Final Exam March 2010 Aviation Human Factors Question Bank 5r7121

Final Exam March 2010 Aviation Human Factors Question Bank Introduction to Human Factors and Flight Physiology 1. The ICAO has used the concept of the SHEL model to better define the role of human factors in aviation and how they interrelate. a) Define SHEL model and give example each of it. (10 marks) b) Define human factor and explain why we should learn about it. (5 marks) 2. Physiology is the study of the body functions at the cellular level. a) Define flight physiology. (3 marks) b) Explain about brain, the spinal cord and peripheral nervous system together with their functions (6 marks). c) Explain the function of respiratory system and circulatory system. (6 marks) 3. Respiration is essentially the process by which we liberate energy to maintain life by the oxidation of food. a) Explain the main purposes of respiration process. (2 marks) b) Describe 2 types of respiration take place in human body. (6 marks) c) Explain the process of respiration in lung (7 marks) The Atmosphere and Hypoxia 4. Hypoxia happens when there is not enough oxygen taken into human body. There are four types of hypoxia which are hypoxic, hypemic, stagnant and histotoxic hypoxia. a) Describe factors that can cause hypoxia. (3 marks) b) Compare hypoxic hypoxia with hypemic hypoxia (6 marks) c) Briefly explain the treatment needed to overcome hypoxia. (6 marks) 5. Stagnant means ‘not flowing’. Stagnant hypoxia leads to oxygen-rich blood in the lung isn’t moving to the tissues that need it a) Explain about stagnant hypoxia and state one form of stagnant hypoxia. (3

marks) b) Provide 2 causes that lead to stagnant hypoxia. (3 marks) c) Explain the stages of hypoxia (9marks) 6. Medically, hypoxia is a pathology condition in which body as a whole or region of the body is deprived of adequate oxygen supply. a) Define histotoxic hypoxia. (2 marks) b) State 2 major causes that can lead to histotoxic hypoxia. (3 marks) c) List at least 5 of hypoxia symptoms that can be summarized and describe each of them. (10 marks)Hyperventilation and Cabin Pressurization 7. They are very few know about the important of adequate carbon dioxide in the bloodstream. High or low carbon dioxide in blood can lead to adverse effects on the body. a) Provide important carbon dioxide in the bloodstream. (4 marks) b) State the process of hyperventilation (6 marks) c) Explain the relationship between hypoxia and hyperventilation (5marks) 8. Hyperventilation can result by rapid or deep breathing which occur when respiratory rate increases from required 12 per minute to 15 per minute and remain elevated for a prolonged time. a) State 3 causes that can result to hyperventilation. (3 marks) b) List 3 symptoms and 3 treatments of hyperventilation. (8 marks) c) Explain the ways to prevent or overcome hyperventilation (4 marks) 9. In hyperventilation, low level of carbon dioxide resulting in changes of body pH value which will leads to the constriction of the blood vessels that supply blood to the brain. a) Explain how carbon dioxide tend to be main factor that result in hyperventilation (3 marks) b) Explain the different between hyperventilation and hypoxia (9 marks) c) State three (3) causes of Hyperventilation other than emotional problems. (3 marks)

10. Cabin pressurization is important to maintain a safe and comfortable environment for crew and engers in the low outside atmosphere pressure. a) Describe in detail main purpose why aircraft cabin need to be pressurized. (9 marks) b) Explain how cabin pressurization works. (6 marks) 11. There are three types of depressurization which can lead to serious and fatal injuries to aircraft and enger. (a) Explain cabin depressurization and state the immediate effects of rapid decompression. (6 marks) (b) Discuss the factors affecting severity and times of decompression. (9 marks) Decompression Sickness and Trapped Gas 12. Decompression sickness could be prevented by pressurized the aircraft cabin and limitation at high altitude. a) By using some illustration, explain Henry’s law and relate it with decompression sickness syndrome. (10 marks) b) Why do you think flying in the commercial aircraft after diving may cause decompression sickness? (2 marks) c) What the main causes of decompression sickness. (3 marks)13. As the gas above the solution decrease, the amount of gas dissolved in solution decreases and forms a “bubble” of gas within solution. a) Define decompression sickness. (3 marks) b) State 5 symptoms of decompression sickness and its explanation. (10 marks) c) List 2 prevention steps of decompression sickness. ( 2 marks) 14. As pressure change at altitude its effect certain body areas (cavities).

