Catholic Church - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia.pdf 18k4i

Catholic Church - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

10/29/13, 1:05 PM

Catholic Church From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

(Redirected from Roman Catholic Church) The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the world's largest Christian church, with 1.2 billion .[note 1] The Catholic hierarchy includes cardinals and bishops and is led by the Bishop of Rome, known as the Pope.[note 2] The Church teaches that it is the one true church divinely founded by Jesus Christ.[note 3] It also teaches that its bishops are the successors of Christ's apostles and that the Bishop of Rome, as the successor to the head of the apostles, Saint Peter, has supreme authority over the Church.[note 4] The Church maintains that the doctrine on faith and morals that it presents as definitive is infallible.[note 5] Within the Church there are a variety of doctrinal and theological traditions, including the Eastern Catholic Churches, the personal ordinariates and religious communities. The Catholic Church is Trinitarian and defines its mission as spreading the Gospel of Jesus Christ, istering the sacraments and exercising charity. Catholic worship is highly liturgical, focusing on the Mass or Divine Liturgy, in which the sacrament of the Eucharist is celebrated. The Church teaches that when consecrated by a validly ordained priest the bread and wine used during the Mass become the body and blood of Christ through transubstantiation. The Catholic Church practises closed communion and only baptised of the Church in a state of grace are ordinarily permitted to receive the Eucharist. It holds the Virgin Mary, as mother of Jesus Christ, in special regard and has defined four specific Marian dogmatic teachings, namely her Immaculate Conception without original sin, her status as the Mother of God, her perpetual virginity and her bodily Assumption into Heaven at the end of her earthly life.[note 6] Catholic social teaching emphasises for the poor and the afflicted through the corporal works of mercy. These include social programmes and institutions throughout the world, including Catholic schools, universities, hospitals, missions and shelters, as well as charities such as Catholic Relief Services and Caritas that help families, the poor, the elderly and the sick. Catholic spiritual teaching emphasises spread of the Gospel message and growth in spiritual discipline through the spiritual works of mercy. The Catholic Church is among the oldest institutions in the world and has played a prominent role in the history of Western civilisation, inspiring art, culture and philosophy. In the Middle Ages, the Church replaced the Roman Empire as a unifying force in Europe and the papacy became involved in politics. In recent decades, the Church has been criticised for its doctrines concerning sexual issues and the ordination of women as well as for its handling of sexual abuse cases.

Contents 1 Name 2 Organisation and demographics 2.1 Papacy and Roman Curia 2.2 Autonomous particular churches 2.3 Dioceses, parishes and religious orders 2.4 hip statistics 3 Worship and liturgy 3.1 Celebration of the Eucharist 3.2 Western liturgical rites 3.3 Eastern liturgical rites 4 Doctrine 4.1 Trinity 4.2 Apostolicity 4.3 Sacraments 4.3.1 Sacraments of Christian initiation 4.3.2 Sacraments of healing http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church

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4.3.3 Sacraments at the service of communion 4.4 Judgement after death 4.5 Virgin Mary 5 Social teaching 6 History 6.1 Apostolic period 6.2 Spread throughout the Roman Empire 6.3 Late Antiquity 6.4 Medieval, Renaissance and Baroque periods 6.5 Doctrinal disputes and schisms 6.6 Lateran Treaties 6.7 Second Vatican Council 6.8 New evangelisation 7 Contemporary issues 7.1 Social justice issues 7.2 Sexuality and gender issues 7.3 Sex abuse cases 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links

Name Further information: Roman Catholic (term) and History of the term "Catholic" The term "catholic" is derived from the Greek word καθολικός (katholikos) meaning "universal" and was first used to describe the Church in the early 2nd century.[4] The term katholikos is equivalent to καθόλου (katholou), a contraction of the phrase καθ' ὅλου (kath' holou) meaning "according to the whole".[5] "Catholic Church" (he katholike ekklesia) first appears in a letter of St Ignatius written in about 110.[6] In the "Catechetical Discourses" of St. Cyril of Jerusalem, "Catholic Church" is used to distinguish it from other groups that also call themselves the church.[6][7] Since the East–West Schism of 1054, the church that remained in communion with the See of Rome continued to call itself "Catholic" while the Eastern churches have generally been known as "Orthodox" or "Eastern Orthodox".[8] Following the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century, the Church continued to use the term "Catholic" to distinguish itself from the various denominations that split off.[8] The name "Catholic Church" is the most common designation used in official church documents.[9] It is also the term which Pope Paul VI used when g documents of the The crossed keys of Saint Peter, Second Vatican Council.[10] However, Church documents produced both by the Holy a symbol of the Catholic Church See[11] and by certain national episcopal conferences[12] occasionally refer to the Roman Catholic Church. The Catechism of Pope Pius X, published in 1908, also used the term "Roman" to distinguish the Catholic Church from other Christian communities who are not in full communion with the Church of Rome.[13] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church

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Organisation and demographics Catholic Church

Major sui iuris Churches Listed by Rite (Liturgical Tradition)

Western Tradition Latin Church Byzantine Tradition Albanian Byzantine Catholic Church Belarusian Greek Catholic Church Bulgarian Greek Catholic Church Church of Croatia, Serbia and Montenegro Greek Byzantine Catholic Church Hungarian Greek Catholic Church Italo-Albanian Catholic Church Macedonian Greek Catholic Church Melkite Catholic Church Romanian Catholic Church Russian Catholic Church Ruthenian Catholic Church Slovak Catholic Church Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church Antiochian or West Syrian Tradition Maronite Church Syriac Catholic Church Syro-Malankara Catholic Church Chaldean or East Syrian Tradition Chaldean Catholic Church Syro-Malabar Catholic Church Armenian Tradition Armenian Catholic Church http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church

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Alexandrian Tradition Coptic Catholic Church Ethiopian Catholic Church Catholicism portal This box: view · talk · edit (//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Major_Sui_Iuris_Catholic_Churches&action=edit)

Papacy and Roman Curia Main article: Hierarchy of the Catholic Church Further information: Pope and List of popes The Church's hierarchy is headed by the Bishop of Rome, known as the Pope (Latin: papa; "father"), who is the leader of the worldwide Catholic Church composed of the Latin Church and the Eastern Catholic Churches in full communion with the see of Rome. The current Pope is Francis, elected on 13 March 2013 by papal conclave.[note 7] The office of the Pope is known as the Papacy. The Church holds that Christ instituted the Papacy, upon giving the keys of Heaven to Saint Peter. His ecclesiastical jurisdiction is called the "Holy See" (Sancta Sedes in Latin), or the "Apostolic See" (meaning the see of the Apostle Saint Peter).[14][15] Directly serving the Pope is the Roman Curia, the central governing body that isters the day-to-day business of the Catholic Church. The Pope is also Sovereign of Vatican City State,[16] a city-state entirely enclaved within the city of Rome. The legal entity of the Holy See is distinct from that of the Vatican City state and all foreign relations are accredited to the Holy See.[17] Pope Francis, elected in the papal conclave, 2013

The position of cardinal is a rank of honour bestowed by popes on certain ecclesiastics, such as leaders within the Roman Curia, bishops serving in major cities and distinguished theologians. For advice and assistance in governing, the pope may turn to the College of Cardinals.[18]

Following the death or resignation of a pope,[note 8] of the College of Cardinals who are under age 80 meet in the Sistine Chapel in Rome to elect a successor.[20] Although this election, known as a papal conclave, can theoretically elect any male Catholic as Pope, since 1389 only fellow cardinals have been elevated to that position.[21]

Autonomous particular churches Main articles: Latin Church and Eastern Catholic Churches The Catholic Church is made up of 23 autonomous particular churches, each of which accepts the paramountcy of the Bishop of Rome on matters of doctrine.[22][23] These churches, also known by the Latin term sui iuris churches, are communities of Catholic Christians whose forms of worship reflect different historical and cultural influences rather than differences in doctrine. In general, each sui iuris church is headed by a patriarch or high-ranking bishop,[24] and has a degree of self-governance over the particulars of its internal organisation, liturgical rites, liturgical calendar and other aspects of its spirituality. The largest of the particular churches is the Latin Church, which reports over one billion . It developed in southern Europe and North Africa. Then it spread throughout Western, Central and Northern Europe, before expanding to the rest of the world. The Latin Church considered itself to be the oldest and largest branch of Western Christianity,[25] a heritage of http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church

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certain beliefs and customs originating in various European countries, some of which are shared also by many Christian denominations that trace their origins to the Protestant Reformation.[25] Relatively small in of adherents compared to the Latin Church, but important to the overall structure of the Church, are the 22 self-governing Eastern Catholic Churches with a hip of 17.3 million as of 2010.[2] The Eastern Catholic Churches follow the traditions and spirituality of Eastern Christianity and are composed of Eastern Christians who have always remained in full communion with the Catholic Church or who have chosen to reenter full communion in the centuries following the East–West Schism and earlier divisions. Some Eastern Catholic Churches are governed by a patriarch who is elected by the synod of the bishops of that church,[26] others are headed by a major archbishop,[27] others are under a metropolitan,[28] and others are organized as individual eparchies.[29] The Roman Curia has a specific department, the Congregation for the Oriental Churches, to maintain relations with them.

