Chemistry Investigatory Project - Cold Drink - Class Xii 4b4e32
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DETERMINATION OF VARIOUS CONTENTS OF COLD DRINKS
Project Prepared By Ayush Garg Class XII Session : 2017-2018
Certificate This is hereby to certify that, the original and genuine investigation work has been carried out to investigate about the subject matter and the related data collection and investigation has been completed solely, sincerely and satisfactorily by Ayush Garg of class XII of Oxford Public School Shivpuri-Jhansi Link road, Gwalior, M.P. regarding his project titled “Cold Drink”.
Principal’s Signature
Teacher’s Signature
AKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my teacher Ms. Geeta Sharma as well as our principal Ms. Rekha Singh who gave me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic Reproduction, which also helped me in doing a lot of Research and i came to know about so many new things I am really thankful to them. Secondly i would also like to thank my parents and friends who helped me a lot in finalizing this project within the limited time frame.
-Ayush Garg XII Science
AIM Comparative Study and Qualitative Analysis of Different Brands of Cold Drinks Available in Market Coca Cola, Sprite, Limca Fanta, Mountain Dew
CONTENT 1. Introduction 2. Theory 3. Aim 4. Apparatus 5. Chemicals Required 6. Detection of pH 7. Test for Carbon Dioxide 8. Test for Glucose 9. Test for Phosphate 10. Test for Alcohol 11. Test for Sucrose 12. Result 13. Precautions 14. Conclusion 15. Bibliography
INTRODUCTION In the late 18th century, scientists made important progress in replicating naturally carbonated mineral waters. Cold drinks soon outgrew their origins in the medical world and became a widely consumed beverage, available cheaply for the masses. By the 1840s there were more than fifty soft drink manufacturers – an increase from just ten in the previous decade. First drink to enter the Indian Market was Limca. Since, the beginning of cold drinks was highly profitable and luring, many multinational companies launched their brands in India like Pepsi and Coke.
THEORY A Cold Drink is a drink that typically contains carbonated water, a sweetener, and a natural or artificial flavoring. Small amounts of alcohol may be present in a cold drink, but the alcohol content must be less than 0.5% of the total volume. Cold drinks of different brands are composed of alcohol, carbohydrates, carbon dioxide, phosphate ions etc. Carbonated water is made using a soda siphon. The carbon dioxide gas is dissolved in water to form carbonic acid which is also responsible for the tangy taste. Carbohydrates are the naturally occurring organic compounds and are major source of energy to our body. General formula of carbohydrates is CX (H2O)Y. On the basis of their molecule size carbohydrates are classified as:- Monosaccharide (Glucose), Disaccharides (Sucrose) and Polysaccharides. Cold drinks are a bit acidic in nature and their acidity can be measured by finding their pH value. The pH values also depend upon the acidic contents such as citric acid and phosphoric acid.
APPARATUS • • • • • • • • • • •
Test Tubes Test Tube Holder Test Tube Stand Stop Watch Beaker Bunsen Burner pH Paper Tripod Stand China Dish Wire Gauge Water Bath
CHEMICALS REQUIRED • • • • • • • •
Iodine Solution Potassium Iodide Sodium Hydroxide Lime Water Fehling‟s A & B Solution Concentrated Nitric Acid Benedict Solution Ammonium Molybdate
DETECTION OF pH Experiment Small samples of cold drinks of different brands were taken in a test tube and put on the pH paper. The change in colour of pH paper was noticed and was compared with standard pH scale. Sr. No.
Name of Cold Drink
1.
Coca Cola
2.
Limca
3.
Sprite
4.
Fanta
5.
Mountain Dew
Colour Observed
pH Value
Inference Soft Drinks are generally acidic because of the presence of citric acid and phosphoric acid. pH values of cold drinks of different brand are different due to the variation in amount of acidic content.
TEST FOR CARBON DIOXIDE As soon as the bottles were opened, one by one the sample was ed through lime water. The lime water turned milky Sr. No.
Name of Cold Drink
1.
Coca Cola
2.
Limca
3.
Sprite
4.
Fanta
5.
Mountain Dew
Time Taken (sec)
Conclusion
Inference All the soft drinks contain dissolved carbon dioxide in water. The carbon dioxide (CO2) dissolves in water to form carbonic acid, which is responsible for its tangy taste. Chemical Reaction Ca(OH)2 (s) + CO2 (g) → CaCO3 (s) + H2O(l)
TEST FOR GLUCOSE Experiment Small samples of cold drinks of different brandswere taken in a test tube and put on the pH paper. The change in colour of pH paper was noticed and wascompared with standard pH scale.
