9th Biology Urdu Notes (iqbalkalmati.blogspot.com) 293r3

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Divisions Of Biology: (Micro-Biology)

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Branches Of Biology:

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Animal Kingdom Plant Kingdom Monera Kingdom Kingdom Protista

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(John Ray 1627-17-5 AD)

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X ¬ŠnÆ\jzMâ KZÃZzi Iz6,Ô c* Ùªû{0 + iŠŽñnÆ[ Ñ@* gzZ H{@x»] Ÿ{0 + iˆÆH ^',ZgäkZX ]¡çL8Xâ »C; 4& -E X 3g (Animalcules) ²ðG3½Ó)GGZx ** »y ZäkZ

4E &å 4F 5G :( J . B de-Lamarck) ugú~ e ïHiH

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E 45k$ g G 8 X G Xƒc* ¯: ä] ŸÃyZ c* Vƒ: Œ6,]Ÿ{ÆkZāJ -Z # Cƒ7Ï0 + i~Ÿā åH7wìtäkZ~Y 1809X ]¡çL â ö Z Û

:(Robert Brown) yƒ Z', ^', Zg

4ÓE ® ~î0Ò7E X HÄc* gŠ øG «~Y 1831X ] @* mçL8Xâ ~â ¤', G MÆ} Š7g !*

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(Schleiden & Schwann Cell Theory)

5Ò]I ~g¹−/yZØgzZy åH G

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5Ò]I mçL8Xâ ð` y åH 6, gîåāŽ ÷·ù»û~Š ZÐZ, Z L:}Š7x Óā c* ŠyÒª» ~g¹−Æ™·_»iAÆVzŠ7äkZ~Y 1838X ]@* G X ó÷DƒŠ Zi W G ( Y 1839 5Ÿ~ X ó÷‘ WÐû~Š ZÐZ Ìgâ YL:ā c* ŠyÒäyZØg åH G 5Ò]I~^ðZ’ZÃ~g¹− X ÷Dƒ¶Ð ] Ÿ{0 + ig Z0 +Yx Ó._ÆT H7äyZØgzZy åH G

:(Rudolf Virchow) agz³zeg

(Omnis Cellula e cellula)X ÷‘ WÐ ûŠŽñÐ¬ûx ÓL

ā c* ŠyÒäkZX H†ŸZë Z~~g¹−~Y 1855X Éð` 

:(Louis Pasteur) ˜0* õß X c* 3Š™" $U* 6, gîC!* ŠÃwìkZä˜0* õß~Y 1862

:(Rules Of Cell Theory) wßZÆ~g¹− X ÷Dƒ¶Ð ûZ +ZiÐq -Z c* -Zg Z0 q +Yx ÓX 1 Xì ð» Z ~Š ã CÅVzg Z0 +Yx Ó−X 2 Xì ð» Z ~Š ã CÅwdZgzZ| # ‚~Vzg Z0 +Y−X 3 X ÷D W~ŠŽzÐ„ÅûŠŽñÐ¬ûX 4

(Cytology)


:
E G 8 4 5 (Cellular Structures & Functions) wdZgzZ èG‚Å−

:Y Z b Zë ZÆx Â~ï

ah il

HH HH $ $ ø4hz6, Æb§ÅVzŠ7gzZF-Pz6, wZz−X CYð0* 7~ ø4hz6, Æb§ÅVzgâ YgzZgâ YwZz−:(Cell Wall) w Zz−X 1 H H$ ì CYð0* wZz−Ì~ ø4hz6, gzZ ð¡Xì CYð0* s§ã zÛÆ+M−wZz−Xì CƒµÅ (Cellulose)iß+tXì CƒŠŽñ~ J H &†z[ «™Åxi öIz6, ªŠ Zñ{0 + i ãzg0 +ZÆ−wZz−Xì CƒµÐ èEG4»G +ƒwZz−ÅF-Pz6, ²Xì CƒµÅ èE4&»ñOÅiß+Ž Xì îŠ^m{gzZì C™

:(Plasmalemma)úâ iö/(Plasma Membrane) +Mâ iö/(Cell Membrane) +M−

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Xì CB+M−GtXì Cƒg ZE GtXì CƒŠŽñGq -g !* Š¤ / Æxi öç ‚~]ŸS -- P-gzZS --Pz6, xÓ "z6, .2H G 5Å 20-40%zZçEE Xì CƒµÐi åH 60-80%+ M−Xì * @Y¹ÌPlasmalemma gzZ Plasma Membrane Ã+M− F

id

ì C™wßzÃ] â ð6Ðû}uzŠ+M−Xì B bgg Z Œ Û ', Ã| # ‚ ãzg0 +ZÅ−+M−X ÷Dƒï÷ á Ìg [ +;1g »{z´ÆkZ Xì C™| # ÙÅû}uzŠgzZ

ra sh

$E ä(G. Nicolson) èEjÒ¹X Y gzZ (S. Singer)òX öZ~Y 1972 :(Fluid Mosaic Model)

we â q -iñ[ + j

:._Æwe â kZX ÷ë (Fluid Mosaic Model)we â q -iñ[ + j&H7we â q -Z 5ÅÐzzÅK Xì k ŽµC Ù zŠq -ZÅi åH M F, m{X 1 F

"z6, 2H .G X ÷Cƒ! zeåçEE ~µ~C Ù zŠ kZX 2 "z6, 2H .G 5ÅgzZçEE X ÷CƒÐ, g ZlÏ~hðÅg [ +;1g »B÷i åH Å+M−X 3 F 5Å~ûS Xì * @Yc* 0* wz«Ãg0 +ZÆµ~C Ù zŠ Åi åH --P-X 4 F

E X Ÿc* ]gßz^pPlasma X îG 0Ò7MpKytos :(Cytosome)

xÎç ‚ /(Cytoplasm) xiöç ‚

4ÓE ® ~T] § ïŠ â x ÓŠŽñg0 /Í7E Xì @* Yc* 0* y xgŠÆ\weZäEgzZ+Mâ i öŠ ZñtXì @* BxÎç ‚ c* xi öç ‚Ôì @* ƒï÷ á ÌøG +ZÆ õG 5Åâ InorganicgzZ Organic ~kZ {z´ÆkZXì @* " ½xi ö ç ‚Xì @* iÌ²ðG3½G ƒŒ6, ã0* 85-90% éE 5MG ƒ{Š â s Ë4gzZw(J h Çt X ÷Dƒ J 4±gY Wt 5E .ÔG (Glycolysis) çEl$ÑV†X x²1w Ð †X ÷Dƒ~xi ö ç ‚Ì¶ Z ~g¡Ç!* Xì @* ™ë Z Û (nÆä™x »mºLZÃçE G J J l$ÑV† Xì @* B ó (Glycolysis) çEl$ÑV† L¿»äh ÂÃiÃ‰yZgzŠÆc], äg°+ :(Glycolysis) çE

(Cytology)


E 4ÓG 5½]ç ‚ EH ŸpSkeleton X îG 0Ò7MpKytos :(Cytoskeleton) è H5½] H 5½] 45ÒG {Š c* iñ#zŠ~XXì á C™ïÐ ñ#Æb§FèE4ÓG ç ‚Xì ‚ rgg Z Œ Û ', gzZ @* ¯Ã^Å−tXìz{ëgzZë Zq -Z »−èEG ç‚ ñ#zMâ X 2 ²çkzMâ X 1 X ÷ëZ

ñ#zMâ

²çkzMâ

& Zñ#zMâ 4»G EH X ÷Dƒ¶Ð”z6, (Actin)* è

X ÷Dƒ¶Ð ”z6,(Tubulin)Þçk²çkzMâ

Šæ~ä™sp^Ã3tX ÷Dƒq -g !* {Š c* iÌÐ²çkzMât

5_gzZ Œ¶ X ÷n zMâ ÌzZ (, »| # ‚Å G é5ÒG pgg Z Œ Û ', Ã^Åût

X ÷ï Š

X ÷D ¯²çk

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y™X q ÃpActisX *Actin* Y G Y Y E E E 4 8E ± 4 4 ± ± 4 5 E 5 E E Ô . 5 5 Ô Ô . . G G G G Xì sf `gŠ,ÅçG g Wë ZX ÷CBçG g W−X ,Šx ZuwdZmºŽ è ‚ KgŠŽñ~− : çG g W−

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4ÓE ® X ÷Æ(Nut)^zy 4ÓE ® :(Nucleus) X HÄc* gŠ~Y 1831äy ƒ Z',^', ZgÃøG Z pÆTì ÂHÑ øG

4ÓE ® X1 øG

id

4ÓE ® X ÷DƒÆ^úwîgzZ úwhÔwÍÔ ~D øG 4ÓE ® -Z¯ q ) !* ÆÏŠŽñÅwÃ z~VzŠ7²ì @* ƒŠŽñ~y xgŠÆ−Ægâ Y øG 4ÓE ® Xì @* X ÷ë\weZäEOR+MäE&ì @* ƒ¦ 8~+M. Þ etX @* ƒ7~−S --Pz6, ²ì @* ƒ~−S --P- øG ƒ+ $Y

ra sh

~i q Ð ZzŠ~xi ö èE Xì @* ƒŒ6, RNAgzZ”z6 ,Ôã0* tXì * @Y¹xi öèE&ì @* ƒù â w(g ZŠ äZŠ~+ MäE :xi ö èE E 4G 58‚ xÎñz™X 2 ÖèEX 1 ÷CYð0* èG ïÎÆZgtXì ‘´»8 -g}÷tX ÷DƒÆ^wÍÖèEX ÷D Yñ0* ðÑèEzŠ~xi öèE X ( ¦) :ðÑèE ( uZz) :ÖèE Xì @* ƒŒ6, ”z6, gzZ RNA

Ÿg ZÄg X Ÿpsoma X 8 -g pChroma :xÎñz™ E 4G 58‚ ú§ JŠt Hâ z™Î÷Dƒ~^ÅV ½‚ ú§ JŠq -g !* tÂƒ„gƒ: yn, ze−Z # p÷D WÃyZgzŠÆyn, ze−tX ÷Cƒ èG X ÷‘ W™ïÐ ”z6, gzZ DNA' × Îñz™Xì * @Y¹ (Chromatin) ŸpSoma X RNApRibo :(Ribosomes)

× ÎÆZg X 2 '

× ÎzMâ ÃV½‚yZgzZ H{@x»V½‚g ZŠ äZŠ~xi ö ç ‚ÐŠæÅ\jzMâ yz¼Z~Y 1941ä(Claude)} e ¯¬Ðƒ '  E G 458‚tX c* ÷C¾: ZŠ Zi W~xi ö ç ‚ Âc* èG Šx ** »xÎÆZg~Y 1958ä (Palade)} e öÃV½‚g ZŠ äZŠ~ˆX ¹ (Microsomes) X Cƒ7+MŠ¤ / Æ' × ÎÆZgX ÷‘ W™ïÐ (RNA)} Z+Zg W 50%gzZ”z6, 50%' × ÎÆZgX ÷Cƒ~ a  B÷ÝÃ¨gîi özhZQ c* "z6, 2H .G Xì @* Y¹Ìó (Protein Factories) m, 1”z6, ÃL ' × ÎÆZgn kZ÷Cƒg »ÅçEE V ˜÷Ç{z' × ÎÆZg

(Cytology)


(Granules)

äZŠ pChondrion X § JŠ pMitos :(Mitochondria)

c* g& + Ãç â X 3

ó Z Š L¡ßç ‚ð` ~Y 1897X ¹ ó (Bioplasts) †  ö Ç!* L gzZ HÄc* gŠÃc* g& + Ãç â ~Y 1886äAltman¬Ðƒ  E E G G 458‚tX ÷ èG 458‚ ðƒn~+M. Cƒg Zû+MãzÛÅkZX ÷CYð0* ~F-P-sÜèG Þ etX c* Šx ** » c* g& + Ãç â Ð Zä(Benda) G ( 4<XÏ Xì @* Y¹ (cristae);™ÃVqyZXì C¯ èG ¹~(Matrix)¨ ‡Æc* g& + Ãç â +Mãzg0 +Z²ì

ah il

uZz:(Crista) 6™ ¦:(Cristae) ;™ "Zg LZgzZ DNACZk0* X ÷œ /Z%} (, Æä™ Za ð** Z ÂtX ÷Dƒ' × ÎðJ3E Æc* g& + Ãç â I .-\~Y 1883 :(Plastids) iSöX 4 «ä(Schimper) çF e~+MiSöX ÅwEZ b ˜ZÅ (Plastids)iSög !* a H G-4E ] H $ ā 4 h 4±gY W 5E .ÔG ñ0* 7~(Green Algae)5Z+ ¤ / gzZ ð¡Ô c* Ùë @* X ÷D™© ö I ¯Ž ÷D Yñ0* ~ ø z6,, ZgzZVzŠ7sÜŽ ÷ çE G XDY

köÃCX 3 kö ñz™X 2 közg³X 1 :x lZÅiSö

^Ô}iÔŸpPlastos X !pChloros p ÖZ ã** - zŠ :(Chloroplasts)

közg³X (i)

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i[ +ZÃ^åÎXì C¯V¼~Stromaù â w(Æ†  özg³Gãzg0 +ZXì Cƒg ZûGãzÛÅyZX ÷Dƒa e~+M. Þ et G -ā 4E ] X ÷]â £Æ© ö I ¯kö zg³~F-P-Xì * @Y¹w¤ / ÃƒeÆ[ +ZÃ ÕäJ& åX ÷ë (Thylakoids)

ra sh

id

^Ô}iÔŸpPlastos X 3g pChroma :(Chromoplasts) köñz™X (ii) HF 4&ÆVßYiSötX ÷D Yñ0* V”y Zx » »yZX ÷DƒŠŽñ~ûÆV]gzZ (Petals) æEÎ5G PigmentsÆVùg cØ~köñz™ X ÷ïŠŠæ~ƒ Z)ÆV]gzZVà7tXì bŠ8 -gÃ

^Ô}iÔŸpPlastos X 8 -g" c* Leukos :(Leukoplasts) kö ÃC X (iii) "z6, 2H .G 5ÅgzZçEE Xì * *™{ífÃi åH Ô3 ¶ Kx » »yZX ÷D Yñ0* ~V»àZzä™{íf uZgptX ÷Dƒ8 -g" iSöt F EH

2"z6,iSö ŽX ÷ë (Amyloplast)† (Aleuroplast)†  özg=Z¹Z÷D™{ífçE.G  öâ Z¹÷D™{íf3 ¶ KiSöŽ 5ÅiSöŽX ÷ë X ÷ë (Lipoplast)†  ö j¹Z÷D™{ífi åH F

:(Endoplasmic Reticulum E.R) ÝÃ¨gîi özhZX 5 ì @* ƒ» b§zŠwYtXì @* ƒ;J -+MäEÐ +Mâ i ö Žì wYq -Z »VC** t :(Rough OR Granular E.R) ÝÃ¨gîi ö zhZ°Š¤ /ORsgX (i) Å' × ÎÆZg ñƒ} a  B‚LZXì @* Y¹ Rough E.R ÃkZnkZXì Cƒg Zû** ÐzzÅ' × ÎÆZg ñƒ} a  B÷kZ]gßÅwYkZ "z6, 2H .G Xì @* ™ ZŠ Zg ZŠ™ë Z~~g »ÅçEE Rough E.R Ðzz 4ZŠg0 +ZÆ−tX Dƒ} a 7' × ÎÆZgB÷kZ :(Smooth OR A-Granular E.R) ÝÃ¨gîi özhZ°Š¤ / } Z ORBÈX (ii) Xì Ìg ZŠ)f »−F, ÅVzŠ âg0 +ZÆ−tXì @* ™ »W,Z »VzŠ âYC Ù iá Zzäƒ

(Cytology)


× ÎDe .™5Ç .m, ' e !* 5Ç -6, Z5ÇX 6 (Golgi Apparatus,Golgi Bodies,Golgi Complex , Dictyosomes)

-² -² 5.G 5.G HÄc* gŠÃ Lq -Z »V½‚ ú”–äkZX åc‚ Û ~ß ¤Zq -Z5ÇðÒG X HÄc* gŠ ä(Camillo Golgi)5ÇðÒG ~Y 1898Ãm, e !* 5Ç

ì @* B6, Z5ÇÃ L åt» ãÃX ÷Dƒ~]gßÅƒe6, zZÆ}uzŠq -Z~Ã L kZ ãÃÐ ¹X Š H¹ (Cisternae)ãÃ& ÷sf •gŠāŽ ÷‰ Šx ** ZÃm, e !* 5ÇXì * @Yc* 0* ~ûÆVzgâ YgzZVzŠ7t (Dictyosome)xÎDeX 4 (Golgi Complex)

™5ÇX 3 (Golgi Body) ~ e !* 5ÇX 2 (Golgi Apparatus)6, Z5ÇX 1

(Golgisomes)' × Î5ÇX 6 (Lipochondria)c* g& + ÃjX 5

$ m, 5Åâ á ZzäWÐRough E.Rx » »kZ X ÷CBæEÎ¹G z5ÇV¼tXì * *™g ~V2ðƒn~+ MKgKg7ZÆ™~p~²ðG3½G

J

ah il

Ÿpsoma X (Splitting) ** Yƒµ Z pLysis :(Lysosomes) ' × Îði$ÑX 7 J H4E 4±gY Wñƒa 7ðZ eá Zzpg W,Z!~X÷ çE 5E .GÔG (Enzymes)}%{ ð4hG e~+MŒtX GÄc* gŠ' × Îði$Ñ~Y 1955äz-e ~ e ´gt™ X ÷ïŠŠæ~~g »d $CÅVzŠ âg ZgzZuZgpŽ ÷Dƒ

-s

4±Y 4±gY Wúg YtXì öÐG 5E 5E .ÔG Ù Xì @* C ƒŒ6, ²çk9w-çq -ZX ÷ çE g WÑZzäYc* 0* ~Vzgâ YsÜt :(Centrioles) G

²-çX 8

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id

X ÷Cƒ²çkzMâ 3~[k 4ÓE ® ~−Ægâ Y :xÎzç X ÷ë (Centrosome)xÎzçq -Z6, gî¦ùÃ²-çVâzŠX ÷D Yñ0* ²-çzŠd $Œ Û Æ øG X ÷D ¯$Ãw¶yZgzŠÆyn, ze−t X à { pVacuus:ÂHÑ :(Vacoules)

²Ã z

x Ó6,äƒÚ!* Æ−Æ}Š7X ÷Dƒ²Ã zL gÐ ¹~xi ö ç ‚X ÷Dƒ}½Ð ù â w(tX ÷Dƒa e~+MŒt Xì * @Y0wÃ zZ (, -Z b§kZgzZ÷D Yƒæ~:WÆ™[_ q .ã0* ²Ã z Y À&gzZ (Sugar)]Ôã0* 5ÅâYC .F gp~!ā @* ÷n pg {íf Ì²ðG3½G Ù i {z´ÆkZX ÷D™{íf ïH3E t X ÷n pgg Z Œ Û ',~ª qÅ ƒ ÚÃ−t Xn YXÐVzgâ Y

:t Û ~ûS --P-gzZS --Pz6, ûS --P-

ûS --Pz6, 4ÓE ® X1 Xì @* ƒãZz øG

4ÓE ® ãZzX 1 X @* ƒ7øG

X ÷D Yñ0* E.RgzZ6 , Z5ÇX c* g& + Ãç â X 2

X D Yñ0* 7E.RgzZ6, Z5ÇX c* g& + Ãç â X 2

X ÷Dƒ} (, × ÎÆZgX 3 ' J H Xì CƒµÅ èE4&» c* iß+wZz−X 4

X ÷DƒLgÚÅûS --P-' × ÎÆZgX 3 J Xì CƒµÅ èEG4»&†z[ +ƒwZz−X 4

(Cytology)


