Definition Of Physical Education 566f30

Definition of Physical Education | Body Fitness and health Education Physical Education is the process by which changes in the individual are bought about through movements experiences. Physical Education aims not only at physical development but is also concerned with education of the whole person through physical activities. It would not be wrong if we say that Physical education is the play-way method of education. Various Definitions of Physical Education are – 1. Barrow defined Physical Education as an education of and through human movement where many of educational objectives are achieved by means of big muscle activities involving sports, games, gymnastic, dance and exercise. 2. According to Webster’s Dictionary Physical education is a part of education which gives instructions in the development and care of the body randing from simple callisthenic exercises to a course of study providing training in hygiene, gymnastics and the performance and management of athletics games. 3. Jackson R. Sharman points out that physical education is that part of education which takes place through activities, which involves the motor mechanism of human body which results in an individual’s formulating behaviour patterns. 4. Charles A. Bucher defines physical education, an integral part of total education process, is a field of endeavour which has as its aim the development of physically, mentally, emotionally and socially fit citizens through the medium of physical activities which have been selected with a view to realizing these outcomes.” 5. Central Advisory Board of physical Education and Recreation defines Physical education as an education through physical activities for the development of total personality of the child to its fullness and perfection in body, mind and spirit. Benefits and Importance of Physical Education | Following are the importance or benefits of physical education 1. Physical education is needed because due to advanced technology the lifestyle of people becomes sedentary and they become ive entertainer. 2. Physical education is needed during elementary & secondary education for proper growth and development. 3. It is beneficial during adulthood to maintain good health and fitness. 4. During old Age, physical education is important to prevent and treat various ailments and disease. 5. It is important as it provides us the knowledge of our bodies from musculoskeletal, physiological and biochemical point of view. 6. It teaches us various physical activities that can be practised now in later life such as motor skills for the games and sports of volleyball, tennis, swimming and so on. 7. It also teaches us the value of ethical behaviour in sporting situations. 8. It teaches us the value of physical fitness and how to become physically fit. 9. It teaches us the value of physical fitness and how to become physically fit. 10. It is important for aesthetic reasons as by participation in physical fitness programmes like gymnastics and dance, beauty and grace in cultivated in the movement. 11. It is also important for catharsis reasons with mean releasing of energy, emotion, tension or frustration and some people let off their extra steam by participating in various games and sports which are pa Definition of Physical Education | Body Fitness and health Education Physical Education is the process by which changes in the individual are bought about through movements experiences. Physical Education aims not only at physical development but is also concerned with education of the whole person through physical activities. It would not be wrong if we say that Physical education is the play-way method of education. Various Definitions of Physical Education are –

1. Barrow defined Physical Education as an education of and through human movement where many of educational objectives are achieved by means of big muscle activities involving sports, games, gymnastic, dance and exercise. 2. According to Webster’s Dictionary Physical education is a part of education which gives instructions in the development and care of the body randing from simple callisthenic exercises to a course of study providing training in hygiene, gymnastics and the performance and management of athletics games. 3. Jackson R. Sharman points out that physical education is that part of education which takes place through activities, which involves the motor mechanism of human body which results in an individual’s formulating behaviour patterns. 4. Charles A. Bucher defines physical education, an integral part of total education process, is a field of endeavour which has as its aim the development of physically, mentally, emotionally and socially fit citizens through the medium of physical activities which have been selected with a view to realizing these outcomes.”