Dioceses, parishes and religious orders Individual countries, regions, or major cities are served by local particular Churches known as dioceses or eparchies, each overseen by a Catholic bishop. Each diocese is united with one of the worldwide "sui iuris" particular churches, such as the Latin Church, or one of the many Eastern Catholic Churches. As of 2008, the Catholic Church altogether comprised 2,795 dioceses.[30] The bishops in a particular country or region are often organised into an episcopal conference,[31] which aids in maintaining a uniform style of worship and co-ordination of social justice programmes within the areas served by member bishops. Dioceses are further divided into numerous individual communities called parishes, each staffed by one or more priests, deacons and/or lay ecclesial ministers.[32] Parishes are responsible for the day to day celebration of the sacraments and pastoral care of the Catholic laity. Ordained Catholics, as well as of the laity, may enter into consecrated life either on an individual basis, as a hermit or consecrated virgin, or by ing an institute of consecrated life (a religious institute or a secular institute) in which to take vows confirming their desire to follow the three evangelical counsels of chastity, poverty and obedience.[33] Examples of institutes of consecrated life are the Benedictines, the Carmelites, the Dominicans, the Franciscans, the Missionaries of Charity and the Sisters of Mercy.[33] Women are a majority among of institutes of consecrated life, 743,200 out of a worldwide total of 945,210 in 2006. They engage in a variety of occupations, from contemplative prayer, to teaching, to providing health care, to working as missionaries.[34]

hip statistics Further information: Catholicism by country Church hip in 2011 was 1.214 billion (17.5% of the world population),[1] an increase from 437 million in 1950[35] and 654 million in 1970.[36] Since 2010, the rate of increase was 1.5% with a 2.3% increase in Africa and a 0.3% increase in the Americas and Europe. 48.8% of Catholics live in the Americas, 23.5% in Europe, 16.0% in Africa, 10.9% in Asia and 0.8% in Oceania.[1] Catholics represent over half of all Christians.[37] In 2011, the Church had 413,418 priests. The main growth areas have been Asia and Africa with 39% and 32% increases respectively since 2000.[1]

Worship and liturgy Main article: Catholic liturgy

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Among the 23 autonomous (sui iuris) churches, numerous forms of worship and liturgical traditions exist, called "rites", which reflect historical and cultural diversity rather than differences in belief.[38] In the definition of the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, "a rite is the liturgical, theological, spiritual, and disciplinary patrimony, culture and circumstances of history of a distinct people, by which its own manner of living the faith is manifested in each Church sui iuris",[39] but the term is often limited to liturgical patrimony. The most commonly used liturgy is the Roman Rite in its ordinary form, but other rites are in use in the Eastern Catholic Churches and even in the Latin Church.

Celebration of the Eucharist In all rites the Mass, or Divine Liturgy, is the centre of Catholic worship. The Catholic Church teaches that at each Mass the bread and wine become the body and blood of Christ by the words of consecration spoken by the priest.[40] The Church teaches that this happens through transubstantiation, in which the "accidents" (perceptible aspects) of the sacramental bread and wine remain, but the underlying substance is transmuted into the body, blood, soul and divinity of Christ, and is not merely symbolic.[41] The words of consecration are drawn from the three synoptic Gospels and a Pauline letter.[42] The Church teaches that Christ established a New Covenant with humanity through the institution of the Eucharist at the Last Supper, as described in these biblical verses.

Catholic religious objects— Holy Bible, crucifix and rosary.

Because the Church teaches that Christ is present in the Eucharist,[43] there are strict rules about who may celebrate and who may receive the Eucharist in the Catholic Church.[44] The sacrament can only be celebrated by a validly ordained priest.[40][45][46] Those who are conscious of being in a state of mortal sin are forbidden to receive the sacrament until they have received absolution through the sacrament of Reconciliation (Penance).[47] Catholics are normally obliged to abstain from eating for at least an hour before receiving the sacrament.[47] Catholics, even if they were in danger of death and unable to approach a Catholic minister, may not ask for the sacraments of the Eucharist, penance or anointing of the sick from someone, such as a Protestant minister, who is not known to be validly ordained in line with Catholic teaching on ordination.[48][49] Likewise, even in grave and pressing need, Catholic ministers may not ister these sacraments to those who do not manifest Catholic faith in the sacrament. In relation to the churches of Eastern Christianity not in communion with the Holy See, the Catholic Church is less restrictive, declaring that "a certain communion in sacris, and so in the Eucharist, given suitable circumstances and the approval of Church authority, is not merely possible but is encouraged."[50]

The altar, the centre of Catholic worship, where the "Holy Sacrifice of the Mass" takes place.

Western liturgical rites The Roman Rite is the most common rite of worship used by the Catholic Church. Its use is found worldwide, spread by missionary activity originating in European Catholic nations throughout Christian history.[52] Two forms of the Roman Rite are authorised at present. The generally used ordinary form, celebrated mostly in the vernacular, is that of the post-1969 editions of the Roman Missal, and is known as the Mass of Paul VI. The extraordinary form, celebrated only in Latin, is that of the edition of 1962, the year of the opening of the Second Vatican Council,[53] and is known as the Tridentine http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church

Catholic Church

Structure of the Roman Rite Mass

Roman Missal, chalice (with purificator, paten and pall), crucifix, lit candle

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A. Introductory rites Entrance Greeting of the altar Act of penitence Kyrie Eleison Gloria Collect B. Liturgy of the Word Biblical readings Responsorial psalm Homily Profession of faith Prayer of the Faithful

Tridentine Mass in a chapel of the Cathedral of the Holy Cross, Boston in April 2009. This ancient form of the Roman Rite dates back to 1570; most elements are centuries older

Mass.[43][note 9] An outline of the major liturgical elements of Roman Rite Mass can be found in the side bar. "Anglican Use" parishes use a variation of the Roman rite that retains some of the wording of the Anglican liturgical rites.[note 10] 2009 saw the creation of ordinariates for groups of Anglicans who have been approved for entrance into the Catholic Church and who may also use a rite that incorporates elements of Anglican tradition.[54] Other Western liturgical rites (non-Roman) include the Ambrosian Rite and the Mozarabic Rite.

C. Liturgy of the Eucharist See also: Eucharist in the Catholic Church

Preparation of the gifts Prayer over the offerings Eucharistic Prayer Communion rite: The Lord’s Prayer Rite of peace Fraction Reception of Communion D. Concluding rites Source: General Instruction of the Roman Missal[51]

Eastern liturgical rites Catholicism Portal

The V · T · E (//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Roman_Rite_of_Mass&action=edit) liturgical rites of the Eastern Catholic Churches are very similar to, and often identical with, the rites used by the Eastern Orthodox and other Eastern Christian churches that historically developed in Russia, Caucasus, the Balkans, North Eastern Africa and the Middle East, but are no longer in communion with the Holy See. The Eastern Catholic Churches are either groups of faithful who have restored full communion with the Pope, while preserving their identity as Eastern Christians, or groups with which full communion has never been broken.

An Eastern Catholic bishop of the SyroMalabar Church holding the Mar Thoma Cross which symbolises the heritage and identity of the Saint Thomas Christians of India

The rites used by the Eastern Catholic Churches include the Byzantine Rite, in its Antiochian, Greek and Slavonic varieties, the Alexandrian Rite, the Syriac Rite, the Armenian Rite, the Maronite Rite and the Chaldean Rite. In the past some of the rites used by the Eastern Catholic Churches were subject to some degree of liturgical Latinisation. However, in recent years Eastern Catholic Churches have returned to traditional Eastern practices in accord with the Vatican II decree Orientalium Ecclesiarum. Each church has its own liturgical calendar.

Doctrine Further information: Catholic theology


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The fundamental beliefs of the Christian religion are summarised in the Nicene Creed. For Catholics, they are detailed in the Catechism of the Catholic Church.[55][56] The Church Catholic holds that it is the One, Holy, Catholic and Apostolic Church. Based on the promises of Christ in the Gospels, the Church believes that it is continually guided by the Holy Spirit—which reveals God's truth through Sacred scripture, Sacred tradition and the Magisterium.[57]—and so protected infallibly from falling into doctrinal error.[58][59][60][61] Sacred Scripture consists of the 73 book Catholic Bible. This is made up of the 46 books found in the ancient Greek version of the Old Testament—known as the Septuagint[62]—and the 27 New Testament writings first found in the Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209 and listed in Athanasius' Thirty-Ninth Festal Letter.[63][note 11] Sacred Tradition consists of those teachings believed by the Church to have been handed down since the time of the Apostles.[64] Sacred Scripture and Sacred Tradition are collectively known as the "deposit of faith" (depositum fidei). These are in turn interpreted by the Magisterium (from magister, Latin for "teacher"), the Church's teaching authority, which is exercised by the Pope and the College of Bishops in union with the Pope, the bishop of Rome.[65]

Trinity The Catholic Church holds that there is one eternal God, who exists as a mutual indwelling of three persons: God the Father; God the Son; and God the Holy Spirit, which make up the Trinity. Catholics believe that Jesus Christ is the second person of the Trinity, God the Son. In an event known as the Incarnation, through the power of the Holy Spirit, God became united with human nature through the conception of Christ in the womb of the Blessed Virgin Mary. Christ therefore is both fully divine and fully human. It is taught that Christ's mission on earth included giving people his teachings and providing his example for them to follow as recorded in the four Gospels.[66] The Church teaches that through the ion (suffering) of Christ and his crucifixion as described in the Gospels, all people have an opportunity for forgiveness and freedom from sin and so can be reconciled to God.[67] The Resurrection of Jesus gained for humans a possible spiritual immortality previously denied to them because of original sin.[68] By reconciling with God and following Christ's words and deeds, an individual can enter the Kingdom of God, which is the "... reign of God over people's hearts and lives".[69] The Greek term "Christ" and the Hebrew "Messiah" both mean "anointed one", referring to the Christian belief that Jesus' death and resurrection are the fulfilment of the Old Testament's messianic prophecies.[70]

