Anatomy And Physiology Part 2 1462a

1 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (PART 2) 1. Neurotransmitters diffuse across a … a. chemical synapse c. myelin sheath b. chemical protein d. Both a and b 2. The role of calcium in muscle contraction is… a. To break the cross bridges as a co-factor in the hydrolysis of ATP b. To bind with troponin, changing its shape so that the actin filament is exposed c. To transmit the action potential through the transverse tubules d. To spread the action potential through the transverse tubules. 3. Which of the following statements is incorrect? a. Olfactory receptors respond to the chemical stimulation of an odorant molecule by producing a receptor potential b. Basal stem cells continually produce new olfactory receptors. c. Adaptation to odors is rapid and occurs in both olfactory receptors and CNS d. Olfaction has a low threshold 4. Which of the ff. statements is incorrect? a. Taste is a chemical sense b. The receptors for taste sensation are found in the taste buds located on the tongue, soft palate, larynx, pharynx c. Taste receptors generate a receptor potential d. The threshold for bitter substances is the highest 5. Which of the ff. is a correct sequence for the sound waves? a. External auditory canal, tympanic membrane, auditory ossicles, oval window, cochlea, and organ of Corti. b. Tympanic membrane, external auditory canal, ossicles, cochlea, organ of Corti, round window c. Ossicles, tympanic membrane, cochlea, organ of Corti, round window, oval window, external auditory canal d. Auricle, tympanic membrane, round window, cochlea, organ of Corti, oval window

9. A movement of muscle that bends a t to a more acute angle is termed a. flexion b. insertion c. tonus d. diastole 10. Which hormone triggers your body to retain NaCl, especially during periods of heat? a. Aldosterone b. Progesterone c. ACTH d. Epinephrine 11. The vessel with the LEAST oxygenated blood is the a. pulmonary vein b. aorta c. renal artery d. pulmonary artery 12. A person’s anterior pituitary gland is removed by surgery. Plasma concentrations of which of the following hormones would be LEAST affected? a. GH b. LH c. FSH d. Insulin 13. The hormone progesterone a. stimulates follicle growth b. stimulates FSH production c. is produced by the anterior pituitary d. readies the uterus for implantation The graph below illustrates the data from an experiment in which antibody levels for two different antigens, A and B, were measured following exposure to these antigens. Antibodies play a crucial role in the human body’s defences against disease.

6. Which of the following explains why blood circulates through the body tissues of amphibians at higher pressure than through the body tissues of a fish? a. amphibians have 2-heart-double circulation system b. in fish, blood travels directly from gills to the body c. blood from the lungs requires less muscular energy to pump than blood from the gills d. amphibians are warm-blooded while fish are not 7. Ammonia is excreted by most… a. Bony fishes b. Organisms that produce shelled eggs c. Adult amphibians d. Mammals 8. In mammalian males, the excretory and reproductive systems share the… a. Testes c. Urethra b. Vas deferrens d. Ureter

Questions 14-16 refer to this graph. 14. Antibodies are produced by a. B cells b. T cells c. macrophages d. neutrophils

2 15. The large peak upon secondary stimulation is due to a. proliferation and differentiation of memory cells to secrete antibody b. more antigen in the organism c. T-cell activation d. ive immunity 16. The secondary response is how many times larger than the primary response? a. 2 b. 3 c. 101 d. 102 17. Which will initiate the process of blood clotting? a. damage to the lining of a blood vessel b. conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin c. attraction of leukocytes to the site of infection d. exposure of blood to air 18. Norman is an amateur body builder with a huge collection of weight lifting equipment in his basement. His little sister Venus tried to lift the 100-lb barbel- it didn't budge. Norman lifted the same barbell over his head, held it there and then lowered it back to the ground. Venus was very impressed with her big brother. What were the types of muscle contractions performed by Norman? a. isotonic concentric contractions b. isotonic eccentric contraction c. isometric contractions d. all of the above 19. Which physiological response is an example of positive ? a. an increase in the concentration of glucose in the blood stimulates the pancreas to secrete insulin, a hormone that lowers blood glucose concentration b. a high concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood causes deeper, more rapid breathing which expels CO2. c. stimulation of a nerve cell causes sodium ions to leak into the cell and the sodium influx triggers the inward leaking of even more sodium. d. the pituitary gland secretes a hormone called TSH which stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete another hormone called thyroxine. A high concentration of thyroxine suppresses the pituitary’s secretion of TSH. 20. Weakening of skeletal muscles in myasthenia gravis is caused by: a. decreased calcium ions diffusing into the muscle fibers b. decreased number of acetylcholine receptors c. increased parathyroid hormone production d. increased osteoclastic activity 21. Foreign molecules that evoke an immune response are called... a. pathogens b. antibodies c. antigens d. histamine 22. Which part of the brain is involved in loss of control when a person drinks alcohol? a. Cerebellum c. Medulla oblongata b. Cerebrum d. hypothalamus

