Afl 1502 Notes 5n1123

AFL1502 Imofoloji (Morphology) neSinteksi (Syntax)

PRESENTER 

Mr. E.N. Nzimande



E-mail: [email protected]



Tel: 012 429 8531

IMofoloji(Morphology) 

Imofoloji siyangayichaza njengesifundo sokwakheka kwamagama.



Yisifundo sezakhi zamagama noma amamofimu



Isakhi noma imofimu yona singayichaza njengengxenye incane yegama engeke yacozululwa ibe izingxenyana ezincane.



Kukhona izinhlobo ezimbili zamamofimu/zezakhi: amamofimu azimele (free morphemes), kanye namamofimu abhangqiwe (bound morphemes)



Amamofimu azimele: nya, bhuqe, du, ngqi, (ideophones/izenzukuthi)



Amamofimu abhangqiwe: umfana, isisu (amabizo/nouns) um- = isilaqo (imofimu yokuqala) -fana = isiqu (imofimu yesibili)

Isinteksi (Syntax) 

Isinteksi singayichaza njengesifundo sokwakheka kwemishwana kanye nemisho.



Iyisifundo sokuhlanganiswa kwamagama ahlukene ukwakha imisho enomqondo nezwakalayo.



Indlela amagama okumele abhaleke ngayo nokumele alandelane ngayo emshweni ilawulwa yimithetho yesinteksi.



Umthetho wesinteksi uthi umusho ophelele kumele ube nenhloko kanye nesenzo, isib. ingane iyafunda.



Futhi emushweni ojwayelekile inhloko/umenzi uba sekuqaleni komusho.



Umenziwa yena ngokujwayelekile uba sekugcineni komusho, isib. Umfana ukhahlela ibhola. (Ibhola = umenziwa).

Ibizo (Noun) 

Ibizo lisho igama lento ebonakalayo noma engabonakali.



Liyigama elimele into ethile noma umuntu.



Amabizo asho into ebonakalayo singabala kuwo:



Imbuzi ‘goat’



Umuntu ‘person’



Utshani ‘grass’



Imoto ‘car’



Inkukhu ‘chicken’

Ibizo (Noun) liyaqhubeka … 

Amabizo asho into engabonakali singabala kuwo:



Umoya ‘air/wind’



Ukufa ‘death’



Ubugwala ‘cowardice’



Ukugula ‘sickness’



Inhloso ‘objective/aim’

Ibizo (Noun) liyaqhubeka … 

EsiZulwini kuphinde futhi kube khona amabizo endabuko (original nouns) Kanye namabizo okubolekwa (borrowed/loan nouns).



Amabizo endabuko singabala kuwo:



Ingane ‘child’



Ukudla ‘food’



Inja ‘dog’



Umoya ‘air/wind’



Ukuthula ‘quietness/silence’

Ibizo (Noun) liyaqhubeka … 

Kanti amabizo okubolekwa wona yilawa alandelayo:



Isenti

‘cent’



Irama

‘rama’



Ipuleti

‘plate’



Iwindi

‘window’



Ikati

‘cat’



Iphepha ‘paper’



Ifonoloji ‘phonology’

Ukusebenza kwebizo emshweni 

Ibizo lisebenza ngale ndlela emshweni:

Izingane zibhukuda olwandle. Ikhekhe liyadliwa. Ubaba uganwe yisithembu. Uthisha ufundsa abafundi.

Inja iluma ikati. imbuzi idla utshani.

Izigaba zamabizo (noun classes) 

Ibizo lakhiwe izingxenye ezimbili: isiqalo + isiqu.



Isib. Isi- (isiqalo) + -nkwa (isiqu) = isinkwa



Isiqu (stem) sebizo asiguquki kodwa okuguqukayo isiqalo (prefix).



Esizulwini kunalezi gaba zamabizo ezilandelayo:

1. um(u)-

4. imi-

9. in-/im-

14. ubu-

2. aba-/abe-

5. ili-

10. izin-/izim-

15. uku-

1. (a) u-

6. ama-

11. ulu-

2. (a) o-

7. isi-

12.

3. umu

8. izi-

13.