When the gas in these cavities can’t equalize with ambient environment, the gas is considered to be trapped. a) Name the cavities that being affected by “trapped gas”. (4 marks) b) Explain how gastrointestinal tract is being affected (6 marks) c) If “trapped gas” affected gastrointestinal tract, explain the treatment needed to solve this problem. (5 markah) 15. Middle ear, parasinuses, gastrointestinal tract and the teeth are body areas that affected during pressure change. a) Explain how Boyle’s Law can be related with “trapped gas.” (5 marks) b) State the effect to human cavities due to “trapped gas” problem. (10 marks) 16. The Konoha Airliner pilot wants to fly A320-200 aircraft to south Japan. Unfortunately he is catching a cold on that day. a) If he insist to fly the aircraft even though his catching a cold; which cavities do you think will affected him during flight? (2 marks) b) Please describe how are those cavities could be affected. (6 marks) c) Valsalva is one treatment method for this probem. Briefly explain about valsalva method and another three (3) treatment methods for this situation. (7 marks) Vision 17. Lens, retina, pupil, iris and cornea are the eyes part which have different function. a) Choose only TWO eye parts and describe their function (4 marks) b) List and explain 3 types of visions. ( 6 marks) c) Briefly explain how you can see by using your eyes. (5 marks) 18. Eyes are one of the most important human parts which are use for our

sight. However, due to human limitation and capabilities human eyes might be defected. Explain about impairment of vision. (15 marks) 19. Photopic vision, scotopic vision and mesopic vision are the three (3) types of vision. However our vision sometimes is limited due to several factors. a) Explain about the causes of impaired vision (8 marks) b) Explain how to have better scan of object in the flight. (7 marks)G-Force and Accelerations 20. A pilot in a vertical turn may experience forces of acceleration (G-force) equivalent to many times the force of gravity. a) Explain in details the effect of high Gz forces. (12 marks) b) Briefly explain two (2) prevention steps of G-force. (3 marks) 21. When the pilot flies the aircraft there are certain forces acting on pilot’s body; such Gx, Gy, Gz. a) Roughly explain Gx and Gy forces (4 marks) b) State the different between +Gz and –Gz forces. You may explain the difference by providing diagram to help you. (6 marks) c) Explain about “red-out phenomena” (5 marks) 22. As g-force is progressively increased the pilot may experience Grey out, Blackout, G-LOC, Red-out and death. To prevent this situation, the pilot has been trained with the method of anti-G straining maneuver. a) Explain about Grey out and blackout. (5 marks) b) Explain about G-LOC (5 marks) c) Explain about anti – G straining maneuver. (5 marks) Alcohol and Flying

23. 70% of aircraft accidents occur because of human error. This human error involving of low awareness of flight physiology and safety as well as security, attitude and miscommunication. a) Discuss the regulation restricted by Federal Aviation Regulation (FAR) involving alcohol. (5 marks) b) Explain how alcohol can lead towards hypoxia. (5 marks) c) Explain how alcohol can affect the human performance. 24. In US, the percentage of pilot with elevated blood alcohol levels involved in fatal general aviation accidents remain 10%-30% in recent time, 43% in early 1960s and 15%-20% during 1970s. a) List at least 5 effects of alcohol on impairment of higher cortical functions. (10 marks) b) State 5 symptoms of hangover effect. (5 marks) 25. The ingestion of alcohol influences virtually every system in human body in some way or another. Discuss in details the effect of alcohol to human body. (15 marks) Jet lag and Fatigue 26. Studies have shown that complex bodily functions, such as those measurable by reaction time, performance and decision time are affected by rapid shifts through several time zones a) What is Jet lag? (2 marks) b) Why does jet lag occur? (7 marks) c) Explain how jet lag can affect air crew performance. (6 marks)27. Lack of adequate sleeps and rest results in sleepy and fatigued pilots. Air crash research revealed that the unsafe and dangerous situations can result from a crew that has not had adequate sleep. a) Define fatigue

(2 marks)

b) Explain two (2) types of fatigue (5marks)

c) Discuss the causes of fatigue (8 marks) 28. Fatigue is noted by aviation community for many years as having a strong impact on flight safety and efficiency while jet lag can cause serious problem of air crew performance if not treated well. a) Discuss how to prevent fatigue. (5 marks) b) Explain the way to minimize Jet lag problem. (5 marks) c) Briefly explain the symptoms of fatigue. (5 marks) Stress 29. In aviation, accidents almost always occur in a sequence of mistakes. Stress is one of the first contributing factors lead into the rest causing the effect. a) Explain the causes of stress (9 marks) b) Discuss the symptoms of stress. (6 marks) 30. Stress can be defined as physical and physiological tension caused by dealing with difficult situations. In order to maintain safety in aviation, stress must be managed to avoid an accident. a) Explain in details how stress affects human performance in aviation. (8marks) b) Explain on how to manage stress. (7marks)