. ABR only provides possible forwarding service and applies to the connections that does not require the real-time quality. It does not provide any guarantee in of cell loss or delay.

B B-ISDN

See Broadband Integrated Services Digital Networks

backward

Pertaining to signals or operations propagating in the opposite direction relative to the call set-up.

backward defect indication

When detecting a defect, the sink node of a LSP uses backward defect indication (BDI) to inform the upstream end of the LSP of a downstream defect along the return path.

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base station controller

A Glossary

A logical entity that connects the BTS with the MSC in a GSM network. It interworks with the BTS through the Abis interface, the MSC through the A interface. It provides the following functions: radio resource management, base station management, power control, handover control, and traffic measurement. One BSC controls and manages one or more BTSs in an actual network.

base transceiver station A Base Transceiver Station terminates the radio interface. It allows transmission of traffic and signaling across the air interface. The BTS includes the baseband processing, radio equipment, and the antenna. Basic ACL

A basic ACL can define ACL rules based on only source addresses.

basic input/output system

A firmware stored in the computer mainboard. It contains basic input/output control programs, power-on self test (POST) programs, bootstraps, and system setting information. The BIOS provides hardware setting and control functions for the computer.

bayonet-neillconcelman

A connector used for connecting two coaxial cables.

BC

See boundary clock

BDI

See backward defect indication

BE

See best effort

BER

See bit error rate

best effort

A traditional IP packet transport service. In this service, the diagrams are forwarded following the sequence of the time they reach. All diagrams share the bandwidth of the network and routers. The amount of resource that a diagram can use depends of the time it reaches. BE service does not ensure any improvement in delay time, jitter, packet loss ratio, and high reliability.

BFD

See bidirectional forwarding detection

BGP

See Border Gateway Protocol

bidirectional forwarding detection

A simple Hello protocol, similar to the adjacent detection in the route protocol. Two systems periodically send BFD detection messages on the channel between the two systems. If one system does not receive the detection message from the other system for a long time, you can infer that the channel is faulty. Under some conditions, the TX and RX rates between systems need to be negotiated to reduce traffic load.

BIOS

See basic input/output system

BIP

See bit-interleaved parity

bit error

An incompatibility between a bit in a transmitted digital signal and the corresponding bit in the received digital signal.

bit error rate

Ratio of received bits that contain errors. BER is an important index used to measure the communications quality of a network.

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bit-interleaved parity

A method of error monitoring. With even parity an X-bit code is generated by the transmitting equipment over a specified portion of the signal in such a manner that the first bit of the code provides even parity over the first bit of all X-bit sequences in the covered portion of the signal, the second bit provides even parity over the second bit of all X-bit sequences within the specified portion, etc. Even parity is generated by setting the BIP-X bits so that there is an even number of 1s in each monitored partition of the signal. A monitored partition comprises all bits which are in the same bit position within the X-bit sequences in the covered portion of the signal. The covered portion includes the BIP-X.

BITS

See building integrated timing supply

BMC

best master clock

BNC

See bayonet-neill-concelman

Border Gateway Protocol

An interautonomous system routing protocol. An autonomous system is a network or group of networks under a common istration and with common routing policies. BGP is used to exchange routing information for the Internet and is the protocol used between Internet service providers (ISP).

boundary clock

A clock with a clock port for each of two or more distinct PTP communication paths.

BPDU

See bridge protocol data unit

bridge protocol data unit

The data messages that are exchanged across the switches within an extended LAN that uses a spanning tree protocol (STP) topology. BPDU packets contain information on ports, addresses, priorities and costs and ensure that the data ends up where it was intended to go. BPDU messages are exchanged across bridges to detect loops in a network topology. The loops are then removed by shutting down selected bridges interfaces and placing redundant switch ports in a backup, or blocked, state.

Broadband Integrated A standard defined by the ITU-T to handle high-bandwidth applications, such as voice. Services Digital It currently uses the ATM technology to transmit data over SONNET-based circuits at Networks 155 to 622 Mbit/s or higher speed. broadband TV

Broadband TV involves accessing multimedia content via a broadband connection and viewing it on a normal TV.

broadcast address

In computer networking, a broadcast address is a network address that allows information to be sent to all nodes on a network, rather than to a specific network host.

broadcast domain

A group of network stations that receives broadcast packets originating from any device within the group. Broadcasts do not through a router, which bound the domains. In addition, the set of ports between which a device forwards a multicast, broadcast, or unknown destination frame.

BSC

See base station controller

BTS

See base transceiver station

BTV

See broadband TV

building integrated timing supply

In the situation of multiple synchronous nodes or communication devices, one can use a device to set up a clock system on the hinge of telecom network to connect the synchronous network as a whole, and provide satisfactory synchronous base signals to the building integrated device. This device is called BITS.

bus

A path or channel for signal transmission. The typical case is that, the bus is an electrical connection that connects one or more conductors. All devices that are connected to a bus, can receive all transmission contents simultaneously.

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C cable distribution plate A component which is used to arrange the cables in order. cable tie

The tape used to bind the cables.

CAR

See committed access rate

carrier sense multiple access/ collision detection

A network access method in which devices that are ready to transmit data first check the channel for a carrier. If no carrier is sensed, a device can transmit. If two devices transmit at once, a collision occurs and each computer backs off and waits a random amount of time before attempting to retransmit. This is the access method used by Ethernet.

CBR

See constant bit rate

CBS

See committed burst size

CC

See connectivity check

CCF

See connection control function

CCM

See continuity check message

CDR

clock and data recovery

CDV

cell delay variation

CDVT

See cell delay variation tolerance

CE

See customer edge

cell delay variation tolerance

This parameter measures the tolerance level a network interface has to aggressive sending (back-to-back or very closely spaced cells) by a connected device, and does not apply to end-systems.

cell loss priority

Field in the ATM cell header that determines the probability of a cell being dropped if the network becomes congested. Cells with CLP = 0 are insured traffic, which is unlikely to be dropped. Cells with CLP = 1 are best-effort traffic, which might be dropped.

CEP

circuit emulation over packet

CES

See circuit emulation service

CF

See compact flash

CFM

See connectivity fault management

chain network

One type of network that all network nodes are connected one after one to be in series.

channel

A telecommunication path of a specific capacity and/or at a specific speed between two or more locations in a network. The channel can be established through wire, radio (microwave), fiber or a combination of the three. The amount of information transmitted per second in a channel is the information transmission speed, expressed in bits per second.

CID

See connection identifier

CIR

See committed information rate

circuit emulation service

A function with which the E1/T1 data can be transmitted through ATM networks. At the transmission end, the interface module packs timeslot data into ATM cells. These ATM cells are sent to the reception end through the ATM network. At the reception end, the interface module re-assigns the data in these ATM cells to E1/T1 timeslots. The CES technology guarantees that the data in E1/T1 timeslots can be recovered to the original sequence at the reception end.

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CIST

See common and internal spanning tree

CLNP

connectionless network protocol

A Glossary

clock synchronization A type of high-decision clock defined by the IEEE 1588 V2 standard. The IEEE 1588 compliant with V2 standard specifies the precision time protocol (PTP) in a measurement and control precision time protocol system. The PTP protocol ensures clock synchronization precise to sub-microseconds. clock tracing

The method to keep the time on each node being synchronized with a clock source in a network.

CLP

See cell loss priority

coarse wavelength division multiplexing

A signal transmission technology that multiplexes widely-spaced optical channels into the same fiber. CWDM widely spaces wavelengths at a spacing of several nm. CWDM does not optical amplifiers and is applied in short-distance chain networking.

colored packet

A packet whose priority is determined by defined colors.

committed access rate

A traffic control method that uses a set of rate limits to be applied to a router interface. CAR is a configurable method by which incoming and outgoing packets can be classified into QoS (Quality of Service) groups, and by which the input or output transmission rate can be defined.

committed burst size

committed burst size. A parameter used to define the capacity of token bucket C, that is, the maximum burst IP packet size when the information is transferred at the committed information rate. This parameter must be larger than 0. It is recommended that this parameter should be not less than the maximum length of the IP packet that might be forwarded.

committed information The rate at which a frame relay network agrees to transfer information in normal rate conditions. Namely, it is the rate, measured in bit/s, at which the token is transferred to the leaky bucket. common and internal spanning tree

The single spanning tree calculated by STP and RSTP together with the logical continuation of that connectivity by using MST Bridges and regions, calculated by MSTP to ensure that all LANs in the bridged local area network are simply and fully connected.

common spanning tree A single spanning tree that connects all the MST regions in a network. Every MST region is considered as a switch; therefore, the CST can be regarded as their spanning tree generated with STP/RSTP. compact flash

Compact flash (CF) was originally developed as a type of data storage device used in portable electronic devices. For storage, CompactFlash typically uses flash memory in a standardized enclosure.

congestion

An extra intra-network or inter-network traffic resulting in decreasing network service efficiency.

congestion management

A flow control measure to solve the problem of network resource competition. When the network congestion occurs, it places the packet into the queue for buffer and determines the order of forwarding the packet.

connection control

The set of functions used for setting up, maintaining and releasing a communication path between two or more s or a and a network entity, e.g. a dual tone multi-frequency receiver.

connection control function

A functional entity in the distributed functional plane of the intelligent network (IN) conceptual model, which provides the basic call services of the bearer (telecom) network and the advanced switch-based services with the call processing and controlling functions.

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connection identifier

The MAC layer defined in the IEEE802.16 protocol is based on connection. Each connection is uniquely identified with a CID.

connectivity check

Ethernet CFM can detect the connectivity between MEPs. The detection is achieved by each MEP transmitting a Continuity Check Message (CCM) periodically.

connectivity fault management

Ethernet connectivity fault management (CFM) is an end-to-end per-service-instance Ethernet layer operation, istration, and management (OAM) protocol. It includes proactive connectivity monitoring, fault verification, and fault isolation for large Ethernet metropolitan-area networks (MANs) and WANs.

constant bit rate

A kind of service categories defined by the ATM forum. CBR transfers cells based on the constant bandwidth. It is applicable to service connections that depend on precise clocking to ensure undistorted transmission.

constraint shortest path An extension of shortest path algorithms like OSPF and IS-IS. The path computed using first CSPF is a shortest path fulfilling set of constrains. It simply means that it runs shortest path algorithm after pruning those links that violate a given set of constraints. A constraint could be minimum bandwidth required per link (also know as bandwidth guaranteed constraint), end-to-end delay, maximum number of link traversed etc. CSPF is widely used in MPLS Traffic Engineering. The routing using CSPF is known as Constraint Based Routing (CBR). constraint-based routed label switched path

An Label Switched Path set up based on certain constraints is called Constraint-based Routed Label Switched Path (CR-LSP).

continuity check message

CCM is used to detect the link status.

control plane

The control plane performs the call control and connection control functions. Through signaling, the control plane sets up and releases connections, and may restore a connection in case of a failure. The control plane also performs other functions in of call and connection control, such as routing information dissemination.

control word

A 4-byte encapsulated packet header. It is used to transmit packets in a MPLS packet switching network.

convergence layer

The convergence layer is a "bridge" between the access layer and the core layer. It provides the convergence and forwarding functions for the access layer. It processes all the traffic from the access layer devices, and provides the uplinks to the core layer. Compared with the access layer, the convergence layer devices should have higher performances, fewer interfaces and higher switching rate. In the real network, the convergence layer refers to the network between UPEs and PE-AGGs.

core layer

The core layer functions as the backbone of high speed switching for networks, and it provides high speed forwarding communications. It has a backbone transmission structure that provides high reliability, high throughput, and low delay. The core layer devices must have a good redundancy, error tolerance, manageability, adaptability, and they dual-system hot backup or load balancing technologies. In a real network, the core layer includes the IP/MPLS backbone network consisting of NPEs and backbone routers.

E

See customer premises equipment

N

customer premises network

CR-LSP

See constraint-based routed label switched path

CRC

See cyclic redundancy check

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crossover cable

A twisted pair patch cable wired in such a way as to route the transmit signals from one piece of equipment to the receive signals of another piece of equipment, and vice versa.

CSMA/CD

See carrier sense multiple access/ collision detection

CSPF

See constraint shortest path first

CST

See common spanning tree

CTD

cell transfer delay

current alarm

An alarm not handled or not acknowledged after being handled.

current performance data

Performance data stored currently in a . An NE provides two types of s, namely, 15-minute and 24-hour , to store performance parameters of a performance monitoring entity. The two types of s stores performance data only in the specified monitoring period.

customer edge

A part of BGP/MPLS IP VPN model. It provides interfaces for direct connection to the Service Provider (SP) network. A CE can be a router, switch, or host.

customer premises equipment

Customer Premises Equipment (E) is equipment located at an end-'s premises. Most Es are telephones or other service equipment. A E can be a Mobile Station (MS) or a Subscriber Station (SS). An MS is mobile equipment, and an SS is fixed equipment.