The Crucifixion of Christ featuring Saint Dismas and criminal Gestas by Albrecht Altdorfer, 1526

Apostolicity According to the Catechism, the Catholic Church professes to be the "sole Church of Christ", which is described in the Nicene Creed as the one, holy, catholic, and apostolic Church.[71] The church teaches that its founder is Jesus Christ, who appointed the twelve Apostles to continue his work as the Church's earliest bishops.[72] Catholic belief holds that the Church "is the continuing presence of Jesus on earth",[73] and that all duly consecrated bishops have a lineal succession from the apostles.[74] In particular, the Bishop of Rome (the Pope), is considered the successor to the apostle Simon Peter, from whom the Pope derives his supremacy over the Church.[75] The Church is further described in the papal encyclical Mystici Corporis Christi as the Mystical Body of Christ.[76] The Church teaches that the fullness of the "means of salvation" exists only in the Catholic Church, but the Church acknowledges that the Holy Spirit can make use of Christian communities separated from itself to "impel towards Catholic unity" and thus bring people to salvation. It teaches that anyone who is saved is saved through the Church but that people can be saved ex voto and by pre-baptismal martyrdom as well as when conditions of invincible ignorance are present,[61] although invincible ignorance in itself is not a means of salvation. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church

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Sacraments Main article: Sacraments of the Catholic Church According to the Council of Trent, Christ instituted seven sacraments and entrusted them to the Church.[77] These are Baptism, Confirmation, the Eucharist, Reconciliation (Penance), Anointing of the Sick (formerly called Extreme Unction, one of the "Last Rites"), Holy Orders and Holy Matrimony. Sacraments are visible rituals that Catholics see as signs of God's presence and effective channels of God's grace to all those who receive them with the proper disposition (ex opere operato).[78] The Catechism of the Catholic Church categorises the sacraments into three groups, the "sacraments of Christian initiation", "sacraments of healing" and "sacraments at the service of communion and the mission of the faithful". These groups broadly reflect the stages of people's natural and spiritual lives which each sacrament is intended to serve.[79] Sacraments of Christian initiation Main article: Sacraments of Initiation Baptism As viewed by the Catholic Church, Baptism is the first of three sacraments of initiation as a Christian.[80] It washes away all sins, both original sin and personal actual sins.[81] It makes a person a member of the Church.[82] As a gratuitous gift of God that requires no merit on the part of the person who is baptised, it is conferred even on children,[83] who, though they have no personal sins, need it on of original sin.[84] If a new-born child is in a danger of death, anyone—be it a doctor, a nurse, or a parent—may baptise the child.[85] Baptism marks a person permanently and cannot be repeated.[86] The Catholic Church recognises as valid baptisms conferred even by people who are not Catholics or Christians, provided that they intend to baptise ("to do what the Church does when she baptises") and that they use the Trinitarian baptismal formula.[87] Confirmation The Catholic Church sees the sacrament of confirmation as required to complete the grace given in baptism.[88] When adults are baptised, confirmation is normally given immediately afterwards,[89] a practice followed even for infants in the Eastern Catholic Church.[90] In the West confirmation of children is delayed until they are old enough to understand or An Italian priest during the even until they are in their teens.[91] In Western Christianity, particularly Catholicism, the sacrament of Baptism sacrament is called confirmation, because it confirms and strengthens the grace of baptism; in the Eastern Church, it is called chrismation, because the essential rite is the anointing of the person with chrism,[92] a mixture of olive oil and some perfumed substance, usually balsam, blessed by a bishop.[93] Those who receive confirmation must be in a state of grace, which for those who have reached the age of reason means that they should first be cleansed spiritually by the sacrament of Penance; they should also have the intention of receiving the sacrament, and be prepared to show in their lives that they are Christians.[94] Eucharist For Catholics, the Eucharist is the sacrament which completes Christian initiation.[95] It is the perpetuation of the sacrifice of Jesus on the cross,[96] and a banquet in which Christ himself is consumed.[97] The Catechism of the Catholic Church states that: The Eucharist is the source and summit of the Christian life and The Eucharist is the efficacious sign and sublime cause of that communion in the divine life and that unity of the People of God by which the Church is kept in being.[98] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church

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The Eucharist includes prayers and Bible readings along with the consecration of the bread and wine[99] which, according to the Church, become the body and blood of Jesus Christ.[100][101] The ceremony in which a Catholic first receives the Eucharist is known as First Communion. Sacraments of healing The two sacraments of healing are the Sacrament of Penance and Anointing of the Sick. Penance The Sacrament of Penance (also called Reconciliation, Forgiveness, Confession, and Conversion[102]) exists for the conversion of those who, after baptism, separate themselves from Christ by sin.[103] Essential to this sacrament are acts both by the sinner (examination of conscience, contrition with a determination not to sin again, confession to a priest, and performance of some act to repair the damage caused by sin) and by the priest (determination of the act of reparation to be performed and absolution).[104] Serious sins (mortal sins) must be confessed within at most a year and always before receiving Holy Communion, while confession of venial sins also is recommended.[105] The priest is bound under the severest penalties to maintain the "seal of confession", absolute secrecy about any sins revealed to him in confession.[106] Anointing of the Sick Pope Benedict XVI celebrates the Eucharist at the canonisation of Frei Galvão in São Paulo, Brazil on 11 May 2007

While chrism is used only for the three sacraments that cannot be repeated, a different oil is used by a priest or bishop to bless a Catholic who, because of illness or old age, has begun to be in danger of death.[107] This sacrament, known as Anointing of the Sick, is believed to give comfort, peace, courage and, if the sick person is unable to make a confession, even forgiveness of sins.[108] The sacrament is also referred to as Unction, and in the past as Extreme Unction, and it is one of the three sacraments that constitute the last rites, together with Penance and Viaticum (Eucharist). Sacraments at the service of communion According to the Catechism of the Catholic Church there are two sacraments of communion directed towards the salvation of others: priesthood and marriage.[109] Within the general vocation to be a Christian, these two sacraments consecrate to specific mission or vocation among the people of God. Men receive the holy orders to feed the Church by the word and grace. Spouses marry so that their love may be fortified to fulfill duties of their state.[110]

A Catholic believer prays in a church in Mexico.

A painting of the Anointing of the Sick being istered by a priest during the last rites.

Ordination


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The sacrament of Holy Orders consecrates and deputes some Christians to serve the whole body as of three degrees or orders: episcopate (bishops), presbyterate (priests) and diaconate (deacons).[111][112] The Church has defined rules on who may be ordained into the clergy. In the Latin Rite, the priesthood and diaconate are generally restricted to celibate men.[113][114] Men who are already married may be ordained in the Eastern Catholic Churches in most countries,[115] and the personal ordinariates and may become deacons even in the Western Church[113][114] (see Clerical marriage). But after becoming a Roman Catholic priest, a man may not marry (see Clerical celibacy) unless he is formally laicised. All clergy, whether deacons, priests or bishops, may preach, teach, baptise, witness marriages and conduct funeral liturgies.[116] Only bishops and priests can ister the sacraments of the Eucharist, Reconciliation (Penance) and Anointing of the Sick.[117][118] Only bishops can ister the sacrament of Holy Orders, which ordains someone into the clergy.[119] Matrimony Marriage, understood as an indissoluble union between a man and a woman,[120] if entered into validly by any baptised man and baptised woman, is considered a sacrament by the Catholic Church.[121] The church does not recognise divorce as ending a valid marriage and allows state recognised divorce only as a means of protecting children or property, without allowing remarriage following such a divorce. Apart from the requirements, such as freedom of consent, that it sees as applicable to all, the church has established certain specific requirements for the validity of marriages by Catholics.[122] Failure to observe the Church's regulations, as well as defects applicable to all marriages, may be grounds for a church declaration of the invalidity of a marriage, a declaration usually referred to as an annulment.[123]

Judgement after death The Church teaches that, immediately after death, the soul of each person will receive a particular judgement from God.[124] This teaching also attests to another day when Christ will sit in a universal judgement of all mankind. This final judgement, according to Church teaching, will bring an end to human history and mark the beginning of a new and better heaven and earth ruled by God in righteousness.[124] The basis on which each person's soul is judged is detailed in the Gospel of Matthew, which lists works of mercy to be performed even to people considered "the least of Christ's brothers".[125] Emphasis is upon Christ's words that "Not everyone who says to me, 'Lord, Lord,' shall enter the kingdom of heaven, but he who does the will of my Father who is in heaven".[126] According to the Catechism, "The Last Judgement will reveal even to its furthest consequences the good each person has done or failed to do during his earthly life."[126] Depending on the judgement rendered, a soul may enter one of three states of afterlife: Heaven is a time of glorious union with God and a life of unspeakable joy Before his resurrection from the dead, that lasts forever.[124] Jesus Christ grants salvation to souls by the Purgatory is a temporary condition for the purification of souls who, Harrowing of Hell. Oil on canvas, by Fra although saved, are not free enough from sin to enter directly into Angelico circa 1430s heaven.[124] Souls in purgatory may be aided in reaching heaven by the prayers of the faithful on earth and by the intercession of saints.[127] Final Damnation: Finally, those who persist in living in a state of mortal sin and do not repent before death subject themselves to hell, an everlasting separation from God.[124] The Church teaches that no one is condemned to hell without having freely decided to reject God.[124] No one is predestined to hell and no one can determine whether anyone else has been condemned.[124] Catholicism teaches that through God's mercy a person can repent at any point before death and be saved.[128] Some Catholic theologians have speculated that the souls of unbaptised infants http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church