1. BENEDICTS’S REAGENT TEST:Small samples of cold drinks of different brands were taken in a test tube and a few drops of Benedict’s reagent were added. The test tube was heated for few seconds. Formation of reddish color confirmed the presence of glucose in cold drinks. Sr. No.
Name of Cold Drink
1.
Coca Cola
2.
Limca
3.
Sprite
4.
Fanta
5.
Mountain Dew
Observation
Conclusion
2. FEHLING’S SOLUTION TEST Small samples of cold drinks of different brands were taken in a test tube and a few drops of Fehling’s A solution and Fehling’s B solution was added in equal amount. The test tube was heated in a water bath for 10 minutes. Appearance of brown precipitate confirmed the presence of glucose in cold drinks. Sr. No.
Name of Cold Drink
1.
Coca Cola
2.
Limca
3.
Sprite
4.
Fanta
5.
Mountain Dew
Observation
Conclusion
Inference All the samples gave positive test for glucose with Fehling’s (A & B) solutions. Hence all the cold drinks contain glucose.
TEST FOR PHOSPHATE Small samples of each brand of cold drinks were taken in separate test tubes and Ammonium Molybdate followed by concentrated Nitric Acid (HNO3) was added to it. The solution was heated. Appearance of canaryyellow precipitate confirmed the presence of phosphate ions in cold drinks. Sr. No.
Name of Cold Drink
1.
Coca Cola
2.
Limca
3.
Sprite
4.
Fanta
5.
Mountain Dew
Observation
Conclusion
Inference All the soft drinks samples gave positive test for phosphate ions. Hence all the cold drinks contain phosphate.
Reaction Involved NaHPO4 + 12(NH4)2MoO4 + 21HNO3 + 3H+ -> (NH4)3PO4.12MoO3 + 21HN4NO3 + 12H2O
TEST FOR ALCOHOL Small samples of each of cold drinks were taken in separate test tubes and Iodine followed by Potassium Iodide and Sodium Hydroxide solution was added to each test tube. Then the test tubes were heated in hot water bath for 30 minutes. Yellow colored precipitate confirmed the presence of alcohol in cold drinks. Sr. No.
Name of Cold Drink
1.
Coca Cola
2.
Limca
3.
Sprite
4.
Fanta
5.
Mountain Dew
Observation
Conclusion
Inference All the cold drinks samples gave positive test for alcohol. Hence all the cold drinks contain glucose.
Reaction Involved CH3CH2OH + 4I2 + 6NaOH -> CHI3 + HCOONa + 5NaI + 5H2O
TEST FOR SUCROSE 5 ml samples of each brand of cold drinks were taken in separate china dishes and were heated very strongly until changes occur. Black coloured residue left confirmed the presence of sucrose in cold drinks. Sr. No.
Name of Cold Drink
1.
Coca Cola
2.
Limca
3.
Sprite
4.
Fanta
5.
Mountain Dew
Observation
Conclusion
Inference All the brands of cold drinks contain sucrose. But amount of sucrose varies in each brand of drink. Fanta contains highest amount of sucrose.
Result After conducting several tests, it was concluded that the different brands of cold drinks namely: 1. Coca Cola 2. Sprite 3. Limca 4. Fanta 5. Mountain Dew All contains glucose, alcohol, sucrose, phosphate and carbon dioxide. All cold drinks are acidic in nature. On comparing the pH value of different brands Coca Cola is the most acidic and Limca is least acidic of all the four brands taken. Among the four samples of cold drinks taken, Sprite has the maximum amount of dissolved carbon dioxide and Fanta has the minimum amount of dissolved carbon dioxide.
Precautions • Concentrated solutions should be handled with immense care. • Hands should be washed thoroughly after performing each experiment. • If possible, one should wear hand gloves to prevent from any possible damage. • If chemicals come into with your skin or eyes, flush immediately with copious amounts of water. • Never leave burners unattended. Turn them off whenever you leave your workstation. • Never point a test tube or any vessel that you are heating at yourself or your neighbour.
Conclusion DIS-ADVANTAGES OF COLD DRINKS •
• • • • •
Soft drinks are little more harmful than sugar solution. Asthey contain sugar in large amount which cause problems indiabetes patients. Soft drinks can cause weight gain as they interfere with the body‟s natural ability to suppress hunger feeling Soft drinks have ability to dissolve the calcium so they arealso harmful for our bones. Soft drinks contain “phosphoric acid” which has a pH of 2.8 so they can dissolve a nail in about 4 days. Soft drinks have also ability to remove blood so they are veryharmful to our body.
USES OF COLD DRINKS • • • •
Cold drinks can be used as toilet cleaners. They can remove rust spots from chrome car humpers. They clean corrosion from car battery terminals. Soft drinks are used as an excellent „detergent‟ to remove grease from clothes. • They can loose a rusted bolt.