CV

connectivity verification

CW

See control word

CWDM

See coarse wavelength division multiplexing

cyclic redundancy check

A procedure used in checking for errors in data transmission. CRC error checking uses a complex calculation to generate a number based on the data transmitted. The sending device performs the calculation before transmission and includes it in the packet that it sends to the receiving device. The receiving device repeats the same calculation after transmission. If both devices obtain the same result, it is assumed that the transmission was error free. The procedure is known as a redundancy check because each transmission includes not only data but extra (redundant) error-checking values.

D data communication network

A communication network used in a TMN or between TMNs to the Data Communication Function (DCF).

data communications channel

The data channel that uses the D1-D12 bytes in the overhead of an STM-N signal to transmit information on operation, management, maintenance and provision (OAM&P) between NEs. The DCC channels that are composed of bytes D1-D3 is referred to as the 192 kbit/s DCC-R channel. The other DCC channel that are composed of bytes D4-D12 is referred to as the 576 kbit/s DCC-M channel.

data connection equipment

Data connection equipment including analog, DSL, ISDN, cable modem circuits.

data link layer

Layer 2 in the open system interconnection (OSI) architecture; the layer that provides services to transfer data over the transmission link between open systems.

data terminal equipment

A device composing the UNI. The DTE accesses the data network through the DCE equipment (for example, model) and usually uses the clock signals produced by DCE.

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Datagram

A kind of PDU which is used in Connectionless Network Protocol, such as IP datagram, UDP datagram.

DC

See direct current

DCC

See data communications channel

DCE

See data connection equipment

DCN

See data communication network

DDF

See digital distribution frame

DDN

See digital data network

DE

See discard eligible

DEI

See drop eligible indicator

delay variation

A component of cell transfer delay, which is induced by buffering.

dense wavelength division multiplexing

Technology that utilizes the characteristics of broad bandwidth and low attenuation of single mode optical fiber, employs multiple wavelengths with specific frequency spacing as carriers, and allows multiple channels to transmit simultaneously in the same fiber.

desired Min Tx interval The minimum interval that the local system would like to use when transmitting BFD control packets. Detection multiplier

The desired detect time multiplier for BFD control packets. It determines the session detection time together with the DMTI and RMRI.

DH

See Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol

DH Relay

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol relay (DH relay) is a function that enables forwarding of DH data between the device that requests the IP address and the DH server.

DH Server

A program that allocates the IP addresses of the local address pool to the s at the side and allocates the IP addresses of the relay address pool to the s that through the DH proxy at the network side.

differentiated services

A service architecture that provides the end-to-end QoS function. It consists of a series of functional units implemented at the network nodes, including a small group of perhop forwarding behaviors, packet classification functions, and traffic conditioning functions such as metering, marking, shaping and policing.

DiffServ

See differentiated services

digital data network

A high-quality data transport tunnel that combines the digital channel (such as fiber channel, digital microwave channel, or satellite channel) and the cross multiplex technology.

digital distribution frame

A type of equipment used between the transmission equipment and the exchange with transmission rate of 2 to 155 Mbit/s to provide the functions such as cables connection, cable patching, and test of loops that transmitting digital signals.

digital subscriber line

A technology for providing digital connections over the copper wire or the local telephone network. DSL performs data communication over the POTS lines without affecting the POTS service.

digital subscriber line access multiplexer

A network device, usually situated in the main office of a telephone company that receives signals from multiple customer Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) connections and puts the signals on a high-speed backbone line using multiplexing techniques.

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direct current

Electrical current whose direction of flow does not reverse. The current may stop or change amplitude, but it always flows in the same direction.

discard eligible

A bit in the frame relay header. It indicates the priority of a packet. If a node s the FR QoS, the rate of the accessed FR packets is controlled. When the packet traffic exceeds the specified traffic, the DE value of the redundant packets is set to 1. In the case of network congestion, the packets with DE value as 1 are discarded at the node.

Discrete service

The cross-connection that exists on an NE but cannot form trails on the network management system.

dispersion

The dependence of refraction on the wavelength of light. Different wavelengths are transmitted in an optical medium at different speeds. Wavelengths reach the end of the medium at different times. As a result, the light pulse spreads and the dispersion occurs.

DLL

See data link layer

DMTI

See desired Min Tx interval

DNI

See dual node interconnection

DNS

See domain name service

domain name service

A hierarchical naming system for computers, services, or any resource connected to the Internet or a private network. It associates various information with domain names assigned to each of the participants. The Domain Name System distributes the responsibility of asg domain names and mapping those names to IP addresses by designating authoritative name servers for each domain.

DRDB

dynamic random database

drop eligible indicator

DEI indicates the eight transmission precedence in the PRI field can be combined with drop precedence.

DS

See dynamic service

DS boundary node

A DS node that connects one DS domain to a node either in another DS domain or in a domain that is not DS-capable.

DS domain

In the DifferServ mechanism, the DS domain is a domain consisting of a group of network nodes that share the same service provisioning policy and same PHB. It provides point-to-point QoS guarantees for services transmitted over this domain.

DS interior node

A DS node located at the center of a DS domain. It is a non-DS boundary node.

DS node

A DS-compliant node, which is subdivided into DS boundary node and ID interior node.

DSL

See digital subscriber line

DSLAM

See digital subscriber line access multiplexer

DTE

See data terminal equipment

dual homing

A network topology in which a device is connected to the network at two independent access points. One point is the primary connection and the other a standby connection that is activated in the event of a failure of the primary connection.

dual node interconnection

DNI provides an alternative physical interconnection point, between the rings, in case of an interconnection failure scenario.

dual-ended switching

A protection operation method which takes switching action at both ends of the protected entity (e.g. "connection", "path"), even in the case of a unidirectional failure.

DWDM

See dense wavelength division multiplexing

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Dynamic Host Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DH) is a client-server networking protocol. Configuration Protocol A DH server provides configuration parameters specific to the DH client host requesting, generally, information required by the host to participate on the Internet network. DH also provides a mechanism for allocation of IP addresses to hosts. dynamic service

A term used in IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers) 802.16 networks to describe a set of messages and protocols that allow a base station and subscriber station to add, modify, or delete the characteristics of s service flow.

E E-LAN

See Ethernet LAN

E-Tree

See Ethernet-tree

E1

A European standard for high-speed data transmission at 2.048 Mbit/s. It provides 32 x 64 kbit/s channels.

EBS

See excess burst size

ECC

See embedded control channel

Edge LSR

The basic unit of the MPLS network is LSR. The network composed by LSR is named MPLS domain. LSR is located at the edge of the MPLS domain. LSR used to connect other network is named Label Edge Router (LER). The LSR in the core of the internal area is the core LSR. The core LSR can be the router that s MPLS and be the ATM-LSR generated after the ATM switch is ungraded. LSRs in the domain communicated by MPLS.

EF

See expedited forwarding

EFM

See Ethernet in the first mile

EGP

See Exterior Gateway Protocol

Egress

The group is transferred along the LSP consisting of a series of LSRs after the group is labeled. The egress LER is named Egress.

electromagnetic compatibility

Electromagnetic compatibility is the condition which prevails when telecommunications equipment is performing its individually designed function in a common electromagnetic environment without causing or suffering unacceptable degradation due to unintentional electromagnetic interference to or from other equipment in the same environment.

electromagnetic interference

Any electromagnetic disturbance that interrupts, obstructs, or otherwise degrades or limits the effective performance of electronics/electrical equipment.

electromagnetic shielding

The process of limiting the coupling of an electromagnetic field between two locations. Typically, it is applied to enclosures, separating electrical circuits from external surroundings, and to cables, separating internal wires from the surroundings that the cable es through.

electrostatic discharge

The sudden and momentary electric current that flows between two objects at different electrical potentials caused by direct or induced by an electrostatic field.

embedded control channel

A logical channel that uses a data communications channel (DCC) as its physical layer, to enable transmission of operation, istration, and maintenance (OAM) information between NEs.

EMC

See electromagnetic compatibility

EMI

See electromagnetic interference

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EMS

See electromagnetic shielding

Engineering label

A mark on a cable, a subrack, or a cabinet for identification.

EPL

See Ethernet private line

EPLAN

See Ethernet private LAN service

error tolerance

The ability of a system or component to continue normal operation despite the presence of erroneous inputs.

errored frame second

A one-second interval during which at least one errored frame is detected.

ESD

See electrostatic discharge

ESD jack

Electrostatic discharge jack. A hole in the cabinet or shelf, which connect the shelf or cabinet to the insertion of ESD wrist strap.

ETH-LT

Ethernet link trace

Ethernet in the first mile

Last mile access from the broadband device to the community. The EFM takes the advantages of the SHDSL.b is technology and the Ethernet technology. The EFM provides both the traditional voice service and internet access service of high speed. In addition, it meets the s' requirements on high definition television system (HDTV) and Video On Demand (VOD).

Ethernet LAN

A type of Ethernet service that is based on a multipoint-to-multipoint EVC (Ethernet virtual connection).

Ethernet private LAN service

An Ethernet service type, which carries Ethernet characteristic information over a dedicated bridge, point-to-multipoint connections, provided by SDH, PDH, ATM, or MPLS server layer networks.

Ethernet private line

A type of Ethernet service that is provided with dedicated bandwidth and point-to-point connections on an SDH, PDH, ATM, or MPLS server layer network.

Ethernet virtual private LAN

A service that is both a LAN service and a virtual private service.

Ethernet virtual private LAN service

An Ethernet service type, which carries Ethernet characteristic information over a shared bridge, point-to-multipoint connections, provided by SDH, PDH, ATM, or MPLS server layer networks.

Ethernet-tree

An Ethernet service type that is based on a Point-to-multipoint Ethernet Virtual Connection.

ETS

European Telecommunication Standards

ETSI

See European Telecommunications Standards Institute

European Telecommunications Standards Institute

A standards-setting body in Europe. Also the standards body responsible for GSM.

EVPLAN

See Ethernet virtual private LAN service

EVPLn

See Ethernet virtual private LAN

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excess burst size

A parameter related to traffic. In the single rate three color marker (srTCM) mode, the traffic control is achieved by the token buckets C and E. Excess burst size is a parameter used to define the capacity of token bucket E, that is, the maximum burst IP packet size when the information is transferred at the committed information rate. This parameter must be larger than 0. It is recommended that this parameter should be not less than the maximum length of the IP packet that might be forwarded.

Exercise Switching

An operation to check if the protection switching protocol functions normally. The protection switching is not really performed.

EXP

See experimental bits

expedited forwarding

The highest order QoS in the Diff-Serv network. EF PHB is suitable for services that demand low packet loss ratio, short delay, and broad bandwidth. In all the cases, EF traffic can guarantee a transmission rate equal to or faster than the set rate. The DS value of EF PHB is "101110".

experimental bits

A field in the MPLS packet header, three bits long. This field is always used to identify the CoS of the MPLS packet.

Extended ID

The number of the subnet that an NE belongs to, for identifying different network segments in a WAN. The extended ID and ID form the physical ID of the NE.

Exterior Gateway Protocol

A protocol for exchanging routing information between two neighbor gateway hosts (each with its own router) in a network of autonomous systems.

extra traffic

The traffic that is carried over the protection channels when that capacity is not used for the protection of working traffic. Extra traffic is not protected.

F fair queue

A mechanism for queue scheduling in which network resource is allocated equally and delay and jitter time of all traffic are optimized.

fast Ethernet

Any network that s transmission rate of 100Mbits/s. The Fast Ethernet is 10 times faster than 10BaseT, and inherits frame format, MAC addressing scheme, MTU, and so on. Fast Ethernet is extended from the IEEE802.3 standard, and it uses the following three types of transmission media: 100BASE-T4 (4 pairs of phone twisted-pair cables), 100BASE-TX (2 pairs of data twisted-pair cables), and 100BASE-FX (2-core optical fibers).

fast reroute

A technology to locally protect MPLS TE network. Only the interface with the speed of 100 Mbps can FRR. If the switching speed of FRR can reach 50ms, the packet loss decreases when some faults occur on the network. FRR is applicable to services that are very sensitive to packet loss and delay. When a fault is detected at the lower layer, the lower layer informs the upper routing system of the fault. Then the routing system forwards packets through a backup link. In this manner, the impact of the link fault on services is minimized. FRR is local and temporary. Once the protected LSP recovers or a new LSP is set up, traffic is switched to the original or the new LSP. After you configure FRR on LSP and some link or some node on LSP is invalid, traffic is switched to the protected link and a new LSP is trying to be set up on the LSP ingress.

