19th Century - Mass Society 1r2o6s

Chapter 23: Mass Society in an “Age of Progress” (1871-1894) AP European History

http://www.youtube.co m/watch?v=buKR5FHCy CE Occupy Wallstreet Protests from March

In 2011, do we believe that “material progress means human progress”? What is “mass society”? Significance? ►

Lower class improvements:      

Mass male suffrage + standard of living Housing Education Leisure time Transportation

Society – more urbanized ► Greater role of the state (economy) ►

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Political consciousness/ loyalty to state  

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Mass male suffrage Mass press

State nominally loyal to the citizen   

Public health Legal equality Voting rights (Suffrage)

Characterize the 2nd Industrial Revolution?

Second Industrial Revolution (end of the 19th C.)… ►

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Material Progress = Human Progress  Technology as an answer to humankind‟s problems Improvement for middle, even lower classes  Voting rights, working conditions, standard of living, lower prices on consumer products, access to education, greater leisure time Society was becoming more urbanized and more nationalized  Development of mass culture The state (its central and local authorities) began to play a larger role in economic affairs

Big Idea ► The

Second Industrial Revolution during the late 19th century led to new products, new markets, new economic patterns, and new job opportunities for women.

First vs. Second Industrial Revolutions First Industrial Revolution

When? Where?

What?

1780-1850 Great Britain, , Belgium, German states, U.S. Textiles, RRs, iron, coal

Second Industrial Revolution 1870-1900 Rest of Europe and beyond

Steel, chemicals, electricity, petroleum

New Products/Technologies ► Steel

► Chemicals ► Electricity

(generators, hydroelectric power stations, coal fired power plants, light bulb, telephone, radio waves, electric railways) ► Internal combustion engine (Light engine, automobile, zeppelin, airplane, enger ships/planes)  Need for petroleum

► Increased

    

New Markets

importance of domestic markets Increasing population Decreasing prices (consumer goods, food) Increase in real wages/national incomes (consumers w/ disposable income) Increasing leisure time Consumer culture, department store model (p. 701) & mass marketing techniques

► Return

to higher tariffs ► Formation of cartels  “eliminate the anarchy of competition” ► Trend towards larger factories  Greater efficiencies, mechanization, lower labor costs

New Economic Patterns ► 1)

German industrial leadership

 British difficulty in transitioning to newer factories and techniques  British suspicions of innovations  German encouragement of formal scientific/technical education, government funded R&D  Effective cartels

New Economic Patterns ► 2)

European economic zones

 Industrialized in north and west  Agricultural in south and east

New Economic Patterns ► 3)

Spread of industrialization (Russia/Japan) ► 4) Formation of a true world economy  New Transport  Global investment – creation of new markets  Europe – advanced technology, capital resources, established industries, military strength

New Job Opportunities for Women Women‟s “right to work”? Resistance by working-class organizations against women in workforce ► Need to supplement husband‟s income  Sweating and Slop work ► Rise in white-collar jobs for women  Shift in female labor force from industrial to white-collar jobs ►

► Private/Public

sectors

**Limited advancement & no increase in the size of female work force

► Prostitution

 Its prevalence and legality (regulated by municipal authorities)  Women‟s loss of protective community and need for work  Contagious Diseases Acts (1870s/1880s) and lock hospitals  Josephine Butler, the “shrieking sisters”, and repeal of Contagious Diseases Acts (1886)

Outgrowth of Marxism – Socialist Parties ► ► ►

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1st Half of 19th C.  mutual aid societies 2nd Half of 19th C.  political parties/labor unions German Social Democratic Party (SPD)  Most successful socialist party in Europe (largest party in by 1912)  Founded in 1875 by Wilhelm Liebknecht and August Bebel  Spoke like Marxists, but once in power were willing to work within the system  Despite efforts to destroy it, saw continued growth Emerged in other countries too, but with less success (-unified Marxist parties by 1905)

Socialist Parties RECALL – Marxism was intended to be an international movement!!! ► Failure of Second International Workingman‟s Association (founded in 1889) *May Day* ► Evolutionary socialism (aka revisionism)  Eduard Bernstein – Evolutionary Socialism ►

(p. 707)  “…pure negation would not be accepted by the voters. The masses demand that something should be done today irrespective of what will happen on the • Collapse of Capitalist system morrow.”  Many condemned this form of socialism (Anarchist movement – abolition of the state and its institutions – eventually via assassinations)

– not immanent • # of Capitalists broadened • Slow evolution – “steady advance” over catastrophic crash”

De-radicalization of Marxism  Despite the Anarchist Movement (Radical Marxism) Mikhail Bakunin – “propaganda by

the deed”

 Marxist ideology – evolves into socialist party representation, increased union hip (in Britain/…but still a minority of workers), and collective bargaining  BIG IDEA – moderate democratic reform vs. radical revolution – leads to greater working class political consciousness and urban/working class reforms

 Nationalism – How does it present a problem to the Marxist doctrine? ►Socialists

ed their nation first, and the working class second

►Why

were these national loyalties a greater influence than class loyalties?