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who die in original sin are assigned to limbo although this is not an official doctrine of the Church.[129]

Virgin Mary Main articles: Veneration of Mary in Roman Catholicism and Roman Catholic Mariology See also: Mary (mother of Jesus) Devotions to Mary are part of Catholic piety but are distinct from the worship of God.[130] The Church holds Mary, as Perpetual Virgin and Mother of God, in special regard.[131] Catholic beliefs concerning Mary include her Immaculate Conception without the stain of original sin and bodily assumption into heaven at the end of her life, both of which have been infallibly defined as dogma, by Pope Pius IX in 1854 and Pope Pius XII in 1950 respectively.[132]

The Blessed Virgin Mary is highly regarded in the Catholic Church, proclaiming her as Mother of God, free from original sin and an intercessor.

Mariology deals not only with her life but also her veneration in daily life, prayer and Marian art, music and architecture. Several liturgical Marian feasts are celebrated throughout the Church Year and she is honoured with many titles such as Queen of Heaven. Pope Paul VI called her Mother of the Church because, by giving birth to Christ, she is considered to be the spiritual mother to each member of the Body of Christ.[132] Because of her influential role in the life of Jesus, prayers and devotions such as the Hail Mary, the Rosary, the Salve Regina and the Memorare are common Catholic practices.[133] The Church has affirmed certain Marian apparitions, such as at Lourdes, Fátima, and Guadalupe.[134] Pilgrimages to these sites are popular Catholic devotions.[135]

Social teaching Main article: Catholic social teaching See also: Catholic Church and health care The social Gospel espoused by Jesus and Catholic social teaching place a heavy emphasis on the corporal works of mercy and the spiritual works of mercy, namely the and concern for the sick, the poor and the afflicted.[136] Church teaching calls for a preferential option for the poor while canon law prescribes that "The Christian faithful are also obliged to promote social justice and, mindful of the precept of the Lord, to assist the poor."[137] The Church enumerates "corporal works of mercy" and "spiritual works of mercy" as follows:[138] Corporal Works of Mercy

Spiritual Works of Mercy

1. To feed the hungry.

1. To instruct the ignorant.

2. To give drink to the thirsty.

2. To counsel the doubtful

3. To clothe the naked.

3. To onish sinners.

4. To harbour the harbourless (shelter the homeless).

4. To bear wrongs patiently.

5. To visit the sick.

5. To forgive offences willingly.

6. To ransom the captive.

6. To comfort the afflicted. 7. To pray for both the living and


Blessed Mother Teresa of Calcutta advocated for the sick, the poor and the needy by practising the acts of corporal works of mercy.

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7. To bury the dead.

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the dead.

The Catholic Church is the largest non-government provider of education and medical services in the world.[139] In 2010, the Catholic Church's Pontifical Council for Pastoral Assistance to Health Care Workers said that the Church manages 26% of health care facilities in the world, including hospitals, clinics, orphanages, pharmacies and centres for those with leprosy.[140] Religious institutes for women have played a particularly prominent role in the provision of health and education services, as with orders such as the Sisters of Mercy, Little Sisters of the Poor, the Missionaries of Charity, the Sisters of St. Joseph of the Sacred Heart, the Sisters of the Blessed Sacrament and the Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul. The Church is also actively engaged in international aid and development through organisations such as Catholic Relief Services, Caritas International, Aid to the Church in Need, refugee advocacy groups such as the Jesuit Refugee Service and community aid groups such as the Saint Vincent de Paul Society.

History Main article: History of the Catholic Church See also: Early history of Christianity and Historiography of early Christianity

Apostolic period Main article: Apostolic Age Catholic tradition and doctrine hold that the Catholic Church is the one true church[141][142][143][144] founded by Jesus Christ in the 1st century AD in the province of Judea of the Roman Empire.[145][146] The New Testament records Jesus' activities and teaching, his appointment of the twelve Apostles and his instructions to them to continue his work.[147][148] The Catholic Church teaches that the coming of the Holy Spirit upon This fresco (1481–82) by Pietro Perugino in the Sistine the apostles, in an event known as Pentecost, signalled the beginning Chapel shows Jesus giving the keys of heaven to Saint of the public ministry of the Catholic Church.[74] Catholic doctrine Peter. teaches that the contemporary Catholic Church is the continuation of this early Christian community. It interprets the Confession of Peter found in the Gospel of Matthew as Christ's designation of Saint Peter the Apostle and his successors, the Bishops of Rome to be the temporal head of his Church, a doctrine known as apostolic succession.

Spread throughout the Roman Empire Main article: Early centers of Christianity Conditions in the Roman Empire facilitated the spread of new ideas. The empire's well-defined network of roads and waterways allowed for easier travel, while the Pax Romana made it safe to travel from one region to another. The government had encouraged inhabitants, especially those in urban areas, to learn Greek as the common language, which allowed ideas to be more easily expressed and understood.[149] Unlike most religions in the Roman Empire, however, Christianity required its adherents to renounce all other gods, a practice adopted from Judaism (see Idolatry). The Christians' refusal to pagan celebrations meant they were unable to participate in much of public life, which caused non-Christians— including government authorities—to fear that the Christians were angering the gods and thereby threatening the peace and prosperity of the Empire. The resulting persecutions were a defining feature of Christian self-understanding until Christianity was legalised in the 4th century.[150]


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In 313, the struggles of the Early Church were lessened by the legalisation of Christianity by the Emperor Constantine I. In 380, Christianity became the state church of the Roman Empire by decree of the Emperor in the Edict of Thessalonica, which would persist until the fall of the Western Roman Empire and, later, with the Eastern Roman Empire until the Fall of Constantinople. During this time (the period of the Seven Ecumenical Councils) there were considered five primary sees according to Eusebius: Rome, Constantinople, Antioch, Jerusalem and Alexandria, known as the Pentarchy.

Late Antiquity In the centuries after the destruction of the Western Roman Empire, Western Christianity was a major factor in the preservation of classical civilisation, especially classical art and literacy (see Illuminated manuscript).[151] Through his Rule, Benedict of Nursia (c.480–543), one of the founders of Western monasticism, exerted an enormous influence on European culture through the appropriation of the monastic spiritual heritage of the early Church and, with the spread of the Benedictine tradition, through the preservation and transmission of ancient culture. During this period, monastic Ireland became a centre of learning and early Irish missionaries such as St Columbanus and St Columba spread Christianity and established monasteries across continental Europe.[152] In Eastern Christianity, the Byzantine Empire preserved Orthodoxy well after the massive invasions of Islam in the mid-7th century. The invasions of Islam devastated three of the five Patriarchal sees, capturing Jerusalem first, then Alexandria and then, finally, in the mid-8th century, Antioch. The whole period of the next five centuries was dominated by the struggle between Christianity and Islam throughout the Mediterranean Basin. The battles of Toulouse and Poitiers preserved the Catholic tradition even though Rome itself was ravaged in 850 and Constantinople was besieged.

Medieval, Renaissance and Baroque periods The Catholic Church was the dominant influence on Western civilisation from late antiquity to the dawn of the modern age.[153] It was the primary sponsor of Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance, Mannerist and Baroque styles in art, architecture and music.[154] Renaissance figures such as Raphael, Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, Botticelli, Fra Angelico, Tintoretto, Titian, Bernini and Caravaggio are examples of the numerous visual artists sponsored by the Church.[155] In the eleventh century, Gregorian Reform led to the Investiture Controversy between the church and the Holy Roman Emperors, over whether secular powers or the church itself had the sole power to appoint bishops and Popes. The efforts of Hildebrand of Sovana led to the creation of the College of Cardinals to elect new Popes, starting with Pope Alexander II in the papal election of 1061. When Alexander II died, Hildebrand was elected to succeed him, as Pope Gregory VII. The basic election system of the College of Cardinals which Gregory VII helped establish has continued to function into the twenty-first century. In the early 13th century mendicant orders were founded by Francis of Assisi and Dominic de Guzmán. The studia conventuale and studia generale of the mendicant orders played a large role in the transformation of Church sponsored cathedral schools and palace schools, such as that of Charlemagne at Aachen, into the prominent universities of Europe.[156] Scholastic theologians and philosophers such as the Dominican priest Thomas Aquinas studied and taught at these studia. Aquinas' Summa Theologica was an intellectual milestone in its synthesis of the legacy of Ancient Greek philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle with the content of Christian revelation.[157]

Doctrinal disputes and schisms See also: Criticism of Catholic actions in history In the 11th century, strained relations between the primarily Greek church and the Latin Church separated them in the East– West Schism, partially due to conflicts over papal authority. The Fourth Crusade and the sacking of Constantinople by renegade crusaders proved the final breach. In the 16th century, in response to the Protestant Reformation, the Catholic Church engaged in a process of substantial reform and renewal, known as the Counter-Reformation.[158] In subsequent centuries, Catholicism spread widely across the world despite experiencing a reduction in its hold on European populations due to the growth of religious scepticism during and after the Enlightenment.