5. Central Advisory Board of physical Education and Recreation defines Physical education as an education through physical activities for the development of total personality of the child to its fullness and perfection in body, mind and spirit art of physical education. This way physical education helps in checking juvenile delinquency. Kraus-Weber Fitness Test A direct evaluation of fitness is by strength tests, which in a general way measure the relationships between performance, condition, and strength. There are a lot of these tests around but perhaps the best known is the Kraus-Weber Test. The Kraus-Weber (K-W) Test of Minimum Muscular Fitness has six components. This test measures several large muscle groups for flexibility and strength. The higher the degree of test rating, the greater presumably is the muscular function of the body as a whole. This test is of much interest since it originally arose as the result of experience in a posture clinic where an effort was made to evaluate treatment of low back pain. Eighty percent of more than four thousand apparently healthy people were unable to one or more of the test items! As these people exercised they performed better and their back complaints decreased. Buteight years later they again failed the tests and their back pains returned. They had stopped exercising. The K-W Test is done as follows: Kraus Weber Test No. 1. With his feet held on the ground by the examiner, the subject lies flat on his back with his hands behind the neck. Perform one sit-up. Kraus Weber Test No. 2. The subject is in the same position except that his knees are bent with his ankles close to the buttocks. Perform one sit-up. Kraus Weber Test No. 3. The subject lies flat on his back with his hands behind his neck. The legsstraightare lifted 10 inches off the floor. Hold this position for 10 seconds. Kraus Weber Test No. 4. The subject lies on his stomach with a pillow under his lower abdomen and groin. The examiner holds his feet down. Lift head, shoulders, and chest off the floor and hold for 10 seconds. Kraus Weber Test No. 5. The subject’s position is the same, but the examiner holds the chest down. With knees straight, lift legs off floor and hold for 10 seconds. Kraus Weber Test No. 6. The subject stands erect, barefooted, and with feet together. The examiner holds the knees straight. Bend over slowly and touch the floor with the fingertips. Hold this position for 3 seconds. The results of this test in schoolchildren are startling. Fifty-eight percent of American children failed one or more tests as opposed to 9 percent for European children. Although the validity of this test may be challenged, comparisons of groups are meaningful. Moreover, an individual using this test has clear-cut evidence of increase or decrease in flexibility and strength. HOW to Understand BMI Calculation and Use Body Mass Index Calculator?

BMI Calculation is one of the ways to reveal if a person is overweight. It is important to understand that this index can be applied to people with different frame sizes. You should also use ourBody Mass Index Calculator. Discover how you can Improve your BMI with Dieting Supplements!

BMI and Bone Frame Sizes Many people assumed that because they were large, they had a bone frame size classification that justified weighing more. The chart allowed people with big bones to be heavier than people with small bones. Today, some people believe that body mass index (BMI) does not apply to them because their extra weight is from their big bones or muscle, not from fat. The truth is that while people do have different frame sizes and it is possible to be overweight on the BMI chart because of extra muscle, most people who weigh too much for their height do so because of excess body fat. That said, a few studies have been done on the relationship between bone frame size and BMI Calculation. What the studies found is that medium and large bone frames are closely related to their percent body fat and BMI as the bone frame gets bigger, the percent of body fat and BMI both go up. Small bone frames, however, do not have less body fat. BMI As an Indicator of Being Overweight The above finding helps explain why Asian-Americans, who tend to have smaller bone frames, have a higher disease risk at a lower BMI than people from other ethnic backgrounds. They may have a higher percentage of body fat even though their BMI may be in the normal range. However, it is essential to understand that in most cases BMI is an accurate indicator to see if you are overweight. As a result, it is important to improve your BMI if it indicates that you are overweight! asy as the Kraus-Weber Test seems to be, try it sometime after you have warmed up. You might be surprised

Waist to Hip Ratio (WHR)

•

aim: the purpose of this test to determine the ratio of waist circumference to the hip circumference, as this has been shown to be related to the risk of coronary heart disease. • equipment

required: tape measure

• procedure:

A simple calculation of the measurements of the waist girth divided by the hip girth. Waist to Hip Ratio (WHR) = Gw / Gh, where Gw = waist girth, Gh = hip girth. It does not matter which units of measurement you use, as long as it is the same for each measure. • scoring:

The table below gives general guidelines for acceptable levels for hip to waist ratio. You can use any units for the measurements (e.g. cm or inches), as it is only the ratio that is important. acceptable unacceptable excellent good average high extreme male < 0.85 0.85 - 0.90 0.90 - 0.95 0.95 - 1.00 > 1.00 female < 0.75 0.75 - 0.80 0.80 - 0.85 0.85 - 0.90 > 0.90 • target population: This measure is often used to determine the coronary artery disease risk factor associated with obesity. at the results. How to Calculate Your Waist-to-Hip Ratio more »

How to Calculate Your Waist-to-Hip Ratio People who tend to accumulate fat around their midsection are more likely to develop conditions such as heart disease, high blood pressure or diabetes than those who gain weight around their hips and thighs. Follow these simple steps to find out whether you are at risk for weight-relatedhealth conditions.