4¢E k Ð H H 5 G H 4 & X ypDiffundereÂHÑ :(Diffusion & Facilitated Diffusion) yjAe å5GöGgzZyjAe

5Åâ Xì @* B óyjAe L** ™• ws§Å‘´á Zzi ‚g Z ÁÐ‘´á Zzi ‚g Z {Š c* i »²ðG3½G 5Åâ, ZXì @* yú~¤ /e 0]g ZwzgŠ »X²ðG3½G ByjAei§àßZ »• wÅVzŠ âg 0* g WÆ+M−gzZg0 +ZÆû ƒ6, zZÐi +¤ /~¤ /e 273tc* 5Åâ¼ë @* 5Åâ {Š c* X ÷D™• wÌs§Åi ‚g Z {Š c* iÐ Á²ðG3½G ÷D™• ws§Åi ‚g Z ÁÐ {Š c* i²ðG3½G iX ÷Tg~• w y jAeXì @* ƒ„)g fÆy jAe!Š n»Vu~VzµgzZ (Gills)1X ÷Dg ¦ / Ð +M−)g fÆyjAexWgzZ [ +‚ WðZ e0g » X Cƒ7ay ð** Z ÂðÃ~

E

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4¢ 5kG 5Åâ¼ :(Facilitated Diffusion) yjAe åH H 4H & öÐG 5G x »tX D 0* ™7yjAeg 0* g WÆ+ M−ÐzzÅ `g egzZ# Ö ²ðG3½G "z6,^g¡ZR, 2H .G Z®Xì * @YHÐŠæÅçEE Ð~+M− E 4 ¢ 5kGÃyjAe +ZÔ}ŠŠæ~äYs§Å‘´á Zzi ‚g Z ÁÐ{Š c* 5Åâ Ë”z6, 4H & öÐG 5G X óì ó @* Y¹yjAe åHH iÃw ðG3½G ^g¡ZR, /Z L L ¤ X Cƒ7ay ð** Z ÂðÃÌ~y jAe kZ

-s

dŠ pOsmosÂã** - :(Osmosis) ‹ÈzZ " Zò6, 5G 5ÅâÆã0* X óì ó @* B ó‹ÈzZ L** Ys§Å×CÎá Zzi ‚g Z {Š c* iÐ×CÎá Zzi ‚g Z Á™g*Ð +MÿE ½»²ðG3½G LL H-o4E & H4E H4E & & Xì ógó Zlƒ p Ð ÅFCÎ~] Ñ²zŠ L ŠL Z%Ð ö-oGN* Xì * @Y¬ŠtÃ» ö-oGN* nÆKÃwßZÆ‹ÈzZ :(Tonicity) ö GN*

id

{Š c* ipHyper Ô ƒ ;pTonic ÁpHypo

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', Z', pIsos

Ô ƒ ;pTonic Ô ƒ ;pTonic

X ^CÎ{Š c* i X HYPERTONICX 1 X ^CÎÁ X HYPOTONICX 2 X ^CÎ', Z',X ISOTONICX 3

X óì ó @* Y¹b6, / ¤ R,Ãƒ !* Šá Zzä7, s§ÅC Ù !* 6, wZz−Ðã0* ãzg0 +ZÆ−L L :(Turgor Pressure)

b6, / ¤ R,

Xì * @Y¹ (Turgidity)ª qÅ ƒ Ú&Xì * @YWƒ Ú~−~ª qkZ

** Y7, ¡e pLysis X ]gßpPlasmo :(Plasmolysis)

J çEl$Ññi ö

J X óì ó CBçEl$Ññi ö ª qÅäib§kZÆxi öç ‚Xì * @Yig0 +ZÆ−xi ö ç ‚ÐzzÅ ` Zy ZÆã 0* Ð−L L

: (Osmosis & Gaurd Cells) ûeg ÇgzZ‹ÈzZ µÅ¢ãzÛÅVzŠ7 :(Epidermis) ég e 3 Z /Í7Eúwh :(Gaurd Cells) ûeg Ç X ÷D™«™Å}Š7gzZ÷Dƒ¦Š¤ / Æw Ð :ŠŽñ~ég e 3 ZÅVzŠ7Ž õG X ÷Dƒ7 -N* †; ÚÅûïg e 3 ZŠŽñŠ¤ / Šg Z LZ {zn kZX ÷D ¯iÃ‰‰ Ü zÆyŠ Xì @* ƒ` Zy Z » ã0* Ð~X÷D Bw Ð :c ZgÎLgLgŠŽñ~ég e 3 Z :(Stomata) w Ð : " Zò6, 5G 5Åâ L g~T¿{z :(Filtration) Xì @* B ó óc7L ì L @* YZg Z*Ð+ MÿE ½ÐŠæÅb6, Æã0* Ã²ðG3½G

c7

(Cytology)


:(Active Transport) ^g¡ZR, ÐZ

5Åâ L L Cƒay ð** Z Â~]gßÅ ATP~¿kZX ó ì ó @* B ó^g¡ZR, Ð Z L** ™• ws§Å‘´á Zzi ‚g Z {Š c* iÐ‘´á Zzi ‚g Z ÁLZ »²ðG3½G ATP- Adinosine Triphosphate

"z6, 2H .G X ÷C™wEZçEE Y3, Z à Zzäƒay  ~]gßÅ ATPgzZXì * @Yc* Šx Zu)g fÆ”z6, ¿t "z6,JPÃçEE "z6,yZ 2H 2H .G .G Xì * @Y¹ (Carrier Proteins) çEE 3pKytos X g0 +Z pEndo :(Endocytosis)

Xì

‹ç ‚zhZ

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Xì @* B‹ç ‚zhZXì Á _ÃVzŠ âá Zz# Ö {Š c* i™hñs§ãzg0 +ZÃ+ MKZ−~T¿{z Y ¢E 5 X 1 ÷x lZzŠ ÅkZ (Pinocytosis)‹ç ‚Å0* X 2 (Phagocytosis)‹ç ‚ð½G Y ¢E E 5 X1 3pPhagein :(Phagocytosis) ‹ç ‚ð½G îG 0Ò7MpCytosis X ** Xì * @Y( c* 3 ) ‚ÃVzŠ â k^~¿kZ

E îG 0Ò7MpCytosis X Á Pinein :(Pinocytosis) ‹ç ‚Å0* X2

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X (ì* @Y\ )ì * @Yc* ‹ g0 +Z~]gßÅVz¢ÃVzŠ â ù â ~¿kZ

ra sh

id

E îG 0Ò7Mpcytosis X C Ù !* pExo :(Exocytosis)

‹ç ‚; Z

Xì * @Yc* ŠwïC Ù !* Ð −ÃVzŠ â á Zz# Ö {Š c* i~¿kZ

:iAÆVzŠ7gzZVzgâ Y 4E &N p:Texere:ÂHÑ :(Tissue)A éE 5E

c*X ó ó÷ïŠx Zu÷„q -Z ûx ÓgzZ÷Dƒ‰q -ZŽ \z¤ /»ûL L X ó ó÷D ¯A™ï~:Wû}g ‚¹L L Akz3, X4

X ÷sf `gŠx lZ ~(, 4 :iAÆVzgâ Y G E Ÿ( H 5 Ò 4 ´ G 5 5 4 » 3 G AEX 3 AðG X 2 AÿG 3 ZX 1

G Ÿ( Ò 5 G 5 V»à {tX ÷Dƒd $Œ Ûd $Œ Û û~A, ZX ÷DƒŠŽñs§ãzÛÅŸt :(Epithelial Tissues)iAÿG 3 ZX (1)

ì YYH„~x lZsf `gŠÃAkZX ÷D ¯Ì µãzg0 +ZÅ G ( ¼ ] Ÿ -Í 5 $ z¤gzZwŠtX ÷DƒŒ6, LZÃ?¢ aAtX ÷DƒŠŽñ~æEÎhG VqÅû¡t :(Squamous Epithelium) êGG3 Z ø.GX (i) Xì êGŠ äg ¦ / Ðg0 +Z ( Ÿ -Í 5 AtX ÷DƒŠŽñ~iULggzZVC** ÅVzŠ¤ / Xì CƒµÅûÆ^k :(Cuboidal Epithelium) êGG3 Zw[ +!* YX (ii) X ÷D ¯(Secretions) {îg G ( J # -Í5Ÿ .-Å 4E CGZ etX ÷DƒŒ6, 4hG ZZ «ZtX ÷DƒŠŽñ~g›wÇgzZwJ ðH µÅû} F, Kt :(Columnar Epitheliam) êGG3 ZçE »X (iii) Xì @* ¯(Secretions){îgŒ6,

(Cytology)


G ( Å Ÿ Í 5 G _ _ .- » åHH G " Z'X (iv) Ò 5 Ò 5 5G ¾ñÐ • wÅ G é5 GLZtX ÷DƒŠŽñû} F, Ká Zz G é5 G~kZ :(Ciliated Columnar Epithelium) ê 3 ZçE Xì jŠC Ù !* Ã (Mucous) Y 4µÃg Z-Š Å}nŽì " .nG Xì CXÐ W,Z! Z!ÆkŽ uçH $îgq -ZtX ÷D™ `g {¾ñŽ ÷DƒûiU¾ñ~{nã¨ KZ :¾ñ E Y¢ -¼ ] -¼] 5ÁZgzZìtXì @* g Z-Š ãzg0 +ZÅ ø½G ƒŒ6, VqÅû¡t :(Stratified Squamous Epithelium) ø.G3 Z ø.G[ +Ã¨7X (v) Xì ** ™«™ÅiAŠŽñs§ãzg0 +ZÐ LZx » »kZgzZì @* ƒŠŽñ6, RãzÛÅ¢~

(Cartilage)

" 5H -ÍG ÷ Eg »gzZypÔ~ABVx ¬ÅAkZX ÷D™ Za mgzZähŽ At :(Connective Tissue)

H5E 4´X (2) iAðG34»G

" ÍG 5H -G Xì * @Yc* 0* ~−R, gzZu ** Ôy » ãzÛÔVzg )ÆV- A(Cartilage) ÷E g »X ÷

Cƒ¢ A &Åäi~ûÆAkZX ÷ëi$ÃEÃXì @* ƒŒ6, ²³ ÆûEEt :(Muscle Tissue)

AEX (3)

ah il

Xì

:x lZÅiAE

-s

H4ÓG 5½]X (i) X ÷Dƒ} a  B÷V-A~ŸtX ÷DƒŒ6, ûúg YgzZg ZŠ ~g JŠE¦t :(Skeletal Muscles)¦ÿ5G & -ÍG $ z¤gzZ: VÔwJ ~ çH 4)G 2G .E X ÷DƒŠŽñ~Vzg Z- Š ÅæEÎhG ZtX ÷~Š Zg Z)Ð p ÒÆx » LZt :(Smooth Muscles) ¦BÈX (ii) X {)zypgzZuZgpÔ[ % O †ì bŠ• wÃVzŠ â Zx » »yZ

id

ÅwŠgzZX ÷D Yñ0* ~Vzg Z-Š ÅwŠtX ÷Dƒg ZŠ c ÷ á tX ÷DƒŒ6, ûg ZŠ ~g JŠt :(Cardiac Muscles) ¦q - eg »X (iii) X ÷D™ Za ÁPŠ

Akz3, X (4)

X ÷x lZ ~(,zŠ ÅiA~VzŠ7 :(Plant Tissues)

iAÆVzŠ7

ra sh

DƒŒ6, (Neurons)4 , ZgEªûz3, AtXì @* ¯x Âq -Z »!Š nÆ]â ¥~ŸAt :(Nervous Tissue)

5!Zz3, Xì @* ƒŠŽñ~iz3, gzZ r â ŠÔ (Spinal Cord)eg »F3AtX ÷DƒmºnÆäà] â ~^Å øÒF tX ÷ iA& +ƒ áX 2 iAÓX 1

X ÷x lzŠ ÅkZX ÷DƒŒ6, ûÆnq -ZsÜiAt :(Simple Tissues)iAÓX 1 4]~÷X (i) -H 5G4)G `gŠ]:SÅûÆy ZX ÷n pg¢ A &Åäƒ„Ž ÷DƒŒ6, û, ZiAt :(Meristematic Tissue) iAëH ÷sf

÷n pgwZz−¡tX (3)

Dƒ7ŠŽñc* ÷DƒLg~^ ,‚²Ã zX (2)

4ÓE ® Z(,~−X (1) ì @* ƒ øG

X 'ƒ7Çà {y xgŠÆûÆiAkZX (4) X ÷x lZzŠh +' × ÅkZ 4]~÷À3 Z ( ³ Z ) -H †ŸZ~ðMÅ}Š7Ð ¿Æyn,ze~yZX ÷D Yñ0* 6, VzuÆVàgzZVza  t :(Apical Meristems) çE,G X ÷ë úz›~ÎZ6, Ãúz›+Zì @* ƒ

(Cytology)


4]~÷w{ ( [ ) -H L » ƒ ;|ZÆ} Š7~¿Æy n, : zeAtXì @* Yc* 0* 6, s Z§ZÆVza gzZVàAt :(Lateral Meristems) çE,G 4]~÷w{Xì CBBz¤ -H X ÷x lZzŠh +' × ÅçE,G /~gCúz›+Z÷‘ W -² $ J "5 4)G ÐG ÐJ& -GE Xì CYð0* yxgŠÆAê ZigzZ ê jt :(Vascular Cambium) ê °ð½hGz (a) -² -4)G Xì C¯µÅug »ûÆkZXì Cƒ~s Z§Z ãzÛt :(Cork Cambium) êGEug » (b) 4]~÷iAt :(Permanent Tissues) iAïH3E E -H "â 6,(ii) 4)G 5G Xn pg7¢ A &Åäƒ„ûÆkZX ÷‘ W™ïÐiAëH E "â 6, X ÷DƒŒ6, µq -ZÅût :(Epidermal Tissues) iAïg e 3 Z (i) :x lZÅiAïH3E X ÷DƒmºnÆwdZ}uzŠŽ ÷D Yñ0* ûZ~iAïg e 3 ZX ÷D™[_ .Ã] *ngzZ ã0* iAïg e 3 ZŠŽñŠ¤ / Æa  Xì ÇzgóÅ ã0* Ð VêgzZVàtXì CB (Cuticle)çYµÅHYX ÷D™ `g {(Cutin)HYŠ¤ / ÆígzZ ãiAt

ah il

Dƒ} a  B÷û}uzŠtÐ V˜1÷DƒwÍûtX ÷‘ WÐû[»ycŽ ÷iAÓt :(Ground Tissues) iA& +ƒ Z¤ / (ii) E G 4 ] ²Xì Cƒ© öā I ¯V˜÷ë (Mesophyll)…zö~VêÃûyZXì Cƒq -g !* wZz−~ÎZ6, ÅyZX ÷D Yƒ¡Ð V;z÷ "z6, 2H .G X ÷D™x » » ~g »ÅçEE gzZc], ägt~V”}uzŠ

ra sh

id

-s

X ÷x lZzŠh +' × ÅkZX ÷D™ Za ï¢gzZE ~}Š7t :( Tissues) iA^g7X (iii) HF 4&ÆVßYÔLg »ÆVànÆég e 3 Zt :(Collenchyma Tissue) A[»ÞÃX (a) ûÆyZX ÷DƒŠŽñ~[gçÅVêgzZæEÎ5G Y .·g Wy Zx » »yZXì CƒKñÐ j§g Zû)wZz−~ÎZ6,ÅyZX ÷DƒE Xì @* Yc* 0* t~Xì bŠ Zg –ÃçEE .Ô¹^X (b) -ZzzÅ ñÅ²Zz−y ZXì Cƒg ZE)wZz~g²ÅXì á q C™ïÐ û, ZAt :(Sclerenchyma Tissue) A[»yçG Y EÉ 4µYg W 5G X ÷ x l Z 3h +' × ÅAkZX ÷Dƒ{Š%ûÚ!* Xì * @Y¹ (Lignin) èE4»& Xì (Organic Chemical)¡ ëE & R, & R,( ³ Z ) 5½G 5½G Å6,zZ~i åH }uzŠÐ q -Z ã0* X ÷Dƒ| J eÃ}uzŠq -Z}g )ÆyZX ÷]ŸÞgzZEt :(Trachieds) i åH G G Xì @* ™• ws§ $ z ([) Åy ZX ÷D ¯| # ‚ ú[k™ïÐ}uzŠq -ZtX ÷Dƒû{Š%t :(Vessels Cells OR Elements) ÜÁORûæEÎhG Xì CƒKñwZz~g² .Ô¹^ ( ` ) ÷D™ë Z Û ƒ ÚgzZï¢ÃV”y ZtX ÷Dƒ~^Å:z¤ /LgzZ÷Dƒñƒ} )Æ™q -Zq -Zt :(Sclereids) ii +çG X ÷D Yñ0* t~X $ zsÜtX ÷DƒŠŽñûÆx lZ {Š c* ~VzŠ7°ð½hG iÐq -Z~Tì A(Zt :(Compound Tissues) iA& +ƒ áX 2 Ð5J" X ÷iAìjgzZ êG ZiBVÅy ZXì * @Yc* 0* Ð5J" Ð5J" Æ}Š7AêG ZiX ÷D àJ -V”ZÆ}Š7Æ™[_ .Ð }iÃVzŠ â {”igzZ ã0* ÐVza At :(Xylem Tissue) AêG ZiX (i) Xì êŠ Zg –ÃŸ

4µYg W~V”ZÆŸx » »iAyZ :(Phloem Tissue) AìjX (ii) 5G X ÷DƒûÆnzŠ~y ZXì ** à»VzŠ â ëE X ÷D ¯ ) , k±D™ïû[k±Ï¹X ÷DƒEût :(Sieve Tube Cells) û[k±X (a) 4F 5.²X (b) 45E "z6, .2H G G X ÷D™g »çEE nÆû[k±ût :(Companion Cells)ûèEG

(Cytology)


:]!* ZŽz]ÑZÎ¿ 5J"†z[ 4»G ?ì HèEG +ƒ :wZÎ -Ê7Zƒ¯»¤ Xì CƒµÐ¡ÏZwZz−ÅF-Pz6, Xì ç,G / ØgzZŒZÅâ Zt

:[ZŽ

?÷‘ WÐ¾' × Îñz™ :wZÎ HX X ÷‘ WÐ ”z6, (Histone)y ð4h4gzZ DNA' × Îñz™

:[ZŽ

?÷D Yñ0* ûÆx lZX~Ÿã¨ KZ :wZÎ Xì @* ƒ¯Ð ûÆx lZ 200~Ÿã¨ KZ :[ ZŽ

(Golgi Complex)

ah il

( ]â ¥°ŸZñZ', ) ? ?,™k , ’x ** ZÆ6, Z5Ç :wZÎ ™5ÇX 3 (Golgi Body) ~ e !* 5ÇX 2 (Golgi Apparatus)6, Z5ÇX 1 :[ ZŽ

id

-s

(Golgisomes)' × Î5ÇX 6 (Lipochondria)c* g& + ÃjX 5 (Dictyosome)

ra sh

Composed By: RASHID-SAHIL

14/9-R Khanewal

Mob:0346-3985843

xÎDeX X 4

(Cell Cycle)

