17 Ecological Relationships-s-pogil-23natalia 28544y
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Natalia Cocom and Lili Trujeque 20/7/16 Ecological Relationships What symbiotic relationships are seen in ecosystems?
Why? All living organisms need each other in some way to survive. This can include the interactions between predators and their prey, the close associations between and among living things (symbiosis), or the competitive relationships between and among species. All of these relationships may be equally advantageous to the parties involved, or they may be more beneficial to one organism over the other.
Model 1 – Predator–Prey Relationships Relationship between Snowshoe Hares and Lynx
Ecological Relationships
1
4
6
2
20 0
2
POGIL™ Activities for High School Biology
1845 1850 1855 1860 1865 1870 1875 1880 1885 1890 1895 1900 1905 1910 1915 1920 1925 1930 1935
Year
1. Refer to the graph in Model 1. a. What does the y axis on the left represent? Number of hares b. What does the y axis on the right represent? Number of lynx c. For both y axes, what value do the numbers on the axes need to be multiplied by? 1000 2. What was the approximate population of snowshoe hares in 1865? 160,000 3. What was the approximate population of lynx in 1865? 5000 4. When the number of snowshoe hares is high, what happens to the number of lynx? Use actual data from the graph to your observation. When the snowshoe hares increase in population so does the lynx. It can be seen that in 1865 they both increased and in 1970 they both decreased.
5. What happens to the population of lynx as the number of snowshoe hares decreases? Use actual data from the graph to your observation. The lynx population starts to decrease 6. Propose an explanation for the apparent cause and effect relationship between the populations of lynx and hares. They are predator (lynx) and prey (hare) 7. What does this information tell you a. about the effect of size of prey populations on the number of predators? As the prey population increases, so does the lynx population b. about the effect of predators on the populations of their prey? As the predator population increases, the hare population begins to decrease
Ecological Relationships
3
8. What other factor would influence the size of the hare population in addition to the size of the population of lynx? Availability of food for the hare, spread of disease, weather, seasons
Model 2 – Symbiosis Symbiotic Relationship
Organism 1
Organism 2
Description of the relationship
Dog
Flea
The flea feeds on blood from the dog. There is no benefit to the dog and the itching and bites may lead to infection.
Parasitism
Fungus
Algae
The photosynthetic algae provide food for the fungus, which in turn provides a suitable living environment for the algae.
Mutualism
Termite
Cellulosedigesting bacteria
The bacteria in the gut of the termite breakdown and feed on some of the cellulose taken in by the termite. The termite would be unable to digest cellulose without these bacteria and they gain an additional source of nutrition from the surplus digested cellulose.
Mutualism
Shark
Remora
The Remora fish swim alongside the shark and take scraps of food that the shark drops during feeding. The shark does not eat the Remora and appears unaffected by its presence.
Commensalism
Cattle
Cattle egret
The cattle egret follows herds of cattle and eats the insects that the cattle stir up as they move through the grassland. The cattle appear to be unaffected by the egrets.
Commensalism
Human
Tapeworm
The tapeworm lives in the small intestines where it feeds and grows, robbing the human of essential nutrients. 9. Refer to the information given in Model 2.
4
Parasitism
POGIL™ Activities for High School Biology
a. In the dog and flea relationship, is there a benefit for one of the organisms or for both? one b. Is either the dog or the flea harmed by this relationship? yes c. Which other relationship in Model 2 is similar to that between the dog and flea? Human and tapeworm 10. Refer to the fungus and algae relationship in Model 2. a. Is there a benefit for one of the organisms or for both? both b. Is either the fungus or the algae harmed by this relationship? no c. Which other relationship in Model 2 is similar to that between the fungus and the algae? Termite and bacteria 11. Refer to the shark and remora relationship in Model 2. a. In the shark and remora relationship, is there a benefit for one of the organisms or for both? Only one b. Is either the shark or the remora harmed by this relationship? neither c. Which other relationship in Model 2 is similar to that between the shark and the remora? Cattle and cattle egret
Read This! Symbiotic relationships are identified by how they affect the organisms involved. The three types of symbiotic relationships are listed below. • Mutualism: Both organisms benefit from the relationship. • Parasitism: One organism benefits and the other is harmed. • Commensalism: One organism benefits and there is no effect on the other. 12
. Using the information from Read theThis! box, label each of the relationships in Model 2 as
Ecological Relationships
5
mutualism, parasitism or commensalism. 13. With your group, choose one of the organism pairs from Model 2 and justify why you categorized the relationship as you did. We labelled the cattle and cattle egret as commensalism because the cattle egret is benefiting from the cow as it walks through the grass but there is no harm to the cow.