BIBLIOGRAPHY •www.google.com •www.wikipedia.com •www.icse .com •unoregon.edu
Project Prepared By Ayush Garg Class XII Session : 2017-2018
Certificate This is hereby to certify that, the original and genuine investigation work has been carried out to investigate about the subject matter and the related data collection and investigation has been completed solely, sincerely and satisfactorily by Ayush Garg of class XII of Oxford Public School Shivpuri-Jhansi Link road, Gwalior, M.P. regarding his project titled “Cold Drink”.
Principal’s Signature
Teacher’s Signature
AKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my teacher Ms. Geeta Sharma as well as our principal Ms. Rekha Singh who gave me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic Reproduction, which also helped me in doing a lot of Research and i came to know about so many new things I am really thankful to them. Secondly i would also like to thank my parents and friends who helped me a lot in finalizing this project within the limited time frame.
-Ayush Garg XII Science
AIM Comparative Study and Qualitative Analysis of Different Brands of Cold Drinks Available in Market Coca Cola, Sprite, Limca Fanta, Mountain Dew
CONTENT 1. Introduction 2. Theory 3. Aim 4. Apparatus 5. Chemicals Required 6. Detection of pH 7. Test for Carbon Dioxide 8. Test for Glucose 9. Test for Phosphate 10. Test for Alcohol 11. Test for Sucrose 12. Result 13. Precautions 14. Conclusion 15. Bibliography
INTRODUCTION In the late 18th century, scientists made important progress in replicating naturally carbonated mineral waters. Cold drinks soon outgrew their origins in the medical world and became a widely consumed beverage, available cheaply for the masses. By the 1840s there were more than fifty soft drink manufacturers – an increase from just ten in the previous decade. First drink to enter the Indian Market was Limca. Since, the beginning of cold drinks was highly profitable and luring, many multinational companies launched their brands in India like Pepsi and Coke.
THEORY A Cold Drink is a drink that typically contains carbonated water, a sweetener, and a natural or artificial flavoring. Small amounts of alcohol may be present in a cold drink, but the alcohol content must be less than 0.5% of the total volume. Cold drinks of different brands are composed of alcohol, carbohydrates, carbon dioxide, phosphate ions etc. Carbonated water is made using a soda siphon. The carbon dioxide gas is dissolved in water to form carbonic acid which is also responsible for the tangy taste. Carbohydrates are the naturally occurring organic compounds and are major source of energy to our body. General formula of carbohydrates is CX (H2O)Y. On the basis of their molecule size carbohydrates are classified as:- Monosaccharide (Glucose), Disaccharides (Sucrose) and Polysaccharides. Cold drinks are a bit acidic in nature and their acidity can be measured by finding their pH value. The pH values also depend upon the acidic contents such as citric acid and phosphoric acid.
APPARATUS • • • • • • • • • • •
Test Tubes Test Tube Holder Test Tube Stand Stop Watch Beaker Bunsen Burner pH Paper Tripod Stand China Dish Wire Gauge Water Bath
CHEMICALS REQUIRED • • • • • • • •
Iodine Solution Potassium Iodide Sodium Hydroxide Lime Water Fehling‟s A & B Solution Concentrated Nitric Acid Benedict Solution Ammonium Molybdate
DETECTION OF pH Experiment Small samples of cold drinks of different brands were taken in a test tube and put on the pH paper. The change in colour of pH paper was noticed and was compared with standard pH scale. Sr. No.
Name of Cold Drink
1.
Coca Cola
2.
Limca
3.
Sprite
4.
Fanta
5.
Mountain Dew
Colour Observed
pH Value
Inference Soft Drinks are generally acidic because of the presence of citric acid and phosphoric acid. pH values of cold drinks of different brand are different due to the variation in amount of acidic content.
TEST FOR CARBON DIOXIDE As soon as the bottles were opened, one by one the sample was ed through lime water. The lime water turned milky Sr. No.
Name of Cold Drink
1.
Coca Cola
2.
Limca
3.
Sprite
4.
Fanta
5.
Mountain Dew
Time Taken (sec)
Conclusion
Inference All the soft drinks contain dissolved carbon dioxide in water. The carbon dioxide (CO2) dissolves in water to form carbonic acid, which is responsible for its tangy taste. Chemical Reaction Ca(OH)2 (s) + CO2 (g) → CaCO3 (s) + H2O(l)
TEST FOR GLUCOSE Experiment Small samples of cold drinks of different brandswere taken in a test tube and put on the pH paper. The change in colour of pH paper was noticed and wascompared with standard pH scale.
1. BENEDICTS’S REAGENT TEST:Small samples of cold drinks of different brands were taken in a test tube and a few drops of Benedict’s reagent were added. The test tube was heated for few seconds. Formation of reddish color confirmed the presence of glucose in cold drinks. Sr. No.
