Animal Classification Phylogeny And Organization 1 5i275o
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Animal Classification, Phylogeny, and Organization Cladistics & Taxonomy
Animal Systematics
The goal of animal systematics is to arrange animals into groups that reflect evolutionary relationships.
How might you group the animals in the picture?
One way to group them is by using phylogenetic systematics, otherwise known as cladistics.
Phylogeny refers to the evolutionary ancestry of animals; how they are related to a common ancestor.
Cladistics uses the phylogeny of animals to group them according to homologous characters.
Character – anything with a genetic basis that can be measured, i.e., anatomy, morphology, or DNA itself.
Cladistics
Cladistics focuses on monophyletic groups. A monophyletic group refers to a single ancestor species and all of its descendants. Diagrams called cladograms are used to represent the phylogeny of organisms.
Characters
Symplesiomorphy – a homologous character shared by all of a monophyletic group. Synapomorphy – a derived character that has arisen after a symplesiomorphy visible in a given outgroup. Groups that share a certain synapomorphy are called a clade.
Cats are more similar to dogs than they are to frogs, because they share a more recent common ancestor with dogs
Practice Cladogram
Construct a Cladogram
7
Gorilla
Chimpanzee
Tiger Lizard Fish
Tail Lost Fur Four Limbs
8
Cladogram Showing Vertebrate Phylogeny
Classification
Organisms can be classified according to their relatedness to other organisms. The accepted classifications among scientists are called taxonomy. Taxonomy is a hierarchical system. This means that you start very general and get more specific as you proceed down the list. Example - The grocery store is set up the same way!
11
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
Current Biological Classifications
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
King Philip Came Over For Grape Soda
Example: Human
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
Animalia Chordata Mammalia Primates Hominidae Homo sapiens
Binomial Nomenclature
Bi – 2 Nomen – name The first name is always the GENUS The second name is always the SPECIES Thus, our binomial nomenclature is homo sapiens. The binomial nomenclature of a house cat is felis catus. The binomial nomenclature of a killer whale is orcinus orca.
Example: Dog
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Subspecies
Animalia Chordata Mammalia Carnivora Canidae Canis lupus familiaris
The 5 Kingdoms
Kingdom:
Monera – true bacteria and cyanobacteria Protista – eukaryotic, unicellular or colonial, usually motile, microscopic in size (amoeba, paramecium, etc.) Plantae – eukaryotic, multicellular, photosynthetic, have cell walls, nonmotile Fungi – eukaryotic, multicellular, decomposer, have cell walls, usually nonmotile Animalia – eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic, no cell walls, motile, specialized tissues
Animal Systematics
The goal of animal systematics is to arrange animals into groups that reflect evolutionary relationships.
How might you group the animals in the picture?
One way to group them is by using phylogenetic systematics, otherwise known as cladistics.
Phylogeny refers to the evolutionary ancestry of animals; how they are related to a common ancestor.
Cladistics uses the phylogeny of animals to group them according to homologous characters.
Character – anything with a genetic basis that can be measured, i.e., anatomy, morphology, or DNA itself.
Cladistics
Cladistics focuses on monophyletic groups. A monophyletic group refers to a single ancestor species and all of its descendants. Diagrams called cladograms are used to represent the phylogeny of organisms.
Characters
Symplesiomorphy – a homologous character shared by all of a monophyletic group. Synapomorphy – a derived character that has arisen after a symplesiomorphy visible in a given outgroup. Groups that share a certain synapomorphy are called a clade.
Cats are more similar to dogs than they are to frogs, because they share a more recent common ancestor with dogs
Practice Cladogram
Construct a Cladogram
7
Gorilla
Chimpanzee
Tiger Lizard Fish
Tail Lost Fur Four Limbs
8
Cladogram Showing Vertebrate Phylogeny
Classification
Organisms can be classified according to their relatedness to other organisms. The accepted classifications among scientists are called taxonomy. Taxonomy is a hierarchical system. This means that you start very general and get more specific as you proceed down the list. Example - The grocery store is set up the same way!
11
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
Current Biological Classifications
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
King Philip Came Over For Grape Soda
Example: Human
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
Animalia Chordata Mammalia Primates Hominidae Homo sapiens
Binomial Nomenclature
Bi – 2 Nomen – name The first name is always the GENUS The second name is always the SPECIES Thus, our binomial nomenclature is homo sapiens. The binomial nomenclature of a house cat is felis catus. The binomial nomenclature of a killer whale is orcinus orca.
Example: Dog
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Subspecies
Animalia Chordata Mammalia Carnivora Canidae Canis lupus familiaris
The 5 Kingdoms
Kingdom:
Monera – true bacteria and cyanobacteria Protista – eukaryotic, unicellular or colonial, usually motile, microscopic in size (amoeba, paramecium, etc.) Plantae – eukaryotic, multicellular, photosynthetic, have cell walls, nonmotile Fungi – eukaryotic, multicellular, decomposer, have cell walls, usually nonmotile Animalia – eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic, no cell walls, motile, specialized tissues
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