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In 1854 Pope Pius IX, with the of the overwhelming majority of Roman Catholic bishops, whom he had consulted from 1851 to 1853, proclaimed the dogma of the Immaculate Conception.[159] In 1870, the First Vatican Council affirmed the doctrine of papal infallibility when exercised in specifically defined pronouncements.[160][161] Controversy over this and other issues resulted in a breakaway movement called the Old Catholic Church.[162]

Lateran Treaties Pope Pius XI aimed to end the breach between the papacy and the Italian government and to gain recognition once more of the sovereign independence of the Holy See. Most of the Papal States had been seized by the armies of King Victor Emmanuel II of Italy (1861–1878). Rome itself was seized in 1870 and the pope became the "prisoner in the Vatican". In 1929, the Lateran Treaties created the Vatican City as a sovereign and independent nation in return for the Vatican relinquishing its claim to the former territories of the Papal States. Italy also paid the Vatican 1,750 million lira for the seizures of church property since 1860.

Second Vatican Council The Second Vatican Council in the 1960s introduced the most significant changes to Catholic practices since the Council of Trent four centuries before. Initiated by Pope John XXIII, this ecumenical council modernised the practices of the Catholic Church, allowing the Mass to be said in the vernacular (local language) and encouraging "fully conscious, and active participation in liturgical celebrations".[163] It intended to engage the Church more closely with the present world (aggiornamento), which was described by its advocates as an "opening of the windows".[164] In addition to changes in the liturgy, it led to changes to the Church's approach to ecumenism,[165] and a call to improved relations with non-Christian religions, especially Judaism, in its document Nostra Aetate.[166]

Martin Luther initiated the Protestant Reformation against the Catholic Church in 1517

The council, however, generated significant controversy in implementing its reforms: proponents of the "Spirit of Vatican II" such as Swiss theologian Hans Küng claimed Vatican II had "not gone far enough" to change church policies.[167] Traditionalist Catholics, such as Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre, however, strongly criticised the council, arguing that its liturgical reforms led "to the destruction of the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass and the sacraments", among other issues.[168]

New evangelisation Pope John Paul II sought to evangelise an increasingly secular world. He instituted World Youth Day as a "worldwide encounter with the Pope" for young people which is now held every two to three years.[169] He travelled more than any other Pope, visiting 129 countries,[170] and used television and radio as means of spreading the Church's teachings. In 2012, the 50th anniversary of Vatican II, the Church called a new Synod to discuss re-evangelising lapsed Catholics in the developed world.

Contemporary issues Main article: History of the Catholic Church since 1962 See also: Criticism of the Catholic Church

Pope John Paul II with U.S. President Ronald Reagan and his wife, Nancy, in 1982.

Social justice issues Main articles: Catholic social teaching and Catholic Church and health care


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In 1978, Pope John Paul II, formerly archbishop of Kraków in then-Communist Poland, became the first non-Italian Pope in 455 years. His 27-year pontificate was one of the longest in history.[171] Mikhail Gorbachev, the president of the Soviet Union, credited the Polish Pope with hastening the fall of Communism in Europe.[172] The Catholic nun Mother Teresa of Calcutta was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1979 for her humanitarian work among India's poor.[173] Bishop Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo won the same award in 1996 for "work towards a just and peaceful solution to the conflict in East Timor".[174]

Sexuality and gender issues Further information: Catholic Church and women, Catholicism and sexuality, and Homosexuality and Roman Catholicism Soon after the close of the Second Vatican Council, Church teachings about sexuality became an issue of increasing controversy due to changing cultural attitudes in the Western world (see the sexual revolution).

The Saint Vincent de Paul Society building in Wagga Wagga, Australia. Catholic community groups such as these provide relief aid for the sick, the poor, helpless, destitute and needy.

The Church teaches that sexual intercourse should only take place between a married man and woman, and should be without the use of artificial birth control or contraception. In his encyclical Humanae Vitae[175] (1968), Pope Paul VI firmly rejected all artificial contraception, thus contradicting dissenters in the Church that saw the birth control pill as an ethically justifiable method of contraception, though he permitted the regulation of births by means of natural family planning. This teaching was continued especially by John Paul II in his encyclical Evangelium Vitae, where he clarified the Church's position on contraception, abortion and euthanasia by condemning them as part of a "culture of death" and calling instead for a "culture of life".[176] Accordingly, the Catholic Church also teaches that homosexual acts are "contrary to the natural law" and states: "The number of men and women who have deep-seated homosexual tendencies is not negligible. This inclination, which is objectively disordered, constitutes for most of them a trial. They must be accepted with respect, comion, and sensitivity. Every sign of unjust discrimination in their regard should be avoided. ... Homosexual persons are called to chastity. By the virtues of self-mastery that teach them inner freedom, at times by the of disinterested friendship, by prayer and sacramental grace, they can and should gradually and resolutely approach Christian perfection."[177] This part of the Catechism of the Catholic Church was quoted by Pope Francis in a press interview in which he remarked: "If a person is gay and seeks the Lord and has good will, well who am I to judge them?"[178] This remark and others made in the same interview were seen as a change in the tone, but not in the substance of the teaching of the Church,[179] which opposes same-sex marriage.[180] In religious vocations, Catholic women and men are ascribed different roles—men serve as deacons, priests, friars, monks, brothers, abbots or in episcopal positions while women serve as nuns, religious sisters or abbesses. Monks and brothers often house together in monasteries while nuns and sisters may house themselves in convents—though an abbey may host a religious community of men or women. In other roles, the Church does not distinguish between men and women, who may be equally recognised as saints, Doctors of the Church, catechists in schools, altar servers, Extraordinary ministers of Holy Communion at Mass, or as readers (lectors) during the liturgy. Women constitute the great majority of of the consecrated life.[34] While Holy Orders are reserved for men, Catholic women have played diverse roles in the life of the church, with religious institutes providing a formal space for their participation and convents providing spaces for their self-government, prayer and influence through many centuries. Religious sisters and nuns have been extensively involved in developing and running the Church's worldwide health and education service networks.[181] Efforts in of the ordination of women led to several rulings by the Roman Curia or Popes against the proposal, as in Declaration on the Question of the ission of Women to the Ministerial Priesthood (1976), Mulieris Dignitatem (1988) and Ordinatio Sacerdotalis (1994). According to the latest ruling, found in Ordinatio Sacerdotalis, Pope John Paul II concluded, "I declare that the Church has no authority whatsoever to confer priestly ordination on women and that this judgment is to be definitively held by all the Church's faithful."[182] In defiance of these rulings, opposition groups such as Roman Catholic Womenpriests have performed ceremonies they affirm as sacramental ordinations (with, reputedly, an ordaining male http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church

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Catholic bishop in the first few instances) which, according to canon law, are both illicit and invalid and considered mere simulations[183] of the sacrament of ordination.[184][note 12] The Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith responded by issuing a statement clarifying that any Catholic bishops involved in ordination ceremonies for women, as well as the women themselves if they were Catholic, would automatically receive the penalty of excommunication (latae sententiae, literally "sentence ed", i.e. automatically), citing canon 1378 of canon law and other church laws.[185]

Sex abuse cases Main article: Catholic sex abuse cases In the 1990s and 2000s, the issue of sexual abuse of minors by Catholic clergy and monastics became the subject of civil litigation, criminal prosecution, media coverage, and public debate in countries around the world. The Church was criticised for its handling of abuse complaints when it became known that some bishops had shielded accused priests, transferring them to other pastoral assignments where some continued to commit sexual offences. In response to the scandal, the Church has established formal procedures to prevent abuse, encourage reporting of any abuse that occurs and to handle such reports promptly, although groups representing victims have disputed their effectiveness.[186]

See also Anti-Catholicism Catholic Church and evolution Catholic guilt Folk Catholicism List of Roman Catholic hymns List of some religious institutes (Catholic) Lists of Roman Catholics Political catholicism Relations between Catholicism and Judaism

Notes 1. ^ As of 2011 there are 1,214 million baptised Catholics worldwide,[1] including 17 million of Eastern Catholic Churches.[2] 2. ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church, 883 (http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P2A.HTM): "The college or body of bishops has no authority unless united with the Roman Pontiff, Peter's successor, as its head." As such, this college has "supreme and full authority over the universal Church; but this power cannot be exercised without the agreement of the Roman Pontiff. 3. ^ Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, Responses to some questions regarding certain aspects of the doctrine on the Church (http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20070629_responsaquaestiones_en.html): Christ "established here on earth" only one Church and instituted it as a "visible and spiritual community", that from its beginning and throughout the centuries has always existed and will always exist, and in which alone are found all the elements that Christ himself instituted. "This one Church of Christ, which we confess in the Creed as one, holy, catholic and apostolic [...]. This Church, constituted and organised in this world as a society, subsists in the Catholic Church, governed by the successor of Peter and the Bishops in communion with him". In number 8 of the Dogmatic Constitution Lumen gentium 'subsistence' means this perduring, historical continuity and the permanence of all the elements instituted by Christ in the Catholic Church, in which the Church of Christ is concretely found on this earth. It is possible, according to Catholic doctrine, to affirm correctly that the Church of Christ is present and operative in the churches and ecclesial Communities not yet fully in communion with the Catholic Church, on of the elements of sanctification and truth that are present in them. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church

