10 Tips For Tricking Out And Optimizing Your Android Smartphone j6e6b

tag). Adobe Flash Streaming (RTMP) is ed through Adobe Flash Player plugin. Apple HTTP Live Streaming is ed through Streaming third party media player (Nextreaming NexPlayer). Microsoft Smooth media Streaming is planned to be ed through the awaited port of Silverlight plugin to Android. Adobe Flash HTTP Dynamic Streaming is planned to be ed through an upgrade of the Flash plugin.

Additional hardware

Android can use video/still cameras, touchscreens, GPS, accelerometers, gyroscopes, magnetometers, proximity and pressure sensors, thermometers, accelerated 2D bit blits (with hardware orientation, scaling, pixel format conversion) and accelerated 3D graphics.

Development Includes a device emulator, tools for debugging, memory and performance environment profiling, and a plugin for the Eclipse IDE. Market

Like many phone-based application stores, the Android Market is a catalog of applications that can be ed and installed to target hardware over-theair, without the use of a PC. Originally only free applications were ed.

Paid-for applications have been available on the Android Market in the United States since 19 February 2009.[70] The Android Market has been expanding rapidly. As of August 3, 2010, it had over 100,000 Android applications for .[71] There are other markets, such as SlideME and Getjar, but Google's Android Market is the only one whose er is installed on every Google Android phone.

Multi-touch

Bluetooth

Android has native for multi-touch which was initially made available in handsets such as the HTC Hero. The feature was originally disabled at the kernel level (possibly to avoid infringing Apple's patents on touch-screen technology).[72] Google has since released an update for the Nexus One and the Motorola Droid which enables multi-touch natively.[73] for A2DP and AVR were added in version 1.5;[36] sending files (OPP) and accessing the phone book (PBAP) were added in version 2.0;[42] and voice dialing and sending s between phones were added in version 2.2. [48]

Videocalling

The mainstream Android version doesn't videocalling,[74] however some handsets could have a customized version of the operating system which s it (like the Samsung i9000 Galaxy S and HTC Evo 4G).

Multitasking Multitasking of applications is available.[75] Voice based features

Google search through Voice is available as Search Input since initial release. [76] Also launched Voice actions ed on Android 2.2 onwards.

Tethering

Android s tethering, which allows a phone to be used as a wireless/wired hotspot (All 2.2 Froyo phones, unofficial on phones running 1.6 or higher via applications available in the Android Market, e.g. PdaNet). To allow a laptop to share the 3G connection on an Android phone software may need to be installed on both the phone and the laptop[77]

[edit] Hardware running Android Main article: List of Android devices The Android OS can be used to power cellphones, netbooks and tablet PCs, including the Dell Streak, Samsung Galaxy Tab and other devices.[78][79]

The world's first TV running Android, called Scandinavia, has also been launched by the company People of Lava.[80] The first commercially available phone to run the Android operating system was the HTC Dream, released on 22 October 2008.[81]

[edit] Software development

Early Android device. The early on developing applications for the Android platform was mixed.[82] Issues cited include bugs, lack of documentation, inadequate QA infrastructure, and no public issuetracking system. (Google announced an issue tracker on 18 January 2008.)[83] In December 2007, MergeLab mobile startup founder Adam MacBeth stated, "Functionality is not there, is poorly documented or just doesn't work... It's clearly not ready for prime time."[84] Despite this, Androidtargeted applications began to appear the week after the platform was announced. The first publicly available application was the Snake game.[85][86] The Android Dev Phone is a SIMunlocked and hardware-unlocked device that is designed for advanced developers. While developers can use regular consumer devices purchased at retail to test and use their applications, some developers may choose not to use a retail device, preferring an unlocked or no-contract device.

[edit] Software development kit The Android SDK includes a comprehensive set of development tools.[87] These include a debugger, libraries, a handset emulator (based on QEMU), documentation, sample code, and tutorials. Currently ed development platforms include x86-architecture computers running Linux (any modern desktop Linux distribution), Mac OS X 10.4.9 or later, Windows XP or Vista. Requirements also include Java Development Kit, Apache Ant, and Python 2.2 or later. The officially ed integrated development environment (IDE) is Eclipse (3.2 or later) using

the Android Development Tools (ADT) Plugin, though developers may use any text editor to edit Java and XML files then use command line tools to create, build and debug Android applications as well as control attached Android devices (e.g., triggering a reboot, installing software package(s) remotely).[88] A preview release of the Android software development kit (SDK) was released on 12 November 2007. On 15 July 2008, the Android Developer Challenge Team accidentally sent an email to all entrants in the Android Developer Challenge announcing that a new release of the SDK was available in a "private" area. The email was intended for winners of the first round of the Android Developer Challenge. The revelation that Google was supplying new SDK releases to some developers and not others (and keeping this arrangement private) has led to widely reported frustration within the Android developer community.[89] On 18 August 2008 the Android 0.9 SDK beta was released. This release provided an updated and extended API, improved development tools and an updated design for the home screen. Detailed instructions for upgrading are available to those already working with an earlier release. [90] On 23 September 2008 the Android 1.0 SDK (Release 1) was released.[91] According to the release notes, it included "mainly bug fixes, although some smaller features were added". It also included several API changes from the 0.9 version. This section overlaps with other sections too much. It should be combined with the rest of the article. Please improve this article if you can.

On 9 March 2009, Google released version 1.1 for the Android dev phone. While there are a few aesthetic updates, a few crucial updates include for "search by voice, priced applications, alarm clock fixes, sending gmail freeze fix, fixes mail notifications and refreshing intervals, and now the maps show business reviews". Another important update is that Dev phones can now access paid applications and developers can now see them on the Android Market.[92] In the middle of May 2009, Google released version 1.5 (Cupcake) of the Android OS and SDK. This update included many new features including video recording, for the stereo Bluetooth profile, a customizable onscreen keyboard system and voice recognition. This release also opened up the AppWidget framework to third party developers allowing anyone to create their own home screen widgets.[93] In September 2009 the "Donut" version (1.6) was released which featured better search, battery usage indicator and VPN control applet. New platform technologies included Text to Speech engine (not available on all phones), Gestures & Accessibility framework.[94] Android Applications are packaged in .apk format and stored under /data/app folder on the Android OS. The can run the command adb root to access this folder as only the root has permissions to access this folder.

[edit] Android Market

Main article: Android Market On 28th August 2008 Google announced the Android Market which was available to s on 22nd October 2008. for paid applications was available from 13th February 2009 for US and UK developers[95], with additional from 29 countires on 30th September 2010[96]. The [Android Market] is the official location for applications and games for Android powered devices, in mobile phone the Market application is built in and integrated with each version of the OS to allow 's quick access to a range of applications and games that will be usable on their individual device.[97] There is a huge amount of games, applications and widgets available on the [Android Market] with the number of applications being cited in November 2010 at 160,000[98].

[edit] App Inventor for Android Main article: Google App Inventor On July 12, 2010 Google announced the availability of App Inventor for Android, a Web-based visual development environment for novice programmers, based on MIT's Open Blocks Java library and providing access to Android devices' GPS, accelerometer and orientation data, phone functions, text messaging, speech-to-text conversion, data, persistent storage, and Web services, initially including Amazon and Twitter.[99] "We could only have done this because Android’s architecture is so open," said the project director, MIT's Hal Abelson.[100] Under development for over a year,[101] the block-editing tool has been taught to non-majors in computer science at Harvard, MIT, Wellsley, and the University of San Francisco, where professor David Wolber developed an introductory computer science course and tutorial book for non-computer science students based on App Inventor for Android.[102][103]

[edit] Android Developer Challenge Main article: Android Developer Challenge The Android Developer Challenge was a competition for the most innovative application for Android. Google offered prizes totaling 10 million US dollars, distributed between ADC I and ADC II. ADC I accepted submissions from 2 January to 14 April 2008. The 50 most promising entries, announced on 12 May 2008, each received a $25,000 award to fund further development. [104][105] It ended in early September with the announcement of ten teams that received $275,000 each, and ten teams that received $100,000 each.[106] ADC II was announced on 27 May 2009.[107] The first round of the ADC II closed on 6 October 2009.[108] The first-round winners of ADC II comprising the top 200 applications were announced on 5 November 2009. Voting for the second round also opened on the same day and ended on November 25. Google announced the top winners of ADC II on November 30, with SweetDreams, What the Doodle!? and WaveSecure being nominated the overall winners of the challenge.[109][110]

[edit] Google applications

Google has also participated in the Android Market by offering several applications for its services. These applications include Google Voice for the Google Voice service, Sky Map for watching stars, Finance for their finance service, Maps Editor for their MyMaps service, Places Directory for their Local Search, Google Goggles that searches by image, Gesture Search for using finger written letters and numbers to search the contents of the phone, Google Translate, Google Shopper, Listen for podcasts and My Tracks, a jogging application. In August 2010, Google launched "Voice Actions for Android",[111] which allows s to search, write messages, and initiate calls by voice.

[edit] Third party applications With the growing number of Android handsets, there has also been an increased interest by third party developers to port their applications to the Android operating system. Notable applications that have been converted to the Android operating system include Shazam, Doodle Jump, and WeatherBug. The Android operating system has grown significantly, and a lot of the most popular internet sites and services have created native applications. These include MySpace, Facebook, and Twitter. As of 15 July 2010, the Android Marketplace had over 70,000 applications, with over 1 billion s.[112][113]

[edit] Languages (locales) The locales for Android are: (from Android 2.2) 

Chinese, People's Republic of China (zh_CN)



Chinese, Taiwan (zh_TW)



Czech (cs_CZ)



Dutch, Netherlands (nl_NL)



Dutch, Belgium (nl_BE)



English, United States (en_US)



English, United Kingdom (en_GB)



English, Canada (en_CA)



English, Australia (en_AU)



English, New Zealand (en_NZ)



English, Singapore(en_SG)



French, (fr_FR)



French, Belgium (fr_BE)



French, Canada (fr_CA)



French, Switzerland (fr_CH)



German, (de_DE)



German, Austria (de_AT)



German, Switzerland (de_CH)



German, Liechtenstein (de_LI)



Hebrew, Israel (iw_IL)



Italian, Italy (it_IT)



Italian, Switzerland (it_CH)



Norwegian



Japanese (ja_JP)



Korean (ko_KR)



Polish (pl_PL)



Russian (ru_RU)



Spanish (es_ES)[114]

[edit] Native code

Libraries written in C and other languages can be compiled to ARM native code and installed using the Android Native Development Kit. Native classes can be called from Java code running under the Dalvik VM using the System.loadLibrary call, which is part of the standard Android Java classes.[115][116] Complete applications can be compiled and installed using traditional development tools.[117] The ADB debugger gives a root shell under the Android Emulator which allows native ARM code to be ed and executed. ARM code can be compiled using GCC on a standard PC.[117] Running native code is complicated by the fact that Android uses a non-standard C library (libc, known as Bionic). The underlying graphics device is available as a framebuffer at /dev/graphics/fb0.[118] The graphics library that Android uses to arbitrate and control access to this device is called the Skia Graphics Library (SGL), and it has been released under an open source license.[119] Skia has backends for both win32 and Unix, allowing the development of cross-platform applications, and it is the graphics engine underlying the Google Chrome web browser.[120]

[edit] Community-based firmware There is a community of open-source enthusiasts that build and share Android-based firmware with a number of customizations and additional features, such as FLAC lossless audio and the ability to store ed applications on the microSD card.[121] This usually involves rooting the device. Rooting lets s load modified firmwares allowing s of older phones to use applications available only on newer releases.[122] Those firmware packages are updated frequently, incorporate elements of Android functionality that haven't yet been officially released within a carrier-sanctioned firmware, and tend to have fewer limitations. CyanogenMod and VillainROM are two examples of such firmware. On 24 September 2009, Google issued a cease and desist letter[123] to the modder Cyanogen, citing issues with the re-distribution of Google's closed-source applications[124] within the custom firmware. Even though most of Android OS is open source, phones come packaged with closedsource Google applications for functionality such as the application store and GPS navigation. Google has asserted that these applications can only be provided through approved distribution channels by licensed distributors. Cyanogen has complied with Google's wishes and is continuing to distribute this mod without the proprietary software. He has provided a method to back up licensed Google applications during the mod's install process and restore them when it is complete.[125]

[edit] Scripting Layer for Android (SL4A) SL4A (previously Android Scripting Environment) allows the creation and running of scripts written in various scripting languages directly on Android devices. These scripts have access to many of the APIs available to normal Java Android applications, but with a simplified interface. Scripts can be run interactively in a terminal, in the background, or via Locale (which can trigger based on location).

Currently ed languages are: 

Python



Perl



JRuby



Lua



BeanShell



JavaScript



Tcl



Shell

Links: 

http://code.google.com/p/android-scripting/



http://code.google.com/p/android-scripting/wiki/Guide

[edit] Marketing

Android robot logo.

[edit] Logos The Android logo was designed with the Droid font family made by Ascender Corporation.[126] Android Green is the color of the Android Robot that represents the Android operating system. The print color is PMS 376C and the RGB color value in hexadecimal is #A4C639, as specified by the Android Brand Guidelines.[127]

[edit] Typeface

Text logo. The custom typeface of Android is called Norad, only used in the text logo.[128]

[edit] Market share Research company Canalys estimates that by Q2 2009, Android had a 2.8% share of the worldwide smartphone market.[129] By the following quarter (Q3 2009), Android's market share had grown to 3.5%.[130] In February 2010 ComScore ranked the Android platform as obtaining a 9.0% of the smartphone platform marketshare. This figure was up from an earlier estimate of 5.2% stated in November 2009.[131] In July 2010 ComScore revised Android's share for 3 months March/April/May 2010 to 13.0%, an increase of 4 percentage points, 0.2 percentage points behind Microsoft whose share had dropped 1.9%.[132] Analytics firm Flurry estimates that 250,000 Motorola Droid phones were sold in the United States during the phone's first week in stores.[133] In May 2010, Android's first quarter U.S. sales sured that of the rival iPhone platform. According to a report by the NPD group, Android achieved 28% smartphone sales in the US market, up 8% from the December quarter. In the second quarter, Apple's iOS was up by 1%, indicating that Android is taking market share mainly from RIM, and still has to compete with heavy consumer demand for new competitor offerings.[6] Furthermore, analysts point to advantages that Android has as multi-channel, multi-carrier OS, which has allowed it to duplicate the quick success of Microsoft's Windows Mobile.[134] According to an interview with Eric Schmidt in The Guardian, Android is getting 160,000 new s per day (end June 2010) up from 100,000 per day in May 2010.[135] As of August 4, 2010 Google is now activating 200,000 new phones to the Android platform per day according to Eric Schmidt.[136] In early October 2010, Google added 20 countries to its list of approved submitters. By midOctober, purchasing apps will be available in a total of 32 countries.[137] Market research firm Gartner reported that at the end of the 3rd Quarter 2010, Android had a worldwide market share of 25.5%[138]. For a complete list of countries that are allowed to sell apps and those able to buy them see Android Market.

[edit] Android OS usage share

Data collected during two weeks ending on November 1, 2010 Other: 0.1% of devices running obsolete versions[139] Platform API Level Android 2.2 (Froyo) Android 2.1 (Eclair) Android 1.6 (Donut) Android 1.5 (Cupcake)

Distribution 8 7 4 3

36.2% 40.8% 15.0% 7.9%

[edit] Restrictions and issues Google tracks issues and feature requests publicly at Google Code's site.[140]

[edit] Linux compatibility 

Android's kernel was derived from Linux but has been tweaked by Google outside the main Linux kernel tree.[141] Android does not have a native X Window System nor does it the full set of standard GNU libraries, and this makes it difficult to port existing GNU/Linux applications or libraries to Android.[142] However, for the X Window System is possible.[143]



Google no longer maintains the code they previously contributed to the Linux kernel as part of their Android effort, effectively branching kernel code in their own tree, separating their code from Linux.[144][145][146] This was due to a disagreement about new features Google felt were necessary[citation needed]. The code which is no longer maintained

was deleted in January 2010 from the Linux codebase.[147] However, Google announced in April 2010 that they will employ staff to work with the Linux kernel community.[148]

[edit] Networking issues 

for setting up a network proxy configuration for WiFi connections is not available.[149]



for setting up a network proxy configuration for APN (i.e. GSM/EDGE) connections is not available.[150]



Android doesn't natively EAP extensions configuration.[151]



Android does not Cisco virtual private network servers requiring XAUTH extensions for IPsec (L2TP/IPsec and PPTP are ed).[152]

[edit] Issues concerning application development 

Android does not use established Java standards, i.e. Java SE and ME. This prevents compatibility among Java applications written for those platforms and those for the Android platform. Android only reuses the Java language syntax, but does not provide the full-class libraries and APIs bundled with Java SE or ME.[153] However, the Myriad Group claim that their new J2Android tool can convert Java MIDlets into Android applications. [154][155][156]



Developers have reported that it is difficult to maintain applications on multiple versions of Android, owing to compatibility issues between versions 1.5 and 1.6,[157][158] especially the different resolution ratios in use among various Android phones.[159] Such problems were pointedly brought into focus as they were encountered during the ADC2 contest.[160]



The rapid growth in the number of Android-based phone models with differing hardware capabilities also makes it difficult to develop applications that work on all Android-based phones.[161][162][163][164] As of August 2010, 64% of Android phones run the 2.x versions, and 36% still run the 1.5 and 1.6 versions[165]

[edit] Other issues 

Older versions of Android do not readily Bluetooth file exchange,[166] although it may still be achieved with some hacking.[167] Bluetooth is ed by more recent phones.[168]



In version 2.2 the rSAP protocol is missing which many vehicles use for handsfree.[169]



Using the native Google Calendar functionality for Android phones, an Android device runs into the same limitations that exist in the Calendar application. The most

noticeable defect is the lack of proper time zone : it is not possible to set the time zone for start/end times of events.[170][171][172] Because of this issue, some s experience difficulty while traveling with Android devices.[173] 

As of the 2.2 release, Android does not have full Unicode .[174] Developers are reporting rendering issues, for conjunct consonants, etc.[175]



Android s all the file systems ed by the linux kernel, with its own limitations. For read/write access to other popular filesystems, Tuxera launched Tuxera File System Suite, which combines NTFS, exFAT and HFS+ for Android.[176]

[edit] Claimed infringement of copyrights and patents See also: Java applet#The 2010 Oracle - Google lawsuit On the 12th of August 2010, Oracle, owner of Java since it acquired Sun Microsystems in April 2009, sued Google over claimed infringement of copyrights and patents. The lawsuit claims that, "In developing Android, Google knowingly, directly and repeatedly infringed Oracle's Javarelated intellectual property."[177] Oracle has named Boies, Schiller & Flexner as part of its legal team.[178] Specifically the patent infringement claim references seven patents including United States Patent No. 5,966,702, entitled “Method And Apparatus For Preprocessing And Packaging Class Files”, and United States Patent No. 6,910,205, entitled “Interpreting Functions Utilizing A Hybrid Of Virtual And Native Machine Instructions”.[179] It also references United States Patent No. RE38,104, (“the '104 patent”) entitled “Method And Apparatus For Resolving Data References In Generated Code” authored by James Gosling best known as the father of the Java programming language.[180] According to Gartner analyst Ken Dulaney, Android is based on a clean room reverse-engineered version of Java, called Dalvik, which was developed without using any Sun technology or intellectual property. Oracle says Dalvik is a competitor to Java and infringes several of its patents, which are listed in the complaint, and its Java copyright.[177][181] While officially claiming that "Android is not Java", Google at the same time calls the suit an "attack on Java community", [182] making a distinction between "official Java" and "Java in general". The Free Software Foundation has said that Google could have avoided this suit by building Android on top of IcedTea whose GPL license provides some protection against patents, instead of implementing it independently under the Apache License. It has also called the suit a "clear attack against someone's freedom to use, share, modify, and redistribute software".[183]

[edit] See also 

Android (disambiguation)



Android Market



BlackBerry OS



Dalvik virtual machine



Dual-OS smartphone



Chromium OS



Google Chrome OS



iOS



LiMo Foundation



Linux Phone Standards Forum



List of Android devices



List of Android OS-related topics



List of Android Permissions



List of Open Source Android Applications



MeeGo Linux



Nexus One



Goobuntu



Samsung's Bada OS



Mobile World Congress



Mobilinux



OPhone



Open Mobile Alliance



Openmoko



Palm, Inc.'s webOS



Symbian Foundation



Windows Mobile



Windows Phone 7



Google TV



Droid (from Motorola)



Triad Method

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9. ^ http://www.mercurynews.com/top-stories/ci_16493024?nclick_check=1 10. ^ "Android Dev Twitter: One Hundred Apps". 2010-10-26. http://twitter.com/#!/AndroidDev/status/28701488389. Retrieved 2010-10-26. 11. ^ David Murphy. "Extrapolating the Apple-Android Showdown: Who's Right?". pcmag.com. http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2366624,00.asp. Retrieved 2010-0824. 12. ^ Shankland, Stephen (12 November 2007). "Google's Android parts ways with Java industry group". CNET News. http://www.news.com/8301-13580_3-9815495-39.html. 13. ^ "Open Handset Alliance". Open Handset Alliance. http://www.openhandsetalliance.com/. Retrieved 2010-06-10. 14. ^ Jackson, Rob (10 December 2008). "Sony Ericsson, HTC Androids Set For Summer 2009". Android Phone Fans. http://phandroid.com/2008/12/10/sony-ericsson-htcandroids-set-for-summer-2009/. Retrieved 2009-09-03. 15. ^ "Android Overview". Open Handset Alliance. http://www.openhandsetalliance.com/android_overview.html. Retrieved 2008-09-23. 16. ^ "Open Core". http://www.opencore.net/. Retrieved 2010-06-03. 17. ^ Gubatron.com (23 May 2010). "How many lines of code does it take to create the Android OS?". http://www.gubatron.com/blog/2010/05/23/how-many-lines-of-codedoes-it-take-to-create-the-android-os/. Retrieved 2010-06-03. 18. ^ a b Elgin, Ben (2005-08-17). "Google Buys Android for Its Mobile Arsenal". Business Week. http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/aug2005/tc20050817_0949_tc024.htm . Retrieved 2007-11-07. 19. ^ Markoff, John (2007-11-04). "I, Robot: The Man Behind the Google Phone". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/04/technology/04google.html? _r=2&hp=&pagewanted=all. Retrieved 2008-10-14. 20. ^ Kirsner, Scott (2007-09-02). "Introducing the Google Phone". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/business/technology/articles/2007/09/02/introducing_the_google _phone/. Retrieved 2008-10-24. 21. ^ Nokia (23 September 2003). "T-Mobile Brings Unlimited Multiplayer Gaming to US Market with First Launch of Nokia N-Gage Game Deck". Press release. http://www.nokia.com/A4136002?newsid=918410. Retrieved 2009-04-05.

22. ^ Elgin, Ben (17 August 2005). "Google Buys Android for Its Mobile Arsenal". BusinessWeek. http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/aug2005/tc20050817_0949_tc024.htm . Retrieved 2009-04-23. 23. ^ Block, Ryan (2007-08-28). "Google is working on a mobile OS, and it's due out shortly". Engadget. http://www.engadget.com/2007/08/28/google-is-working-on-amobile-os-and-its-due-out-shortly/. Retrieved 2007-11-06. 24. ^ Sharma, Amol; Delaney, Kevin J. (2007-08-02). "Google Pushes Tailored Phones To Win Lucrative Ad Market". The Wall Street Journal. http://online.wsj.com/article_email/SB118602176520985718lMyQjAxMDE3ODA2MjAwMjIxWj.html. Retrieved 2007-11-06. 25. ^ "Google its to mobile phone plan". directtraffic.org. Google News. 2007-03-20. http://www.directtraffic.org/OnlineNews/Google_its_to_mobile_phone_plan_180948 80.html. Retrieved 2007-11-06. 26. ^ McKay, Martha (21 December 2006). "Can iPhone become your phone?; Linksys introduces versatile line for cordless service". The Record: p. L9. "And don't hold your breath, but the same cell phone-obsessed tech watchers say it won't be long before Google jumps headfirst into the phone biz. Phone, anyone?" 27. ^ Ackerman, Elise (2007-08-30). "Blogosphere Aflutter With Linux-Based phone Rumors". Linux Insider. http://www.linuxinsider.com/rsstory/59115.html. Retrieved 2007-11-07.[dead link] 28. ^ Claburn, Thomas (2007-09-19). "Google's Secret Patent Portfolio Predicts gPhone". InformationWeek. http://www.informationweek.com/news/showArticle.jhtml? articleID=201807587&cid=nl_IWK_daily. Retrieved 2007-11-06. 29. ^ Pearce, James Quintana (2007-09-20). "Google's Strong Mobile-Related Patent Portfolio". mocoNews.net. http://www.moconews.net/entry/419-googles-strong-mobilerelated-patent-portfolio/. Retrieved 2007-11-07. 30. ^ Martinez, Jennifer (2008-12-10). "CORRECTED — UPDATE 2-More mobile phone makers back Google's Android". Reuters (Thomson Reuters). http://www.reuters.com/article/newsOne/idUSN0928595620081210. Retrieved 2008-1213. 31. ^ Kharif, Olga (2008-12-09). "Google's Android Gains More

Pixel From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

(Redirected from Megapixel) Jump to: navigation, search This article is about the picture element. For other uses, see Pixel (disambiguation).

This example shows an image with a portion greatly enlarged, in which the individual pixels are rendered as little squares and can easily be seen.

A photograph of sub-pixel display elements on a laptop's LCD screen. In digital imaging, a pixel (or picture element[1]) is a single point in a raster image. The pixel is the smallest addressable screen element; it is the smallest unit of picture that can be controlled. Each pixel has its own address. The address of a pixel corresponds to its coordinates. Pixels are normally arranged in a two-dimensional grid, and are often represented using dots or squares. Each pixel is a sample of an original image; more samples typically provide more accurate representations of the original. The intensity of each pixel is variable. In color image systems, a color is typically represented by three or four component intensities such as red, green, and blue, or cyan, magenta, yellow, and black. In some contexts (such as descriptions of camera sensors), the term pixel is used to refer to a single scalar element of a multi-component representation (more precisely called a photosite in the camera sensor context, although the neologism sensel is also sometimes used to describe the elements of a digital camera's sensor),[2] while in others the term may refer to the entire set of such component intensities for a spatial position. In color systems that use chroma subsampling, the multi-component concept of a pixel can become difficult to apply, since the intensity measures for the different color components correspond to different spatial areas in a such a representation.

The word pixel is based on a contraction of pix ("pictures") and el (for "element"); similar formations with el for "element" include the words voxel[3] and texel.[3]

Contents [hide] 

1 Etymology o 1.1 Words with similar etymologies



2 Technical o 2.1 Sampling patterns o 2.2 Display resolution vs. native resolution in computer monitors o 2.3 Bits per pixel o 2.4 Subpixels

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3 Megapixel

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4 Standard display resolutions

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5 See also



6 References



7 External links

[edit] Etymology The word "pixel" was first published in 1965 by Frederic C. Billingsley of JPL, to describe the picture elements of video images from space probes to the Moon and Mars. However, Billingsley did not coin the term himself. Instead, he got the word "pixel" from Keith E. McFarland, at the Link Division of General Precision in Palo Alto, who did not know where the word originated. McFarland said simply it was "in use at the time" (circa 1963).[4] The word is a combination of picture and element, via pix. The word pix appeared in Variety magazine headlines in 1932, as an abbreviation for the word pictures, in reference to movies.[5] By 1938, "pix" was being used in reference to still pictures by photojournalists.[4]

The concept of a "picture element" dates to the earliest days of television, for example as "Bildpunkt" (the German word for pixel, literally picture point) in the 1888 German patent of Paul Nipkow. According to various etymologies, the earliest publication of the term picture element itself was in Wireless World magazine in 1927,[6] though it had been used earlier in various U.S. patents filed as early as 1911.[7] Some authors explain pixel as picture cell, as early as 1972.[8] In video processing, pel is often used instead of pixel.[9] For example, IBM used it in their Technical Reference for the original PC.

[edit] Words with similar etymologies 

Texel (texture element) and luxel (lux element) are words used to describe a pixel when it is used in specific context (texturing and light mapping respectively)



A voxel is a volume element, the 3D analogue of a 2D pixel.



Surfels (surface elements) have the same naming pattern as pixels, but share more similarities with shrunken triangles than expanded pixels.

[edit] Technical

A pixel does not need to be rendered as a small square. This image shows alternative ways of reconstructing an image from a set of pixel values, using dots, lines, or smooth filtering. A pixel is generally thought of as the smallest single component of a digital image. The definition is highly context-sensitive. For example, there can be "printed pixels" in a page, or pixels carried by electronic signals, or represented by digital values, or pixels on a display device, or pixels in a digital camera (photosensor elements). This list is not exhaustive, and depending on context, there are several that are synonymous in particular contexts, such as pel, sample, byte, bit, dot, spot, etc. The term "pixels" can be used in the abstract, or as a unit of measure, in particular when using pixels as a measure of resolution, such as: 2400 pixels per inch, 640 pixels per line, or spaced 10 pixels apart. The measures dots per inch (dpi) and pixels per inch (ppi) are sometimes used interchangeably, but have distinct meanings, especially for printer devices, where dpi is a measure of the printer's

density of dot (e.g. ink droplet) placement.[10] For example, a high-quality photographic image may be printed with 600 ppi on a 1200 dpi inkjet printer.[11] Even higher dpi numbers, such as the 4800 dpi quoted by printer manufacturers since 2002, do not mean much in of achievable resolution.[12] The more pixels used to represent an image, the closer the result can resemble the original. The number of pixels in an image is sometimes called the resolution, though resolution has a more specific definition. Pixel counts can be expressed as a single number, as in a "three-megapixel" digital camera, which has a nominal three million pixels, or as a pair of numbers, as in a "640 by 480 display", which has 640 pixels from side to side and 480 from top to bottom (as in a VGA display), and therefore has a total number of 640 × 480 = 307,200 pixels or 0.3 megapixels. The pixels, or color samples, that form a digitized image (such as a JPEG file used on a web page) may or may not be in one-to-one correspondence with screen pixels, depending on how a computer displays an image. In computing, an image composed of pixels is known as a bitmapped image or a raster image. The word raster originates from television scanning patterns, and has been widely used to describe similar halftone printing and storage techniques.

[edit] Sampling patterns For convenience, pixels are normally arranged in a regular two-dimensional grid. By using this arrangement, many common operations can be implemented by uniformly applying the same operation to each pixel independently. Other arrangements of pixels are also possible, with some sampling patterns even changing the shape (or kernel) of each pixel across the image. For this reason, care must be taken when acquiring an image on one device and displaying it on another, or when converting image data from one pixel format to another. For example:

Text rendered using ClearType 

LCD screens typically use a staggered grid, where the red, green, and blue components are sampled at slightly different locations. Subpixel rendering is a technology which takes advantage of these differences to improve the rendering of text on LCD screens.



Some digital cameras use a Bayer filter, resulting in a regular grid of pixels where the color of each pixel depends on its position on the grid.



A clipmap uses a hierarchical sampling pattern, where the size of the of each pixel depends on its location within the hierarchy.



Warped grids are used when the underlying geometry is non-planar, such as images of the earth from space.[13]



The use of non-uniform grids is an active research area, attempting to by the traditional Nyquist limit.[14]



Pixels on computer monitors are normally "square" (this is, having equal horizontal and vertical sampling pitch); pixels in other systems are often "rectangular" (that is, having unequal horizontal and vertical sampling pitch – oblong in shape), as are digital video formats with diverse aspect ratios, such as the anamorphic widescreen formats of the CCIR 601 digital video standard.

[edit] Display resolution vs. native resolution in computer monitors Computers can use pixels to display an image, often an abstract image that represents a GUI. The resolution of this image is called the display resolution and is determined by the video card of the computer. LCD computer monitors also use pixels to display an image, and have a native resolution. Each pixel is made up of triads, with the number of these triads determining the native resolution. On some CRT monitors, the beam sweep rate may be fixed, resulting in a fixed native resolution. Most CRT monitors do not have a fixed beam sweep rate, meaning they don't have a native resolution at all - instead they have a set of resolutions that are equally well ed. To produce the sharpest images possible on an LCD, the must ensure the display resolution of the computer matches the native resolution of the monitor. On a CRT with a fixed beam sweep rate, you are required to use the native resolution. On a CRT without this restriction, you may use any resolution ed by the monitor that matches the monitor's physical aspect ratio and it will look fine. If the aspect ratio of the physical display and the selected resolution are different, many different things can happen. On some LCDs, the monitor will stretch or squash the image to fill the entire display. This can result in the image appearing blurry or jagged. On others, the aspect ratio will be maintained while expanding the image to fit the display, resulting in black bars on the top or sides of the image. This can also result in the image appearing blurry or jagged, depending on the native resolution of the display and the selected resolution on the computer. For example, let's take the relatively common case of a full-screen application written assuming a 4:3 aspect ratio running on a 16:10 aspect ratio widescreen display. If the selected resolution were 1600×1200 and you were running it on a 1920×1200 display that maintains aspect ratio while expanding the image to fit, the image would not look blurry, because each pixel in the 1600×1200 image maps to exactly 1 pixel on the 1920×1200 display. If the selected resolution were 1280×960, the display would have to try to stretch the 960 pixels to fill 1200 pixels, which would mean each of the selected resolution pixels needs to take up 1.25 pixels on the physical display. Since this can't be done, the monitor uses some scheme to figure out how to distribute the colors from those 960 pixels to fill the 1200 pixels of the physical display. This mapping results in a blurry or jagged appearance. However, if the selected resolution were 800×600, you would be OK again, because 600 pixels can be expanded to 1200 pixels by having each pixel from the selected resolution take up 2 pixels on the physical display.

On yet other LCD monitors, if the selected resolution is less than the native resolution of the monitor, the monitor will display things in the selected resolution, with a black border around the edges.

[edit] Bits per pixel Main article: Color depth The number of distinct colors that can be represented by a pixel depends on the number of bits per pixel (bpp). A 1 bpp image uses 1-bit for each pixel, so each pixel can be either on or off. Each additional bit doubles the number of colors available, so a 2 bpp image can have 4 colors, and a 3 bpp image can have 8 colors: 

1 bpp, 21 = 2 colors (monochrome)



2 bpp, 22 = 4 colors









16 bpp, 216 = 65,536 colors ("Highcolor" )



24 bpp, 224 ≈ 16.8 million colors ("Truecolor")

...

For color depths of 15 or more bits per pixel, the depth is normally the sum of the bits allocated to each of the red, green, and blue components. Highcolor, usually meaning 16 bpp, normally has five bits for red and blue, and six bits for green, as the human eye is more sensitive to errors in green than in the other two primary colors. For applications involving transparency, the 16 bits may be divided into five bits each of red, green, and blue, with one bit left for transparency. A 24-bit depth allows 8 bits per component. On some systems, 32-bit depth is available: this means that each 24-bit pixel has an extra 8 bits to describe its opacity (for purposes of combining with another image).

[edit] Subpixels

Geometry of color elements of various CRT and LCD displays; phosphor dots in a color CRT display (top row) bear no relation to pixels or subpixels. Many display and image-acquisition systems are, for various reasons, not capable of displaying or sensing the different color channels at the same site. Therefore, the pixel grid is divided into single-color regions that contribute to the displayed or sensed color when viewed at a distance. In some displays, such as LCD, LED, and plasma displays, these single-color regions are separately addressable elements, which have come to be known as subpixels. For example, LCDs typically divide each pixel horizontally into three subpixels. When the square pixel is divided into three subpixels, each subpixel is necessarily rectangular. In the display industry terminology, subpixels are often referred to as pixels, as they are the basic addressable elements in a viewpoint of hardware, and they call pixel circuits rather than subpixel circuits. Most digital camera image sensors also use single-color sensor regions, for example using the Bayer filter pattern, and in the camera industry these are known as pixels just like in the display industry, not subpixels. For systems with subpixels, two different approaches can be taken: 

The subpixels can be ignored, with full-color pixels being treated as the smallest addressable imaging element; or



The subpixels can be included in rendering calculations, which requires more analysis and processing time, but can produce apparently superior images in some cases.

This latter approach, referred to as subpixel rendering, uses knowledge of pixel geometry to manipulate the three colored subpixels separately, producing a slight increase in the apparent resolution of color displays. While CRT displays also use red-green-blue masked phosphor areas, dictated by a mesh grid called the shadow mask, it would require a difficult calibration step to be aligned with the displayed pixel raster, and so CRTs do not currently use subpixel rendering.

[edit] Megapixel

A megapixel (MP or Mpx) is one million pixels, and is a term used not only for the number of pixels in an image, but also to express the number of image sensor elements of digital cameras or the number of display elements of digital displays. For example, a camera with an array of 2048×1536 sensor elements is commonly said to have "3.1 megapixels" (2048 × 1536 = 3,145,728). The megapixel count is often used as a figure of merit, though it is only one of the figures that determines camera quality. Digital cameras use photosensitive electronics, either charge-coupled device (CCD) or complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) image sensors, consisting of a large number of single sensor elements, each of which records a measured intensity level. In most digital cameras, the sensor array is covered with a patterned color filter mosaic having red, green, and blue regions in the Bayer filter arrangement, so that each sensor element can record the intensity of a single primary color of light. The camera interpolates the color information of neighboring sensor elements, through a process called demosaicing, to create the final image. These sensor elements are often called "pixels", even though they only record 1 channel (only red, or green, or blue) of the final color image. Thus, two of the three color channels for each sensor must be interpolated and a so-called N-megapixel camera that produces an N-megapixel image provides only one-third of the information that an image of the same size could get from a scanner. Thus, certain color contrasts may look fuzzier than others, depending on the allocation of the primary colors (green has twice as many elements as red or blue in the Bayer arrangement).

[edit] Standard display resolutions The display resolution of a digital television or display device is the number of distinct pixels in each dimension that can be displayed. It can be an ambiguous term especially as the displayed resolution is controlled by all different factors in cathode ray tube (CRT) and flat or projection displays using fixed picture-element (pixel) arrays. One use of the term “display resolution” applies to fixed-pixel-array displays such as plasma display s (PDPs), liquid crystal displays (LCDs), Digital Light Processing (DLP) projectors, or similar technologies, and is simply the physical number of columns and rows of pixels creating the display (e.g., 1920×1200). A consequence of having a fixed grid display is that, for multi-format video inputs, all displays need a "scaling engine" (a digital video processor that includes a memory array) to match the incoming picture format to the display. Note that the use of the word resolution here is misleading. The term “display resolution” is usually used to mean pixel dimensions (e.g., 1920×1200), which does not tell anything about the resolution of the display on which the image is actually formed. In digital measurement the display resolution would be given in pixels per inch. In analog measurement, if the screen is 10 inches high, then the horizontal resolution is measured across a square 10 inches wide. This is typically stated as “xxx lines horizontal resolution, per picture height.” Example: Analog NTSC and PAL TVs can typically display 480 (for NTSC) lines horizontal resolution, per picture height which is equivalent to 640 total lines from left-edge to right-edge.