23. Which of the ff. hormones have antagonistic effects? a. parathyroid hormone and calcitonin b. glucagon and thyroxine c. growth hormone and epinephrine d. epinephrine and norepinephrine 24. In mammals, urine formation occurs in a pair of kidneys. Each human kidney contains about a million tubelike-blood-filtering units called nephrons. Urine compositions and volume depend on three processes: filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. Which of the following does not match the process named? a. filtration: blood enters Bowman's capsule of glomerulus b. reabsorption: water and solutes selectively return to blood capillaries c. secretion: excess ions and some other substances move from blood capillaries into the nephrons d. all of the above match 25. Multicellular animals have a circulatory system consisting of a muscular pump, blood and blood vessels; it exchanges substances with interstitial fluid only in diffusion zones. Blood, transport fluid, carries oxygen and other substances to cells. Which of the following are NOT components of blood? a. red blood cells and white blood cells b. assorted solutes and dissolved gases c. platelets and plasma d. none of the preceding 26. The contents of the stomach changes from an acid pH towards an alkaline pH as they enter the small intestine. This change is caused by: a. neutralization of amino acids b. the removal of hydrogen ions in reaction with salt in the intestinal secretion c. a decrease in the secretion of HCl in the stomach d. the digestion of acid molecules by enzymes in the small intestine 27. A woman had several miscarriages. Her doctor suspected that a hormonal insufficiency was causing the lining of the uterus to break down, as it does during menstruation, terminating her pregnancies. Treatment with which of the ff. might help her to remain pregnant? a. oxytocin c. adrenal cortex b. testosterone d. luteinizing hormone 28. Which of the following is not part of the body’s non-specific defense system? a. natural killer cells c. complement b. antibodies d. inflammation 29. Living organisms have abilities to respond to stimuli and perpetuate their own kind. These characteristics are: a. homeostasis and reproduction, respectively. b. irritability and reproduction, respectively. c. metabolism and homeostasis, respectively. d. irritability and metabolism, respectively.

3 30. The Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas secrete the hormone insulin which regulates the blood glucose level in humans. The pancreas is an organ of the: a. Digestive system c. Endocrine system b. Circulatory system d. a and b

38. In pulmonary circulation in mammals, the veins carry a. Oxygenated blood away from the heart b. Oxygenated blood toward the heart c. Deoxygenated away from the heart d. Deoxygenated blood toward the heart

31. Which organ-system do you think is not vital to the survival of an individual organism? a. Reproductive system c. Muscular system b. Digestive system d. Nervous system

39. Which portion of the brain establishes regularity of respiration? a. Medulla c. Inferior pons b. Cerebrum d. Superior pons

32. Which is true about the antagonistic action of arm muscles? a. When we bend the arm biceps relax, triceps contract b. When we extend the arm, biceps contract, triceps relax c. When we bend the arm biceps contract, triceps relax d. Both a and c

40. In the initial digestive process in man, all of the following occur in the mouth EXCEPT a. Secretion of enzymes b. Primary carbohydrates digestion c. Fats and protein digestion d. Conversion of food into smaller pieces

33. What do you call the functional unit of the nervous system that is responsible for transmitting signals from one location in the body to another? a. neuron c. dendrite b. axon d. Schwann