Izigaba zamabizo (noun classes) … 

Lezi gaba ezilandelayo akusezona izigama zamabizo kodwa sekuyiziqalo zezandiso:



Pha- (isib. phakathi, phambili)



Ku- (isib. kude, kuyo, kuSipho)



Mu- (isib. muva)

Izibonelo (examples) 1. um(u)-

(umuntu/um(u)ntwana)

2. aba-

(abathakathi)

1. (a) u-

(ugogo)

2. (a) o-

(ogogo)

3. umu

(umuthi)

4. imi-

(imizi)

5. ili-

(ilitshe)

6. ama-

(amazambane)

Izibonelo (examples) … 7. isi-

(isisu)

8. izi-

(izizwe)

9. in-/im

(inkomo/imvu)

10. izin-/izim-

(izinja/izimfene)

11. ulu-

(uluthi)

12. 13. 14. ubu-

(ubuso)

15. uku-

(ukufa)

Ubunye nobuningi 

Uma sisa amabizo ethu ebuningini, isigaba sawo siyashintsha.



Kodwa ukushintsha kwawo kuyefana,



Lokho okusho ukuthi uma ibizo lesigaba ‘1.’ lishintshela esigabeni ‘2.’ uma silisa ebuningini, wonke amabizo esigaba ‘1.’ azoshintshela esigabeni ‘2.’ uma siwayisa ebuningini.



Lokhu kwaholela ekutheni kwaziwe ukuthi iziphi izigaba zamabizo ezihambisanayo ngokobunye nobuningi.

Ubunye nobuningi Izigaba ezihambisanayo ngokobunye nobuningi zimi kanje:

Ubunye

Ubuningi

1.

um(u)- (um(u)ntwana)

2.

aba- (abantwana)

1.(a)

u- (ugogo)

2.

(a) o- (ogogo)

3.

umu- (umuzi)

4.

imi- (imizi)

5.

ili- (ilizwe)

6.

ama- (amazwe)

7.

isi- (isitsha)

8.

izi- (izitsha)

9.

in-/im- (inkomo/imvu)

10. izin-/izim- (izinkomo/izimvu)

11.

ulu- (uluthi)

10. izin- (izinti)

Ubunye nobuningi … Ubunye

Ubuningi

12. -

-

13. -

-

14. ubu- (ubuzwe)

-

15. uku- (ukudla)

-

Ukwakhiwa kwamabizo amasha 

Ezilimini eziningi kukhona amabizo akhiwa ngokususelwa kwezinye izingcezu zenkulumo.



NasesiZulwini lukhona lolu hlobo lwamabizo.



Ngokujwayelekile esiZulwini amabizo amasha akhiwa ngokususelwa ezenzweni.



Yilezi ezilandelayo izibonelo zamabizo asuselwe ezenzweni:



Hamba – umhambi/abahambi



Khuluma – isikhulumi/izikhulumi



Yidla – ukudla



Faka - ukufaka



busa – ukubusa/umbuso/imibuso

Amabizombaxa 

Ambabizombaxa angenye yezindlela zokhwaka amabizo amasha.



La mabizo akhiwa ngokuhlanganisa izingcezu zenkulumo ezimbili.



Aphinde futhi abizwe ngamabizongxube.



Nazi izibonelo ezilandelayo: Ibizo nebizo umninindlu = umnikazi + indlu Isenzo nesabizwana uvumazonke = vuma + zonke Isenzo nesenzo ucelazimnike = cela = nika

Amabizombaxa … Ibizo nesiphawulo

ubabamkhulu = ubaba + omkhulu Ibizo nongumnini umfowabo = umfo + wabo Ibizo nesenzo

uzinyobulala = izinyo + bulala

Izijobelelo zamabizo 

EsiZulwini kunezinhlobo ezimbili zezijobelelo: isijobelelo sesinciphiso nesijobelelo sesikhuliso.



Isijobelelo sokunciphisa yilesi: -ana.



Isijobelelo sesinciphiso sisetshenziswa:



Ukukhomba ubuncane bento: isib. umntwana, inkosana, amanzana, impushana



Ukukhomba indelelo: isib. ikhanjana, imiconjwana, umkhatshana, intshetshana.

Izijobelelo zamabizo … 

Isijobelelo sesikhuliso sona yilesi: -kazi.



Sisetshenziswa:



Ukukhulisa into: indlebekazi, isihluthukazi, indukukazi.



Ukukhomba ubulili besifazane: insikazi, inkomazi, isikhukhukazi.

Isilandiso (Predicate) 

Isilandiso yigama elisitshela ngesenzeko.



Lisitshela ngalokho okwenzekayo/okwenziwayo.



Imvamisa lisitshela ngalokho okwenziwa ngumenzi/yinhloko emshweni.



Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zesilandiso: isenzo nesibanjalo

Isenzo (Verb) 

Isenzo singolunye lwezingcezu zenkulumo olimini.



Ulimi nolimi lunamagama abizwa ngokuthi izenzo.



EsiZulwini akukho lula ukuchaza ukuthi siyini isenzo.



Kodwa-ke singasho ukuthi isenzo siyigama elisitshela ngesenzeko.



Siyigama elibalula ngalokho esikwenzayo.



Siyigama elisitshela ngalokho okwenziwa ngumenzi/yinhloko yomusho.



Emushwemi olula isenzo sakhiwe izingxenye ezimbili: isivumelwano sikamenzi + isiqu.



Isib. Bakhuluma

Ba- = isivumelwano sikamenzi; -khuluma = isiqu.

Isenzo (Verb) … 

Kuyenzeka kwesinye isikhathi ukuthi isenzo sibe nesivumelwano sikamenziwa uma imisho yethu isiya ngokuya iba nzima.



Isib. bayalikhahlela ba = isimumelwano sikamenzi; ya = isakhi sento eqhubekayo ; li = isivumelwano sikamenziwa; -khahlela = isiqu uzokupheka u = isivumelwano sikamenzi; zo = isakhi senkathi ezayo; ku = isivumelwano sikamenziwa; -pheka = isiqu

Izinhlobo zezenzo (Types of verbs) 

Izenzo zahlulahlukene ngokwezinhlobo zazo.



Ukwehlukana esikhuluma ngakho la ukwehlukana mayelana namalungu isiqu sesenzo esinawo.



Kukhona izenzo:



Ezilunga linye



Ezimalunga mabili



Ezimalunga mathathu



Ezimalunga maningi (angaphezu kwamathathu)

Izenzo ezilunga linye (Monosyllabic verbs) 

Izenzo ezilunga linye ilezo ezinesiqu esiyilunga elilodwa.



Isib.:



-fa > Wafa umuntu.

‘The person is dying/died.’



-pha > Ipha ingane ukudla.

‘Give the child food.’



-dla > Sadla sesutha kwakho.

‘We ate until we were satisfied at your home.’



-ma > Sama kwaze kwafika ibhasi

‘We waited until the bus came.’

Izenzo ezimalunga mabili (Disyllabic verbs) 

Izenzo ezimalunga mabili ilezo ezineziqu ezakhiwe amalunga amabili.



Isib.:



-dlala > Uthemba udlala ibhola.

‘Themba is playing the ball.’



-funda > Izingane zifunda isiZulu.

‘Children are learning Zulu.’



-thela > Umama uthela amanzi.

‘The mother is pouring water.’



-Bhema > Indoda ibhema ugwayi.

‘The man is smoking cigarette.’



-cula > Umfowethu ucula ingoma.

‘My brother is singing a song.’

Izenzo ezimalunga mabili (Disyllabic verbs) … 

Ezibonelweni ezingenhla kunalamalunga alandelayo akhe izenzo:



-dlala > –dla- + -la



-funda > -fu- + -nda



-thela > -the- + -la



-bhema > -bhe- + -ma



-cula > -cu- + -la

Izenzo ezimalunga mathathu (Trisyllabic verbs) 

Izenzo ezimalunga mathathu ilezo ezineziqu ezakhiwe amalunga amathathu.



Isib.:



-sebenza > Ubaba usebenza eGoli.

‘My father is working in Joburg.’



-hlikihla > Uthami uhlikihla ubuso.

‘Thami is rubbing the face.’



-khahlela > Umfana ukhahlela ibhola. ‘The boy is kicking the ball.’



-Khuluma > Ingane ikhuluma nothisha. ‘The learner is talking to the teacher.’



-dubula > USipho udubula ubhejane.

‘Sipho is shooting the rhino.’

Izenzo ezinamalunga amaningi (Multisyllabic verbs) 

Izenzo ezinamalunga amaningi ilezo ezineziqu ezakhiwe amalunga amane noma ngaphezulu.



Isib.:



-vundulula > Uzinhle uvundulula isikibha sakhe. ‘Zinhle is searching for her T-shirt.



-dikibala > Uvele wadikibala uma bemtshela.

‘He/she lost interest when they told him/her.



-bhaxabula > Ubaba ubhaxabula ingane.

‘The father is beating the child.’