FDI

See forward defect indication

FE

See fast Ethernet

FEC

See forwarding equivalence class

FF

See fixed filter style

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FFD

fast failure detection

FFD packet

FFD is a path failure detection method independent from CV. Different from a CV packet, the frequency for generating FFD packets is configurable to satisfy different service requirements. An FFD packet contains information the same as that in a CV packet. The destination end LSR processes FFD packets in the same way for processing CV packets.

FIB

See forward information base

fiber patch cord

A kind of fiber used for connections between the subrack and the ODF, and for connections between subracks or inside a subrack.

field programmable gate array

A type of semi-customized circuit used in the Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) field. It is developed on the basis of the programmable components, such as the PAL, GAL, and EPLD. It not only remedies the defects of customized circuits, but also overcomes the disadvantage of the original programmable components in of the limited number of gate arrays.

FIFO

See first in first out queuing

File Transfer Protocol

A member of the T/IP suite of protocols, used to copy files between two computers on the Internet. Both computers must their respective FTP roles: one must be an FTP client and the other an FTP server.

filler

A piece of board to cover vacant slots, to keep the frame away from dirt, to keep proper airflow inside the frame, and to beautify the frame appearance.

first in first out queuing A queuing policy that features that the packet reaching earlier can be allocated resource firstly. fixed filter style

On an MPLS network, an RSVP node creates a distinct reservation for data packets from a particular sender. This sender does not share its resource reservation with other senders.

flash memory

A type of special electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) and can be erased and rewritten in blocks at a time instead of only one byte. The data shored in flash memory will not be lost if the flash memory is powered off.

flow control

A set of mechanisms used to prevent the network from being overloaded by regulating the input rate transmissions.

flow queue

The same type of services of a is considered one service flow; HQoS performs queue scheduling according to the services of each . The service flows of each are classified into four FQs, namely, CS, EF, AF, and BE. CS is assigned a traffic shaping percentage for Priority Queuing (PQ); EF, AF, and BE are assigned weights for Weighted Fair Queuing (WFQ). The preceding two scheduling modes occupy a certain bandwidth each; they can act at the same time without interfering each other.

Forward

It is the direction that traffic flows along the detected LSP.

forward defect indication

Forward defect indication (FDI) is generated and traced forward to the sink node of the LSP by the node that first detects defects. It includes fields to indicate the nature of the defect and its location. Its primary purpose is to suppress alarms being raised at affected higher level client LSPs and (in turn) their client layers.

forward information base

In data communication, a table of information that provides network hardware (bridges and routers) with the directions needed to forward packets of data to locations on other networks. The information contained in a routing table differs according to whether it is used by a bridge or a router. A bridge relies on both the source (originating) and destination addresses to determine where and how to forward a packet.

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forwarding equivalence As a class-based forwarding technology, MPLS classifies the packets with the same class forwarding mode, and the process is called Forwarding Equivalence Class. Packets with the same FEC are processed similarly on an MPLS network. It is flexible to divide FECs, and it can be a combination of the source address, the destination address, the source port, the destination port, the protocol type, the VPN, and so on. Forwarding plane

Also referred to as the data plane. The forwarding plane is connection-oriented, and can be used in Layer 2 networks such as an ATM network.

FPGA

See field programmable gate array

FPS

PW fast protection switching (FPS) achieves dual-homing protection for E-Line services.

FQ

See fair queue

FR

See frame relay

frame relay

A packet-switching protocol for use on WANs (wide area networks). Frame relay transmits variable-length packets at up to 2 Mbps over predetermined, set paths known as PVCs (permanent virtual circuits). It is a variant of X.25 but dispenses with some of X.25's error detection for the sake of speed. See also ATM (definition 1), X.25.

Free-run mode

An operating condition of a clock, the output signal of which is strongly influenced by the oscillating element and not controlled by servo phase-locking techniques. In this mode the clock has never had a network reference input, or the clock has lost external reference and has no access to stored data, that could be acquired from a previously connected external reference. Free-run begins when the clock output no longer reflects the influence of a connected external reference, or transition from it. Free-run terminates when the clock output has achieved lock to an external reference.

FRR

See fast reroute

FTP

See File Transfer Protocol

full-duplex

A full-duplex, or sometimes double-duplex system, allows communication in both directions, and, unlike half-duplex, allows this to happen simultaneously. Land-line telephone networks are full-duplex, since they allow both callers to speak and be heard at the same time. A good analogy for a full-duplex system would be a two-lane road with one lane for each direction.

G Gateway IP

When an NE accesses a remote network management system or NE, a router can be used to enable the T/IP communication. In this case, the IP address of the router is the gateway IP. Only the gateway NE requires the IP address. The IP address itself cannot identify the uniqueness of an NE. The same IP addresses may exist in different T/IP networks. An NE may have multiple IP addresses, for example, one IP address of the network and one IP address of the Ethernet port.

gateway network element

A network element that is used for communication between the NE application layer and the NM application layer

GE

See gigabit Ethernet

generic framing procedure

A framing and encapsulated method which can be applied to any data type. It has been standardized by ITU-T SG15.

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generic routing encapsulation

Applied to the encapsulation of IP datagrams tunneled through the internet, GRE is a mechanism for encapsulating any network layer protocol over any other network. GRE serves as a Layer 3 tunneling protocol, and provides a tunnel for transparently transmitting data packets.

GFP

See generic framing procedure

gigabit Ethernet

GE adopts the IEEE 802.3z. GE is compatible with 10 Mbit/s and 100 Mbit/s Ethernet. It runs at 1000 Mbit/s. Gigabit Ethernet uses a private medium, and it does not coaxial cables or other cables. It also s the channels in the bandwidth mode. If Gigabit Ethernet is, however, deployed to be the private bandwidth system with a bridge (switch) or a router as the center, it gives full play to the performance and the bandwidth. In the network structure, Gigabit Ethernet uses full duplex links that are private, causing the length of the links to be sufficient for backbone applications in a building and campus.

Global Positioning System

A global navigation satellite system. It provides reliable positioning, navigation, and timing services to worldwide s.

global system for mobile communications

The second-generation mobile networking standard defined by ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute).

GND

Ground

GNE

See gateway network element

GPS

See Global Positioning System

GR

See graceful restart

graceful restart

In IETF, protocols related to Internet Protocol/Multiprotocol Label Switching (IP/ MPLS) such as Open Shortest Path First (OSPF), Intermediate System-Intermediate System (IS-IS), Border Gateway Protocol (BGP), Label Distribution Protocol (LDP), and Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP) are extended to ensure that the forwarding is not interrupted when the system is restarted. This reduces the flapping of the protocols at the control plane when the system performs the active/standby switchover. This series of standards is called graceful restart.

graphical interface A visual computer environment that represents programs, files, and options with graphical images, such as icons, menus, and dialog boxes, on the screen. GRE

See generic routing encapsulation

GSM

See global system for mobile communications

GUI

See graphical interface

H half-duplex

A transmitting mode in which a half-duplex system provides for communication in both directions, but only one direction at a time (not simultaneously). Typically, once a party begins receiving a signal, it must wait for the transmitter to stop transmitting, before replying.

Hardware loopback

A connection mode in which a fiber jumper is used to connect the input optical interface to the output optical interface of a board to achieve signal loopback.

HDSL

high-speed digital subscriber line

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hello packet

It is the commonest packet which is periodically sent by a router to its neighbors. It contains DR, Backup Designated Router (BDR), the known neighbors and the values of timers.

High Speed Downlink Packet Access

A modulating-demodulating algorithm put forward in 3GPP R5 to meet the requirement for asymmetric uplink and downlink transmission of data services. It enables the maximum downlink data service rate to reach 14.4 Mbit/s without changing the WCDMA network topology.

higher order path

In an SDH network, the higher order path layers provide a server network from the lower order path layers.

History Performance Data

The performance data that is stored in the history or that is automatically reported and stored in the NMS.

Hold priority

The priority of the tunnel with respect to holding resources, ranging from 0 (indicates the highest priority) to 7. It is used to determine whether the resources occupied by the tunnel can be preempted by other tunnels.

hot plugging

A technology used to improve the reliability and maintainability of a system. It ensures that the system performance is not affected when a board is inserted and removed during system running.

hot standby

A mechanism of ensuring device running security. The environment variables and storage information of each running device are synchronized to the standby device. When the faults occur on the running device, the standby device can take over the services in the faulty device in automatic or manual way to ensure the normal running of the entire system.

HP

See higher order path

HSB

See hot standby

HSDPA

See High Speed Downlink Packet Access

I I/O

input/output

IANA

See Internet assigned numbers authority

ICMP

See Internet Control Message Protocol

IE

See information element

IEC

See International Electrotechnical Commission

IEEE

See Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

IETF

See Internet Engineering Task Force

IGMP

See Internet Group Management Protocol

IGMP snooping

A multicast constraint mechanism running on a layer 2 device. This protocol manages and controls the multicast group by listening to and analyze the Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) packet between hosts and layer 3 devices. In this manner, the spread of the multicast data on layer 2 network can be prevented efficiently.

IGP

See Interior Gateway Protocol

IGRP

See Interior Gateway Routing Protocol

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IMA

See inverse multiplexing over ATM

IMA frame

The IMA frame is used as the unit of control in the IMA protocol. It is a logical frame defined as M consecutive cells, numbered 0 to M-l, transmitted on each of the N links in an IMA group.

information element

An Information Element is a group of information which may be included within a signaling message or data flow which is sent across an interface. Examples may include QoS (Quality of Service) definitions, setup parameters, identifiers etc.

Ingress

The group is transferred along the LSP consisting of a series of LSRs after the group is labeled. The ingress LER is named Ingress.

Inloop

A method of looping the signals from the cross-connect unit back to the cross-connect unit.

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

A society of engineering and electronics professionals based in the United States but boasting hip from numerous other countries. The IEEE focuses on electrical, electronics, computer engineering, and science-related matters.

integrated services digital network

A network defined in CCITT, providing comprehensive transmission service for the voice, video, and data. The ISDN enables the voice, video, and data transmission on a small number of data channels simultaneously, thus implementing a comprehensive transmission service.

Interior Gateway Protocol

A routing protocol that is used within an autonomous system. The IGP runs in smallsized and medium-sized networks. The commonly used IGPs are the routing information protocol (RIP), the interior gateway routing protocol (IGRP), the enhanced IGRP (EIGRP), and the open shortest path first (OSPF).

Interior Gateway Routing Protocol

A routing protocol from Cisco that was developed in 1988 to overcome the shortcomings of RIP. IGRP takes bandwidth, latency, reliability and current traffic load into consideration. It is typically used within an autonomous system, such as an Internet domain. IGRP was superseded by Enhanced IGRP (EIGRP).

internal spanning tree

A segment of CIST in a certain MST region. An IST is a special MSTI whose ID is 0.

International Electrotechnical Commission

The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is an international and nongovernmental standards organization dealing with electrical and electronical standards.

International Telecommunication Union

A United Nations agency, one of the most important and influential recommendation bodies, responsible for recommending standards for telecommunication (ITU-T) and radio networks (ITU-R).

Internet assigned numbers authority

The organization operated under the IAB. IANA delegates authority for IP address-space allocation and domain-name assignment to the NIC and other organizations. IANA also maintains a database of assigned protocol identifiers used in the T/IP suite, including autonomous system numbers.

Internet Control Message Protocol

A network-layer (ISO/OSI level 3) Internet protocol that provides error correction and other information relevant to IP packet processing. For example, it can let the IP software on one machine inform another machine about an unreachable destination. See also communications protocol, IP, ISO/OSI reference model, packet (definition 1).

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Internet Engineering Task Force

A worldwide organization of individuals interested in networking and the Internet. Managed by the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG), the IETF is charged with studying technical problems facing the Internet and proposing solutions to the Internet Architecture Board (IAB). The work of the IETF is carried out by various working groups that concentrate on specific topics, such as routing and security. The IETF is the publisher of the specifications that led to the T/IP protocol standard.

Internet Group Management Protocol

The protocol for managing the hip of Internet Protocol multicast groups among the T/IP protocols. It is used by IP hosts and adjacent multicast routers to establish and maintain multicast group hips.

Internet Protocol

The T/IP standard protocol that defines the IP packet as the unit of information sent across an internet and provides the basis for connectionless, best-effort packet delivery service. IP includes the ICMP control and error message protocol as an integral part. The entire protocol suite is often referred to as T/IP because T and IP are the two fundamental protocols. IP is standardized in RFC 791.