Display standards comparison Selected standard display resolutions include: Name CGA EGA VGA SVGA XGA SXGA UXGA WUXGA QXGA QSXGA QUXGA WQUXGA HXGA HSXGA HUXGA WHUXGA

[edit] See also

Megapixels 0.06 0.22 0.31 0.48 0.79 1.31 1.92 2.30 3.15 5.24 7.68 9.22 12.58 20.97 30.72 36.86

Width x Height 320×200 640×350 640×480 800×600 1024×768 1280×1024 1600×1200 1920×1200 2048×1536 2560×2048 3200×2400 3840×2400 4096×3072 5120×4096 6400×4800 7680×4800

Computer graphics portal

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Computer display standard

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Gigapixel image

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Image resolution

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Intrapixel and Interpixel processing

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Pixel advertising

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Pixel art

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Pixel art scaling algorithms

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Pixel aspect ratio

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Point (typography)

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Raster scan

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Rasterisation

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Vector graphics

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Voxel

[edit] References 1. ^ Rudolf F. Graf (1999). Modern Dictionary of Electronics. Oxford: Newnes. p. 569. ISBN 0-7506-43315. http://books.google.com/? id=o2I1JWPpdusC&pg=PA569&dq=pixel+intitle: %22Modern+Dictionary+of+Electronics%22+inauthor:graf. 2. ^ Michael Goesele (2004). New Acquisition Techniques for Real Objects and Light Sources in Computer Graphics. Books on Demand. ISBN 3833414898. http://books.google.com/?id=ZTJJ8QzNv1wC&pg=PA33&dq=sensel+sensor-element. 3. ^ a b Foley, James D.; Andries van Dam, John F. Hughes, Steven K. Feiner (1990). "Spatial-partitioning representations; Surface detail". Computer Graphics: Principles and Practice. The Systems Programming Series. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-201-12110-7. "These cells are often called voxels (volume elements), in analogy to pixels."

4. ^ a b Lyon, Richard F. (2006). A brief history of 'pixel'. IS&T/SPIE Symposium on Electronic Imaging. 5. ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary". http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=pixel. 6. ^ "On language; Modem, I'm Odem", The New York Times, April 2, 1995. Accessed April 7, 2008. 7. ^ Sinding-Larsen, Alf Transmission of Pictures of Moving Objects, US Patent 1,175,313, issued March 14, 1916. 8. ^ Robert L. Lillestrand (1972). "Techniques for Change Detection". IEEE Trans. Computers C-21 (7). 9. ^ Lewis, Peter H. (February 12, 1989). The Executive Computer; Compaq Sharpens Its Video Option. The New York Times. 10. ^ Derek Doeffinger (2005). The Magic of Digital Printing. Lark Books. p. 24. ISBN 1579906893. http://books.google.com/?id=s2hIx1amJUcC&dq=printer+dots-perinch+pixels-per-inch. 11. ^ "Experiments with Pixels Per Inch (PPI) on Printed Image Sharpness". ClarkVision.com. July 3, 2005. http://www.clarkvision.com/imagedetail/printer-ppi/. 12. ^ Harald Johnson (2002). Mastering Digital Printing. Thomson Course Technology. p. 40. ISBN 1929685653. http://books.google.com/? id=wto19gxFyfQC&dq=inkjet+printer+4800+dpi+addressability. 13. ^ "Image registration of blurred satellite images". http://staff.utia.cas.cz/zitova/registration.htm. Retrieved 2008-05-09. 14. ^ "ScienceDirect - Pattern Recognition: Image representation by a new optimal nonuniform morphological sampling:". http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V143YXB1T5-8/2/15b559f2aefbc7bdc54c55df148c2374. Retrieved 2008-05-09.

[edit] External links 

A Pixel Is Not A Little Square: Microsoft Memo by computer graphics pioneer Alvy Ray Smith.



Pixels and Me: Video of a history talk at the Computer History Museum.



Square and non-Square Pixels: Technical info on pixel aspect ratios of modern video standards (480i,576i,1080i,720p), plus software implications.



120 Megapixel is here now: A lot of information about MegaPixel and Gigapixel. [hide]

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Digiscoping · Digital versus film photography · Film scanner · Image sensor photography (CMOS APS · CCD · Three-CCD camera · Foveon X3 sensor) · Photo sharing · Pixel Color Color · Color film (Print · Slide) · Color management (CMYK color model · Color photography space · Primary color · RGB color model) C-41 process · Cross processing · Developer · Dye coupler · E-6 process · Fixer · Photographi c processing Gelatin silver process · Gum printing · K-14 process · Print permanence · Push processing · Stop bath List of most expensive photographs · List of photographers · Photography museums and galleries (category) · Portal · WikiProject Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel#Megapixel" Categories: Computer graphics data structures | Image processing | Digital geometry | Digital imaging | Photography | Television technology Personal tools

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Qualcomm From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2008)

Qualcomm Inc.

Type

Public (NASDAQ: QCOM)

Industry

Wireless

Founded

San Diego, California, USA (1985) San Diego, California, USA

Headquarters

Coordinates: 32°53′43″N 117°11′45″W / 32.8952°N 117.1957°W Dr. Paul E. Jacobs, (Chairman & CEO) Steven R. Altman, (President)

Key people

William Keitel, (EVP & CFO) Dr. Roberto Padovani (EVP & CTO) Franklin Antonio (EVP & Chief Scientist) CDMA/WCDMA chipsets BREW OmniTRACS

Products

MediaFLO QChat mirasol displays uiOne Gobi

Revenue

US$ 10.99 billion (2010)[1]

Operating income

US$ 3.28 billion (2010)[1]

Net income

US$ 3.25 billion (2010)[1]

Total assets

US$ 30.572 billion (2010)[1]

Total equity

US$ 20.858 billion (2010)[1]

Employees

16,100 (2010)[2]

Website

Qualcomm.com

Qualcomm Research Center and Office of the Chief Scientist in San Diego, CA. Qualcomm (NASDAQ: QCOM) is an American wireless telecommunications research and development company, as well as the largest fabless chip supplier in the world, based in San Diego, California.

Contents [hide] 

1 Corporate history



2 Mobile phone standards



3 Satellite phone network



4 Legal issues o 4.1 Qualcomm's role in 3G



5 Products o 5.1 Software



6 Locations



7 See also



8 Books



9 References



10 External links

[edit] Corporate history Qualcomm was founded in 1985 by UC San Diego Professor Irwin Jacobs, MIT Alumni Andrew Viterbi, Harvey White, Adelia Coffman, Andrew Cohen, Klein Gilhousen, and Franklin Antonio. Jacobs and Viterbi had previously founded Linkabit. Qualcomm's first products and services included the OmniTRACS satellite locating and messaging service, used by long-haul trucking companies, developed from a product called Omninet owned by Parviz Nazarian and Neil Kadisha, and specialized integrated circuits for digital radio communications such as a Viterbi decoder. In 1990, Qualcomm began the design of the first CDMA-based cellular base station, based upon calculations derived from the CDMA-based OmniTRACS satellite system. This work began as a study contract from AirTouch which was facing a shortage of cellular capacity in Los Angeles. Two years later Qualcomm began to manufacture CDMA cell phones, base stations, and chips. The initial base stations were not reliable and the technology was licensed wholly to Nortel in return for their work in improving the base station switching. The first CDMA technology was standardized as IS-95. Qualcomm has since helped to establish the CDMA-2000, WCDMA, and LTE cellular standards. In 1997, Qualcomm paid $18 million for the naming rights to the Jack Murphy Stadium in San Diego, renaming it to Qualcomm Stadium. The naming rights will belong to Qualcomm until 2017.[3] In 1999, Qualcomm sold its base station business to Ericsson, and later, sold its cell phone manufacturing business to Kyocera. The company was now focused on developing and licensing wireless technologies and selling ASICs that implement them. In 2000, Qualcomm acquired SnapTrack, the inventor of the assisted-GPS system for cellphones, branded as gpsOne. The Snaptrack patents describe how a cellphone can acquire a GPS signal rapidly using timing information sent from the base station. This reduces the searching time for geolocation from minutes down to roughly one second. In October 2004, Qualcomm acquired Trigenix Ltd, a mobile interface (UI) software development company, based in Cambridge, UK. After integrating the company, Qualcomm rebranded their interface markup language and its accompanying integrated development environment (IDE) as uiOne. In March 2009, Qualcomm informed their Cambridge engineering staff, mostly from the division working on uiOne, that they were going to be eliminated, and, in April that year, (after a legally required 30 day consultancy period) around 45 staff were let go. The rationale was stated as being a greater focus on deploying Flash Lite as a UI solution for Qualcomm-chipset-powered mobile phones.

In 2006, Qualcomm purchased Flarion Technologies. Flarion is the creator of the Flash-OFDM wireless base station, and the inventor of the "flash" beaconing method and several other innovations in OFDM communications. In 2010, Qualcomm Announced acquisition of San Francisco based iSkoot Technologies Inc. Qualcomm did not disclose financial details of the acquisition.[4]

[edit] Mobile phone standards Qualcomm is the inventor of CDMAone (IS-95), CDMA 2000, and CDMA 1xEV-DO, which are wireless cellular standards used for communications. The company also owns significant number of key patents on the widely adopted 3G technology, W-CDMA.[5] The license streams from the patents on these inventions, and related products are a major component of Qualcomm's business.

[edit] Satellite phone network Main article: Globalstar Qualcomm participated in the development of the Globalstar satellite system along with Loral Space & Communications. It uses a low-earth orbit (LEO) satellite constellation comprising 44 active satellites. The system is used for voice telephony via hand-held satellite phones, asset tracking and data transfer using mobile satellite modems. The system was designed as a normal IS-95 system, and used the satellite as a "bent pipe" or "repeater" to transfer cellular signals from the handset to the terrestrial base station. Unlike the Iridium system, which routes phone calls between satellites, the Globalstar satellite must always be able to see both the handset and the base station to establish a connection, therefore, there is no coverage over the Earth's poles where there are no satellite orbits. Some of the Globalstar hardware is manufactured by Qualcomm. Like other satellite phone networks Globalstar went bankrupt in 1999, only to be bought up by a group of investors who are currently running the system. Those investors plan to launch a constellation ing EV-DO in 2009.

[edit] Legal issues In April 2006, a dispute between Reliance Communications and Qualcomm over royalty fees cost Qualcomm approximately $11.7b in market capitalization.[6] In July 2007, Reliance and Qualcomm decided to bury the hatchet and agreed to expand the use of CDMA technology in India.[7] In June 2007, the U.S. International Trade Commission blocked the import of new cell phone models based on particular Qualcomm microchips. They found that these Qualcomm microchips infringe patents owned by Broadcom. Broadcom has also initiated patent litigation in U.S. courts over this issue.

At issue is software designed to extend battery life in chips while s make out-of-network calls. In October, an ITC istrative judge made an initial ruling that Qualcomm violated the Broadcom patent covering that feature and the commission later affirmed the decision. Sprint Nextel Corp. is using a software patch from Qualcomm to get around a U.S. government agency ban on new phones with Qualcomm chips. In August 2007, Judge Rudi Brewster held that Qualcomm had engaged in litigation misconduct by withholding relevant documents during the lawsuit it brought against Broadcom and that Qualcomm employees had lied about their involvement.[8][9]

[edit] Qualcomm's role in 3G The current UMTS air interfaces are for the most part based on Qualcomm patents, and royalties from these patents represent a significant part of Qualcomm's revenue. Qualcomm's control over 3G technology and the revenue connected to licensing is a driving force behind many developments within the mobile sector. This followed a series of patent-related lawsuits and antitrust complaints, spearheaded by Broadcom, in the US. In 2006, Broadcom started a series of patent-related lawsuits and antitrust complaints against Qualcomm to get what Broadcom regarded fair for access to the WCDMA technologies. Broadcom was soon ed by Nokia and others, and complaint were also filed in the European Commission.[10] The Chinese TDSCDMA 3G technology was developed primary to avoid Qualcomm licensing fees, although Qualcomm claims that the Chinese technology still infringes on many Qualcomm patents. October 2008, Nokia announced it will make a one time payment of $2.29 billion (US) to Qualcomm as part of its patent agreement with the company.

[edit] Products

A Qualcomm Satellite Phone 

Tracking devices - OmniTRACS is a two-way satellite communications and geolocation trailer tracking technology designed for the over-the-road transport market. As of summer 2005, over 567,000 units have been shipped to transport companies on 4 continents.



Semiconductors - Qualcomm designs various ARM architecture CDMA and UMTS modem chipsets designated Mobile Station Modem (MSM), baseband radio processors, and power processor chips. These chipsets are sold to mobile phone manufacturers such as Kyocera, Motorola, Sharp, Sanyo, LG and Samsung for integration into CDMA and UMTS cell phones. Although a "fabless" semiconductor company, meaning Qualcomm does not engage in the actual manufacturing process, the chips the firm has designed are powering a significant number of handsets and devices world wide, both in CDMA and UMTS markets. As of summer of 2007, Qualcomm is among the top-ten semiconductor firms, after Intel, Texas Instruments, Samsung, and a few others.



Satellite phones - Qualcomm manufactures some of the handsets used on the Globalstar network.



MediaFLO - Qualcomm is the inventor of the MediaFLO system, based upon OFDM, which transmits 12-15 television channels within 6 MHz of spectrum. Qualcomm has standardized the lower layers of this design in TIA, and manufactures chips and software to add this television capability to cellphones.



QChat - QChat is a cellular/data 2-way push-to-talk voice communications program. Nextel's original push-to-talk technology operates on the iDen network, but Qualcomm's Qchat push-to-talk operates on the EV-DO Revision A mobile broadband network. Sprint-Nextel's first Qchat phones were released in June 2008. Both iDen and Qchat handsets are sold under the Nextel brand. On November 29, 2009 Sprint issued a statement to PhoneNews.com that there are no new QChat handsets on the product development roap, but it will continue ing its existing QChat subscribers.



Qualcomm Gobi - Qualcomm Gobi is a mobile broadband technology that connects laptops and UMPCs to the Internet via 3G cellular networks around the world. Gobi is the first built-in, 3G modem with the ability to connect you to both EVDO and HSPA cellular networks using a single embedded device. It uses a firmware image that is ed to the card prior to connection; the type of firmware image depends on whether the software is configured for a CDMA-based or a GSM-based network.



mirasol Displays - mirasol Displays are the world's first and only reflective, bistable display based on IMOD technology. Qualcomm's mirasol displays use ambient light as their source of illumination and consume almost no power when the image is unchanged. This results in a very low power display solution that is visible even in direct sunlight.

[edit] Software



Operating system - BREW (Binary Runtime Environment for Wireless) is a proprietary cell phone application platform. Unlike Java ME (Java Platform, Micro Edition), BREW is a licensed (i.e., not open) product. Unlike some Java ME implementations, BREW is designed so that the platform rejects unsigned applications. In order to have an application signed, a developer must pay a testing fee to National Software Testing Labs (NSTL), which then can approve or deny the request. This allows carriers to maintain control over the applications that run on their customers' phones. BitPim is a popular open source program which can access the embedded filesystem on phones using Qualcomm MSMs via a cable or Bluetooth. It should be pointed out that g systems are also used in Java ME, and g is often required by carriers and OEMs.



Speech codec - Qualcomm has developed an audio codec for speech called PureVoice,[11] which besides use on mobile phones was also licensed for use in the very popular Chinese instant messaging software Tencent QQ.[12]



Eudora client - Qualcomm formerly developed and distributed Eudora, which it acquired in 1991 from its author Steve Dorner. Qualcomm ceased sales of Eudora on May 1, 2007. [13] Qualcomm has committed to co-operating with Mozilla developers to develop a Eudora-like version of Thunderbird, called Project Penelope.[14]



Eudora servers - Qualcomm formerly developed and sold email servers for multiple platforms, including WorldMail for Windows and EIMS (Eudora Internet Mail Server) for Macintosh. Qualcomm no longer sells these products. Qualcomm continues to maintain and distribute the popular open-source Qpopper for Unix and Linux.

[edit] Locations Qualcomm offices are present in Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, Finland, , , Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, Philippines, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Taiwan, Thailand, U.A.E, U.K, U.S, and Vietnam.

[edit] See also San Diego portal Companies portal



Smartbook



Snapdragon



DTRACS

[edit] Books 

Mock, Dave (2005-02-28). The Qualcomm Equation. American Management Association. ISBN 0-8144-0818-4.

[edit] References 1. ^ a b c d e 2010 Final Report 2. ^ Google Finance Summary Retrieved 2010-11-06. 3. ^ [1], Qualcomm San Diego page. 4. ^ "Qualcomm Innovation Center, Inc. Acquires iSkoot Technologies Inc., a Leader in Mobilizing Internet Services on the Handsets Most People Use Today". qualcomm. http://www.qualcomm.com/news/releases/2010/10/13/qualcomm-innovation-center-incacquires-iskoot-technologies-inc-leader. Retrieved 15 October 2010. 5. ^ List of Qualcomm's patents 6. ^ India costs Qualcomm $12 bn 7. ^ Qualcomm, RCom bury hatchet 8. ^ Judge Brewster Benchslaps Qualcomm Lawyers, Wall Street Journal Law Blog, 8 August 2007. 9. ^ L’Affaire Qualcomm: Judge Sanctions Six Lawyers, Wall Street Journal Law Blog, 8 January 2008. 10. ^ Qualcomm issues Nokia licensing warning, Wireless Watch, 25 April 2006. 11. ^ http://www.qctconnect.com/products/purevoice.html 12. ^ Qualcomm PureVoice is acknowledged in QQ2008's installation splash screen and in its license.txt 13. ^ Eudora page[dead link] 14. ^ Penelope - MozillaWiki

[edit] External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Qualcomm 

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Companies of the NASDAQ-100 index Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualcomm" Categories: Companies listed on NASDAQ | Companies in the NASDAQ-100 Index | Companies established in 1985 | Companies based in San Diego, California | Electronics companies of the United States | Fabless semiconductor companies | Telecommunications companies of the United States | Display technology companies Hidden categories: All articles with dead external links | Articles with dead external links from January 2009 | Articles needing additional references from May 2008 | All articles needing additional references Personal tools

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Snapdragon (processor) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search For other uses, see Snapdragon (disambiguation). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2010)

Qualcomm Snapdragon Logo Snapdragon is a family of mobile processors by Qualcomm. The architecture is based on the ARM v7 instruction set. Qualcomm considers Snapdragon a "platform" for use in smartphones, tablets, and smartbook devices. The Snapdragon platform is designed for real time ubiquitous computing with low power consumption for day-long battery life. The Snapdragon application processor core, dubbed Scorpion, is Qualcomm's own design. It has many features similar to those of the ARM Cortex-A8 core, but theoretically has much higher performance for multimedia-related SIMD operations.[1][2] All Snapdragon processors contain the circuitry to decode High-Definition (HD) video resolution at 720p or 1080p depending on the Snapdragon chipset.[3] Adreno, the company's proprietary GPU technology, integrated into Snapdragon chipsets (and certain other Qualcomm chipsets) is Qualcomm's own design, leveraging assets the company acquired from AMD. [4] The first chipsets in the Snapdragon family were the QSD8650

and the QSD8250, available since the fourth quarter of 2008, both integrating a 1 GHz applications processor, a cellular modem and GPS.

Contents [hide] 

1 History



2 Current & Future Specifications[12][13][14]



3 Similar platforms



4 See also



5 Notes and references



6 External links

[edit] History 

Q4 2008 



June 2009 



Qualcomm presented an ASUS Eee PC using the Snapdragon processor and running Google's Android operating system.[5] At the same event, ASUS also showed a Snapdragon-based device, then withdrew it abruptly.[6][7]

December 7, 2009 



The first chipsets in the Snapdragon family, the QSD8650 and the QSD8250, were made available.

The LG eXpo was the first US phone to utilize the Snapdragon processor.[8]

January 5, 2010 

The Google Nexus One was released, manufactured by HTC, and featured Android OS 2.1 powered by a Snapdragon running at 1 GHz (Qualcomm QSD8250).[9]



April 29, 2010 



June 1, 2010 



Qualcomm announced sampling of the MSM8x60 series of Snapdragon of processors.[10]

June 4, 2010 



The HTC Droid Incredible was released, using the Snapdragon QSD8650 1 GHz processor, and was the first Snapdragon device available on the Verizon Wireless network.

The HTC EVO 4G was released, using the Snapdragon QSD8650 1 GHz processor, and was available on the Sprint network. The HTC EVO 4G was the United State's first 4G (WiMAX) phone.[11]

October 22, 2010 

The HTC Desire HD is released, featuring the MSM8255 processor.

[edit] Current & Future Specifications[12][13][14] Max Model Cloc Instru GP Numb k ction U er Spee Set d QSD8 1 GH ARMv Adr 250 z 7 eno 200

Semicon Wireless ductor Gener Technologies Technolo ation [clarification needed] gy GSM, GPRS, 65 nm EDGE, UMTS/WCD MA, HSDPA, HSUPA, MBMS

1st Gen

Utilizing Devices

Availa bility

Acer Stream/Liquid, Acer Q4 08 neoTouch, Dell Venue Pro (Lightning), Dell Streak, Dell Thunder, Fujitsu Toshiba Mobile REGZA Phone T-01C, HP Compaq AirLife 100, HTC Desire, HTC Dragon, HTC HD2, HTC 7 Mozart, HTC 7 Trophy, HTC HD7, HTC 7 Pro, HTC ion/Google Nexus One, Huawei SmaKit S7, Lenovo LePhone, LG eXpo, LG Optimus Q, LG Optimus Z, LG Panther, Pantech IMA600S, Sharp SH-10B, Sharp LYNX 3D SH-03C, Samsung

Omnia 7, Sony Ericsson Xperia X10, Toshiba dynapocket T-01B/KG01, Toshiba TG01/TG02/TG03, LePhone.

Adr QSD8 1 GH ARMv eno 650 z 7 200

Adr QSD8 1.3 G ARMv eno 250A Hz 7 205 QSD8 1.3 G ARMv Adr 650A Hz 7 eno 205

GSM, GPRS, EDGE, UMTS/WCD MA, HSDPA, HSUPA, MBMS, CDMA2000 1xRTT, CDMA2000 1xEV-DO 65 nm Rel.0, CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Rev. A, CDMA2000 1xEV-DO MC(MCRev. A), CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Rev. B GSM, GPRS, EDGE, UMTS/WCD 45 nm MA, HSDPA, HSUPA GSM, GPRS, 45 nm EDGE, UMTS/WCD MA, HSDPA, HSUPA, MBMS, CDMA2000 1xRTT, CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Rel. 0, CDMA2000

1st Gen

Fujitsu Toshiba Mobile REGZA Phone IS04(TSI04), Fujitsu Toshiba Mobile T006(TS006)/TSX06, HTC Diamond 3/Obsession, HTC Droid Incredible, HTC Supersonic/EVO 4G, LG Apollo GW990, LG Fathom VS750, LG GW820 eXpo, Q4 08 LG GW825 IQ, Pantech IS06(PTI06), Sharp IS01(SHI01)/IS03(SHI03)/IS 05(SHI05), Sony Ericsson S004(SO004)/S005(SO005)/S 006(SO006)/SOX02, Toshiba dynapocket IS02(TSI01)/K01, Toshiba T004(TS004),

2nd Gen

Q4 09

2nd Gen

Q4 09

Adr MSM7 800 ARMv eno 230 MHz 7 205

Adr MSM7 800 ARMv eno 630 MHz 7 205

MSM8 1 GH ARMv Adr 255 z 7 eno 205

1xEV-DO Rev. A, CDMA2000 1xEV-DO MC(MCRev. A), CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Rev. B GSM, GPRS, EDGE, UMTS/WCD MA, 45 nm HSDPA, HSUPA, HSPA+ GSM, GPRS, EDGE, UMTS/WCD MA, HSDPA, HSUPA, HSPA+, MBMS, CDMA2000 1xRTT, CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Rel. 0, 45 nm CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Rev. A, CDMA2000 1xEV-DO MC(MCRev. A), CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Rev. B, CDMA SVDO GSM, GPRS, 45 nm EDGE, UMTS/WCD MA, HSDPA,

2nd Gen

Dell Flash, Dell Smoke, HTC Desire Z/T-Mobile G2, Acer Q2 10 Liquid Metal

2nd Gen

HTC Lexikon, Sharp IS05(SHI05)

2nd Gen

HTC Desire HD, T-Mobile myTouch 4G

Q2 10

Q2 10

Dual Adr MSM8 ARMv 1.2 G eno 260 7 Hz 220

Dual Adr MSM8 ARMv 1.2 G eno 660 7 Hz 220

QSD8 Dual ARMv Adr 672 1.5 G 7 eno Hz 220

HSUPA, HSPA+ GSM, GPRS, EDGE, UMTS/WCD MA, 45 nm HSDPA, HSUPA, HSPA+ GSM, GPRS, EDGE, UMTS/WCD MA, HSDPA, HSUPA, HSPA+, MBMS, CDMA2000 1xRTT, CDMA2000 1xEV-DO 45 nm Rel. 0, CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Rev. A, CDMA2000 1xEV-DO MC(MCRev. A), CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Rev. B GSM, GPRS, 45 nm EDGE, UMTS/WCD MA, HSDPA, HSUPA, HSPA+, MBMS, CDMA2000 1xRTT, CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Rel. 0, CDMA2000

3rd Gen

Q3 10

3rd Gen

Q3 10

3rd Gen

1xEV-DO Rev. A, CDMA2000 1xEV-DO MC(MCRev. A), CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Rev. B

[edit] Similar platforms 

OMAP by Texas Instruments



PXA by Marvell



i.MX by Freescale



SH-Mobile by Renesas



Nomadik by ST Ericsson



U8500[15] by ST Ericsson



Tegra by Nvidia



Atom by Intel



Apple A4 by Samsung

[edit] See also 

Smartbook, a new netbook-like class of devices, first models of which are powered by Snapdragon

[edit] Notes and references 1. ^ http://www.dspdesignline.com/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=204700527 2. ^ http://www.insidedsp.com/tabid/64/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/238/QualcommReveals-Details-on-Scorpion-Core.aspx

3. ^ "Snapdragon - Technical Features". Qualcomm. http://www.qualcomm.com/products_services/chipsets/snapdragon.html. Retrieved 29 December 2009. 4. ^ "Qualcomm Acquires Handheld Graphics and Multimedia Assets from AMD". Qualcomm. 20 January 2009. http://www.qualcomm.com/news/releases/2009/01/20/qualcomm-acquires-handheldgraphics-and-multimedia-assets-amd. Retrieved 14 September 2010. 5. ^ Qualcomm shows Eee PC running Android OS 6. ^ Steven J. Vaughan-Nichols (2009-06-02). "Microsoft strikes back at Linux netbook push". http://blogs.computerworld.com/microsoft_strikes_back_at_linux_netbook_push. Retrieved 2009-06-20. 7. ^ Charlie Demerjian (2009-06-12). "MS steps on a Snapdragon". http://www.semiaccurate.com/2009/06/12/ms-steps-snapdragon/. Retrieved 2009-06-20. 8. ^ "AT&T and LG Mobile Phones Announce the First 1Ghz Smartphone in the United States, the LG Expo". ATT.com. http://www.att.com/gen/press-room? pid=4800&cdvn=news&newsarticleid=27621. 9. ^ Nexus One Phone, Google.com 10. ^ "Qualcomm Ships First Dual-U Snapdragon Chipset". Qualcomm. 1 June 2010. http://www.qualcomm.com/news/releases/2010/06/01/qualcomm-ships-first-dual-usnapdragon-chipset. 11. ^ "HTC EVO 4G is Sprint's Android-powered knight in superphone armor, we go handson". Engadget. 23 March 2010. http://www.engadget.com/2010/03/23/htc-evo-4g-issprints-android-powered-knight-in-superphone-armo/. 12. ^ "Snapdragon Chipset Product Page". Qualcomm. http://www.qualcomm.com/products_services/chipsets/snapdragon.html. 13. ^ "Qualcomm Ships First Dual-U Snapdragon Chipset". Qualcomm. 1 June 2010. http://www.qualcomm.com/news/releases/2010/06/01/qualcomm-ships-first-dual-usnapdragon-chipset. 14. ^ "The World's Largest PDA Database". PDAdb. http://www.pdadb.net. 15. ^ "ST Ericsson U8500 platform". http://www.stericsson.com/platforms/U8500.jsp.


Snapdragon platform at Qualcomm's QCTConnect



Snapdragon article at IntoMobile

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Android Market From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search

Android Market

Developer(s)

Google

Initial release

October 22, 2008

Operating system

Android

Size

160,000+ apps [1]

Type

Software store

Website

http://www.android.com/market/

Android Market is an online software store developed by Google for Android devices. An application program ("app") called "Market" is preinstalled on most Android devices and allows

s to browse and apps published by third-party developers, hosted on Android Market. The website, rather than the Market app itself, provides details of some of the available apps, in particular those that are termed "Featured", "Top Paid" and "Top Free".

Contents [hide] 

1 History



2 Priced applications o 2.1 Availability for s o 2.2 Availability for developers



3 Banned applications



4 Implementation details



5 App Security



6 Known Issues



7 See also



8 References



9 External links o 9.1 Third Party Market Alternatives o 9.2 Utilities for browsing Android Market o 9.3 Utilities for deleting Android Market History

[edit] History The Android Market was announced on 28 August 2008 and was made available to s on 22 October 2008. Priced application was added for U.S. s and developers in the U.S.

and UK in mid-February 2009. UK s gained the ability to purchase priced applications on 13 March 2009. On 17 March 2009, there were about 2,300 applications available for from the Android Market, according to T-Mobile chief technical officer Cole Brodman.[2] By December 2009, there were over 20,000 applications available for in the Android Market.[3] By August 2010, there were over 80,000[4] applications available for in the Android Market, with over 1 billion application s[5][6]. Recent months (in 2010) have shown an ever increasing growth rate, recently (in May 2010) suring 10,000 additional applications per month.[7] On October 25, 2010 the official AndroidDev twitter announced that the Android market had sured the 100,000 app milestone. As of November 2010, statistics show that over 160,000 apps are available for .[8] A report in July 2010 by Distimo showed that the Android Market features the highest percentage of free apps, with over 57% being free to , double the amount of Apple Inc.'s App Store, in which only 28% of apps are free. Other competitors, such as Nokia's Ovi Store and Blackberry's App World had 26%, with Windows Marketplace only having 22%.[9]

[edit] Priced applications Developers of software (apps) receive 70% of the application price, with the remaining 30% distributed among carriers (if authorized to receive a fee for applications purchased through their network) and payment processors.[10] Revenue earned from the Android Market is paid to developers via Google Checkout merchant s. T-Mobile, the first carrier with an Android device, recently updated the market to allow Google to directly bill app purchases to a customer's cell phone that show up as a charge on the bill.

[edit] Availability for s Paid applications are currently available to Android Market s in following countries: Country Argentina Australia Austria Czech Republic Canada Belgium Brazil Denmark

s can purchase apps[11] No Yes Yes (except MVNO) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Developers can sell apps[12] Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes

Finland Hong Kong India Ireland Israel Italy Japan Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal Russia Singapore Sweden Switzerland Taiwan South Korea Spain United Kingdom United States

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes (except MVNO) Yes Yes

Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

s reported problems with at least several mobile virtual network operators (MVNOs) in some of the countries listed above whose subscribers can't access priced applications. 

Simyo and Jazztel Móvil,[13]

Spain.

As of 30 April 2010, these problems were fixed, and s of BOB and Jazztel have reported[14] the market showing the paid s too.

[edit] Availability for developers Early on, only developers in the U.S. and UK were able to publish priced applications. In an email to Android Market developers on 2 April 2009, Google wrote: "... we are hard at work to enable developers in , Austria, Netherlands, , and Spain to offer priced applications in the coming weeks. Once merchant for priced apps are live in these countries, we will announce our plans for launching for developers in additional geographies."

This was partly realized and, for the time being, developers from Austria, , , Netherlands, Spain, UK and the U.S. can sell priced applications on the Android Market.[12] Unlike with the iPhone, there is no requirement that Android apps be acquired from Android Market. Android apps may be obtained from any source including a developer's own website or from any of the 3rd party alternatives to Market which exist and can be installed on Android devices alongside Market.

[edit] Banned applications On 31 March 2009, Google pulled all tethering applications from the Android Market.[15] Google later restored the applications for Android Market s, except those inside the T-Mobile USA network:[16] On Monday, several applications that enable tethering were removed from the Android Market catalog because they were in violation of T-Mobile's of service in the US. Based on Android's Developer Distribution Agreement (section 7.2), we remove applications from the Android Market catalog that violate the of service of a carrier or manufacturer. We inadvertently unpublished the applications for all carriers, and today we have corrected the problem so that all Android Market s outside the T-Mobile US network will now have access to the applications. We have notified the affected developers.[16] As of 20 May 2010, PDAnet, Easy Tether and Proxoid were all available in the U.S. market for T-mobile s.

[edit] Implementation details The applications themselves are self-contained Android Package files. The Android Market does not install applications itself, rather it asks the phone's PackageManagerService to install them. The package manager can be seen directly if the tries to an APK file direct to their phone. Applications can be installed to the phone's internal storage, and can also be installed to the owner's external storage card under certain conditions.[17]

[edit] App Security Android devices can run apps written by third party developers and distributed through the Android Market or one of several other app stores. Once they've signed up, developers can make apps available immediately, without a lengthly approval process. Because of this, Android devices may be more vulnerable to malware or virus infection.[citation needed] When an app is installed, Android displays all required permissions. At that point the can decide whether or not to install the application. The may decide not to install an application whose permission requirements seem excessive or unnecessary. A game may need to enable vibration, for example, but should not need to read messages or access the phonebook.

App permissions include things like: 

Accessing the Internet



Making phone calls



Sending SMS messages



Reading and writing to the installed memory card



Accessing a 's address book data

While there have only been a few malware attacks in the wild, the possibility exists, and so security software companies have been developing applications to help ensure the security of Android devices. SMobile Systems, one such manufacturer, makes the claim that 20% of the apps in the Android Market request permissions that could be used for malicious purposes. They also state that five percent of the apps can make phone calls without the 's intervention.[18][19] [20] Note that they are not claiming that the apps actually are malicious, just that the possibility exists.

[edit] Known Issues A widespread issue has been reported by hundreds of s which inhibits their ability to apps from the marketplace. Some issues related to the migration of UK s from googlemail.com addresses to gmail.com [21], but the majority are still unresolved, despite a number of suggested fixes. The two most popular questions on android technical help relate to the issue, with hundreds of unanswered queries[22]. There is a problem with the Android 2.2 update. Hundreds of s across multiple networks have experienced the market place app disappearing. So far Google have only offered one solution, a hard reset of your phone. Doing this will wipe your text messages and any other apps you have installed so make sure you back up your data. This can be a lengthy and very annoying process, but as mentioned above, Google have offered no other solution and queries have gone unanswered on their forum.

[edit] See also 

Android






List of digital distribution platforms for mobile devices



List of Android OS-related topics



List of Open Source Android Applications

[edit] References 1. ^ "Android Market Statistics". AndroLib. 8 November 2010. http://www.androlib.com/appstats.aspx. 2. ^ Stephen Lawson (17 March 2009). "Android Market Needs More Filters, T-Mobile Says". PC World. http://www.pcworld.com/article/161410/android_market_needs_more_filters_tmobile_sa ys.html. 3. ^ "Android Market Going Strong, Now Has 20,000 Apps". Maximum PC. 15 December 2009. http://www.maximumpc.com/article/news/android_market_going_strong_now_has_2000 0_apps. Retrieved 15 December 2009. 4. ^ Jerry Hildenbrand (9 September 2010). "Android Market has more than 80,000 apps, Android's Rubin says". Android Central. http://www.androidcentral.com/googles-andyrubin-says-over-80k-apps-now-android-market. 5. ^ "Android Market Has 100,000 Apps & es 1 Billion s". 2009-07-15. http://www.engadget.com/2010/07/15/android-market-now-has-100-000-apps-es-1billion--m/. Retrieved 2009-07-15. 6. ^ "Android Market Hits 1 Billion s & 100,000 apps". 2009-07-15. http://www.fonehome.co.uk/2010/07/16/android-market-hits-1-billion-s100000-apps/. Retrieved 2009-07-15. 7. ^ "Android Market statistics from AndroLib, Androlib, Android Applications and Games". Androlib.com. http://www.androlib.com/appstats.aspx. Retrieved 2010-05-26. 8. ^ "Android Market Statistics". AndroLib. 8 November 2010. http://www.androlib.com/appstats.aspx. 9. ^ "Google Android has double the number of free apps than Apple's App Store". Distimo. 15 July 2009. http://techcrunch.com/2010/07/05/distimo-june-2010/. Retrieved 15 July 2009. 10. ^ "Android Market Developer Distribution Agreement (USA)". android.com. http://www.android.com/us/developer-distribution-agreement.html. 11. ^ "Paid App Availability". Android Market Help. 12. ^ a b "ed locations for merchants". Android Market Help. http://market.android.com//bin/answer.py?answer=150324.

13. ^ "Why the operator Simyo in Spain is now banned/blocked to show paid appplications in Market? - Android Market Help". Google.com. http://www.google.com//forum/p/Android+Market/thread? tid=1096295d987dd4c1&hl=en. Retrieved 2010-05-26. 14. ^ "Issue 3852 - android - No paid apps in market after changing SIM card! - Project Hosting on Google Code". Code.google.com. 2009-09-10. http://code.google.com/p/android/issues/detail?id=3852. Retrieved 2010-05-26. 15. ^ "Banned from the Market... ok.". False Dichotomies. http://www.falsedichotomies.org/node/73. Retrieved 2010-05-26. 16. ^ a b Krazit, Tom (2009-04-02). "Google restores tethering app for Android s outside U.S. | Wireless - CNET News". News.cnet.com. http://news.cnet.com/8301-1035_310210515-94.html. Retrieved 2010-05-26. 17. ^ http://developer.android.com/guide/appendix/install-location.html 18. ^ "SMobile Systems Analysis of Android App Store Reveals Massive Potential for Malware and Viruses". prnewswire.com. 2009-06-22. http://www.prnewswire.com/newsreleases/smobile-systems-analysis-of-android-app-store-reveals-massive-potential-formalware-and-viruses-96896999.html. Retrieved 2010-06-27. 19. ^ "Threat Analysis of the Android Market". smobilesystems.com. 2009-06-22. http://threatcenter.smobilesystems.com/wp-content/s/2010/06/Android-MarketThreat-Analysis-6-22-10-v1.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-27. 20. ^ "20 % des applications de l'Android Market demandent l'accès à des données personnelles". Le Monde. 2009-06-23. http://www.lemonde.fr/technologies/article/2010/06/23/20-des-applications-de-l-androidmarket-demandent-l-acces-a-des-donnees-personnelles_1377745_651865.html. Retrieved 2010-06-27. 21. ^ "gmail.com UK issues". bitterwallet.com. http://www.bitterwallet.com/googlemailchanges-to-gmail-but-snarls-up-android-phones/29294. 22. ^ "Android Technical Help Forum". google.com. http://www.google.com//forum/p/Android+Market/label? lid=7dc8a5c590cd22ee&hl=en&sort=popularity.