Ukusebenza kwesenzo (the function of the verb) 

Sike sasho ekuqaleni kwesifundo ukuthi isenzo sisebenza ukuchaza into esenziwa umenzi.



Isenzo sisebenza ngale ndlela elandelayo emshweni:



Inja idla ukudla.

‘The dog is eating food.’



Ingane ifunda incwadi.

‘The child is reading the book.’



Umthakathi ugibele imfene.

‘The wizard is riding the baboon.’



Uthisha umaka isivivinyo.

‘The teacher is marking the exam.’



UMlahleni ujikijela itshe.

‘Mlahleni is throwing the stone.’

Isibanjalo 

Isibanjalo naso senza umsebenzi ofanayo nowenziwa yisenzo emshweni.



Naso sichaza ngesenzeko/ngalokho okwenziwa ngumenzi/yinhloko yomusho.



Isib. Abanecala othisha/ngothisha.



Igama ‘othisha/ngothisha’ kulo musho yisibanjalo.



Isibanjalo singakhiwa ngalezi ngcezu zenkulumo: Amabizo, isib. Ngabafana, wuSipho, yingane Izabizwana, isib. Yimi, nguye, yibo, yithi, ngizo, yizo. Iziphawulo, isib. Mfushane/mfishane, mubi, mude, mkhulu, mncane. Izibaluli, isib. Imhlophe, zimnyama, baqotho, kumnandi. Izandiso, isib. Baphansi, bakude, basemfuleni, usekhaya.

Izibonelo zokusebenza kwesibanjalo emshweni 

Isibanjalo singasebenza ngale ndlela elandelayo emshweni:

Izingane zakhe ngamawele. Thina sisonke. Abafana yizinja. Isikhwama sakhe yilesi.

Indoda yakhe yimi(na).

Imvumelwano (agreement) 

Imvumelwano iyona eyenza imisho yethu ibe nomqondo.



EsiZulwini kunezinhlobo ezimbili zemvumelwano: imvumelwano kamenzi/yenhloko nemvumelwano kamenziwa.



Zombili lezi mvumelwano ziba yinglenye yesenzo emshweni.



Ziba yizakhi/ngamamofimu atholakala esenzweni.



Izibonelo zemvumelwano kamenzi/yenhloko: Umfana uyahamba (u = isivumelwano sikamenzi) Ikati liyadla (li = isivumelwano sikamenzi) Izinkwa ziphelile (zi = //)

Abafundi bayafeyila. (ba = //)

Imvumelwano (agreement) 

Izibonelo zemvumelwano kamenziwa:

Abafana bayalidla ikhekhe. (li = imvumelwano kamenziwa) Inja iyilumile ingane. (yi = //) Abafundi bayazifunda izincwadi. (zi = //) Uzodwa uyabathanda abafana (ba = //) Isigaba nesigaba sebizo sinemvumelwano kamenzi nekamenziwa ehambisana naso.

Isabizwana (Pronoun) 

Isabizwana igama elisetshenziswa esikhundleni sebizo.



Lokho okuchaza ukuthi ibizo nebizo linesabizwana salo esihambisana nalo, isib. Inja = yona, abantu = bona, ufudu = lona.



Nokho-ke kukhona amabizo ahlukene anesabizwana esifanayo, isib. Ukudla = kona; ukufa = kona.



Isibonelo esingenhla sisivezela ukuthi amabizo anesiqalo (prefix) esifanayo anesabizwana esisodwa.



Lokho okusivezela ukuthi isabizwana sakhiwa ngokususelwa esiqalweni sebizo.

Izinhlobo zesabizwana (types of pronouns) 

Esizulwini kunezinhlobo ezintathu zesabizwana:

1.

Isabizwana soqobo (absolute pronoun)

2.

Isabizwana senani/sokubala (quantitative pronoun)

3.

Isabizwana sokukhomba (demonstrative pronoun)

Zozintathu lezi nhlobo zakhiwe: isivumelwano sikamenzi kanye nesiqu. Isib. Yena (ye- = isivumelwano sikamenzi; -na = isiqu). zonke (zo- = isivumelwano sikamenzi; -nke = isiqu) lowo (lo- = isivumelwano sikamenzi; -wo = isiqu)

Isabizwana soqobo 

Isabizwana soqobo igama elimele ibizo elikhomba umuntu noma into ethile.