► Despite

having nominal political voice, in what ways was the public made more ive and pliable during the second half of the nineteenth century with the development of a “mass society”?

 Basic needs (housing, wages, purchasing power, medicine) were addressed to a greater degree by the state  Sports/leisure served as a distraction  Sensational “yellow” (US) journalism served as a distraction  Near universal education created loyalty, patriotism, nationalism, indoctrination (state/industry)  Intense preoccupation with material status as a distraction

Improvement of Living Conditions ►

1840s Urban Reform movement  Epidemic disease ► Public

Health Act of 1875 *modern Plumbing to new construction*

 Housing ► Housing

Act 1890 – local gov‟t taxes

 Redesign of cities (Paris/Vienna) ► Transportation

to suburbs Octavia Hill‟s Red Cross Garden - London

Ebenezer Howard – Garden City Movement

► BIG

IDEA: Government intervention as a means to distribute/reduce risk and prevent larger societal costs: Army  Invasion Gov‟t Aid  Famine/Natural Disasters Police Violence Fire Depts.  Fire Public Health Depts.  Pollution/Epidemics National Health Insurance  Sickness Destitution/Homelessness/Working class discontent Housing  Overpopulation  ideas about family planning       

Upper Classes:

aristocracy and plutocrats

Middle Classes: professionals, lower middle class, and white-collar workers Lower Classes: Rural lower class, urban working class (skilled, semiskilled, and unskilled laborers)

►

Upper Classes: aristocracy and plutocrats

Upper classes (5%/35% of wealth)  Aristocracy and plutocrats (successful industrialists, bankers, and merchants) ►Plutocrats slowly took over most of the wealth  E.g., Bertha Krupp

 Began to fuse into a single elite class ►Choice of housing ►Universities ►Marriage

►Middle

classes

 Middle class “Victorian” values ►Progress

& science ►Hard work ►Christian morality ►propriety

Middle Classes (15%): Managers, professionals, lower middle class, and whitecollar workers

Lower classes (80%)  Shared values of middle class  Better working conditions and more leisure time ► 10-hour workdays; weekends  Better living conditions ► Boards of health, universal healthcare (Bismarck) ► Building inspectors ► Public Health Act (1875) ► Octavia Hill ► garden-city movement ► Housing Act of 1890  More disposable income Lower Classes: ► French workers spent:  75% of income on food in Rural lower class, urban working 1870 class (skilled, semiskilled, and  60% of income on food in unskilled laborers/dom. servants) 1900  Liberal idea: “the government that governs least governs best” - fallacy ►

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Mass Society “The Woman Question” and the Family  Role of women? (p. 716 – Ibsen‟s Doll House) ► declining presence in the industrial workplace ► growing presence in low level white collar istrative roles ► Domestic role – moral and economic justification  Marriage – an economic necessity  Middle Class Housewives: Image vs. reality (servants?) Contraception? Middle Class Family vs. Working Class Family Children – views of children: dependents vs. wage earners – Impact? Education?  Government responsibility – national (); local ()  Universal elementary education – state – Austria, , Britain  Role of education – liberals/conservatives  Boy scouts – militarization Literacy on the rise Mass Leisure – weekend – dance halls – tourism – team sports

The National State during the Late 19th Century ►

How did liberalism continue to grow in Britain?  Recall: Reform Acts of 1832, 1867, Gladstone‟s reforms Reform Act of 1884 expanded voting - Regular rents/taxes

Redistribution Act of 1885 equal population to reps

1911 – Payment of Salaries to House of Commons

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Henry VI (1432) - male owners of property worth at least forty shillings a significant sum, were entitled to vote in a county. The rules for boroughs were complex, but also restrictive.

British Voting Reform Acts ► Reform Act 1832 - voting rights extended to adult males who rented propertied land of a certain value, so allowing 1 in 7 males in the UK voting rights ► Reform Act 1867 - enfranchised all male householders, so increasing male suffrage to the United Kingdom  From 1 to 2 million ► Representation of the People Act 1884 - amended the Reform Act of 1867 so that it would apply equally to the countryside; this brought the voting population to 5,500,000, although 40% of males were still disenfranchised, whilst women could not vote ► Redistribution Act of 1885 ► Payment to of the House of Commons (1911) ► Suffrage movements (women, non-propertied men) halted with WWI (1914-1918) ► Representation of the People Act 1918 – soldiers/women in industry pushed for voting rights  Property restrictions for voting were lifted for men (age 21)  Women – property restrictions (age 30)  Electorate from 7.7 million to 21.4 million with women making up 40% of the electorate  Seven percent of the electorate had more than one vote. ► Representation of the People Act 1928 - women's voting rights equal with men (Age 21 – no property restrictions) ► Representation of the People Act 1948 - the act was ed to prevent plural voting ► Representation of the People Act 1969 - extension of suffrage to those 18 and older ► The Representation of the People Acts of 1983, 1985 and 2000 further modified voting ► Electoral istration Act 2006 - modified the ways in which people were able to vote and reduced the age of standing at a public election from 21 to 18.