Android Market



Android Market Help

[edit] Third Party Market Alternatives 

AndAppStore - Alternative App Store with its own client (no country restrictions)



AppsLib - Alternative apps market provided by Archos (currently limited to Archos devices)



SlideME - Alternative/Complementary Android Marketplace (no country restrictions)



Adroia - Alternative market with payment solution, Pay by Intent and Pay by URL (Norway only)



AndroidPIT - Alternative market with PayPal and ClickandBuy (no country restrictions)

[edit] Utilities for browsing Android Market 

AppAware



AndBOT



AndroidZoom



Androlib



AppBrain



Cyrket



Raw Apps



AndroidTapp



AndroidAppLib



Androlicious

[edit] Utilities for deleting Android Market History 

Refine Efficiency [show]

v•d•e

Android (Google Inc., Open Handset Alliance)

[show] v•d•e

Digital distribution platforms

AppUp · BigPond GamesArena · Direct2Drive · DotEmu · EA Store · Gaikai · GamersGate · GameAgent · GameShadow · GameTap · GFW Live Marketplace · Windows Good Old Games · Impulse · Jumboplay · Metaboli · Microsoft Store · RealArcade · OnLive · Steam · WildTangent · Windows Marketplace · Zylom Mac OS

Gametreeonline.com · GameAgent · GamersGate · Mac Games Arcade · OnLive · Steam

Other Gaikai · Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection · OnLive · PlayStation Store · Wii Shop platform Channel · Xbox Live Marketplace · ZeeboNet 3G s Android Market · App Catalog · App Store · AppUp · App World · Cydia · DSi Mobile Shop · Get It Now · GetJar · Handango · N-Gage · Ovi Store · PlayNow · PlayStation Store for PSP · Windows Marketplace for Mobile · Windows Phone Marketplace Browser

Bing Entertainment · Kongregate · MSN Games · Pogo.com · WildTangent · Yahoo! Games · Zylom

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High-Speed Downlink Packet Access From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) is an enhanced 3G (third generation) mobile telephony communications protocol in the High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) family, also dubbed 3.5G, 3G+ or turbo 3G, which allows networks based on Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) to have higher data transfer speeds and capacity. Current HSDPA deployments down-link speeds of 1.8, 3.6, 7.2 and 14.0 Mbit/s. Further speed increases are available with HSPA+, which provides speeds of up to 42 Mbit/s downlink and 84 Mbit/s with Release 9 of the 3GPP standards.[1]

Contents [hide] 

1 Technology o 1.1 HS-DSCH channel o 1.2 Hybrid automatic repeat-request (HARQ) o 1.3 Fast packet scheduling o 1.4 Adaptive modulation and coding o 1.5 Other improvements



2 HSDPA Equipment (UE) categories



3 Roap



4 Adoption

o 4.1 Marketing as mobile broadband 

5 See also



6 References



7 Further reading



8 External links

[edit] Technology [edit] HS-DSCH channel For HSDPA, a new transport layer channel, High-Speed Downlink Shared Channel (HS-DSCH), has been added to W-CDMA release 5 and further specification. It is implemented by introducing three new physical layer channels: HS-SCCH, HS-DPCCH and HS-PDSCH. The High Speed-Shared Control Channel (HS-SCCH) informs the that data will be sent on the HS-DSCH 2 slots ahead. The Uplink High Speed-Dedicated Physical Control Channel (HSDPCCH) carries acknowledgment information and current channel quality indicator (CQI) of the . This value is then used by the base station to calculate how much data to send to the devices on the next transmission. The High Speed-Physical Downlink Shared Channel (HSPDSCH) is the channel mapped to the above HS-DSCH transport channel that carries actual data.

[edit] Hybrid automatic repeat-request (HARQ) Data is transmitted together with error correction bits. Minor errors can thus be corrected without retransmission; see forward error correction. If retransmission is needed, the device saves the packet and later combines it with retransmitted packet to recover the error-free packet as efficiently as possible. Even if the retransmitted packets are corrupted, their combination can yield an error-free packet. Retransmitted packet may be either identical (Chase combining) or different from the first transmission (incremental redundancy). The round-trip time for retransmissions is improved since the retransmissions are done from base station instead of radio network controller.

[edit] Fast packet scheduling The HS-DSCH downlink channel is shared between s using channel-dependent scheduling to make the best use of available radio conditions. Each device continually transmits an

indication of the downlink signal quality, as often as 500 times per second. Using this information from all devices, the base station decides which s will be sent data on the next 2 ms frame and how much data should be sent for each . More data can be sent to s which report high downlink signal quality. The amount of the channelisation code tree, and thus network bandwidth, allocated to HSDPA s is determined by the network. The allocation is "semi-static" in that it can be modified while the network is operating, but not on a frame-by-frame basis. This allocation represents a trade-off between bandwidth allocated for HSDPA s, versus that for voice and non-HSDPA data s. The allocation is in units of channelisation codes for Spreading Factor 16, of which 16 exist and up to 15 can be allocated to HSDPA. When the base station decides which s will receive data on the next frame, it also decides which channelisation codes will be used for each . This information is sent to the devices over one or more "scheduling channels"; these channels are not part of the HSDPA allocation previously mentioned, but are allocated separately. Thus, for a given 2 ms frame, data may be sent to a number of s simultaneously, using different channelisation codes. The maximum number of s to receive data on a given 2 ms frame is determined by the number of allocated channelisation codes. By contrast, in CDMA2000 1xEV-DO, data is sent to only one at a time.

[edit] Adaptive modulation and coding The modulation scheme and coding is changed on a per- basis depending on signal quality and cell usage. The initial scheme is Quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK), but in good radio conditions 16QAM and 64QAM can significantly increase data throughput rates. With 5 Code allocation, QPSK typically offers up to 1.8 Mbit/s peak data rates, while 16QAM offers up to 3.6. Additional codes (e.g. 10, 15) can also be used to improve these data rates or extend the network capacity throughput significantly.

[edit] Other improvements HSDPA is part of the UMTS standards since release 5, which also accompanies an improvement on the uplink providing a new bearer of 384 kbit/s. The previous maximum bearer was 128 kbit/s. As well as improving data rates, HSDPA also decreases latency and so the round trip time for applications. In later 3GPP specification releases HSPA+ increases data rates further by adding 64QAM modulation, MIMO and Dual-Cell HSDPA operation, i.e. two 5 MHz carriers are used simultaneously.

[edit] HSDPA Equipment (UE) categories HSDPA comprises various versions with different data speeds. The following table is derived from table 5.1a of the release 9 version of 3GPP TS 25.306 [2] and shows maximum speeds of different device classes and by what combination of features they are achieved. In 2009 the most

common devices are category 6 (3.6 Mbit/s) and category 8 (7.2 Mbit/s) with retail prices around 60 euros without subscription.

Protocol HSDPA HSDPA HSDPA HSDPA HSDPA HSDPA HSDPA HSDPA HSDPA HSDPA HSDPA HSDPA HSPA+ HSPA+ HSPA+ HSPA+ HSPA+ HSPA+ Dual-Cell HSDPA Dual-Cell HSDPA Dual-Cell HSDPA Dual-Cell HSDPA DC-HSDPA w/MIMO DC-HSDPA w/MIMO DC-HSDPA w/MIMO DC-HSDPA w/MIMO

Max. 3GPP number of MIMO, Category Modulation Release HS-DSCH Dual-Cell codes

Code rate at Max. data max. rate data [Mbit/s] rate[3] .76 1.2 .76 1.2 .76 1.8 .76 1.8 .76 3.6 .76 3.6 .75 7.2 .76 7.2 .70 10.1 .97 14.0 .76 0.9 .76 1.8 .82 17.6 .98 21.1 .81 23.4 .97 28.0 .82 35.3 .98 42.2

Release 5 Release 5 Release 5 Release 5 Release 5 Release 5 Release 5 Release 5 Release 5 Release 5 Release 5 Release 5 Release 7 Release 7 Release 7 Release 7 Release 7 Release 7

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 19 20

5 5 5 5 5 5 10 10 15 15 5 5 15 15 15 15 15 15

16-QAM 16-QAM 16-QAM 16-QAM 16-QAM 16-QAM 16-QAM 16-QAM 16-QAM 16-QAM QPSK QPSK 64-QAM 64-QAM 16-QAM 16-QAM 64-QAM 64-QAM

MIMO MIMO MIMO MIMO

Release 8

21

15

16-QAM

Dual-Cell

.81

23.4

Release 8

22

15

16-QAM

Dual-Cell

.97

28.0

Release 8

23

15

64-QAM

Dual-Cell

.82

35.3

Release 8

24

15

64-QAM

Dual-Cell

.98

42.2

Release 9

25

15

16-QAM

.81

46.7

Release 9

26

15

.97

55.9

Release 9

27

15

.82

70.6

Release 9

28

15

.98

84.4

Dual-Cell + MIMO Dual-Cell + 16-QAM MIMO Dual-Cell + 64-QAM MIMO Dual-Cell + 64-QAM MIMO

16-QAM implies QPSK , 64-QAM implies 16-QAM and QPSK . The maximum data rates given in the table are physical layer data rates. Application layer data rate is approximately 85% of that, due to the inclusion of IP headers (overhead information) etc.

[edit] Roap The first phase of HSDPA has been specified in the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) release 5. Phase one introduces new basic functions and is aimed to achieve peak data rates of 14.0 Mbit/s (see above). Newly introduced are the High Speed Downlink Shared Channels (HSDSCH), the adaptive modulation QPSK and 16QAM and the High Speed Medium Access protocol (MAC-hs) in base station. The second phase of HSDPA is specified in the 3GPP release 7 and has been named HSPA Evolved. It can achieve data rates of up to 42 Mbit/s.[1] It introduces antenna array technologies such as beamforming and Multiple-input multiple-output communications (MIMO). Beam forming focuses the transmitted power of an antenna in a beam towards the ’s direction. MIMO uses multiple antennas at the sending and receiving side. Deployments are scheduled to begin in the second half of 2008. Further releases of the standard have introduced dual carrier operation, i.e. the simultaneous use of two 5 MHz carrier. By combining this with MIMO transmission, peak data rates of 84 Mbit/s can be reached under ideal signal conditions. After HSPA Evolved, the roap leads to E-UTRA (Previously "HSOPA"), the technology specified in 3GPP Release 8. This project is called the Long Term Evolution initiative. The first release of LTE offers data rates of over 320 Mbit/s for downlink and over 170 Mbit/s for uplink using OFDMA modulation.[1]

[edit] Adoption As of August 28, 2009, 250 HSDPA networks have commercially launched mobile broadband services in 109 countries. 169 HSDPA networks 3.6 Mbit/s peak downlink data throughput. A growing number are delivering 21 Mbit/s peak data downlink and 28 Mbit/s. Several others will have this capability by end 2009 and the first 42 Mbit/s network came online in Australia in February 2010. Telstra switches on 42 Mbit/s Next G, plans 84 Mbit/s through the implementation of HSPA+ Dual Carrier plus MIMO technology upgrade in 2011.[4] This protocol is a relatively simple upgrade where UMTS is already deployed.[1] First week in May 2010, Second-ranked Indonesia cellco: Indosat has launched the first DC-HSPA+ 42 Mbit/s fastest commercial network in Asia-Pasific (first operator in Asia and the second in the world after Telstra). Indosat has beaten Australia's Telstra, Singapore's StarHub and Hong Kong's CSL to stake its claim as the first operator in Asia-Pacific to offer theoritical speeds of 42 Mbit/s via HSPA+.[5][6] CDMA2000-EVDO networks had the early lead on performance, and Japanese providers were highly successful benchmarks for it. But lately this seems to be changing in favour of HSDPA as

an increasing number of providers worldwide are adopting it. In Australia, Telstra announced that its CDMA-EVDO network would be replaced with a HSDPA network (since named NextG), offering high speed internet, mobile television and traditional telephony and video calling. Rogers Wireless deployed HSDPA system 850/1900 in Canada on April 1, 2007. In July 2008, Bell Canada and Telus announced a t plan to expand their current shared EVDO/CDMA network to include HSDPA.[7] Bell Canada launched their t network November 4, 2009, while Telus launched November 5, 2009.[8] In January 2010, T-Mobile USA adopted HSDPA.[9]

[edit] Marketing as mobile broadband During 2007, an increasing number of telcos worldwide began selling HSDPA USB modems as mobile broadband connections. In addition, the popularity of HSDPA landline replacement boxes grew—providing HSDPA for data via Ethernet and WiFi, and ports for connecting traditional landline telephones. Some are marketed with connection speeds of "up to 7.2 Mbit/s",[10] which is only attained under ideal conditions. As a result these services can be slower than expected, especially when in fringe coverage indoors.

[edit] See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to: HSDPA 

3GPP Long Term Evolution



Cellular router



High-Speed Uplink Packet Access



High-Speed OFDM Packet Access



List of device bandwidths



List of HSDPA mobile phones



Multi-band



UMTS



UMTS frequency bands

[edit] References 1. ^ a b c d HSPA mobile broadband today

2. ^ 3GPP TS 25.306 v9.0.0 http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/html-info/25306.htm 3. ^ The maximal code rate is not limited. A value close to 1 in this column indicates that the maximum data rate can be achieved only in ideal conditions. The device is therefore connected directly to the transmitter to demonstrate these data rates. 4. ^ Telstra switches on 42 Mbps Next G, plans 84 Mbps upgrade in 2011 | Comms Day http://www.commsday.com/commsday/?p=789 5. ^ Indosat first in Asia to launch 42 Mbps HSPA+ http://www.telecomasia.net/print/17244 6. ^ Indosat gears up for 4G and launches Asia's fastest network - Ericsson http://www.ericsson.com/news/142992 7. ^ "Telus, Bell Announce Switch from CDMA to HSDPA". http://www.iphonealley.com/news/telus-bell-announce-switch-from-cdma-to-hsdpa. 8. ^ Marlow, Iain (3 November 2009). "Bell, Telus launch high-speed networks". Toronto Star. http://www.thestar.com/business/article/720096--bell-races-to-launch-high-speednetwork-one-day-ahead-of-telus. 9. ^ http://www.pcworld.com/businesscenter/article/185916/tmobile_usa_finishes_upgrade_to _hspa_72.html 10. ^ Vodafone UK 7.2 MBs service

[edit] Further reading 

Sauter, Martin (2006). Communication Systems for the Mobile Information Society. Chichester: John Wiley. ISBN 0470026766.


GSM Association on HSPA



Understand HSDPA's implementation challenges [show]

v•d•e

Mobile telephony standards AMP AMPS · TACS · ETACS S

family Other NMT · Hicap · Mobitex · DataTAC GSM/3GP GSM · CSD P family 3GPP2 family

CdmaOne (IS-95)

AMPS family

D-AMPS (IS-54 and IS-136)

Other

CDPD · iDEN · PDC · PHS

GSM/3GP HSCSD · GPRS · EDGE/EGPRS P family 3GPP2 family

CDMA2000 1xRTT (IS-2000)

Other

WiDEN

3GPP UMTS (UTRAN) · WCDMA-FDD · WCDMA-TDD · UTRA-TDD LCR (TD-SCDMA) family 3GPP 2 CDMA2000 1xEV-DO (IS-856) family 3GPP HSDPA · HSUPA · HSPA+ · LTE (E-UTRA) family 3GPP 2 EV-DO Rev. A · EV-DO Rev. B family Other Mobile WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e-2005) · Flash-OFDM · IEEE 802.20 3GPP LTE Advanced family WiMAX IEEE 802.16m family unconfirme

[hide]Internet access Wired Unlicense d terrestrial bands G.hn · Wi-Fi · HomePlu Bluetooth · HomePN Ethernet g DECT · A · G.hn Powerline Wireless Alliance USB

Network Coaxial Twisted type Optical cable pair

LAN Ethernet G.hn

Wireless Phone line

Power line

Licensed terrestrial bands

Satellite

GPRS · iBurst · WiBro/WiMAX Muni Wi· UMTS-TDD, Satellite Fi HSPA · EVDO · LTE Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-Speed_Downlink_Packet_Access" Categories: Universal Mobile Telecommunications System | High-Speed Packet Access Dial-up · PON · DOCSI WAN Ethernet ISDN · BPL Ethernet S DSL

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us

Internet From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search This article is about the public worldwide computer network system. For other uses, see Internet (disambiguation).

Visualization from the Opte Project of the various routes through a portion of the Internet The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet Protocol Suite (T/IP) to serve billions of s worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks, of local to global scope, that are linked by a broad array of electronic and optical networking technologies. The Internet carries a vast range of information resources and services, such as the inter-linked hypertext documents of the World Wide Web (WWW) and the infrastructure to electronic mail. Most traditional communications media including telephone, music, film, and television are being reshaped or redefined by the Internet. Newspaper, book and other print publishing are having to adapt to Web sites and blogging. The Internet has enabled or accelerated new forms of human interactions through instant messaging, Internet forums, and social networking. Online shopping has boomed both for major retail outlets and small artisans and traders. Business-tobusiness and financial services on the Internet affect supply chains across entire industries. The origins of the Internet reach back to the 1960s with both private and United States military research into robust, fault-tolerant, and distributed computer networks. The funding of a new U.S. backbone by the National Science Foundation, as well as private funding for other commercial backbones, led to worldwide participation in the development of new networking technologies, and the merger of many networks. The commercialization of what was by then an international network in the mid 1990s resulted in its popularization and incorporation into virtually every aspect of modern human life. As of 2009, an estimated quarter of Earth's population used the services of the Internet. The Internet has no centralized governance in either technological implementation or policies for access and usage; each constituent network sets its own standards. Only the overreaching definitions of the two principal name spaces in the Internet, the Internet Protocol address space

and the Domain Name System, are directed by a maintainer organization, the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). The technical underpinning and standardization of the core protocols (IPv4 and IPv6) is an activity of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), a non-profit organization of loosely d international participants that anyone may associate with by contributing technical expertise.

Contents [hide] 

1 Terminology



2 History



3 Technology o 3.1 Protocols o 3.2 Structure



4 Governance



5 Modern uses



6 Services o 6.1 Information o 6.2 Communication o 6.3 Data transfer



7 Access



8 Social impact



9 See also



10 Notes



11 References



12 External links

Terminology See also: Internet capitalization conventions Internet is a short form of the technical term "internetwork",[1] the result of interconnecting computer networks with special gateways (routers). The Internet is also often referred to as the net. The term the Internet, when referring to the entire global system of IP networks, has traditionally been treated as a proper noun and written with an initial capital letter. In the media and popular culture a trend has developed to regard it as a generic term or common noun and thus write it as "the internet", without capitalization.

Depiction of the Internet as a cloud in network diagrams The Internet and World Wide Web are often used in everyday speech without much distinction. However, the Internet and the World Wide Web are not one and the same. The Internet is a global data communications system. It is a hardware and software infrastructure that provides connectivity between computers. In contrast, the Web is one of the services communicated via the Internet. It is a collection of interconnected documents and other resources, linked by hyperlinks and URLs.[2] In many technical illustrations when the precise location or interrelation of Internet resources is not important, extended networks such as the Internet are often depicted as a cloud.[3] The verbal image has been formalized in the newer concept of cloud computing.

History Main article: History of the Internet The USSR's launch of Sputnik spurred the United States to create the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA or DARPA) in February 1958 to regain a technological lead.[4][5] ARPA created the Information Processing Technology Office (IPTO) to further the research of the Semi Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) program, which had networked country-wide radar

systems together for the first time. The IPTO's purpose was to find ways to address the US Military's concern about survivability of their communications networks, and as a first step interconnect their computers at the Pentagon, Cheyenne Mountain, and Strategic Air Command headquarters (SAC). J. C. R. Licklider, a promoter of universal networking, was selected to head the IPTO. Licklider moved from the Psycho-Acoustic Laboratory at Harvard University to MIT in 1950, after becoming interested in information technology. At MIT, he served on a committee that established Lincoln Laboratory and worked on the SAGE project. In 1957 he became a Vice President at BBN, where he bought the first production PDP-1 computer and conducted the first public demonstration of time-sharing.

Professor Leonard Kleinrock with one of the first ARPANET Interface Message Processors at UCLA At the IPTO, Licklider's successor Ivan Sutherland in 1965 got Lawrence Roberts to start a project to make a network, and Roberts based the technology on the work of Paul Baran,[6] who had written an exhaustive study for the United States Air Force that recommended packet switching (opposed to circuit switching) to achieve better network robustness and disaster survivability. Roberts had worked at the MIT Lincoln Laboratory originally established to work on the design of the SAGE system. UCLA professor Leonard Kleinrock had provided the theoretical foundations for packet networks in 1962, and later, in the 1970s, for hierarchical routing, concepts which have been the underpinning of the development towards today's Internet. Sutherland's successor Robert Taylor convinced Roberts to build on his early packet switching successes and come and be the IPTO Chief Scientist. Once there, Roberts prepared a report called Resource Sharing Computer Networks which was approved by Taylor in June 1968 and laid the foundation for the launch of the working ARPANET the following year. After much work, the first two nodes of what would become the ARPANET were interconnected between Kleinrock's Network Measurement Center at the UCLA's School of Engineering and Applied Science and Douglas Engelbart's NLS system at SRI International (SRI) in Menlo Park, California, on 29 October 1969. The third site on the ARPANET was the Culler-Fried Interactive Mathematics center at the University of California at Santa Barbara, and the fourth was the University of Utah Graphics Department. In an early sign of future growth, there were already fifteen sites connected to the young ARPANET by the end of 1971.

The ARPANET was one of the eve networks of today's Internet. In an independent development, Donald Davies at the UK National Physical Laboratory also discovered the concept of packet switching in the early 1960s, first giving a talk on the subject in 1965, after which the teams in the new field from two sides of the Atlantic ocean first became acquainted. It was actually Davies' coinage of the wording "packet" and "packet switching" that was adopted as the standard terminology. Davies also built a packet switched network in the UK called the Mark I in 1970. [7] Bolt Beranek and Newman (BBN), the private contractors for ARPANET, set out to create a separate commercial version after establishing "value added carriers" was legalized in the U.S.[8] The network they established was called Telenet and began operation in 1975, installing free public dial-up access in cities throughout the U.S. Telenet was the first packet-switching network open to the general public.[9] Following the demonstration that packet switching worked on the ARPANET, the British Post Office, Telenet, DATAPAC and TRANSPAC collaborated to create the first international packetswitched network service. In the UK, this was referred to as the International Packet Switched Service (IPSS), in 1978. The collection of X.25-based networks grew from Europe and the US to cover Canada, Hong Kong and Australia by 1981. The X.25 packet switching standard was developed in the CCITT (now called ITU-T) around 1976.

A plaque commemorating the birth of the Internet at Stanford University X.25 was independent of the T/IP protocols that arose from the experimental work of DARPA on the ARPANET, Packet Radio Net and Packet Satellite Net during the same time period. The early ARPANET ran on the Network Control Program (N), implementing the host-to-host connectivity and switching layers of the protocol stack, designed and first implemented in December 1970 by a team called the Network Working Group (NWG) led by Steve Crocker. To respond to the network's rapid growth as more and more locations connected, Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn developed the first description of the now widely used T protocols during 1973 and published a paper on the subject in May 1974. Use of the term "Internet" to describe a single global T/IP network originated in December 1974 with the publication of RFC 675, the first full specification of T that was written by Vinton Cerf, Yogen Dalal and Carl Sunshine, then at Stanford University. During the next nine years, work proceeded to refine the protocols and to

implement them on a wide range of operating systems. The first T/IP-based wide-area network was operational by 1 January 1983 when all hosts on the ARPANET were switched over from the older N protocols. In 1985, the United States' National Science Foundation (NSF) commissioned the construction of the NSFNET, a university 56 kilobit/second network backbone using computers called "fuzzballs" by their inventor, David L. Mills. The following year, NSF sponsored the conversion to a higher-speed 1.5 megabit/second network. A key decision to use the DARPA T/IP protocols was made by Dennis Jennings, then in charge of the Supercomputer program at NSF. The opening of the NSFNET to other networks began in 1988.[citation needed] The US Federal Networking Council approved the interconnection of the NSFNET to the commercial MCI Mail system in that year and the link was made in the summer of 1989. Other commercial electronic mail services were soon connected, including OnTyme, Telemail and Compve. In that same year, three commercial Internet service providers (ISPs) began operations: UUNET, PSINet, and CERFNET. Important, separate networks that offered gateways into, then later merged with, the Internet include Usenet and BITNET. Various other commercial and educational networks, such as Telenet (by that time renamed to Sprintnet), Tymnet, Compve and JANET were interconnected with the growing Internet in the 1980s as the T/IP protocol became increasingly popular. The adaptability of T/IP to existing communication networks allowed for rapid growth. The open availability of the specifications and reference code permitted commercial vendors to build interoperable network components, such as routers, making standardized network gear available from many companies. This aided in the rapid growth of the Internet and the proliferation of local-area networking. It seeded the widespread implementation and rigorous standardization of T/IP on UNIX and virtually every other common operating system.

This NeXT Computer was used by Sir Tim Berners-Lee at CERN and became the world's first Web server. Although the basic applications and guidelines that make the Internet possible had existed for almost two decades, the network did not gain a public face until the 1990s. On 6 August 1991, CERN, a pan European organization for particle research, publicized the new World Wide Web project. The Web was invented by British scientist Tim Berners-Lee in 1989. An early popular web browser was ViolaWWW, patterned after HyperCard and built using the X Window System. It was eventually replaced in popularity by the Mosaic web browser. In 1993, the National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois released version 1.0 of Mosaic, and by late 1994 there was growing public interest in the previously academic, technical

Internet. By 1996 usage of the word Internet had become commonplace, and consequently, so had its use as a synecdoche in reference to the World Wide Web. Meanwhile, over the course of the decade, the Internet successfully accommodated the majority of previously existing public computer networks (although some networks, such as FidoNet, have remained separate). During the 1990s, it was estimated that the Internet grew by 100 percent per year, with a brief period of explosive growth in 1996 and 1997.[10] This growth is often attributed to the lack of central istration, which allows organic growth of the network, as well as the non-proprietary open nature of the Internet protocols, which encourages vendor interoperability and prevents any one company from exerting too much control over the network.[11] The estimated population of Internet s is 1.97 billion as of 30 June 2010.[12] From 2009 onward, the Internet is expected to grow significantly in Brazil, Russia, India, China, and Indonesia (BRICI countries). These countries have large populations and moderate to high economic growth, but still low Internet penetration rates. In 2009, the BRICI countries represented about 45 percent of the world's population and had approximately 610 million Internet s, but by 2015, Internet s in BRICI countries will double to 1.2 billion, and will triple in Indonesia.[13][14]

Technology Protocols Main article: Internet Protocol Suite The complex communications infrastructure of the Internet consists of its hardware components and a system of software layers that control various aspects of the architecture. While the hardware can often be used to other software systems, it is the design and the rigorous standardization process of the software architecture that characterizes the Internet and provides the foundation for its scalability and success. The responsibility for the architectural design of the Internet software systems has been delegated to the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).[15] The IETF conducts standard-setting work groups, open to any individual, about the various aspects of Internet architecture. Resulting discussions and final standards are published in a series of publications, each called a Request for Comments (RFC), freely available on the IETF web site. The principal methods of networking that enable the Internet are contained in specially designated RFCs that constitute the Internet Standards. Other less rigorous documents are simply informative, experimental, or historical, or document the best current practices (B) when implementing Internet technologies. The Internet Standards describe a framework known as the Internet Protocol Suite. This is a model architecture that divides methods into a layered system of protocols (RFC 1122, RFC 1123). The layers correspond to the environment or scope in which their services operate. At the top is the Application Layer, the space for the application-specific networking methods used in software applications, e.g., a web browser program. Below this top layer, the Transport Layer connects applications on different hosts via the network (e.g., client–server model) with appropriate data exchange methods. Underlying these layers are the core networking

technologies, consisting of two layers. The Internet Layer enables computers to identify and locate each other via Internet Protocol (IP) addresses, and allows them to connect to one-another via intermediate (transit) networks. Lastly, at the bottom of the architecture, is a software layer, the Link Layer, that provides connectivity between hosts on the same local network link, such as a local area network (LAN) or a dial-up connection. The model, also known as T/IP, is designed to be independent of the underlying hardware which the model therefore does not concern itself with in any detail. Other models have been developed, such as the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model, but they are not compatible in the details of description, nor implementation, but many similarities exist and the T/IP protocols are usually included in the discussion of OSI networking. The most prominent component of the Internet model is the Internet Protocol (IP) which provides addressing systems (IP addresses) for computers on the Internet. IP enables internetworking and essentially establishes the Internet itself. IP Version 4 (IPv4) is the initial version used on the first generation of the today's Internet and is still in dominant use. It was designed to address up to ~4.3 billion (109) Internet hosts. However, the explosive growth of the Internet has led to IPv4 address exhaustion which is estimated to enter its final stage in approximately 2011.[16] A new protocol version, IPv6, was developed in the mid 1990s which provides vastly larger addressing capabilities and more efficient routing of Internet traffic. IPv6 is currently in commercial deployment phase around the world and Internet address registries (RIRs) have begun to urge all resource managers to plan rapid adoption and conversion.[17] IPv6 is not interoperable with IPv4. It essentially establishes a "parallel" version of the Internet not directly accessible with IPv4 software. This means software upgrades or translator facilities are necessary for every networking device that needs to communicate on the IPv6 Internet. Most modern computer operating systems are already converted to operate with both versions of the Internet Protocol. Network infrastructures, however, are still lagging in this development. Aside from the complex physical connections that make up its infrastructure, the Internet is facilitated by bi- or multi-lateral commercial contracts (e.g., peering agreements), and by technical specifications or protocols that describe how to exchange data over the network. Indeed, the Internet is defined by its interconnections and routing policies.

Structure The Internet structure and its usage characteristics have been studied extensively. It has been determined that both the Internet IP routing structure and hypertext links of the World Wide Web are examples of scale-free networks. Similar to the way the commercial Internet providers connect via Internet exchange points, research networks tend to interconnect into large subnetworks such as GEANT, GLORIAD, Internet2 (successor of the Abilene Network), and the UK's national research and education network JANET. These in turn are built around smaller networks (see also the list of academic computer network organizations). Many computer scientists describe the Internet as a "prime example of a large-scale, highly engineered, yet highly complex system".[18] The Internet is extremely heterogeneous; for instance, data transfer rates and physical characteristics of connections vary widely. The Internet exhibits "emergent phenomena" that depend on its large-scale organization. For example, data

transfer rates exhibit temporal self-similarity. The principles of the routing and addressing methods for traffic in the Internet reach back to their origins the 1960s when the eventual scale and popularity of the network could not be anticipated. Thus, the possibility of developing alternative structures is investigated.[19]

Governance Main article: Internet governance

ICANN headquarters in Marina Del Rey, California, United States The Internet is a globally distributed network comprising many voluntarily interconnected autonomous networks. It operates without a central governing body. However, to maintain interoperability, all technical and policy aspects of the underlying core infrastructure and the principal name spaces are istered by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), headquartered in Marina del Rey, California. ICANN is the authority that coordinates the assignment of unique identifiers for use on the Internet, including domain names, Internet Protocol (IP) addresses, application port numbers in the transport protocols, and many other parameters. Globally unified name spaces, in which names and numbers are uniquely assigned, are essential for the global reach of the Internet. ICANN is governed by an international board of directors drawn from across the Internet technical, business, academic, and other non-commercial communities. The US government continues to have the primary role in approving changes to the DNS root zone that lies at the heart of the domain name system. ICANN's role in coordinating the assignment of unique identifiers distinguishes it as perhaps the only central coordinating body on the global Internet. On 16 November 2005, the World Summit on the Information Society, held in Tunis, established the Internet Governance Forum (IGF) to discuss Internet-related issues.

Modern uses The Internet is allowing greater flexibility in working hours and location, especially with the spread of unmetered high-speed connections and web applications. The Internet can now be accessed almost anywhere by numerous means, especially through mobile Internet devices. Mobile phones, datacards, handheld game consoles and cellular routers allow s to connect to the Internet from anywhere there is a wireless network ing that

device's technology. Within the limitations imposed by small screens and other limited facilities of such pocket-sized devices, services of the Internet, including email and the web, may be available. Service providers may restrict the services offered and wireless data transmission charges may be significantly higher than other access methods. Educational material at all levels from pre-school to post-doctoral is available from websites. Examples range from CBeebies, through school and high-school revision guides, virtual universities, to access to top-end scholarly literature through the likes of Google Scholar. In distance education, help with homework and other assignments, self-guided learning, whiling away spare time, or just looking up more detail on an interesting fact, it has never been easier for people to access educational information at any level from anywhere. The Internet in general and the World Wide Web in particular are important enablers of both formal and informal education. The low cost and nearly instantaneous sharing of ideas, knowledge, and skills has made collaborative work dramatically easier, with the help of collaborative software. Not only can a group cheaply communicate and share ideas, but the wide reach of the Internet allows such groups to easily form in the first place. An example of this is the free software movement, which has produced, among other programs, Linux, Mozilla Firefox, and OpenOffice.org. Internet "chat", whether in the form of IRC chat rooms or channels, or via instant messaging systems, allow colleagues to stay in touch in a very convenient way when working at their computers during the day. Messages can be exchanged even more quickly and conveniently than via e-mail. Extensions to these systems may allow files to be exchanged, "whiteboard" drawings to be shared or voice and video between team . Version control systems allow collaborating teams to work on shared sets of documents without either accidentally overwriting each other's work or having wait until they get "sent" documents to be able to make their contributions. Business and project teams can share calendars as well as documents and other information. Such collaboration occurs in a wide variety of areas including scientific research, software development, conference planning, political activism and creative writing. Social and political collaboration is also becoming more widespread as both Internet access and computer literacy grow. From the flash mob 'events' of the early 2000s to the use of social networking in the 2009 Iranian election protests, the Internet allows people to work together more effectively and in many more ways than was possible without it. The Internet allows computer s to remotely access other computers and information stores easily, wherever they may be across the world. They may do this with or without the use of security, authentication and encryption technologies, depending on the requirements. This is encouraging new ways of working from home, collaboration and information sharing in many industries. An ant sitting at home can audit the books of a company based in another country, on a server situated in a third country that is remotely maintained by IT specialists in a fourth. These s could have been created by home-working bookkeepers, in other remote locations, based on information e-mailed to them from offices all over the world. Some of these things were possible before the widespread use of the Internet, but the cost of private leased lines would have made many of them infeasible in practice. An office worker away from their desk, perhaps on the other side of the world on a business trip or a holiday, can open a remote desktop session into his normal office PC using a secure Virtual Private Network (VPN) connection via

the Internet. This gives the worker complete access to all of his or her normal files and data, including e-mail and other applications, while away from the office. This concept has been referred to among system s as the Virtual Private Nightmare,[20] because it extends the secure perimeter of a corporate network into its employees' homes.

Services Information Many people use the Internet and World Wide Web, or just the Web, interchangeably, but the two are not synonymous. The World Wide Web is a global set of documents, images and other resources, logically interrelated by hyperlinks and referenced with Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs). URIs allow providers to symbolically identify services and clients to locate and address web servers, file servers, and other databases that store documents and provide resources and access them using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), the primary carrier protocol of the Web. HTTP is only one of the hundreds of communication protocols used on the Internet. Web services may also use HTTP to allow software systems to communicate in order to share and exchange business logic and data. World Wide Web browser software, such as Microsoft's Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Opera, Apple's Safari, and Google Chrome, let s navigate from one web page to another via hyperlinks embedded in the documents. These documents may also contain any combination of computer data, including graphics, sounds, text, video, multimedia and interactive content including games, office applications and scientific demonstrations. Through keyword-driven Internet research using search engines like Yahoo! and Google, s worldwide have easy, instant access to a vast and diverse amount of online information. Compared to printed encyclopedias and traditional libraries, the World Wide Web has enabled the decentralization of information. The Web has also enabled individuals and organizations to publish ideas and information to a potentially large audience online at greatly reduced expense and time delay. Publishing a web page, a blog, or building a website involves little initial cost and many cost-free services are available. Publishing and maintaining large, professional web sites with attractive, diverse and up-to-date information is still a difficult and expensive proposition, however. Many individuals and some companies and groups use web logs or blogs, which are largely used as easily updatable online diaries. Some commercial organizations encourage staff to communicate advice in their areas of specialization in the hope that visitors will be impressed by the expert knowledge and free information, and be attracted to the corporation as a result. One example of this practice is Microsoft, whose product developers publish their personal blogs in order to pique the public's interest in their work. Collections of personal web pages published by large service providers remain popular, and have become increasingly sophisticated. Whereas operations such as Angelfire and GeoCities have existed since the early days of the Web, newer offerings from, for example, Facebook and MySpace currently have large followings. These operations often brand themselves as social network services rather than simply as web page hosts.

Advertising on popular web pages can be lucrative, and e-commerce or the sale of products and services directly via the Web continues to grow. When the Web began in the 1990s, a typical web page was stored in completed form on a web server, formatted with HTML, ready to be sent to a 's browser in response to a request. Over time, the process of creating and serving web pages has become more automated and more dynamic. Websites are often created using content management or wiki software with, initially, very little content. Contributors to these systems, who may be paid staff, of a club or other organization or of the public, fill underlying databases with content using editing pages designed for that purpose, while casual visitors view and read this content in its final HTML form. There may or may not be editorial, approval and security systems built into the process of taking newly entered content and making it available to the target visitors.

Communication E-mail is an important communications service available on the Internet. The concept of sending electronic text messages between parties in a way analogous to mailing letters or memos predates the creation of the Internet. Today it can be important to distinguish between internet and internal e-mail systems. Internet e-mail may travel and be stored unencrypted on many other networks and machines out of both the sender's and the recipient's control. During this time it is quite possible for the content to be read and even tampered with by third parties, if anyone considers it important enough. Purely internal or intranet mail systems, where the information never leaves the corporate or organization's network, are much more secure, although in any organization there will be IT and other personnel whose job may involve monitoring, and occasionally accessing, the e-mail of other employees not addressed to them. Pictures, documents and other files can be sent as e-mail attachments. E-mails can be cc-ed to multiple e-mail addresses. Internet telephony is another common communications service made possible by the creation of the Internet. VoIP stands for Voice-over-Internet Protocol, referring to the protocol that underlies all Internet communication. The idea began in the early 1990s with walkie-talkie-like voice applications for personal computers. In recent years many VoIP systems have become as easy to use and as convenient as a normal telephone. The benefit is that, as the Internet carries the voice traffic, VoIP can be free or cost much less than a traditional telephone call, especially over long distances and especially for those with always-on Internet connections such as cable or ADSL. VoIP is maturing into a competitive alternative to traditional telephone service. Interoperability between different providers has improved and the ability to call or receive a call from a traditional telephone is available. Simple, inexpensive VoIP network adapters are available that eliminate the need for a personal computer. Voice quality can still vary from call to call but is often equal to and can even exceed that of traditional calls. Remaining problems for VoIP include emergency telephone number dialing and reliability. Currently, a few VoIP providers provide an emergency service, but it is not universally available. Traditional phones are line-powered and operate during a power failure; VoIP does not do so without a backup power source for the phone equipment and the Internet access devices. VoIP has also become increasingly popular for gaming applications, as a form of communication

between players. Popular VoIP clients for gaming include Ventrilo and Teamspeak. Wii, PlayStation 3, and Xbox 360 also offer VoIP chat features.