Rockport One Mile Walk Test/ BYU One Mile Jog Test (Summary: M. Bailey, PhD.,CSCS, NSCA-T) The following test provides a simple procedure for estimating the VO2 max (aerobic fitness) from a walking test. The concurrent validity is quite high; r = .93. 1.

Walk as fast as possible for one mile. (For full validity, a heart rate of at least 120 per minute must be attained.)

2.

You need only collect two pieces of information:

A. Time required to walk the mile which is recored in minutes and seconds. Time by stopwatch:_____________________ This is converted to decimal minutes as follows; Decimal minutes (t) = [mins + (seconds/60)] = _____________________ B.

The heart rate taken for 15 seconds after crossing the onemile mark. Multiply this by 4 to find beats per minute: Minute heart rate:______________________

3.

The following regression equation is recommended by the ACSM. This will allow the calculation of the relative value inml x kg-1 x min-1 :

VO2 Max =

132.853 - (.3877 x Age) - (.0769 x Wt) - (3.2649 x T) - (.1565 x HR) + (6.315 x Gender)

where: Wt = weight in pounds Age = present age Gender: male = 1, female = 0 T = Time in decimal minutes (Example: 15 minutes and 45 seconds = 15.75) Units = ml/kg/min

Rockport Fitness Treill Test This test is elegant in its simplicity and can be used in a health club, assuming the treills are calibrated on occasion: 1.

Have the client slowly warm-up while establishing a rate at which they can walk for one mile, preferably with the pulse above 120 (above about 45 % of the VO2 max). For ease of calculation use a speed to the nearest half mile per hour. One the pace is established, press "begin" or "reset" (depending upon the treill type).

2. Record the pace in miles per hour (3 mph, 3.5 mph, 4 mph, etc.). 3.

After finishing one mile exactly, immediately take the pulse for ten seconds. Multiply this by 6 for the one minute pulse. (The ideal is to obtain pulse during the last minute of exercise with a heart rate monitor.)

4.

Have the subject cool down with a 5 minute walk.

5.

For subsequent tests at the same pace, it might be interesting to take a reading of perceived exertion.

6.

Charts from the Rockport Company can used to estimate fitness level and from that establish a walking work-out plan. One could also use the equation listed above. Example: A male client weighs 154 lbs and is 22 years of age. He has a heart rate of around 125 beats per minute at 4 miles per hour near the end of the mile. 60 minutes per hour divided by 4 = 15 minutes for the mile.

VO2 Max =

132.853 - (.3877 x Age) - (.0769 x Wt) - (3.2649 x T) - (.1565 x HR) + (6.315 x Gender)

VO2 Max =

132.853 - (.0769 x Wt) - (.3877 x Age) + (6.315 x Sex) - (3.2649 x T) - (.1565 x HR),

= 132.853 – (.3877 x 22) – (.0769 x 154 lbs)– (3.2649 x 15) – (.1565 x 125) + (6.315 x 1) =

132.853 - 11.84 – 8.53 + 6.315 – 48.97 – 19.56

=

50.27 ml/kg/min

=

Almost 90 th percentile

References Kline, G.M., Porcari, J.P., Hintermeister, R.,Freedson, P.S., Ward, A., McCarron, R.F., Ross, J., & Rippe, J.M. 1987. Estimation of VO2 max from a One-Mile Track Walk, Gender, Age, and Body Weight. Med Sci in Sports & Exer, 19(3):253-259. Rippe, J., et al. 1988. Walking for Health and Fitness. J of the Amer Med Assoc, 259:2720. A brochure with the procedures for the Rockport walking test (both field and treill) and full walking programs based upon test results can be ordered (for $1.00) from: The Rockport Company 72 Howe Street Marlbaro, Mass. 01752