Internet protocol television

In the Internet Protocol Television (IPTV) system, video is transmitted in IP packets. Also called "TV over IP", IPTV uses streaming video techniques to deliver scheduled TV programs or video-on-demand (VOD). Unlike transmitting over the air or through cable to a TV set, IPTV uses the transport protocol of the Internet for delivery and requires either a computer and software media player or an IPTV set-top box to decode the images in realtime.

Internet Protocol version 4

The current version of the Internet Protocol (IP). IPv4 utilizes a 32bit address which is assigned to hosts. An address belongs to one of five classes (A, B, C, D, or E) and is written as 4 octets separated by periods and may range from 0.0.0.0 through to 255.255.255.255. Each IPv4 address consists of a network number, an optional subnetwork number, and a host number. The network and subnetwork numbers together are used for routing, and the host number is used to address an individual host within the network or subnetwork.

Internet protocol version 6

A update version of IPv4. It is also called IP Next Generation (IPng). The specifications and standardizations provided by it are consistent with the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). IPv6 is also called. It is a new version of the Internet Protocol, designed as the successor to IPv4. The difference between IPv6 and IPv4 is that an IPv4 address has 32 bits while an IPv6 address has 128 bits.

Internet service provider

An organization that offers s access to the Internet and related services.

interworking

A way to connect telecom devices so that they can communicate with each other.

inverse multiplexing over ATM

The ATM inverse multiplexing technique involves inverse multiplexing and demultiplexing of ATM cells in a cyclical fashion among links grouped to form a higher bandwidth logical link whose rate is approximately the sum of the link rates. This is referred to as an IMA group.

IP

See Internet Protocol

IP address

A 32-bit (4-byte) binary number that uniquely identifies a host (computer) connected to the Internet for communication with other hosts in the Internet by transferring packets. An IP address is expressed in dotted decimal notation, consisting of the decimal values of its 4 bytes, separated with periods; for example, 127.0.0.1. The first three bytes of the IP address identify the network to which the host is connected, and the last byte identify the host itself.

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IP Protocol

IP protocol refers to a protocol suite consisting of a series of standards that enables a data packet to be transmitted to its destination through the Internet. IP protocol provides a connectionless data packet transmission mechanism, shields physical network transmission, addresses IP, and selects routes.

IPTV

See Internet protocol television

IPv4

See Internet Protocol version 4

IPv6

See Internet protocol version 6

ISDN

See integrated services digital network

ISP

See Internet service provider

IST

See internal spanning tree

ITU

See International Telecommunication Union

J jumper

A connection wire for connecting two pins.

L L2VPN

See Layer 2 virtual private network

Label distribution

Packets with the same destination address belong to an FEC. A label out of an MPLS label resource pool is allocated to the FEC. LSRs record the relationship of the label and the FEC. Then, LSRs sends a message and s to upstream LSRs about the label and FEC relationship in message. The process is called label distribution.

Label Distribution Protocol

A protocol defined for distributing labels in MPLS network. It is the set of procedures and messages by which Label Switched Routers (LSRs) establish Label Switched Paths (LSPs) through a network by mapping network-layer routing information directly to data-link layer switched paths. More information about the applicability of LDP can be found in [RFC3037].

label edge router

A device that sits at the edge of an MPLS domain, that uses routing information to assign labels to datagrams and then forwards them into the MPLS domain.

Label space

Value range of the label allocated to peers.

label switched path

A sequence of hops (R0...Rn) in which a packet travels from R0 to Rn through label switching mechanisms. A label-switched path can be chosen dynamically, based on normal routing mechanisms, or through configuration.

label switching router

Basic element of MPLS network. All LSRs the MPLS protocol. The LSR is composed of two parts: control unit and forwarding unit. The former is responsible for allocating the label, selecting the route, creating the label forwarding table, creating and removing the label switch path; the latter forwards the labels according to groups received in the label forwarding table.

LA

See Link Aggregation Control Protocol

LAG

See link aggregation group

LAN

See local area network

LAN switch

It is a piece of equipment used to allocate communication links in a LAN.

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Layer 2 Multicast

When Ethernet is used as the link layer, Layer 2 multicast uses multicast MAC addresses for traffic transmission. Therefore, a technology must exist to map the IP multicast address to the multicast MAC address.

layer 2 switch

A data forwarding method. In LAN, a network bridge or 802.3 Ethernet switch transmits and distributes packet data based on the MAC address. Since the MAC address is the second layer of the OSI model, this data forwarding method is called layer 2 switch.

Layer 2 virtual private A virtual private network achieved by Layer 2 switching technologies in the packet network switched (IP/MPLS) network. LB

See loopback

LBM

See loopback message

LBR

See loopback reply

LC

Lucent connector

LCT

local craft terminal

LDP

See Label Distribution Protocol

LDP peer

Two LSRs that use LDP to exchange labels or FEC mappings. LDP sessions exist between them.

LER

See label edge router

limit rate

A traffic management technology used to limit the total rate of packet sending on a physical interface or a Tunnel interface. LR is directly enabled on the interface to control the traffic ing the interface.

line rate

The maximum packet forwarding capacity on a cable. The value of line rate equals the maximum transmission rate capable on a given type of media.

Link Aggregation Control Protocol

A method of bundling a group of physical interfaces together as a logical interface to increase bandwidth and reliability. For related protocols and standards, refer to IEEE 802.3ad.

link aggregation group An aggregation that allows one or more links to be aggregated together to form a link aggregation group so that a MAC client can treat the link aggregation group as if it were a single link. Link Control Protocol

In the Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP), the Link Control Protocol (L) establishes, configures, and tests data-link Internet connections.

Link Group

According to some principles, links are divided into the set in the logical term. A set of links is called the link group. The division makes management more convenient.

Link Layer Discovery Protocol

The Link Layer Discovery Protocol (LLDP) is an L2D protocol defined in IEEE 802.1ab. Using the LLDP, the NMS can rapidly obtain the Layer 2 network topology and changes in topology when the network scales expand.

Link Monitoring

Link monitoring is a mechanism for an interface to notify the peer of the fault when the interface detects that the number of errored frames, errored codes, or errored frame seconds reaches or exceeds the specified threshold.

Link Protection

Protection provided by the by tunnel for the link on the working tunnel. The link is a downstream link adjacent to the PLR. When the PLR fails to provide node protection, the link protection should be provided.

link state ment

The link in LSA is any type of connection between OSPF routers, while the state is the condition of the link.

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link state database

A database containing the states of all the links.

Link status

The running status of a link, which can be Up, Down, backup, or unknown.

linktrace message

The message sent by the initiator MEP of 802.1ag MAC Trace to the destination MEP is called Linktrace Message(LTM). LTM includes the Time to Live (TTL) and the MAC address of the destination MEP2.

linktrace reply

For 802.1ag MAC Trace, the destination MEP replies with a response message to the source MEP after the destination MEP receives the LTM, and the response message is called Linktrace Reply (LTR). LTR also includes the TTL that equals the result of the TTL of LTM minus 1.

LLC

See logical link control

LLDP

See Link Layer Discovery Protocol

LLID

locate loopback ID

LMP

link management protocol

LMSP

linear multiplex section protection

load sharing

A device running mode. Two or more hardware units can averagely share the system load according to their processing capabilities when they work normally. When a hardware unit becomes faulty, the other units fulfill the tasks of the faulty unit on the precondition of guaranteeing the system performance, for example, few call loss.

local area network

A network formed by the computers and workstations within the coverage of a few square kilometers or within a single building. It features high speed and low error rate. Ethernet, FDDI, and Token Ring are three technologies used to implement a LAN. Current LANs are generally based on switched Ethernet or Wi-Fi technology and running at 1,000 Mbit/ s (that is, 1 Gbit/s).

Lock status

Services are not switched to the protection board or channel when a fault occurs, if currently no switching takes place. If currently the switching takes place, after the working board or channel recovers to normal, the services are not switched back to the working board or channel.

Locked switching

When the switching condition is satisfied, this function disables the service from being switched from the working channel to the protection channel. When the service has been switched, the function enables the service to be restored from the protection channel to the working channel.

LOF

See Loss Of Frame

logical link control

According to the IEEE 802 family of standards, Logical Link Control (LLC) is the upper sublayer of the OSI data link layer. The LLC is the same for the various physical media (such as Ethernet, token ring, WLAN).

LOM

loss of multiframe

loopback

A troubleshooting technique that returns a transmitted signal to its source so that the signal or message can be analyzed for errors.

loopback message

The loopback packet sent by the node that s 802.2ag MAC Ping to the destination node. LBM message carries its own sending time.

loopback reply

For 802.2ag MAC Ping, the destination MEP replies with a response message to the source MEP after the destination MEP receives the LBM, and the response message is called Loopback Reply. The LBR carries the sending time of LBM, the receiving time of LBM and the sending time of LBR.

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LOP

See loss of pointer

LOS

See Loss Of Signal

Loss Of Frame

A condition at the receiver or a maintenance signal transmitted in the PHY overhead indicating that the receiving equipment has lost frame delineation. This is used to monitor the performance of the PHY layer.

loss of pointer

Loss of Pointer: A condition at the receiver or a maintenance signal transmitted in the PHY overhead indicating that the receiving equipment has lost the pointer to the start of cell in the payload. This is used to monitor the performance of the PHY layer.

Loss Of Signal

Loss of signal (LOS) indicates that there are no transitions occurring in the received signal.

low priority queuing

LPQ is performed after WFQ. It also means the device schedules queues strictly based on the priority of queues.

Lower subrack

The subrack close to the bottom of the cabinet when a cabinet contains several subracks.

Lower Threshold

When the performance event count value is smaller than a certain value, a thresholdcrossing event occurs. The value is the lower threshold.

LP

lower order path

LPQ

See low priority queuing

LPT

link-state through

LR

See limit rate

LSA

See link state ment

LSDB

See link state database

LSP

See label switched path

LSP tunnel

For an LSP, after a label is assigned to an FEC on the ingress, the label determines the traffic forwarding. The traffic is transparent to the intermediate nodes. In this sense, an LSP can be regarded as an LSP tunnel.

LSR

See label switching router

LSS

loss of sequence synchronization

LT

linktrace

LTM

See linktrace message

LTR

See linktrace reply

M MA

See maintenance association

MAC

See media access control

MAC address learning Service that characterizes a learning bridge, in which the source MAC address of each received packets is stored so that future packets destined for that address can be forwarded only to the bridge interface on which that address is located. Packets destined for unrecognized addresses are forwarded out every bridge interface. This scheme helps minimize traffic on the attached LANs. MAC address learning is defined in the IEEE 802.1 standard.

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main distribution frame

A device at a central office, on which all local loops are terminated.

mains supply

The commercial power supply of a nation. In China, the nominal voltage of the mains supply is 220 V AC and the frequency is 50 Hz.

maintenance association

That portion of a Service Instance, preferably all of it or as much as possible, the connectivity of which is maintained by CFM. It is also a full mesh of Maintenance Entities.

maintenance association end point

A MEP is an actively managed CFM Entity, associated with a specific DSAP of a Service Instance, which can generate and receive CFM frames and track any responses. It is an end point of a single Maintenance Association, and terminates a separate Maintenance Entity for each of the other MEPs in the same Maintenance Association.

maintenance association intermediate point

A CFM Entity, associated with a specific pair of ISS Service Access Points or EISS Service Access Points, which reacts and responds to CFM frames. It is associated with a single Maintenance Association, and is an intermediate point within one or more Maintenance Entities.

maintenance domain

The network or the part of the network for which connectivity is managed by CFM. The devices in an MD are managed by a single ISP.

maintenance point

Maintenance Point (MP) is one of either a MEP or a MIP.

MAN

See metropolitan area network

Management right

The right enabling a to manage the specified devices and boards or the group of a to manage specified domains.

manual switch

Switches normal traffic signal to the protection section, unless a failure condition exists on other sections (including the protection section) or an equal or higher priority switch command is in effect, by issuing a manual switch request for that normal traffic signal.

master-slave synchronization

In the master-slave mode, a designated master clock disseminates its frequency reference to all other slave clocks.

maximum transmission The largest packet of data that can be transmitted on a network. MTU size varies, unit depending on the network, 576 bytes on X.25 networks, for example, 1500 bytes on Ethernet, and 17,914 bytes on 16 Mbps Token Ring. Responsibility for determining the size of the MTU lies with the link layer of the network. When packets are transmitted across networks, the path MTU, or PMTU, represents the smallest packet size (the one that all networks can transmit without breaking up the packet) among the networks involved. MBS

maximum burst size

MCF

See message communication function

MCR

See minimum cell rate

MD

See maintenance domain

MD5

See message digest algorithm 5

MDF

See main distribution frame

MDP

See message dispatch processor

Mean Time Between Failures

The average time between consecutive failures of a piece of equipment. It is a measure of the reliability of the system.