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Nevertheless, the word "subsists" can only be attributed to the Catholic Church alone precisely because it refers to the mark of unity that we profess in the symbols of the faith (I believe... in the "one" Church); and this "one" Church subsists in the Catholic Church. 4. ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church, 881=882 (http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P2A.HTM): The Lord made Simon alone, whom he named Peter, the "rock" of his Church. He gave him the keys of his Church and instituted him shepherd of the whole flock.400 "The office of binding and loosing which was given to Peter was also assigned to the college of apostles united to its head."401 This pastoral office of Peter and the other apostles belongs to the Church's very foundation and is continued by the bishops under the primacy of the Pope. The Pope... "is the perpetual and visible source and foundation of the unity both of the bishops and of the whole company of the faithful." "For the Roman Pontiff, by reason of his office as Vicar of Christ, and as pastor of the entire Church has full, supreme, and universal power over the whole Church, a power which he can always exercise unhindered. 5. ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church, para. 890 (http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P2A.HTM): The mission of the Magisterium is linked to the definitive nature of the covenant established by God with his people in Christ. It is this Magisterium's task to preserve God's people from deviations and defections and to guarantee them the objective possibility of professing the true faith without error. Thus, the pastoral duty of the Magisterium is aimed at seeing to it that the People of God abides in the truth that liberates. To fulfill this service, Christ endowed the Church's shepherds with the charism of infallibility in matters of faith and morals. The exercise of this charism takes several forms:" 6. ^ According to Munificentissimus Deus, paragraph 44: "... we [Pope Pius XII] pronounce, declare, and define it to be a divinely revealed dogma: that the Immaculate Mother of God, the ever Virgin Mary, having completed the course of her earthly life, was assumed body and soul into heavenly glory."[3] 7. ^ The Annuario Pontificio, the list of Popes, does not assign numbers to the positions in its listing. 8. ^ The last resignation occurred on 28 February 2013, when Pope Benedict XVI retired, citing ill health in his advanced age. The next most recent resignation occurred in 1415, as part of the Council of Constance's resolution of the Avignon Papacy.[19] 9. ^ The Tridentine Mass so called because standardised by Pope Pius V after the Council of Trent in the 16th century, was the ordinary form of the Roman-Rite Mass until superseded in 1969 by the Roman Missal of Paul VI; its continued use, in the version found in the 1962 edition of the Missal, is authorised by the 2007 motu proprio Summorum Pontificum. 10. ^ In 1980, Pope John Paul II issued a pastoral provision that allows establishment of personal parishes in which of the Episcopal Church (the U.S. branch of the Anglican Communion) who the Catholic Church retain many aspects of Anglican liturgical rites as a variation of the Roman rite. 11. ^ The 73-book Catholic Bible contains the Deuterocanonicals, books not in the modern Hebrew Bible and not upheld as canonical by Protestants.[62] The process of determining which books were to be considered part of the canon took many centuries and was not finally resolved in the Catholic Church until the Council of Trent. 12. ^ According to Roman Catholic Womanpriests "The principal consecrating Roman Catholic male bishop who ordained our first women bishops is a bishop with apostolic succession within the Roman Catholic Church in full communion with the pope."[184]

References NOTE: CCC stands for Catechism of the Catholic Church. The number following CCC is the paragraph number, of which there are 2865. The numbers cited in the Compendium of the CCC are question numbers, of which there are 598. 1. ^ a b c d "World's Catholic population steady" (http://www.catholicculture.org/news/headlines/index.cfm? storyid=17853&utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+CatholicWorldNewsFeatureStories+% 28Catholic+World+News+%28on+CatholicCulture.org%29%29). Catholic Culture.org. 13 May 2013. Retrieved 13May 2013.. 2. ^ a b Ronald G. Roberson. "Eastern Catholic Churches Statistics 2010" (http://www.cnewa.org/default.aspx? ID=125&pagetypeID=1&sitecode=HQ&pageno=1). CNEWA. Retrieved 30 April 2011. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church

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ID=125&pagetypeID=1&sitecode=HQ&pageno=1). CNEWA. Retrieved 30 April 2011. 3. ^ Apostolic Constitution of Pope Pius XII: "Munificentissimus Deus: Defining the Dogma of the Assumption" (http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_p-xii_apc_19501101_munificentissimusdeus_en.html). 1 November 1950. Accessed 15 June 2011. 4. ^ MacCulloch, Christianity, p. 127. 5. ^ "Definition at www.Dictionary.com" (http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/catholic). Dictionary.reference.com. Retrieved 30 June 2011. 6. ^ a b "Catholic" (http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03449a.htm). Catholic Encyclopedia. Newadvent.org. 1 November 1908. Retrieved 2012-08-17. 7. ^ "Cyril of Jerusalem, Lecture XVIII, 26" (http://www.tertullian.org/fathers2/NPNF2-07/Npnf2-07-23.htm). Tertullian.org. 6 August 2004. Retrieved 2012-08-17. 8. ^ a b McBrien, Richard (2008). The Church. Harper Collins. p. xvii. Online version available Browseinside.harpercollins.com (http://browseinside.harpercollins.com/index.aspx?isbn13=9780061245213). Quote: "[T]he use of the adjective 'Catholic' as a modifier of 'Church' became divisive only after the East–West Schism ... and the Protestant Reformation ... In the former case, the Western Church claimed for itself the title Catholic Church, while the East appropriated the name Orthodox Church. In the latter case, those in communion with the Bishop of Rome retained the adjective "Catholic", while the churches that broke with the Papacy were called Protestant." 9. ^ Libreria Editrice Vaticana (2003). Catechism of the Catholic Church (http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/_INDEX.HTM) Retrieved 1 May 2009. 10. ^ The Vatican. Documents of the II Vatican Council (http://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/). Retrieved 2009-05-04. Note: The Pope's signature appears in the Latin version. 11. ^ Examples: the encyclicals Divini Illius Magistri (http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xi/encyclicals/documents/hf_pxi_enc_31121929_divini-illius-magistri_en.html) of Pope Pius XI and Humani generis (http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xii/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xii_enc_12081950_humani-generis_en.html) of Pope Pius XII; t declarations signed by Pope Benedict XVI with Archbishop of Canterbury Rowan Williams on 23 November 2006 (http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/speeches/2006/november/documents/hf_ben-xvi_spe_20061123_commondecl_en.html) and Patriarch Bartholomew I of Constantinople on 30 November 2006. (http://www.ewtn.com/library/PAPALDOC/b16bart1decl.htm) 12. ^ Example: The Baltimore Catechism, an official catechism authorised by the Catholic bishops of the United States, states: "That is why we are called Roman Catholics; to show that we are united to the real successor of St Peter" (Question 118) and refers to the Church as the "Roman Catholic Church" under Questions 114 and 131 (Baltimore Catechism). (http://www.cin.org/s/james/ebooks/master/baltimore/bcreed09.htm) 13. ^ "The Catechism of St Pius X, The Ninth Article of the Creed, Question 20" (http://www.cin.org/s/james/ebooks/master/pius/pcreed09.htm). Cin.org. Retrieved 28 October 2010. 14. ^ Jaroslav Pelikan, Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, Volume 4: Reformation of Church and Dogma (1300–1700) (http://books.google.com/books?id=S-Qve0IqI5YC&pg=PA114) (University of Chicago Press 1985 ISBN 978-0226-65377-8), p. 114 15. ^ Robert Feduccia (editor), Primary Source Readings in Catholic Church History (Saint Mary's Press 2005 ISBN 978-0-88489868-9), p. 85. Accessed at Google Books (http://books.google.com/books? id=Bkc6gh1JdGkC&pg=PA85&dq=%22apostolic+see%22+%22saint+peter%22#v=onepage&q=%22apostolic%20see%22%20 %22saint%20peter%22&f=false) 16. ^ "Vatican City State – State and Government" (http://www.vaticanstate.va/EN/State_and_Government/). Vaticanstate.va. Retrieved 11 August 2010. 17. ^ British Foreign and Commonwealth Office. "Country Profile: Vatican City State/Holy See" (http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travel-andliving-abroad/travel-advice-by-country/country-profile/europe/holy-see/). Travel and Living Abroad, 27 February 2012. Retrieved 26 June 2012 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church