Izabizwana zoqobo ezijwayelekile ilezi ezilandelayo: yena mina bona

zona yona thina

Ukusebenza kwesabizwana soqobo emshweni 

Abantu bayahamba

‘people are leaving’

Bona bayahamba



USipho uphuza utshwala

‘Sipho is drinking beer’

Yena uphuza utshwala



Izinja ziyaluma Zona ziyaluma

‘The dogs bite’

Isabizwana senani/sokubala 

Isabizwana sokubala sisitshela ngenani lento.



Siphendula umbuzo othi ‘okungaki/abangaki, ezingaki njll’.



Nazi izinhlobo zezabizwana zenani ezejwayelekile: Bonke zonke

yedwa -bili -thathu

Ukusebenza kwesabizwana sokubala emshweni 

Isabizwana sokubala sisebenza ngale ndlela elandelayo emshweni:

(Izimoto) zonke zigitshelwe. (zonke = isabizwana senani) (Umfana) yedwa uzobhala. (yedwa = //) (Abantu) bonke bayeza. (bonke - //) (izintombi) ezimbili ziyangithanda. (ezimbili = //)

Isabizwana sokukhomba 

Isabizwana sokukhomba sona sikhomba into eseduze, ebuqamama kanye nekude nalowo okhulumayo.



Kunalezi nhlobo ezilandelayo zesabizwana sokukhomba: Eduze

Buqamama

Kude

laba

labo

labaya

lezi

lezo

leziya

lo

lowo

lowaya

lesi

leso

lesiya

Ukusebenza kwesabizwana emshweni 

Isabizwana sokukhomba singasebenza ngalendlela elandelayo emshweni:

(Izingane) lezi ziyafunda. (Abafundi) labo bayabhala. (Izitsha) leziya kumele sigezwe. (Ikhekhe) leli lizodliwa.

Lokhu ngiyakwazi.

Isiphawulo (Adjective) 

Uma sisebenzisa amagama emshweni siye sithole ukuthi igama negama liwucezu oluthile lwenkulumo,



Futhi kunomsebenzi othile eliwenzayo.



Isiphawulo ke naso singolunye lwezingcezu zenkulumo.



Isiphawulo yisichasiso (qualificative) esichaza ibizo nesabizwana.



Igama elichaza ibizo noma isabizwana emshweni.



Leli gama liye liwachaze la magama eliwalandelayo emshweni ngezindlela eziningi ezahlukene (buka izibonelo ngezansi).

Izinhlobo zesiphawulo (types of adjectives) 

Izinhlobo zesiphawulo ezijwayelekile zinale ziqu ezilandelayo:



-hle

(abantwana abahle ‘beautiful children’)



-khulu

(abantu abakhulu ‘prominent individuals’)



-ncane

(inking encane ‘minor problem’)



-ningi

(izimpethu eziningi ‘many worms’)



-sha njll.

(imoto entsha ‘new car’)

Isivumelwano sesiphawulo nebizo(adjective-noun agreement) 

Uma sibheka kukhona ukuvumelana okukhona phakathi kwebizo kanye nesiphawulo.



Isibonelo:



Izihlahla ezinkulu

‘big trees’



Abantu abasha

‘young people’



Amathuba amaningi

‘plenty opportunities’

Ukusentshenziswa kwesiphawulo (usage examples) 

Isiphawulo singasetshenziswa kanje emshweni:



Izinkawu eziningi zifile

‘many monkeys died’



Umfazi omusha uyeza

‘a new wife is coming’



Umuntu omkhulu uwile

‘a big person fell’



Ingulube encane ihlatshiwe

‘a young pig was slaughtered’



Intombi enhle ikhulelwe

‘a beautiful girl is pregnant’

Ubumnini (Possessive) 

Ubumnini/ongumnini igama elisebenza ukuchaza ibizo noma isabizwana.



Silisebenzisa ukukhombisa ubunikazi bento.



Silisebenzisa ukukhomba ukuthi into ingekabani noma ingeyani.



Ubumnini bunezingxenye ezimbili: isivumelwano kanye nesiqu.



Zonke izivumelwano zongumnini zigcina ngonkamisa u ‘-a’.



Uma sifaka isivumelwano sobumnini ebizweni kulandelana onkamisa.



Lokho okungavumelekile esiZulwini.



Okugcina sekuholele ekutheni kube khona ukulumbana konkamisa (vowel coalescence).