¡‚−

E 4G 58‚5ÜVzg Z0 Xì @* B6Â Ô¿»ä™ Za g Z0 +Y6gzZ èG +YgzZV ½‚ŠŽñÐ¬ :(Reproduction)

6Â

X ÷ëy n, ze−ÃëzTg ÅûX ÷‘ Wû6Ð ûb§kZX ÷D ¯' × Îñz™6' × Îñz™Æ−q -Z

:(Cell Cycle & Phases) iZ%ÆkZgzZ¡‚− ì @* ¯û6‰LZ)g fÆ(Mitosis)‹Iðâ ³Ð äƒZa −q -Z~XŸ»] uZzx ÓyZ :(Cell Cycle)

¡‚−

Xì @* B (Cell Cycle) ¡‚− ÷sf `gŠiZ%} (, zŠ :(Phases Of Cell Cycle) (Mitotic OR M-Phase)

|* Z c* |S -Iðâ X 2

(Interphase)

iZ%Æ¡‚−

|Ú ZX 1

÷Cƒ6,`z²Vx¤ / u´1w Ð yZgzŠÆµ%kZXì @* ™g »nÆ( „)yn, zeÃ\ WLZ−y ZgzŠ kZ :(Interphase)

|ÚZX 1

ah il

÷iZ%3Æ|ÚZ

"z6,n LZ~³%kZgzZì @* 2H .G c* g& + Ãç â Xì @* J (, bZ Û ÅçEE ™qzÑÐ|G1¡‚−CZ− : ( gap:Üª) :(G1 Phase) |1Y (i) Æ (Duplication) ÜÅ' × Îñz™~(S Phase)µ%Œ ZŽì Cƒ~g »ÅZZ « Z, Z~µ%kZ Xì @* ƒ†ŸZ~Š Z®Å' × ÎÆZg gzZ X ÷~gz¢n

id

-s

( Synthesis : ~g » ) :(S Phase) |öZ (ii) G-4E 5_ ÃzŠ ñOÅq -Zk0* ÆxÎñz™C Ù b§kZX ÷Cƒg »V\ »Å' × Îñz™~|kZXì * @Y¹Ì(Synthetic Phase)| ë5H G4£ GÃµ%kZ X ÷D Y0(sister chromatids)i Q +â ™

ra sh

( gap:ÜZuzŠ ) : (G2 Phase) |2Y (iii) "z6, .2H G Xì @* ƒ4ZŠ~|yn,ze−ˆÆµ%kZX ÷~gz¢nÆä¯(Spindle Fibre)$Ãw¶Žì @* ™g »çEE +Z−~µ%kZ Xì @* Yƒ„~(Daughter Cells)ûR,Z e 2−~Tì ‹ç â yTÅ (Division Phase)|yn, ze |0Y³%t»Ï0 + iÅ−Xì @* YŒ~ª qÅÏËZp7Z ñYug¿»„6, gîèg ¬c* x~Xû, Z : (G0 Phase) |0Y Xì @* B (G0 Phase)

:(Mitotic Phase OR M-Phase) |*Z c* |S -Iðâ X 2

Xì @* ™g »nÆyn, zeÃ\WLZ−~Tì @* WB÷|ÚZtXì³%¿q -Zt Y -Í¡E 4ÓE ® ~−Dƒ„ 5.Gg−Zz¡ßÇ!* ÆV=pøG ā H{@xtä(W. Flemming) ëE ð` ~Y 1880 :(Mitosis) ‹Iðâ Xì @* B (Mitosis)‹IðâŸtXì @* g*ÐŸq -Z Å' × Îñz™gzZì @* Yƒ„~(Daughter Cells)ûR,Z ezŠ (Parent Cell)−ð!* W~Tì y n, ze−gzZ (Nuclear)äE‹Iðâ (Somatic Cells)ûzÎ‹Iðâ ~Vzg Z0 +Y°+RXì Cƒ~ûS --P-sÜ‹Iðâ Xì Cƒ~−ð!* WāÎì Cƒ„âZŠ Z®

IE Xì @* Y¹èEj¢~I!* &ì Cƒy n, ze−q -Z b§Å‹Iðâ ~ûS --Pz6, ²ì * @Y¹Ìy n, ze−zÎÃy n, ze kZXì Cƒ~

(Cell Cycle)

¡‚− :(Phases Of Mitosis) iZ%Æ‹Iðâ

(Cytokinesis)

4E 5J"»ç ‚X 2 çElG

ìŠ HH„~iZ%zŠÃ‹Iðâ 4E 5J"»-PX 1 (Karyokinesis) çElG

4E 5J"»-PX 1 çElG J" 45E :(Phases Of Karyokinesis) iZ%ÆçElG »-P

4ÓE ® ~µ%kZ :(Karyokinesis) 4E 5J"»-P³%tXì Cƒ„Å øG Xì @* BçElG

÷CƒV ´psf `gŠ~³%kZ :(Prophase) |z6, X (a) X ÷CƒnÐ}uzŠq -ZŽì * @Yw$ +~V½‚m{™ƒN* ñxÎñz™gzZXì * @YW~^{°‡!* xÎñz™X 1 4ÓE ® X2 X ÷D Yƒ(Intermix)ç£~:Wxi ö èEgzZxi öç ‚ b§kZ÷D Yƒ„~Y Z b Z+MäEgzZ øG

ah il

(Kinetochore)gÃnð»Žì Cƒ| # ‚q -ZµÐ ”z6, ~ÞzçX ÷Dƒ} a ÐÞzç„q -ZtX ÷D YƒãZzQ +â z™ÃX 3

X ÷D a i$Ãw¶6,x £kZXì CB

-s

X ÷D Y− s§Å (Opposite Poles)¨³ #Æ−' × ÎzçVâzŠXì @* ¯xÎzçR,Z ezŠ™ƒ„~zŠw-çC Ù X4 "z6, 2H .G L åÆi$Ãw¶à Zz“ Ã W~−Xì @* Y¹i$Ãw¶Î÷D ¯²çkzMâ ™hŽÃçEE ÞçkŠŽñ~xi öç ‚' × ÎzçVâzŠX 5 X ÷ë (Mitotic Spindle)w¶S -Iðâ Ã

Ð X (b) ÷Dƒk , +q ¸z]uZzsf `gŠ~³%kZ :(Metaphase) |w 5

id

X ÷D Y a  B÷Þzç)g fÆi$Ãw¶' × Îñz™X ÷D YƒãZzÇ!* gzZ L ñ' × Îñz™X 1 ÷ D ¯ P| w Ð q -ZgzZX ÷ï ŠK M F, ~(Equator)Z2Z ûL8E Æ−ÃŠp' × Îñz™ c* (Chromatids)i Q +â ™X 2

ra sh

X ÷D Y a Ð i$Ãá Zz‚³ #i$Ãw¶gzZ÷D™• ws§Å¨‚ Zhð²-çX 3 ÷CƒV ´psf `gŠ~Tì³%¿t :(Anaphase) |bZX (c)

X ÷D Y− ~¨³ #™ƒ{eQ +â z™Ã~ËÆƒ ¿kZì êŠ™qzÑ cs§ÅxÎzç$Ãw¶X 1 XÐNB' × Îñz™[ Z Q +â z™Ã

X ÷DƒC Ù ªŠ¤ / Æ²-ç:z¤ /zŠÆi Q +â z™ˆÆî~¨³ #X 2

÷CƒV ´psf `gŠ~³%kZXì³%« Z »|z6, ³%t :(Telophase) |÷X (d) X ÷D Y0ãZz)gzZE' × Îñz™X 1 4ÓE ® X2 Xì CYƒC Ù ª{g !* zŠ +MäEgzZ øG X ÷f e™g (Z^ÅHâ z™{g !* zŠ' × Îñz™X 3 Xì @* ƒ** g¦ / Ð³%gzZq -ZnÆäƒåÃyn, ze−pì CYƒåyn, zeäEb§kZ J" 45E 4E 5J"»ç ‚Ô„Åxi öç ‚ :(Cytokinesis) çE lG Xì CBçElG »ç ‚X 2 E E E 45J"»- PV˜x £{zXì Cƒ=g fÆóèçElG 45J"»ç ‚~Vzgâ Y : çElG 45J"»ç ‚~ûÆVzgâ Y Žì k Ž~Lq -ZÔ¶CƒP|w Ð yZgzŠÆçElG Xì @* Yƒ„~zŠ−ð!* WgzZì CYƒ~÷h +' × ~LtXì CB (Cleavage Furrow)z Û óè

(Cell Cycle)

¡‚−

4E 5J"»ç ‚~ûÆVzŠ7 : çElG $ m, 4E 5J"»ç ‚ ‹ eq -Zn~«M™ƒæ~:WgzZ÷CYƒ¦~y xgŠÆ−( æEÎ¹G z)V¼à Zzå 3Ð m, e !* 5ÇXì Z~VzŠ7¿»çElG Y À $ ¹ E Î G . G D Yƒææ m, zh +' × ~kZ Âì f(, s§ÅC Ù !* P−X ÷ë (Phragmoplast)†  ö ð & Û OR (Cell Plate)P−&÷C¯ ~X÷‘ W(Daughter Cells)ûR,Z ezŠ b§kZXì MYB÷wZz−Š Zñ»P−gzZ÷CYïB÷+M−«MÅP−gzZX ÷ Xì ‚ rgwZz−gzZ+M−KZq -ZC Ù

:(Significance Of Mitosis) ÌZÅ‹Iðâ X ÷D Yƒ„~ûºŠzŠ' × Îñz™Æ−ð!* W~‹Iðâ X 1 Xì * @Yƒ„', Z', Ìxi öç ‚X 2 Xì Sg',Z', Š Z®Å' × Îñz™X 3

ah il

X ÷‘ Wû6(ÅûäZ6,Xì êŠŠæ~~pÅû‹Iðâ X 4 Xì k Ž¯ ) !* »ã‹Iðâ 1‡" X 5

Xì © 80* {g !* zŠzi !* ñƒñÅLZ Sea Star‰X ÷f e¯{g !* zŠ)g fÆ‹Iðâ ÃV”ÆŸLZg Z0 +Y¼X 6

:(Errors In Mitosis) V™~‹Iðâ

-s

28E .G .28E G ** ƒ„ûÂñYƒ(Mutation)Ÿñ~(Genes) çEE yZ¤ /Zp÷n pgwzN6,‹IðâŽ ÷DƒŠŽñ(Genes) çEE , Z~ûx Ó

÷‘ W{zV˜÷g(ÏZÉ ´:~V”}uzŠÆŸŽ i%k, Z : (Benign Tumor)%kí** X !X 1

ra sh

(Benign Tumor)í** !Ô

id

X ÷CB (Tumors)i%kV1ÎgtX ÷CY0V1ÎgÐzzÅ„1‡" kZX ÷n pg ~g Y Y ! E " ëG H3E 5 X 2 (Benign Tumor)%kí** 5ÒG (Malignant Tumor)%k ï X ! X 1 ÷x lZzŠ Å (Tumor)%k X ÷D B Y Y ! E E " ëG " ëG 5!ÔN Y−gzŠÐx £ÝZ LZgzZ,™ú6, 5 X2 5ÒG 5ÒG %kkã c* i%k ïH3E iAÆq -Š 4, Ž i%k, Z :(Malignant Tumor)%k ïH3E Xì @* Y¹ (Metastasis)A l » ~g FÃ¿kZX ÷D B (Malignant OR Cancerous Tumors) Xì CYƒÁŠ Z®Å' × Îñz™~‹zZòX bŠ™ N* g c* bŠ™ÁpMeioun Âã** - :(Meiosis) .¿]Z »‹zZò¬Ðƒ ~Y 1905Ã}@xkZX H{@x~(Ascaris)kçG  äE. van Beneden

‹zZò

X c* Šx ** » Meiosisä (J.E Morre)}gñ~ ZXZgzZ (J.B Farmer)%g Ã! XZ -²Y 34)G 4E 7 ðH G 5G Xì * @Y¹Ì(Gametogenic Division)y n, ze ëE Ã‹zZò 54X4™ƒ„−(Daploid)àöeS X óì ó @* B‹zZòÔ}™ Za −ºŠ (Haploid)[ +ÕäF --P- q -ZyZgzŠÆT¿(Z L L X ÷D BàöeÔVƒ~^ÅVzhŽ' × Îñz™~Xû, Z :(Daploid:2n) àöe 54XÔì CYƒSŠ WŠ Z®Å' 54X X ÷D Bà ÕäF × Îñz™X Dƒ7~^ÅVzhŽ' × Îñz™~Xû, Z :(Haploid) à ÕäF X¸~|ÚZ¬Ð ‹Iðâ‰÷„, ziZ%Æ~g »Å‹zZò :(Phases Of Meiosis)

iZ%Æ‹zZò

X ÷II-‹zZògzZ I-‹zZòiZ%} (, zŠˆÆ|ÚZX ÷CƒÌ~‹zZò G2 PhasegzZ S PhaseX G1 Phase

(Cell Cycle)

¡‚−

4E 45EJ"»- PiZ%zŠ~I‹zZò :(Meiosis I) I‹zZò 5J"»ç ‚gzZçE .nG .nG X ÷ çE G G 4E 5J"»-PÆI‹zZò .nG ÷iZ%sf `gŠÆçE G (Telophase I) I|÷X (iv) (Anaphase I) I|bZX (iii) (Metaphase I) I|w Ð X (ii) (Prophase I) I|z6,X (i)

X ÷sf `gŠV ´pà Zzäƒ~kZXì³%+F,M»‹zZòt :(Prophase I) I|z6, X1 4ÓG &zð!*ZhŽC 3E Xì @* B (Bivalent) ïHG Ù »xÎñz™gzZ÷D YWd $Œ Û Æ}uzŠq -Z~^ÅVzhŽ' × Îñz™Èßñƒð!* WX 1 E " 45 G Xì * @Y¹ (Synapsis) ømF ð‚Ã¿kZ E 4ÓG &zð!* Xì * @Y¹Ì(Tetrads)ii +6Î÷Dƒi Q +â z™ 4~ ïH3G Ù X2 C ÃV»ðƒ~ a y Z X ÷D Ya Ð}uzŠq -Z6, V»KZ (Non-sister Chromatids)i Q +â z™Ãy** 2Æ' × Îñz™ÈßñƒX 3 X ÷ë (Chiasmata)w Ð iH

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÷CƒV´psf `gŠ~³%kZ :(Metaphase I )I |w Ð X2 E X ÷ï ŠK M F, 6, (Equator)Z2Z ûL8Æw ¶ÃŠp' × Îñz™X 1 X ÷D YƒqzÑ **  a B÷Þzçi$Ãw¶X 2

÷sf `gŠV´pàZzäƒ~³%kZ :(Anaphase I ) I |bZX 3

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÷sf `gŠV ´pà Zzäƒ~³%kZ :(Telophase I ) I |÷X 4 X ÷D Y− s§Å¨³ #6,gîå' × Îñz™X 1

X ÷DƒEŽ ÷f e™g (Z^Å (Chromatin)Hâ z™™Á{g !* zŠxÎñz™X 2 X ÷DƒC Ù ª{g !* zŠ+MäEgzZÖèEX 3 Xì * @YƒT $¸wY»i$Ãw¶X 4 45J"»ç ‚ X 5 . nE G X ÷‘ W−ºŠzŠ~ËÆ“ WwZz−5~−Æ}Š7gzZ ¶ŠÆ+M−~−Ægâ Y :(Cytokinesis) çE G Xì @* ƒŒ6, VÖ%g et :(Meiosis II ) II ‹zZò (Metaphase II) II|w Ð X (ii) (Prophase II) II|z6, X (i) (Telophase II) II|÷X (iv) (Anaphase II) II|bZX (iii)

(Cell Cycle)

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÷sf `gŠV ´pà Zzäƒ~³%kZ :(Prophase II ) II |z6,X (i) ÷D YƒT $¸ÖèEgzZ+MäEX 1 Xì * @YƒN* g™iHâ z™X 2 ÷D ¯$Ãw¶gzZ÷D Y− s§Å¨²-çX 3 ÷sf `gŠV ´pà Zzäƒ~³%kZ :(Metaphase II ) II |w Ð X (ii) X ÷D Ya  B÷i$Ãw¶' × Îñz™X 1 X ÷ï ŠK M F, 6,(Equator)Z2Z ûL8E ÃŠp' × Îñz™X 2 ÷sf `gŠV´pà Zzäƒ~³%kZ :(Anaphase II ) II |bZ X (iii) X ÷D Y^ IiÞzçX 1 ÷DƒEgzZÞtX ÇñY¹' × Îñz™ÃÃi Q +â z™Ã[ ZX ÷D Yƒ{ei Q +â z™ÃX 2

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÷sf `gŠV´pà Zzäƒ~³%kZ :(Telophase II ) II |÷X (iv) X ÷D YÁ{g !* zŠ' × Îñz™X 1

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:(Significance Of Meiosis) ÌZÅ‹zZò Xì B bgxÃŠ Z®Å' × Îñz™±gŠ±‹zZòX 1

Xì C™ë Z Û µñY»ä™ Za ]Zp(Zgz~VY‹ZÃ²)‹zZòX 2 -² 4X YJ" H -²Yàöe~y¨ 45.G 5 )g fÆ‹zZòûgæ ïHGG 5 Ziàöe™ï{Š âgzZ3, 34)G Xì Cƒ‹zZòg !* g !* ~T÷D ¯^ ð½G X ÷ D ¯ øG à ÕäF KZX 3 Xì * @Y0* %~y¨ KZ6 q -Z {zb§kZ

:(Errors In Meiosis) V™~‹zZò

µ Z µ Zi Q +â z™ÃyZgzŠÆII|bZ²X ÷D Ys§Å¨³ #™ƒµ Zµ Z' × Îñz™~I|bZ :(Disjunction)

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(Enzymes)

ZZ «Z

~ppMetabole Âã** - :(Metabolism)

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:(Types Of Metabolism) x lZÅx²1w Ð x²1bZX 2

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(Catabolism)

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Xì CƒwEZnÆx²1bZ

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X ¦pBolein X * * J (, pAna :p ÖZ ã ** -zŠ :(Anabolism) x²1bZ X 2 5Åâ ªXì * 5Åâ ~X¶ Z ~g, Z X ÷D B (Anabolism)x²1bZXì CYÅyÅ²ðG3½G @YZhŽÃ²ðG3½G

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{”ÂpEnzymos :Âã** - :(Enzymes) ZZ « Z "z6,+Z L L 2H .G X ó ó÷CB (Enzymes)ZZ « ZX 'g ¦ /7Ð~pËŠpp÷C™!Ã½ Z ~gŠßÇ!* Ž çEE Ð54X yzugi + Û ~Y 1878¬Ðƒ  b ˜ZÅ (Enzyme)ìZ « Z X ¶ÅwEZ (Friedrich Winhelm Kuhne)äÃêG J J Xì @* B (Enzymology)Yßð.'Z « Z·_»ZZ «Z :(Enzymology) Yßð.'Z « Z

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:(Characteristics Of Enzymes) mZpÆZZ «Z

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(Enzymes)