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26 June 2012 18. ^ McDonough (1995), p. 227 19. ^ Duffy (1997), p. 415 20. ^ Duffy (1997), p. 416 21. ^ Duffy (1997), pp. 417–8 22. ^ "Orientalium Ecclesiarum" (http://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vatii_decree_19641121_orientalium-ecclesiarum_en.html). Vatican Council II. 2. Retrieved 30 April 2011. 23. ^ Colin Gunton. "Christianity among the Religions in the Encyclopedia of Religion," Religious Studies, Vol. 24, number 1, on page 14. In a review of the an article from the Encyclopedia of Religion, Gunton writes"... [T] he article [on Catholicism in the encyclopedia] rightly suggests caution, suggesting at the outset that Roman Catholicism is marked by several different doctrinal and theological emphases." 24. ^ CCEO, Canon 56. English Translation (http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/_P1K.HTM) 25. ^ a b "General Essay on Western Christianity" (http://www.philtar.ac.uk/encyclopedia/christ/west/westessay.html), Overview of World Religions. Division of Religion and Philosophy, University of Cumbria. 1998/9 ELMAR Project. Accessed 1 April 2012. 26. ^ CCEO, Canons 55–150. English Translation (http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/_P1R.HTM) 27. ^ CCEO, Canons 151–154 28. ^ CCEO, Canons 155–173 29. ^ CCEO, Canons 174–176 30. ^ Vatican, Annuario Pontificio 2009, p. 1172. 31. ^ Annuario Pontifico per l'anno 2010 (Città di Vaticano: Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2010) 32. ^ Barry, p. 52 33. ^ a b Code of Canon Law, 573–746 (http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P1Y.HTM). Retrieved 9 March 2008. 34. ^ a b "Europe | Catholic nuns and monks decline" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7227629.stm). BBC News. 2008-02-05. Retrieved 2013-03-12. 35. ^ Froehle, pp. 4–5 36. ^ Bazar, Emily (16 April 2008). "Immigrants Make Pilgrimage to Pope" (http://www.usatoday.com/news/religion/2008-04-15popeimmigrants_N.htm). USA Today. Retrieved 3 May 2008. 37. ^ "Major Branches of Religions Ranked by Number of Adherents" (http://www.adherents.com/adh_branches.html#Christianity). adherents.com. Retrieved 2009-07-05. 38. ^ CCC, 1200–1209 39. ^ CCEO, canon 28 §1 in an unofficial English translation. (http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/__PS.HTM) The official text (http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_19901018_codex-can-eccl-orient1_lt.html) is "Ritus est patrimonium liturgicum, theologicum, spirituale et disciplinare cultura ac rerum adiunctis historiae populorum distinctum, quod modo fidei vivendae uniuscuiusque Ecclesiae sui iuris proprio exprimitur." (A rite is the liturgical, theological, spiritual and disciplinary heritage, differentiated by peoples' culture and historical circumstances, that finds expression in each sui iuris Church's own way of living the faith). 40. ^ a b Canon 900 of the Code of Canon Law (http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P38.HTM) 41. ^ CCC, 1324–1331 42. ^ See Luke 22:19 (http://bibref.hebtools.com/?book=%20Luke&verse=22:19&src=!), Matthew 26:27–28 (http://bibref.hebtools.com/?book=%20Matthew&verse=26:27–28&src=!), Mark 14:22–24 (http://bibref.hebtools.com/? book=%20Mark&verse=14:22–24&src=!), 1Corinthians 11:24–25 (http://bibref.hebtools.com/? book=%201Corinthians&verse=11:24–25&src=!) 43. ^ a b Kreeft, p. 326 44. ^ "CCC, 1399" (http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P42.HTM). Vatican.va. Retrieved 26 June 2012. 45. ^ Instruction Redemptionis sacramentum, 146 and 154 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church

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(http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/ccdds/documents/rc_con_ccdds_doc_20040423_redemptionissacramentum_en.html) 46. ^ Canon 699 of the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches (http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_19901018_codex-can-eccl-orient2_lt.html) 47. ^ a b Kreeft, p. 331 48. ^ Directory for the Application of Principles and Norms of Ecumenism, 132 (http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/general-docs/rc_pc_chrstuni_doc_19930325_directory_en.html) 49. ^ "CCC, 1400" (http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P42.HTM). Vatican.va. Retrieved 30 June 2011. 50. ^ "CCC, 1399" (http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P42.HTM). Vatican.va. Retrieved 30 June 2011. 51. ^ General Instruction of the Roman Missal (http://www.usccb.org/prayer-and-worship/roman-missal/general-instruction-of-theroman-missal/). Copyright © 2011, United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, Washington, DC. All rights reserved. 52. ^ Emissary (2007). Karitas Publishing, ed. A Faraway Ancient Country. (http://books.google.com/books? id=q469xc7mbksC&lpg=PA1&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false). United States: Gardners Books. p. 216. ISBN 978-0-615-158013. 53. ^ This edition was promulgated by a decree of 23 June 1962; the first session of the council took place on 11 October of the same year. 54. ^ Apostolic Constitution of Pope Benedict XVI: "Anglicanorum Coetibus: Providing for Personal Ordinariates for Anglicans Entering into Full Communion with the Catholic Church" (http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_ben-xvi_apc_20091104_anglicanorumcoetibus_en.html). 4 November 2009. Retrieved 31 July 2011. 55. ^ Marthaler, preface 56. ^ John Paul II, Pope (1997). "Laetamur Magnopere" (http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_letters/documents/hf_jp-ii_apl_15081997_laetamur_en.html). Vatican. Retrieved 9 March 2008. 57. ^ "CCC, 80–81, 84–86" (http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__PL.HTM). Vatican.va. Retrieved 30 June 2011. 58. ^ "The teaching office" (http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P2A.HTM). Catechism of the Catholic Church. Vatican. Retrieved 28 April 2011. "889 in order to preserve the Church in the purity of the faith handed on by the apostles, Christ who is the Truth willed to confer on her a share in his own infallibility." 59. ^ "The teaching office" (http://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p123a9p4.htm). Catechism of the Catholic Church. Vatican. Retrieved 24 July 2010. 60. ^ Second Vatican Council. "Chapter III, paragraph 25" (http://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19641121_lumen-gentium_en.html). Lumen Gentium. Vatican. Retrieved 24 July 2010. "by the light of the Holy Spirit ... vigilantly warding off any errors that threaten their flock." 61. ^ a b Paul VI, Pope (1964). "Lumen Gentium chapter 2" (http://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19641121_lumen-gentium_en.html). Vatican. Retrieved 9 March 2008. 62. ^ a b Schreck, p. 21 63. ^ Schreck, p. 23 64. ^ Schreck, pp. 15–19 65. ^ Schreck, p. 30 66. ^ McGrath, pp. 4–6. 67. ^ CCC, 608 68. ^ Schreck, p. 113. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church

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69. ^ Barry, p. 26 70. ^ Kreeft, pp. 71–72 71. ^ CCC, 811 (http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P29.HTM). 72. ^ Kreeft, p. 98, quote "The fundamental reason for being a Catholic is the historical fact that the Catholic Church was founded by Christ, was God's invention, not man's ... As the Father gave authority to Christ (Jn 5:22; Mt 28:18–20), Christ ed it on to his apostles (Lk 10:16), and they ed it on to the successors they appointed as bishops." 73. ^ Schreck, p. 131 74. ^ a b Barry, p. 46 75. ^ CCC, 880 (http://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p123a9p4.htm). Accessed 20 August 2011 76. ^ Pius XII, Encyclical Mystici Corporis Christi (http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xii/encyclicals/documents/hf_pxii_enc_29061943_mystici-corporis-christi_en.html), Vatican City, 1943. Accessed 20 August 2011 77. ^ CCC, 1113–1114, 1117 78. ^ Kreeft, pp. 298–299 79. ^ "CCC, 1210–1211" (http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P3E.HTM). Vatican.va. Retrieved 30 June 2011. 80. ^ "CCC, 1275" (http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P3O.HTM). Vatican.va. Retrieved 30 June 2011. 81. ^ "CCC, 1263" (http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P3N.HTM). Vatican.va. Retrieved 30 June 2011. 82. ^ "CCC, 1267" (http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P3N.HTM). Vatican.va. Retrieved 30 June 2011. 83. ^ "CCC, 1282" (http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P3O.HTM). Vatican.va. Retrieved 30 June 2011. 84. ^ "CCC, 1250" (http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P3K.HTM). Vatican.va. Retrieved 30 June 2011. 85. ^ Lazowski, Philip (2004). Understanding Your Neighbor's Faith: What Christians and Jews Should Know About Each Other (http://books.google.com/? id=HIhIPIYLQ6QC&pg=PA157&dq=newborn+child+baptize+danger+death+anyon+may#v=onepage&q=newborn%20child%20b aptize%20danger%20death%20anyon%20may&f=false). KTAV Publishing House. p. 157. ISBN 0-88125-811-3. Retrieved 201212-02. 86. ^ "CCC, 1272" (http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P3N.HTM). Vatican.va. Retrieved 30 June 2011. 87. ^ "CCC, 1256" (http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P3L.HTM). Vatican.va. Retrieved 30 June 2011. 88. ^ "CCC, 1285" (http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P3P.HTM). Vatican.va. Retrieved 30 June 2011. 89. ^ "Code of Canon Law, canon 883" (http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0017/_P31.HTM). Intratext.com. 4 May 2007. Retrieved 30 June 2011. 90. ^ "Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, canon 695" (http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_19901018_codex-can-eccl-orient2_lt.html). Vatican.va. Retrieved 30 June 2011. 91. ^ "Code of Canon Law, canon 891" (http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P33.HTM). Vatican.va. Retrieved 30 June 2011. 92. ^ "Compendium of the CCC, 267" (http://www.vatican.va/archive/compendium_ccc/documents/archive_2005_compendiumccc_en.html#The%20Seven%20Sacraments%20of%20the%20Church). Vatican.va. Retrieved 30 June 2011. 93. ^ "Council of Florence: Bull of union with the Armenians" (http://www.ewtn.com/library/councils/florence.htm#3). Ewtn.com. Retrieved 30 June 2011. 94. ^ CCC, 1310 (http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P3T.HTM) and 1319 (http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P3V.HTM) 95. ^ "CCC, 1322" (http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P3W.HTM). Vatican.va. Retrieved 30 June 2011. 96. ^ "CCC, 1365–1372" (http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P41.HTM). Vatican.va. Retrieved 30 June 2011. 97. ^ "CCC, 1382–1384" (http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P42.HTM). Vatican.va. Retrieved 30 June 2011. 98. ^ "CCC, 1324–1327" (http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P3X.HTM). Vatican.va. Retrieved 6 June 2013. 99. ^ "CCC, 1408" (http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P44.HTM). Vatican.va. Retrieved 30 June 2011. 100. ^ "CCC, 1333" (http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P3Z.HTM). Vatican.va. Retrieved 30 June 2011. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church