Data transfer File sharing is an example of transferring large amounts of data across the Internet. A computer file can be e-mailed to customers, colleagues and friends as an attachment. It can be ed to a website or FTP server for easy by others. It can be put into a "shared location" or onto a file server for instant use by colleagues. The load of bulk s to many s can be eased by the use of "mirror" servers or peer-to-peer networks. In any of these cases, access to the file may be controlled by authentication, the transit of the file over the Internet may be obscured by encryption, and money may change hands for access to the file. The price can be paid by the remote charging of funds from, for example, a credit card whose details are also ed—usually fully encrypted—across the Internet. The origin and authenticity of the file received may be checked by digital signatures or by MD5 or other message digests. These simple features of the Internet, over a worldwide basis, are changing the production, sale, and distribution of anything that can be reduced to a computer file for transmission. This includes all manner of print publications, software products, news, music, film, video, photography, graphics and the other arts. This in turn has caused seismic shifts in each of the existing industries that previously controlled the production and distribution of these products. Streaming media refers to the act that many existing radio and television broadcasters promote Internet "feeds" of their live audio and video streams (for example, the BBC). They may also allow time-shift viewing or listening such as Preview, Classic Clips and Listen Again features. These providers have been ed by a range of pure Internet "broadcasters" who never had onair licenses. This means that an Internet-connected device, such as a computer or something more specific, can be used to access on-line media in much the same way as was previously possible only with a television or radio receiver. The range of available types of content is much wider, from specialized technical webcasts to on-demand popular multimedia services. Podcasting is a variation on this theme, where—usually audio—material is ed and played back on a computer or shifted to a portable media player to be listened to on the move. These techniques using simple equipment allow anybody, with little censorship or licensing control, to broadcast audio-visual material worldwide. Webcams can be seen as an even lower-budget extension of this phenomenon. While some webcams can give full-frame-rate video, the picture is usually either small or updates slowly. Internet s can watch animals around an African waterhole, ships in the Panama Canal, traffic at a local roundabout or monitor their own premises, live and in real time. Video chat rooms and video conferencing are also popular with many uses being found for personal webcams, with and without two-way sound. YouTube was founded on 15 February 2005 and is now the leading website for free streaming video with a vast number of s. It uses a flash-based web player to stream and show video files. ed s may an unlimited amount of video and build their own personal profile. YouTube claims that its s watch hundreds of millions, and hundreds of thousands of videos daily.[21]

Access

See also: Internet access worldwide, List of countries by number of Internet s, English on the Internet, Global Internet usage, and Unicode

Graph of Internet s per 100 inhabitants between 1997 and 2007 by International Telecommunication Union The prevalent language for communication on the Internet is English. This may be a result of the origin of the Internet, as well as English's role as a lingua franca. It may also be related to the poor capability of early computers, largely originating in the United States, to handle characters other than those in the English variant of the Latin alphabet. After English (28% of Web visitors) the most requested languages on the World Wide Web are Chinese (23%), Spanish (8%), Japanese (5%), Portuguese and German (4% each), Arabic, French and Russian (3% each), and Korean (2%).[22] By region, 42% of the world's Internet s are based in Asia, 24% in Europe, 14% in North America, 10% in Latin America and the Caribbean taken together, 5% in Africa, 3% in the Middle East and 1% in Australia/Oceania.[23] In Asia, South Korea has the biggest internet penetration with 81.1% s (as comparison Japan with 78.2%[24] and USA with 77.3%[25]). The Internet's technologies have developed enough in recent years, especially in the use of Unicode, that good facilities are available for development and communication in the world's widely used languages. However, some glitches such as mojibake (incorrect display of some languages' characters) still remain. Common methods of Internet access in homes include dial-up, landline broadband (over coaxial cable, fiber optic or copper wires), Wi-Fi, satellite and 3G technology cell phones. Public places to use the Internet include libraries and Internet cafes, where computers with Internet connections are available. There are also Internet access points in many public places such as airport halls and coffee shops, in some cases just for brief use while standing. Various are used, such as "public Internet kiosk", "public access terminal", and "Web payphone". Many hotels now also have public terminals, though these are usually fee-based. These terminals are widely accessed for various usage like ticket booking, bank deposit, online payment etc. Wi-Fi provides wireless access to computer networks, and therefore can do so to the Internet itself. Hotspots providing such access include Wi-Fi cafes, where would-be s need to bring their own wireless-enabled devices such as a laptop or PDA. These services may be free to all, free to customers only, or fee-based. A hotspot need not be limited to a confined location. A whole campus or park, or even an entire city can be enabled. Grassroots efforts have led to wireless community networks. Commercial Wi-Fi services covering large city areas are in place in

London, Vienna, Toronto, San Francisco, Philadelphia, Chicago and Pittsburgh. The Internet can then be accessed from such places as a park bench.[26] Apart from Wi-Fi, there have been experiments with proprietary mobile wireless networks like Ricochet, various high-speed data services over cellular phone networks, and fixed wireless services. High-end mobile phones such as smartphones generally come with Internet access through the phone network. Web browsers such as Opera are available on these advanced handsets, which can also run a wide variety of other Internet software. More mobile phones have Internet access than PCs, though this is not as widely used.[citation needed] An Internet access provider and protocol matrix differentiates the methods used to get online.

Social impact Main article: Sociology of the Internet The Internet has enabled entirely new forms of social interaction, activities, and organizing, thanks to its basic features such as widespread usability and access. Social networking websites such as Facebook, Twitter and MySpace have created new ways to socialize and interact. s of these sites are able to add a wide variety of information to pages, to pursue common interests, and to connect with others. It is also possible to find existing acquaintances, to allow communication among existing groups of people. Sites like LinkedIn foster commercial and business connections. YouTube and Flickr specialize in s' videos and photographs. In the first decade of the 21st century the first generation is raised with widespread availability of Internet connectivity, bringing consequences and concerns in areas such as personal privacy and identity, and distribution of copyrighted materials. These "digital natives" face a variety of challenges that were not present for prior generations. The Internet has achieved new relevance as a political tool, leading to Internet censorship by some states. The presidential campaign of Howard Dean in 2004 in the United States was notable for its success in soliciting donation via the Internet. Many political groups use the Internet to achieve a new method of organizing in order to carry out their mission, having given rise to Internet activism. Some governments, such as those of Iran, North Korea, Myanmar, the People's Republic of China, and Saudi Arabia, restrict what people in their countries can access on the Internet, especially political and religious content.[citation needed] This is accomplished through software that filters domains and content so that they may not be easily accessed or obtained without elaborate circumvention.[original research?] In Norway, Denmark, Finland[27] and Sweden, major Internet service providers have voluntarily, possibly to avoid such an arrangement being turned into law, agreed to restrict access to sites listed by authorities. While this list of forbidden URLs is only supposed to contain addresses of known child pornography sites, the content of the list is secret.[citation needed] Many countries, including the United States, have enacted laws against the possession or distribution of certain material, such as child pornography, via the Internet, but do not mandate filtering software. There are many free and commercially available software programs, called content-control software, with which a can choose to block offensive websites on individual computers or networks, in order to limit a child's access to pornographic materials or depiction of violence.

The Internet has been a major outlet for leisure activity since its inception, with entertaining social experiments such as MUDs and MOOs being conducted on university servers, and humorrelated Usenet groups receiving much traffic. Today, many Internet forums have sections devoted to games and funny videos; short cartoons in the form of Flash movies are also popular. Over 6 million people use blogs or message boards as a means of communication and for the sharing of ideas. The pornography and gambling industries have taken advantage of the World Wide Web, and often provide a significant source of advertising revenue for other websites.[citation needed] Although many governments have attempted to restrict both industries' use of the Internet, this has generally failed to stop their widespread popularity.[citation needed] One main area of leisure activity on the Internet is multiplayer gaming. This form of recreation creates communities, where people of all ages and origins enjoy the fast-paced world of multiplayer games. These range from MMORPG to first-person shooters, from role-playing games to online gambling. This has revolutionized the way many people interact[citation needed] while spending their free time on the Internet. While online gaming has been around since the 1970s, [citation needed] modern modes of online gaming began with subscription services such as GameSpy and MPlayer. Non-subscribers were limited to certain types of game play or certain games. Many people use the Internet to access and music, movies and other works for their enjoyment and relaxation. Free and fee-based services exist for all of these activities, using centralized servers and distributed peer-to-peer technologies. Some of these sources exercise more care with respect to the original artists' copyrights than others. Many people use the World Wide Web to access news, weather and sports reports, to plan and book vacations and to find out more about their interests. People use chat, messaging and e-mail to make and stay in touch with friends worldwide, sometimes in the same way as some previously had pen pals. The Internet has seen a growing number of Web desktops, where s can access their files and settings via the Internet. Cyberslacking can become a drain on corporate resources; the average UK employee spent 57 minutes a day surfing the Web while at work, according to a 2003 study by Peninsula Business Services.[28] Internet addiction disorder is excessive computer use that interferes with daily life. Some psychologists believe that Internet use has other effects on individuals for instance interfering with the deep thinking that leads to true creativity.[citation needed] Internet usage has also shown a strong connection to loneliness.[29] Lonely people tend to use the internet for an outlet for their feelings and to share their stories with other lonely people, such as in the "I am lonely will anyone speak to me" thread.

See also Book:Internet Books are collections of articles that can be ed or ordered in print. Internet portal



All pages with titles containing "Internet"



Internet organizations



Internet Strategy Forum



Network neutrality



Outline of the Internet

Notes 1. ^ "Internet, n.". Oxford English Dictionary (Draft ed.). Mar. 2009. http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/00304286. Retrieved 2010-10-26. "Shortened < INTERNETWORK n., perhaps influenced by similar words in -net". 2. ^ "Links". HTML 4.01 Specification. World Wide Web Consortium. HTML 4.01 Specification. http://www.w3.org/TR/html401/struct/links.html#h-12.1. Retrieved 200808-13. "[T]he link (or hyperlink, or Web link) [is] the basic hypertext construct. A link is a connection from one Web resource to another. Although a simple concept, the link has been one of the primary forces driving the success of the Web." 3. ^ "Cloud — Computer Dictionary Definition". YourDictionary.com. LoveToKnow. http://computer.yourdictionary.com/cloud. Retrieved 26 October 2010. 4. ^ "ARPA/DARPA". Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. Archived from the original on April 7, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070407064829/http://www.darpa.mil/body/arpa_darpa.html . Retrieved 2007-05-21. 5. ^ "DARPA: History". Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. http://www.darpa.mil/history.html. Retrieved 2009-12-07. 6. ^ Baran, Paul (1964). On Distributed Communications. http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_memoranda/RM3767. Retrieved 2010-07-05. 7. ^ "Internet History". Living Internet site. http://www.livinginternet.com/i/ii.htm. Retrieved 2010-03-10. 8. ^ "Electronic post for switching data." Timothy Johnson. New Scientist. May 13, 1976 9. ^ Stephen Segaller, NERDS 2.0.1:115 (TV Books Publisher 1998)

10. ^ Coffman, K. G; Odlyzko, A. M. (1998-10-02) (PDF). The size and growth rate of the Internet. AT&T Labs. http://www.dtc.umn.edu/~odlyzko/doc/internet.size.pdf. Retrieved 2007-05-21. 11. ^ Comer, Douglas (2006). The Internet book. Prentice Hall. p. 64. ISBN 0132335530. 12. ^ "World Internet s and Population Stats". Internet World Stats. Miniwatts Marketing Group. 2010-06-30. http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm. Retrieved 2010-08-04. 13. ^ "Internet s in BRICI countries set to double by 2015". International Business Times — IBTIMES.com. 2010-09-01. http://www.ibtimes.com/art/services/print.php? articleid=48062. Retrieved 2010-10-31. 14. ^ "Internet s in Indonesia to Triple by 2015: Report". The Jakarta Globe. http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/business/internet-s-in-indonesia-to-triple-by-2015report/394066. Retrieved 2010-10-31. 15. ^ "IETF Home Page". Ietf.org. http://www.ietf.org/. Retrieved 2009-06-20. 16. ^ Huston, Geoff. "IPv4 Address Report, daily generated". http://www.potaroo.net/tools/ipv4/index.html. Retrieved 2009-05-20. 17. ^ "Notice of Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) Address Depletion" (PDF). https://www.arin.net/knowledge/about_resources/ceo_letter.pdf. Retrieved 2009-08-07. 18. ^ Walter Willinger, Ramesh Govindan, Sugih Jamin, Vern Paxson, and Scott Shenker (2002). Scaling phenomena in the Internet, in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 99, suppl. 1, 2573–2580 19. ^ "Internet Makeover? Some argue it's time". The Seattle Times, 2007-04-16. 20. ^ "The Virtual Private Nightmare: VPN". Librenix. 2004-08-04. http://librenix.com/? inode=5013. Retrieved 2010-07-21. 21. ^ "YouTube Fact Sheet". YouTube, LLC. http://www.youtube.com/t/fact_sheet. Retrieved 2009-01-20. 22. ^ Internet World Stats, updated for 2009-12-31. Retrieved 2010-07-17. 23. ^ World Internet Usage Statistics News and Population Stats updated for 31 December 2009. Retrieved 17 July 2010. 24. ^ Asia Internet Usage Stats and Population Statistics 25. ^ North America Internet Usage Statistics, Population and Telecommunications Reports

26. ^ "Toronto Hydro to Install Wireless Network in Downtown Toronto". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 19-Mar-2006. 27. ^ "Finland censors anti-censorship site". The . 2008-02-18. http://www.the.co.uk/2008/02/18/finnish_policy_censor_activist/. Retrieved 200802-19. 28. ^ "Net abuse hits small city firms". News.scotsman.com. http://news.scotsman.com/topics.cfm?tid=914&id=1001802003. Retrieved 2009-08-07. 29. ^ Carole Hughes, Boston College (1999-01-01). "The relationship of use of the Internet and loneliness among college students". Escholarship.bc.edu. http://escholarship.bc.edu/dissertations/AAI9923427/. Retrieved 2010-10-31.

References 

Media Freedom Internet Cookbook by the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media Vienna, 2004



Living Internet—Internet history and related information, including information from many creators of the Internet



First Monday peer-reviewed journal on the Internet



How Much Does The Internet Weigh? by Stephen Cass, Discover 2007



Castells, M. 1996. Rise of the Network Society. 3 vols. Vol. 1. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers.



Castells, M. (2001), “Lessons from the History of Internet”, in “The Internet Galaxy”, Ch. 1, pp 9–35. Oxford University Press.



Rehmeyer, Julie J. 2007. Mapping a medusa: The Internet spreads its tentacles. Science News 171(June 23):387–388.



RFC 1122, Requirements for Internet Hosts—Communication Layers, IETF, R. Braden (Ed.), October 1989



RFC 1123, Requirements for Internet Hosts—Application and , IETF, R. Braden (Ed.), October 1989

External links

Find more about Internet on Wikipedia's sister projects: Definitions from Wiktionary Images and media from Commons Learning resources from Wikiversity News stories from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Source texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks 

The Internet (National Science Foundation)



"10 Years that changed the world" a look at the evolution of the Internet from 1995 to 2005



Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard



CBC Digital Archives—Inventing the Internet Age



History of the Internet



How the Internet Came to Be



The Internet Society History Page



RFC 801, planning the T/IP switchover



Preparing Europe’s digital future – i2010 Mid-Term Review



Manjoo, Farhad – The Unrecognizable Internet of 1996 – Slate

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" Categories: American inventions | Digital technology | Internet | Media technology | New media | Postmodernity | Scientific revolution | Virtual reality | 1969 introductions Hidden categories: Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism | Wikipedia protected pages without expiry | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from August 2010 | Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010 | Articles with unsourced statements from December 2009 | All articles that may contain original research | Articles that may contain original research from December 2009 | Use British English from August 2010 | Use dmy dates from August 2010

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us

Web browser From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search A web browser or Internet browser is a software application for retrieving, presenting, and traversing information resources on the World Wide Web. An information resource is identified by a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) and may be a web page, image, video, or other piece of content.[1] Hyperlinks present in resources enable s to easily navigate their browsers to related resources. Although browsers are primarily intended to access the World Wide Web, they can also be used to access information provided by Web servers in private networks or files in file systems. Some browsers can also be used to save information resources to file systems.

Contents [hide] 

1 History



2 Function



3 Features o 3.1 interface o 3.2 Privacy and security o 3.3 Standards



4 See also



5 References



6 External links

[edit] History Main article: History of the web browser

WorldWideWeb for NeXT, released in 1991, was the first Web browser.[2] The history of the Web browser dates back in to the late 1980s, when a variety of technologies laid the foundation for the first Web browser, WorldWideWeb, by Tim Berners-Lee in 1991. That browser brought together a variety of existing and new software and hardware technologies. Ted Nelson and Douglas Engelbart developed the concept of hypertext long before Berners-Lee and CERN. It became the core of the World Wide Web. Berners-Lee does acknowledge Engelbart's contribution. The introduction of the NCSA Mosaic Web browser in 1993 – one of the first graphical Web browsers – led to an explosion in Web use. Marc Andreessen, the leader of the Mosaic team at NCSA, soon started his own company, named Netscape, and released the Mosaic-influenced Netscape Navigator in 1994, which quickly became the world's most popular browser, ing for 90% of all Web use at its peak (see usage share of web browsers). Microsoft responded with its browser Internet Explorer in 1995 (also heavily influenced by Mosaic), initiating the industry's first browser war. By bundling Internet Explorer with Windows, Microsoft was able to leverage its dominance in the operating system market to take over the Web browser market; Internet Explorer usage share peaked at over 95% by 2002.[3] Internet Explorer has 60% browser usage share as of September 2010 according to Net Applications, and it continues to show a negative trend.[4] Opera first appeared in 1996; although it has never achieved widespread use, with a browser usage share that is stable around 2.4% as of September 2010,[4] it has a substantial share of the

fast-growing mobile phone Web browser market, being preinstalled on over 40 million phones. It is also available on several other embedded systems, including Nintendo's Wii video game console. In 1998, Netscape launched what was to become the Mozilla Foundation in an attempt to produce a competitive browser using the open source software model. That browser would eventually evolve into Firefox, which developed a respectable following while still in the beta stage of development; shortly after the release of Firefox 1.0 in late 2004, Firefox (all versions) ed for 7.4% of browser use.[3] As of September 2010, Firefox has a 23% usage share.[4] Apple's Safari had its first beta release in January 2003; it has a dominant share of Apple-based Web browsing, ing for 5.3% of the entire browser market as of September 2010 and is slowly gaining.[4] Its rendering engine, called WebKit, is also running in the standard browsers of several mobile phone platforms, including Apple iOS, Google Android, Nokia S60 and Palm webOS. The most recent major entrant to the browser market is Google's WebKit-based Chrome, first released in September 2008. Its market share has quickly risen; as of September 2010, it has an 8% usage share and appears to be gaining further in the coming months.[4]

[edit] Function The primary purpose of a web browser is to bring information resources to the . This process begins when the inputs a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI), for example http://en.wikipedia.org/, into the browser. The prefix of the URI determines how the URI will be interpreted. The most commonly used kind of URI starts with http: and identifies a resource to be retrieved over the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). Many browsers also a variety of other prefixes, such as https: for HTTPS, ftp: for the File Transfer Protocol, and file: for local files. Prefixes that the web browser cannot directly handle are often handed off to another application entirely. For example, mailto: URIs are usually ed to the 's default e-mail application and news: URIs are ed to the 's default newsgroup reader. In the case of http, https, file, and others, once the resource has been retrieved the web browser will display it. HTML is ed to the browser's layout engine to be transformed from markup to an interactive document. Aside from HTML, web browsers can generally display any kind of content that can be part of a web page. Most browsers can display images, audio, video, and XML files, and often have plug-ins to Flash applications and Java applets. Upon encountering a file of an uned type or a file that is set up to be ed rather than displayed, the browser prompts the to save the file to disk. Interactivity in a web page can also be supplied by JavaScript, which usually does not require a plugin. JavaScript can be used along with other technologies to allow "live" interaction with the web page's server via AJAX.

Information resources may contain hyperlinks to other information resources. Each link contains the URI of a resource to go to. When a link is clicked, the browser navigates to the resource indicated by the link's target URI, and the process of bringing content to the begins again.

[edit] Features For more details on this topic, see Comparison of web browsers. Available web browsers range in features from minimal, text-based interfaces with barebones for HTML to rich interfaces ing a wide variety of file formats and protocols. Browsers which include additional components to e-mail, Usenet news, and Internet Relay Chat (IRC), are sometimes referred to as "Internet suites" rather than merely "web browsers".[5][6][7] All major web browsers allow the to open multiple information resources at the same time, either in different browser windows or in different tabs of the same window. Major browsers also include pop-up blockers to prevent unwanted windows from "popping up" without the 's consent.[8][9][10][11] Most web browsers can display a list of web pages that the has bookmarked so that the can quickly return to them. Bookmarks are also called "Favorites" in Internet Explorer. In addition, all major web browsers have some form of built-in web feed aggregator. In Mozilla Firefox, web feeds are formatted as "live bookmarks" and behave like a folder of bookmarks corresponding to recent entries in the feed.[12] In Opera, a more traditional feed reader is included which stores and displays the contents of the feed.[13] Furthermore, most browsers can be extended via plug-ins, able components that provide additional features.

[edit] interface Most major web browsers have these interface elements in common:[14] 

Back and forward buttons to go back to the previous resource and forward again.



A history list, showing resources previously visited in a list (typically, the list is not visible all the time and has to be summoned)



A refresh or reload button to reload the current resource.



A stop button to cancel loading the resource. In some browsers, the stop button is merged with the reload button.



A home button to return to the 's home page



An address bar to input the Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) of the desired resource and display it.



A search bar to input into a search engine



A status bar to display progress in loading the resource and also the URI of links when the cursor hovers over them, and page zooming capability.

Major browsers also possess incremental find features to search within a web page.

[edit] Privacy and security Most browsers HTTP Secure and offer quick and easy ways to delete the web cache, cookies, and browsing history. For a comparison of the current security vulnerabilities of browsers, see comparison of web browsers.

[edit] Standards Early web browsers ed only a very simple version of HTML. The rapid development of web browsers led to the development of non-standard dialects of HTML, leading to problems with interoperability. Modern web browsers a combination of standards-based and de facto HTML and XHTML, which should be rendered in the same way by all browsers.

[edit] See also Internet portal



Browser wars



Comparison of web browsers



Geobrowsing



Internet suite



Layout engine



List of web browsers



Mobile browser



Timeline of web browsers



Usage share of web browsers

[edit] References 1. ^ Jacobs, Ian; Walsh, Norman (15 December 2004). "URI/Resource Relationships". Architecture of the World Wide Web, Volume One. World Wide Web Consortium. http://www.w3.org/TR/webarch/#id-resources. Retrieved 30 June 2009. 2. ^ Stewart, William. "Web Browser History". http://www.livinginternet.com/w/wi_browse.htm. Retrieved 5 May 2009. 3. ^ a b Searchenginejournal.com 4. ^ a b c d e Hitslink.com 5. ^ "The SeaMonkey Project". Mozilla Foundation. 7 November 2008. http://www.seamonkey-project.org/. Retrieved 30 June 2009. 6. ^ "Cyberdog: Welcome to the 'doghouse!". 5 July 2009. http://www.cyberdog.org/. Retrieved 30 June 2009. 7. ^ Teelucksingh, Dev Anand. "Interesting DOS programs". Opus Networkx. http://www.opus.co.tt/dave/internet.htm. Retrieved 30 June 2009. 8. ^ Andersen, Starr; Abella, Vincent (15 September 2004). "Part 5: Enhanced Browsing Security". Changes to Functionality in Microsoft Windows XP Service Pack 2. Microsoft. http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb457150.aspx#EEAA. Retrieved 30 June 2009. 9. ^ "Pop-up blocker". Mozilla Foundation. http://.mozilla.com/en-US/kb/Popup+blocker. Retrieved 30 June 2009. 10. ^ "Safari: Using The Pop-Up Blocker". Mac Tips and Tricks. WeHostMacs. 2004. http://www.mactipsandtricks.com/tips/display.lasso?mactip=137. Retrieved 30 June 2009. 11. ^ "Simple settings". Opera Tutorials. Opera Software. http://www.opera.com/browser/tutorials/settings/#tabs. Retrieved 30 June 2009. 12. ^ Bokma, John. "Mozilla Firefox: RSS and Live Bookmarks". http://johnbokma.com/firefox/rss-and-live-bookmarks.html. Retrieved 30 June 2009. 13. ^ "RSS newsfeeds in Opera Mail". Opera Software. http://www.opera.com/mail/rss/. Retrieved 30 June 2009.

14. ^ "About Browsers and their Features". SpiritWorks Software Development. http://www.about-the-web.com/shtml/browsers.shtml. Retrieved 5 May 2009.


Architecture of the World Wide Web, Volume One



WorldWideWeb: Proposal for a HyperText Project



What is browser? Video by Google



How browsers work



50 different browsers in one place [show]

v•d•e

Cloud computing

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us

Wi-Fi From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search For the radio station, see WIFI (AM). It has been suggested that IEEE 802.11 be merged into this article or section. (Discuss) This article may be confusing or unclear to readers. Please help clarify the article; suggestions may be found on the talk page. (September 2010)

Wi-Fi logo

Wi-Fi (pronounced / ˈ wa ɪ faɪ /) is a trademark of the Wi-Fi Alliance. It is not a technical term. However, the Alliance has generally enforced its use to describe only a narrow range of connectivity technologies including wireless local area network (WLAN) based on the IEEE 802.11 standards, device to device connectivity [such as Wi-Fi Peer to Peer AKA Wi-Fi Direct], and a range of technologies that PAN, LAN and even WAN connections. Derivative , such as Super Wi-Fi, coined by the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to describe proposed networking in the former UHF TV band in the US, may or may not be sanctioned by the Alliance. As of November 2010 this was very unclear. The technical term "IEEE 802.11" has been used interchangeably with Wi-Fi, however Wi-Fi has become a superset of IEEE 802.11 over the past few years. Wi-Fi is used by over 700 million people, there are over 750,000 hotspots (places with Wi-Fi internet connectivity) around the world, and about 800 million new Wi-Fi devices every year. Wi-Fi products that complete the Wi-Fi Alliance interoperability certification testing successfully can use the Wi-Fi CERTIFIED designation and trademark. Not every Wi-Fi device is submitted for certification to the Wi-Fi Alliance. The lack of Wi-Fi certification does not necessarily imply a device is incompatible with Wi-Fi devices/protocols. If it is compliant or partly compatible the Wi-Fi Alliance may not object to its description as a WiFi device though technically only the CERTIFIED designation carries their approval. Wi-Fi certified and compliant devices are installed in many personal computers, video game consoles, MP3 players, smartphones, printers, and other peripherals, and newer laptop computers. This article focuses on the certification and approvals process and the general growth of wireless networking under the Wi-Fi Alliance certified protocols. For more on the technologies see the appropriate articles with IEEE, ANSI, IETF , W3 and ITU prefixes (acronyms for the accredited standards organizations that have created formal technology standards for the protocols by which devices communicate). Non-Wi-Fi-Alliance wireless technologies intended for fixed points such

as Motorola Canopy are usually described as fixed wireless. Non-Wi-Fi-Alliance wireless technologies intended for mobile use are usually described as 3G, 4G or 5G reflecting their origins and promotion by telephone/cell companies. Contents [hide] 

1 Wi-Fi certification

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2 The name Wi-Fi

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3 Uses o

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3.1 Internet access 

3.1.1 City-wide Wi-Fi

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3.1.2 Campus-wide Wi-Fi

o

3.2 Direct computer-to-computer communications

o

3.3 Future directions

4 Advantages and challenges o

4.1 Operational advantages

o

4.2 Limitations

o

4.3 Reach

o

4.4 Mobility

o

4.5 Data security risks

o

4.6 Population

o

4.7 Channel pollution

5 Hardware o

5.1 Standard devices

o

5.2 Distance records

o 

5.3 Embedded systems

6 Network security o

6.1 Securing methods

o

6.2 Piggybacking

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7 See also

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8 Notes

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9 References

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10 Further reading

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11 External links

[edit] Wi-Fi certification See also: Wi-Fi Alliance

Wi-Fi technology builds on IEEE 802.11 standards. The IEEE develops and publishes some these standards, but does not test equipment for compliance with them. The non-profit Wi-Fi Alliance formed in 1999 to fill this void — to establish and enforce standards for interoperability and backward compatibility, and to promote wireless local-area-network technology. As of 2010 the Wi-Fi Alliance consisted of more than 375 companies from around the world.[1][2] Manufacturers with hip in the Wi-Fi Alliance, whose products the certification process, gain the right to mark those products with the Wi-Fi logo. Specifically, the certification process requires conformance to the IEEE 802.11 radio standards, the WPA and WPA2 security standards, and the EAP authentication standard. Certification may optionally include tests of IEEE 802.11 draft standards, interaction with cellular-phone technology in converged devices, and features relating to security set-up, multimedia, and powersaving.[3] Most recently, a new security standard, Wi-Fi Protected Setup, allows embedded devices with limited graphical interface to connect to the Internet with ease. Wi-Fi Protected Setup has 2 configurations: The Push Button configuration and the PIN configuration. These embedded devices are also called The Internet of Things and are low-power, battery-operated embedded systems. A number of Wi-Fi manufacturers design chips and modules for embedded Wi-Fi, such as GainSpan. [4]

[edit] The name Wi-Fi

The term Wi-Fi suggests Wireless Fidelity, resembling the long-established audio-equipment classification term high fidelity (in use since the 1930s[5]) or Hi-Fi (used since 1950[5]). Even the Wi-Fi Alliance itself has often used the phrase Wireless Fidelity in its press releases[6][7] and documents;[8][9] the term also appears in a white paper on Wi-Fi from ITAA.[10] However, based on Phil Belanger's[note 1] statement, the term Wi-Fi was never supposed to mean anything at all.[11] [12]

The term Wi-Fi, first used commercially in August 1999,[13] was coined by a brand-consulting firm called Interbrand Corporation that the Alliance had hired to determine a name that was "a little catchier than 'IEEE 802.11b Direct Sequence'".[11][12][14] Belanger also stated that Interbrand invented Wi-Fi as a play on words with Hi-Fi, and also created the yin-yang-style Wi-Fi logo. The Wi-Fi Alliance initially used an advertising slogan for Wi-Fi, "The Standard for Wireless Fidelity",[11] but later removed the phrase from their marketing. Despite this, some documents from the Alliance dated 2003 and 2004 still contain the term Wireless Fidelity.[8][9] There was no official statement related to the dropping of the term. The yin-yang logo indicates the certification of a product for interoperability.[8] [edit] Uses [edit] Internet access

A roof-mounted Wi-Fi antenna

A Wi-Fi enabled device such as a personal computer, video game console, smartphone or digital audio player can connect to the Internet when within range of a wireless network connected to the Internet. The coverage of one or more (interconnected) access points — called hotspots — can comprise an area as small as a few rooms or as large as many square miles. Coverage in the larger area may depend on a group of access points with overlapping coverage. Wi-Fi technology has been used in wireless mesh networks, for example, in London, UK.[15] In addition to private use in homes and offices, Wi-Fi can provide public access at Wi-Fi hotspots provided either free-of-charge or to subscribers to various commercial services. Organizations and businesses - such as those running airports, hotels and restaurants - often provide free-use hotspots to attract or assist clients. Enthusiasts or authorities who wish to provide services or even to promote business in selected areas sometimes provide free Wi-Fi access. As of 2008 more than 300 metropolitan-wide Wi-Fi (Muni-Fi) projects had started.[16] As of 2010 the Czech Republic had 1150 Wi-Fi based wireless Internet service providers.[17][18] Routers that incorporate a digital subscriber line modem or a cable modem and a Wi-Fi access point, often set up in homes and other premises, can provide Internet access and internetworking to all devices connected (wirelessly or by cable) to them. With the emergence of MiFi and WiBro (a portable Wi-Fi router) people can easily create their own Wi-Fi hotspots that connect to Internet via cellular networks. Now many mobile phones can also create wireless connections via tethering on iPhone, Android, Symbian, and WinMo.[19] One can also connect Wi-Fi devices in ad-hoc mode for client-to-client connections without a router. Wi-Fi also connects places that would traditionally not have network access, for example bathrooms, kitchens and garden sheds. [edit] City-wide Wi-Fi Further information: Municipal wireless network

An outdoor Wi-Fi access point in Minneapolis

An outdoor Wi-Fi access point in Toronto

In the early 2000s, many cities around the world announced plans for city-wide Wi-Fi networks. This proved to be much more difficult than their promoters initially envisioned with the result that most of these projects were either canceled or placed on indefinite hold. A few were successful, for example in 2005, Sunnyvale, California became the first city in the United States to offer city-wide free Wi-Fi.[20] In May, 2010, London, UK Mayor Boris Johnson pledged London-wide Wi-Fi by 2012.[21] Both the City of London, UK[22] and Islington [23] already have extensive outdoor Wi-Fi coverage. [edit] Campus-wide Wi-Fi

Carnegie Mellon University built the first wireless Internet network in the world at their Pittsburgh campus in 1994,[24] long before Wi-Fi branding originated in 1999. Many traditional college campuses provide at least partial wireless Wi-Fi internet coverage. Drexel University in Philadelphia made history by becoming the United State's first major university to offer completely wireless Internet access across the entire campus in 2000. [25] [edit] Direct computer-to-computer communications

Wi-Fi also allows communications directly from one computer to another without the involvement of an access point. This is called the ad-hoc mode of Wi-Fi transmission. This wireless ad-hoc network mode has proven popular with multiplayer handheld game consoles, such as the Nintendo DS, digital cameras, and other consumer electronics devices. Similarly, the Wi-Fi Alliance promotes a pending specification called Wi-Fi Direct for file transfers and media sharing through a new discovery- and security-methodology.[26] [edit] Future directions

As of 2010 Wi-Fi technology has spread widely within business and industrial sites. In business environments, just like other environments, increasing the number of Wi-Fi access points

provides network redundancy, for fast roaming and increased overall network-capacity by using more channels or by defining smaller cells. Wi-Fi enables wireless voice-applications (VoWLAN or WVOIP). Over the years, Wi-Fi implementations have moved toward "thin" access points, with more of the network intelligence housed in a centralized network appliance, relegating individual access points to the role of "dumb" transceivers. Outdoor applications may utilize mesh topologies. [edit] Advantages and challenges

A keychain-size Wi-Fi detector [edit] Operational advantages

Wi-Fi allows the deployment of local area networks (LANs) without wires for client devices, typically reducing the costs of network deployment and expansion. Spaces where cables cannot be run, such as outdoor areas and historical buildings, can host wireless LANs. As of 2010 manufacturers are building wireless network adapters into most laptops. The price of chipsets for Wi-Fi continues to drop, making it an economical networking option included in even more devices.[citation needed] Wi-Fi has become widespread in corporate infrastructures.[citation needed]

Different competitive brands of access points and client network-interfaces can inter-operate at a basic level of service. Products designated as "Wi-Fi Certified" by the Wi-Fi Alliance are backwards compatible. "Wi-Fi" designates a globally operative set of standards: unlike mobile phones, any standard Wi-Fi device will work anywhere in the world. Wi-Fi operates in more than 220,000 public hotspots and in tens of millions of homes and corporate and university campuses worldwide.[27] The current version of Wi-Fi Protected Access encryption (WPA2) as of 2010 is considered[by whom?] secure, provided s employ a strong phrase. New protocols for quality-of-service (WMM) make Wi-Fi more suitable for latency-

sensitive applications (such as voice and video); and power saving mechanisms (WMM Power Save) improve battery operation. [edit] Limitations

Spectrum assignments and operational limitations do not operate consistently worldwide. Most of Europe allows for an additional 2 channels beyond those permitted in the U.S. for the 2.4 GHz band. (1–13 vs. 1–11); Japan has one more on top of that (1–14). Europe, as of 2007, was essentially homogeneous in this respect. A very confusing aspect is the fact that a Wi-Fi signal actually occupies five channels in the 2.4 GHz band resulting in only three non-overlapped channels in the U.S.: 1, 6, 11, and three or four in Europe: 1, 5, 9, 13. Equivalent isotropically radiated power (EIRP) in the EU is limited to 20 dBm (100 mW). [edit] Reach See also: Long-range Wi-Fi

Wi-Fi networks have limited range. A typical wireless router using 802.11b or 802.11g with a stock antenna might have a range of 32 m (120 ft) indoors and 95 m (300 ft) outdoors. The IEEE 802.11n however, can exceed that range by more than two times.[28] Range also varies with frequency band. Wi-Fi in the 2.4 GHz frequency block has slightly better range than Wi-Fi in the 5 GHz frequency block. Outdoor ranges - through use of directional antennas - can be improved with antennas located several kilometres or more from their base. In general, the maximum amount of power that a Wi-Fi device can transmit is limited by local regulations, such as FCC Part 15[29] in USA. Due to reach requirements for wireless LAN applications, Wi-Fi has fairly high power consumption compared to some other standards. Technologies such as Bluetooth (designed to wireless PAN applications) provide a much shorter propagation range of <10m[30] and so in general have a lower power consumption. Other low-power technologies such as ZigBee have fairly long range, but much lower data rate. The high power consumption of Wi-Fi makes battery life in mobile devices a concern. Researchers have developed a number of "no new wires" technologies to provide alternatives to Wi-Fi for applications in which Wi-Fi's indoor range is not adequate and where installing new wires (such as CAT-5) is not possible or cost-effective. For example, the ITU-T G.hn standard for high speed Local area networks uses existing home wiring (coaxial cables, phone lines and power lines). Although G.hn does not provide some of the advantages of Wi-Fi (such as mobility or outdoor use), it's designed[by whom?] for applications (such as IPTV distribution) where indoor range is more important than mobility.

Due to the complex nature of radio propagation at typical Wi-Fi frequencies, particularly the effects of signal reflection off trees and buildings, algorithms can only approximately predict WiFi signal strength for any given area in relation to a transmitter.[31] This effect does not apply equally to long-range Wi-Fi, since longer links typically operate from towers that broadcast above the surrounding foliage. [edit] Mobility

Speed vs. Mobility of wireless systems: Wi-Fi, HSPA, UMTS, GSM

The very limited practical range of Wi-Fi essentially confines mobile use to such applications as inventory-taking machines in warehouses or in retail spaces, barcode-reading devices at checkout stands, or receiving/shipping stations. Mobile use of Wi-Fi over wider ranges is limited, for instance, to uses such as in an automobile moving from one hotspot to another (known as Wardriving). Other wireless technologies are more suitable as illustrated in the graphic. [edit] Data security risks

The most common wireless encryption-standard, Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP), has been shown to be easily breakable even when correctly configured. Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA and WPA2) encryption, which became available in devices in 2003, aimed to solve this problem. WiFi access points typically default to an encryption-free (open) mode. Novice s benefit from a zero-configuration device that works out-of-the-box, but this default does not enable any wireless security, providing open wireless access to a LAN. To turn security on requires the to configure the device, usually via a software graphical interface (GUI). On unencrypted Wi-Fi networks connecting devices can monitor and record data (including personal information), but such networks may use other means of protection, such as a virtual private network or secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTPS) and Transport Layer Security. [edit] Population

Many 2.4 GHz 802.11b and 802.11g access-points default to the same channel on initial startup, contributing to congestion on certain channels. To change the channel of operation for an access point requires the to configure the device. [edit] Channel pollution For more details on this topic, see Electromagnetic interference at 2.4 GHz.