ZZ «Z

5Åâ ”z6, Xì @* Y¹ (Co-Factors)i1XÃÎXì Cƒ]gz¢Å²ðG3½G y ** nÆä™x »ÃZZ ÙZ¼ :(Co-Factors) i1XÃ X ÌOrganicgzZ÷M hƒÌInorganici1XÃ G G 4£-dZ6, 4£-dZ6, 5G 5G X ÷D B\z¤ /ëH ÂVƒñƒñÈÐ ï¢B÷ZZ «Zi1XÃ Organic¤ /Z :(Prosthetic Group) \z¤ /ëH 4µYg W :(Co-Enzyme) ìZ « ZXÃ 5G X ÷ë (co-Enzyme)ìZ « ZXÃ¹ZX ÷D ¯hŽgz$B÷ZZ « Zi1XÃëE X ÷(Folic Acid)ŒZ´ ¯gzZ (Riboflavin)y¸ÆZg~XX ÷ï÷ á (Vitamins)&§¼~Vß VÅZZ « ZXÃ §Ñ»ìZ «Z ase X 3 ¶ KpAmylon Âã** - :(Uses Of Enzymes)

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Composed By: RASHID-SAHIL 14/9-R Khanewal Mob:0346-3985843

H 7 54E ½ (Bioenergetics) ø G²ZÇ!*

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G-E 4] ā ÷D™−F, gzZ÷D W™á ~ŸÐ Vh§sf `gŠÃVzŠ â y Z}Š7X ÷DƒŠŽñ6,gîÆŠ Zñx {~© ö I ¯à‚ WðZ e0g »gzZ ã0* $ Ð5J"ZiÃ ã 0* kZgzZ÷C™[_ .Ã ã0* ,a ŠŽñ~èX 1 Xì * @Yc* Yá J -Vê)g fÆæEÎhGz êG 4F 5_JZŠŽñŠ¤ ŠŽñà‚ WðZ e0g »~ZƒkZì CY¬~(Air Spaces) çElG / ÆiA…zö{zì Cƒ4ZŠ~í)g fÆw Ð :ZƒŽX 2 Xì CY¬~û…zöQgzZì CYƒ[_ .~ã* 0 Žì Cƒ

G-E 4] ā :(Mechanism Of Photosynthesis) g »i§»© ö I ¯

(Dark Reaction OR Calvin Cycle)

G-4E ] ā ì @* ƒŒ6, iZ%zŠ¿»© ö I ¯

¡‚yú OR½ Z ~gug Z eX 2

(Light Reaction)

½ Z ~gV $ÑX 1

:(Light Reaction)½ Z ~gV $ÑX 1

5Åâ Y3, ^åÅ†  özg³½ Z ~gtX ÷ï÷ á NADPHgzZ ATP~X÷D Yñ¯²ðG3½G Z ð;gzZì * @YHwEZÃY3, ZV $Ñ~µ%kZ

X ÷Dƒ6, «Mi [ +ZÃ X ÷sf `gŠ]ïÆ½ Z ~gV $Ñ 5Åâ …zg³X 1 Xì @* ƒ` Zy Z » 4, Z¼ZgzZXì * @Yƒ†ŸZ~wCY3, ZÆy Z b§kZX ÷D™[_ .Ýzg²ðG3½G X ÷D ¯ATPÐ Y3, ZŠŽñg0 +Z LZgzZXì * @Y¹u^g¡ZR, yz¼Z&X ÷Dg ¦ / Ð6, uq -Z 4, Z¼ZtX 2 J 5ÅâÆã0* Xì @* B (Photolysis) çEl$ÑI ¯Å ã0* ¿tXì Cƒ`g {xWgzZì Ch ÂÃw ðG3½G Y3, ZV $ÑX 3


J X ÷D Y0í WŠp™}Š 4, z¼ZÃ…zg³ÅZXzgà;á Zz“ WyZgzŠÆçEl$ÑI ¯X 4

+ gzZ 4, Z¼ZÆ…zg³X 5 Xì @* YHwEZnÆä¯NADPHÆ™ï +gÅ NADPH Æ™wEZÃÙWXzgà;Æã0*

Xì ìZ « ZXÃq -ZX (Nicotineamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate) ‘ÃàN* èEðZ e2i +Z [ +ZZ”æX NADPH Xì @* ¯^g e»^ZŸ» ¶ Z ~gx ÓyZèYì * @Y¹ÌYX zÃŸx ÓÆ½ Z ~gkZX 6

:(Calvin Cycle OR Dark Reaction) ¡‚yú( c* )½ Z ~gug Z eX 2 ½ Z ~gkZn kZX HÝq (Noble Prize)^ ,Z6, Þ â6, . x »kZ~Y 1961gzZ HÄc* gŠ ä(Malvin Calvin)yúyqÃ½ Z ~gkZ Xì * @Y¹Ì¡‚yúÃ @Yc* Š™sp~iÃ‰Ãà‚ WðZ e0g »~µ%kZ ÃkZn kZì @* ƒ~(Absence Of Light)ÏŠŽñx°ÅÝzg½ Z ~gtXì *

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Xì * @Y¹ (Dark Reaction)½ Z ~gug Z e X ÷sf `gŠ] ïÆ¡‚yú

~& +ƒ ázŠá Zz0g »X 3Ž ÷D Y0& +ƒ áèg ¬á Zz0g »X 6b§kZì * @Yc* 5B÷& +ƒ á (Pentose)iâÃà‚ WðZ e0g »X 1 X ÷D Y^ I

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Å NADPHgzZ ATP~¿kZX ÷‘ W(Carbohydrates)g + [;1g »~ËÆTì CYÅï +gÅ& +ƒ áá Zz0g »X 3 X 2 Xì CƒwEZXzgà;

id

÷DƒwEZnÆä¯(Glucose)iÃ‰g [ +;1g »á Zz0g »X 3 X 3 Xì CƒwEZ ATP~³%kZX ÷D YGg »{g !* zŠi& +ƒ á0g »X 5 X 4

ra sh

G-E 4] ā :(Role Of Light & Chlorophyll in Photosynthesis) g ZŠ™ »…zg³gzZÝzg~© ö I ¯ G-4E ] ā X ÷g ZŠ™sf `gŠÆ…zg³gzZÝzg~© ö I ¯

G-4E ] G ' ā + C0* ƒ7[_ .Ýzg é) à Zzä7, 6,íXì6,Y3, Z¡ÏZg ®Z »© ö I ¯Xì êŠ™sp~Y3, Z¡Æ™[_ .ÃÝzgÅ `gÎ…zg³X 1 bg W,Z {Š c* B i~(Photosynthesis);@* ðMV 0zg cugzZšXì CYƒ(Reflect)FÝzg ¹!* ²ì Cƒ[_ .Ýzg 1%sÜ X÷ Y E À& G-E H .F 4 5 H 4£ 4]I ¯X 2 5 :(Photo-Pigments) ø ë G Y

À& G-E HE.F 4£ 4]I ¯X ÷D™[_ 5G DƒŠŽñ~^ÅV#6, «Mi [ +ZÃ^åÅ†  özg³}Š âtX ó ó÷D Bø45 ëH .ÃÝzg à ZzäWÃ Y Ž}EŠ â, Z L L E À & G-4] H.F 4£ I ¯X ÷ X ÷sf `gŠq -ZPÐ~X÷x lZZÅ ø45 ë5H G Y E E À& ëH .F 4£G-4]I ¯Žì ïH3E 4£G-4]I ¯ëZt :(Chlorophyll-a) } ZX …zg³ X 1 5G Xì @* Yc* 0* ~VzŠ7 ë5H G

Xì * @Yc* 0* ~VzŠ7~ZR, I Wt :(Cholorophyll-b) ! X …zg³ X 2 Y Y E E À À & & H.F H.F X ÷ï÷ á (Cartenoids)i [ +ZÐzPgzZ fÔ eÔ dÔ cÔ bX …zg³~XX ÷D Bø45 °ŸZ ø45 ¹!* {z´Æ} ZX …zg³


E ÀY& H E .F 4 5 C+Z »ÝzgÅ8 X ÷f e™[_ .ø °ŸZ7Z D 0* ™7[_ .} ZX …zg³V 0zgŽXì @* ƒ[ Z åE -gYgzZ cu6, gî~Š ã C~…zg³ E

G-E 4] YEHÅ ā :(Limiting Factors in Photosynthesis) i1ë54) ~© ö I ¯

YHÅ YHÅ 54)X}Š™ÁÃg ëgÅ½ Z ~g´1w 54) Xì @* B1ëE Ð ¶c* ÏŠŽñx°ÅTKC1j â (Z :i1ëE E G 4 ] YHÅ 54)Æ© öā I ¯ X ÷sf `gŠi1ëE G-4E G-4E ] ] ā ā Xì CYW¶Ì~g ëgÅ© ö I ¯ÂñYƒ¶~]”ÅÝzgXì CYƒ!Ìg ëgÅ© ö I ¯ÂñY| (, ]”ÅÝzg :]”ÅÝzgX 1 Xì CYƒxgzZf(, 7g ëgh +' × ÂñYƒh +”{Š c* i¹¤ /ZÝzg

G-4E ] ÐäƒÁ]g ZwzgŠgzZXì @* ƒ†ŸZ~g ëgÅ© öā I ¯ÐäY| (, -uƒ J  o]g ZwzgŠ :(Temperature)

]gZwzgŠX 2 Xì CYƒÁg ëg

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G-4E ] ´Å ðZ e0g»X 3 2k4E .E -Z J # ì LgJ -‰ Ü zkZ†ŸZtXì @* ƒ†ŸZÌ~g ëgÅ© öā I ¯Ð "(,i ‚g Z »à‚ WðZ e0g » :cçH E .2Ek4´Å [ Xì CYW¶~g ëggzZ÷D YƒÈw Ð :ÐäYƒ†ŸZ {Š c* iÐuq -Z~cçH +‚ WðZ e0g »X ,Š™: ÁÐ ZïZú}uzŠ

:(Respiration) c], äg

5ÅâÆiÃ‰ÐŠæÅxWg Z0 Xóì ó @* Bc], ägX ÷D™ÝqY3,Z™h ÂÃ²ðG3½G +Y~T¿(Z L L

-s

Xì @* Bc], äg°+¿ÑZzä™ Za Y3,Zg0 +ZÆû :(Cellular Respiration) c], äg°+ 5ÅâÆïgZxW~¿kZÆWXì ‚ 3½G c], äg°+Xì CƒwEZnÆäh Âi& +!* C-HŠŽñ~²ðG rg¹xÐc],äg¿»W

ra sh

id

Xì * @Yc* ¯ã0* Æ™ï +gÅxWgzZì CYð¯à‚ WðZ e0g »Æ™xWÅuZgp~ X ÷x lZzŠ Åc],äg°+ :x lZ Åc] , äg°+

]gz¢Å Zƒà ZzxW X Ï0 + ipBios X ZƒpAer :p ÖZ ã** - zŠ :(Aerobic Respiration) c], äg, -zk , ZX 1 X óì ó CBcg],äg, -zk , Zc], äg à Zzäƒ~ÏŠŽñÅxW L L 5k± WÅiÃ‰~ÏŠŽñÅxWX (i) Xì @* ƒ{Š c* i ` Zy Z »Y3, ZgzZì CYÅcåH G J 5Åâ zŠÆ(Pyruvic Acid)ŒZuzzg ð0* 5Åâ q Xì @* YZh Â~²ðG3½G á Zz0g »X 3Ãw ðG3½G -ZÆiÃ‰~(Glycolysis) çEl$Ñr†X (ii) Xì á CÐwzegzZiÃ‰Žì ŒZ ÑZz0g » 3t :(Pyruvic Acid)ŒZuzzg ð0* 5k± WÅŒZuzzg ð0* X ÷D Y^ Ii& +!* C-Hx ÓgzZì CY~Š™cåH X (iii) G Xì @* Yc* Š™ ` Zy Z »Y3, Zx ÓÐ ŒZuzg ð0* gzZX ÷‘ Wã0* gzZà‚ WðZ e0g »~¿kZX (iv) Xì @* ƒV-½ Z ~g¦ù C6H12O6

+ 6O2 -----> 6CO + 12H O 2 2

+ Energy

7]gz¢Å Zƒà ZzxW X Ï0 + ipBios X ZƒpAer X 7pAn :(Anaerobic Respiration) c],äg, -zk , Z+ Z X 2 X óì ó CBc], äg°+c], äg à Zzäƒ~ÏŠŽñx°ÅxW L L 5k± Wå** Xì Cƒ`g {ÁY3, Z b§kZì CƒcåH ÅiÃ‰~ÏŠŽñx°ÅxWX 1 G


5Åâ zŠÆŒZuzzg ð0* 5Åâ q Xì * @YZ h Â~²ðG3½G Ãw ðG3½G -ZÆiÃ‰X 2 G 5Åc* 5½G 5k± WåÅuzzg ð0* (Lactic AcidŒ Z ëH (Ethyl Alcohol)iÈZbé£-#GZŒZuzzg ð0* gzZ C0* ƒ7cåH ÐzzÅäƒ:ŠŽñxWX 3 G Xì @* Yƒsp~

X ÷D Y{g%L Ii& +!* C-HÐ¹X 4 ÷x lZzŠ Å, -zk ,Z+Z :x lZÅc],äg, -zk , Z+ Z E ! I4H 45 5G ~à‚ WðZ e0g »gzZiÈZÃŒZuzzg ð0* ~¿kZXì @* ƒ~c* ÙgzZP¿t :(Alcoholic Fermentation) èEjG Û ëÓ7ÈZX (a) Xì * @Yc* Šh Â (Pyruvic Acid)

ŒZuzzg ð0* ------------> iÈZ

à‚ WðZ e0g » :½ Z ~g E ! H I 4 5 45G 5ÅX (b) 5½G :(Lactic Acid Formentation) èEjG Û ŒZ ëH +

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H5½] ä™x » ãKgzZ!~(Skeletal Muscles)¦ÿ5G4ÓG ÆVzgâ Y}uzŠgzZy¨ KZ¿t{z´ÆkZXì @* ƒ~c* ÙŠŽñ~|ŠzŠ¿t 5Åâ »ŒZuzzg ð0* 5Åw ðG3½G 5½G Xì * @Yƒsp~ŒZ ëH ~kZXì @* ƒy ZgzŠÆ ŒZuzzg ð0*

5Å 5½G ŒZ ëH

½ Z ~g E H I 45! 4 5 j G E ** ÑŠ lŽ pFermentum :ÂHÑ :(Fermentation) è G Û E ! H I 4 5 Y 45G 4µg W~ÏŠŽñ)ÅxW~T¿(Z L L 5G X óì ó @* B (Fermentation) èEjG Û X ñYÅÝqY3, ZÐ i& +ƒ á ëE

-s

-------------->

:(Significance Of Anaerobic Respiration) ÌZÅc], äg, -zk , Z+ Z

id

Ì` WgzZX¸D™ÝqÐ c], äg, -zk , Z+ZY3, Zg »gŠ nÆVñ» LZg Z0 +Yn kZ¶7ŠŽñxWŠ Zi W6, }i~i ¸WÆÏ0 + iX 1

ra sh

Xì @* Y¹ (Anaerobes)) , zk ,Z+ZÃVzg Z0 +YyZX ÷D™ÝqY3, ZÐ c], äg, -zk ,Z+Zg Z0 +Y¼ ñƒDƒxW E I4H 45! 5G Û Å c* ÙX 2 ì* @Yc* ¯(Cheese)¿gzZ „ŠÐ èEjG E ! H I45G 45 Xì HwEZnÆ{Z +Ãã¨ KZÃ¢ A &Å èEjG Û Åð¡gzZ c* ÙäVâ Z0‚X 3 ] H5½ X ÷M h™ë Z Û Y3, ZÃ¦ÿ5G4ÓG LZÐ c], äg, -zk , Z+Zgâ Y}uzŠPgzZy¨ KZ X 4

J$ E l ** ÅpLyein X kÛpGlykys :p ÖZ ã** - :(Glycolysis) ç ÑV†

J 5Åâ zŠÆŒZuzzg ð0* 5ÅâÆiÃ‰~T¿(Z L L Xóì ó @* BçEl$ÑV†X ñYZh Â~²ðG3½G Ã²ðG3½G X Cƒ7wEZxW~¿kZXì @* ƒ~(Cytoplasm)xi öç ‚ c* (Cytosol)wÎç ‚¿t .* ™Ð Zn kZ åHÄc* G ¡‚çE gŠÃŸkZÆ½ Z ~gäSir Hans Krebs1Ç!* ~â ¤',:(Krebs Cycle) E

.* ™ G ¡‚çEE

Xì * @Y¹ (Krebs Cycle) 5ÅâÆŒZuzzg ð0* .* ™X 1 G 5k± WåÅ²ðG3½G X ÷‘ WFADH2gzZ NADHÔATPgzZXì CYƒcåH ~¡‚çEE G $ Z& .* ™ÃŒZuzzg ð0* 4hG G Xì @* YHsp~(Acetyl CoA)} ZX ìZ « ZXÃbéH 5G +ƒ áá Zz0g »X 2q -Z¬Ð äƒ4ZŠ~¡‚çE X2 E

H 7 54E ½ (Bioenergetics) ø G²ZÇ!* :(Electron Transport Chain) u^g¡ZR, yZ¼Z Xì³%~y W»c],äg°+tX 1 X ÷Dƒ4ZŠ~u^g¡ZR, yZ¼ZX 4, Z¼Z~³%kZX 2 Xì @* ƒ` Zy Z » ÙWXzgà;gzZ 4, Z¼Z FADH2gzZ NADH~u^g¡ZR, yZ¼ZX 3 ÷f e™ÝqŸq -Z » (Electron Carrier)JPX yZ¼Z 4, Z¼ZtX 4 5Åâ ATPÐTì Ç X ÷‘ W²ðG3½G Y3,Z Â÷Dg ¦ / ÐŸÆJP4,Z¼ZZ # X5 X ÷D ¯ã0* ™ïB÷xWÙWXzgà;gzZ 4, Z¼Z~y WX 6

:(The Energy Budget Of Respiration) PY3, Z »c], äg

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5Åâ NADHC Xì @* ¯ATPX 3~u^g¡ZR, yZ¼Zw ðG3½G Ù X1 J Xì @* ¯ATPzŠ NADHC Ù ÑZz“ W~çEl$Ñr† X 2 5ÅâC Xì @* ¯ATPzŠw ðG3½G Ù » FADH2X 3

Composed By:

id

RASHID-SAHIL

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14/9-R Khanewal Mob:0346-3985843

(Nutrition)t´ X ÷ï÷ á * *™sp~VzŠ â ã Kc Y3, Z¹ZgzZÔ** ™[_ .Ô** 3Ô ** ™g »uZgp~TwqZx Ó{zL L :(Nutrition)t´ X ó ó÷D B (Nutrition)t´

HE" X ó ó÷D Bø45G R, EX ÷D Ñ~wEZ6,gîÆY3, Z7ZgzZ÷D™Ýqg Z0 +YŽ i& +ƒ á c* ÜÁ{zL L :(Nutrients)

E H " 4 ø 5G R, E

:(Mineral Nutrition In Plants) cR, EwÉ~VzŠ7 X ÷x lZzŠ Å (Mineral Elements)ÜÁwÉXì Cƒ]gz¢ÅÜÁ15nÆpgg Z Œ Û ', Ï0 + iKZÃVzŠ7 E E H H "45G "45G (Macro-Nutrients) ø R , Ez– GX (ii) (Micro-Nutrients) ø R , EzMâ X (i)

H " 4E 5G

Zhð X N* gpMicro :(Micro-Nutrients) ø R , EzMâ X (i) Y " 4E 5G G4$~yZX ÷D BøH 2½5E .E X ÷ï÷ á +g³gzZÔu9Ô7 -iÔçE R, EzMâ Xì Cƒ°»nÆVzŠ7g ZlÏ~hðÅXÜÁ, Z L L G