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182. ^ Apostolic Letter Ordinatio Sacerdotalis of John Paul II to the Bishops of the Catholic Church on Reserving Priestly Ordination to Men Alone (http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_letters/documents/hf_jp-ii_apl_22051994_ordinatiosacerdotalis_en.html) Copyright 1994 Libreria Editrice Vaticana. Retrieved 5 June 2011 183. ^ "Code of Canon Law, canon 1379" (http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/_P54.HTM). Vatican.va. Retrieved 2012-08-17. 184. ^ a b "Ordinations: Response Regarding Excommunication Decree" (http://www.romancatholicwomenpriests.org/ordained.htm). 2011 Roman Catholic Womenpriests-USA, Inc. Retrieved 5 June 2011 185. ^ "Vatican decrees excommunication for participation in 'ordination' of women (http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/vatican_decrees_excommunication_for_participation_in_ordination_of_women/)", Catholic News Agency. 29 May 2008. Retrieved 6 June 2011. 186. ^ David Willey (15 July 2010). "Vatican 'speeds up' abuse cases" (http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-10645748). BBC News. Retrieved 28 October 2010.

Bibliography Asci, Donald P. (2002) The Conjugal Act as Personal Act. A Study of the Catholic Concept of the Conjugal Act in the Light of Christian anthropology, San Francisco: Ignatius Press, pp. 364 ISBN 0-89870-844-3 "Canon 42" (http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/_INDEX.HTM). 1983 Code of Canon Law. Vatican. Retrieved 9 March 2008. "Catechism of the Catholic Church" (http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/_INDEX.HTM). Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 1994. Retrieved 1 May 2011. Barry, Rev. Msgr. John F (2001). One Faith, One Lord: A Study of Basic Catholic Belief. Gerard F. Baumbach, Ed.D. ISBN 08215-2207-8. Bauer, Susan Wise (2010). The History of Medieval World: From the Conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-05975-5. Bethell, Leslie (1984). The Cambridge history of Latin America. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23225-2. Bokenkotter, Thomas (2004). A Concise History of the Catholic Church. Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-50584-1. Bunson, Matthew (2008). Our Sunday Visitor's Catholic Almanac. Our Sunday Visitor Publishing. ISBN 1-59276-441-X. Bruni, Frank; Burkett, Elinor (2002). A Gospel of Shame: Children, Sexual Abuse and the Catholic Church. Harper Perennial. p. 336. ISBN 978-0-06-052232-2. Chadwick, Owen (1995). A History of Christianity. Barnes & Noble. ISBN 0-7607-7332-7. Clarke, Graeme (2005), "Third-Century Christianity", in Bowman, Alan K., Peter Garnsey and Averil Cameron. The Cambridge Ancient History 2nd ed., volume 12: The Crisis of Empire, A.D. 193–337, Cambridge University Press, pp. 589–671, ISBN 9780-521-30199-2. Collins, Michael; Price, Mathew A. (1999). The Story of Christianity. Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 0-7513-0467-0. Coriden, James A; Green, Thomas J; Heintschel, Donald E. (1985). The Code of Canon Law: A Text and Commentary, Study Edition. Paulist Press. ISBN 978-0-8091-2837-2. Davidson, Ivor (2005). The Birth of the Church. Monarch. ISBN 1-85424-658-5. Derrick, Christopher (1967). Trimming the Ark: Catholic Attitudes and the Cult of Change. New York: P.J. Kennedy & Sons. vi, 154 p. Duffy, Eamon (1997). Saints and Sinners, a History of the Popes. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-07332-1. Dussel, Enrique (1981). A History of the Church in Latin America. Wm. B. Eerdmans. ISBN 0-8028-2131-6. Fahlbusch, Erwin (2007). The Encyclopedia of Christianity. Wm. B. Eerdmans. ISBN 0-8028-2415-3. Froehle, Bryan; Mary Gautier (2003). Global Catholicism, Portrait of a World Church. Orbis books; Center for Applied Research in the Apostolate, Georgetown University. ISBN 1-57075-375-X. Gale Group. (2002) New Catholic Encyclopedia, 15 vol, with annual supplements; highly detailed coverage http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church

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Hastings, Adrian (2004). The Church in Africa 1450–1950. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-826399-6. Herring, George (2006). An Introduction to the History of Christianity. Continuum International. ISBN 0-8264-6737-7. John Paul II, (2006) He Gave Them the Law of Life as Their Inheritance, in:Man and Woman He created Them. A Theology of the Body, transl. M. Waldstein, Boston: Pauline Books and Media, pp. 617–663 ISBN 0-8198-7421-3 Koschorke, Klaus; Ludwig, Frieder; Delgado, Mariano (2007). A History of Christianity in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, 1450– 1990. Wm B Eerdmans Publishing Co. ISBN 978-0-8028-2889-7. Kreeft, Peter (2001). Catholic Christianity. Ignatius Press. ISBN 0-89870-798-6. Latourette, by Kenneth Scott. Christianity in a Revolutionary Age: A History of Christianity in the 19th and 20th centuries (5 vol. 1969); detailed coverage of Catholicism in every major country Leith, John (1963). Creeds of the Churches. Aldine Publishing Co. ISBN 0-664-24057-7. MacCulloch, Diarmaid (2010). Christianity: The First Three Thousand Years. Viking. ISBN 978-0-670-02126-0. originally published 2009 by Allen Lane, as A History of Christianity MacCulloch, Diarmaid (2003). The Reformation. Viking. ISBN 0-670-03296-4. MacMullen, Ramsay (1984), Christianizing the Roman Empire: (A.D. 100–400). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, ISBN 978-0-585-38120-6 Marthaler, Berard (1994). Introducing the Catechism of the Catholic Church, Traditional Themes and Contemporary Issues. Paulist Press. ISBN 0-8091-3495-0. McBrien, Richard and Harold Attridge, eds. (1995) The HarperCollins Encyclopedia of Catholicism. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-006-065338-5. McManners, John, ed. The Oxford Illustrated History of Christianity. (Oxford University Press 1990). ISBN 0-19-822928-3. Norman, Edward (2007). The Roman Catholic Church, An Illustrated History. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-52025251-6. O'Collins, Gerald; Farrugia, Maria (2003). Catholicism: The Story of Catholic Christianity Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-019-925995-3. Perreau-Saussine, Emile. Catholicism and Democracy: An Essay in the History of Political Thought (2012) Phayer, Michael (2000). The Catholic Church and the Holocaust, 1930–1965. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-33725-9. Pollard, John Francis (2005). Money and the Rise of the Modern Papacy, 1850–1950. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521-81204-7. Rhodes, Anthony (1973). The Vatican in the Age of the Dictators (1922–1945). Holt, Rinehart and Winston. ISBN 0-03-0077362. Riley-Smith, Jonathan (1997). The First Crusaders. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-511-00308-0. Schwaller, John Frederick. (2011) The history of the Catholic Church in Latin America: from conquest to revolution and beyond (NYU Press) Smith, Janet, ed. (1993) Why "Humanae Vitae" Was Right, San Francisco: Ignatius Press. Smith, Janet (1991) "Humanae Vitae", a Generation Later, Washington D.C.: Catholic University of America Press, Stewart, Cynthia. (2008) The Catholic Church: A Brief Popular History 337 pages Vatican, Central Statistics Office (2007). Annuario Pontificio (Pontifical Yearbook). Libreria Editrice Vaticana. ISBN 978-88-2097908-9. Vidmar, John (2005). The Catholic Church Through the Ages. Paulist Press. ISBN 0-8091-4234-1. Wilken, Robert (2004). "Christianity". in Hitchcock, Susan Tyler; Esposito, John. Geography of Religion. National Geographic Society. ISBN 0-7922-7317-6. Woods Jr, Thomas (2005). How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization. Regnery Publishing, Inc. ISBN 0-89526-038-7.

External links http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church

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Media related to Catholic Church at Wikimedia Commons Vatican.va (http://www.vatican.va/) – official website of the Holy See News.va (http://www.news.va) – official news website Vatican YouTube (http://www.youtube.com/vatican) – official YouTube channel Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church&oldid=578947189" Categories: Roman Catholic Church Apostolic sees Chalcedonianism Christian organizations established in the 1st century Christianity This page was last modified on 27 October 2013 at 12:17. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional may apply. By using this site, you agree to the of Use and . Wikipedia® is a ed trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.

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