Market forces may drive a process of standardization. Interoperability issues between non-Wi-Fi brands or proprietary deviations from the standard can still disrupt connections or lower throughput speeds on all devices within range, including any non-Wi-Fi or proprietary product. Moreover, the usage of the ISM band in the 2.45 GHz range is also common to Bluetooth, WPAN-CSS, ZigBee, and any new system will take its share. Wi-Fi pollution, or an excessive number of access points in the area, especially on the same or neighboring channel, can prevent access and interfere with other devices' use of other access points, caused by overlapping channels in the 802.11g/b spectrum, as well as with decreased signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) between access points. This can become a problem in high-density areas, such as large apartment complexes or office buildings with many Wi-Fi access points. Additionally, other devices use the 2.4 GHz band: microwave ovens, security cameras, ZigBee devices, Bluetooth devices and (in some countries) Amateur radio, video senders, cordless phones and baby monitors, all of which can cause significant additional interference. It is also an issue when municipalities[32] or other large entities (such as universities) seek to provide large area coverage. [edit] Hardware [edit] Standard devices

An embedded RouterBoard 112 with U.FL-RSMA pigtail and R52 mini PCI Wi-Fi card widely used by wireless Internet service providers (WISPs) in the Czech Republic

OSBRiDGE 3GN - 802.11n Access Point and UMTS/GSM Gateway in one device

USB wireless adapter

A wireless access point (WAP) connects a group of wireless devices to an adjacent wired LAN. An access point resembles a network hub, relaying data between connected wireless devices in addition to a (usually) single connected wired device, most often an ethernet hub or switch, allowing wireless devices to communicate with other wired devices. Wireless adapters allow devices to connect to a wireless network. These adapters connect to devices using various external or internal interconnects such as PCI, miniPCI, USB, ExpressCard, Cardbus and PC Card. As of 2010, most newer laptop computers come equipped with internal adapters. Internal cards are generally more difficult to install. Wireless routers integrate a Wireless Access Point, ethernet switch, and internal router firmware application that provides IP routing, NAT, and DNS forwarding through an integrated WANinterface. A wireless router allows wired and wireless ethernet LAN devices to connect to a (usually) single WAN device such as a cable modem or a DSL modem. A wireless router allows all three devices, mainly the access point and router, to be configured through one central utility. This utility is usually an integrated web server that is accessible to wired and wireless LAN clients and often optionally to WAN clients. This utility may also be an application that is run on a desktop computer such as Apple's AirPort. Wireless network bridges connect a wired network to a wireless network. A bridge differs from an access point: an access point connects wireless devices to a wired network at the data-link

layer. Two wireless bridges may be used to connect two wired networks over a wireless link, useful in situations where a wired connection may be unavailable, such as between two separate homes. Wireless range-extenders or wireless repeaters can extend the range of an existing wireless network. Strategically placed range-extenders can elongate a signal area or allow for the signal area to reach around barriers such as those pertaining in L-shaped corridors. Wireless devices connected through repeaters will suffer from an increased latency for each hop. Additionally, a wireless device connected to any of the repeaters in the chain will have a throughput limited by the "weakest link" between the two nodes in the chain from which the connection originates to where the connection ends. [edit] Distance records

Distance records (using non-standard devices) include 382 km (237 mi) in June 2007, held by Ermanno Pietrosemoli and EsLaRed of Venezuela, transferring about 3 MB of data between the mountain-tops of El Águila and Platillon.[33][34] The Swedish Space Agency transferred data 420 km (260 mi), using 6 watt amplifiers to reach an overhead stratospheric balloon.[35] [edit] Embedded systems

Embedded serial-to-Wi-Fi module

Increasingly in the last few years (particularly as of 2007), embedded Wi-Fi modules have become available that incorporate a real-time operating system and provide a simple means of wirelessly enabling any device which has and communicates via a serial port.[36] This allows the design of simple monitoring devices. An example is a portable ECG device monitoring a patient at home. This Wi-Fi-enabled device can communicate via the Internet.[37]

These Wi-Fi modules are designed[by whom?] so that implementers need only minimal Wi-Fi knowledge to provide Wi-Fi connectivity for their products. [edit] Network security

The main issue with wireless network security is its simplified access to the network compared to traditional wired networks such as ethernet.[citation needed] With wired networking one must either gain access to a building (physically connecting into the internal network) or break through an external firewall. Most business networks protect sensitive data and systems by attempting to disallow external access. Enabling wireless connectivity provides an attack vector, particularly if the network uses inadequate or no encryption.[38] An attacker who has gained access to a Wi-Fi network router can initiate a DNS spoofing attack against any other of the network by forging a response before the queried DNS server has a chance to reply.[39] [edit] Securing methods

A common but unproductive measure to deter unauthorized s involves suppressing the access point's SSID broadcast. This is ineffective as a security method because the SSID is broadcast in the clear in response to a client SSID query. Another unproductive method is to only allow computers with known MAC addresses to the network.[40] But intruders can defeat this method because they can often (though not always) set MAC addresses with minimal effort (MAC spoofing). If eavesdroppers have the ability to change their MAC address, then they may the network by spoofing an authorized address. Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) encryption was designed to protect against casual snooping, but is now deprecated. Tools such as AirSnort or Aircrack-ng can quickly recover WEP encryption keys. Once it has seen 5-10 million encrypted packets, AirSnort can determine the encryption in under a second;[41] newer tools such as aircrack-ptw can use Klein's attack to crack a WEP key with a 50% success rate using only 40,000 packets. To counteract this in 2002, the Wi-Fi Alliance approved Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) which uses TKIP as a stopgap solution for legacy equipment. Though more secure than WEP, it has outlived its designed lifetime and has known attack vectors. In 2004, the IEEE ratified the full IEEE 802.11i (WPA2) encryption standards. If used with a 802.1X server or in pre-shared key mode with a strong and uncommon phrase WPA2 is still considered[by whom?] secure, as of 2009. [edit] Piggybacking Main article: Piggybacking (internet access)

Piggybacking refers to access to a wireless Internet connection by bringing one's own computer within the range of another's wireless connection, and using that service without the subscriber's explicit permission or knowledge. During the early popular adoption of 802.11, providing open access points for anyone within range to use was encouraged[by whom?] to cultivate wireless community networks,[42] particularly since people on average use only a fraction of their downstream bandwidth at any given time. Recreational logging and mapping of other people's access points has become known as wardriving. Indeed, many access points are intentionally installed without security turned on so that they can be used as a free service. Providing access to one's Internet connection in this fashion may breach the of Service or contract with the ISP. These activities do not result in sanctions in most jurisdictions; however, legislation and case law differ considerably across the world. A proposal to leave graffiti describing available services was called warchalking.[43] A Florida court case determined that owner laziness was not to be a valid excuse.[44] Piggybacking often occurs unintentionally, most access points are configured without encryption by default, and operating systems can be configured to connect automatically to any available wireless network. A who happens to start up a laptop in the vicinity of an access point may find the computer has ed the network without any visible indication. Moreover, a intending to one network may instead end up on another one if the latter has a stronger signal. In combination with automatic discovery of other network resources (see DH and Zeroconf) this could possibly lead wireless s to send sensitive data to the wrong middle-man when seeking a destination (see Man-in-the-middle attack). For example, a could inadvertently use an insecure network to to a website, thereby making the credentials available to anyone listening, if the website uses an insecure protocol such as HTTP. [edit] See also 

List of WLAN channels



San Francisco Digital Inclusion Strategy



Wi-Fi operating system



WiMAX



Wireless electronic devices and health



Super Wi-Fi

[edit] Notes

1. ^ Phil Belanger is the founding member of the Wi-Fi Alliance. [edit] References 1. ^ . The Wi-Fi Alliance has also develop some core technology that has expanded the applicability of Wi-Fi, including a simple set up protocol (Wi-Fi Protected Set Up) and a peer to peer connectivity technology (Wi-Fi Peer to Peer) "Wi-Fi Alliance: Organization". www.wi-fi.org. http://www.wifi.org/organization.php. Retrieved 2009-10-22. 2. ^ "Wi-Fi Alliance: White Papers". www.wi-fi.org. http://www.wi-fi.org/wp/wifialliance-certification/. Retrieved 2009-10-22. 3. ^ "Wi-Fi Alliance: Programs". www.wi-fi.org. http://www.wifi.org/certification_programs.php. Retrieved 2009-10-22. 4. ^ GainSpan specifically designs for Wi-Fi technology between Wi-Fi devices. "GainSpan low-power, embedded Wi-Fi". www.gainspan.com. http://www.gainspan.com/technology/technology_overview.php. Retrieved 2010. 5. ^ a b Oxford English Dictionary (2 ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1989. ISBN 0198611862. 6. ^ "Wireless Ethernet Compatibility Alliance (WECA) Awards New Wi-Fi Interoperability Certification". Wi-Fi Alliance. 2000-05-08. http://www.wifi.org/news_articles.php?f=media_news&news_id=64. Retrieved 2009-11-30. 7. ^ "Six Wi-Fi Interoperability Certifications Awarded By The Wireless Ethernet Compatibility Alliance (WECA)". Wi-Fi Alliance. 2000-07-19. http://www.wifi.org/news_articles.php?f=media_news&news_id=62. Retrieved 2009-11-30. 8. ^ a b c "Securing Wi-Fi Wireless Networks with Today’s Technologies". Wi-Fi Alliance. 2003-02-06. http://www.wi-fi.org/files/wp_4_Securing%20Wireless %20Networks_2-6-03.pdf. Retrieved 2009-11-30. 9. ^ a b "WPA™ Deployment Guidelines for Public Access Wi-Fi® Networks". Wi-Fi Alliance. 2004-10-28. http://www.wi-fi.org/files/wp_6_WPA%20Deployment %20for%20Public%20Access_10-28-04.pdf. Retrieved 2009-11-30. 10.^ "Wireless Fidelity (WiFi) Technology". ITAA. January 2004. http://www.itaa.org/isec/docs/innovation/wifiwhitepaper.pdf. Retrieved 200911-30. 11.^ a b c "WiFi isn't short for "Wireless Fidelity"". boingboing.net. http://www.boingboing.net/2005/11/08/wifi_isnt_short_for_.html. Retrieved 2007-08-31.

12.^ a b "Wireless Fidelity' Debunked". Wi-Fi Planet. 2007-04-27. https://idoc-pub.futbolgratis.orgle.com/translate?u=http%3A%2F %2Fwww.bezdratovepripojeni.cz&hl=cs&ie=UTF8&sl=cs&tl=en. Retrieved 2008-05-18. 19.^ "Mifi vs Joikuspot". mificlub.com. http://www.mificlub.com/2010/07/mifi-vsjoikuspot/. Retrieved 2010-10-09. 20.^ "Sunnyvale Uses MetroFi". unstrung.com. http://www.unstrung.com/document.asp?doc_id=85119&WT.svl=wire1_1. Retrieved 2008-07-16. 21.^ "London-wide wi-fi by 2012 pledge". BBC News. 2010-05-19. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/london/8692103.stm. Retrieved 2010-05-19. 22.^ "City of London Fires Up Europe's Most Advanced Wi-Fi Network". www.govtech.com. http://www.govtech.com/dc/118717. Retrieved 2007-0514. 23.^ "London gets a mile of free Wi-Fi". .zdnet.co.uk. http://www.zdnet.co.uk/news/networking/2005/04/18/london-gets-a-mile-offree-wi-fi-39195421/. Retrieved 200-04-18. 24.^ "Wi-Fi Origins". http://www.cmu.edu/homepage/computing/2009/summer/wi-fi-origins.shtml. Retrieved 2008-07-16.

25.^ http://www.drexel.edu/catalog/general/aboutuniversity.htm 26.^ "Wi-Fi Direct allows device-to-device links". http://www.networkworld.com/news/2009/101409-wi-fi-direct.html?hpg1=bn. 27.^ "Wi-Fi Finder". jiwire.com. http://www.jiwire.com/search-hotspotlocations.htm. Retrieved 2008-04-20. 28.^ "802.11n Delivers Better Range". Wi-Fi Planet. 2007-05-31. http://www.wifiplanet.com/tutorials/article.php/3680781. 29.^ FCC Sec.15.249 Operation within the bands 902–928 MHz, 2400–2483.5 MHz, 5725–5875 MHZ, and 24.0–24.25 GHz. 30.^ See for example IEEE Standard 802.15.4 section 1.2 scope 31.^ "WiFi Mapping Software: Footprint". Alyrica Networks, Inc.. http://www.alyrica.net/node/20. Retrieved 2008-04-27. 32.^ Wilson, Tracy V.. "How Municipal WiFi Works". computer.howstuffworks.com. http://computer.howstuffworks.com/municipal-wifi.htm. Retrieved 2008-0312. 33.^ "Ermanno Pietrosemoli has set a new record for the longest communication Wi-Fi link". http://interred.wordpress.com/2007/06/18/ermanno-pietrosemolihas-set-a-new-record-for-the-longest-communication-wi-fi-link/. Retrieved 2008-03-10. 34.^ "Wireless technology is irreplaceable for providing access in remote and scarcely populated regions". http://www.apc.org/en/news/strategic/world/wireless-technologyirreplaceable-providing-access. Retrieved 2008-03-10. 35.^ "Long Distance WiFi Trial" (PDF). http://www.eslared.org.ve/articulos/Long %20Distance%20WiFi%20Trial.pdf. Retrieved 2008-03-10. 36.^ "Quatech Rolls Out Airborne Embedded 802.11 Radio for M2M Market". http://edageek.com/2008/04/18/embedded-wifi-radio/. Retrieved 2008-04-29. 37.^ "CIE article on embedded WiFi for M2M applications". http://www.cieonline.co.uk/cie2/articlen.asp?pid=1810&id=19742. Retrieved 2008-08-27.[dead link] 38.^ "802.11 X Wireless Network in a Business Environment -- Pros and Cons.". NetworkBits.net. http://networkbits.net/wireless-printing/80211-g-pros-consof-a-wireless-network-in-a-business-environment/. Retrieved 2008-04-08. 39.^ Bernstein, Daniel J. (2002). "DNS forgery". http://cr.yp.to/djbdns/forgery.html. Retrieved 2010-03-24. "An attacker with

access to your network can easily forge responses to your computer's DNS requests." 40.^ Mateti, Prabhaker (2005). "Hacking Techniques in Wireless Networks". Dayton, Ohio: Department of Computer Science and Engineering Wright State University. http://www.cs.wright.edu/~pmateti/InternetSecurity/Lectures/WirelessHacks/ Mateti-WirelessHacks.htm#_Toc77524658. Retrieved 2010-02-28. 41.^ "Wireless Vulnerabilities & Exploits". wirelessve.org. http://www.wirelessve.org/entries/show/WVE-2005-0020. Retrieved 2008-0415. 42.^ NoCat's goal is to bring you Infinite Bandwidth Everywhere for Free 43.^ "Let's Warchalk" (PDF). Matt Jones. http://www.blackbeltjones.com/warchalking/warchalking0_9.pdf. Retrieved 2008-10-09. 44.^ See the wikinews article mentioned in this section. [edit] Further reading 

Wireless Networking in the Developing World (PDF book)


The Wi-Fi Alliance Wikibooks has a book on the topic of Nets, Webs and the Information Infrastructure Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Wi-Fi

Look up Wi-Fi in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. [hide]Internet access Wired Netwo Coaxi rk Optica Twiste Phone al type l d pair line cable

Wireless Unlicense Power d line terrestria l bands

Licensed terrestrial bands

Satelli te

Ethern G.hn et

LAN

G.hn · HomePlu Ethern HomePN g et A · G.hn Powerline Alliance

PON · Dial-up · DOCSI Ethern WAN Ethern ISDN · BPL S et et DSL

Wi-Fi · Bluetooth · DECT · Wireless USB GPRS · iBurst · WiBro/WiMAX · Satellit Muni Wi-Fi UMTS-TDD, e HSPA · EVDO · LTE

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interface From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. 

It needs additional references or sources for verification. Tagged since August 2009.



It may require general cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. Tagged since August 2009.

In the industrial design field of human-machine interaction, the interface is (a place) where interaction between humans and machines occurs. The goal of interaction between a human and a machine at the interface is effective operation and control of the machine, and from the machine which aids the operator in making operational decisions. Examples of this broad concept of interfaces include the interactive aspects of computer operating systems, hand tools, heavy machinery operator controls. and process controls. The design considerations

applicable when creating interfaces are related to or involve such disciplines as ergonomics and psychology. A interface is the system by which people (s) interact with a machine. The interface includes hardware (physical) and software (logical) components. interfaces exist for various systems, and provide a means of: 

Input, allowing the s to manipulate a system, and/or



Output, allowing the system to indicate the effects of the s' manipulation.

Generally, the goal of human-machine interaction engineering is to produce a interface which makes it easy, efficient, and enjoyable to operate a machine in the way which produces the desired result. This generally means that the operator needs to provide minimal input to achieve the desired output, and also that the machine minimizes undesired outputs to the human. Ever since the increased use of personal computers and the relative decline in societal awareness of heavy machinery, the term interface has taken on overtones of the (graphical) interface, while industrial control and machinery control design discussions more commonly refer to human-machine interfaces. Other for interface include human-computer interface (HCI) and man-machine interface (MMI).

Contents [hide] 

1 Introduction



2 Terminology



3 Usability



4 interfaces in computing o 4.1 Types o 4.2 History o 4.3 Consistency

o 4.4 Modalities and modes 

5 See also



6 References



7 External links

[edit] Introduction Main article: Human-computer interaction To work with a system, s have to be able to control and assess the state of the system. For example, when driving an automobile, the driver uses the steering wheel to control the direction of the vehicle, and the accelerator pedal, brake pedal and gearstick to control the speed of the vehicle. The driver perceives the position of the vehicle by looking through the windshield and exact speed of the vehicle by reading the speedometer. The interface of the automobile is on the whole composed of the instruments the driver can use to accomplish the tasks of driving and maintaining the automobile.

[edit] Terminology There is a distinct difference between Interface versus Operator Interface or Human Machine Interface (HMI). 

The term interface is often used in the context of (personal) computer systems and electronic devices o Where a network of equipment or computers are interlinked through an MES (Manufacturing Execution System)-or Host. o An HMI is typically local to one machine or piece of equipment, and is the interface method between the human and the equipment/machine. An Operator interface is the interface method by which multiple equipment that are linked by a host control system is accessed or controlled.[clarification needed] o The system may expose several interfaces to serve different kinds of s. For example, a computerized library database might provide two interfaces, one for library patrons (limited set of functions, optimized for ease of use) and the other for library personnel (wide set of functions, optimized for efficiency). [clarification needed]



The interface of a mechanical system, a vehicle or an industrial installation is sometimes referred to as the human-machine interface (HMI). HMI is a modification of the original term MMI (man-machine interface). In practice, the abbreviation MMI is still frequently used although some may claim that MMI stands for something different now. Another abbreviation is HCI, but is more commonly used for human-computer interaction. Other used are operator interface console (OIC) and operator interface terminal (OIT). However it is abbreviated, the refer to the 'layer' that separates a human that is operating a machine from the machine itself.

In science fiction, HMI is sometimes used to refer to what is better described as direct neural interface. However, this latter usage is seeing increasing application in the real-life use of (medical) prostheses—the artificial extension that replaces a missing body part (e.g., cochlear implants). In some circumstance computers might observe the , and react according to their actions without specific commands. A means of tracking parts of the body is required, and sensors noting the position of the head, direction of gaze and so on have been used experimentally. This is particularly relevant to immersive interfaces.

[edit] Usability Main article: Usability See also: mental model, human action cycle, usability testing, and ergonomics. List of human-computer interaction topics interfaces are considered by some authors to be a prime ingredient of Computer satisfaction. The design of a interface affects the amount of effort the must expend to provide input for the system and to interpret the output of the system, and how much effort it takes to learn how to do this. Usability is the degree to which the design of a particular interface takes into the human psychology and physiology of the s, and makes the process of using the system effective, efficient and satisfying. Usability is mainly a characteristic of the interface, but is also associated with the functionalities of the product and the process to design it. It describes how well a product can be used for its intended purpose by its target s with efficiency, effectiveness, and satisfaction, also taking into the requirements from its context of use.

[edit] interfaces in computing In computer science and human-computer interaction, the interface (of a computer program) refers to the graphical, textual and auditory information the program presents to the , and the control sequences (such as keystrokes with the computer keyboard, movements of

the computer mouse, and selections with the touchscreen) the employs to control the program.

[edit] Types Currently (as of 2009) the following types of interface are the most common: 

Graphical interfaces (GUI) accept input via devices such as computer keyboard and mouse and provide articulated graphical output on the computer monitor. There are at least two different principles widely used in GUI design: Object-oriented interfaces (OOUIs) and application oriented interfaces[verification needed].



Web-based interfaces or web interfaces (WUI) are a subclass of GUIs that accept input and provide output by generating web pages which are transmitted via the Internet and viewed by the using a web browser program. Newer implementations utilize Java, AJAX, Adobe Flex, Microsoft .NET, or similar technologies to provide realtime control in a separate program, eliminating the need to refresh a traditional HTML based web browser. istrative web interfaces for web-servers, servers and networked computers are often called Control s.



Touchscreens are displays that accept input by touch of fingers or a stylus. Used in a growing amount of mobile devices and many types of point of sale, industrial processes and machines, self-service machines etc.

interfaces that are common in various fields outside desktop computing: 

Command line interfaces, where the provides the input by typing a command string with the computer keyboard and the system provides output by printing text on the computer monitor. Used by programmers and system s, in engineering and scientific environments, and by technically advanced personal computer s.



Touch interface are graphical interfaces using a touchpad or touchscreen display as a combined input and output device. They supplement or replace other forms of output with haptic methods. Used in computerized simulators etc.

Other types of interfaces: 

Attentive interfaces manage the attention deciding when to interrupt the , the kind of warnings, and the level of detail of the messages presented to the .



Batch interfaces are non-interactive interfaces, where the specifies all the details of the batch job in advance to batch processing, and receives the output when all the processing is done. The computer does not prompt for further input after the processing has started.



Conversational Interface Agents attempt to personify the computer interface in the form of an animated person, robot, or other character (such as Microsoft's Clippy the paperclip), and present interactions in a conversational form.



Crossing-based interfaces are graphical interfaces in which the primary task consists in crossing boundaries instead of pointing.



Gesture interface are graphical interfaces which accept input in a form of hand gestures, or mouse gestures sketched with a computer mouse or a stylus.



Intelligent interfaces are human-machine interfaces that aim to improve the efficiency, effectiveness, and naturalness of human-machine interaction by representing, reasoning, and acting on models of the , domain, task, discourse, and media (e.g., graphics, natural language, gesture).



Motion tracking interfaces monitor the 's body motions and translate them into commands, currently being developed by Apple[1]



Multi-screen interfaces, employ multiple displays to provide a more flexible interaction. This is often employed in computer game interaction in both the commercial arcades and more recently the handheld markets.



Noncommand interfaces, which observe the to infer his / her needs and intentions, without requiring that he / she formulate explicit commands.



Object-oriented interface (OOUI)



Reflexive interfaces where the s control and redefine the entire system via the interface alone, for instance to change its command verbs. Typically this is only possible with very rich graphic interfaces.



Tangible interfaces, which place a greater emphasis on touch and physical environment or its element.



Task-Focused Interfaces are interfaces which address the information overload problem of the desktop metaphor by making tasks, not files, the primary unit of interaction



Text interfaces are interfaces which output text, but accept other form of input in addition to or in place of typed command strings.



Voice interfaces, which accept input and provide output by generating voice prompts. The input is made by pressing keys or buttons, or responding verbally to the interface.



Natural-Language interfaces - Used for search engines and on webpages. types in a question and waits for a response.



Zero-Input interfaces get inputs from a set of sensors instead of querying the with input dialogs.



Zooming interfaces are graphical interfaces in which information objects are represented at different levels of scale and detail, and where the can change the scale of the viewed area in order to show more detail.

See also: 

Archy, a keyboard-driven interface by Jef Raskin, arguably more efficient than mouse-driven interfaces for document editing and programming.

[edit] History The history of interfaces can be divided into the following phases according to the dominant type of interface: 

Batch interface, 1945–1968



Command-line interface, 1969 to present[citation needed]



Graphical interface, 1981 to present — see History of the GUI for a detailed look[citation needed]

[edit] Consistency A key property of a good interface is consistency. Good interface design is about getting a to have a consistent set of expectations, and then meeting those expectations. There are three important aspects to consistency.[2][dubious – discuss] First, the controls for different features should be presented in a consistent manner so that s can find the controls easily. For example, s find it difficult to use software when some commands are available through menus, some through icons, some through right-clicks, some under a separate button at one corner of a screen, some grouped by function, some grouped by “common,” some grouped by “advanced.” A looking for a command should have a consistent search strategy for finding it. The more search strategies a has to use, the more frustrating the search will be. The more consistent the grouping, the easier the search. Second, the "principle of least astonishment" is crucial. Various features should work in similar ways.[3] For example, some features in Adobe Acrobat are "select tool, then select text to which

apply." Others are "select text, then apply action to selection." [2]. Commands should work the same way in all contexts. Third, consistency counsels against interface changes version-to-version. Change should be minimized, and forward-compatibility should be maintained. For example, the change from the menu bars of Microsoft Office 2003 to the ribbon toolbar of Microsoft Office 2007 caused mixed reactions to the redesign, intended to enhance access to the most used functions. It was said to cause "anger and frustration," and "major efforts in time, training and costs."[4] Power s said it "takes too much time and patience to learn" the new interface.[4] An online survey by an Excel group reports that about 80% of respondents had a negative opinion of the change, and within that 80%, the self-estimated reduction in productivity was "about 35%".[5][6] Consistency is one quality to trade off in interface design—not the only thing, but one of the most important. In some cases, a violation of consistency principles can provide sufficiently clear advantages that a wise and careful interface designer may choose to violate consistency to achieve some other important goal. Generally, less mature software has fewer s who are entrenched in the status quo. Older, more broadly used software must more carefully hew to the status quo to avoid disruptive costs. The most experienced s, and the ones who derive most value from a program, are the s who tend to bear the greatest costs from change. However, of those trade-offs, consistency is one of the most important core principles, and it should be violated least often. Bad interface design, and poorly implemented changes to an existing interface, can impose staggering costs on s.

[edit] Modalities and modes Main articles: Modality (human-computer interaction) and Mode (computer interface) A modality is a path of communication employed by the interface to carry input and output. Examples of modalities: 

Input — computer keyboard allows the to enter typed text, digitizing tablet allows the to create free-form drawing



Output — computer monitor allows the system to display text and graphics (vision modality), loudspeaker allows the system to produce sound (auditory modality)

The interface may employ several redundant input modalities and output modalities, allowing the to choose which ones to use for interaction. A mode is a distinct method of operation within a computer program, in which the same input can produce different perceived results depending of the state of the computer program. For example, caps lock sets an input mode in which typed letters are uppercase by default; the same typing produces lowercase letters when not in caps lock mode. Heavy use of modes often reduces the usability of a interface, as the must expend effort to current mode states, and switch between mode states as necessary.

[edit] See also 

Accessibility and computer accessibility — interface's suitability for people with special needs



Adaptive interfaces



Brain-computer interface



Computer satisfaction



Ergonomics and human factors — the study of deg objects to be better adapted to the shape of the human body



Framebuffer



Graphical Interface



Human-computer interaction links



Icon design



Information visualization — the use of sensory representations of abstract data to reinforce cognition



Interaction technique



Interface (computer science)



Kinetic interface



Knowledge visualization — the use of visual representations to transfer knowledge



List of interface literature



Natural interfaces



Ncurses, a semigraphical interface.



Unified Code for Units of Measure



Usability links



Assistance



experience



interface design



Virtual artifact



Virtual interface

[edit] References 1. ^ Appleinsider.com 2. ^ David E. Boundy, A taxonomy of programmers, ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes 16(4) 23-30 (October 1991) 3. ^ For example, inconsistent interface was one of the major causes of the Three Mile Island nuclear accident in 1979. Some indicator lights indicated normal as red, some as green. [1] 4. ^ a b Word 2007: Not Exactly a Must-Have “For one thing, Word 2007 uses the entirely new ribbon interface. … ‘People will get used to the new interface, but at major efforts in time, training and cost,' says [a] director of systems … When it came time to move [a ] from 2003 to 2007… ‘I might as well of hit her over the head with a bat,’ he says. ‘I could see anger and frustration.’” 5. ^ "Ribbon survey results". http://www.excel.com/explore/surveys/ribbon/ribbonsurvey-results.htm. Among advanced s, nearly 80% "dislike" or "hate" the new interface, only 20% "like" or "love" it, and of that 80%, the average productivity loss is about 35%. 6. ^ On the other hand, average and less-intensive s who are not as dependent on old interfaces are less bothered by the change. "'Other readers feel it's worth taking the time to learn the new interface. Once you do, they say, it actually makes creating professional-looking documents much easier for the average .'" Word 2007: Not Exactly a Must-Have The usual solution in providing a new interface is to provide a backwards-compatibility mode, so that a product's most intensive s are not forced to bear the costs of the change.

[edit] External links Look up interface in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.



Its bibliography covers a wide area of interface publications



Chapter 2. History: A brief History of interfaces

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GPS navigation software From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search GPS navigation software usually falls into one of the following two categories: 1. Navigation with route calculation and directions from the software to the of the route to take, based on a vector-based map, normally for motorised vehicles with some motorised forms added on as an afterthought. 2. Navigation tracking, often with a map "picture" in the background, but showing where you have been, and allowing "routes" to be preprogrammed, giving a line you can follow on the screen. This type can also be used for geocaching.

Contents [hide] 

1 Terminology o 1.1 Track o 1.2 Route o 1.3 Waypoint



2 Platforms



3 Software o 3.1 Land-based Navigation Software

o 3.2 Marine Navigation Software 

4 References

[edit] Terminology [edit] Track A track is a trace of somewhere that you have actually been (often called a "breadcrumb trail"). The GPS unit (external or internal) periodically sends details of the location which are recorded by the software, either by taking a reading based on a set time interval, based on a set distance, based on a change in direction by more than a certain angle, or a combination of these. Each point is stored together with its date and time. The resulting track can be displayed as a series of the recorded points or a line connecting them. Retracing your steps is a simple matter of following the track back to the source.

[edit] Route A route is a preset series of points that make up a set route to follow for your destination. Most software allows the route and the track to be displayed at the same time.

[edit] Waypoint Waypoints are used to mark particular locations, typically used as markers along the "way" to somewhere. They are either key entered by s or ed from other sources, depending upon the sophistication of the device. Although not linked to tracks or routes, they can be used to simplify the construction of routes, by being able to be re-used. Frequently, waypoints serve a "safety" purpose, enabling a route to be taken around obstacles such as shallow water (marine navigation) or streams/cliffs/other hazards which may prevent a safe age directly from point "A" to point "B".

[edit] Platforms See also: GPS navigation device Software can be used on a laptop computer with an attached GPS receiver. Most commercial software runs only on Windows and Mac OS X, yet some projects have started to Linux as well. For most daily use however, a PDA, a dedicated device, or a smartphone might be handier. These devices can often also be used as a wireless modem for a computer, so that routing information can be ed or created tracks can be ed.

[edit] Software There is a number of navigation software products available. Primary distinction is between navigation software designed for use on land and for use on the water.

[edit] Land-based Navigation Software Commercial navigation software with embedded maps 

Destinator



Microsoft Streets and Trips 2009



Navigon



Nav N Go (iGO)



NAVV



NDrive



ROUTE 66



TomTom Navigator



TomTom Mobile

Opensource and free navigation software with maps 

OpenStreetMap

Commercial navigation software with scanned or ed maps and orthophotos stored in the computer (independent stand alone system) 

Master Navigator Software (MNS)



OziExplorer

Free navigation software (independent stand alone system) 

Waze

Navigation software with maps ed from a remote server



Google Earth (Windows, Mac, Linux)



Google maps (platform independent)



Navit



VZ Navigator (smartphone)

[edit] Marine Navigation Software Navigation software for use on the water has many features in common with land-based GPS navigation software. It can use electronic navigation chart or raster charts, usually provides ability to plan routes and set waypoints, and may have live GPS tracking capabilities. In addition, marine navigation software often has option to control external autopilot for automated boat navigation. It may incorporate GRIB weather overlay on the chart, Tide predictions and other related information services of additional use to mariners. Marine navigation software ing raster and vector charts 

PolarView Marine navigation application ing raster and vector charts. For Linux, Mac and Windows.

Opensource and free marine navigation software 

OpenN Open Chart Plot Navigation is a free software (GPL) project to create a concise chart plotter and navigation software for use as an underway or planning tool. OpenN s both raster and vector charts, and it has for Linux, Mac and Windows.



SeaClear is a free, PC based chart plotter for Windows 2000/XP/NT/95/98/ME. SeaClear s raster charts.

[edit] References Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPS_navigation_software" Categories: GPS Personal tools

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Geotagging From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Geo-tagging) Jump to: navigation, search It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Geotagged photograph. (Discuss)

Geotag information in a JPEG photo, shown by the software gThumb

Geotagger "Solmeta N2 Kom" for Nikon DSLR For information on geotagging content on Wikipedia, see Wikipedia:WikiProject Geographical coordinates.

Geotagging is the process of adding geographical identification metadata to various media such as photographs, video, websites, SMS messages, or RSS feeds and is a form of geospatial metadata. These data usually consist of latitude and longitude coordinates, though they can also include altitude, bearing, distance, accuracy data, and place names. It is commonly used for photographs, giving geotagged photographs. Geotagging can help s find a wide variety of location-specific information. For instance, one can find images taken near a given location by entering latitude and longitude coordinates into a suitable image search engine. Geotagging-enabled information services can also potentially be

used to find location-based news, websites, or other resources.[1] Geotagging can tell s the location of the content of a given picture or other media or the point of view, and conversely on some media platforms show media relevant to a given location. The related term geocoding refers to the process of taking non-coordinate based geographical identifiers, such as a street address, and finding associated geographic coordinates (or vice versa for reverse geocoding). Such techniques can be used together with geotagging to provide alternative search techniques. Contents [hide] 



1 Geotagging techniques o

1.1 Geotagging Photos

o

1.2 GPS formats

2 Geotagging standards in electronic file formats o

2.1 JPEG photos

o

2.2 SMS messages

o

2.3 HTML pages 

2.3.1 ICBM method



2.3.2 RDF feeds



2.3.3 Microformat



2.3.4 Wikipedia

o

2.4 Geotagging in tag-based systems

o

2.5 Geoblogging



3 Wikipedia article geosearching apps



4 Dangers of geotagging



5 See also



6 References



7 External links

[edit] Geotagging techniques

The base for geotagging is positions. The position will, in almost every case, be derived from the global positioning system, and based on a latitude/longitude-coordinate system that presents each location on the earth from 180° west through 180° east along the Equator and 90° north through 90° south along the prime meridian. [edit] Geotagging Photos

There are two main options for geotagging photos; capturing GPS information at the time the photo is taken or “attaching” the photograph to a map after the picture is taken. In order to capture GPS data at the time the photograph is captured, the must have a camera with built in GPS or a standalone GPS along with a digital camera. Because of the requirement for wireless service providers to supply more precise location information for 911 calls by September 11, 2012 [2], more and more cell phones have built-in GPS chips. Some cell phones like the iPhone and Motorola Backflip already utilize a GPS chip along with built-in cameras to allow s to automatically geotag photos. Others may have the GPS chip and camera but do not have internal software needed to embed the GPS information within the picture. A few digital cameras also have built-on or built-in GPS that allow for automatic geotagging such as Nikon, Sony and Ricoh. Devices use GPS, A-GPS or both. A-GPS can be faster getting an initial fix if you are within range of a cell phone tower, and may work better inside buildings. Traditional GPS does not need cell phone towers and can often pull in weaker GPS signals outside of urban areas. Traditional GPS tends to use more battery power. Almost any digital camera can be coupled with a stand alone GPS and post processed with photo mapping software such as GPSPhoto Link, Alta4, or EveryTrail to write the location information to the image's exif header. Geographic coordinates can also be added to a photograph after the photograph is taken by “attaching” the photograph to a map using programs such as Flickr and Panoramio. These programs can then write the latitude and longitude into the photos exif header after you have selected the location on a map. [edit] GPS formats

GPS coordinates may be represented in text in a number of ways, with more or fewer decimals: Template

Description

Example

[-]d.d, [-]d.d

Decimal degrees with negative numbers for South and West.

12.3456, -98.7654

d° m.m′ {N|S}, d° Degrees and decimal minutes with N, S, E or W suffix for North, South, East, West m.m′ {E|W}

12° 20.736′ N, 98° 45.924′ W

{N|S} d° m.m′ {E| Degrees and decimal minutes with N, S, E or W prefix for North, South, East, West W} d° m.m′

N 12° 20.736′, W 98° 45.924′

d° m' s" {N|S}, d° Degrees, minutes and seconds with N, S, E or 12° 20' 44" N, m' s" {E|W} W suffix for North, South, East, West 98° 45' 55" W {N|S} d° m' s", {E|W} d° m' s"

Degrees, minutes and seconds with N, S, E or N 12° 20' 44", W prefix for North, South, East, West W 98° 45' 55"

[edit] Geotagging standards in electronic file formats [edit] JPEG photos

With photos stored in JPEG file format, the geotag information is typically embedded in the metadata (stored in Exchangeable image file format (EXIF) or Extensible Metadata Platform (XMP) format). These data are not visible in the picture itself but are read and written by special programs and most digital cameras and modern scanners. Latitude and longitude are stored in units of degrees with decimals[3]. This geotag information can be read by many programs, such as the cross-platform open source ExifTool. An example readout for a photo might look like: GPS Latitude GPS Longitude GPS Position

: 57 deg 38' 56.83" N : 10 deg 24' 26.79" E : 57 deg 38' 56.83" N, 10 deg 24' 26.79" E

or the same coordinates could also be presented as decimal degrees: GPSLatitude GPSLongitude GPSPosition

: 57.64911 : 10.40744 : 57.64911 10.40744

When stored in EXIF, the coordinates are represented as a series of rational numbers in the GPS sub-IFD. Here is a hexadecimal dump of the relevant section of the EXIF metadata (with bigendian byte order): + | | | | | | | | | |

[GPS directory with 5 entries] 0) GPSVersionID = 2 2 0 0 - Tag 0x0000 (4 bytes, int8u[4]): dump: 02 02 00 00 1) GPSLatitudeRef = N - Tag 0x0001 (2 bytes, string[2]): dump: 4e 00 [ASCII "N\0"] 2) GPSLatitude = 57 38 56.83 (57/1 38/1 5683/100) - Tag 0x0002 (24 bytes, rational64u[3]): dump: 00 00 00 39 00 00 00 01 00 00 00 26 00 00 00 01 dump: 00 00 16 33 00 00 00 64

| 3) | | | 4) | | |

GPSLongitudeRef = W - Tag 0x0003 (2 bytes, string[2]): dump: 57 00 [ASCII "W\0"] GPSLongitude = 10 24 26.79 (10/1 24/1 2679/100) - Tag 0x0004 (24 bytes, rational64u[3]): dump: 00 00 00 0a 00 00 00 01 00 00 00 18 00 00 00 01 dump: 00 00 0a 77 00 00 00 64

[edit] SMS messages

The GeoSMS standard works by embedding one or more 'geo' URIs in the body of an SMS, for example: I'm at the pub geo:-37.801631,144.980294;u=16

[edit] HTML pages [edit] ICBM method

The GeoURL[4] standard requires the ICBM tag[5] method which is used to geotag standard web pages in HTML format: <meta name="ICBM" content="50.167958, -97.133185">

The similar Geo Tag format allows the addition of placename and region tags: <meta name="geo.position" content="50.167958;-97.133185"> <meta name="geo.placename" content="Rockwood Rural Municipality, Manitoba, Canada"> <meta name="geo.region" content="ca-mb">

[edit] RDF feeds

The RDF method is defined by W3 Group and presents the information in RDF tags[6]: 55.701 12.552

[edit] Microformat

The Geo microformat allows coordinates within HTML pages to be marked up in such a way that they can be "discovered" by software tools. Example: <span class="geo"> <span class="latitude">50.167958; <span class="longitude">-97.133185

which might display as: 50.167958; -97.133185 (giving a live Geo microformat on this page).