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EG H " 4 5 , Ez– GX (ii) {Š c* i X Z (, pMacro :(Macro-Nutrients) ø R

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Y! 5 HE" 4E 5½G oG -GI kg`ÃgzZ÷ÔyÔôN* 7Ô ê ÔXz>** ÔxWÔXzgà;Ô0g »~XX ÷D Bø45G R, Ez– GXì Cƒ]gz¢~g Zl{Š c* iÅXÜÁ, Z X ÷ï÷ á

:ÌZÅÜÁwÉ~VzŠ7

id

ÌZ~Ï0 + iÅVzŠ7

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G-4E ] ā "z6, 2H .G ® Ò 5 EXì òiÑnÆ© ö I ¯gzZ ~g »ÅçEE ì zb »iŒZ ëG Ôu Z Õ @ Xì @* ™wzNÃwdZÆw Ð :gzZì ÂzgÃq MÆã 0* ÐVê "z6, .2H G z »ZZ « ZgzZ&§ÔçEE ì‚ rg W,Z6,]»wÅ ã0* ~ûXz»| # ‚ÅwZz− G-4E ] ā ì òi ÑnÆ© ö I ¯

HE" ø45G R, Ez– G kg`Ã ôN* 7 ÷ y ( u9)y],W

Xì ë ZnÆ~g »ÅZZ « ZgzZ−F, Å¤ / Ø

yzg1

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6» , Y 4$ G 2½5E .E çE G

ì ~gz¢nÆZZ « Z

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ò Y! I 5 4E gG 5½G ê

(Nutrition)

t´

Y! E I ½ G 4 -o 5 5 :]Z W, Z6, VzŠ7Æ¶Å êGGgzZ>**

Xì @* ƒŠŽñ~VªZ~VzŠ7Xz>** Xì * @Y¹>** Ã]·%ÆXz>**:Xz>** X1 X ÷D™Ýq~^Å>** ÃXz>** }Š7X (i) :] Z W, Z6, úz›ÅVzŠ7 Xì k Ž: L »í@* ~“ WVgzZwYXz>** X (ii) Xì CYW¶Ì~g ZzZa Ð¶ÅXz>** X (iii) Xì k Ž¯ ) !* »^z»g~äƒŠgiÆVê X (iv) Y Xì ~gz¢nÆZZ « Zá Zzä¯i¤ / ØÔ3 ¶ K tXì z b ë Z »| # ‚Å…zg³

5! 4E 5½G oG -GI :ê

Xì @* ƒwEZ~ä¯{ñg ZŠ ~¤ / gzZVX (i) :] Z W, Z6, úz›ÅVzŠ7 Xì ~gz¢nÆu ZÆÕ @X (ii)

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X ÷D YÄ%™ƒŠgi íÆVzŠ7Ð ¶ÅkZX (iii)

* * J (,X ** ™ Za pFerre :ÂHÑ :(Fertilizers)

ig ^ , Ë Û

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X ó ó÷D Big ^ , Ë Û X N YG wEZnÆ~ F, ð(, gzZ úz›Å}Š7Ž ] ·%ð6, Z L L Y Y 4µg WyZX 2 ig ^ 4µg WX 1 5G 5G , Ë Û ëE X ÷x lZ ~(, zŠ Åig ^ , Ë Û ig ^ , Ë Û ëE 4µYg W X 1 5G , Ë Û ëE 6, ÜÁZ +Zi c* -ZgzZVƒD YGÝqÐ VzŠ âÆVzgâ YgzZVzŠ7Ž ig ^ q , Ë Û , Z L L :(Organic Fertilziers) ig ^ 4µYg WX VƒŒ 5G X ó ó÷D Big ^ , Ë Û ëE

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X ÷Dƒ{ë{Š c* iig ^ , Ë Ût E H "45G X ÷D™†ŸZ~¢ A &ÅpgÄ¤ / 6,ø R, EgzZÏïÅ ã0* ~ètX (i) :ÌZ

X ÷DƒwEZ6, gîÆig ^ , Ë Û 6g W (Compost)Š 3£BgzZ (Manure)—»Vzgâ YX (ii) 4µYg WX yS X VƒŒ6,ÜÁëE 4µYg Wy S Ž ig ^ 4µYg WyZX 2 5G 5G 5G X ó ó÷D Big ^ , Ë Û ëE , Ë Û , Z L L :ig ^ , Ë Û ëE (Rock Phosphate)‘ ÃuZgX (Gypsum)/ :BV E E 458E 458E X ÷D Big ^ , Ë Û øG z>** XƒXz>** Kë ZÐƒ  ~Xig ^ , Ë Û , Z :ig ^ , Ë Û øG z>**

X ÷D Big ^ , Ë Û lN* 7XƒôN* 7Kë ZÐƒ  ~Xig ^ , Ë Û , Z :ig ^ , Ë Û lN* 7 X ÷sf `gŠ]** vÆig ^ , Ë Û Xì @* ƒ{ŠyvnÆwj âgzZVzŠ7wEZ {Š c* i »ig ^ , Ë Û :]** vÆig ^ , Ë Û HE" 4µYg WyZX 1 5G Xì CàyvÃ¢ A &ÅpgÄ¤ / 6,ø45G R, Eg Zl{Š c* iÅig ^ , Ë Û ëE E 458E Xì @* ƒ` Zy Z »’à‚ Wk>** Ð wEZÆig ^ , Ë Û øG z>** X2 4µYg WyZX 3 5G Xì îŠ™†ŸZ~š M Z!ÅèŽì @* ƒ` Zy Z »’*ñZÐ wEZÆig ^ , Ë Û ëE E 458E Xì @* ™†ŸZ Ì~6ÂÅ] Z÷ð!* zwEZ {Š c* i »ig ^ , Ë Û øG z>** X4 4µYg WX 5 5G Xì á C: L »b)C1j â wEZ {Š c* i »ig ^ , Ë Û ëE

(Nutrition)t´ Xóì ó CBZ½X ÷D™ÝqY3, ZÐyZgzZ÷Ã Wc* D 36, gîx ¬g Z0 +YŽÚ{z :(Food) X ÷sf `gŠY Z b Zë ZÐ~Xì CƒŒ6,Y Z b ZZZ½ :(Major Food Components) (Minerals)'JŠX 4 (Vitamins)&§X 3 (Carbohydrate) (Proteins)

3¶ KX 2

Y Zb Z ðZ½ëZ

(Fat OR Lipids)

]æX 7 (Sugar)]X 6

Z½

ð= ƒX 1

(Water)ã0* X5

Xì @* ƒÝqÐ VzqðƒµÅ~ÙgzZUÔ ð‹Ô ìÔ ` ** ZÔwzeÔKzgÔß W3 ¶ K:(Carbohydrate)3 ¶ KX 1 X Ã}Šx Zux »Zg Z0 +Yā @* ì @* ™ë Z Û ð** Z ÂtX 1 Xì Cƒ]gz¢”ZÅyZV˜ì @* àV;zÃVzŠ â ð6ŠŽñ~ŸtX 2 Xì * @YHwEZ {Š c* iÐƒ  nÆä™Ýq ð** Z Â&ì 3 ¶ Kq -ZiÃ‰X 3 X ÷D™ÌnzÈ»pgx¤ / ÃŸtX 4

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X ÷D YGÝqÐ Y âZµÐ|ŠzŠgzZ|ŠzŠÔ¿Ô}Š7g ZŠ ^ÔwZŠÔ Õ @Ô Z& +ZÔ TÔ“  Í] æ :(Proteins) ]æX 2 4±gY WgzZ «MÔxi öç ‚”z6, 5E Xì z b ë Z »æEÎG X1 "z6, 2H .G X ÷D™x »Ì6,gîÆZZ « ZçEE ¼ n kZì @* ¯ZZ «ZgzZiAtX 2

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Xì @* ¯ÃY Z b ZÆImmune SystemX 3 Xì @* ™wzNÃg ZlÅ ã0* gzZypX 4

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id

X ÷D YGÝqÐY âZ ðƒµÐ|ŠzŠgzZ|ŠzŠÔVÈÔ Z& +ZÔTÔ“  ÍÔæÔ%Ô! l t :(Fats OR Lipids) ð= ƒ E H4 Xì CYw$ +~(Fatty Acid) iŒZ ö-G¢gzZ (Glycerol)wz·†~Ÿð= ƒ E E H H 45¢ H 45¢åHH B-dy RX 2 (Saturated Fats) øG B-dX 1 " g ðF " g ðF G G 5G 5G (Unsaturated Fats) øGåH ì$ Ë ƒÅ b§zŠ ð= ƒ E B-d (i) " g ðF G ì CYW6, ]g ZwzgŠx ¬gzZì CYÅÝqÐ Vzgâ Yt :(Saturated Fat) ïHG3¢åH5HG E " B -d GyR (ii) 5Gg ðF 7[6,]g ZwzgŠx ¬Žì Cƒ~]gßÅ%gzZì CYÅÝqÐ VzŠ7t :(Unsaturated Fat) ïHG3¢åHH Xì (Structural Part)z!‚ » «M−ð= ƒX 1 Xì C™ë Z Û ð** Z ÂÃŸX 2 Xì C™ ZaBZ f~ä3X 3 X ÷Dƒyzç~ä¯4, ñg ;PX 4 X Y™7g »7ZŸgzZ÷‘ W~}iŽ (Inorganic Elements)ÜÁCx** ), Z L L :(Minerals)

²É

X ó ó÷D B (Minerals)²É X ÷DƒÝqÐ` ** ZÔ“  ÍÔTÔV- !gzZV]{ i @* t ÷x lZzŠ Å]*nÐ p ÒÆ]gz¢ãK :x lZÅ] *n (Minor Minerals)] *nIâ X (b)

(Major Minerals)]*nÆ X (a)

(Nutrition)t´ †Xƒ]gz¢~g Zl{Š c* iÃŸÅYX] *n, Z :]*nÆX (a) 5! 4E 5½G oG -I G ê Ôkg`ÃÔyÔ àZg³Ô ôN* 7Ô* eÎ †Xƒ]gz¢~g ZlÏ~hðÃŸÅX] *n, Z :]*nIâ X (b) àZgjÔçz™Ô6, »Ô7 -iÔy], W

:g ZŠ™ »²É X ÷D ¯ $ZŠgzZo** ÔV c* AX 1 X ÷D™ ZŠ Zg ZŠ™ë Z~_ÆypX 2

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X ÷yzç~x »ÆA²ZX 3 "z6, .2H G X ÷D ¯W, ñÃx »ÆçEE X4 X ÷ï ŠŠæ~x »Ã4, ñg ; ZÆŸX 5

Xì xi ÑnÆwdZÆŸp@* ™7ë Z Û Y3, ZtXì Cƒ]gz¢~g Zl{Š c* iÃŸÅTìÐ~]*nëZt :(Calcium)

y

Xì @* ƒÝqÐ~ŠgiÅ} & +ZgzZv ‚ÔÌÍÈÔŠ sÔ¿Ô ©Ô „ŠÔ|ŠzŠt

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1%²ì @ * ƒŠŽñ~V ÕZŠgzZV-Az99%»y Xì @* ƒŠŽñ~Ÿ¹!*

:g ZŠ™~Ÿ Xì êŠŠæ~ï¢gzZ úz›9ÅV ÕZŠgzZV-AX 1 Xì yzç~(Clotting)_ÆypX 2 Xì òi ÑnÆä¯wdÃZZ «ZX 3 :] Z W,Zá ZzäƒÐ ¶Åy Xì CYug úz›ÅV ÕZŠgzZV-AX 1 X ÷D Yƒgz$$ZŠgzZVc* AX 2 Xì ç× W× WypX 3

X ÷CYƒ] â ´Å (Tetanus)¼~(Muscles)] WX 4 Xì {Š c* iÐƒ  ÌZÅkZpì ï÷ á ~g Zl(Trace)¾nÆŸt :(Iron OR Ferrous)

Š Ñ¯

Xì * @Yc* 0* ~TgzZgLÔ^zy ZÔ~ŠgiÅ} & +ZÔ´ 0* ÔxnÔ“  Ít Xì @* ™ZŠ Zg ZŠ™ë Z~ä™{ífÐZgzZ−F, ÅxWX 1 :g ZŠ™~Ÿ Xì @* ¯R.B.C]Zg f cuÆyp~ŸŠ Ñ¯X 2 Xì z b ë Z » (Haemoglobin)0‰åŠ Ñ¯X 3 G-š¢E ì êŠŠæÌÃ (Immune System)x Â ö ZæÆŸŠ Ñ¯X 4

(Nutrition)t´ Xì CYƒ¶~îxWJ -−C Ù X3

:]Z W,Zá ZzäƒÐ ¶ÅŠ Ñ¯ 4E -G &Z&ì CYƒ¶ÅypX 1 Xì CƒkC~gz$gzZ^zÝX 2 X ÷ë (Anaemia) G é5.G

÷D™ ZŠ Zg ZŠ™ë Z¹~wdZ ãKtXì Cƒ]gz¢~g ZlÏ~hðÃŸÅX÷] ·%ð6, Z&§ :(Vitamins)

&§

Xì Š HH„~:z¤ /zŠÃ (Vitamins)&§ Vitamin B Complex, Vitamin C ,

X (Water Soluble) á Zzäƒi~ã0* X1

Vitamin A , Vitamin D , Vitamin K , Vitamin E

X (Fat Soluble) á Zzäƒi~! l X 2

:(Vitamin A) } Z ðN* z

VitaminszŠ ä(Durmmond)rg eWz6 , gzZ (Kuhlem)ÝÃVâ Z0‚zŠ~Y 1913

X ÷ï÷ á Vitamin DgzZ Vitamin A~XGÄc* gŠ

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Xì * @Yc* 0* ~R,QÔ´ 0* Ôi \!Ôz—Ô` ÇÔVÔ%ÔâÔ|ŠzŠt $ zezg~ûe ZgÆ(Retina) éE $ W”z6, " gÆçWgzZì MB÷ (Opsin) èEjF 4H 5G Xì @* ¯(Rhodopsin) èEjF 5G -ZtX 1 :ÌZ q Y $ zezg¤ $ zezg À& » ðÓ .F Xì @* YƒÂ** WÃ~Ýzg Á ÂN YƒÁèEjF /ZXì ïH3E C(Rhodopsin) èEjF

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Xì êŠŠæ~úz›ÅV- AgzZwqZÆ6ÂtX 2 G-š¢E Xì CYƒÁfZæs ÜÆV-g FÐ ¶ÅkZXì ~gz¢nÆx Â ö ZætX 3 (Night Blindness)

@* W7ÃÃ] ZgX 2

ì* @Yƒgz$x ÂCdZæX 1 :] ** vÆ¶

÷D Y0ÆŠÐCg0 +ZÆçWX 4

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ì CYƒ~gŠ7gzZÈ¢X 3

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$Z X $ ZÃðN* ! Z!tèYXì @* Y¹ÌŒZ, -g é¹iG zkZ :(Vitamin C OR Ascorbic Acid)ŒZ, -g é¹iG

Ï ðN* z Xì ‚ rg W,Z

Xì * @Yc* 0* ~®ÆñÇgzZß WÔŠz%ZÔ{ ŸÔV˜ÔV]ÔV- !{ i @* ðN* zt

Æä¯”z6, (Collagen)XáÃtX 3

ì CYƒ~g FÅ (Scurvy)~zhX 3

ì @* ¯o¢Ã (Immune System)x Â¦ÃŠX 2 ì* @Yƒgz$x Â¦ÃŠX 2

ì êŠï¢ÃiAX 1 :ÌZ ì ~gz¢n

÷CYWV ´p~iAÆŸ}g ‚X 1 :] ** vÆ¶

X ÷D YƒÈw!* gzZ¢Xì *§ypÐ~VðhzXì @* ƒŠgŠ~VzhŽgzZ¦~~g FkZ :(Scurvy) ~zh CZ”Ð¢\ðŠZ # èYì @* Y¹Ì(Sun Vitamin)ðN* z»\ðŠÃðN* zkZ :(Vitamin D OR Calafic)

~ e ðN* z

Xì @* ƒZa ~ eðN* zÂì Xì @* Yc* 0* ~ægzZ|ŠzŠ { i @* Ô~ŠgiÅ} & +ZXì * @Yc* 0* } ZðN* z~Xì * @Yc* 0* ~Y âZx ÓyZðN* zt E C+Z »yÐ VÕWtX 2 ì @* J (,Ãäƒ¦~V-AgzZ[ Z åE ì @* ™wzNÃg ZlÅkg`ÃgzZy~yptX 1 :ÌZ E ÷CYƒSdVc* A~kZXì CYƒ~g FÅ (Ricket)– gÐ¶ÅkZX 1 :] ** vÆ¶ & ?¼G 4ÓG 5!-WÐ ¶ÅðN* Xì @* ƒ{ç»çF Û gzZ÷CY7,x3, Vc* A~~g FkZXì CYƒ~g FÅ (Osteomalacia) G é5kI zkZ~Vz(, X2 G x3, pMalacia X Vc* ApOsteo

(Nutrition)t´ :(Water & Dietary Fibre) i$Ã~>Z egzZ ã0*

HE" X ÷D™ ZŠ Zg ZŠ™ë Z~Ï0 + itp* @Y** â 7ø45G R, EÃi$Ã~>Z egzZ ã0* 60%â½»ŸÆy ¨ KZ Ú!* Xì z b ë Z »Ï0 + iX 1 :(Water) Xì @* ƒŒ6,

ã0*

Xì Cƒ]gz¢Å*z(Aqueous)! WÃ¶ Z ~gx ÓX 2 ì @* ƒ`g {~]gßÅ[ % O™ƒi~ã 0* Ì}Š â ‡ ÃX 3 ì‚ rgxZ/»Ÿ™ÑÄã0* X4

:(Dietary Fibre)i$Ã~>Z e Xì @* ƒ~uZgpŒ~VzŠ7sÜtX @* ƒ7. Þ ‡ÆäƒÇtX ÷ë Ì(Roughage){Š â {¼c* [ Zy  ÐZ (Soluble Fibres)i$Ãk , +iX 1 5

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(Insoluble Fibres)i$Ãk , +i** 5 X2

ì êŠŠæ~ä™ÁyizX 2

÷x lZzŠ ÅkZ :x lZÅi$Ã

:Z +Z ¯Æi$Ã

X Cƒ7(Constipation)HÐ wEZÆyZX 1

E C+Z »Y Z b ì C™[ Z åE Z {Š c* iÐ uZgp{zgzZì CY| (, ÏŠ™g »ÅVÕWÐ ÏŠŽñÅyZX 4 E

ì @* ™ÁwCwz«Ã~ypX 3

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÷ï ŠŠæ~ä™wzNÃ¤ / Øb§kZ Cƒ7[_ .g Zl{Š c* iÅiÃ‰gzZ÷ï ŠŠæ~ä™Ç~¢™wY~}ntX 5 HE" X VƒŠŽñ~g Zlƒ  oø45G R, E~gz¢x Óg »gŠ nÆúz›ÅŸ~TuZgp+Z L L :(Balanced Diet) Z½yi Z á ( 182-183™»[ Â :,¹!* )X ó ì ó CBZ½yi Zá

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t´pNutrition X ³** pmal :(Malnutrition)cR , Eé