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How did the British deal with the “Irish question”?  Recall: Act of Union (1707) “Great Britain”  Act of Union (1801) “United Kingdom”  British exploitation and Irish Land League‟s call for land reform (Recall: absentee landlords of potato famine…)  Growth of Irish nationalism (Charles Parnell)  1870-William Gladstone‟s failed attempts at Irish home rule (separate parliament) – opposed by conservatives in 1886, 1893

1801: Act of Union (with Ireland)

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What impact did ‟s failure in Franco-Prussian War have?  Recall: Ems dispatch and ‟s defeat, French desire for vengeance  End of Louis-Napoleon‟s empire – short lived republican government (German influence)  The Commune (March – May 1871) ►Upper/Middle Class Royalists vs. Working Class Republicans

Today: Montmarte Basilica of the Sacré Cœur

Paris Commune  Resistance by National Assembly  of working class

 Fear of Communards  Brutal repression of Commune  legacy

Formation of Third Republic (1875-1940)  Failure of monarchists to reach compromise  Constitution of 1875 ►Bicameral – universal male suffrage, president, PM – able to Chamber of Deputies (lower house)  Its weakness/foes ►Monarchists, clergy, army, aristocrats ► Boulanger Crisis (1889)  Inspired by nationalist revenge for Franco-Prussian War Boulanger's  General Georges Boulanger reported in  The unfulfilled coup Journal (10 ►

1891)

suicide, Le Petit October

► What

problems and concerns did the new Italy face after unification?

Italy/Spain Italy – “we have made Italy; now we must make Italians”  Italians loyal to family, towns, and regions  Poor agricultural South rich industrial North  Catholic Church angry at losing Papal States  Workers vs industrialists  Limited suffrage  Government lacked stability and corrupt ► Spain  1875 Constitution – liberal/conservative parties, limited suffrage based on property  Loss of Spanish American War (1898)  Generation of 1898 – unrest – crushed uprising in 1909 (liberal reforms/socialist backlash) ►

► How

did Bismarck maintain his conservative domination of ?  Recall: unification of (1871), role of Bismarck (realpolitik, conservatism, militarism)

Continued importance of Prussian Junkers

Domination of government by Kaiser Wilhelm I and Chancellor Bismarck

► Not

truly unified

 Bundesrat – 25 states – Bavaria/Prussia – kept kings/post offices/armies ► Not

a liberal democracy

 Reichstag – no ministerial authority (chancellor) – ultimately authoritarian under Emperor  Army – defender of the monarchy/aristocracy (Junker officers)  Kulturkampf – radicalization of catholics – catholic center party – Bismarck negotiates

Bismarck’s failed Kulturkampf (“struggle for civilization”)

Pius IX: “The last move was certainly unpleasant for me; but the game is not up yet. I

still have a very nice move coming up.”

Bismarck: “That will be your last one, and then in a few moves you will have lost, at

least in .”

►Bismarck‟s

attack on socialism (SPD)  b/c it was too anticapitalist, anti-monarchy, anti-nationalist  Attempts at repression ►1878: outlawed German Social Democratic Party  Social welfare and attempt to pacify workers and get them to vote against their interests  Failed to stop spread of socialism

►“dropping

the pilot”

Der Lotse geht von Bord

p. 727

Austria ► Austria quasi-parliamentary system (Francis Joseph) ► How did Austria-Hungary attempt to deal with their „nationalities problem‟? ► Von Taafe‟s conciliatory policies ► Led to his downfall and nationalist minority discontent ► Habsburg monarchy, Catholicism, bureaucracy sources of unity Hungary ► Dominated by Hungarian landowners ► Magyarization (imposition of Hungarian language)

Count Edward von Taafe‟s failed reforms

Russia ► ►

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Assassination of Alexander II (1881)  Had been reform minded Alexander III (1881-1894) and his “exceptional measures”  Secret police – went after advocates of const. monarchy, social reform, revolutionary groups  Martial law declared  Zemstvos‟ power limited  Russifcation (language) – angered much of 60% of population Nicholas II (1894-1917)  Attempted to retain autocracy amid industrialization and unrest…