Ubumnini (Possessive) buyaqhubeka … Isibonelo:

umlenze waingane

=

umlenze wengane

umsebenzi waumphathi

=

umsebenzi womphathi

Ilifa laindodana

=

ilifa lendodana

Izibonelo zobumnini (examples) 

Ngokujwayelekile ubumnini busebenzisa amabizo ukukhombisa ubunizaki bento.

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Vele ubunikazi busuke bungobebizo.

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Izibonelo:

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Ukudla kwenja

‘dog’s food’

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Abafazi bendoda

‘men’s wives’

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Indlu kagogo

‘granny’s house’

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Umthwalo womfana

‘boy’s luggage’

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Isidleke senyoni

‘bird’s nest’

Izibonelo zobumnini (examples) ziyaqhubeka 

Nokho-ke kwesinye isikhathi ubumnini abusebenzisi amabizo kodwa busebenzisa izabizwana zawo.

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Izibonelo:

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Izintombi zami (mina) zinhle

‘my girlfriends are beautiful’

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Umbala wayo (inkomo) umhlophe

‘its colour is white’

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Isitsha sakhe (umfana) sintshontshiwe

‘His container was stolen’

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Ukudla kwabo (osisi) kubi

‘their food is not tasting good’

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Ukuhleka kwazo (izintombi) kuyacika

‘their laughter is annoying’

Isibaluli 

Isibaluli singasichaza njengegama ezicacisa ngomenzi/ngenhloko noma ngomenziwa emshweni.

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Senza umsebenzi ofanayo nalowo owenziwa yisiphawulo nongumnini.

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Kunalezi balulo ezilandelayo ezejwayelekile: -qotho -qatha -mnandi -mhlophe -bomvu

-ngcono

Ukusebenza kwesibaluli emshweni 

Abantu abamhlophe banemali.

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Ukudla okumnandi ngiyakuthanda.

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Umuntu oqotho uyanconywa.

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Inkomo ebomvu izohlatshwa.

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Abantu abangcono bayazitshela.

Inani 

Inani nalo lenza umsebenzi wokucacisa ngenhloko/ngomenzi noma ngomenziwa emshweni.

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Njengesiphawulo isibaluli kanye nongumnini.

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Nazi iziqu zenana ezijwayelekile: -phi -ni -nye -mbe

Izibonelo zokusebenza kwenani emshweni 

Inani lingasebenza ngalezi ndlela emshweni:

Bazogibela imoto yiphi? Umuntu mumbe uboshiwe. Ufuna ukuthenga moto yini? Okunye ukudla sizokushiya.

Isandiso (adverb) 

Isandiso yigama ezichaza ngesenzo.

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Licacisa ngokwenzeka kwesenzo.

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Kunezinhlobo ezintathu zesandiso:

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Kukhona isandiso sesikhathi, esichaza ukuthi into yenzeke nini.

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Isib., ebusuku, ekuseni, izolo, nyakenye, ekuqaleni, ehlobo, kudala

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Kukhona isandiso sendawo esaziwa ngokuthi ngundaweni, sona esichaza ngendawo lapho isenzo senzeka khona.

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Isib. eGoli, ekhaya, etekisini, ekhanda, onyaweni, Kuthemba, phakathi, KwaNdengezi, njll.

Isandiso (adverb) … 

Kukhona isandiso sesimo, esisitshela ngesimo noma ngendlela isenzo esenzeka ngayo.

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Isib., kabuhlungu, kanzima, kahle, ngesandla, nengane.

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Ngenhla sike sabalula ukuthi izigaba zamabizo, 16, 17, no 18 nazo sibalwa ngaphansi kwesilandiso.

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Isigaba 16. pha-, no 17. ku-, zona zingena ngaphansi kukandaweni ngoba zisitshela ngendawo lapho kwenzeka khona isenzo. Isib. phakathi, kubaba.

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Isigaba 18. mu-, sona singena ngaphansi kwesandiso sesikhathi ngoba sisitshela ngesikhathi lapho isenzo senzeka khona. Isib. muva (Akasalidli ikhekhe muva nje.).

Ukusebenza kwesandiso emshweni 

Isandiso singasebenza ngalendlela elandelayo emshweni:

Imoto uyishayise ebusuku. (sesikhathi) Ummbila utshalwa entwasahlobo. (sesikhathi) USipho usebenza eThekwini. (undaweni)

Isivalo simshaye ekhanda. (undaweni) Insimbi imugqeme kabuhlungu. (sesimo) UMabelejongosi bamugwaze ngomkhonto. (sesimo)

The End

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