X ó ó÷CB (malnutrition)cR, Eé X ÷CƒÐzzÅ¶c* CŠ c* iÔ¶ÅuZgpŽ Vc* g F+ Z L L

Malnutrition is a condition in which a person’s diet is inadequate to meet minimum daily requirements for nutrients such as proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals. It is caused by one of two factors. First, a person simply may not get enough food to eat and, thus, fails to take in the nutrients needed to remain healthy. Someone who is hungry all the time obviously is not eating enough food to remain healthy. Second, a person may eat a limited diet that fails to deliver vital nutrients to the body. Anyone who tries to survive on a diet consisting of potato chips, candy bars, and sodas will not be getting the complete range of nutrients his or her body needs. (The Encyclopedia Of Science , Page No.1216 , 2nd Edition)

(Nutrition)t´ HE" (O.I.N) ¢ 8á ø45G R, E{Š c* iX 3

÷sf `gŠx lZë Z :x lZ ÅcR , Eé (M.D.D)

Vc* g FÅ¶Å²ÉX 2

(P.E.M)

Xì ! ø 7Š °» ** Å (Proteins)] ægzZ ð** Z Â~ŸŠ Z%ÐkZ :(P.E.M)

cR, EéY3, ZX ”z6,X 1

cR, EéY3, ZX ”z6, X1 X ÷x lZzŠ ÅkZ

Xì CƒÐzzÅ¶Å”z6, tXì $ Ë ƒJ -/Åw‚ 3Ð{ â 6~g Ft :(Kwashiorkor) 6Z š / ÎX (a) Xì * @YƒšŠ à©){zpì Lgïg ** Š»a~~g FkZX 1 ÷”UI™ƒgz$w!* X4

ì* @YwYŸX 3

ì CYƒ¶ÅypX 2

Xì CƒÐzzÅ¶Å”z6, gzZðN* z~g FtXì $ Ë ƒJ -/Åw‚ 1Ð { â 6~g Ft :(Merasmus) Z š / ÎX (b) X ÷ïŠ ð3Š LgÐ/KZagzZì CYug úz›Xì CYƒ¶Å ã0* ~ŸÆaXì * @YƒÁyizX ÷D YÄÎ¦~~g FkZ

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:(M.D.D)Vc* g Fà ZzäƒÐÅÅ²É

4E -G &ZX (a) yppHaima X ì 7pAn :Âã ** - :(Anaemia) G é5.G 4E -G &ZÃª 5Åâ (Haemoglobin)0‰åXì @* ~œ / %Æw ðG3½G Y¹~g FÅ (Anaemia) G é5.G qkZXì CYƒÁÐïg ** Š Z®Å] Zg f cu~yp

-s

Xì CYƒ¶Å] Zg f cuÐkZ á C70‰å ÂA: y], Wƒ  oÃŸ¤ /ZXì * @Yc* 0* VZy], W - :(Haemoglobin) 0‰å X wÍpGlobus :ÂHÑ X yppHaima :Âã**

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Xì C™½Ì8 -g cuÃyptXì CƒŠŽñ~] Zg f cutXì ”z6, -Z à Zz^wÍ0‰å q Xì CYW¶Ì~bZ Û ÅxWÃûÆŸXì * @YƒÞzg"gzZ ¨{nXì * @Yƒgz$!%» ~g FkZ

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úz›ÅŸŽì @* ƒ* *™wEZnÆä¯4, ñg ;, ZäUàZg ðåÃ+eÇWXì CƒÐzzÅ¶Å Z½~Ÿ~g Ft :(Goitre) nX (b) Xì CYƒXÎ~yŠ¤ / Ð kZì @* Y| (,~(Size)# Ö U [ +Zg ðåÂƒ:ŠŽñ~g Zlƒ  o~Z½+ eÇW¤ /ZX ÷D™wzNÃ Xì * @Y¹ (Goitre)nÃª qkZ

EG H " 4 5 :(O.I.N) ¢ 8á ø R, E{Š c* i

$ z-eg »ÐTX ÷D Yná {Š c* (Diabetes)¤ / ØgzZ (Cardio Vascular)°ð½hG iÐg Zlƒ  ocR, E~nkZÅcR, Eé X ÷CYƒhÑVc* g Fu ** çÜ X ÷M hƒZa b)sf `gŠÐcR, Eé : ] Z W , ZÆcR, Eé (Obesty)

0* N* ñX 4 (Constipation) HX 3

(Cardiac Diseases)

V c* g FÅwŠX 2

(Starvation)

É‘ÃX 1

Xì @* Y¹µÃª qÅäƒ:ŠŽñÆuZgpnÆVâ ¨ KZ~‘´Ë :(Famine) µ G € X åc* W~ð;Š Å 1990Žì Ìµ» c* gÃàÑX ;gJ - 1983-85Žì µ » \ HZ~V ð‹B u ** çÆ~œ, X ÷sf `gŠ] ;Žz~(, Åµ ~Š !* Wðƒf(,X 4 [ cX 3 à‚ÈX 2 „~z))ÅuZgpX 1

(Nutrition)t´ (Digestion In Humans)

I4E 7ðZ e~y¨ èEjG KZ

I4E 7ðZ e¿»äh Â~²ð3½G Å 5Åâ {ëŠŽñ~uZgp L L :(Digestion) X óì ó @* BèEjG G5 â {Š ‚Ã²ðG3½G

x ‰Z¿c* Ç

g¦ / Ð«M−}Š âtXì Cƒ]gz¢Å2N* zgzZ¤ / Ø{Š ‚Ô]¤Ô ã0* ÔxWÃŸ}g øXì @* ƒ~{ngzZ (Bucal Cavity) ŸÇ¿t I 4E 7ðZ eÃÑkZXì @* 5Åâ LgÃ²ðG3½G 5Åâ } (, 5Åâ } (, ¿Æ èEjG Yc* Šw$ +~²ðG3½G , ZX M hg ¦ /7Ð «M−Ž ÷Dƒ²ðG3½G }uzŠ¼²X ÷M h Xì * @YH Zg7Ð

5Åâ L gˆÆ¿kZ Ž »uZgpyZgzŠ kZXn YÅÝqY3, ZÐ yZā @* ì* @Yc* Š àJ -V”ZÆŸ¹ZgzZX ÷D YEƒ[_ .~yp²ðG3½G I4»G 5¢ Xì @* Yc* ŠwïC Ù !* ÐŸÐ ¿Æ(Defecation) èEjG ~ eÐZ @* ƒ(Indigestible)7Çz 4E 7ðZ e »y¨ 4hG »6, (Anus)AgzZì CƒqzÑÐìŽì @ * ƒŒ6, à ** Dq -Zx Â ðH KZ :(Alimentary Canal)

à ** ÅuZgp

(Stomach)

{nX 4

(Esophagus)

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Xì * @Y¹ (Gut)¡  c* (Alimentary Canal)à ** ÅuZgpÃà ** kZXì Cƒ à ** Å Z½X 3

(Large Intestine)

ì CƒŒ6, V”sf `gŠ à ** ÅuZgp

(Pharynx)

$W~(,X 6 -

²X 2 (Oral Cavity) Ü»ìX 1 (Small Intestine)

$WKgX 5 -

E" X ÷ï÷ á (Liver)®gzZ (Pancreas)i c* æ¾5F

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X ó ó÷ëŸwgzZÃ(ŠŽñ+ $YëÆì L L

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(Tongue)y !* iÔ(Palate)ß @* ŸwgzZ

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} hŽ &Æ(Salivary Glands)Šz¼á Zzä™ Za uð~XX ÷D™ ZŠ Zg ZŠ™ CZ CZ~¿kZÌŠz¼Ð ¹}uzŠ {z´ÆkZ

:(Oral Cavity) ŸwgzZ

Xì CƒŒ6,iU ZÇcgzZ (Jaws)} „Ô (Teeth)$ZŠ X ÷x »sf `gŠÆŸwgzZ

Xì îŠŠæ~[ NZÆuZgpÌfÅÚ ŠgzZØÎXì îŠ™ (Reject)ŠšÃuZgpÏ!* c* [ Zy  Xì C™[ NZ »uZgpŸwgzZX 1 Å Z½èYì ~gz¢n kZ =ÃuZgpXì * @YHÐŠæÅy!* igzZVzg ÄgÔVÕZŠx »tXì îŠ5ÃuZgpŸwgzZX 2 (Esophagus)à ** ì @* B (Mastication)¿»äçc* ¹ ÃuZgpX ÷D™¿6, Vz•L gsÜÌZZ «Z {z´ÆkZXì îŠ äg ¦ / ÃVz•LgsÜ ì @* ƒ(Sub-Lingual)nÆy!* i ZhŽq -ZX ÷D™} hŽ &ÆiU~gÇcx »tXì îŠ™ (Lubricate)5ÃuZgpŸwgzZX 3 Xì @* Yc* 0* (Parotid Glands)ÐWÆVâ » Z hŽ ZŠgzZ (Sub-Maxillary)úÆVz„ Z hŽ ZuzŠ X ÷ï Š™5ÃuZgpŽX ÷D™ `g {uðiUt Y ¢E 5ÁZÐ ã‚ WgzZì CYƒ3uZgpÐTXì mZ e¾ñgzZ ã0* ì$ Ë g*Ð ø½G ~uZgptX 1 :x »ÆZÇc ì êŠ™sp~¤ / Ø{Š ‚Ã3 ¶ KŠŽñ~uZgpŽì * @Yc* 0* (Amylase)9 ðZZ ìZ «Zq -Z~ZÇcX 2 ì êŠg â ÃVÝZ` ŠŽñ~uZgpŽì @* ƒŠŽñ, M1g » ð!* * eÎ~ZÇcX 3 CYƒsp~Vz•LguZgpÐ Tì Cƒy!* iyZgzŠÆä™5ÔäçÃuZgp :(Bolus Formation) Âg ÃÖ1 Y ¢E 5ÁZÐŠæÅ²gzZì * X ÷D YŠ‡Š~ ø½G @Y1øÃVz•yZX ÷D B (Bolus)vñƒñç} •tì

(Nutrition)t´ Å Xóì ó CBøm 6~cXì îŠq -’+ $YÅVÕWÃuZgpŽ • wq -Z b§Å `ñL L :(Peristalsis)

Å øm 6~c

Peristalsis: Wavelike motion of the digestive system that moves food through the system. (The Encyclopedia Of Science , Page No.654 , 2nd Edition)

I4E 7ðZ e ÅuZgpgzZ {n :(Stomach & Digestion Of Food) èEjG :(Structure Of Stomach)| # ‚Å{n

Xì b§Å ó ó JL Lsw~ m, ôZ^ÅkZXìz (Dilated)Zƒ;» (Alimentary Canal)à** ÅuZgpt Xì @* ƒnÇ!* Æ(Diaphragm)x Z Û c* Z e+ $YN !* Åù{n q[ sXì C™µ Zµ ZÃBgzZùŽ Gã xgŠ ÅY ¡ IZÆJ ggzZùL L :(Diaphragm)x Z Û c* Ze X óì ó CB (Diaphragm)b

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ì @* ƒŒ6,V”zŠ {n Y ¢E 5ÁZ : (Cardiac)zq - eg »X 1 zÑZznÆ ø½G zÑZznÆ}n : (Pyloric)zugß ð0* X2 E 5©^zŠ k0* .¿E X ÷Dƒi çH Æ}n

E©E^

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.¿5 ŸpSphincter :ÂHÑL L :(Sphincters) içH E 5©^X , ™¦x » »ä™ÈgzZ%ÅÃTc ZgÎ(Z L L .¿E X ó ó÷D B (Sphincters)içH Y ¢E E ½ G 5©^q .¿E ì @* ƒyxgŠÆ}ngzZ ø 5ÁZt :(Cardiac Sphincter) çH - eg » X (a) E .¿5E©ûgß ð0* ì @* ƒy xgŠÆ$WKggzZ}nt :(Pyloric Sphincter) çH X (b) I4E 7ðZ e ÅÅ Zgp~{n :(Digestion In Stomach) èEjG

I4E 7ðZ e~{n ÷sf `gŠŽì CƒÐŠæÅVGîgZèEjG 4µYiUŠŽñ~Vzg Z- Š Å{nÂXì B~{n„‰uZgp :(Gastric Juice) kŽ uçH 4µY .nG .nG ÃiUy ZX ÷D™ `g {kŽ uçH " 4G 5F 4µYXì * 4µY 4hF .nG .nG 3E HCL Xì @ * Yc* 0* (Pepsinogen)XðG gzZ (HCL)ŒZug³zg + [;~kŽ uçH @Y¹ (Gastric Glands)iUuçH " " " 45F 45F 45F 4hF G G G 4E 7ðZ eÃ”z6, 3E Xì @* ™ïHiG Žì ìZ « Zq -Z (Pepsin) èEjF Xì êŠw$ +~(Pepsin) èEjF Ã (Pepsinogen)XðG ¹åuZgpgzZkŽÐT÷ÄgzZ Ci,g Z-Š Å{nXì * @Y¹ (Churning))h§Ã• wCWÅ{n :(Churning)

)h§

Xì CY£ ð= ƒŠŽñ~uZgpÐTì CƒZa ]g ZwÐ ¿kZX ÷D Yƒ(Mix) @* Y¹ (chyme)ì»&ì g™g (Z^Å"gØÞq -ZuZgpˆÆ¿Æ)l  :(Chyme Formation)

Âg Ãì»

Xì Cƒ4ZŠ~$WKgg ZlÏ~hðÅuZgpˆÆkZXì

(Nutrition)t´ I4E 7ðZ e{VÐgzZ÷Dƒ{&ÆX ÷D™ ZŠ Zg ZŠ™ CZ~ èEjG $WKg :(Small Intestine)$WKg |E“ (Ileum){ ezg c* ±ŠX (iii) (Jejunum)ì™X (ii) (Duodenum) ÷ EX (i) |E“ I4E 7ðZ e~{kZXì @* &h +' × Ð~kZXì @* ƒ{Š c* i¿» èEjG ƒM10-12InchesŽìzª»$WKgt :(Duodenum) ÷EX (i) X ÷CY~Š 5B÷uZgp{îg

I4E 7ðZ e Åð= Xì @* ™Šæ~ èEjG ƒgzZì @* WÐ®t :(Bile Juice) kŽ b!* X1 E " X2 5tÅ :(Pancreatic Juice) kŽS ÷DƒZZ « Z&~kŽ kZXì @* WÐ(Pancreas) îE 0ÒE -c* æ¾5F $ R, "z6, 4E 2H 7ðZ eÃçEE .G ÷D™ïHiG t :(Trypsin) èEjF X (a) ÷ï Š™sp~¤ / ØÃ3 ¶ K t : (Amylase)9ðZZX (b) 4E 7ðZ eÃð= ÷D™ïHiG ƒt:(Lipase)m ðÑX (c)

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:(Large Intestine) $W~(,

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(Faeces)—Š Zñk^tXì @ * Y5~(Rectum) ê

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Xì @* ™ `g {(Bile Juice)kŽ b!* ®X 5

Xì @* ™{íf~]gßÅ (Glycogen)XV†ÃiÃ‰X 6

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(Nutrition)t´ :]!* ZŽz]ÑZÎ¿

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14/9-R Khanewal

Mob:0346-3985843

(Transport)

−F,

Xóì ó @* Y¹ (Transport)−F, Å]Y{Š â Ãäƒv(~uzŠÐ(q -ZÅ] Y{Š â ~Vzg Z0 +YL L

:−F, Å]Y{Š â

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Xì * @Yc* Š àJ -V”¹!* Ð Vh§m{

E+E

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E+E

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E E X óì ó @* Bc],F é5k$ ZR,Â _™0]Zg g » ã0* Ðw Ð :Æ} Š7L L :(Transpiration) c] ,F é5k$ ZR, H4E E 5XÅ 3 =g fÆçYX 2 =g fÆw =g fÆûö-G Ð :X 1 ÷Dƒj§&Æc],F é5k$ ZR, ~VzŠ7 E E E ì* @Y¹c],F é5k$ ZR, Ö:&ì Cƒ=g fÆw Ð :c],F é5k$ ZR, F, {Š c* i :c, ]F é5k$ Z, RÖ: E

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(Transport)

−F,

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E :(Transpiration Is A Necessary Evil) ðZ', ~gz¢q -Zc],F é5k$ ZR,

E E E ì Ìxi Ñ** ƒ»c],F é5k$ ZR, pì {Šyvc],F é5k$ ZR, āìtŠ Z%Ð ðZ', ~gz¢Xì * @Y¹Ì(Necessary Evil)ðZ',~gz¢Ãc],F é5k$ ZR, E zzÅTì CYƒ(Dessication)¶h +”Å ã0* ÂñYòÌã0* ~gz¢»ŸyZgzŠÆ¶Å ã0* ~ŸÆ}Š7¤ /Z :] * * vÆc, ]F é5k$ Z, R ì* @Y%™ Ä%ZŠ7Ð

(Transport)

−F,

E :(Importance Of Transpiration) ÌZÅc],F é5k$ ZR,

E E &N¾],F ]¸tXì @* Y¹ (Transpirational Pull) ÿF é5k$ ZR, &ì C™ Za ] ¸q -ZÅ ƒ °tèYì ~gz¢nÆ}Š7c],F é5k$ ZR, X1

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E &N¾],F :(Transpirational Pull)g ZŠ™ »kZgzZ ÿF é5k$ ZR,

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@217™[ ÂnÆ,†) ( <·_» 219*

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(Blood Circulatory System)

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÷x lZzŠsf `gŠ ÅÄ~{Ãu

(Close Circulatory System)x ÂãZgzŠÈX b (Open Circulatory System)

x ÂãZgzŠ îX a

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4´gzZ (Veins)Vzh 5G 6, (Capillaries)m ,æÎF +gzÔ (Arteries)Vâ c* ÑÔwŠx Ât

:(Close Circulatory System)x ÂãZgzŠÈX b

zgŠ dZ¼gzZVzgâ Ytg Nx Óx ÂtXì @* Y¹x ÂãZgzŠÈÐZ nkZXì LgŠzög0 +ZÆVC** yp‰ Ü zD™{gzŠ~Ÿ}g7Xì @* ƒŒ {)z Z¡ Ô y¨ KZ ‰ì @* ƒ~Vzgâ Ytg N)Æ 4´

5GX 4 (Capillaries)m ,æÎF

÷sf `gŠY Z b Zë ZÆÄ~{Ãu¤Æy ¨ KZ :Y Z b ZÆÄ~{Ãu¤ (Veins)

,h +gzX 3

(Arteries)3c* Ñ X2

(Blood)ypX 1

~y ¨ KZ Ú!* -ZXì @* q àxWgzZ Z½J -Vú~Š ZÐZ~V”x ÓÆŸŽì (Fluid Tissue)Ä!* ù â ðƒC™lŠ¤ / t :(Blood)ypX 1 M5G "½ ÷sf `gŠY Z b Zë ZÆypXì @* ƒŒ6,û¤gzZ (Blood Plasma) â i ö¤ù â q -ZtXì @* ƒyp{5 éE (Blood Cells)

û¤X ii (Blood Plasma) â i ö¤X i

(Transport)