Model 3 – Inter- and Intra-specific Competition Graph A
6
Graph B
POGIL™ Activities for High School Biology
Relative Population Size
grown togethe
P. caudatum
P. coudatum
and
P. aurelia
P. aurelia
P. aurelia andP. caudatum grown separately
Relative Population Size
P. aurelia P. coudatum
Ecological Relationships
7
0
20 Number of Days
0
20 Number of Days
Graph C Rate of growth of R. tigrina tadpoles in populations of different sizes.
8
POGIL™ Activities for High School Biology
to occur. for metamorphosis Minimum mass needed 5 individuals 40 individuals 60 individuals 160individuals
0.6 0.8 0.4 1.0 0.2
Mean Body Mass (g) 0
Ecological Relationships
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
9
Time (weeks)
What are the names of the species in graphs A and B in Model 3? P. Aurelia and P. caudatum
14. Which graph shows competition between two different species? Graph B 15. Which graph in Model 3 shows population growth for only one species? Graph C
What is the difference between the growing conditions in graph A and graph B? In Graph A, each paramecium species is grown SEPARATELY whereas in Graph B they are grown together
P. caudatum and P. aurelia are both species of Paramecium, a microscopic protozoan. P. caudatum is the larger of the two species. When grown separately, which of the two species reaches a larger relative population size after 20 days? P. aurelia
16. When grown separately is there a substantial difference in the relative population size of the two types of paramecia after 20 days? No
17. Compare graphs A and B in Model 3. a. Which population of species of Paramecium is more affected when the two species are grown together? P. caudatum is more negatively affected
b. Considering that P. caudatum is 50% larger in size than P. aurelia, develop a hypothesis with your group to explain why interspecific competition has an effect on the relative population size of P. caudatum. P. aurelia is more efficient at harvesting food than the larger P. caudatum. This provided a survival advantage over P. caudatum while competing over the same limited resource.
10
POGIL™ Activities for High School Biology
21. In a grammatically correct sentence, define interspecific competition. a form of competition in which individuals of different species compete for the same resource in an ecosystem (e.g. food or living space). 22. Refer to graph C in Model 3. a. Describe the species of organism represented by the graph. R. Tigrina (tadpoles) b. These tadpoles are confined to a limited environment. What are they all competing for in that environment? For food , light, living space 23. What is the minimum mean body mass required for metamorphosis of a tadpole to occur? 0.75 grams 24. When there are only five tadpoles, how long does it take for metamorphosis to occur? 3 weeks 25. When the number of individuals is increased to 60, what is the effect on the time taken for metamorphosis to occur? 6 weeks…doubles 26. When the number of individuals is increased to 160, what is the effect on the time taken for metamorphosis to occur? The time it takes is about 9 weeks…it triples. 27. Propose an explanation for why the population size affects the number of weeks before metamorphosis of the tadpoles occurs. Food is limited and the larger the population size the more competition for food so they will take longer to develop or gain the necessary weight for metamorphosis to take place.
28. The type of competition represented by graph C is referred to as intraspecific competition. What is different about this compared to the competition seen in graph B?
Ecological Relationships
11
Intraspecific is an interaction in population ecology, whereby of the same species compete for limited resources. This is in graph C where food is limited but no individual overpowers or kills off the others while in Graph B there seems to be a dominant species that gets more food than the other and so the weaker one begins to die off slowly.
12
POGIL™ Activities for High School Biology
Extension Question 29. An investigation was carried out into competition between two species of grass, Bromus madritensis and B. rigidus. Equal numbers of seeds of B. madritensis were sown in a number of different pots. In each pot, an equal number of seeds of B. rigidus was then sown a different number of days after B. madritensis. The results are shown in the graph below. Given that the total dry mass of plant material was the same in each pot, summarize the main conclusions that can be drawn from this investigation. Suggest an explanation for the results when the delay before sowing B. rigidus was 30 days. 100
80
Percentage contribution of B. madritensis to total dry mass after 45 days
60
40
20
0 0
10
20
30
Delay before planting B. madritensis/days I can conclude that it takes about 25 days for the plant to fully mature and then because of the competition for light and food it slowed down its growth.