BYU 1 Mile Jog Test This test can is relatively new and can used for more fit individuals who cannot raise their heart rate to 120 or more with level walking. 1. Find a measured one mile. 2. Allow participants to complete a light 2 to 3 minute warm-up jog. 3. The mile should be jogged at steady and suitable pace. This is NOT a maximal test 4. To be certain the test remains submaximal, run times should be ≥ 8 minutes/mile in men and ≥ 9 minutes/mile in women, and heart rates should remain ≤ 180 beats per minute. 5. You will need to record the time of the mile and the heart rate at the end of the mile and then calculate the VO2 max with a regression equation: VO2 Max = 100.5– 0.1636(weight)– 1.438(jog time) – 0.1928(heart rate) + 8.344(gender) where: Wt = weight in kilograms (Kgs = pounds/2.2) Gender: male = 1, female = 0 T = Time in decimal minutes (Example: 15 minutes and 45 seconds = 15.75) Units = ml/kg/min

Oxygen Consumption (ml/kg/min) AGE Percentile 20 to 29 30 to 39 40 to 49 Men 90 51.4 50.4 48.2 80 48.2 46.8 44.1 70 46.8 44.6 41.8 60 44.2 42.4 39.9 Average 42.5 41.0 38.1 40 41.0 38.9 36.7 30 39.5 37.4 35.1 20 37.1 35.4 33.0 10 34.5 32.5 30.9 Women 90 44.2 41.0 39.5 80 41.0 38.6 36.3 70 38.1 36.7 33.8 60 36.7 34.6 32.3 Average 35.2 33.8 30.9 40 33.8 32.3 29.5 30 32.3 30.5 28.3 20 30.6 28.7 26.5 10 28.4 26.5 25.1

50 to 59

60+

45.3 41.0 38.5 36.7 35.2 33.8 32.3 30.2 28.0

42.5 38.1 35.3 33.6 31.8 30.2 28.7 26.5 23.1

35.2 32.3 30.9 29.4 28.2 26.9 25.5 24.3 22.3

35.2 31.2 29.4 27.2 25.8 24.5 23.8 22.8 20.8

AAHPERD Functional Fitness Test American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation & Dance (AAHPERD) Functional Fitness Test was designed for adults over the age of 60 years. The test items are designed to measure the fitness capacity of the low fitness elderly who are not yet frail, and described in a test manual by Osness (1996). The tests measure body composition, flexibility, agility, coordination, upper body strength and aerobic endurance. The tests were designed so that they could be istered by professionals and clinicians in the field who lack specialized measurement equipment, training and resources.

MEASURING HEART Rate Your heart rate can be taken at any spot on the body at which an artery is close to the surface and a pulse can be felt. The most common places to measure heart rate using the palpation method is at the wrist (radial artery) and the neck (carotid artery). Other places sometimes used are the elbow (brachial artery) and the groin (femoral artery). You should always use your fingers to take a

pulse, not your thumb, particularly when recording someone else's pulse, as you can sometimes feel your own pulse through your thumb.

Manual Method •

•

Carotid Pulse (neck) - To take your heart rate at the neck, place your first two fingers on either side of the neck. Be careful not too press to hard, then count the number of beats for a

minute. Radial Pulse (wrist) - place your index and middle fingers together on the opposite wrist, about 1/2 inch on the inside of the t, in line with the index finger. Once you find a pulse, count the number of beats you feel within a one minute period.

You can estimate the per minute rate by counting over 10 seconds and multiplying this figure by 6, or count over 15 seconds and multiply by 4, or over 30 seconds and doubling the result. There are obvious potential errors by using this shorthand method. If you have a heart rate monitor, this will usually give you an accurate reading.

Monitor Method A heart rate monitor or ECG/EEG can be used to get a more accurate heart rate measurement. This is particularly important during exercise where the motion of exercise often makes it hard to get a clear measurement using the manual method. Using a heart rate monitor is also useful when you wish to record heart rate changes over short time periods, where the heart rate may be changing. Many heart rate monitors are able to record the heart rate values to be reviewed later or ed to a computer. See also Heart Rate Monitors how they work. Many heart rate monitors require at least a little body perspiration between the chest strap and the skin for best conduction of the signal. Make sure that there is a good connection between the chest strap and your chest, and you can add some water or other fluid to increase the conductivity too.

Related Pages • • • • • • • •

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All about Heart Rate and Exercise Resting Heart Rate — are you rested and recovered Exercise Heart Rate — a measure of intensity and fitness Maximum Heart Rate — how high can you go? See also Heart Rate Monitors - how they work. see also the table of Heart Rate training ranges Table of maximum heart rate related to age weight loss article 'Weight Management and Heart Rate Monitors'