−F,

Xì @* ƒŒ6, â i ö¤55%»wÆyp~y ¨ KZq¡X 1 :(Blood Plasma) â i ö¤ X i "z6,Xì @* "z6,{”i 7.8% Ô ã0* 2H 2H .G .G ÷ï÷ á Þç‰gzZðçsZ Ô Xe$Ã~çEE ƒŒ6,çEE 90%tX 2 ´Å#ÌËXì Cƒ0.9%g ZlÅ] ¤~â i öX 3 .2Ek4E Xì 7.4 pHïg ** ÅypXì Y7, W,Z6, pHÅypÐäW~p~cçH E 458E ÷DƒŠŽñÌ(Hormones)4, ñg ;gzZ }Š âg Z øG z>**Ô uZgp~â i öX 4 ÷DƒŠŽñ~â i ö ¤ÌO2gzZ CO2X 5 ÷x lZsf `gŠ ÅyZXì @* Y¹û¤Î÷D Yñ0* ûÆx lZZ~yp :(Blood Cells) û¤ X ii -o8E -o8E (Leukocytes OR W.B.Cs) õ+GCÆypX b (Red Blood Cells OR Erythrocytes) õ+G cuÆypX a H 45Å (Thrombocytes OR Platelets) øGPX c -o8EcuÆypX a 3pkytos X cupErythros:p ÖZ ã** -zŠ :(Red Blood Cells OR Erythrocytes) õ+G

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Xì CƒJ -5Š Z®Åy Z~¢ aBkq -ZÆyp~Š Û x ¬q -ZX 1 4ÓE ® ~û¤i 4ÓE ® ~û¤i ì @* ƒ øG +gÆ(Vertebrates)tg Nx Ó¹!* pX @* ƒ7øG +gÆ(Mammals)D˜X 2 ì Cƒ(Oval Shape)~D^Å]ŸyZX 3

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( { â 4)Xì yŠ 50-120]§6ZgzŠ »yZX 4 ÀY&”z6, .F Xì * @Y¹ (Haemoglobin)0‰å&ì ïH3E -ZzzÅäƒ8 q -g cuÆyZX 5

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( ^wÍ )tpGlobus:ÂHÑX yppHaima:Âã** - :Haemoglobin OR Hemoglobin E H 45g¢zZ (Embryo)- çE .-G'Z ûtX 6 (Red Bone Marrow)} ŠÍÆV- A~V½!* gzZ÷‘ W~(Spleen)IgzZ®~Ï0 + iÅ (Fetus) øG X ÷‘ W~

ì @* Ñ~VzµnÆä‹ C Ù !* gzZ @* Ñ~ŸÃà‚ WðZ e0g »gzZxW0‰åŠŽñ~û¤i +gX 7 -o8E 3pKytos X Leukos:p ÖZ ã** - :Y(Leukocytes OR W.B.Cs) õ+G CÆypX b E À & H .F /Í7EtX 1 Dƒ7ŠŽñø45 ~yZèY÷Dƒ8 -g"gzZ} (, Ð û¤i +g õG ì CƒÁÐ û¤i +gŠ Z®ÅyZX 2 ì CƒJ - 7000-10000Š Z®ÅyZ~¢ aBkq -ZÆypX 3 Gš¢E /Í7E ÷{ë ZÆx Â ö- Zæ õG tX 4 Q‚°Š¤ / } ZX 2

Q‚°Š¤ / X1

x lZ ~(, zŠ :x lZÅ$ V ‚ÃC

÷Dƒï÷ á ûsf `gŠ~kZXì @* ƒg ZŠ äZŠxi ö ç ‚ »X÷Q‚ÃC, Z :(Granularcytes) Q‚°Š/ ¤X 1 Y ¢E 5t :(Neutrophils)øz, ÷ï Š h ÂÃ
(Transport)

−F,

Xì @* ƒg ZŠ äZŠ)xi öç ‚ »X÷Q‚ÃC, Z :(A-Granularcytes) Q‚°Š¤ / } ZX 2 EÅ (Lymphocytes)Q‚ ð©.X ii (Monocytes)Q‚âñX i ÷x lZzŠsf `gŠ ÅQ‚°Š¤ / }Z E ¢ -G ÷f eøÃVÝZ` ™0 ÷E z– Gt :(Monocytes)Q‚âñX i E EÅ îG 0Ò7MpCyte X ã0* pLympha :p ÖZ ã ** -zŠ :(Lymphocytes) Q‚ ð©.X ii G-š¢E ÷x lZzŠ ÅkZX ÷q -Ñ~x Â ö ZæŽì Q‚ÃCŒ6, ã0* 95%t EÅ :(B-Lymphocytes , Bursa Lymphocytes) Q‚ ð©.X ! X ³ Z

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÷D ¯m, e !* AZgzZ÷‘ W~} ŠÍÆV- A~(Mammals)Vzgâ YD˜t EÅ :(T-Lymphocytes , Thymus Lymphocytes) Q‚ ð©.X KX [ J' ÷Dg â ÃVÝZ` gzZ÷‘ W~(Thymus) ø.åt J' ÷ï Šg â Ãc* Ùc* k], ZzŽ ÷D ¯m, e !* AZgzZì @* ƒµZzd $Œ Û ÆwŠŽìŠz¼q -Zt :(thymus) ø.å Thymus : An endocrine gland present in all jawed vertebrates, situated in the neck region of most vertebrates but close to the heart in mammals. In humans, it is a flat, pinkish, bilobed

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structure located in the chest behind the sternum. The thymus produces a hormone called thymosin which causes the lymphocytes to form antibody-producing plasma cells immediately

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after birth, but regress in adult animals.

H Å 45P :(Thrombocytes OR Platelets) øG Xc ÷DƒLg~^ ,‚tX 1 4ÓE ® ~yZX 2 @* ƒ7øG

ì Cƒ{B°150,000-350,000Š Z®ÅyZ~ypX 3

÷Dƒ} •Æ(Megakaryotes)F-P~) ûŠŽñ~VzŠÍÆ~AtX 4 ÷D™Šæ~_ÆyptX 5 yppHaima X Leukos :(Leukaemia)6C

ì @* Y¹Ì(Blood Cancer)ã¤Ã~g FkZXì CYƒ{Š c* iÐ w©Š Z®Å (W.B.Cs)] Zg fCÆyp~Tì ~g FÅypt G ( 4ÓG 5Ÿ Ô c* -oG .28E G ÷ï÷ á ~] ;ŽzÌãgzZ (Thalacaemia) G é5.G U{z´ÆkZXì (Mutation)~p~çEE zzë ZÅ~g FkZ ÷ï÷ á ~]â ´** Y7, ¨8 -g Ô ** ™ŠgŠ »Ÿ Ô ÜY÷‚ Ô ã .6,6f Ô ~gz$~~g FkZ Xì ÃÅ (Bone Marrow)}ŠÍÆ~A` ´» ~g FkZXì C7,** Zz™spÅypB÷Ï°‡!* Ã!%~~g FkZ

G ( Ÿ 5 Ò o G yppHaima X g«pThallassa :p ÖZ ã** -zŠ :(Thalacaemmia OR Thalassaemia) G é5.G G E Ÿ( 4 5 Ó 4 o & G G G . . G G ÷ë Ì(Cooley's Anaemia) G é5 Z »áÃ6, x ** Æ(Thomas Cooley)áÃ\åËZ e O%Zq -Z G é5

~g FkZXì C7,** Zz™spÅyGpB÷Ï°‡!* Ã!%~~g FkZXì CƒZa ÐŸñ~åq -Zá Zzä¯0‰åŽì ~g F(Zgzq -Zt ( 4ÓG 5Ÿ#08) êŠ7ò} 100%B‚B÷äƒµ` ´tXì ÃÅ (Bone Marrow)}ŠÍÆ~A` ´» -oG ( } e DÚZ » G é5.G

(Transport)

−F,

ÃVzŠ â ð6yZXì ˆÅ~ÈzgŠ6, Šã CÅÏŠŽñ)gzZ ÏŠŽñÅVzŠ â ð6 mºŠŽñ6, RÅû¤i +gÅ\z¤ / ¤:~ÈzgŠ ÅÄ\z¤ / ¤ Hb G| # ÙçE,-o :z¤ / ¤29J -[ ZXì Š HH„~OgzZ ABÔBÔ A6, Šã CÅ~ e !* AZgzZXAZÃ:z¤ / ¤ Xì * @Y¹ (Antigen)XAZ ÷` Y 5Åâ (Z ÌðÃ :(Anti-gen) XAZ ì @* BXAZXì CYƒqzÑ~g »Å (Anti-Bodies)¿ŠgÆq ÃŠ~ŸÐ ÏŠŽñÅTw ðG3½G ÷ë Antigen-B (Antigen-Beta)gzZ Antigen-A(Antigen-Alpha)ÃºAZ EÅ ÷ï Š™ï÷ á ~yp6, gîÆ¿Šgs ÜÆXAZQ‚ ð©.X ! &ì ”z6,q -Zt :(Anti-Body) ~ e * !A Z ÷ë Anti-Body-B (Antibody-Beta)gzZ Anti-Body-A(Antibody-Alpha)Ãm, e !* AZ «ÃÄÆ\z¤ / ¤ :Ä\z¤ / ¤ABOX 1 6, Šã CÅx »kZgzZX HÄc* gŠ~Y 1901ä(Karl Landsteiner)æCwg »g !* X HÝq ^ ,Z6, Þ â »D z .

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RÅû¤i +gŽX ÷:z¤ / g eÆyp~ÄkZ Ãt Û á ZzäƒÐÏŠŽñÅ1RhgzZX ÷ZÐzzÅ BXAZgzZ AXAZŠŽñ6, ÏŠŽñÅ1Rhì ;g YH `gŠ Ì ÷ˆ~Š~×x lZÅypX ÷‘ W:z¤ /8Ð ÏŠŽñ)c*

AB+ O+

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B+

Anti-Body

A , Rh

B

B, Rh

A

A,B, Rh

None

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A+

Anti-Gen

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Blood Group

Rh

A,B

A

B

B

A

AB-

A,B

None

O-

None

A,B

AB-

Rhesusä(Weiner)²zgzZ (Karl Landsteiner)æCwg »~Y 1930ÃÄ\z¤ / ¤kZ

:Ä\z¤ / ¤RhX 2

Æy¨ KZÃ Rh Antigens~ˆXì @* YHC Ù ªÐ RhszwzŠ¬ÆRhesusÃ\z¤ /kZnkZX HÄc* gŠ~ypÆ Monkey ì* @Y¹1RhÃXAZkZ Š H1™Äc* gŠ Ì~yp ÷x lZzŠ Å:z¤ / ¤~ÄkZ6, Šã CÅÏŠŽñ)c* ÏŠŽñÅ Rh-Antigen (Rh-)

tRhX ii

(Rh+) µRhX i

(Transport)

−F,

ÇƒµRh\z¤ / ¤ ÂƒŠŽñXAZt~û¤i +g¤ /Z :(Rh+)

µRhX i

ÇƒtRh\z¤ / ¤Âƒ:ŠŽñXAZt~û¤i +g¤ /Z :(Rh-)

tRhX ii

kZJ -Z # @* ¯7m,e !* AZJ -‰ Ü zkZ¿tRh~ÄRh²÷CƒŠŽñ„Ð öZa m,e !* AZs ÜÆXAZŠŽñ)~ÄABO ƒ: 4ZŠ1Rh»ypµRh~ypÆ ÷‘ W:z¤ / J WÆyp b§kZ Group-B- X iv Group-B+ X iii Group-A- X ii Group-A+ X i Group-O- X viii Group-O+ X vii

Group-AB- X vi Group-AB+ X v

:ÃÅyp~Ä\z¤ / ¤RhgzZÄ\z¤ / ¤ABO

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X óì ó @* BÃÅyp * *™v~Ä~{ÃuÆ¿}uzŠÃypÆ¿q -Z L L :(Transfusion Of Blood) ÃÅyp Ô nÆä™Zg7Ãypá ZzäYƒù Ÿy ZgzŠÆc6,W Ô nÆäXÏ0 + i6, äYƒù Ÿyp~] U* Š q :] ÑqPÃ Åyp :]; Žz G ( 4ÓG 5Ÿ Ô Rå Ô é5.G -oG -4E & ì C7, ]gz¢ÅÃÅyp~V-g FÅ G é5.G GGZ Xì * @Y¹ (Donor)yp{yŠÃá Zz¶Šyp :(Donor)yp{yŠ

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Xì @* B (Receipient){àwßzñYc* ŠypÃT :(Receipient) {àwßz

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4X3 e¢ ~gz¢´gÃæÌÃ1RhB‚B‚gzZ õJ/G 8NŠ\z¤ / ¤» ReceipientgzZ Donor¬Ð ÃÅyp :ÃÅyp~Ä\z/ ¤¤ABO

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Ð b§kZgzZ Ï}™C Ù ª¿ŠgB÷! X XAZ! X ~ e !* AZgzZ} ZX XAZ} ZX ~ e !* AZ ÂñYc* Š 5B÷! X \z¤ /yp »} ZX \z¤ / /ZXì ¤

W‚Æû¤i +g ì YÌ%!%gzZ Çƒ¿» (Agglutination)“

vß, Z X ÷yp{yŠ!|gŠá ZzO- X ÷D Byp{yŠ!vßá ZzO\z¤ / :(Universal Donors) yp{yŠ! X ÷M h™¾ypÃVÍßÆ\z¤ / ¤C Ù ÆÄABO

á ypÐŠ ÛC Ù ÆÄABOvß, ZX ÷D B{àwßz!vßá ZzABX \z¤ / :(Universal Recepient) {àwßz! X ÷M h

yptRh¤ /Z X ÇñYc* ŠÃá ZztRhsÜyp »tRhgzZ ÇñYc* ŠÃá ZzµRhsÜyp »µRh :ÃÅyp~Ä\z/ ¤¤Rh ì YÌ%!%~¿ŠggzZ ÏN Yƒq zÑ à Cm,e !* AZs ÜÆi1Rhá Zzäƒv~kZ ÂñYc* Šyp »µRhÃá Zz

:(Structure Of The Heart & Functions) wdZgzZ| # ‚ÅwŠ ã¨ KZ ó ó0ÐwŠ pCardiacq - eg » L Lb ˜Z ì @* ƒ300gâ½yiz»wŠXì @* ƒ+ $YN !* }gŠzã xgŠÆBtXì îÅÐg0 +ZŽì (Organ)ā»^~Dc* wÍ úy@wŠ :x £ $ z¤gzZì @* Xì @* ™BÃyp~æEÎhG ig !* g* !Žì ā (Muscular)CWq -ZwŠ seg » ~c&ì Sg C™ Za " $îgÜã0* -ZGtXì * q @Y¹* eg » ~c&ì @* ƒÈ~s Ýc* Gq -ZwŠ :(Pericardium)* eg » ~c ÷Sg ~g Yã ‚ !* ì ] »wÅwŠgzZì C™Á¥ / gyxgŠÆwŠgzZGy ZgzŠÆäiÆwŠ " $îgtX ÷ë (Pericardial Fluid)[ + j

(Transport)

−F, :| # ‚ÅwŠ

÷sf `gŠx ** ÆXX ÷Dƒ(Chamber)ä{zŠÆwŠ :ä{ ÆwŠ (Ventricle)

p´zX ii

(Atrium)

*ñZX i

÷Dƒnä{zŠgzZ6, zZä{zŠX ÷Dƒä{g eÆwŠ b§kZX ÷Dƒä{zŠzŠÆä{C Ù *ñZVc* !* X ii (Right Atrium)

(Left Atrium) (Left Ventricle)

*ñZVc* ZŠX i

p´zVc* !* X iv (Right Ventricle) p´zV c* ZŠX iii

:(Left Atrium) *ñZV * c* ! gzZ (Right Atrium)*ñZV* c ZŠ ì @* Y¹ (Left Atrium)*ñZVc* !* gzZ (Right Atrium) *ñZVc* ZŠÃVâ {á Zzg Z- Š¡6, zZ :(Left Ventricle)p´zV* c* ! gzZ (Right Ventricle)p´zV* c ZŠ

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 »wŠp´zV c* ƒ !* Xì @* Y¹ (Left Ventricle)p´zVc* !*gzZ (Right Ventricle)p´zV c* ZŠ ÃVâ {á ZzVzg Z-Š Kñn Xì @* ƒ: {o¢gzZ Z (, Ð

$YÅVzµÆ™wßz(Deoxygenated)ypÑZzxWÁÐ ŸtXì @* + ™x »6,gîÆ(Double Pump)B. Þ ewŠ :wdZÆwŠ xW{Š c* igzZá ZzxWÁg0 +ZÆwŠXì @* ™B~Ÿ}g7Æ™wßzyp (Oxygenated)ypÑZzxW{Š c* iÐVzµgzZì @* ™B

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Xì * @Y3gµ Zµ ZÃypá Zz $ zt :(Blood Vessels) æEÎhG $ z¤ ì @* Yc* àJ -V”ZÆŸgzZwŠyp)g fÆ4Z÷z»Ä~{ÃuæEÎhG

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Y .·g WÆŸtX ÷CƒŒ6,Vq&,g Z- Š ÅyZX ÷CàJ çEE -V”Z~Ÿ}g7gzZ÷CÑ:ZzÐ wŠÃypt :(Artries) 3* c ÑX i $ zKg™ƒ4ZŠ~ ÷ë (Artrioles)²- R, g WÎ÷CYƒ„~æEÎhG 4´g0 5G hgzX ii m,æÎF +ZÆiA X ÷CƒŒ6, Vq&,g Z- Š ÅyZX ÷CÑs§ÅwŠgzZ÷C™wßzÃypÐ V”ZÆŸt :(Veins) ,+ ÷ë²ŠzÎ÷C¯«zKg

gzZypX ÷CƒŒ6, µq -ZÅVú,g Z- Š ÅyZX ÷CƒŠŽñ~iAgzZ÷V1** Åyp KgÐƒ  t :(Capillaries) V1* *qg * !X iii ‰ƒ7„h +' × V1** t X ÷k ŽV 1* *tÐ„h +' × Å²-R, g WXì @* ƒ)g fÆVC** 4Z!Š n»VzŠ â yxgŠÆiA :lŠ¤ /Åyp~wŠ

Ð&*ñZV c* ì @* ™wßzÃypá ZzxW{Š c* iá ZzäWÐ Vzµ=g fÆ« z~3, ð.F !* X 1 :ypÑZzxW{Š * ci zŠq -Z«™Å c ZgÎŠŽñ~yxgŠÐ äiÆp´zN !* gzZ *ñZN !* X3 Zƒ@* ƒÐ(Aorta)N* gzZ} ZypÑZzxWÐ äiÆp´zN !* X4

ì* @Y`~p´zN !* ypgzZì @* i*ñZV c* !* X2 5k±ð!* ÷ë (Bicuspid Valve)ß Zz åH &ì @* ™ß ZzÑZzg ¸Z F

÷ë WZÈc* ÑÐ Zì yc* Ñ~(, Ðƒ  t :(Aorta) * NgzZ} Z ì * @Ys§ÅŸ}g ‚{z´ÆVzµ 5k±ð!* ì ÂzgÃƒ ·3ZzÆyp~*ñZN !* Ðp´zN !* ß Zz åH X5 F ì ÂzgÃƒ ·3ZzÆyp~p´zN !* Žì @* ƒŠŽñ(Semi-Lunar Valve)ß Zz3, C½(Aortic)S -gzZ} Zq -Z6, Šã CÅ N* gzZ} ZX 6 N ZŠ)g fÆ(Inferior Vena Cava)ZY bzJ’ZgzZ (Superior Vena Cava)ZY bzJ4ypÑZzxWÁX 1 :ypÑZzxWÁ ì @* ƒ4ZŠ~*ñZ

(Transport)