Ecological Relationships
13
Why? All living organisms need each other in some way to survive. This can include the interactions between predators and their prey, the close associations between and among living things (symbiosis), or the competitive relationships between and among species. All of these relationships may be equally advantageous to the parties involved, or they may be more beneficial to one organism over the other.
Model 1 – Predator–Prey Relationships Relationship between Snowshoe Hares and Lynx
Ecological Relationships
1
4
6
2
20 0
2
POGIL™ Activities for High School Biology
1845 1850 1855 1860 1865 1870 1875 1880 1885 1890 1895 1900 1905 1910 1915 1920 1925 1930 1935
Year
1. Refer to the graph in Model 1. a. What does the y axis on the left represent? Number of hares b. What does the y axis on the right represent? Number of lynx c. For both y axes, what value do the numbers on the axes need to be multiplied by? 1000 2. What was the approximate population of snowshoe hares in 1865? 160,000 3. What was the approximate population of lynx in 1865? 5000 4. When the number of snowshoe hares is high, what happens to the number of lynx? Use actual data from the graph to your observation. When the snowshoe hares increase in population so does the lynx. It can be seen that in 1865 they both increased and in 1970 they both decreased.
5. What happens to the population of lynx as the number of snowshoe hares decreases? Use actual data from the graph to your observation. The lynx population starts to decrease 6. Propose an explanation for the apparent cause and effect relationship between the populations of lynx and hares. They are predator (lynx) and prey (hare) 7. What does this information tell you a. about the effect of size of prey populations on the number of predators? As the prey population increases, so does the lynx population b. about the effect of predators on the populations of their prey? As the predator population increases, the hare population begins to decrease
Ecological Relationships
3
8. What other factor would influence the size of the hare population in addition to the size of the population of lynx? Availability of food for the hare, spread of disease, weather, seasons
Model 2 – Symbiosis Symbiotic Relationship
Organism 1
Organism 2
Description of the relationship
Dog
Flea
The flea feeds on blood from the dog. There is no benefit to the dog and the itching and bites may lead to infection.
Parasitism
Fungus
Algae
The photosynthetic algae provide food for the fungus, which in turn provides a suitable living environment for the algae.
Mutualism
Termite
Cellulosedigesting bacteria
The bacteria in the gut of the termite breakdown and feed on some of the cellulose taken in by the termite. The termite would be unable to digest cellulose without these bacteria and they gain an additional source of nutrition from the surplus digested cellulose.
Mutualism
Shark
Remora
The Remora fish swim alongside the shark and take scraps of food that the shark drops during feeding. The shark does not eat the Remora and appears unaffected by its presence.
Commensalism
Cattle
Cattle egret
The cattle egret follows herds of cattle and eats the insects that the cattle stir up as they move through the grassland. The cattle appear to be unaffected by the egrets.
Commensalism
Human
Tapeworm
The tapeworm lives in the small intestines where it feeds and grows, robbing the human of essential nutrients. 9. Refer to the information given in Model 2.
4
Parasitism
POGIL™ Activities for High School Biology
a. In the dog and flea relationship, is there a benefit for one of the organisms or for both? one b. Is either the dog or the flea harmed by this relationship? yes c. Which other relationship in Model 2 is similar to that between the dog and flea? Human and tapeworm 10. Refer to the fungus and algae relationship in Model 2. a. Is there a benefit for one of the organisms or for both? both b. Is either the fungus or the algae harmed by this relationship? no c. Which other relationship in Model 2 is similar to that between the fungus and the algae? Termite and bacteria 11. Refer to the shark and remora relationship in Model 2. a. In the shark and remora relationship, is there a benefit for one of the organisms or for both? Only one b. Is either the shark or the remora harmed by this relationship? neither c. Which other relationship in Model 2 is similar to that between the shark and the remora? Cattle and cattle egret
Read This! Symbiotic relationships are identified by how they affect the organisms involved. The three types of symbiotic relationships are listed below. • Mutualism: Both organisms benefit from the relationship. • Parasitism: One organism benefits and the other is harmed. • Commensalism: One organism benefits and there is no effect on the other. 12
. Using the information from Read theThis! box, label each of the relationships in Model 2 as
Ecological Relationships
5
mutualism, parasitism or commensalism. 13. With your group, choose one of the organism pairs from Model 2 and justify why you categorized the relationship as you did. We labelled the cattle and cattle egret as commensalism because the cattle egret is benefiting from the cow as it walks through the grass but there is no harm to the cow.