A proposal has been developed[7] to extend Geo to cover other bodies, such as Mars and the Moon. An example is the Flickr photo-sharing Web site, which provides geographic data for any geotagged photo in all of the above-mentioned formats. [edit] Wikipedia

On Wikipedia it is possible to include geotagged information in articles (and thus also images), using the template {{coord}}. On Wikimedia Commons it is more usual to tag camera locations with template {{location}}. The inserted coordinates will be presented in the top right corner as a link on the Wikimedia Toolserver[8], allowing the to click further on to different geographic content on the Internet. For the article Råbjerg Mile it looks like this:

[edit] Geotagging in tag-based systems

No industry standards exist, however there are a variety of techniques for adding geographical identification metadata to an information resource. One convention, established by the website Geobloggers and used by more and more sites, e.g. photo sharing sites Panoramio and Flickr, and the social bookmarking site del.icio.us, enables content to be found via a location search. All sites allow s to add metadata to an information resource via a set of so-called machine tags (see folksonomy). geotagged geo:lat=57.64911 geo:lon=10.40744

This describes the geographic coordinates of a particular location in of latitude (geo:lat) and longitude (geo:lon). These are expressed in decimal degrees in the WGS84 datum, which has become something of a default geodetic datum with the advent of GPS.[citation needed] Using three tags works within the constraint of having tags that can only be single 'words'. Identifying geotagged information resources on sites like Flickr and del.icio.us is done by searching for the 'geotagged' tag, since the tags beginning 'geo:lat=' and 'geo:lon=' are necessarily very variable.

Another option is to tag with a Geohash: geo:hash=u4pruydqqvj

A further convention proposed by FlickrFly adds tags to specify the suggested viewing angle and range when the geotagged location is viewed in Google Earth: ge:head=225.00 ge:tilt=45.00 ge:range=560.00

These three tags would indicate that the camera is pointed heading 225° (south west), has a 45° tilt and is 560 metres from the subject. Where the above methods are in use, their coordinates may differ from those specified by the photo's internal EXIF data, for example because of a correction or a difference between the camera's location and the subject's. [edit] Geoblogging

Geoblogging attaches specific geographic location information to blog entries via geotags. Searching a list of blogs and pictures tagged using geotag technology allows s to select areas of specific interest to them on interactive maps. [9] The progression of GPS technology, along with the development of various online applications, has fueled the popularity of such tagged blogging,[citation needed] and the combination of GPS Phones and GSM localization, has led to the moblogging, where blog posts are tagged with exact position of the . Real-time geotagging relays automatically geotagged media such as photos or video to be published and shared immediately. [edit] Wikipedia article geosearching apps

The iPhone app Cyclopedia, showing locations of Wikipedia articles on a map[10]

One of the first attempts to initiate the geotagging aspect of searching and locating articles seems to be the now-inoperative site Wikinear.com, launched in 2008, which showed the Wikipedia pages that are geographically closest to one's current location.[11] The 2009 app Cyclopedia works relatively well showing geotagged Wikipedia articles located within several miles of ones location, integrated with a street-view mode, and 360-degree mode. The app Respotter Wiki, launched in 2009, claims to feature Wikipedia searching via a map, also allowing s to interact with people around them, via messaging and reviews, etc. The app, in its current function, however, seems to give only geotagged photo results.

[edit] Dangers of geotagging

Following a scientific study[12] and several demonstrative websites[13][14], a discussion on the privacy implications of geotagging has raised public attention[15][16][17]. Especially the automatic embedding of geotags in pictures taken with smartphones is often ignored by cell-phone s. As a result, people are often not aware that the photos they publish in the Internet have been geotagged. Many celebrities reportedly gave away their home location without knowing it. According to the study, a significant number of for-sale ments on Craigslist, that were otherwise anonymized, contained geotags, thereby revealing the location of high-valued goods -sometimes in the combination with clear hints to the absence of the offerer at certain times. Publishing photos and other media tagged with exact geolocation on the Internet allows random people to track an individual's location and correlate it with other information. Therefore, criminals could find out when homes are empty because their inhabitants posted geotagged and timestamped information both about their home address and their vacation residence. These dangers can be avoided by removing geotags with a metadata removal tool for photos before publishing them in the Internet. [edit] See also 

Geocaching



Geocoding



Geotagged photograph (Geotagging methods)



Geographic information system (GIS)



Geolocation



Georeference



GeoRSS



GeoSMS



Geo URI



Global Positioning System (GPS)



Moblog



Supranet



Tagging

[edit] References 1. ^ Anick Jesdanun, AP (2008-01-18). "GPS adds dimension to online photos". http://www.mywire.com/pubs/AP/2008/01/18/5437214?extID=10051. Retrieved 2008-01-19. 2. ^ "Wireless 911 Services". http://www.fcc.gov/cgb/consumerfacts/wireless911srvc.html. Retrieved 201007-15. 3. ^ In this format, a positively signed coordinate indicates Northern or Eastern hemisphere, while negative sign indicates Southern or Western hemisphere. 4. ^ "Adding yourself to GeoURL". http://geourl.org/add.html. Retrieved 200807-30. 5. ^ The Internet Engineering Task Force. "Geographic registration of HTML documents". http://tools.ietf.org/id/draft-daviel-html-geo-tag-08.txt. Retrieved 2008-07-30. 6. ^ W3C Semantic Web Interest Group. "Basic Geo (WGS84 lat/long) Vocabulary". http://www.w3.org/2003/01/geo/. Retrieved 2008-07-30. 7. ^ "Geo Extension Straw-Man Proposal". http://microformats.org/wiki/geoextension-strawman. Retrieved 2007-12-28. 8. ^ "Wikimedia Toolserver". http://tools.wikimedia.de/startsite/. Retrieved 200807-30. 9. ^ "Example of pictures with geotag, using mobile phone". http://www.everytrail.com/view_trip.php?trip_id=294109. 10.^ Anon. (2009). “Cyclopedia Augmented Reality iPhone App Drenches Your World in Wikipedia”, Gizmodo.com, Oct. 01.

11.^ Willison, Simon. (2008). “Wininear.com, OAuth and Fire Eagle”, SimonWillison.net, Mar 22 2008 12.^ G. Friedland, R. Sommer: "Cybercasing the t: On the Privacy Implications of Geo-Tagging", 5th Usenix Hot Topics in Security Workshop (HotSec2010), Washington DC, August 2010. 13.^ http://www.pleaserobme.com pleaserobme.com 14.^ http://www.icanstalku.com icanstalku.com 15.^ http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/celebrity-stalking-online-photos-givelocation/story?id=11162352 Celebrities' Photos, Videos May Reveal Location 16.^ http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn19160-geotags-reveals-celebsecrets.html Geo-tags reveal celeb secrets 17.^ http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/12/technology/personaltech/12basics.html? _r=2 Web Photos That Reveal Secrets, Like Where You Live [edit] External links 

Geonames (Wikipedia) – GeoNames Blog.

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geotagging" Categories: Geographic information systems | Geocodes | GPS Hidden categories: Articles to be merged from May 2010 | All articles to be merged | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from November 2007 | Articles with unsourced statements from January 2008 Personal tools 

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Global Positioning System From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from GPS) Jump to: navigation, search "GPS" redirects here. For other uses, see GPS (disambiguation). For a generally accessible and less technical introduction to the topic, see Introduction to the Global Positioning System.

Artist's conception of GPS Block II-F satellite in orbit

Civilian GPS receiver ("GPS navigation device") in a marine application.

Automotive navigation system in a taxicab.

GPS receivers are now integrated in many mobile phones. The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a space-based global navigation satellite system that provides reliable location and time information in all weather and at all times and anywhere on or near the Earth when and where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites. It is maintained by the United States government and is freely accessible by anyone with a GPS receiver. In addition to GPS other systems are in use or under development. The Russian GLObal NAvigation Satellite System (GLONASS) is for use by the Russian military. There are also the planned Chinese Com navigation system and Galileo positioning system of the European Union (EU). GPS was created and realized by the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) and was originally run with 24 satellites. It was established in 1973 to overcome the limitations of previous navigation systems.[1]

Contents [hide] 

1 History o 1.1 Timeline and modernization



2 Structure



3 Applications o 3.1 Civilian 

3.1.1 Restrictions on civilian use

o 3.2 Military

o 3.3 Awards 

4 Basic concept of GPS o 4.1 Position calculation introduction o 4.2 Correcting a GPS receiver's clock



5 System segmentation o 5.1 Space segment o 5.2 Control segment o 5.3 segment



6 Communication o 6.1 Message format o 6.2 Satellite frequencies 

6.2.1 Demodulation and decoding



7 Navigation equations



8 Methods of solution of navigation equations



9 Error sources and analysis



10 Accuracy enhancement and surveying o 10.1 Augmentation o 10.2 Precise monitoring o 10.3 Timekeeping o 10.4 Carrier phase tracking (surveying)



11 Other systems



12 See also



13 Notes



14 References



15 Further reading



16 External links

[edit] History

The design of GPS is based partly on similar ground-based radio navigation systems, such as LORAN and the Decca Navigator developed in the early 1940s, and used during World War II. In 1956 Friedwardt Winterberg[2] proposed a test of general relativity using accurate atomic clocks placed in orbit in artificial satellites. To achieve accuracy requirements, GPS uses principles of general relativity to correct the satellites' atomic clocks. Additional inspiration for GPS came when the Soviet Union launched the first man-made satellite, Sputnik in 1957. A team of U.S. scientists led by Dr. Richard B. Kershner were monitoring Sputnik's radio transmissions. They discovered that, because of the Doppler effect, the frequency of the signal being transmitted by Sputnik was higher as the satellite approached, and lower as it continued away from them. They realized that since they knew their exact location on the globe, they could pinpoint where the satellite was along its orbit by measuring the Doppler distortion (see Transit (satellite)). The first satellite navigation system, Transit, used by the United States Navy, was first successfully tested in 1960. It used a constellation of five satellites and could provide a navigational fix approximately once per hour. In 1967, the U.S. Navy developed the Timation satellite that proved the ability to place accurate clocks in space, a technology that GPS relies upon. In the 1970s, the ground-based Omega Navigation System, based on phase comparison of signal transmission from pairs of stations,[3] became the first worldwide radio navigation system. However, limitations of these systems drove the need for a more universal navigation solution with greater accuracy. While there were wide needs for accurate navigation in military and civilian sectors, almost none of those were seen as justification for the billions of dollars it would cost in research,

development, deployment, and operation for a complex constellation of navigation satellites. However during the Cold War arms race, the nuclear threat to the very existence of the United States was the one need that did justify this cost in the view of the US Congress. This deterrent effect is why GPS was funded. The nuclear triad consisted of the US Navy's submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs) along with the US Air Force's strategic bombers and intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs). Considered vital to the nuclear deterrence posture, accurate determination of the SLBM launch position was a force multiplier. Precise navigation would enable US submarines to get an accurate fix of their positions prior to launching their SLBMs.[4] The US Air Force with two-thirds of the nuclear triad also had requirements for a more accurate and reliable navigation system. The Navy and Air Force were developing their own technologies in parallel to solve what was essentially the same problem. To increase the survivability of ICBMs, there was a proposal to use mobile launch platforms so the need to fix the launch position had similarity to the SLBM situation. In 1960, the Air Force proposed a radio-navigation system called MOSAIC (Mobile System for Accurate ICBM Control) that was essentially a 3-D LORAN. A follow-on study called Project 57 was worked in 1963 and it was "in this study that the GPS concept was born." That same year the concept was pursued as Project 621B, which had "many of the attributes that you now see in GPS"[5] and promised increased accuracy for Air Force bombers as well as ICBMs. Updates from the Navy Transit system were too slow for the high speeds that the Air Force operated at. The Navy Research Laboratory continued advancements with their Timation (Time Navigation) satellites, first launched in 1967, and with the third one in 1974 carrying the first atomic clock put into orbit.[6] With these parallel developments out of the 1960s, it was realized that a superior system could be developed by synthesizing the best technologies from 621B, Transit, Timation, and SECOR in a multi-service program. Over the Labor Day weekend in 1973, a meeting of about 12 military officers at the Pentagon discussed the creation of a Defense Navigation Satellite System (DNSS). It was at this meeting that "the real synthesis that became GPS was created." Later that year, the DNSS program was named Navstar. With the individual satellites being associated with the name Navstar (as with the predecessors Transit and Timation), a more fully encoming name was used to identify the constellation of Navstar satellites, Navstar-GPS, which was later shortened simply to GPS.[7] After Korean Air Lines Flight 007, carrying 269 people, was shot down in 1983 after straying into the USSR's prohibited airspace,[8] in the vicinity of Sakhalin and Moneron Islands, President Ronald Reagan issued a directive making GPS freely available for civilian use, once it was sufficiently developed, as a common good.[9] The first satellite was launched in 1989, and the 24th satellite was launched in 1994. Initially, the highest quality signal was reserved for military use, and the signal available for civilian use was intentionally degraded ("Selective Availability", SA). This changed with U.S. President Bill Clinton ordering Selective Availability turned off at midnight May 1, 2000, improving the precision of civilian GPS from 300 meters (about 1000 feet) to 20 meters (about

65 feet). The U.S. military by then had the ability to deny GPS service to potential adversaries on a regional basis.[10] GPS is owned and operated by the U.S. Government as a national resource. Department of Defense (DOD) is the steward of GPS. Interagency GPS Executive Board (IGEB) oversaw GPS policy matters from 1996 to 2004. After that the National Space-Based Positioning, Navigation and Timing Executive Committee was established by presidential directive in 2004 to advise and coordinate federal departments and agencies on matters concerning the GPS and related systems. The executive committee is chaired tly by the deputy secretaries of defense and transportation. Its hip includes equivalent-level officials from the departments of state, commerce, and homeland security, the t chiefs of staff, and NASA. Components of the executive office of the president participate as observers to the executive committee, and the FCC chairman participates as a liaison. DOD is required by law to "maintain a Standard Positioning Service (as defined in the federal radio navigation plan and the standard positioning service signal specification) that will be available on a continuous, worldwide basis," and "develop measures to prevent hostile use of GPS and its augmentations without unduly disrupting or degrading civilian uses."

[edit] Timeline and modernization Summary of satellites[11] Currently in orbit and healthy

Satellite launches Block

Launch Period

Success

Failure

In preparation

Planned

I

1978–1985

10

1

0

0

0

II

1989–1990

9

0

0

0

0

IIA

1990–1997

19

0

0

0

10 of 19 launched

IIR

1997–2004

12

1

0

0

12 of 13 launched

8

0

0

0

7 of 8 launched

IIR-M 2005–2009 IIF

2010–2011

1

0

11

0

1 of 1 launched

IIIA

2014–?

0

0

0

12

0

IIIB

0

0

0

8

0

IIIC

0

0

0

16

0

Total

59

2

11

36

30

(Last update: 24 May 2010) PRN 01 from Block IIR-M is unhealthy PRN 25 from Block IIA is unhealthy PRN 32 from Block IIA is unhealthy [12] For a more complete list, see list of GPS satellite launches



In 1972, the U.S. Air Force Central Inertial Guidance Test Facility (Holloman AFB), conducted developmental flight tests of two prototype GPS receivers over White Sands Missile Range, using ground-based pseudo-satellites.



In 1978, the first experimental Block-I GPS satellite was launched.



In 1983, after Soviet interceptor aircraft shot down the civilian airliner KAL 007 that strayed into prohibited airspace due to navigational errors, killing all 269 people on board, U.S. President Ronald Reagan announced that GPS would be made available for civilian uses once it was completed.[13][14]



By 1985, ten more experimental Block-I satellites had been launched to validate the concept.



On February 14, 1989, the first modern Block-II satellite was launched.



The Gulf War from 1990 to 1992, was the first conflict where GPS was widely used.[15]



In 1992, the 2nd Space Wing, which originally managed the system, was de-activated and replaced by the 50th Space Wing.



By December 1993, GPS achieved initial operational capability.[citation needed]



By January 17, 1994 a complete constellation of 24 satellites was in orbit.



Full Operational Capability was declared by NAVSTAR in April 1995.



In 1996, recognizing the importance of GPS to civilian s as well as military s, U.S. President Bill Clinton issued a policy directive[16] declaring GPS to be a dual-use system and establishing an Interagency GPS Executive Board to manage it as a national asset.



In 1998, U.S. Vice President Al Gore announced plans to upgrade GPS with two new civilian signals for enhanced accuracy and reliability, particularly with respect to

aviation safety and in 2000 the U.S. Congress authorized the effort, referring to it as GPS III. 

In 1998, GPS technology was inducted into the Space Foundation Space Technology Hall of Fame.



On May 2, 2000 "Selective Availability" was discontinued as a result of the 1996 executive order, allowing s to receive a non-degraded signal globally.



In 2004, the United States Government signed an agreement with the European Community establishing cooperation related to GPS and Europe's planned Galileo system.



In 2004, U.S. President George W. Bush updated the national policy and replaced the executive board with the National Executive Committee for Space-Based Positioning, Navigation, and Timing.[17]



November 2004, QUALCOMM announced successful tests of assisted GPS for mobile phones.[18]



In 2005, the first modernized GPS satellite was launched and began transmitting a second civilian signal (L2C) for enhanced performance.



On September 14, 2007, the aging mainframe-based Ground Segment Control System was transferred to the new Architecture Evolution Plan.[19]



The most recent launch was on May 28, 2010.[20] The oldest GPS satellite still in operation was launched on November 26, 1990, and became operational on December 10, 1990.[21]



On May 19, 2009, the U. S. Government ability Office issued a report warning that some GPS satellites could fail as soon as 2010.[22]



On May 21, 2009, the Air Force Space Command allayed fears of GPS failure saying "There's only a small risk we will not continue to exceed our performance standard."[23]



On January 11, 2010, an update of ground control systems caused a software incompatibility with 8000 to 10000 military receivers manufactured by a division of Trimble Navigation Limited of Sunnyvale, Calif.[24]

[edit] Structure

Ground monitor station used from 1984 to 2007, on display at the Air Force Space & Missile Museum GPS consists of three parts: the space segment, the control segment, and the segment. The U.S. Air Force develops, maintains, and operates the space and control segments. GPS satellites broadcast signals from space, which each GPS receiver uses to calculate its three-dimensional location (latitude, longitude, and altitude) plus the current time.[25] The space segment is composed of 24 to 32 satellites in medium Earth orbit and also includes the payload adapters to the boosters required to launch them into orbit. The control segment is composed of a master control station, an alternate master control station, and a host of dedicated and shared ground antennas and monitor stations. The segment is composed of hundreds of thousands of U.S. and allied military s of the secure GPS Precise Positioning Service, and tens of millions of civil, commercial, and scientific s of the Standard Positioning Service (see GPS navigation devices).

[edit] Applications While originally a military project, GPS is considered a dual-use technology, meaning it has significant military and civilian applications. GPS has become a widely used and useful tool for commerce, scientific uses, tracking and surveillance. GPS's accurate timing facilitates everyday activities such as banking, mobile phone operations, and even the control of power grids. Farmers, surveyors, geologists and countless others perform their work more efficiently, safely, economically, and accurately.[25]

[edit] Civilian See also: GNSS applications and GPS navigation device

This antenna is mounted on the roof of a hut containing a scientific experiment needing precise timing. Many civilian applications use one or more of GPS's three basic components: absolute location, relative movement, and time transfer. 

Surveying: Surveyors use absolute locations to make maps and determine property boundaries



Map-making: Both civilian and military cartographers use GPS extensively.



Navigation: Navigators value digitally precise velocity and orientation measurements.



Cellular telephony: Clock synchronization enables time transfer, which is critical for synchronizing its spreading codes with other base stations to facilitate inter-cell handoff and hybrid GPS/cellular position detection for mobile emergency calls and other applications. The first handsets with integrated GPS launched in the late 1990s. The U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) mandated the feature in 2002 so emergency services could locate 911 callers. Third-party software developers later gained access to GPS APIs from Nextel upon launch, followed by Sprint in 2006, and Verizon soon thereafter.



Tectonics: GPS enables direct fault motion measurement in earthquakes.



Disaster relief/emergency services: Depend upon GPS for location and timing capabilities



GPS tours: Location determines which content to display; for instance, information about an approaching point of interest is displayed.



Geofencing: Vehicle tracking systems, person tracking systems, and pet tracking systems use GPS to locate a vehicle, person, or pet. These devices attach to the vehicle, person, or the pet collar. The application provides 24/7 tracking and mobile or Internet updates should the trackee leave a designated area.[26]



Recreation: For example, geocaching, geodashing, GPS drawing and waymarking



GPS Aircraft Tracking



Geotagging: Applying location coordinates to digital objects such as photographs and other documents for purposes such as creating map overlays.



Phasor measurement units: GPS enables highly accurate timestamping of power system measurements, making it possible to compute phasors.

[edit] Restrictions on civilian use The U.S. Government controls the export of some civilian receivers. All GPS receivers capable of functioning above 18 kilometers (11 mi) altitude and 515 metres per second (1,001 kn)[27] are classified as munitions (weapons) for which U.S. State Department export licenses are required. These limits attempt to prevent use of a receiver in a ballistic missile. They would not prevent use in a cruise missile since their altitudes and speeds are similar to those of ordinary aircraft. This rule applies even to otherwise purely civilian units that only receive the L1 frequency and the C/A (Clear/Acquisition) code and cannot correct for Selective Availability (SA), etc. Disabling operation above these limits exempts the receiver from classification as a munition. Vendor interpretations differ. The rule targets operation given the combination of altitude and speed, while some receivers stop operating even when stationary. This has caused problems with some amateur radio balloon launches, which regularly reach 30 kilometers (19 mi).

[edit] Military As of 2009, military applications of GPS include: 

Navigation: GPS allows soldiers to find objectives, even in the dark or in unfamiliar territory, and to coordinate troop and supply movement. In the US armed forces,

commanders use the Commanders Digital Assistant and lower ranks use the Soldier Digital Assistant.[28][29][30][31] 

Target tracking: Various military weapons systems use GPS to track potential ground and air targets before flagging them as hostile.[citation needed] These weapon systems target coordinates to precision-guided munitions to allow them to engage targets accurately. Military aircraft, particularly in air-to-ground roles, use GPS to find targets (for example, gun camera video from AH-1 Cobras in Iraq show GPS co-ordinates that can be viewed with special software.



Missile and projectile guidance: GPS allows accurate targeting of various military weapons including ICBMs, cruise missiles and precision-guided munitions. Artillery projectiles. Embedded GPS receivers able to withstand accelerations of 12,000 g or about 118 km/s2 have been developed for use in 155 millimeters (6.1 in) howitzers.[32]



Search and Rescue: Downed pilots can be located faster if their position is known.



Reconnaissance: Patrol movement can be managed more closely.



GPS satellites carry a set of nuclear detonation detectors consisting of an optical sensor (Y-sensor), an X-ray sensor, a dosimeter, and an electromagnetic pulse (EMP) sensor (Wsensor), which form a major portion of the United States Nuclear Detonation Detection System.[33][34]

[edit] Awards Two GPS developers received the National Academy of Engineering Charles Stark Draper Prize for 2003: 

Ivan Getting, emeritus president of The Aerospace Corporation and engineer at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, established the basis for GPS, improving on the World War II land-based radio system called LORAN (Long-range Radio Aid to Navigation).



Bradford Parkinson, professor of aeronautics and astronautics at Stanford University, conceived the present satellite-based system in the early 1960s and developed it in conjunction with the U.S. Air Force. Parkinson served twenty-one years in the Air Force, from 1957 to 1978, and retired with the rank of colonel.

GPS developer Roger L. Easton received the National Medal of Technology on February 13, 2006.[35] On February 10, 1993, the National Aeronautic Association selected the GPS Team as winners of the 1992 Robert J. Collier Trophy, the nation's most prestigious aviation award. This team combines researchers from the Naval Research Laboratory, the U.S. Air Force, the Aerospace

Corporation, Rockwell International Corporation, and IBM Federal Systems Company. The citation honors them "for the most significant development for safe and efficient navigation and surveillance of air and spacecraft since the introduction of radio navigation 50 years ago."

[edit] Basic concept of GPS A GPS receiver calculates its position by precisely timing the signals sent by GPS satellites high above the Earth. Each satellite continually transmits messages that include 

the time the message was transmitted



precise orbital information (the ephemeris)



the general system health and rough orbits of all GPS satellites (the almanac).

The receiver uses the messages it receives to determine the transit time of each message and computes the distance to each satellite. These distances along with the satellites' locations are used with the possible aid of trilateration, depending on which algorithm is used, to compute the position of the receiver. This position is then displayed, perhaps with a moving map display or latitude and longitude; elevation information may be included. Many GPS units show derived information such as direction and speed, calculated from position changes. Three satellites might seem enough to solve for position, since space has three dimensions and a position near the Earth's surface can be assumed. However, even a very small clock error multiplied by the very large speed of light[36] — the speed at which satellite signals propagate — results in a large positional error. Therefore receivers use four or more satellites to solve for the receiver's location and time. The very accurately computed time is effectively hidden by most GPS applications, which use only the location. A few specialized GPS applications do however use the time; these include time transfer, traffic signal timing, and synchronization of cell phone base stations. Although four satellites are required for normal operation, fewer apply in special cases. If one variable is already known, a receiver can determine its position using only three satellites. For example, a ship or aircraft may have known elevation. Some GPS receivers may use additional clues or assumptions (such as reusing the last known altitude, dead reckoning, inertial navigation, or including information from the vehicle computer) to give a less accurate (degraded) position when fewer than four satellites are visible.[37][38][39]

[edit] Position calculation introduction To provide an introductory description of how a GPS receiver works, error effects are deferred to a later section. Using messages received from a minimum of four visible satellites, a GPS receiver is able to determine the times sent and then the satellite positions corresponding to these times sent. The x, y, and z components of position, and the time sent, are designated as where the subscript i is the satellite number and has the value 1, 2, 3, or 4. Knowing

the indicated time the message was received , the GPS receiver can compute the transit time of the message as . Assuming the message traveled at the speed of light, c, the distance traveled or pseudorange, can be computed as . A satellite's position and pseudorange define a sphere, centered on the satellite with radius equal to the pseudorange. The position of the receiver is somewhere on the surface of this sphere. Thus with four satellites, the indicated position of the GPS receiver is at or near the intersection of the surfaces of four spheres. In the ideal case of no errors, the GPS receiver would be at a precise intersection of the four surfaces. If the surfaces of two spheres intersect at more than one point, they intersect in a circle. The article trilateration shows this mathematically. A figure, Two Sphere Surfaces Intersecting in a Circle, is shown below.

Two sphere surfaces intersecting in a circle The intersection of a third spherical surface with the first two will be its intersection with that circle; in most cases of practical interest, this means they intersect at two points.[40] Another figure, Surface of Sphere Intersecting a Circle (not a solid disk) at Two Points, illustrates the intersection. The two intersections are marked with dots. Again the article trilateration clearly shows this mathematically.

Surface of sphere Intersecting a circle (not a solid disk) at two points

For automobiles and other near-earth vehicles, the correct position of the GPS receiver is the intersection closest to the Earth's surface.[41] For space vehicles, the intersection farthest from Earth may be the correct one. The correct position for the GPS receiver is also the intersection closest to the surface of the sphere corresponding to the fourth satellite.

[edit] Correcting a GPS receiver's clock One of the most significant error sources is the GPS receiver's clock. Because of the very large value of the speed of light, c, the estimated distances from the GPS receiver to the satellites, the pseudoranges, are very sensitive to errors in the GPS receiver clock; for example an error of one microsecond (0.000 001 second) corresponds to an error of 300 metres (980 ft). This suggests that an extremely accurate and expensive clock is required for the GPS receiver to work. Since manufacturers prefer to build inexpensive GPS receivers for mass markets, the solution for this dilemma is based on the way sphere surfaces intersect in the GPS problem.

Diagram depicting satellite 4, sphere, p4, r4, and da It is likely that the surfaces of the three spheres intersect, since the circle of intersection of the first two spheres is normally quite large, and thus the third sphere surface is likely to intersect this large circle. It is very unlikely that the surface of the sphere corresponding to the fourth satellite will intersect either of the two points of intersection of the first three, since any clock error could cause it to miss intersecting a point. However, the distance from the valid estimate of GPS receiver position to the surface of the sphere corresponding to the fourth satellite can be used to compute a clock correction. Let denote the distance from the valid estimate of GPS receiver position to the fourth satellite and let denote the pseudorange of the fourth satellite. Let . is the distance from the computed GPS receiver position to the surface of the sphere corresponding to the fourth satellite. Thus the quotient, , provides an estimate of (correct time) − (time indicated by the receiver's on-board clock), and the GPS receiver clock can be advanced if is positive or delayed if is negative. However, it should be kept in mind that a less simple function of may be needed to estimate the time error in an iterative algorithm as discussed in the Navigation section.

[edit] System segmentation

Unlaunched GPS satellite on display at the San Diego Air & Space Museum The current GPS consists of three major segments. These are the space segment (SS), a control segment (CS), and a segment (US).[42] [edit] Space segment See also: GPS satellite and List of GPS satellite launches

A visual example of the GPS constellation in motion with the Earth rotating. Notice how the number of satellites in view from a given point on the Earth's surface, in this example at 45°N, changes with time. The space segment (SS) is composed of the orbiting GPS satellites, or Space Vehicles (SV) in GPS parlance. The GPS design originally called for 24 SVs, eight each in three circular orbital planes,[43] but this was modified to six planes with four satellites each.[44] The orbital planes are centered on the Earth, not rotating with respect to the distant stars.[45] The six planes have approximately 55° inclination (tilt relative to Earth's equator) and are separated by 60° right ascension of the ascending node (angle along the equator from a reference point to the orbit's intersection).[46] The orbits are arranged so that at least six satellites are always within line of sight from almost everywhere on Earth's surface.[47] Orbiting at an altitude of approximately 20,200 kilometers (about 12,550 miles or 10,900 nautical miles; orbital radius of approximately 26,600 km (about 16,500 mi or 14,400 NM)), each SV makes two complete orbits each sidereal day, repeating the same ground track each day. [48] This was very helpful during development, since even with just four satellites, correct

alignment means all four are visible from one spot for a few hours each day. For military operations, the ground track repeat can be used to ensure good coverage in combat zones. As of March 2008,[49] there are 31 actively broadcasting satellites in the GPS constellation, and two older, retired from active service satellites kept in the constellation as orbital spares. The additional satellites improve the precision of GPS receiver calculations by providing redundant measurements. With the increased number of satellites, the constellation was changed to a nonuniform arrangement. Such an arrangement was shown to improve reliability and availability of the system, relative to a uniform system, when multiple satellites fail.[50] About eight satellites are visible from any point on the ground at any one time (see animation at right). [edit] Control segment The control segment is composed of 1. a master control station (MCS), 2. an alternate master control station, 3. four dedicated ground antennas and 4. six dedicated monitor stations. The MCS can also access U.S. Air Force Satellite Control Network (AFSCN) ground antennas (for additional command and control capability) and NGA (National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency) monitor stations. The flight paths of the satellites are tracked by dedicated U.S. Air Force monitoring stations in Hawaii, Kwajalein, Ascension Island, Diego Garcia, Colorado Springs, Colorado and Cape Canaveral, along with shared NGA monitor stations operated in England, Argentina, Ecuador, Bahrain, Australia and Washington DC.[51] The tracking information is sent to the Air Force Space Command's MCS at Schriever Air Force Base 25 km (16 miles) ESE of Colorado Springs, which is operated by the 2nd Space Operations Squadron (2 SOPS) of the United States Air Force (USAF). Then 2 SOPS s each GPS satellite regularly with a navigational update using dedicated or shared (AFSCN) ground antennas (GPS dedicated ground antennas are located at Kwajalein, Ascension Island, Diego Garcia, and Cape Canaveral). These updates synchronize the atomic clocks on board the satellites to within a few nanoseconds of each other, and adjust the ephemeris of each satellite's internal orbital model. The updates are created by a Kalman filter, which uses inputs from the ground monitoring stations, space weather information, and various other inputs.[52] Satellite maneuvers are not precise by GPS standards. So to change the orbit of a satellite, the satellite must be marked unhealthy, so receivers will not use it in their calculation. Then the maneuver can be carried out, and the resulting orbit tracked from the ground. Then the new ephemeris is ed and the satellite marked healthy again. [edit] segment

GPS receivers come in a variety of formats, from devices integrated into cars, phones, and watches, to dedicated devices such as those shown here from manufacturers Trimble, Garmin and Leica (left to right). The segment is composed of hundreds of thousands of U.S. and allied military s of the secure GPS Precise Positioning Service, and tens of millions of civil, commercial and scientific s of the Standard Positioning Service. In general, GPS receivers are composed of an antenna, tuned to the frequencies transmitted by the satellites, receiver-processors, and a highly stable clock (often a crystal oscillator). They may also include a display for providing location and speed information to the . A receiver is often described by its number of channels: this signifies how many satellites it can monitor simultaneously. Originally limited to four or five, this has progressively increased over the years so that, as of 2007, receivers typically have between 12 and 20 channels.[53]

A typical OEM GPS receiver module measuring 15×17 mm. GPS receivers may include an input for differential corrections, using the RTCM SC-104 format. This is typically in the form of an RS-232 port at 4,800 bit/s speed. Data is actually sent at a much lower rate, which limits the accuracy of the signal sent using RTCM. Receivers with internal DGPS receivers can outperform those using external RTCM data. As of 2006, even lowcost units commonly include Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) receivers.

A typical GPS receiver with integrated antenna.

Many GPS receivers can relay position data to a PC or other device using the NMEA 0183 protocol. Although this protocol is officially defined by the National Marine Electronics Association (NMEA),[54] references to this protocol have been compiled from public records, allowing open source tools like gpsd to read the protocol without violating intellectual property laws. Other proprietary protocols exist as well, such as the SiRF and MTK protocols. Receivers can interface with other devices using methods including a serial connection, USB, or Bluetooth. Further information: GPS navigation device

[edit] Communication Main article: GPS signals The navigational signals transmitted by GPS satellites encode a variety of information including satellite positions, the state of the internal clocks, and the health of the network. These signals are transmitted on two separate carrier frequencies that are common to all satellites in the network. Two different encodings are used, a public encoding that enables lower resolution navigation, and an encrypted encoding used by the U.S. military.

[edit] Message format GPS message format Subframes

Description

1

Satellite clock, GPS time relationship

2–3

Ephemeris (precise satellite orbit)

4–5

Almanac component (satellite network synopsys, error correction)

Each GPS satellite continuously broadcasts a navigation message at a rate of 50 bits per second (see bitrate). Each complete message is composed of 30-second frames, distinct groupings of 1,500 bits of information. Each frame is further subdivided into 5 subframes of length 6 seconds and with 300 bits each. Each subframe contains 10 words of 30 bits with length 0.6 seconds each. Each 30 second frame begins precisely on the minute or half minute as indicated by the atomic clock on each satellite.[55] The first part of the message encodes the week number and the time within the week,[56] as well as the data about the health of the satellite. The second part of the message, the ephemeris, provides the precise orbit for the satellite. The last part of the message, the almanac, contains

coarse orbit and status information for all satellites in the network as well as data related to error correction.[57] All satellites broadcast at the same frequencies. Signals are encoded using code division multiple access (CDMA) allowing messages from individual satellites to be distinguished from each other based on unique encodings for each satellite (which the receiver must be aware of). Two distinct types of CDMA encodings are used: the coarse/acquisition (C/A) code, which is accessible by the general public, and the precise (P) code, that is encrypted so that only the U.S. military can access it. The ephemeris is updated every 2 hours and is generally valid for 4 hours, with provisions for updates every 6 hours or longer in non-nominal conditions. The almanac is updated typically every 24 hours. Additionally data for a few weeks following is ed in case of transmission updates that delay data .

[edit] Satellite frequencies All satellites broadcast at the same two frequencies, 1.57542 GHz (L1 signal) and 1.2276 GHz (L2 signal). The satellite network uses a CDMA spread-spectrum technique where the low-bitrate message data is encoded with a high-rate pseudo-random (PRN) sequence that is different for each satellite. The receiver must be aware of the PRN codes for each satellite to reconstruct the actual message data. The C/A code, for civilian use, transmits data at 1.023 million chips per second, whereas the P code, for U.S. military use, transmits at 10.23 million chips per second. The L1 carrier is modulated by both the C/A and P codes, while the L2 carrier is only modulated by the P code.[58] The P code can be encrypted as a so-called P(Y) code which is only available to military equipment with a proper decryption key. Both the C/A and P(Y) codes impart the precise time-of-day to the . GPS Modernization added a third frequency, 1.17645 GHZ (L5 signal). The L5 consists of two carrier components that are in phase quadrature with each other. Each carrier component is bi-phase shift key (BPSK) modulated by a separate bit train. [edit] Demodulation and decoding

Demodulating and Decoding GPS Satellite Signals using the Coarse/Acquisition Gold code. Since all of the satellite signals are modulated onto the same L1 carrier frequency, there is a need to separate the signals after demodulation. This is done by asg each satellite a unique

binary sequence known as a Gold code. The signals are decoded, after demodulation, using addition of the Gold codes corresponding to the satellites monitored by the receiver.[59][60] If the almanac information has previously been acquired, the receiver picks which satellites to listen for by their PRNs, unique numbers in the range 1 through 32. If the almanac information is not in memory, the receiver enters a search mode until a lock is obtained on one of the satellites. To obtain a lock, it is necessary that there be an unobstructed line of sight from the receiver to the satellite. The receiver can then acquire the almanac and determine the satellites it should listen for. As it detects each satellite's signal, it identifies it by its distinct C/A code pattern. There can be a delay of up to 30 seconds before the first estimate of position because of the need to read the ephemeris data. Processing of the navigation message enables the determination of the time of transmission and the satellite position at this time. For more information see Demodulation and Decoding, Advanced.

[edit] Navigation equations The receiver uses messages received from four satellites to determine the satellite positions and time sent. The x, y, and z components of position and the time sent are designated as where the subscript i denotes the satellite and has the value 1, 2, 3, or 4. Knowing when the message was received , the receiver computes the message's transit time as . Assuming the message traveled at the speed of light (c) the distance traveled,

is

. Knowing the distance from receiver to satellite and the satellite's position implies that the receiver is on the surface of a sphere centered at the satellite's position. Thus the receiver is at or near the intersection of the surfaces of four spheres. In the ideal case of no errors, the receiver is at the intersection of the surfaces of four spheres. Excluding the unrealistic case (for GPS purposes) of two coincident spheres, the surfaces of two intersecting spheres is either a point (if they merely touch) or a circle as depicted in the illustration below. Two of the points at which the surfaces of the spheres intersect are clearly marked on the figure. The distance between these two points is the diameter of the circle of intersection.

Two sphere surfaces intersecting in a circle This can be seen more clearly by considering a side view of the intersecting spheres. This view would match the figure because of the symmetry of the spheres. A view from any horizontal direction would look exactly the same. Therefore the diameter as seen from all directions is the same and thus the surfaces actually do intersect in a circle. The article trilateration algebraically confirms this geometric argument that the two sphere surfaces intersect in a circle. Having found that two sphere surfaces intersect in a circle, we now consider how the intersection of the first two sphere surfaces, the circle, intersect with the third sphere. A circle and sphere surface intersect at zero, one or two points. For the GPS problem we are concerned with the case of two points of intersection. Another figure, Surface of Sphere Intersecting a Circle (not a solid disk) at Two Points, is shown below to aid in visualizing this intersection. Trilateration algebraically confirms this geometric observation. The ambiguity of two points of intersection of three sphere surfaces can be resolved by noting which point is closest to the fourth sphere surface.

Surface of a sphere intersecting a circle (i.e., the edge of a disk) at two points

Having provided a discussion of how sphere surfaces intersect, we now formulate the equations for the case when errors are present. Let denote the clock error or bias, the amount by which the receiver's clock is off. The receiver has four unknowns, the three components of GPS receiver position and the clock bias . The equation of the sphere surfaces are given by:

Another useful form of these equations is in of pseudoranges, which are the approximate ranges based on the receiver clock's uncorrected time so that equations becomes:

. Then the

[edit] Methods of solution of navigation equations 

Bancroft's method is perhaps the most important method of solving the navigation equations since it involves an algebraic as opposed to numerical method.[61] The method requires at least four satellites but more can be used.