−F,

yŠ¤ /Ôu)g fÆkZX ÷CƒD7.5cmâ½, h +gztXì k ŽÐYÆ(Veins)Vzh +gzzŠt :(Superior Vena Cava)ZY bzJ4 ì @* W~zðÑ!* Æ*ñZN ZŠÆwŠypÐ Vzg Z-Š ã zg0 +ZÅ CYgzZVƒ zi !* VâzŠ ÷CÑ:Zzyps§ÅwŠnÐ (Diaphragm)x Z Û c* Z etXì nq -ZÅh +gzÌt :(Inferior Vena Cava)ZY bzJ’Z ì* @Y`~p´zN ZŠypÐ äiÆ*ñZN ZŠX 2 5k±ðZR, ß Zz åH Ãß ZzkZì ÂzgÐäƒ4ZŠ~*ñZN ZŠ :Zz{g !* zŠÃypŽì @* ƒß Zzq -Z Ì6,c ZgÎŠŽñy xgŠÆp´zN ZŠgzZ *ñZN ZŠX 3 F X ÷ë (Tricuspid Valve) Ð&ŽìŠŽñß Zz(Pumonary Semi-Lunar)3, Ð& X 4 &q Ãƒ ·3ZzÆyp~p´zN ZŠÐ 7 -R, ~3, ð.F Y½~3, ð.ÐF -Z6, Šã CÅ7 -R, ~3, ð.F ì Âzg

Ð&ypÐ äiÆp´zN ZŠX 5 ì* @Ys§ÅVzµZƒ@* ƒÐ7 -R, ~3, ð.F Ð& kZì @* W:Zz~wŠÐVzµQgzZì @* Y~VzµnÆäƒs ™Ð wŠyp :(Pulmonary Circulation) øÃu~, 3ð.F

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Xì Lg ~g YŸtb§

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Ð&Xì @* 4E 4E 7Ë WÐV ;zgzZ~VzµÃypåHH 7Ë W~ eÐwŠ~T3 Zg {zL L 5G 5G 5G4E 5G4E Xóì ó @* BøÃuc* u~3, – ð.F Yc* Ñ~wŠ :ZzÃypåHH :(Systematic Circulation) øÃuë)G-H4hb 4hbXì @* -H 4E 4E 7Ë W~ eÐ V;zgzZ~(Tissues)V :!* 7Ë WÐwŠ~T3 Zg {zL L 4E 45E 5G 5G 5G G øÃuc* uë)G – Yc* Ñ~wŠ :ZzÃypåHH ãKÃypåHH X óì ó @* B

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ë (Pulse)q&ì k ŽÏØq -ZÐzzÅ ƒ !* Š~Vâ c* Ñy ZgzŠ kZ Âì jŠ~Vâ c* ÑÃypwŠ :(Heart Beat)

ÁPŠ ÅwŠ

X ÷ë (Heart Beat)Ò^g ;ÃÁPŠ ÅwŠX ÷

Xì @* Y¹ (Cardiac Cycle)¡‚q - eg »&ì @* ™å (Cycle)6 »ÁPŠyZgzŠÆÁPŠ KZwŠ X óì ó @* Y¹ (Cardiac Cycle)¡‚q - eg »&ì @ l gzZ @* iyZgzŠÆƒ ·ÆypwŠ L L :(Cardiac Cycle)¡‚q eg » H

H

ì @* ¯ÁPŠq -Z¡‚q - eg »åq -Z

(Ventrial Systole)w ð4hbs´zX iii (Atrial Systole)w ð4hbsñZX ii (Diastole)w: c* Z eX i

:iZ%Æ¡‚q eg »

$ ´zgzZ c* Xì @* Bw:c* Z eq - eg »i +ctXì @* Y½yp~c* ñZÐT÷D Y(Relax)’æEÎ¹G ñZÆwŠ :(Diastole)w:* c Z eX i 4hbsñZi 4hbsñZX ii Xì @* Bw ðH +ctX ÷ïŠ‡Š~æEÎ®´zÃypgzZ÷D Yic* ñZVâzŠQ :(Atrial Systole)w ðH $ ´zVâzŠQ :(Ventricular Systole)w ðH 4hb°r´zX iii °r´zi +ctX ÷ïŠ‡Š + $YÅVzµgzZŸÃypgzZ÷D iæEÎ¹G 4hb Xì @* Bw ðH $ ´zb§ÏZXì CWi ZzWÅ¨ $ ´z :(Lubb Dubb) [e 5k±ð!* ½ÐÌÆæEÎ¹G b§kZ÷D YƒÈß Zz åH gzZ ðZR, ÐäiÆæEÎ¹G ¨ F H G _ 45ŽXì Cƒ[ eX ¨ ì$ Ë Y”Ð (Stetho Scope)\jðā-G i ZzWÅÁPŠ ÅwŠ ªXì CƒZa i ZzWÅ[ egzZ÷D YƒÈiß Zz3, C D™x Zg WXìŠ Z®Å] »wÅwŠŠ Z%Ðg ëgÅqX ÷Cƒ1» (Heart Beats)] »wÅwŠq :ÁPŠ ÅwŠgzZg ëgÅqÔq ì @* ƒ6, ƒ Ú6fgzZò¤ / uãKg ®Z »ÁPŠXì @* ƒ4°ÁPŠ 75f $g^g ;»]gúq¡gzZ4°ÁPŠ 70f $g^g ;»Š%q¡‰ Ü z ì$ Ë YÅkCd $Œ Û ÆyŠ¤ /Ô d $Œ Û ÆV ' Ô s§ÅC Ù !* t ‚Æð¯ÅB;~Ÿq

(Transport)

−F,

X ¶Åä} zg ; @zgzZ%0Zs # ŸzÅlŠ¤ /ÅypÆy¨ KZ :ā {òÀ»Ä~{ÃuÆy¨ KZ ì @* ƒŒ6, ÄßzgzZÄs¢g WÄ~{Ãu¤ ì @* ƒŒ6, m, R, g Wsf `gŠÄt :(Artrial System) Äs¢g WX i Ð&N !* Ð&Ð p´zN ZŠÆwŠ :(Pulmonary Artries) , Ð&X 1 Xì @* Yƒ„~m, R, g W~3, ð.F gzZN ZŠgzZì À _7 -R, ~3, ð.F m, Rg W~, 3 ð.F ÷C™ë Z Û ypÑZzxWÃVzµt x ÓÆŸgzZì @* W~N* gzZ} ZypÑZzxWÐp´zN !* ÆwŠX ÷ë WZÈ c* ÑÐZì y c* Ñ~(, Ðƒ  t :(Aorta) * NgzZ} Z X 2 ì* @Y¹Ì(Thoracic Aorta)N* gzZlgðÐZì * @Yc* àJ -V” -gzZ} ZÅ^Åy¾gzZì * @Y@* × ™| m & + $YÅ6,zZ N* gzZ} Z :(Aortic Arch) ag WSgzZ} Z ™& × ŽXì @* ¯(Aortic Arch)ag WS (

[ Zø X k ¸pArch )

ì C™ë Z Û ypÃV”−gzZì CYs§ÅnÆŸ

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3Ð RðÑ!* Å ag WS -gzZ} Z ÷CàypÃVƒ zi !* gzZVð+ÔuŽ ÷Ç m, R, g W~(,

X ÷Ç m, R, g Wsf `gŠ Ï¹ÐkZì * @Yn™g ¦ / Ð(Thorax)B‰‰N* gzZ} Z

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÷CàypÃV-t :, m, Rg W9ÃÚZX i & -ÍG 4)G 2G .E 5_X ii 5J4ÓG ì C™ë Z Û ypÃwJ ~ çH Zt :~, Rg WuÚöJ4gzZ ~, Rg WëG 454XX iii 5F G ì C™ëZ Û ypÃ® :~, Rg WëH ÷C™ë Z Û ypÃVzŠ¤ / :, m, Rg W³gX iv ÷C™ë Z Û ypÃY ¡ IZÒt :, m, Rg Wi•ÍX v

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ì C™ë Z Û ypÃV”Æ$W~(, t :~, Rg WuÚöJ’ZX vi &Zð»zŠ™ƒ„N* &Zð»X vii 5J4ÓG 5J4ÓG ÷CYƒ„~V”zŠh +' × Žì @* ¯m, R, g WëG gzZ} ZVŒ :~, Rg WëG &Z 9À ZX [ ~, &Z 9ÚZX ³ Z 5J4ÓG 5J4ÓG ~, Rg WëG Rg WëG E -¢™ Y~V”á Zz6, 45ÅZ9ÚZ 5JG Xì CY0wZg ð.G zZÆyZg ~R, g WëG EH -¢E &Z ãzÛwZg ð.G 5J4ÓG ÷CY~Vƒ 0* gzZîE 0B+ÔyZgÔà Hñ÷ á ÅkZXì Cƒ~R, g WàZzå 3Ð ëG &à ZzäWÐ VzµXì @* ÷CW™á ~*ñZN !* Ãyp« z~3, ð.ÐF Ws§ÅwŠyp)g fÆVzh +gz :(Venous System)ÄßzX ii (Inferior Vena Cava)

+gz, k h , iX ii (Superior Vena Cava) h +gzðÑ!* X i ì YYH„~V”zŠÃ« z~(,

xWÁ,h +gzÏ¹Ð VùN* Xì á CÐYÆVzh +gzà ZzäWÐ Vƒ zi !* gzZVð+Ôuh +gzt :(Superior Vena Cava) + hgzðÑ* !X i E -¢q &Z9À Zt X ÷C¯h 5J4ÓG Cƒ4ZŠ~h +gz ëG +gzwZg ð.G -Z™ï,h +gzà ZzäÑypÐ ÖgzZVƒ 0* Ô à HX ÷t~h +gz,k , iŽ ÷CÑypÑZz &Zð»VâzŠgzZì QÐ+z ëG &Z9ÚZŽì 5J4ÓG 5J4ÓG X ÷CYƒ4ZŠ~+z ëG &Zð»N ZŠgzZN !*:(Inferior Vena Cava) + 5J4ÓG X ÷k Ž(Inferior Vena Cava) h +gz,k , iÐYÆVzh +gz ëG hgz,, kiX ii 454XX ÷Cƒ4ZŠ~(Inferior Vena Cava) h 5F G ÷ë Z , h +gzw•ÍgzZh +gz³gÔh +gz ëH +gz,k , i, h +gzKgÏ¹ 454Xq 454X, h 5ÅÔ(Spleen)IÔ {n 5F G 5F G Þ g7 ëH T -ZÐ®X ÷CàJ -®ÃypŽ ÷t~T Þ g7 ëH +gzKgàZzäWÐVÕWgzZ (Pancreas) îE 0ÒE X ÷CÑJ -h +gz, k , iyp,h +gzw•ÍgzZ,h +gz³gzŠÐVzŠ¤ / Xì îŠwZ e~(Inferior Vena Cava) h +gz,k , iyph +gz

(Transport)

−F,

÷t~(Inferior Vena Cava) h +gz, k , iÌ, h +gzà ZzäWÐ V-gzZg Z-Š Åogð

$ z-eg » :(Cardiovascular Disorders) Vc* g F°ð½hG $ z- eg »X VƒW, X ó ó÷CBVc* g F°ð½hG OV1** ÅypgzZwŠ~XV c* g F{ z L L Yƒ{Š c* i~yp »wz«ÃÔ (Diabetes)ûc* fÔ/{Š c* i :] ; Žz * *™: ligzgzZ 0* N* ñÔÙâÃÔÔ(Hypertension)ypg ]—Ô**

.Ô¹^-¢g WgzZ‹zçG .Ô¹^zpZ :(Atherosclerosis & Arteriosclerosis) ‹zçG X ÷k Ž¯ ) !* »V-g FÅwŠŽ ÷Vc* g FÅm,R, g Wt ñpSclerosis X DŠ pAthere p ÖZ ã** - zŠ :(Atherosclerosis) .Ô¹^zpZ ** Xóì ó @* B‹zçG Yƒß» m, R, gW L L

.Ô¹^zpZ ‹zçG

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Atherosclerosis : Also known as hardening of the arteries. It is a narrowing of arterial walls caused by deposits, collectively called plaque, that create rough, irregular surfaces prone to blood clots.

( 4<XG Xì @* Y¹ (Plaque)Pg Zûc* bßÎ÷CYW èG Å! l gzZwz«Ã~VC** Åyp~~g FkZX 1

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Xì @* YƒÂ** g* »yp b§kZ‰7igzZÁh +' × Ði§ƒ  om, R, g W~ª qh +”X 2 Xì @* Y¹ (Thrombus)yp›Z‡ÎXì @* ¯(Clot)} ÆßÆypg0 +ZÆm,R, g W (Plaque)Pg ZûX 3

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X ÷ï ŠuzgÃlŠ¤ /Åyp (Embolus){‡X ÷ë (Embolus){‡ÐZ ÂÑ ä¾: ZŠ Zi W (Thrombus)yp›Z‡¤ /ZX 4

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.Ô¹^-¢g W ñpSclerosis X yc* ÑpArterio p ÖZzŠ :(Arteriosclerosis) ‹zçG .Ô¹^-¢g W** X óì ó @* B‹zçG YƒN* ñgzZJ»Vzg Z-Š ÅVâ c* ÑL L .Ô¹^zpZ ~g FtX 1 Xì ^q -Z „Å‹zçG Xì * @Yƒ¦y~Vzg Z- Š ÅVâ c* Ñ~~g FkZX 2

]ñÅApInfarction X ]WÆwŠ pMyocardium p ÖZzŠ :(Myocardium Infarction) wŠ£g ¬ .Ô¹^zpZ {gzŠtXì * Xì @* 7, ~ËÆ~g FÅ‹zçG @Y¹Ì{gzŠ »wŠÃª qkZ ì YƒÐzzÅ (Clot)ZÆß c* ÔÆ(Plaque)uö~R, g W~3, zgÃ{gzŠ »wŠ :]; Žz ì @* ƒŠgŠ Ì~zi !* N !* X iv

** Y¤ / b6,¤X iii

** ƒkgzZ;Å÷‚X ii 3Z »ŠgŠh +”~BX i :] â ´

ì CY¿gnÆy!* i àÍÅ (Glycerol Trinitrate)f $>** ðZR, wzegzZ (Aspirin)+ R nZ Ô bZ Û ~g ¯ÅxWX i :` ´ Xì CY~½ZƒÆ™4ZŠ {g ½~VC** Åyp~¿kZXì * @YÑÅÐŠæÅ]ÑWÃ~R, g WÈåc* ß :;ö- fZ X ii bZ Û ÅypÃ]WÆwŠā @* ì @* YZ hŽB÷yc* Ñ~3, zgÃÐZ³h +gzc* ~R, g WÐ{}uzŠÆŸÆ!%~¿kZ :~ ùk* 0 ð* !X iv ñYHÌ6, ÐœJ gzZ ÙâÃÔ Ô Z½àZzð= ƒ Ô æ Ô â :o ôZ Xn ï6, gî4 X ÷Cƒ¯ ) !* Æ}gzŠÆwŠ] ZñZ 12%~y Î 0*:¨g ÎZseg »Çâ ~yÎ * 0 (Obesty)

0* N* ñ Ô (Diabetes)ûc* f Ô (Hyper Tension)ypg ]— :]; Žz

(Transport)

−F, :] * !ZŽz]ÑZÎ¿

H4E 5Å ÷DƒŠŽñ~VàÆVzŠ7Ž ÷c ZgÎLgLgt :ûö-G 4hbÃäiÆ] WÆwŠ :w:* 4hb ÷ëw:c* Z eÃ¿ÆÌgzZw ðH c Z egzZw ðH ì CB** À Z ¥kµãzÛÐƒ  X ÷CƒŒ6, Vq&, g Z-Š Å« zgzZ m, R, g W :(Tunica Externa)* *À Z ¥k ZY bzJ4X ii

ZY bzJ’ZX i ÷«z~(, zŠt :(Vena Cava)ZY bz

(Pus) 3 M ÃŠ ZñkZì @* WÃ6, x £ÆniŽ ÷D ¯Š ZñCq -Z™ƒ¦û{Š%t÷D Y%ÌŠpñƒDg â ÃVÝZ` û¤V $Zz :(Pus)M 3

X ÷ë ƒ Ú »yp û¤ gzZ ì ã 0* 6, gî~Š ã CāŽx§¤ c*â i ö ÷Y Z b Zë ZzŠÆyp :(Composition Of Blood)

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ì @* ƒ«6, sf `gŠ â i ö c*x§¤ Y! 5 4E 5½G oG -GI 4ÉZ ª”z6, y], WÔê X ã0* Ô kg`Ã Ô u‚y Ô [ +Zg³* eÎª]¤8.0% Ô Xe$Ã Ô Žzê6,Ô Aç‰ Ô ððG3E E H 45¢ ª Y Z b g- Ô øG ZvŠ +‚ WðZ e0g » Ô xWª™ Ô iŒZÅâ Z gzZ wz«Ã Ô (Creatinin)2ð™ Ô ŒZug- Ô c* [

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] Zg fÆyp gzZ XAZ Ô ZZ « Z 4ÉZ ìB bgg Z Œ Û ',Ãyi Z ÂÆã0* ~yptXì ”z6, â i ö t :(Albumin)ððG3E ì C™ ZŠ Zg ZŠ™ » (Catalyst)0Z¿~¿Æ_yptXì ”z6, â i öt :(Prothrombin)Žzêz, 6

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ì C™Šæ~_ÆyptXì ”z6,â i ö t :(Fibrinogen)Xe$Ã

ì @* Yƒ`g {ÐŸ)g fÆ[ % OŠ ZñtX ÷D ¯¦&ìŠ ZñåÃt :(Creatinine)2ð™

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k‚ ZgzZ[ Z!~ŸypèaXì CB‘ÔÇgg Z Œ Û ', Ã pHÅw²ËŽÚð6 +Z :(Blood as Buffer)‘gypgzZ (Buffer)‘ ì @* ™x » »‘ypn kZì ‚ rgyi ZápHÅ $ z¤ :,g Z-Š ÅæEÎhG $ z¤ ÷CƒŒ6, Vq&,g Z-Š Åm,R, g Wm
(Tunica Media)c* z¥kX iii

ì CYW¶~bZ Û ÅypÃ¦ÆwŠ~kZX ÷QQÐ}gzŠÆwŠ];ŽzÅkZ :(Angina Pectoris Or Pain)kg´ Ñk Z ì* @Yƒq zÑŠgŠ~wŠÐ T

Composed By: RASHID-SAHIL 14/9-R Khanewal Mob:0346-3985843

CREDITS ( Î§ÖZ ) 1. 9th Biology Text Book 2.Text Book Of Invertebrates By Prof. R. L KOTPAL 3. Medical Dictionary - English To Urdu 4. Pharmacy Assistant Guide By Dr. Abdul Sattar 5. Dictionary Of Biology (GEM & Rabia) 6. Principles Of Chordate By Khan Muhammad Rafeeq (Late) 7. Clinical Practice By Dr. Rauf Ismail 8. Feroz-Ul-Lughaat Urdu

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9. Encyclopedia of Science, Second Edition By Rob Nagel 10. Encyclopedia of Human Body Systems By Julie McDowell 11. FUNDAMENTALS OF BIOCHEMISTRY By J. L. JAIN

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12. Handbook of VITAMINS By Donald B. McCormick 13. Principles Of Angiosperms By Dr. Ikram-Ul- Haq

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id

14. Study Book Of Biology 1st & 2nd Year By Prof. Aihsan Elahi , Prof. Salah-ud-Deen


14/9-R Khanewal , Quetta

Tameer-i-Nau Public School & College Mob:0346-3985843

9th Biology Urdu Notes (iqbalkalmati.blogspot.com) 293r3

Overview 5o1f4z

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