Model 3 – Inter- and Intra-specific Competition Graph A
6
Graph B
POGIL™ Activities for High School Biology
Relative Population Size
grown togethe
P. caudatum
P. coudatum
and
P. aurelia
P. aurelia
P. aurelia andP. caudatum grown separately
Relative Population Size
P. aurelia P. coudatum
Ecological Relationships
7
0
20 Number of Days
0
20 Number of Days
Graph C Rate of growth of R. tigrina tadpoles in populations of different sizes.
8
POGIL™ Activities for High School Biology
to occur. for metamorphosis Minimum mass needed 5 individuals 40 individuals 60 individuals 160individuals
0.6 0.8 0.4 1.0 0.2
Mean Body Mass (g) 0
Ecological Relationships
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
9
Time (weeks)
What are the names of the species in graphs A and B in Model 3? P. Aurelia and P. caudatum
14. Which graph shows competition between two different species? Graph B 15. Which graph in Model 3 shows population growth for only one species? Graph C
What is the difference between the growing conditions in graph A and graph B? In Graph A, each paramecium species is grown SEPARATELY whereas in Graph B they are grown together
P. caudatum and P. aurelia are both species of Paramecium, a microscopic protozoan. P. caudatum is the larger of the two species. When grown separately, which of the two species reaches a larger relative population size after 20 days? P. aurelia
16. When grown separately is there a substantial difference in the relative population size of the two types of paramecia after 20 days? No
17. Compare graphs A and B in Model 3. a. Which population of species of Paramecium is more affected when the two species are grown together? P. caudatum is more negatively affected
b. Considering that P. caudatum is 50% larger in size than P. aurelia, develop a hypothesis with your group to explain why interspecific competition has an effect on the relative population size of P. caudatum. P. aurelia is more efficient at harvesting food than the larger P. caudatum. This provided a survival advantage over P. caudatum while competing over the same limited resource.
10
POGIL™ Activities for High School Biology
21. In a grammatically correct sentence, define interspecific competition. a form of competition in which individuals of different species compete for the same resource in an ecosystem (e.g. food or living space). 22. Refer to graph C in Model 3. a. Describe the species of organism represented by the graph. R. Tigrina (tadpoles) b. These tadpoles are confined to a limited environment. What are they all competing for in that environment? For food , light, living space 23. What is the minimum mean body mass required for metamorphosis of a tadpole to occur? 0.75 grams 24. When there are only five tadpoles, how long does it take for metamorphosis to occur? 3 weeks 25. When the number of individuals is increased to 60, what is the effect on the time taken for metamorphosis to occur? 6 weeks…doubles 26. When the number of individuals is increased to 160, what is the effect on the time taken for metamorphosis to occur? The time it takes is about 9 weeks…it triples. 27. Propose an explanation for why the population size affects the number of weeks before metamorphosis of the tadpoles occurs. Food is limited and the larger the population size the more competition for food so they will take longer to develop or gain the necessary weight for metamorphosis to take place.
28. The type of competition represented by graph C is referred to as intraspecific competition. What is different about this compared to the competition seen in graph B?
Ecological Relationships
11
Intraspecific is an interaction in population ecology, whereby of the same species compete for limited resources. This is in graph C where food is limited but no individual overpowers or kills off the others while in Graph B there seems to be a dominant species that gets more food than the other and so the weaker one begins to die off slowly.
12
POGIL™ Activities for High School Biology
Extension Question 29. An investigation was carried out into competition between two species of grass, Bromus madritensis and B. rigidus. Equal numbers of seeds of B. madritensis were sown in a number of different pots. In each pot, an equal number of seeds of B. rigidus was then sown a different number of days after B. madritensis. The results are shown in the graph below. Given that the total dry mass of plant material was the same in each pot, summarize the main conclusions that can be drawn from this investigation. Suggest an explanation for the results when the delay before sowing B. rigidus was 30 days. 100
80
Percentage contribution of B. madritensis to total dry mass after 45 days
60
40
20
0 0
10
20
30
Delay before planting B. madritensis/days I can conclude that it takes about 25 days for the plant to fully mature and then because of the competition for light and food it slowed down its growth.
Ecological Relationships
13
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