Two numerical methods of computing GPS receiver position and clock bias are (1) by using trilateration and one dimensional numerical root finding and (2) multidimensional NewtonRaphson calculations. 

The receiver can solve by trilateration[62][63] and one dimensional numerical root finding. [64] Trilateration determines the intersection of the surfaces of three spheres. In the usual case of two intersections, the point nearest the surface of the sphere corresponding to the fourth satellite is chosen. The Earth's surface can also sometimes be used instead, especially by civilian GPS receivers, since it is illegal in the United States to track vehicles more than 60,000 feet (18,000 m) in altitude. Let da denote the signed magnitude of the vector from the receiver position to the fourth satellite (i.e. da = r4 - p4) as defined in the section "Clock correction". da is a function of the correction since the correction changes the satellite transmission times and thus the pseudoranges. The notation, da(correction) denotes this function. The problem is to determine the correction such that .

This is the familiar problem of finding the zeroes of a one dimensional non-linear function of a scalar variable. Iterative numerical methods, such as those found in the chapter on root finding in

Numerical Recipes can solve this type of problem.[64] One advantage of this method is that it involves one dimensional as opposed to multidimensional numerical root finding. 

Alternatively, multidimensional root finding method such as Newton-Raphson method can be used.[64] The approach is to linearize around an approximate solution, say from iteration k, then solve four linear equations derived from the quadratic equations above to obtain . The NewtonRaphson method is more rapidly convergent than other methods of numerical root finding.[64] A disadvantage of this multidimensional root finding method as compared to single dimensional root findiing is that, "There are no good general methods for solving systems of more than one nonlinear equations."[64]



When more than four satellites are available, the calculation can use the four best or more than four, considering number of channels, processing capability, and geometric dilution of precision (GDOP). Using more than four is an over-determined system of equations with no unique solution, which must be solved by least-squares or a similar technique.[61] If all visible satellites are used, the results are as good as or better than using the four best. Errors can be estimated through the residuals. With each combination of four or more satellites, a GDOP factor can be calculated, based on the relative sky directions of the satellites used.[65] As more satellites are picked up, pseudoranges from various 4-way combinations can be processed to add more estimates to the location and clock offset. The receiver then takes the weighted average of these positions and clock offsets. After the final location and time are calculated, the location is expressed in a specific coordinate system such as latitude and longitude, using the WGS 84 geodetic datum or a country-specific system.[66]



Finally, results from other positioning systems such as GLONASS or the Galileo can be incorporated or used to check the result. (By design, these systems use the same frequency bands, so much of the receiver circuitry can be shared, though the decoding is different.)

[edit] Error sources and analysis Main article: Error analysis for the Global Positioning System The positioning data provided directly by the satellites is extremely precise but there are many factors that can create make the errors in the data non-trivial. In situations where high accuracy is necessary, understanding and compensating for these sources of error is important. Sources of error include atmospheric distortion (predominantly in the ionosphere), satellite clock inaccuracies, and the travel delays of the satellite signals. The analysis of errors in the information reported by the Global Positioning System, a spacebased satellite system for navigation, is important to estimating the accuracy of position estimates and correcting for the errors. The Global Positioning System (GPS) was created by the

United States Department of Defense (DOD) in the 1970s. It has come to be widely used for navigation both by the U.S. military and the general public.

[edit] Accuracy enhancement and surveying Main article: GPS augmentation

[edit] Augmentation Main article: GNSS Augmentation Integrating external information into the calculation process can materially improve accuracy. Such augmentation systems are generally named or described based on how the information arrives. Some systems transmit additional error information (such as clock drift, ephemera, or ionospheric delay), others characterize prior errors, while a third group provides additional navigational or vehicle information. Examples of augmentation systems include the Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS), European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS) , Differential GPS, Inertial Navigation Systems (INS) and Assisted GPS.

[edit] Precise monitoring Accuracy can be improved through precise monitoring and measurement of existing GPS signals in additional or alternate ways. The largest remaining error is usually the unpredictable delay through the ionosphere. The spacecraft broadcast ionospheric model parameters, but errors remain. This is one reason GPS spacecraft transmit on at least two frequencies, L1 and L2. Ionospheric delay is a well-defined function of frequency and the total electron content (TEC) along the path, so measuring the arrival time difference between the frequencies determines TEC and thus the precise ionospheric delay at each frequency. Military receivers can decode the P(Y)-code transmitted on both L1 and L2. Without decryption keys, it is still possible to use a codeless technique to compare the P(Y) codes on L1 and L2 to gain much of the same error information. However, this technique is slow, so it is currently available only on specialized surveying equipment. In the future, additional civilian codes are expected to be transmitted on the L2 and L5 frequencies (see GPS modernization). Then all s will be able to perform dual-frequency measurements and directly compute ionospheric delay errors. A second form of precise monitoring is called Carrier-Phase Enhancement (GPS). This corrects the error that arises because the pulse transition of the PRN is not instantaneous, and thus the correlation (satellite-receiver sequence matching) operation is imperfect. GPS uses the L1 carrier wave, which has a period of

which is about onethousandth of the C/A Gold code bit period of , to act as an additional clock signal and resolve the uncertainty. The phase difference error in the normal GPS amounts to 2–3 metres (6.6–9.8 ft) of ambiguity. GPS working to within 1% of perfect transition reduces this error to 3 centimeters (1.2 in) of ambiguity. By eliminating this error source, GPS coupled with DGPS normally realizes between 20–30 centimetres (7.9–12 in) of absolute accuracy. Relative Kinematic Positioning (RKP) is a third alternative for a precise GPS-based positioning system. In this approach, determination of range signal can be resolved to a precision of less than 10 centimeters (3.9 in). This is done by resolving the number of cycles in which the signal is transmitted and received by the receiver. This can be accomplished by using a combination of differential GPS (DGPS) correction data, transmitting GPS signal phase information and ambiguity resolution techniques via statistical tests—possibly with processing in real-time (realtime kinematic positioning, RTK).

[edit] Timekeeping While most clocks are synchronized to Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), the atomic clocks on the satellites are set to GPS time. The difference is that GPS time is not corrected to match the rotation of the Earth, so it does not contain leap seconds or other corrections that are periodically added to UTC. GPS time was set to match Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) in 1980, but has since diverged. The lack of corrections means that GPS time remains at a constant offset with International Atomic Time (TAI) (TAI - GPS = 19 seconds). Periodic corrections are performed on the on-board clocks to correct relativistic effects and keep them synchronized with ground clocks. The GPS navigation message includes the difference between GPS time and UTC, which as of 2009 is 15 seconds due to the leap second added to UTC December 31, 2008. Receivers subtract this offset from GPS time to calculate UTC and specific timezone values. New GPS units may not show the correct UTC time until after receiving the UTC offset message. The GPS-UTC offset field can accommodate 255 leap seconds (eight bits) which, given the current rate of change of the Earth's rotation (with one leap second introduced approximately every 18 months), should be sufficient to last until approximately the year 2300. As opposed to the year, month, and day format of the Gregorian calendar, the GPS date is expressed as a week number and a seconds-into-week number. The week number is transmitted as a ten-bit field in the C/A and P(Y) navigation messages, and so it becomes zero again every 1,024 weeks (19.6 years). GPS week zero started at 00:00:00 UTC (00:00:19 TAI) on January 6, 1980, and the week number became zero again for the first time at 23:59:47 UTC on August 21, 1999 (00:00:19 TAI on August 22, 1999). To determine the current Gregorian date, a GPS receiver must be provided with the approximate date (to within 3,584 days) to correctly translate

the GPS date signal. To address this concern the modernized GPS navigation message uses a 13bit field, which only repeats every 8,192 weeks (157 years), thus lasting until the year 2137 (157 years after GPS week zero).

[edit] Carrier phase tracking (surveying) Another method that is used in surveying applications is carrier phase tracking. The period of the carrier frequency times the speed of light gives the wavelength, which is about 0.19 meters for the L1 carrier. Accuracy within 1% of wavelength in detecting the leading edge, reduces this component of pseudorange error to as little as 2 millimeters. This compares to 3 meters for the C/A code and 0.3 meters for the P code. However, 2 millimeter accuracy requires measuring the total phase—the number of waves times the wavelength plus the fractional wavelength, which requires specially equipped receivers. This method has many surveying applications. Triple differencing followed by numerical root finding, and a mathematical technique called least squares can estimate the position of one receiver given the position of another. First, compute the difference between satellites, then between receivers, and finally between epochs. Other orders of taking differences are equally valid. Detailed discussion of the errors is omitted. The satellite carrier total phase can be measured with ambiguity as to the number of cycles. Let denote the phase of the carrier of satellite j measured by receiver i at time . This notation shows the meaning of the subscripts i, j, and k. The receiver (r), satellite (s), and time (t) come in alphabetical order as arguments of and to balance readability and conciseness, let be a concise abbreviation. Also we define three functions, : , which return differences between receivers, satellites, and time points, respectively. Each function has variables with three subscripts as its arguments. These three functions are defined below. If is a function of the three integer arguments, i, j, and k then it is a valid argument for the functions, :

, with the values defined as , , and .

Also if then

are valid arguments for the three functions and a and b are constants is a valid argument with values defined as , , and .

Receiver clock errors can be approximately eliminated by differencing the phases measured from satellite 1 with that from satellite 2 at the same epoch.[67] This difference is designated as

Double differencing[68] computes the difference of receiver 1's satellite difference from that of receiver 2. This approximately eliminates satellite clock errors. This double difference is:

Triple differencing[69] subtracts the receiver difference from time 1 from that of time 2. This eliminates the ambiguity associated with the integral number of wave lengths in carrier phase provided this ambiguity does not change with time. Thus the triple difference result eliminates practically all clock bias errors and the integer ambiguity. Atmospheric delay and satellite ephemeris errors have been significantly reduced. This triple difference is:

Triple difference results can be used to estimate unknown variables. For example if the position of receiver 1 is known but the position of receiver 2 unknown, it may be possible to estimate the position of receiver 2 using numerical root finding and least squares. Triple difference results for three independent time pairs quite possibly will be sufficient to solve for receiver 2's three position components. This may require the use of a numerical procedure.[70][71] An approximation of receiver 2's position is required to use such a numerical method. This initial value can probably be provided from the navigation message and the intersection of sphere surfaces. Such a reasonable estimate can be key to successful multidimensional root finding. Iterating from three time pairs and a fairly good initial value produces one observed triple difference result for receiver 2's position. Processing additional time pairs can improve accuracy, overdetermining the answer with multiple solutions. Least squares can estimate an overdetermined system. Least squares determines the position of receiver 2 which best fits the observed triple difference results for receiver 2 positions under the criterion of minimizing the sum of the squares.

[edit] Other systems Main article: Global Navigation Satellite System Other satellite navigation systems in use or various states of development include: 

Galileo – a global system being developed by the European Union and other partner countries, planned to be operational by 2014



Beidou – People's Republic of China's regional system, covering Asia and the West Pacific[72]



COM – People's Republic of China's global system, planned to be operational by 2020[73][74]

  

GLONASS – Russia's global navigation system IRNSS – India's regional navigation system, planned to be operational by 2012, covering India and Northern Indian Ocean[75] QZSS – Japanese regional system covering Asia and Oceania

[edit] See also Nautical portal



The American Practical Navigator - Chapter 11 Satellite Navigation



GPS/INS



GSM localization



GPS signals



GPS tracking



GPS navigation software



High Sensitivity GPS



List of inventions by the military that are now in mass use



Navigation paradox



S-GPS



SIGI



Differential GPS

[edit] Notes 1. ^ National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on the Future of the Global Positioning System; National Academy of Public istration (1995). The global positioning system: a shared national asset : recommendations for technical improvements and enhancements. National Academies Press. p. 16. ISBN 0-309-05283-1. http://books.google.com/books?id=FAHk65slfY4C., Chapter 1, p. 16

2. ^ Astronautica Acta II, 25 (1956) 3. ^ Jerry Proc. "Omega". Jproc.ca. http://www.jproc.ca/hyperbolic/omega.html. Retrieved 2009-12-08. 4. ^ "Why Did the Department of Defense Develop GPS?". Trimble Navigation Ltd. http://www.trimble.com/gps/whygps.shtml#0. Retrieved 2010-01-13. 5. ^ "Charting a Course Toward Global Navigation". The Aerospace Corporation. http://www.aero.org/publications/crosslink/summer2002/01.html. Retrieved 2010-01-14. 6. ^ "A Guide To The Global Positioning System (GPS) - GPS Timeline". Radio Shack. http://.radioshack.com/_tutorials/gps/gps_tmline.htm. Retrieved 2010-0114. 7. ^ Michael Russell Rip, James M. Hasik (2002). The Precision Revolution: GPS and the Future of Aerial Warfare. Naval Institute Press. p. 65. ISBN 1557509735. http://books.google.com/?id=mB9W3H90KDUC. Retrieved 2010-01-14. 8. ^ "ICAO Completes Fact-Finding Investigation". International Civil Aviation Organization. http://www.icao.int/cgi/goto_m.pl?icao/en/trivia/kal_flight_007.htm. Retrieved 2008-09-15. 9. ^ "United States Updates Global Positioning System Technology". America.gov. February 3, 2006. http://www.america.gov/xarchives/display.html?p=washfileenglish&y=2006&m=February&x=20060203125928lcnirellep0.5061609. 10. ^ "GPS & Selective Availability Q&A". [1]. http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/FGCS/info/sans_SA/docs/GPS_SA_Event_QAs.pdf. Retrieved 2010-05-28. 11. ^ GPS Wing Reaches GPS III IBR Milestone in InsideGNSS November 10, 2008 12. ^ "GPS almanacs". Navcen.uscg.gov. http://www.navcen.uscg.gov/? pageName=gpsAlmanacs. Retrieved 2010-10-15. 13. ^ Dietrich Schroeer, Mirco Elena (2000). Technology Transfer. Ashgate. p. 80. ISBN 075462045X. http://books.google.com/?id=I7JRAAAAMAAJ. Retrieved 2008-0525. 14. ^ Michael Russell Rip, James M. Hasik (2002). The Precision Revolution: GPS and the Future of Aerial Warfare. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1557509735. http://books.google.com/?id=_wpUAAAAMAAJ. Retrieved 2008-05-25. 15. ^ The Global Positioning System: Assessing National Policies, p.245. RAND corporation

16. ^ National Archives and Records istration. U.S. Global Positioning System Policy. March 29, 1996. 17. ^ "National Executive Committee for Space-Based Positioning, Navigation, and Timing". Pnt.gov. http://pnt.gov/. Retrieved 2010-10-15. 18. ^ "3g.co.uk". 3g.co.uk. 2004-11-10. http://www.3g.co.uk/PR/November2004/8641.htm. Retrieved 2009-10-13. 19. ^ This story was written by 010907 (2007-09-17). "losangeles.af.mil". losangeles.af.mil. http://www.losangeles.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123068412. Retrieved 2010-10-15. 20. ^ "United States Naval Observatory (USNO) GPS Constellation Status". ftp://tycho.usno.navy.mil/pub/gps/gpstd.txt. Retrieved 2009-10-13. 21. ^ United States Naval Observatory. GPS Constellation Status. Retrieved December 20, 2008. 22. ^ Johnson, Bobbie (May 19, 2009). "GPS system 'close to breakdown'". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2009/may/19/gps-close-to-breakdown. Retrieved 2009-12-08. 23. ^ Coursey, David (May 21, 2009). "Air Force Responds to GPS Outage Concerns". ABC News. http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/AheadoftheCurve/story?id=7647002&page=1. Retrieved 2009-05-22. 24. ^ "Air Force GPS Problem: Glitch Shows How Much U.S. Military Relies On GPS". Huffingtonpost.comm. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/06/01/air-force-gpsproblem-gli_n_595727.html. Retrieved 2010-10-15. 25. ^ a b "Global Positioning System". Gps.gov. http://www.gps.gov/systems/gps/index.html. Retrieved 2010-06-26. 26. ^ "Spotlight GPS pet locator". Spotlightgps.com. http://www.spotlightgps.com/. Retrieved 2010-10-15. 27. ^ Arms Control Association.Missile Technology Control Regime. Retrieved May 17, 2006. 28. ^ Commanders Digital Assistant explanation and photo[dead link] 29. ^ "Latest version Commanders Digital Assistant" (PDF). http://peosoldier.army.mil/factsheets/SWAR_LW_CDA.pdf. Retrieved 2009-10-13. 30. ^ Soldier Digital Assistant explanation and photo[dead link]

31. ^ Sinha, Vandana (2003-07-24). "Commanders and Soldiers' GPS-receivers". Gcn.com. http://www.gcn.com/print/22_20/22893-1.html. Retrieved 2009-10-13. 32. ^ "XM982 Excalibur Precision Guided Extended Range Artillery Projectile". GlobalSecurity.org. 2007-05-29. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/munitions/m982-155.htm. Retrieved 2007-09-26. 33. ^ Sandia National Laboratory's Nonproliferation programs and arms control technology. 34. ^ Dr. Dennis D. McCrady. "The GPS Burst Detector W-Sensor". Sandia National Laboratories. http://www.osti.gov/bridge/servlets/purl/10176800S2tU7w/native/10176800.pdf. 35. ^ United States Naval Research Laboratory. National Medal of Technology for GPS. November 21, 2005 36. ^ GPS signals travel at the speed of light, so computing the distance for a given elapsed time is almost a straightforward calculation. However, the speed of light varies slightly between the partial vacuum of space and the atmosphere. A receiver can approximate these effects and produce a reasonable estimate. Once a rough position is determined, some receivers carefully compute the amount of atmosphere the signal traveled through and adjust the distance accordingly. 37. ^ Georg zur Bonsen, Daniel Ammann, Michael Ammann, Etienne Favey, Pascal Flammant (2005-04-01). "Continuous Navigation Combining GPS with Sensor-Based Dead Reckoning". GPS World. http://www.gpsworld.com/gpsworld/article/articleDetail.jsp?id=154870&pageID=6. 38. ^ "NAVSTAR GPS Equipment Introduction" (PDF). US Government. http://www.navcen.uscg.gov/pubs/gps/gps/gps.pdf. Chapter 7 39. ^ "GPS Notes" (PDF). January 19, 2007. http://www.navmanwireless.com/s/EK/C8/EKC8zb1ITsNwDqWcqLQxiQ/ _Notes_GPS_OperatingParameters.pdf. Retrieved 2008-11-10.[dead link] 40. ^ It is also possible for a circle and a spherical surface to intersect at zero points, one point, or in the very special case in which the centers of the three spheres are co-linear (i.e., all three on the same straight line) the sphere surface could intersect the entire circumference of the circle. 41. ^ The two intersections are symmetrical about the plane containing the three satellites. Excluding the exceptional case in which the three satellites are all in a plane containing the center of the earth, one intersection will be nearer the earth than the other.

42. ^ John Pike. "GPS III Operational Control Segment (OCX)". Globalsecurity.org. http://www.globalsecurity.org/space/systems/gps_3-ocx.htm. Retrieved 2009-12-08. 43. ^ Daly, P.. "Navstar GPS and GLONASS: global satellite navigation systems". IEEE. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel1/2219/7072/00285510.pdf?arnumber=285510. 44. ^ Dana, Peter H. (1996-08-08). "GPS Orbital Planes" (GIF). http://www.colorado.edu/geography/gcraft/notes/gps/gif/oplanes.gif. 45. ^ What the Global Positioning System Tells Us about Relativity. Retrieved January 2, 2007. 46. ^ GPS Overview from the NAVSTAR t Program Office. Retrieved December 15, 2006. 47. ^ "USCG Navcen: GPS Frequently Asked Questions". http://www.navcen.uscg.gov/? pageName=gpsFaq. Retrieved 2007-01-31. 48. ^ Agnew, D.C. and Larson, K.M. (2007). "Finding the repeat times of the GPS constellation". GPS Solutions (Springer) 11 (1): 71–76. doi:10.1007/s10291-006-0038-4. This article from author's web site, with minor correction. 49. ^ Tis-pf-nisws. "Nanu 2008030". http://cgls.uscg.mil/pipermail/gps/2008March/001625.html. 50. ^ Massatt, Paul; Wayne Brady (Summer 2002). "Optimizing performance through constellation management". Crosslink: 17–21. http://www.aero.org/publications/crosslink/summer2002/index.html. 51. ^ US Coast Guard General GPS News 9-9-05 52. ^ USNO NAVSTAR Global Positioning System. Retrieved May 14, 2006. 53. ^ Though there are many receiver manufacturers, they almost all use one of the chipsets produced for this purpose. An example: "GPS Receiver Chip Performance Survey". GPS Technology Reviews. http://gpstekreviews.com/2007/04/14/gps-receiver-chipperformance-survey/. 54. ^ "Publications and Standards from the National Marine Electronics Association (NMEA)". National Marine Electronics Association. http://www.nmea.org/pub/index.html. Retrieved 2008-06-27. 55. ^ "Satellite message format". Gpsinformation.net. http://gpsinformation.net/gpssignal.htm. Retrieved 2010-10-15.

56. ^ Michael Woessner, Anja Koehne. "time-of-week". Kowoma.de. http://www.kowoma.de/en/gps/data_composition.htm. Retrieved 2010-10-15. 57. ^ "Interface Specification IS-GPS-200, Revision D: Navstar GPS Space Segment/Navigation Interfaces" (PDF). Navstar GPS t Program Office. http://www.losangeles.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-070803-059.pdf. Page 103. 58. ^ How GPS works. Konowa.de (2005). 59. ^ "GPS Almanacs, NANUS, and Ops Advisories (including archives)". GPS Almanac Information. US Coast Guard. http://www.navcen.uscg.gov/?pageName=gpsAlmanacs. Retrieved 2009-09-09. 60. ^ "George, M., Hamid, M., and Miller A. Gold Code Generators in Virtex DevicesPDF (126 KB) 61. ^ a b "Global Positioning Systems" (PDF). http://www.macalester.edu/~halverson/math36/GPS.pdf. Retrieved 2010-10-15. 62. ^ Position Determination with GPS. Konowa.de (2005). 63. ^ How GPS Receivers Work at How Stuff Works 64. ^ a b c d e Press, Flannery, Tekolsky, and Vetterling 1986, Numerical Recipes, The Art of Scientific Computing (Cambridge University Press). 65. ^ Dana, Peter H.. "Geometric Dilution of Precision (GDOP) and Visibility". University of Colorado at Boulder. http://www.colorado.edu/geography/gcraft/notes/gps/gps.html#Gdop. Retrieved 2008-0707. 66. ^ Peter H. Dana. "Receiver Position, Velocity, and Time". University of Colorado at Boulder. http://www.colorado.edu/geography/gcraft/notes/gps/gps.html#PosVelTime. Retrieved 2008-07-07. 67. ^ "Between-Satellite Differencing". Gmat.unsw.edu.au. http://www.gmat.unsw.edu.au/snap/gps/gps_survey/chap6/633.htm. Retrieved 2010-1015. 68. ^ "Double differencing". Gmat.unsw.edu.au. http://www.gmat.unsw.edu.au/snap/gps/gps_survey/chap6/635.htm. Retrieved 2010-1015. 69. ^ "Triple differencing". Gmat.unsw.edu.au. http://www.gmat.unsw.edu.au/snap/gps/gps_survey/chap6/636.htm. Retrieved 2010-1015.

70. ^ chapter on root finding and nonlinear sets of equations 71. ^ "Preview of Root Finding". Books.google.com. http://books.google.com/books? id=UQW_VL2H56IC&pg=PA959&lpg=PA959&dq=%22Numerical+Analysis %22+multidimension++root+finding&source=web&ots=PLUUjn33v&sig=P7btHJELgxmVpNI6_SnYjVZvUJc&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum= 1&ct=result#PPA442,M1. Retrieved 2010-10-15. 72. ^ Beidou coverage 73. ^ "Beidou satellite navigation system to cover whole world in 2020". Eng.chinamil.com.cn. http://eng.chinamil.com.cn/news-channels/china-militarynews/2010-05/20/content_4222569.htm. Retrieved 2010-10-15. 74. ^ New York Times 75. ^ "ASM, News on GIS, GNSS, spatial information, remote sensing, mapping and surveying technologies for Asia". Asmmag.com. http://www.asmmag.com/news/india-tolaunch-1st-irnss-satellite-by-december. Retrieved 2009-10-13.

[edit] References 

"NAVSTAR GPS Equipment Introduction" (PDF). US Coast Guard. September 1996. http://www.navcen.uscg.gov/pubs/gps/gps/gps.pdf.

[edit] Further reading 

Parkinson; Spilker (1996). The global positioning system. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. ISBN 9781563471063. http://books.google.com/? id=lvI1a5J_4ewC.

[edit] External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Global Positioning System 

Global Positioning System at the Open Directory Project



GPS.gov—General public education website created by the U.S. Government

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National Space-Based PNT Executive Committee—Established in 2004 to oversee management of GPS and GPS augmentations at a national level.

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USCG Navigation Center—Status of the GPS constellation, government policy, and links to other references. Also includes satellite almanac data.

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Air Force Space Command GPS Operations Center homepage

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The GPS Program Office (GPS Wing)—Responsible for deg and acquiring the system on behalf of the US Government.

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U.S. Army Corps of Engineers manual: NAVSTAR HTML and PDF (22.6 MB, 328 pages)

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FAA GPS FAQ

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National Geodetic Survey Orbits for the Global Positioning System satellites in the Global Navigation Satellite System

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GPS SPS Performance Standard—The official Standard Positioning Service specification (2008 version).

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GPS SPS Performance Standard—The official Standard Positioning Service specification (2001 version).

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GPS PPS Performance Standard—The official Precise Positioning Service specification.

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Satellite Navigation: GPS & Galileo (PDF)—16-page paper about the history and working of GPS, touching on the Galileo

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Average Latitude & Longitude of Countries

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"Sources of Errors in GPS"

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GPS and GLONASS Simulation(Java applet) Simulation and graphical depiction of space vehicle motion including computation of dilution of precision (DOP)

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University of New South Wales: Carrier Phase Measurement

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University of New South Wales: Carrier Beat Phase [show]

v•d•e

Global navigation satellite systems

[show] v•d•e

Time signal stations Longwave DCF77 HBG JJY RJH66 Time from NPL TDF WWVB

Shortwave

Satellite

BPM CHU HD2IOA HLA RWM WWV WWVH YVTO

GPS Beidou Galileo GLONASS IRNSS

Defunct OMA OLB5 VNG Y3S

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(ALCM) · AGM-88A/B/C High-speed Anti-radiation Missile (HARM) · AGM-130 Powered Standoff Weapon · AGM-154A t Standoff Weapon (JSOW) · AGM-158 e

t Air-to-Surface Stand-off Missile (JASSM) · AIM-7M Sparrow · AIM-9M/X Sidewinder · AIM-120B/C Advanced Medium-Range Air-to-Air Missile (AMRAAM) · LGM-30G Minuteman III

Target

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Orienteering [hide] Orienteering concepts IOF governe Foot-O · Ski-O · Mountain bike O · Trail-O d

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Equipment

Event

Control point · Course · Map

Personal

Com (hand, protractor, thumb) · Eye protectors · Gaiters · Headlamp

Exception GPS · Whistle · Backpacking s Fundamental Map (Orienteering map) · Navigation (Resection, Route choice, Wayfinding, s Waypoint) · Racing (Hiking, Running, Walking)

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List of orienteering events Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" Categories: Articles with separate introductions | Time signal radio stations | Aerospace engineering | Avionics | Command and control | Geodesy | Geographical technology | GPS | Hiking equipment | Missile guidance | Navigation | Navigational equipment | Nuclear command and control | Outdoor locating games | Radio navigation | Surveying | Technology systems | Weapon guidance | Wireless locating | American inventions | Satellite navigation systems Hidden categories: All articles with dead external links | Articles with dead external links from October 2009 | Articles with dead external links from November 2010 | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from July 2010 | Articles with unsourced statements from November 2007 | Articles containing potentially dated statements from March 2008 | All articles containing potentially dated statements | Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2007 | Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2006 Personal tools

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Multi-band From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Quad-band) Jump to: navigation, search

Motorola Timeport, the first tri-band mobile phone (1999) In telecommunications, the multi-band, dual-band, tri-band, quad-band and pentaband refer to a device (especially a mobile phone) ing multiple frequencies used for communication. In the mobile case, the purpose of doing so is to roaming between different countries/regions whose infrastructure cannot mobile services in the same frequency range. For further information or other meanings see the links below.

[edit] Telecommunications



List of HSPA mobile phones, including information on the frequencies and data rates they



List of UMTS networks around the world, and the frequencies and data rates they



GSM frequency bands, as defined by the standards bodies



UMTS frequency bands, as defined by the standards bodies

Universal Mobile Telecommunications System From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from UMTS) Jump to: navigation, search "3GSM" redirects here. For the mobile exhibition, see Mobile World Congress.

UMTS Network Architecture

Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) is one of the third-generation (3G) mobile telecommunications technologies, which is also being developed into a 4G technology. The first deployment of the UMTS is the release99 (R99) architecture. It is specified by 3GPP and is part of the global ITU IMT-2000 standard. The most common form of UMTS uses WCDMA (IMT Direct Spread) as the underlying air interface but the system also covers TDCDMA and TD-SCDMA (both IMT CDMA TDD). Being a complete network system, UMTS also covers the radio access network (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network, or UTRAN) and

the core network (Mobile Application Part, or MAP), as well as authentication of s via USIM cards (Subscriber Identity Module). Unlike EDGE (IMT Single-Carrier, based on GSM) and CDMA2000 (IMT Multi-Carrier), UMTS requires new base stations and new frequency allocations. However, it is closely related to GSM/EDGE as it borrows and builds upon concepts from GSM. Further, most UMTS handsets also GSM, allowing seamless dual-mode operation. Therefore, UMTS is sometimes marketed as 3GSM, emphasizing the close relationship with GSM and differentiating it from competing technologies. The name UMTS, introduced by ETSI, is usually used in Europe. Outside of Europe, the system is also known by other names such as FOMA[1] or W-CDMA.[nb 1][1] In marketing, it is often referred to as 3G or 3G+. Contents [hide] 

1 Features



2 Technology o

2.1 Air interfaces 

2.1.1 W-CDMA (UTRA-FDD)



2.1.2 UTRA-TDD HCR



2.1.3 TD-SCDMA (UTRA-TDD 1.28 Ms Low Chip Rate)

o

2.2 Radio access network

o

2.3 Core network



3 Spectrum allocation



4 Interoperability and global roaming o

4.1 Handsets and modems

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5 Other competing standards

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6 Migrating from GPRS to UMTS

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7 Problems and issues

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8 Releases o

8.1 Release '99

o

8.2 Release 4

o

8.3 Release 5

o

8.4 Release 6

o

8.5 Release 7

o

8.6 Release 8



9 See also



10 Literature

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11 Notes

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12 References

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13 External links

[edit] Features

UMTS, using 3GPP, s maximum theoretical data transfer rates of 42 Mbit/s (with HSPA+),[3] although at the moment s in deployed networks can expect a transfer rate of up to 384 kbit/s for R99 handsets, and 7.2 Mbit/s for HSDPA handsets in the downlink connection. This is still much greater than the 9.6 kbit/s of a single GSM error-corrected circuit switched data channel or multiple 9.6 kbit/s channels in HSCSD (14.4 kbit/s for CDMAOne), and—in competition to other network technologies such as CDMA2000, PHS or WLAN—offers access to the World Wide Web and other data services on mobile devices. Precursors to 3G are 2G mobile telephony systems, such as GSM, IS-95, PDC, CDMA PHS and other 2G technologies deployed in different countries. In the case of GSM, there is an evolution path from 2G, to GPRS, also known as 2.5G. GPRS s a much better data rate (up to a theoretical maximum of 140.8 kbit/s, though typical rates are closer to 56 kbit/s) and is packet switched rather than connection oriented (circuit switched). It is deployed in many places where GSM is used. E-GPRS, or EDGE, is a further evolution of GPRS and is based on more modern coding schemes. With EDGE the actual packet data rates can reach around 180 kbit/s (effective). EDGE systems are often referred as "2.75G Systems".

Since 2006, UMTS networks in many countries have been or are in the process of being upgraded with High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA), sometimes known as 3.5G. Currently, HSDPA enables downlink transfer speeds of up to 21 Mbit/s. Work is also progressing on improving the uplink transfer speed with the High-Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA). Longer term, the 3GPP Long Term Evolution project plans to move UMTS to 4G speeds of 100 Mbit/s down and 50 Mbit/s up, using a next generation air interface technology based upon Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing. The first national consumer UMTS networks launched in 2002 with a heavy emphasis on telcoprovided mobile applications such as mobile TV and video calling. The high data speeds of UMTS are now most often utilised for Internet access: experience in Japan and elsewhere has shown that demand for video calls is not high, and telco-provided audio/video content has declined in popularity in favour of high-speed access to the World Wide Web - either directly on a handset or connected to a computer via Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Infrared or USB. [edit] Technology

UMTS combines three different air interfaces, GSM's Mobile Application Part (MAP) core, and the GSM family of speech codecs. [edit] Air interfaces

UMTS provides several different terrestrial air interfaces, called UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA).[4] All air interface options are part of ITU's IMT-2000. In the currently most popular variant for cellular mobile telephones, W-CDMA (IMT Direct Spread) is used. Please note that the W-CDMA, TD-CDMA and TD-SCDMA are misleading. While they suggest covering just a channel access method (namely a variant of CDMA), they are actually the common names for the whole air interface standards.[5] Non-terrestrial radio access networks are currently under research. [edit] W-CDMA (UTRA-FDD) Main article: W-CDMA (UMTS)

UMTS transmitter on the roof of a building

W-CDMA uses the DS-CDMA channel access method with a pair of 5 MHz channels. In contrast, the competing CDMA2000 system uses one or more arbitrary 1.25 MHz channels for each direction of communication. W-CDMA systems are widely criticized for their large spectrum usage, which has delayed deployment in countries that acted relatively slowly in allocating new frequencies specifically for 3G services (such as the United States). The specific frequency bands originally defined by the UMTS standard are 1885–2025 MHz for the mobile-to-base (uplink) and 2110–2200 MHz for the base-to-mobile (downlink). In the US, 1710–1755 MHz and 2110–2155 MHz will be used instead, as the 1900 MHz band was already used.[6] While UMTS2100 is the most widely-deployed UMTS band, some countries' UMTS operators use the 850 MHz and/or 1900 MHz bands (independently, meaning uplink and downlink are within the same band), notably in the US by AT&T Mobility, New Zealand by Telecom New Zealand on the XT Mobile Network and in Australia by Telstra on the Next G network. W-CDMA is a part of IMT-2000 as IMT Direct Spread. [edit] UTRA-TDD HCR Main article: UTRA-TDD HCR

UMTS-TDD's air interfaces that use the TD-CDMA channel access technique are standardized as UTRA-TDD HCR, which uses increments of 5 MHz of spectrum, each slice divided into 10ms frames containing fifteen time slots (1500 per second)[7]. The time slots (TS) are allocated in fixed percentage for downlink and uplink. TD-CDMA is used to multiplex streams from or to

multiple transceivers. Unlike W-CDMA, it does not need separate frequency bands for up- and downstream, allowing deployment in tight frequency bands. TD-CDMA is a part of IMT-2000 as IMT CDMA TDD. [edit] TD-SCDMA (UTRA-TDD 1.28 Ms Low Chip Rate) Main article: TD-SCDMA

TD-SCDMA uses the TDMA channel access method combined with an adaptive synchronous CDMA component [8] on 1.6 MHz slices of spectrum, allowing deployment in even tighter frequency bands than TD-CDMA. However, the main incentive for development of this Chinesedeveloped standard was avoiding or reducing the license fees that have to be paid to non-Chinese patent owners. Unlike the other air interfaces, TD-SCDMA was not part of UMTS from the beginning but has been added in Release 4 of the specification. Like TD-CDMA, it is known as IMT CDMA TDD within IMT-2000. [edit] Radio access network Main article: UTRAN

UMTS also specifies the UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN), which is composed of multiple base stations, possibly using different terrestrial air interface standards and frequency bands. UMTS and GSM/EDGE can share a Core Network (CN), making UTRAN an alternative radio access network to GERAN (GSM/EDGE RAN), and allowing (mostly) transparent switching between the RANs according to available coverage and service needs. Because of that, UMTS' and GSM/EDGE's radio access networks are sometimes collectively referred to as UTRAN/GERAN. UMTS networks are often combined with GSM/EDGE, the later of which is also a part of IMT2000. The UE ( Equipment) interface of the RAN (Radio Access Network) primarily consists of RRC (Radio Resource Control), RLC (Radio Link Control) and MAC (Media Access Control) protocols. RRC protocol handles connection establishment, measurements, radio bearer services, security and handover decisions. RLC protocol primarily divides into three Modes - Transparent Mode (TM), Unacknowledge Mode (UM), Acknowledge Mode (AM). The functionality of AM entity resembles T operation where as UM operation resembles UDP operation. In TM mode, data will be sent to lower layers without adding any header to SDU of higher layers. MAC handles the scheduling of data on air interface depending on higher layer (RRC) configured parameters.