Mean Time To Repair

The average time that a device will take to recover from a failure.

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media access control

A protocol at the media access control sublayer. The protocol is at the lower part of the data link layer in the OSI model and is mainly responsible for controlling and connecting the physical media at the physical layer. When transmitting data, the MAC protocol checks whether to be able to transmit data. If the data can be transmitted, certain control information is added to the data, and then the data and the control information are transmitted in a specified format to the physical layer. When receiving data, the MAC protocol checks whether the information is correct and whether the data is transmitted correctly. If the information is correct and the data is transmitted correctly, the control information is removed from the data and then the data is transmitted to the LLC layer.

media gateway

A logical entity that converts the format of the media of a network to meet the format requirement of another network. It can process audio services, video services and data services, and convert the media format in full duplex mode. In addition, it can play certain audio and video signals, and provide the IVR function and media conference.

MEP

See maintenance association end point

merge point

The LSR where one or more backup tunnels re the path of the protected LSP downstream of the potential failure. The same LSR may be both an MP and a PLR simultaneously.

message communication function

The MCF is composed of a protocol stack that allows exchange of management information with their prs.

message digest algorithm 5

A hash function that is used in a variety of security applications to check message integrity. MD5 processes a variable-length message into a fixed-length output of 128 bits. It breaks up an input message into 512-bit blocks (sixteen 32-bit little-endian integers). After a series of processing, the output consists of four 32-bit words, which are then cascaded into a 128-bit hash number.

message dispatch processor

The MDP roughly processes the received messages, and then sends the messages to the destinations.

metropolitan area network

A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a network that interconnects s with computer resources in a geographic area or region larger than that covered by even a large local area network (LAN) but smaller than the area covered by a wide area network (WAN). The term is applied to the interconnection of networks in a city into a single larger network (which may then also offer efficient connection to a wide area network). It is also used to mean the interconnection of several local area networks by bridging them with backbone lines. The latter usage is also sometimes referred to as a campus network.

MGW

See media gateway

microwave

The portion of the electromagnetic spectrum with much longer wavelengths than infrared radiation, typically above about 1 mm.

minimum cell rate

Minimum Cell Rate (MCR). Parameter defined by the ATM Forum for ATM traffic management. MCR is defined only for Available Bit Rate (ABR) transmissions, and specifies the minimum value for the ACR.

MIP

See maintenance association intermediate point

mirror

It is an action to store a copy of a file to another archive site to release the load of the original site, or to provide an archive site closer to the s geographically.

MLD

See multicast listener discovery

MLPPP

See Multi-link Point to Point Protocol

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MP

See merge point

MP

See maintenance point

MP-BGP

See Multi-protocol Extensions for Border Gateway Protocol

MPLS L2VPN

The MPLS L2VPN provides the Layer 2 VPN service based on an MPLS network. In this case, on a uniform MPLS network, the carrier is able to provide Layer 2 VPNs of different media types, such as ATM, FR, VLAN, Ethernet, and PPP.

MPLS OAM

The MPLS OAM provides continuity check for a single LSP, and provides a set of fault detection tools and fault correct mechanisms for MPLS networks. The MPLS OAM and relevant protection switching components implement the detection function for the CRLSP forwarding plane, and perform the protection switching in 50 ms after a fault occurs. In this way, the impact of a fault can be lowered to the minimum.

MPLS TE tunnel

In the case of reroute deployment, or when traffic needs to be transported through multiple trails, multiple LSP tunnels might be used. In traffic engineering, such a group of LSP tunnels are referred to as TE tunnels. An LSP tunnel of this kind has two identifiers. One is the Tunnel ID carried by the SENDER object, and is used to uniquely define the TE tunnel. The other is the LSP ID carried by the SENDER_TEMPLATE or FILTER_SPEC object.

MS

See multiplex section

MSP

See multiplex section protection

MST

See multiplex section termination

MSTI

See multiple spanning tree instance

MSTP

See Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol

MTBF

See Mean Time Between Failures

MTTR

See Mean Time To Repair

MTU

See maximum transmission unit

Multi-link Point to Point Protocol

A protocol used in ISDN connections. MLPPP lets two B channels act as a single line, doubling connection rates to 128 kbit/s.

Multi-protocol Extensions for Border Gateway Protocol

A multi-protocol extension of BGP-4. MP-BGP s multiple network layer protocols and identifies the protocols based on address families. MP-BGP transmits VPN composition information and VPN-IPv4 routes between PEs.

Multicast

A process of transmitting packets of data from one source to many destinations. The destination address of the multicast packet uses Class D address, that is, the IP address ranges from 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255. Each multicast address represents a multicast group rather than a host.

multicast group

A set of participating in the packet multicast service. The multicast group is defined by a rule (or set of rules) which identifies a collection of implicitly or explicitly. This rule may associate for the purpose of participating in a call, or may associate who do not participate in data transfer but do participate in management, security, control, and ing for the multicast group.

multicast listener discovery

The MLD is used by the IPv6 router to discover the multicast listeners on their directly connected network segments, and set up and maintain member relationships. On IPv6 networks, after MLD is configured on the receiver hosts and the multicast router to which the hosts are directly connected, the hosts can dynamically related groups and the multicast router can manage on the local network.

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multiple spanning tree Multiple spanning tree instance. One of a number of Spanning Trees calculated by MSTP instance within an MST Region, to provide a simply and fully connected active topology for frames classified as belonging to a VLAN that is mapped to the MSTI by the MST Configuration. A VLAN cannot be assigned to multiple MSTIs. Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol

Multiple spanning tree protocol. The MSTP can be used in a loop network. Using an algorithm, the MSTP blocks redundant paths so that the loop network can be trimmed as a tree network. In this case, the proliferation and endless cycling of packets is avoided in the loop network. The protocol that introduces the mapping between VLANs and multiple spanning trees. This solves the problem that data cannot be normally forwarded in a VLAN because in STP/RSTP, only one spanning tree corresponds to all the VLANs.

Multiple Spanning Tree Region

The MST region consists of switches that the MSTP in the LAN and links among them. Switches physically and directly connected and configured with the same MST region attributes belong to the same MST region. The attributes for the same MST region are as follows: Same region name Same revision level Same mapping relation between the VLAN ID to MSTI

multiplex section

The trail between and including two multiplex section trail termination functions.

multiplex section protection

A function, which is performed to provide capability for switching a signal between and including two multiplex section termination (MST) functions, from a "working" to a "protection" channel.

multiplex section termination

The function performed to generate the MSOH in the process of forming an SDH frame signal and terminates the MSOH in the reverse direction.

Multiplexing

A procedure by which multiple lower order path layer signals are adapted into a higher order path or the multiple higher order path layer signals are adapted into a multiplex section.

Multiservice capability It specifies whether multiple services can be independently processed during a session.

N NA

See network address

N

See Network Control Protocol

NE database

There are three types of database on NE SCC board as following: (1) DRDB: a dynamic database in a dynamic RAM, powered by battery; (2) SDB: a static database in a powerdown RAM; (3) FDB0, FDB0: permanently saved databases in a Flash ROM. In efficient operation, the NE configuration data is saved in DRDB and SDB at the same time. Backing up an NE database means backing up the NE configuration data from SDB to FDB0 and FDB1. When an NE is restarted after power-down, the NE database is restored in the following procedures: As the SDB data is lost due to power-down, the main control restores the data first from DRDB. If the data in DRDB is also lost due to the exhaustion of the battery, the data is restored from FDB0 or FDB1.

NE ID

An ID that indicates a managed device in the network. In the network, each NE has a unique NE ID.

NE side

The NE configuration data saved on the SCC board of the equipment, which can be ed to the network management system and then stored in databases on the network management system NE side.

network address

On the Internet, addresses are based on the IP protocol, which uses a 32-bit code in the IP header to identify host addresses.

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Network Control Protocol

This is the program that switches the virtual circuit connections into place, implements path control, and operates the Synchronous Data Link Control (SDLC) link.

Network diameter

The maximum of network bridges that the communication es through between any two terminal devices in the switched network.

Network entity

Network entity refers to the universal basic devices used to describe the functions and structure of the transmission network, which considerably facilitates the description of the network. The network entities include transmission object and sub-network.

network layer

The network layer is layer 3 of the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking. The network layer provides routing and addressing so that two terminal systems are interconnected. In addition, the network layer provides congestion control and traffic control. In the T/IP protocol suite, the functions of the network layer are specified and implemented by IP protocols. Therefore, the network layer is also called IP layer.

Network Management A system in charge of the operation, istration, and maintenance of a network. System network node interface The interface at a network node which is used to interconnect with another network node. network segment

A part of an Ethernet or other network, on which all message traffic is common to all nodes, that is, it is broadcast from one node on the segment and received by all others.

network service access A network address defined by ISO, through which entities on the network layer can point access OSI network services. network storm

A phenomenon that occurs during data communication. To be specific, mass broadcast packets are transmitted in a short time; the network is congested; transmission quality and availability of the network decrease rapidly. The network storm is caused by net

Network Time Protocol The Network Time Protocol (NTP) defines the time synchronization mechanism. It synchronizes the time between the distributed time server and the client. network unit layer

The logical layer that implements the configuration, failure and performance for a single network element in the layered management architecture of the telecom network management system.

NMS

See Network Management System

NHOP

next-hop

NNI

See network node interface

Node Protection

A parameter of the FRR protection. It indicates that the by tunnel should be able to protect the downstream node that is involved in the working tunnel and adjacent to the PLR. The node cannot be a merge point, and the by tunnel should also be able to protect the downstream link that is involved in the working tunnel and adjacent to the PLR.

NPC

network parameter control

NRT

non-real-time

NSAP

See network service access point

NSF

not stop forwarding

NTP

See Network Time Protocol

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O OAM

See operation, istration and maintenance

OAMPDU

oam protocol data unit

ODF

See optical distribution frame

OOF

See out of frame

open shortest path first A link-state, hierarchical interior gateway protocol (IGP) for network routing. Dijkstra's algorithm is used to calculate the shortest path tree. It uses cost as its routing metric. A link state database is constructed of the network topology which is identical on all routers in the area. Open Systems Interconnection

A framework of ISO standards for communication between different systems made by different vendors, in which the communications process is organized into seven different categories that are placed in a layered sequence based on their relationship to the . Each layer uses the layer immediately below it and provides a service to the layer above. Layers 7 through 4 deal with end-to-end communication between the message source and destination, and layers 3 through 1 deal with network functions.

operation log

The Operations Log is a list of information about operation events.

operation, istration and maintenance

A group of network functions that monitor and sustain segment operation, activities that are concerned with, but not limited to, failure detection, notification, location, and repairs that are intended to eliminate faults and keep a segment in an operational state and activities required to provide the services of a subscriber access network to s/subscribers.

optic fiber connector

A device installed at the end of a fiber, optical source or receive unit. It is used to couple the optical wave to the fiber when connected to another device of the same type. A connector can either connect two fiber ends or connect a fiber end and a optical source (or a detector).+

optical distribution frame

A frame which is used to transfer and spool fibers.

optical fiber

A thin filament of glass or other transparent material, through which a signal-encoded light beam may be transmitted using total internal reflection.

OSI

See Open Systems Interconnection

OSPF

See open shortest path first

out of frame

An NE transmits an OOF downstream when it receives framing errors in a specified number of consecutive frame bit positions.

Outloop

A method of looping back the input signals received at an port to an output port without changing the structure of the signals.

overcurrent protection A circuit protection technology. When there is a great volume of traffic on a circuit and the current is stronger than the protection threshold, the circuit is cut off after the circuit protector timer expires. overhead cabling

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Cables or fibers connect the cabinet with other equipment from the top of the cabinet.

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P P

A backbone device that is located in the service provider network. A P device is not directly connected with the CE devices. The P devices only need the basic MPLS forwarding capability and do not maintain information about a VPN.

P2P

See point to point service

packet loss

The discarding of data packets in a network when a device is overloaded and cannot accept any incoming data at a given moment.

packet over SDH/ SONET

A MAN and WAN technology that provides point-to-point data connections. The POS interface uses SDH/SONET as the physical layer protocol, and s the transport of packet data (such as IP packets) in MAN and WAN.