41. The function of mucus secreted by the lining of the alimentary canal is to: a. Help digest fats into fatty acids and glycerol b. Help increase the amounts of juices secreted by the digestive glands c. Protect the lining from being acted upon by the digestive juices d. Prevent bacteria from reaching the blood vessels

34. Which activity does NOT require cellular energy? a. Synthesis of hormones b. Contraction of muscles c. Coordination of electrochemical impulses d. Diffusion of sodium chloride through blood plasma 35. Which of the following correctly describes the Na+ and K+ ions across the cell membrane? a. The concentration of Na+ ions outside the cell is high and the concentration of K+ Ions outside the cell is low b. The concentration of Na+ ions outside the cell is low and the concentration of K+ ions outside is low c. Inside the cell, the concentrations of Na+ and K+ ions are both high d. Outside the cell, the concentrations of Na+ and K+ ions are both high 36. Find the correct sequence of the different stages in blood clotting? thrombin I. Fibrinogen fibrin II. Prothrombin thromboplastin thrombin 𝐶𝑎++ III. Fibrin + erythrocytes form a hardened clot IV. Platelets rupture a. I, II, IV, III b. II, I, IV, III

c. IV, II, I, III d. IV, I, II, III

37. When levels of ADH are low, which of the following will be the direct result? a. Decreased recovery of sodium from the urine b. Increased recovery of sodium from the urine c. Decreased recovery of water from the urine d. Increased recovery of water from the urine

42. When inhaled, which substance can form a more stable compound with hemoglobin, thereby, causing adverse reactions in an individual? a. Ether c. Carbon Dioxide b. Nicotine d. Carbon Monoxide 43. Which of the following blood vessels carries blood with the highest concentration of oxygen? a. Renal vein c. Pulmonary artery b. Pulmonary vein d. Hepatic portal vein 44. Transcapillary flow into the tissue spaces occurs when the… a. Plasma osmotic pressure exceeds the blood pressure b. Blood pressure exceeds the plasma osmotic pressure c. Osmotic pressure of the tissue fluids exceeds that of the plasma d. Hydrostatic presseure of the tissue fluids exceeds that of the plasma 45. Which of the following can be observed if there is a lack of parathyroid hormone (PTH)? a. A decrease in calcium concentration and an increase in phosphate concentration in the blood b. An increase in calcium concentration and a decrease in phosphate concentration in the blood c. An increase in both calcium and phosphate concentration in the blood d. A decrease in both calcium and phosphate concentrations in the blood 46. In which two period of the human life cycle do the greatest physical changes take place? a. Early childhood and adolescence b. Late childhood and old age c. Before birth and adolescence d. Early childhood and adulthood

4

47. The curve above represents data obtained from a group of animals receiving a single daily dose of a drug “Normine”. A portion of this group was given the dose at day 1 and the response was noted. The same number of animals was given the dose at day 2, and so on, up to day 10. Base on the curve, it can be deduced that the single dose of “Normine” used was: a. Completely eliminated from the body in less than 24 hours b. Just enough to elicit the high possible response c. More than enough to elicit the highest possible response d. Less than enough to elicit the highest possible response 48. Action potentials are usually propagated in only one direction along the axon because… a. The nodes of Ranvier only conduct in one direction b. The brief refractory period prevents depolarization in the direction from which the impulse came c. Ions can only flow along the axon in one direction d. Both Na+ and K+ voltage sensitive gates open in one direction. 49. Anesthetics reduce pain by blocking the transmission of nerve impulses. Which of these three chemicals might work as an anesthetic? a. A chemical that open voltage-sensitive Na+ channels in membranes b. A chemical that open voltage-sensitive K+ channel c. A chemical that blocks neurotransmitter receptor d. All of the above 50. You have an isolated neuron in a bath of artificial body fluid, so that it can generate normal action potentials. You then add a mystery substance, X, to the fluid, and when you trigger the next action potential you see that the cell membrane stays depolarized indefinitely. Which of the following might explain this? a. X interferes with normal opening of voltage-gated Na+ channels. b. X interferes with normal closing of voltage-gated Na+ channels. c. X interferes with normal opening of voltage-gated K+ channels. d. X interferes with normal closing of voltage-gated K+ channels.