Name of Cold Drink
1.
Coca Cola
2.
Limca
3.
Sprite
4.
Fanta
5.
Mountain Dew
Observation
Conclusion
2. FEHLING’S SOLUTION TEST Small samples of cold drinks of different brands were taken in a test tube and a few drops of Fehling’s A solution and Fehling’s B solution was added in equal amount. The test tube was heated in a water bath for 10 minutes. Appearance of brown precipitate confirmed the presence of glucose in cold drinks. Sr. No.
Name of Cold Drink
1.
Coca Cola
2.
Limca
3.
Sprite
4.
Fanta
5.
Mountain Dew
Observation
Conclusion
Inference All the samples gave positive test for glucose with Fehling’s (A & B) solutions. Hence all the cold drinks contain glucose.
TEST FOR PHOSPHATE Small samples of each brand of cold drinks were taken in separate test tubes and Ammonium Molybdate followed by concentrated Nitric Acid (HNO3) was added to it. The solution was heated. Appearance of canaryyellow precipitate confirmed the presence of phosphate ions in cold drinks. Sr. No.
Name of Cold Drink
1.
Coca Cola
2.
Limca
3.
Sprite
4.
Fanta
5.
Mountain Dew
Observation
Conclusion
Inference All the soft drinks samples gave positive test for phosphate ions. Hence all the cold drinks contain phosphate.
Reaction Involved NaHPO4 + 12(NH4)2MoO4 + 21HNO3 + 3H+ -> (NH4)3PO4.12MoO3 + 21HN4NO3 + 12H2O
TEST FOR ALCOHOL Small samples of each of cold drinks were taken in separate test tubes and Iodine followed by Potassium Iodide and Sodium Hydroxide solution was added to each test tube. Then the test tubes were heated in hot water bath for 30 minutes. Yellow colored precipitate confirmed the presence of alcohol in cold drinks. Sr. No.
Name of Cold Drink
1.
Coca Cola
2.
Limca
3.
Sprite
4.
Fanta
5.
Mountain Dew
Observation
Conclusion
Inference All the cold drinks samples gave positive test for alcohol. Hence all the cold drinks contain glucose.
Reaction Involved CH3CH2OH + 4I2 + 6NaOH -> CHI3 + HCOONa + 5NaI + 5H2O
TEST FOR SUCROSE 5 ml samples of each brand of cold drinks were taken in separate china dishes and were heated very strongly until changes occur. Black coloured residue left confirmed the presence of sucrose in cold drinks. Sr. No.
Name of Cold Drink
1.
Coca Cola
2.
Limca
3.
Sprite
4.
Fanta
5.
Mountain Dew
Observation
Conclusion
Inference All the brands of cold drinks contain sucrose. But amount of sucrose varies in each brand of drink. Fanta contains highest amount of sucrose.
Result After conducting several tests, it was concluded that the different brands of cold drinks namely: 1. Coca Cola 2. Sprite 3. Limca 4. Fanta 5. Mountain Dew All contains glucose, alcohol, sucrose, phosphate and carbon dioxide. All cold drinks are acidic in nature. On comparing the pH value of different brands Coca Cola is the most acidic and Limca is least acidic of all the four brands taken. Among the four samples of cold drinks taken, Sprite has the maximum amount of dissolved carbon dioxide and Fanta has the minimum amount of dissolved carbon dioxide.
Precautions • Concentrated solutions should be handled with immense care. • Hands should be washed thoroughly after performing each experiment. • If possible, one should wear hand gloves to prevent from any possible damage. • If chemicals come into with your skin or eyes, flush immediately with copious amounts of water. • Never leave burners unattended. Turn them off whenever you leave your workstation. • Never point a test tube or any vessel that you are heating at yourself or your neighbour.
Conclusion DIS-ADVANTAGES OF COLD DRINKS •
• • • • •
Soft drinks are little more harmful than sugar solution. Asthey contain sugar in large amount which cause problems indiabetes patients. Soft drinks can cause weight gain as they interfere with the body‟s natural ability to suppress hunger feeling Soft drinks have ability to dissolve the calcium so they arealso harmful for our bones. Soft drinks contain “phosphoric acid” which has a pH of 2.8 so they can dissolve a nail in about 4 days. Soft drinks have also ability to remove blood so they are veryharmful to our body.
USES OF COLD DRINKS • • • •
Cold drinks can be used as toilet cleaners. They can remove rust spots from chrome car humpers. They clean corrosion from car battery terminals. Soft drinks are used as an excellent „detergent‟ to remove grease from clothes. • They can loose a rusted bolt.
BIBLIOGRAPHY •www.google.com •www.wikipedia.com •www.icse .com •unoregon.edu
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