Packet rate

The number of bits or bytes ed within a specified time. It is expressed in bits/s or bytes/s.

packet switching

A network technology in which information is transmitted by means of exchanging packets and the bandwidth of a channel can be shared by multiple connections.

parity

A method for character level error detection. An extra bit added to a string of bits, usually a 7-bit ASCII character, so that the total number of bits 1 is odd or even (odd or even parity). Both ends of a data transmission must use the same parity. When the transmitting device frames a character, it counts the numbers of 1s in the frame and attaches the appropriate parity bit. The recipient counts the 1s and, if there is parity error, may ask for the data to be retransmitted.

-through

The action of transmitting the same information that is being received for any given direction of transmission.

path layer

A layer within an SDH entity that s the SDH based network transport services, e.g. multiplexing, cross-connection, regeneration. The network element function is modeled by managed objects.

PBS

See peak burst size

PCB

See printed circuit board

PCI bus

PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) bus. A high performance bus, 32-bit or 64-bit for interconnecting chips, expansion boards, and processor/memory subsystems.

PCR

See peak cell rate

PDH

See plesiochronous digital hierarchy

PDU

See protocol data unit

PE

See provider edge

peak burst size

A parameter used to define the capacity of token bucket P, that is, the maximum burst IP packet size when the information is transferred at the peak information rate. This parameter must be larger than 0. It is recommended that this parameter should be not less than the maximum length of the IP packet that might be forwarded.

peak cell rate

The maximum rate at which an ATM connection can accept cells.

peak information rate

Peak Information Rate. A traffic parameter, expressed in bit/s, whose value should be not less than the committed information rate.

Peer

BGP speakers exchanging information with each other.

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penultimate hop popping

Penultimate Hop Popping (PHP) is a function performed by certain routers in an MPLS enabled network. It refers to the process whereby the outermost label of an MPLS tagged packet is removed by a Label Switched Router (LSR) before the packet is ed to an adjacent Label Edge Router (LER).

per-hop behavior

IETF Diff-Serv workgroup defines forwarding behaviors of network nodes as per-hop behaviors (PHB), such as, traffic scheduling and policing. A device in the network should select the proper PHB behaviors, based on the value of DS. At present, the IETF defines four types of PHB. They are class selector (CS), expedited forwarding (EF), assured forwarding (AF), and best-effort (BE).

Performance

Performance is the memory space for performance event counts, including 15min current performance , 24-hour current performance , 15-min history performance , 24-hour history performance , UAT and CSES . The object of performance event monitoring is the board functional module, so every board functional module has a performance . A performance is used to count the performance events taking place within a period of operation time, so as to evaluate the quality of operation from the angle of statistics.

permanent virtual path Virtual path that consists of PVCs. PGND

protection ground

phase-locked loop

A circuit that consists essentially of a phase detector which compares the frequency of a voltage-controlled oscillator with that of an incoming carrier signal or referencefrequency generator; the output of the phase detector, after ing through a loop filter, is fed back to the voltage-controlled oscillator to keep it exactly in phase with the incoming or reference frequency.

PHB

See per-hop behavior

PHP

See penultimate hop popping

physical layer

Physical layer is the Layer 1 in the Open System Interconnection (OSI) architecture; the layer that provides services to transmit bits or groups of bits over a transmission link between open systems and which entails electrical, mechanical and handshaking

physical link

The physical link refers to the link between two physical NEs. When the creates NEs or refreshes the device status, the system automatically creates the physical link according to the topology structure information on the device. The physical link can modify the remarks information. It cannot be deleted.

Ping Test

A test that is performed to send a data packet to the target IP address (a unique IP address on the device on the network) to check whether the target host exists according to the data packet of the same size returned from the target host.

PIR

See peak information rate

plesiochronous digital hierarchy

A multiplexing scheme of bit stuffing and byte interleaving. It multiplexes the minimum rate 64 kit/s into the 2 Mbit/s, 34 Mbit/s, 140 Mbit/s, and 565 Mbit/s rates.

PLL

See phase-locked loop

PLR

See point of local repair

point of local repair

The ingress node of the by tunnel. The head-end node of a backup tunnel or a detour tunnel.

point to multipoint

A communications network that provides a path from one location to multiple locations (from one to many).

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point to point service

A Glossary

A service between two terminal s. In P2P services, senders and recipients are terminal s.

Point-to-Point Protocol A protocol on the data link layer, provides point-to-point transmission and encapsulates data packets on the network layer. It is located in layer 2 of the IP protocol stack. policy template

To define the calculation rules of a charging event, for example, rating, debiting and accumulating. A policy template may contain the parameters to be instantiated. They can be used when the attributes of the condition judgment, calculation method, and action functions are carried out.

port forwarding

Forwarding of interface-based T application data through SSL-encrypted tunnels.

Port priority

The priority used when a port attaches tags to Layer 2 packets. Packets received on ports with higher priorities are forwarded preferentially.

POS

See packet over SDH/SONET

power up

To start up a computer; to begin a cold boot procedure; to turn on the power

PPP

See Point-to-Point Protocol

PPS

See pulse per second

PQ

See priority queue

PQ

See priority queuing

PRBS

See pseudo random binary sequence

PRC

primary reference clock

Precision Time Protocol

Precision clock synchronization protocol for networked measurement and control systems, the 1588 standard stipulated by IEEE.

Preemption

During the process of establishing CR-LSP, if you cannot fine one path that satisfies requirements, you can remove another established path and take up its bandwidth resource. That is called preemption. CR-LSP check whether the path can be preempted according to two priority features, that is, Setup Priority and Holding Priority. Preemption is activated by the Resv message of RSVP-TE. Only when the priority of Path1, which you want to set up, is higher than that of Path2, you can preempt the bandwidth source of Path2 for Path1.

printed circuit board

A board used to mechanically and electrically connect electronic components using conductive pathways, tracks, or traces, etched from copper sheets laminated onto a non-conductive substrate.

priority queue

A priority queue is an abstract data type in computer programming that s the following three operations: (1) InsertWithPriority: add an element to the queue with an associated priority (2) GetNext: remove the element from the queue that has the highest priority, and return it (also known as "PopElement(Off)", or "GetMinimum") (3) PeekAtNext (optional): look at the element with highest priority without removing it

priority queuing

The Priority Queuing (PQ) is a queue scheduling algorithm based on the absolute priority. According to the PQ algorithm, services of higher priorities are ensured with greater bandwidth, lower latency, and less jitter. Packets of lower priorities must wait to be sent till all packets of higher priorities are sent. In this manner, services of higher priorities are handled earlier than others.

protection channels

The channels allocated to transport the working traffic during a switch event. When there is a switch event, traffic on the affected working channels is bridged onto on the protection channels.

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protection ground bar

A bar connecting the PGND cable of the cabinet so that the cabinet and the earth are in the same equipotential level.

protection ground cable

A cable which connects the equipment and the protection groud bar. Usually, one half of the cable is yellow; while the other half is green.

Protection path

A specific path that is part of a protection group and is labeled protection.

Protection service

A specific service that is part of a protection group and is labeled protection.

protocol data unit

It is a data packet at the network layer of the OSI model.

provider edge

A device that is located in the backbone network of the MPLS VPN structure. A PE is responsible for VPN management, establishment of LSPs between PEs, and exchange of routing information between sites of the same VPN. During the process, a PE performs the mapping and forwarding of packets between the private network and the public channel. A PE can be a UPE, an SPE, or an NPE.

pseudo random binary A sequence that is random in a sense that the value of an element is independent of the sequence values of any of the other elements, similar to real random sequences. pseudo wire emulation A type of end-to-end Layer 2 transmitting technology. It emulates the essential attributes edge-to-edge of a telecommunication service such as ATM, FR or Ethernet in a Packet Switched Network (PSN). PWE3 also emulates the essential attributes of low speed Time Division Multiplexed (TDM) circuit and SONET/SDH. The simulation approximates to the real situation. PSTN

See public switched telephone network

PTMP

See point to multipoint

PTN

packet transport network

PTP

See Precision Time Protocol

public switched telephone network

A telecommunications network established to perform telephone services for the public subscribers. Sometimes called POTS.

pulse per second

Pulse per second, which, strictly speaking, is not a time synchronization signal. This is because 1PPS provides only the "gauge" corresponding to the UTC second, but does not provide the information about the day, month, or year. Therefore, 1PPS is used as the reference for frequency synchronization. On certain occasions, 1PPS can also be used on other interfaces for high precision timing.

PVP

See permanent virtual path

PWE3

See pseudo wire emulation edge-to-edge

Q QinQ

A layer 2 tunnel protocol based on IEEE 802.1Q encapsulation. It encapsulates the tag of the 's private virtual local area network (VLAN) into the tag of the public VLAN. The packet carries two layers of tags to travel through the backbone network of the carrier. In this manner, the layer 2 virtual private network (VPN) is provided for the .

QoS

See quality of service

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quality of service

A Glossary

A commonly-used performance indicator of a telecommunication system or channel. Depending on the specific system and service, it may relate to jitter, delay, packet loss ratio, bit error ratio, and signal-to-noise ratio. It functions to measure the quality of the transmission system and the effectiveness of the services, as well as the capability of a service provider to meet the demands of s.

R R99

Release 1999

radio access network

The network that provides the connection between Es and the CN. It isolates the CN from wireless network.

radio frequency

A type of electric current in the wireless network using AC antennas to create an electromagnetic field. It is the abbreviation of high-frequency AC electromagnetic wave. The AC with the frequency lower than 1 kHz is called low-frequency current. The AC with frequency higher than 10 kHz is called high-frequency current. RF can be classified into such high-frequency current.

radio network controller

An equipment in the RNS which is in charge of controlling the use and the integrity of the radio resources.

RAN

See radio access network

random early detection A packet loss algorithm used in congestion avoidance. It discards the packet according to the specified higher limit and lower limit of a queue so that global T synchronization resulted in traditional Tail-Drop can be prevented. Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol

An evolution of the Spanning Tree Protocol, providing for faster spanning tree convergence after a topology change. The RSTP protocol is backward compatible with the STP protocol.

rated current

The input current of the equipment as declared by the manufacturer.

RDI

See remote defect indication

Re-optimization

Re-optimization refers to the dynamic optimization of CR-LSPs, namely, the periodic calculation of CR-LSP routes. If the recalculated route is better than the current route, a new CR-LSP is created. Traffic switches from the original CR-LSP to the new CR-LSP, and then the original CR-LSP is deleted.

Real Time Protocol

Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) is a host-to-host protocol. It is used to deliver realtime services such as audio and video over the IP network.

real time variable bit rate

The rt-VBR is intended for real-time applications, such as compressed voice over IP (VoIP) and video conferencing. The rt-VBR is characterized by a peak cell rate (PCR), sustained cell rate (SCR), and maximum burst size (MBS). You can expect the source device to transmit in bursts and at a rate that varies with time.

Real-time Transport Protocol

A type of host-to-host protocol used in real-time multimedia services such as Voice over IP (VoIP) and video.

reboot

To start the system again. Programs or data will be reloaded to all boards.

RED

See random early detection

reference clock

A kind of stable and high-precision autonous clock providing frequencies for other clocks for reference.

REI

See remote error indication

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remote defect indication

A Glossary

A signal transmitted at the first opportunity in the outgoing direction when a terminal detects specific defects in the incoming signal.

remote error indication A remote error indication (REI) is sent upstream to signal an error condition. There are two types of REI alarms: Remote error indication line (REI-L) is sent to the upstream LTE when errors are detected in the B2 byte. Remote error indication path (REI-P) is sent to the upstream PTE when errors are detected in the B3 byte. remote maintenance association end point

For the other devices in the same MA, their MEPs are called the Remote Maintenance association End Points (RMEPs).

remote monitor

A widely used network management standard defined by the IETF, and it enhances the MIB II standard greatly. It mainly functions to monitor the data traffic over a network segment or the entire network. RMON is completely based on the SNMP architecture, including the NMS and the Agent running on each network device.

Request For Comments A document in which a standard, a protocol, or other information pertaining to the operation of the Internet is published. The RFC is actually issued, under the control of the IAB, after discussion and serves as the standard. RFCs can be obtained from sources such as InterNIC. required Min Rx interval

The minimum interval between received BFD control packets that the local system is capable of ing.

Resource Reservation Protocol

The Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP) is designed for Integrated Service and is used to reserve resources on every node along a path. RSVP operates on the transport layer; however, RSVP does not transport application data. RSVP is a network control protocol like Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP).

reverse pressure

A traffic control method. In telecommunication, when detecting that the transmit end transmits a large volume of traffic, the receive end sends signals to ask the transmit end to slow down the transmission rate.

RF

See radio frequency

RFC

See Request For Comments

ring network

A type of network topology in which each node connects to exactly two other nodes, forming a circular pathway for signals.

RIP

See Routing Information Protocol

RMEP

See remote maintenance association end point

RMON

See remote monitor

RMRI

See required Min Rx interval

RNC

See radio network controller

RoHS

restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances

rollback

A return to a previous condition through cancellation of a certain operation.

Root alarm

An alarm directly caused by anomaly events or faults in the network. Some lower-level alarms always accompany a root alarm.

Route restriction

The constraint conditions for calculating a route. When creating a trail, the can specify the explicit route and the NEs that the trail cannot . The explicit route and the NEs are the constraints for calculating the route. The inevitable trail only functions when the number of routes is calculated as 1. Double-click the NE icon can set the NE as an NE that cannot be ed, and double-clicking it again can cancel the setting.

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A Glossary

Routing Information Protocol

A simple routing protocol that is part of the T/IP protocol suite. It determines a route based on the smallest hop count between source and destination. RIP is a distance vector protocol that routinely broadcasts routing information to its neighboring routers and is known to waste bandwidth.

routing policy

Routing policies are implemented to filter routing information, mainly through the change of route properties.

routing protocol

A formula used by routers to determine the appropriate path onto which data should be forwarded.

routing table

A table that stores and updates the locations (addresses) of network devices. Routers regularly share routing table information to be up to date. A router relies on the destination address and on the information in the table that gives the possible routes--in hops or in number of jumps--between itself, intervening routers, and the destination. Routing tables are updated frequently as new information is available.

RS232

In the asynchronous transfer mode and there is no hand-shaking signal. It can communicate with RS232 and RS422 of other stations in point-to-point mode and the transmission is transparent. Its highest speed is 19.2kbit/s.

RS422

The specification that defines the electrical characteristics of balanced voltage digital interface circuits. The interface can change to RS232 via the hardware jumper and others are the same as RS232.

RSTP

See Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol

RSVP

See Resource Reservation Protocol

rt-VBR

See real time variable bit rate

RTP

See Real-time Transport Protocol

RTP

See Real Time Protocol

S S-VLAN

service VLAN

S1 byte

In an SDH network, each network element traces step by step to the same clock reference source through a specific clock synchronization path, thus realizing the synchronization of the whole network. If a clock reference source traced by the NE is missing, this NE will trace another clock reference source of a lower level. To implement protection switching of clocks in the whole network, the NE must learn about clock quality information of the clock reference source it traces. Therefore, ITU-T defines S1 byte to transmit network synchronization status information. It uses the lower four bits of the multiplex section overhead S1 byte to indicate 16 types of synchronization quality grades. Auto protection switching of clocks in a synchronous network can be implemented using S1 byte and a proper switching protocol.

SC

See square connector

SCR

sustainable cell rate

SD

See signal degrade

SDH

See synchronous digital hierarchy

SDP

serious disturbance period

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A Glossary

security alarm

A message generated when a security-related event that is defined by security policy as being an alarm condition has been detected. A security alarm is intended to come to the attention of appropriate entities in a timely manner.

security level

The classification of the security according to its significance.

security log

Security logs record the security operations on the NMS, such as logging in to the server, modifying the , and exiting from the NMS server.

SEMF

See synchronous equipment management function

sequence number

An identifying number used to designate a block of data, an operation, or part of an operation.

service data

The and/or network information required for the normal functioning of service.

SETS

See synchronous equipment timing source

Setup Priority

The priority of the tunnel with respect to obtaining resources, ranging from 0 (indicates the highest priority) to 7. It is used to determine whether the tunnel can preempt the resources required by other backup tunnels.

SFP

See small form-factor pluggable

shaping

The process of delaying packets within a traffic stream to cause it to conform to certain defined traffic profile.

SHDSL

See single-line high speed digital subscriber line

shortest path first

Link-state, is a hierarchical IGP routing algorithm proposed as a successor to RIP in the Internet community. OSPF features include least-cost routing, multipath routing, and load balancing. OSPF was derived from an early version of the IS-IS protocol. See ISIS.

signal cable

Common signal cables cover the E1 cable, network cable, and other non-subscriber signal cable.

signal degrade

A signal indicating the associated data has degraded in the sense that a degraded defect (e.g., dDEG) condition is active.

signaling stream

Control stream that controls calls and bearer.

Simple Network Management Protocol

A network management protocol of T/IP. It enables remote s to view and modify the management information of a network element. This protocol ensures the transmission of management information between any two points. The polling mechanism is adopted to provide basic function sets. According to SNMP, agents, which can be hardware as well as software, can monitor the activities of various devices on the network and report these activities to the network console workstation. Control information about each device is maintained by a management information block.

Simple Traffic Classification

Simple traffic classification (STC) organizes data packets into multiple priorities or multiple service classes. A network can set STC policies. An STC policy can include the IP precedence or the DS value of an IP packet, the EXP value of an MPLS packet, the ToS field in the IP packet header or the 802.1p value of a VLAN packet.

single-ended switching A protection operation method which takes switching action only at the affected end of the protected entity (e.g. "trail", "subnetwork connection"), in the case of a unidirectional failure.

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A Glossary

single-line high speed digital subscriber line

A symmetric digital subscriber line technology developed from HDSL, SDSL, and HDSL2, which is defined in ITU-T G.991.2. The SHDSL port is connected to the terminal through the plain telephone subscriber line and uses trellis coded pulse amplitude modulation (TC-PAM) technology to transmit high-speed data and provide the broadband access service.

Slicing

To divide data into the information units proper for transmission.

small form-factor pluggable

A specification for a new generation of optical modular transceivers.

SMB

sub-miniature B

Smooth upgrade

Process of upgrading the system files without service interruption

SNMP

See Simple Network Management Protocol

SONET

See synchronous optical network

Spanning Tree Protocol STP is a protocol that is used in the LAN to remove the loop. STP applies to the redundant network to block some undesirable redundant paths through certain algorithms and prune a loop network into a loop-free tree network. SPE

See superstratum provider edge

SPF

See shortest path first

SQN

See sequence number

square connector

Cables may use two styles of connectors: "square" and "D-style".

SSM

See Synchronization Status Message

SSMB

synchronization status message byte

static ARP

A protocol that binds some IP addresses to a specified gateway. The packet of these IP addresses must be forwarded through this gateway.

static route

A route that cannot adapt to the change of network topology. Operators must configure it manually. When a network topology is simple, the network can work in the normal state if only the static route is configured. It can improve network performance and ensure bandwidth for important applications. Its disadvantage is as follows: When a network is faulty or the topology changes, the static route does not change automatically. It must be changed by the operators.

static routing table

A static routing table is constructed manually by the system using the route command.

Statistical multiplexing A multiplexing technique whereby information from multiple logical channels can be transmitted across a single physical channel. It dynamically allocates bandwidth only to active input channels, to make better use of available bandwidth and allow more devices to be connected than with other multiplexing techniques. Compare with TDM. STP

See Spanning Tree Protocol

subnet mask

The technique used by the IP protocol to determine which network segment packets are destined for. The subnet mask is a binary pattern that is stored in the client machine, server or router and is matched with the IP address.

super long packet

The packet that has a length of more than 1,600 bytes.

super short packet

The packet that has a length of less than 64 bytes.

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A Glossary

superstratum provider The SPE devices are core devices that are located within a VPLS full-meshed network. edge The UPE devices that are connected with the SPE devices are similar to the CE devices. The PWs set up between the UPE devices and the SPE devices serve as the ACs of the SPE devices. The SPE devices must learn the MAC addresses of all the sites on UPE side and those of the UPE interfaces that are connected with the SPE. SPE is sometimes called NPE. Switching restoration time

It refers to the period of time between the start of detecting and the moment when the line is switched back to the original status after protection switching occurs in the MSP sub-network.

Synchronization Status A message that carries quality levels of timing signals on a synchronous timing link. Message Nodes on an SDH network and a synchronization network acquire upstream clock information through this message. Then the nodes can perform proper operations on their clocks, such as tracing, switching, or converting to holdoff, and forward the synchronization information to downstream nodes. Synchronize Alarm

When synchronizing the alarms, the network management system checks the alarms in the network management system database and the alarms in the NE. If they are inconsistent, the alarms in the NE are ed to the network management system database and overwrite the old ones.

synchronize NE time

To send the system time of the server of the network management system to NEs so as to synchronize all NEs with the server.

synchronous digital hierarchy

A transmission scheme that follows ITU-T G.707, G.708, and G.709. It defines the transmission features of digital signals such as frame structure, multiplexing mode, transmission rate level, and interface code. SDH is an important part of ISDN and BISDN. It interleaves the bytes of low-speed signals to multiplex the signals to high-speed counterparts, and the line coding of scrambling is only used only for signals. SDH is suitable for the fiber communication system with high speed and a large capacity since it uses synchronous multiplexing and flexible mapping structure.

synchronous equipment management function

The SEMF converts performance data and implementation specific hardware alarms into object-oriented messages for transmission over DCCs and/or a Q interface.

synchronous equipment timing source

The SETS function provides timing reference to the relevant component parts of multiplexing equipment and represents the SDH network clement clock.

synchronous optical network

A high-speed network that provides a standard interface for communications carriers to connect networks based on fiberoptic cable. SONET is designed to handle multiple data types (voice, video, and so on). It transmits at a base rate of 51.84 Mbps, but multiples of this base rate go as high as 2.488 Gbps (gigabits per second).

Synchronous source

A clock providing timing services to connected network elements. This would include clocks conforming to Recommendations G.811, G.812 and G.813.

SYSLOG

Syslog is an industry standard protocol for recording device logs.

Syslog Service

Syslog service is used to manage the device to send the formation to the host. It is used on the sending-information port.

system logging

System log tracks miscellaneous system events like startup, shutdown and events like hardware and controller failures.

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A Glossary

T Tail drop

A congestion management mechanism, in which packets arrive later are discarded when the queue is full. This policy of discarding packets may result in network-wide synchronization due to the T slow startup mechanism.

tangent rings

It is a concept in geometry. There is a public node between two ring networks. The public node often brings in single-point failure.

TCH

See traffic channel

T

See Transmission Control Protocol

T/IP

See Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol

TDD

See time division duplex

TDM

See time division multiplexing

TE

See traffic engineering

Telecommunication A protocol model defined by ITU-T for managing open systems in a communications Management Network network. An architecture for management, including planning, provisioning, installation, maintenance, operation and istration of telecommunications equipment, networks and services. threshold-crossing

A performance monitoring parameter reaches or exceeds a preset threshold.

throughput

The maximum transmission rate of the tested object (system, equipment, connection, service type) when no packet is discarded. Throughput can be measured with bandwidth.

TIM

trace identifier mismatch

time division duplex

In Time Division Duplex (TDD) system, the uplink and downlink links use different timeslots. They usually share the same frequency.

time division multiplexing

A multiplexing technology. TDM divides the sampling cycle of a channel into time slots (TSn, n=0, 1, 2, 3, ...), and the sampling value codes of multiple signals engross time slots in a certain order, forming multiple multiplexing digital signals to be transmitted over one channel.

Time Slot

Continuously repeating interval of time or a time period in which two devices are able to interconnect.

time to live

A technique used in best-effort delivery systems to prevent packets that loop endlessly. The TTL is set by the sender to the maximum time the packet is allowed to be in the network. Each router in the network decrements the TTL field when the packet arrives, and discards any packet if the TTL counter reaches zero.

timing loop

A network condition where a slave clock providing synchronization becomes locked to its own timing signal. It is generally created when the slave clock timing information is looped back to its own input, either directly or via other network equipment. Timing loops should be prevented in networks by careful network design.

TM

See traffic management

TM

See topology management

TMN

See Telecommunication Management Network

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A Glossary

token bucket algorithm The token bucket is a container for tokens. The capacity of a token bucket is limited, and the number of tokens determines the traffic rate of permitted packets. The token bucket polices the traffic. s place the tokens into the bucket regularly according to the preset rate. If the tokens in the bucket exceed the capacity, no tokens can be put in. Packets can be forwarded when the bucket has tokens, otherwise they cannot be transferred till there are new tokens in the bucket. This scheme adjusts the rate of packet input. token ring

The IEEE 802.5 standard for a token-ing ring network with a star-configured physical topology. Internally, signals travel around the network from one station to the next in a ring. Physically, each station connects to a central hub called a multistation access server.

tolerance

Permissible degree of variation from a pre-set standard.

topology management

Topology management displays static configuration objects on a graphic interface, as well as the status data, monitoring data, and alarm data on the objects. It also enables s to perform operations on the GUI. The topology management is integrated with the EAM, fault, and security NBI common service subsystems to provide the domainbased element management solution.

Topology Object

A basic element in the NMS topology view, which includes submap, node, connection, and so on.

Topology view

A basic component for the human-machine interface. The topology view directly displays the networking of a network as well as the alarm and communication statuses of each network element and subnet. In this manner, the topology view reflects the basic running conditions of the network.

ToS

See type of service

ToS priority

A ToS sub-field (the bits 0 to 2 in the ToS field) in the ToS field of the IP packet header.

TPS

See tributary protection switch

TPS protection

The equipment level protection that uses one standby tributary board to protect N tributary boards. When a fault occurs on the working board, the SCC issues the switching command, and the payload of the working board can be automatically switched over to the specified protection board and the protection board takes over the job of the working board. After the fault is cleared, the service is automatically switched to the original board

TR

See token ring

traffic channel

Indicates the channel that carries voice coding information or data. Traffic channels are classified into voice traffic channels and data traffic channels.

traffic classification

Traffic classification enables you to classify traffic into different classes with different priorities according to some criteria. Each class of traffic has a specified quality of service (QoS) in the entire network. In this way, different traffic packets can be treated differently.

traffic engineering

A technology that is used to dynamically monitor the traffic of the network and the load of the network elements, to adjust in real time the parameters such as traffic management parameters, route parameters and resource restriction parameters, and to optimize the utilization of network resources. The purpose is to prevent the congestion caused by unbalanced loads.

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A Glossary

Traffic frame discard flag

It is the traffic frame discard control. Two options are provided: enable and disable. It indicates the means by which the NE discards cells when the network is congested. When the frame discard mark is closed, the cells will be discarded at the cell level; when it is opened, they will be discarded at the frame level. Here, "frame" refers to the AAL protocol data unit.

traffic management

Traffic management refers to the process of monitoring traffic on a network and redistributing/rerouting it when necessary in order to ensure optimal network performance

traffic policy

A full set of QoS policies formed by association of traffic classification and QoS actions.

trail termination source The trail termination source identifier (TTSI) of the LSP is used to uniquely identify an identifier LSP on a network. transit

The group is transferred along the LSP consisting of a series of LSRs after the group is labeled. The middle node is named Transit.

transit delay

The period from the time when a site starts to transmit a data frame to the time when the site finishes the data frame transmission or to the time when all data frames are received by the receiver.

Transmission Control Protocol

The protocol within T/IP that governs the breakup of data messages into packets to be sent via IP (Internet Protocol), and the reassembly and verification of the complete messages from packets received by IP. A connection-oriented, reliable protocol (reliable in the sense of ensuring error-free delivery), T corresponds to the transport layer in the ISO/OSI reference model.

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol

Common name for the suite of protocols developed to the construction of worldwide internetworks.

transparent transmission

A process during which the signaling protocol or data is not processed in the content but encapsulated in the format for the processing of the next phase.

transport plane

The transport plane provides bidirectional or unidirectional transfer of information, from one location to another. It can also provide transfer of some control and network management information. The transport plane is layered; it is equivalent to the transport network defined in ITU-T Rec. G.805.

tributary protection switch

Tributary protection switching, a function provided by the equipment, is intended to protect N tributary processing boards through a standby tributary processing board.

tributary unit group

One or more Tributary Units, occupying fixed, defined positions in a higher order VCn payload is termed a Tributary Unit Group (TUG). TUGs are defined in such a way that mixed capacity payloads made up of different size Tributary Units can be constructed to increase flexibility of the transport network

trTCM

See two rate three color marker

trunk cable

The main (often large diameter) cable of a coaxial cable system.

trunk line

A transmission channel between two switching centers or nodes. It is used to connect the exchange to the network.

TTL

See time to live

TTSI

See trail termination source identifier

TU

tributary unit

TUG

See tributary unit group

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A Glossary

Tunnel

A channel on the packet switching network that transmits service traffic between PEs. In VPN, a tunnel is an information transmission channel between two entities. The tunnel ensures secure and transparent transmission of VPN information. In most cases, a tunnel is an MPLS tunnel.

twisted pair

It is a four-pair wire medium-composed of pairs of wires - used in a variety of networks.

two rate three color marker

The trTCM meters an IP packet stream and marks its packets based on two rates, Peak Information Rate (PIR) and Committed Information Rate (CIR), and their associated burst sizes to be either green, yellow, or red. A packet is marked red if it exceeds the PIR. Otherwise it is marked either yellow or green depending on whether it exceeds or doesn't exceed the CIR.

type of service

A field in an IP packet (IP datagram) used for quality of service (QoS). The TOS field has 8 bits in length, which is divided into five subfields.

U U-VLAN

A VLAN attribute indicating that the current VLAN is a VLAN of an M-VLAN. Multicast services are copied from the M-VLAN to the VLAN.

UAS

unavailable second

UAT

See unavailable time event

UBR

See unspecified bit rate

UBR+

Unspecified Bit Rate Plus

UDP

See Datagram Protocol

unavailable time event A UAT event is reported when the monitored object generates 10 consecutive severely errored seconds (SES) and the SESs begin to be included in the unavailable time. The event will end when the bit error ratio per second is better than 10-3 within 10 consecutive seconds. underfloor cabling

The cables connected cabinets and other devices are routed underfloor.

UNI

See network interface

unicast

The process of sending data from a source to a single recipient.

unspecified bit rate

No commitment to transmission. No to congestion. This type of service is ideal for the transmission of IP datagrams. In case of congestion, UBR cells are discarded, and no or request for slowing down the data rate is delivered to the sender.

UPC/NPC

See usage parameter control/network parameter control

Upper subrack

The subrack close to the top of the cabinet when a cabinet contains several subracks.

Upper threshold

The critical value that can induce unexpected events if exceeded.

UPS

uninterruptible power supply

usage parameter control/network parameter control

Usage Parameter Control/Network Parameter Control. During the communication, the UPC is implemented to monitor the actual traffic on each virtual circuit that is input to the network. Once the specified parameter is exceeded, measures will be taken to control. NPC is similar to the UPC in function. The difference is that the incoming traffic monitoring function is divided into UPC and NPC according to their positions. The UPC locates at the /network interface, while the NPC at the network interface.

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Datagram Protocol

A Glossary

A T/IP standard protocol that allows an application program on one device to send a datagram to an application program on another. Datagram Protocol (UDP) uses IP to deliver datagrams. UDP provides application programs with the unreliable connectionless packet delivery service. Thus, UDP messages can be lost, duplicated, delayed, or delivered out of order. UDP is used to try to transmit the data packet, that is, the destination device does not actively confirm whether the correct data packet is received.

network interface The interface between equipment and private or public network equipment (for example, ATM switches). operation log

Record the operation of the for the convenience of analysis and query.

V V-NNI

See virtual network-network interface

V-UNI

See virtual -network interface

variable bit rate

One of the traffic classes used by ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode). Unlike a permanent CBR (Constant Bit Rate) channel, a VBR data stream varies in bandwidth and is better suited to non real time transfers than to real-time streams such as voice calls.

VBR

See variable bit rate

VC

See virtual channel

VCC

See virtual channel connection

VCCV

virtual circuit connectivity verification

VCI

See virtual channel identifier

VCTRUNK

A virtual concatenation group applied in data service mapping, also called the internal port of a data service processing board

virtual channel

Any logical connection in the ATM network. A VC is the basic unit of switching in the ATM network uniquely identified by a virtual path identifier (VPI)/virtual channel identifier (VCI) value. It is the channel on which ATM cells are transmitted by the switching.

virtual channel connection

The VC logical trail that carries data between two end points in an ATM network. A logical grouping of multiple virtual channel connections into one virtual connection.

virtual channel identifier

A 16-bit field in the header of an ATM cell. The VCI, together with the VPI, is used to identify the next destination of a cell as it es through a series of ATM switches on its way to its destination.

virtual circuit

A channel or circuit established between two points on an ATM /a network. Virtual circuits can be Permanent Virtual Circuits (PVCs) or Switched Virtual Circuits (SVCs) .

virtual leased line

A point-to-point, layer-2 channel that behaves like a leased line by transparently transporting different protocols with a guaranteed throughput.

virtual local area network

A logical grouping of two or more nodes which are not necessarily on the same physical network segment but which share the same IP network number. This is often associated with switched Ethernet.

virtual networknetwork interface

A virtual network-network interface (V-NNI) is a network-side interface.

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A Glossary

virtual path

A bundle of virtual channels, all of which are switched transparently across an ATM network based on a common VPI.

virtual path identifier

The field in the ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) cell header that identifies to which VP (Virtual Path) the cell belongs.

virtual private LAN service

A type of point-to-multipoint L2VPN service provided over the public network. VPLS enables geographically isolated sites to communicate with each other through the MAN/WAN as if they are on the same LAN.

virtual private network A system configuration, where the subscriber is able to build a private network via connections to different network switches that may include private network capabilities. virtual private wire service

A technology that bears Layer 2 services. VPWS emulates services such as ATM, FR, Ethernet, low-speed TDM circuit, and SONET/SDH in a PSN.

virtual route forward

VRF performs the function of establishing multiple virtual routing devices on one actual routing device. That is, the L3 interfaces of the device are distributed to different VRFs, performing the function of establishing multiple virtual route forwarding instances on the device.

virtual switch instance An instance through which the physical access links of VPLS can be mapped to the virtual links. Each VSI provides independent VPLS service. VSI has Ethernet bridge function and can terminate PW. virtual -network interface

A virtual -network interface, works as an action point to perform service classification and traffic control in HQoS.

VLAN

See virtual local area network

VLAN ID

Namely, it is the virtual LAN identifier. One Ethernet port can 4K VLAN routes, and one NE can up to 8K VLAN routes.

VLAN mapping

A technology that enables packets to be transmitted over the public network by translating private VLAN tags into public VLAN tags. When packets arrive at the destination private network, VLAN mapping translates public VLAN tags back into private VLAN tags. In this manner, packets are correctly transmitted to the destination.

VLAN mapping table

One of the properties of the MST region, which describes the relationship between VLANs and spanning tree instances.

VLL

See virtual leased line

voice over IP

An IP telephony term for a set of facilities used to manage the delivery of voice information over the Internet. VoIP involves sending voice information in a digital form in discrete packets rather than by using the traditional circuit-committed protocols of the public switched telephone network (PSTN).

VoIP

See voice over IP

VP

See virtual path

VPI

See virtual path identifier

VPLS

See virtual private LAN service

VPN

See virtual private network

VPWS

See virtual private wire service

VRF

See virtual route forward

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VSI

A Glossary

See virtual switch instance

W WAN

See wide area network

Wander

The long-term variations of the significant instants of a digital signal from their ideal position in time (where long-term implies that these variations are of frequency less than 10Hz).

wavelength

The distance between successive peaks or troughs in a periodic signal that is propagated through space. Wavelength is symbolized by the Greek letter lambda and can be calculated as speed divided by frequency.

wavelength division multiplexing

A technology that utilizes the characteristics of broad bandwidth and low attenuation of single mode optical fiber, uses multiple wavelengths as carriers, and allows multiple channels to transmit simultaneously in a single fiber.

WDM

See wavelength division multiplexing

weighted fair queuing

A fair queue scheduling algorithm based on bandwidth allocation weights. This scheduling algorithm allocates the total bandwidth of an interface to queues, according to their weights and schedules the queues cyclically. In this manner, packets of all priority queues can be scheduled.

weighted random early A packet loss algorithm used for congestion avoidance. It can prevent the global T detection synchronization caused by traditional tail-drop. WRED is favorable for the high-priority packet when calculating the packet loss ratio. WFQ

See weighted fair queuing

wide area network

A network composed of computers which are far away from each other which are physically connected through specific protocols. WAN covers a broad area, such as a province, a state or even a country.

winding pipe

A tool for fiber routing, which acts as the corrugated pipe.

Working path

The channels allocated to transport the normal traffic.

WRED

See weighted random early detection

wrong packets

The packets with received messages not translated or translated incorrectly.

X X digital subscriber line A family of bandwidth-efficient modulation techniques, developed to achieve extremely high data transfer rates over twisted- pair cables. While the letter "X" represents a variable, DSL stands for "Digital Subscriber Line". XDSL techniques may offer several benefits such as, capability to offer high-speed data services to customers, low cost by using existing infrastructure and switching congestion relief caused by existing data s. xDSL

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See X digital subscriber line

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