Set of properties related to data transmission is called Radio Bearer (RB). This set of properties will decide the maximum allowed data in a TTI (Transmission Time Interval). RB includes RLC information and RB mapping. RB mapping decides the mapping between RB<->logical channel<->transport channel. Signaling message will be send on Signaling Radio Bearers (SRBs) and data packets (either CS or PS) will be sent on data RBs. RRC and NAS messages will go on SRBs. Security includes two procedures: integrity and ciphering. Integrity validates the resource of message and also make sure that no one (third/unknown party) on radio interface has not modified message. Ciphering make sure that no one listens your data on air interface. Both integrity and ciphering will be applied for SRBs where as only ciphering will be applied for data RBs. [edit] Core network Main article: Mobile Application Part

With Mobile Application Part, UMTS uses the same core network standard as GSM/EDGE. This allows a simple migration for existing GSM operators. However, the migration path to UMTS is still costly: while much of the core infrastructure is shared with GSM, the cost of obtaining new spectrum licenses and overlaying UMTS at existing towers is high. The CN can be connected to various backbone networks like the Internet, ISDN. UMTS (and GERAN) include the three lowest layers of OSI model. The network layer (OSI 3) includes the Radio Resource Management protocol (RRM) that manages the bearer channels between the mobile terminals and the fixed network, including the handovers. abc [edit] Spectrum allocation Main article: UMTS frequency bands

Over 130 licenses have already been awarded to operators worldwide (as of December 2004), specifying W-CDMA radio access technology that builds on GSM. In Europe, the license process occurred at the tail end of the technology bubble, and the auction mechanisms for allocation set up in some countries resulted in some extremely high prices being paid for the original 2100 MHz licenses, notably in the UK and . In , bidders paid a total €50.8 billion for six licenses, two of which were subsequently abandoned and written off by their purchasers (Mobilcom and the Sonera/Telefonica consortium). It has been suggested that these huge license fees have the character of a very large tax paid on future income expected many years down the road. In any event, the high prices paid put some European telecom operators close to bankruptcy (most notably KPN). Over the last few years some operators have written off some or all of the license costs. Between 2007..2009 all three Finnish carriers begun to use

900 MHz UMTS in a shared arrangement with its surrounding 2G GSM base stations for rural area coverage, a trend that is expected to expand over Europe in the next 1–3 years. The 2100 MHz UMTS spectrum allocated in Europe is already used in North America. The 1900 MHz range is used for 2G (PCS) services, and 2100 MHz range is used for satellite communications. Regulators have, however, freed up some of the 2100 MHz range for 3G services, together with the 1700 MHz for the uplink. UMTS operators in North America who want to implement a European style 2100/1900 MHz system will have to share spectrum with existing 2G services in the 1900 MHz band. AT&T Wireless launched UMTS services in the United States by the end of 2004 strictly using the existing 1900 MHz spectrum allocated for 2G PCS services. Cingular acquired AT&T Wireless in 2004 and has since then launched UMTS in select US cities. Cingular renamed itself AT&T and is rolling out some cities with a UMTS network at 850 MHz to enhance its existing UMTS network at 1900 MHz and now offers subscribers a number of UMTS 850/1900 phones. T-Mobile's rollout of UMTS in the US will focus on the 2100/1700 MHz bands. In Canada, UMTS coverage is being provided on the 850 MHz and 1900 MHz band on the Rogers, Bell, and Telus networks. Recently, new providers Wind Mobile and Mobilicity, have begun operations in the 2100/1700 MHz bands and Quebecor and Shaw Communications are planning their own launches in coming years. In 2008, Australian telco Telstra replaced its existing CDMA network with a national 3G network, branded as NextG, operating in the 850 MHz band. Telstra currently provides UMTS service on this network, and also on the 2100 MHz UMTS network, through a co-ownership of the owning and istrating company 3GIS. This company is also co-owned by Hutchison 3G Australia, and this is the primary network used by their customers. Optus is currently rolling out a 3G network operating on the 2100 MHz band in cities and most large towns, and the 900 MHz band in regional areas. Vodafone is also building a 3G network using the 900 MHz band. In India BSNL has started its 3G services since October 2009 beginning with the larger cities and then expanding over to smaller cities. The 850 MHz and 900 MHz bands provide greater coverage compared to equivalent 1700/1900/2100 MHz networks, and are best suited to regional areas where greater distances separate subscriber and base station. Carriers in South America are now also rolling out 850 MHz networks. [edit] Interoperability and global roaming

UMTS phones (and data cards) are highly portable—they have been designed to roam easily onto other UMTS networks (if the providers have roaming agreements in place). In addition,

almost all UMTS phones are UMTS/GSM dual-mode devices, so if a UMTS phone travels outside of UMTS coverage during a call the call may be transparently handed off to available GSM coverage. Roaming charges are usually significantly higher than regular usage charges. Most UMTS licensees consider ubiquitous, transparent global roaming an important issue. To enable a high degree of interoperability, UMTS phones usually several different frequencies in addition to their GSM fallback. Different countries different UMTS frequency bands – Europe initially used 2100 MHz while the most carriers in the USA use 850Mhz and 1900Mhz. T-mobile has launched a network in the US operating at 1700 MHz (uplink) /2100 MHz (downlink), and these bands are also being adopted elsewhere in the Americas. A UMTS phone and network must a common frequency to work together. Because of the frequencies used, early models of UMTS phones designated for the United States will likely not be operable elsewhere and vice versa. There are now 11 different frequency combinations used around the world—including frequencies formerly used solely for 2G services. UMTS phones can use a Universal Subscriber Identity Module, USIM (based on GSM's SIM) and also work (including UMTS services) with GSM SIM cards. This is a global standard of identification, and enables a network to identify and authenticate the (U)SIM in the phone. Roaming agreements between networks allow for calls to a customer to be redirected to them while roaming and determine the services (and prices) available to the . In addition to subscriber information and authentication information, the (U)SIM provides storage space for phone book . Handsets can store their data on their own memory or on the (U)SIM card (which is usually more limited in its phone book information). A (U)SIM can be moved to another UMTS or GSM phone, and the phone will take on the details of the (U)SIM, meaning it is the (U)SIM (not the phone) which determines the phone number of the phone and the billing for calls made from the phone. Japan was the first country to adopt 3G technologies, and since they had not used GSM previously they had no need to build GSM compatibility into their handsets and their 3G handsets were smaller than those available elsewhere. In 2002, NTT DoCoMo's FOMA 3G network was the first commercial UMTS network—using a pre-release specification[9], it was initially incompatible with the UMTS standard at the radio level but used standard USIM cards, meaning USIM card based roaming was possible (transferring the USIM card into a UMTS or GSM phone when travelling). Both NTT DoCoMo and SoftBank Mobile (which launched 3G in December 2002) now use standard UMTS. [edit] Handsets and modems

T-Mobile UMTS PC Card modem

The Nokia 6650, an early UMTS handset

All of the major 2G phone manufacturers (that are still in business) are now manufacturers of 3G phones. The early 3G handsets and modems were specific to the frequencies required in their country, which meant they could only roam to other countries on the same 3G frequency (though they can fall back to the older GSM standard). Canada and USA have a common share of frequencies, as do most European countries. The article UMTS frequency bands is an overview of UMTS network frequencies around the world. Using a cellular router, PCMCIA or USB card, customers are able to access 3G broadband services, regardless of their choice of computer (such as a tablet PC or a PDA). Some software installs itself from the modem, so that in some cases absolutely no knowledge of technology is required to get online in moments. Using a phone that s 3G and Bluetooth 2.0, multiple Bluetooth-capable laptops can be connected to the Internet. Some smartphones can also act as a mobile WLAN access point. There are almost no 3G phones or modems available ing all 3G frequencies (UMTS850/900/1700/1900/2100 MHz). However, many phones are offering more than one band which still enables extensive roaming. For example, a tri-band chipset operating on

850/1900/2100 MHz, such as that found in Apple's iPhone, allows usage in the majority of countries where UMTS-FDD is deployed. [edit] Other competing standards

The main competitor to UMTS is CDMA2000 (IMT-MC), which is developed by the 3GPP2. Unlike UMTS, CDMA2000 is an evolutionary an existing 2G standard, cdmaOne, and is able to operate within the same frequency allocations. This and CDMA2000's narrower bandwidth requirements make it easier to deploy in existing spectra. In some, but not all, cases, existing GSM operators only have enough spectrum to implement either UMTS or GSM, not both. For example, in the US D, E, and F PCS spectrum blocks, the amount of spectrum available is 5 MHz in each direction. A standard UMTS system would saturate that spectrum. Where CDMA2000 is deployed, it usually co-exists with UMTS. In many markets however, the co-existence issue is of little relevance, as legislative hurdles exist to co-deploying two standards in the same licensed slice of spectrum. Another competitor to UMTS is EDGE (IMT-SC), which is an evolutionary the 2G GSM system, leveraging existing GSM spectrums. It is also much easier, quicker, and considerably cheaper for wireless carriers to "bolt-on" EDGE functionality by upgrading their existing GSM transmission hardware to EDGE than having to install almost all brandnew equipment to deliver UMTS. However, being developed by 3GPP just as UMTS, EDGE is not a true competitor. Instead, it is used as a temporary solution preceding UMTS roll-out or as a complement for rural areas. This is facilitated by the fact that GSM/EDGE and UMTS specification are tly developed and rely on the same core network, allowing dual-mode operation including vertical handovers. China's TD-SCDMA standard is often seen as a competitor, too. TD-SCDMA has been added to UMTS' Release 4 as UTRA-TDD 1.28 Ms Low Chip Rate (UTRA-TDD LCR). Unlike TDCDMA (UTRA-TDD 3.84 Ms High Chip Rate, UTRA-TDD HCR) which complements WCDMA (UTRA-FDD), it is suitable for both micro and macro cells. However, the lack of vendors' is preventing it from being a real competitor. While DECT is technically capable of competing with UMTS and other cellular networks in densely-populated, urban areas, it has only been deployed for domestic cordless phones and private in-house networks. All of these competitors have been accepted by ITU as part of the IMT-2000 family of 3G standards, along with UMTS-FDD. On the Internet access side, competing systems include WiMAX and Flash-OFDM. [edit] Migrating from GPRS to UMTS

From GPRS network, the following network elements can be reused: 

Home Location (HLR)



Visitor Location (VLR)



Equipment Identity (EIR)



Mobile Switching Center (MSC) (vendor dependent)



Authentication Center (AUC)



Serving GPRS Node (SGSN) (vendor dependent)



Gateway GPRS Node (GGSN)

From Global Service for Mobile (GSM) communication radio network, the following elements cannot be reused 

Base station controller (BSC)



Base transceiver station (BTS)

They can remain in the network and be used in dual network operation where 2G and 3G networks co-exist while network migration and new 3G terminals become available for use in the network. The UMTS network introduces new network elements that function as specified by 3GPP: 

Node B (base transceiver station)



Radio Network Controller (RNC)



Media Gateway (MGW)

The functionality of MSC and SGSN changes when going to UMTS. In a GSM system the MSC handles all the circuit switched operations like connecting A- and B-subscriber through the network. SGSN handles all the packet switched operations and transfers all the data in the network. In UMTS the Media gateway (MGW) take care of all data transfer in both circuit and packet switched networks. MSC and SGSN control MGW operations. The nodes are renamed to MSC-server and GSN-server. [edit] Problems and issues

Some countries, including the United States and Japan, have allocated spectrum differently from the ITU recommendations, so that the standard bands most commonly used for UMTS (UMTS2100) have not been available. In those countries, alternative bands are used, preventing the interoperability of existing UMTS-2100 equipment, and requiring the design and manufacture of different equipment for the use in these markets. As is the case with GSM900 today, standard UMTS 2100 MHz equipment will not work in those markets. However, it appears as though UMTS is not suffering as much from handset band compatibility issues as GSM did, as many UMTS handsets are multi-band in both UMTS and GSM modes. Quad-band GSM (850, 900, 1800, and 1900 MHz bands) and tri-band UMTS (850, 1900, and 2100 MHz bands) handsets are becoming more commonplace. The early days of UMTS saw rollout hitches in many countries. Overweight handsets with poor battery life were first to arrive on a market highly sensitive to weight and form factor. The Motorola A830, a debut handset on Hutchison's 3 network, weighed more than 200 grams and even featured a detachable camera to reduce handset weight. Another significant issue involved call reliability, related to problems with handover from UMTS to GSM. Customers found their connections being dropped as handovers were possible only in one direction (UMTS → GSM), with the handset only changing back to UMTS after hanging up. In most networks around the world this is no longer an issue. Compared to GSM, UMTS networks initially required a higher base station density. For fullyfledged UMTS incorporating video on demand features, one base station needed to be set up every 1–1.5 km (0.62–0.93 mi). This was the case when only the 2100 MHz band was being used, however with the growing use of lower-frequency bands (such as 850 and 900 MHz) this is no longer so. This has led to increasing rollout of the lower-band networks by operators since 2006. Even with current technologies and low-band UMTS, telephony and data over UMTS is still more power intensive than on comparable GSM networks. Apple, Inc. cited[10] UMTS power consumption as the reason that the first generation iPhone only ed EDGE. Their release of the iPhone 3G quotes talk time on UMTS as half that available when the handset is set to use GSM. Other manufacturers indicate different battery life time for UMTS mode compared to GSM mode as well. As battery and network technology improves, this issue is diminishing. [edit] Releases

The evolution of UMTS progresses according to planned releases. Each release is designed to introduce new features and improve upon existing ones. [edit] Release '99 

Bearer services



64 kbit/s circuit switch



384 kbit/s packet switched



Location services



Call services: compatible with Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), based on Universal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM)

[edit] Release 4 

Edge radio



Multimedia messaging



MExE (Mobile Execution Environment)



Improved location services



IP Multimedia Services (IMS)


IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS)



IPv6, IP transport in UTRAN



Improvements in GERAN, MExE, etc



HSDPA


WLAN integration



Multimedia broadcast and multicast



Improvements in IMS



HSUPA



Fractional DPCH


Enhanced L2



64 QAM , MIMO



VoIP over HSPA



C - continuous packet connectivity



FRLC - Flexible RLC


DC-HSPA



HSUPA 16QAM

[edit] See also 

List of Deployed UMTS networks



3G



3GPP: the body that manages the UMTS standard.



3GPP Long Term Evolution, the 3GPP project to evolve UMTS towards 4G capabilities.



GAN/UMA: A standard for running GSM and UMTS over wireless LANs.



Opportunity Driven Multiple Access, ODMA: a UMTS TDD mode communications relaying protocol



HSDPA, HSUPA: updates to the W-CDMA air interface.



PD



Subscriber Identity Module



UMTS-TDD: a variant of UMTS largely used to provide wireless Internet service.






W-CDMA: the primary air interface standard used by UMTS.



W-CDMA 2100

Other, non-UMTS, 3G and 4G standards:



CDMA2000: evolved from the cmdaOne (also known as IS-95, or "CDMA") standard, managed by the 3GPP2



FOMA



TD-SCDMA



WiMAX: a newly emerging wide area wireless technology.

UMTS is an evolution of the GSM mobile phone standard. 

GSM



GPRS



EDGE



ETSI

Other useful information 

Mobile modem



Spectral efficiency comparison table



Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)



Common pilot channel or ICH, a simple synchronisation channel in WCDMA.



Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) is the major issue of multiple antenna research.



Wi-Fi: a local area wireless technology that is complementary to UMTS.



List of device bandwidths



Operations and Maintenance Centre



Radio Network Controller



UMTS security

[edit] Literature 

Martin Sauter: Communication Systems for the Mobile Information Society, John Wiley, September 2006, ISBN 0-470-02676-6



Ahonen and Barrett (editors), Services for UMTS (Wiley, 2002) first book on the services for 3G, ISBN 978-0-471-48550-6



Holma and Toskala (editors), WCDMA for UMTS, (Wiley, 2000) first book dedicated to 3G technology, ISBN 978-0-471-72051-5



Kreher and Ruedebusch, UMTS Signaling: UMTS Interfaces, Protocols, Message Flows and Procedures Analyzed and Explained (Wiley 2007), ISBN 978-0-470-06533-4



Laiho, Wacker and Novosad, Radio Network Planning and Optimization for UMTS (Wiley, 2002) first book on radio network planning for 3G, ISBN 978-0470-01575-9

[edit] Notes 1. ^ The term W-CDMA usually refers to UMTS' main air interface, UTRA-FDD, or networks which only operate on UTRA-FDD. However, there are rare instances where it is used in a broader sense, as a synonym for UMTS or any UMTS air interface. For example, 3GPP refers to “[b]oth Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) and Time Division Duplex (TDD) variants” of W-CDMA, [2] i.e. UTRA-FDD and UTRA-TDD. [edit] References 1. ^ a b 3GPP notes that “there currently existed many different names for the same system (eg FOMA, W-CDMA, UMTS, etc)”; 3GPP. "Draft summary minutes, decisions and actions from 3GPP Organizational Partners Meeting#6, Tokyo, 9 October 2001" (PDF). pp. 7. http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/op/OP_07/DOCS/pdf/OP6_13r1.pdf. 2. ^ 3GPP. "Keywords (WCDMA, HSPA, LTE, etc): W-CDMA". http://www.3gpp.org/article/w-cdma. Retrieved 2009-06-15. 3. ^ Tindal, Suzanne (8 December 2008). "Telstra boosts Next G to 21Mbps". ZDNet Australia. http://www.zdnet.com.au/news/communications/soa/Telstraboosts-Next-G-to-21Mbps/0,130061791,339293706,00.htm. Retrieved 200903-16. 4. ^ 3GNewsroom.com (2003-11-29). "3G Glossary - UTRA". http://www.3gnewsroom.com/html/glossary/u.shtml. Retrieved 2009-02-16. 5. ^ ITU-D Study Group 2. "Guidelines on the smooth transition of existing mobile networks to IMT-2000 for developing countries (GST); Report on Question 18/2". pp. 4, 25–28. http://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-d/opb/stg/D-STGSG02.18-1-2006-PDF-E.pdf. Retrieved 2009-06-15. 6. ^ The FCC's Advanced Wireless Services bandplan

7. ^ Forkel et al. (2002). "Performance Comparison Between UTRA-TDD High Chip Rate And Low Chip Rate Operation". http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.11.3672. Retrieved 2009-02-16. 8. ^ Siemens (2004-06-10). "TD-SCDMA Whitepaper: the Solution for TDD bands" (pdf). TD Forum. pp. 6–9. http://www.tdscdmaforum.org/en/pdfword/200511817463050335.pdf. Retrieved 2009-06-15. 9. ^ Hsiao-Hwa Chen (2007), John Wiley and Sons, pp. 105–106, ISBN 978047002294-8 10.^ iPhone 'Surfing' On AT&T Network Isn't Fast, Jobs Concedes [edit] External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to: UMTS



3GPP Specifications Numbering Schemes



Vocabulary for 3GPP Specifications, up to Release 8



UMTS FAQ on UMTS World



Worldwide W-CDMA frequency allocations on UMTS World



UMTS TDD Alliance The Global UMTS TDD Alliance



3GSM World Congress



UMTS Provider Chart [hide]

v

•

d

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e

Mobile telephony standards

0G (radio telephon MTS · MTA · MTB · MTC · IMTS · MTD · AMTS · OLT · Autoradiopuhelin es)

1G

AMP AMPS · TACS · ETACS

S fami ly

Othe NMT · Hicap · Mobitex · DataTAC r

GSM/3G PP GSM · CSD family

2G

3GPP2 family

CdmaOne (IS-95)

AMPS family

D-AMPS (IS-54 and IS-136)

Other

CDPD · iDEN · PDC · PHS

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2G transition al 3GPP2 (2.5G, family 2.75G) Other

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WiDEN

3GPP 3G (IMTUMTS (UTRAN) · WCDMA-FDD · WCDMA-TDD · UTRA-TDD LCR (TDfamil 2000) SCDMA) y

3GPP 2 CDMA2000 1xEV-DO (IS-856) famil y

3GPP famil HSDPA · HSUPA · HSPA+ · LTE (E-UTRA) y 3G transition 3GPP al 2 (3.5G, EV-DO Rev. A · EV-DO Rev. B famil 3.75G, y 3.9G) Othe Mobile WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e-2005) · Flash-OFDM · IEEE 802.20 r

3GPP famil LTE Advanced y 4G (IMTAdvance d) WiMA X IEEE 802.16m famil y

5G

Related articles

unconfir unconfirmed med

History · Cellular network theory · List of standards · Comparison of standards · Channel access methods · Spectral efficiency comparison table · Cellular frequencies · GSM frequency bands · UMTS frequency

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GSM frequency bands From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search

GSM frequency bands or frequency ranges are the cellular frequencies designated by the ITU for the operation of GSM mobile phones. Contents [hide]



1 GSM frequency bands o

1.1 GSM-900, GSM-1800 and EGSM/EGSM-900 



1.1.1 GSM-1800

o

1.2 GSM-850 and GSM-1900

o

1.3 GSM-450

2 GSM frequency usage across the world o

2.1 The Americas

o

2.2 Europe, Middle East and Asia



3 Multi-band and multi-mode phones



4 See also



5 References



6 External links

[edit] GSM frequency bands

There are fourteen bands defined in 3GPP TS 45.005, which succeeded 3GPP TS 05.05: System

Band

Uplink (MHz)

Downlink (MHz)

Channel number

T-GSM-380

380

380.2–389.8

390.2–399.8

dynamic

T-GSM-410

410

410.2–419.8

420.2–429.8

dynamic

GSM-450

450

450.4–457.6

460.4–467.6

259–293

GSM-480

480

478.8–486.0

488.8–496.0

306–340

GSM-710

710

698.0–716.0

728.0–746.0

dynamic

GSM-750

750

747.0–762.0

777.0–792.0

438–511

T-GSM-810

810

806.0–821.0

851.0–866.0

dynamic

GSM-850

850

824.0–849.0

869.0–894.0

128–251

P-GSM-900

900

890.2–914.8

935.2–959.8

1–124

E-GSM-900

900

880.0–914.8

925.0–959.8

975–1023, 0-124

R-GSM-900

900

876.0–914.8

921.0–959.8

955–1023, 0-124

T-GSM-900

900

870.4–876.0

915.4–921.0

dynamic

DCS-1800

1800

1710.2–1784.8

1805.2–1879.8

512–885

PCS-1900

1900

1850.0–1910.0

1930.0–1990.0

512–810



P-GSM, Standard or Primary GSM-900 Band



E-GSM, Extended GSM-900 Band (includes Standard GSM-900 band)



R-GSM, Railways GSM-900 Band (includes Standard and Extended GSM-900 band)



T-GSM, TETRA-GSM

[edit] GSM-900, GSM-1800 and EGSM/EGSM-900

GSM-900 and GSM-1800 are used in most parts of the world: Europe, Middle East, Africa, Australia, Oceania (and most of Asia. In South and Central America the following countries use the following: 

Costa Rica - GSM-1800



Brazil - GSM-850, 900, 1800 and 1900



Guatemala - GSM-850, GSM-900 and 1900



El Salvador - GSM-850, GSM-900 and 1900

GSM-900 uses 890–915 MHz to send information from the mobile station to the base station (uplink) and 935–960 MHz for the other direction (downlink), providing 124 RF channels (channel numbers 1 to 124) spaced at 200 kHz. Duplex spacing of 45 MHz is used. Guard bands 100 kHz wide are placed at either end of the range of frequencies[1]. A7A [edit] GSM-1800

GSM-1800 uses 1710–1785 MHz to send information from the mobile station to the base tranceiver station (uplink) and 1805–1880 MHz for the other direction (downlink), providing 374 channels (channel numbers 512 to 885). Duplex spacing is 95 MHz.

GSM-1800 is also called DCS (Digital Cellular Service) in the United Kingdom, while being called PCS in Hong Kong[2] (not to mix up with GSM-1900 which is commonly called PCS in the rest of the world.) Mobile Communication Services on Aircraft (MCA) uses GSM1800.[3] [edit] GSM-850 and GSM-1900

GSM-850 and GSM-1900 are used in Canada, the United States and many other countries in the Americas. 

GSM-850 uses 824–849 MHz to send information from the mobile station to the base station (uplink) and 869–894 MHz for the other direction (downlink). Channel numbers are 128 to 251. GSM-850 is also sometimes called GSM-800 because this frequency range was known as the "800 MHz band" (for simplification) when it was first allocated for AMPS in the United States in 1983. The term Cellular is sometimes used to describe the 850 MHz band, because the original analog cellular mobile communication system was allocated in this spectrum.



GSM-1900 uses 1850–1910 MHz to send information from the mobile station to the base station (uplink) and 1930–1990 MHz for the other direction (downlink). Channel numbers are 512 to 810. PCS is the original name in North America for the 1900 MHz band. It is an initialism for Personal Communications Service.



Note: Telstra in Australia uses the 850Mhz for its Next_G network (3G)

[edit] GSM-450

Another less common GSM version is GSM-450[4]. It uses the same band as, and can co-exist with, old analog NMT systems. NMT is a first generation (1G) mobile phone system which was primarily used in Nordic countries, Benelux, Alpine Countries, Eastern Europe and Russia prior to the introduction of GSM. It operates in either 450.4–457.6 MHz paired with 460.4– 467.6 MHz (channel numbers 259 to 293), or 478.8–486 MHz paired with 488.8–496 MHz (channel numbers 306 to 340). The GSM Association claims one of its around 680 operator has a license to operate a GSM 450 network in Tanzania. However, currently all active public operators in Tanzania use GSM 900/1800 MHz. Overall, where the 450 MHz NMT band exists, it either still runs NMT, or its been replaced by CDMA. GSM-450 is a provision, it has not seen commercial deployment.

[edit] GSM frequency usage across the world [edit] The Americas

In North America, GSM operates on the primary mobile communication bands 850 MHz and 1900 MHz. In Canada, GSM-1900 is the primary band used in urban areas with 850 as a backup, and GSM-850 being the primary rural band. In the United States, regulatory requirements determine which area can use which band. GSM-1900 and GSM-850 are also used in most of South and Central America, and both Ecuador and Panama use GSM-850 exclusively (Note: Since November 2008, a Panamanian operator has begun to offer GSM-1900 service). Venezuela and Brazil use GSM-850 and GSM-900/1800 mixing the European and American bands. Some countries in the Americas use GSM-900 or GSM-1800, some others use 3, GSM-850/900/1900, GSM-850/1800/1900, GSM-900/1800/1900 or GSM-850/900/1800. Soon some countries will use GSM-850/900/1800/1900 MHZ like the Dominican Republic, Trinidad & Tobago and Venezuela. In Brazil, the 1900 MHz band is paired with 2100 MHz to form the IMT-compliant 2100 MHz band for 3G services. The result is a mixture of usage in the Americas that requires travelers to confirm that the phones they have are compatible with the band of the networks at their destinations. Frequency compatibility problems can be avoided through the use of multi-band (tri-band or, especially, quad-band), phones. [edit] Europe, Middle East and Asia

In Europe, Middle East and Asia most of the providers use 900 MHz and 1800 MHz bands. GSM-900 is most widely used. Fewer operators use DCS-1800 and GSM-1800. A dual-band 900/1800 phone is required to be compatible with almost all operators. At least GSM-900 band must be ed to be compatible with many operators. [edit] Multi-band and multi-mode phones

Today, most telephones multiple bands as used in different countries to facilitate roaming. These are typically referred to as multi-band phones. Dual-band phones can cover GSM networks in pairs such as 900 and 1800 MHz frequencies (Europe, Asia, Australia and Brazil) or 850 and 1900 (North America and Brazil). European tri-band phones typically cover the 900, 1800 and 1900 bands giving good coverage in Europe and allowing limited use in North America, while North American tri-band phones utilize 850, 1800 and 1900 for widespread North American service but limited worldwide use. A new addition has been the quad-band phone, also known as a world phone, ing all four major GSM bands, allowing for global use (excluding non-GSM countries such as Japan).

There are also multi-mode phones which can operate on GSM as well as on other mobile phone systems using other technical standards or proprietary technologies. Often these phones use multiple frequency bands as well. For example, one version of the Nokia 6340i GAIT phone sold in North America can operate on GSM-1900, GSM-850 and legacy TDMA-1900, TDMA-800, and AMPS-800, making it both multi-mode and multi-band. Note that while the Nexus One, like many other devices on the market, may also become available in a UMTS I/II/IV or 2100/1900/850MHz combo[5], it would still be considered triband UMTS, not quint-band, as the hardware is limited to ing any 3 bands at one time. Further, as HSPA runs atop UMTS, it would not be considered a "mode" by strict definition. [edit] See also 

3GPP



Cellular frequencies



OD-GPS



Roaming






United States 2008 wireless spectrum auction

[edit] References 1. ^ Rappaport, Theodore S., Wireless Communications: Principles and Practices, 2nd Ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2002. p. 554. 2. ^ OFTA of HK, Office of the Telecommunications Authority 3. ^ http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do? reference=MEMO/08/220&format=HTML&aged=1&language=EN&guiLangua ge=en 4. ^ Ericsson, Nokia Eye 450 MHz GSM technology 5. ^ "Nexus One for AT&T's 3G bands likely in the works". Engadget. 2010. http://www.engadget.com/2010/01/29/nexus-one-for-atandts-3g-bands-likelyin-the-works/. [edit] External links 

GSM Coverage Maps and Roaming Information GSM World's listing of countries, frequencies, and roaming agreements.



coveragemaps.com - Publications - Current Coverage Maps Charts of GSM/3GSM coverage and frequency usage for the world, Europe, Asia and the Americas



LDpost.com - History of GSM and More GSM history, technology, bands, multiband phones



3GPP Specification detail TS 05.05 Specification 3GPP TS 05.05 Radio Transmission and Reception



3GPP Specification detail TS 45.005 Specification 3GPP TS 45.005 Radio Transmission and Reception



3GPP Specifications for group: R4 - Frequencies info for UMTS (TS 25.101/102/104/105)

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM_frequency_bands" Categories: Bandplans | Global System for Mobile communications Personal tools 

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UMTS frequency bands From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search In telecommunications, UMTS frequency bands are the radio spectrum frequencies designated for the operation of the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) / High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) / High-Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) / HSPA+ / system for mobile phones.

Contents [hide] 

1 UMTS-FDD



2 UMTS-TDD



3 Frequency bands deployment



4 Multi-band



5 See also



6 References



7 External links

[edit] UMTS-FDD UMTS-FDD is designed to operate in the following paired bands: UL DL Channel Channel Frequencies Operating Frequency Common Frequencies Number Number UE Region Band Band Name UE receive (UARFCN) (UARFCN) transmit (MHz) UL DL (MHz) Europe, Asia, Africa, Oceania (Telstra, 10562 I 2100 IMT 1920 - 1980 2110 - 2170 9612 - 9888 Optus, 10838 Vodafone AU, Three Mobile AU), Brazil 9262 - 9538 9662 - 9938 Americas additional additional (AT&T, 12, 37, 62, 412, 437, Bell 87, 112, 462, 487, II 1900 PCS 1850 - 1910 1930 - 1990 Mobility, 137, 162, 512, 537, Telcel, 187, 212, 562, 587, Telus, 237, 262, 612, 637, Rogers) 287 662, 687 Europe, III 1800 DCS 1710 - 1785 1805 - 1880 937 - 1288 1162 - 1513 Asia, Oceania IV 1700 AWS 1710 - 1755 2110 - 2155 1312 - 1513 1537 - 1738 USA (Tadditional additional Mobile, 1662, 1687, 1887, 1912, Cincinnati 1712, 1737, 1937, 1962, Bell

V

850

CLR

824 - 849

869 - 894

VI

800

830 - 840

875 - 885

VII

2600

IMT-E 2500 - 2570 2620 - 2690

VIII

900

GSM

IX

1700

880 - 915

925 - 960

1749.9 1784.9

1844.9 1879.9

Wireless), Canada 1762, 1787, 1987, 2012, (WIND 1812, 1837, 2037, 2062, Mobile, 1862 2087 Mobilicity, Videotron) Americas (AT&T, Bell 4132 - 4233 4357 - 4458 Mobility, additional additional Telcel, 782, 787, 1007, 1012, Telus, 807, 812, 1032, 1037, Rogers), 837, 862 1062, 1087 Oceania (Telstra, Telecom NZ) 4162 - 4188 4387 - 4413 Japan additional additional (NTT 812, 837 1037, 1062 DoCoMo) 2012 - 2338 2237 - 2563 additional additional 2362, 2387, 2587, 2612, 2412, 2437, 2637, 2662, Europe 2462, 2487, 2687, 2712, (future) 2512, 2537, 2737, 2762, 2562, 2587, 2787, 2812, 2612, 2637, 2837, 2862, 2662, 2687 2887, 2912 Europe[1], Asia, Oceania (Optus, Vodafone AU, Vodafone 2712 - 2863 2937 - 3088 NZ), Dominican Republic (Orange), Venezuela (Digitel GSM) 8762 - 8912 9237 - 9387 Japan (E Mobile, NTT

X

1700

XI

1500

XII

700

SMH

XIII

700

SMH

XIV

700

SMH

DoCoMo) 2887 - 3163 3112 - 3388 additional additional 3187, 3212, 3412, 3437, 3237, 3262, 3462, 3487, 1710 - 1770 2110 - 2170 3287, 3312, 3512, 3537, 3337, 3362, 3562, 3587, 3387, 3412, 3612, 3637, 3437, 3462 3662, 3687 1427.9 1475.9 Japan 3487 - 3562 3712 - 3787 1447.9 1495.9 (Softbank) USA 3612–3678 3837–3903 (future) additional additional (lower 698 - 716 728 - 746 3702, 3707, 3927, 3932, SMH 3732, 3737, 3957, 3962, blocks 3762, 3767 3987, 3992 A/B/C) USA 3792–3818 4017–4043 (future) 777 - 787 746 - 756 additional additional (upper 3842, 3867 4067, 4092 SMH block C) USA 3892–3918 4117–4143 (future) 788 - 798 758 - 768 additional additional (upper 3942, 3967 4167, 4192 SMH block D)

TS 25.101 DL TS 25.101 to UL Center Band Frequency Frequency Separation Range (MHz) (MHz) 2112.4 2167.6, I (IMT-2000) 190 increment = 0.2 1932.4 1987.6, II(U.S. PCS) 80 increment = 0.2 1932.5 1987.5,

TS 25.101 TS 25.101 Test Set "DL UARFCN UARFCN Range Channel" Range Equation 5 * (center 10562 - 10838 freq in MHz) 5 * (center freq in MHz)

9662 - 9938

5 * ((center 412, 437, 462, freq in MHz) 487, 512, 537,

10562 - 10838

9662 - 9938 412, 437, 462, 487, 512, 537,

increment = 5 III(DCS/PCS)

95

IV

400

V(US Cellular)

45

VI(Japan 800)

45

VII

120

VIII

45

IX

95

X

400

1807.4 1877.6, increment = 0.2 2112.4 2152.6, increment = 0.2

- 1850.1 MHz)

562, 587, 612, 637, 662, 687

562, 587, 612, 637, 662, 687

5 * ((center freq in MHz) - 1575 MHz)

1162 - 1513

1162 - 1513

5 * ((center freq in MHz) - 1805 MHz)

1537 - 1738

1537 - 1738 *

5 * ((center 1887, 1912, 1937, 2112.5 1887, 1912, 1937, freq in MHz) 1962, 1987, 2012, 2152.5, 1962, 1987, 2012, - 1735.1 2037, 2062, 2087 increment = 5 2037, 2062, 2087 MHz) * 871.4 - 891.6, 5 * (center increment = 4357 - 4458 4357 - 4458 # freq in MHz) 0.2 871.5, 872.5, 5* ((center 1007, 1012, 1032, 1007, 1012, 1032, 876.5, 877.5, freq in MHz) 1037, 1062, 1087 1037, 1062, 1087 882.5, 887.5 - 670.1 MHz) # 877.4 - 882.6, 5 * (center increment = 4387 - 4413 4387 - 4413 + freq in MHz) 0.2 5 * ((center 877.5, 882.5 freq in MHz) 1037, 1062 1037, 1062 + - 670.1 MHz) 2622.4 5 * ((center 2687.6, freq in MHz) 2237 - 2563 2237 - 2563 increment = - 2175 MHz) 0.2 2587, 2612, 2637, 2587, 2612, 2637, 5 * ((center 2622.5 2662, 2687, 2712, 2662, 2687, 2712, freq in MHz) 2687.5, 2737, 2762, 2787, 2737, 2762, 2787, - 2105.1 increment = 5 2812, 2837, 2862, 2812, 2837, 2862, MHz) 2887, 2912 2887, 2912 927.4 - 957.6, 5 * ((center increment = freq in MHz) 2937 - 3088 2937 - 3088 0.2 - 340 MHz) 1847.4 1877.4, 5 * (center 9237 - 9387 9237 - 9387 * increment = freq in MHz) 0.2 2112.4 5 * ((center 3112 - 3388 3112 - 3388 * 2167.6, freq in MHz) increment = - 1490 MHz)

0.2 3412, 3437, 3462, 5 * ((center 3412, 3437, 3462, 2112.5 3487, 3512, 3537, freq in MHz) 3487, 3512, 3537, 2167.5, 3562, 3587, 3612, - 1430.1 3562, 3587, 3612, increment = 5 3637, 3662, 3687 MHz) 3637, 3662, 3687 * Deployment in other frequency bands is not precluded.

[edit] UMTS-TDD UMTS-TDD is designed to operate in the following bands: Frequencies (MHz) 1900 - 1920 2010 - 2025 1850 - 1910 1930 - 1990 1910 - 1930 2570 - 2620

Channel Number (UARFCN) 9512 - 9588 10062 - 10113 9262 - 9538 9662 - 9938 9562 - 9638 12862 - 13088

[edit] Frequency bands deployment Further information: List of UMTS networks In general, the various UMTS bands are deployed as follows: 

Band I (W-CDMA 2100) in Europe, India, Africa, Asia, Australia (all carriers' metropolitan networks), New Zealand (ITU Region 1) and Brazil (part of ITU Region 2)



Band II (W-CDMA 1900) in North America and South America (ITU Region 2).



Band IV (W-CDMA 1700 or Advanced Wireless Services) in the United States (T-Mobile USA) and Canada (WIND Mobile, Mobilicity and Vidéotron)



Band V (W-CDMA 850) in Australia (Telstra NextG Network), Thailand (True move and DTAC), New Zealand (XT Mobile Network), Brazil, Canada, the USA, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Venezuela, other parts of South America, Israel[2], parts of Asia (ITU Region 2 and ITU Region 3), Poland (Sferia/Aero2 - hspa+ internet only)



Band VIII (W-CDMA 900) in Europe, Asia, Australia (Optus and Vodafone regional/country 3G networks), New Zealand (ITU Region 1 and ITU Region 3), Thailand (Advanced Info Service) and Venezuela (Digitel GSM)

[edit] Multi-band Further information: List of HSPA mobile phones, List of UMTS networks Today, most mobiles multiple bands as used in different countries to facilitate roaming. These are typically referred to as multi-band phones. Dual-band phones can cover networks in pairs such as 2100/900 (bands I/VIII) in Europe, Middle East, Asia, Oceania or 1900/850MHz (bands II/V) in North and South America. With the recent release of AWS spectrum (band IV) in North America, the dual-band combo of 1700/2100 is also becoming popular there. European/Asian tri-band phones typically cover the 900, 1900 and 2100MHz bands giving good coverage in Europe and allowing very limited use in North America, while North American triband phones utilize 850, 1900 and 2100MHz for widespread North & South American service and good coverage for worldwide use thanks to the popularity of the 2100MHz spectrum. AWS versions of phones normally 900/1700/2100 allowing for North American coverage on AWS enabled networks and roaming coverage on 2100MHz and on forthcoming 900MHz overlays in Europe and Asia. Most UMTS phones also operate on GSM as well, ing EDGE to ensure data coverage where HSPA still lacks coverage. Note however, that while a phone may have overlapping GSM & UMTS frequency , being tri-band/quad-band in GSM/GPRS/EDGE does not imply the same for UMTS, as was the case with many early 2100MHz-only UMTS devices.

[edit] See also 

3GPP



Cellular frequencies



GSM frequency bands



List of UMTS networks



Mobile network code



Roaming



United States 2008 wireless spectrum auction



White spaces (radio)

[edit] References 1. ^ [1]

2. ^ http://www.pocket.co.il/community/showthread.php?t=230182


3GPP Specifications for group: R4 - Frequencies info for UMTS (TS 25.101/102/104/105)



UARFCN to Frequency Calculator - Converts DL UARFCN to frequency band and other information (scroll to bottom of page) This article about wireless technology is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

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Hutchison 3G From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2010)

3 (telecommunications) redirects here. For other uses, see 3 (disambiguation).

Hutchison 3G

Type

A brand of Hutchison Whampoa

Industry

Mobile telecommunications

Founded

2002

Headquart

Hong Kong

Other locations: Australia, Austria,

ers

Denmark, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Sweden, Macau, United Kingdom Key people

Parent

Canning Fok



Hutchison Whampoa Limited



Hutchison Telecommunications International Limited

Website

http://three.com, http://www.tre.se, http://www.3.dk

3 is a brand name under which several UMTS based mobile phone networks are operated in Australia, Austria, Denmark, Hong Kong, Macau, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. The company was founded in 2002. Hutchison Whampoa owns direct majority interests in the companies that operate the networks that are branded 3, except 3 Hong Kong and 3 Indonesia. These networks are majority-owned by the publicly listed Hutchison Telecommunications International Limited (HTIL), in which Hutchison Whampoa has a 50.003 percent majority interest. All 3-branded networks provide 3G technology (WCDMA, some also run 2G networks). Hutchison Whampoa no longer holds a 3G-license in Israel which was operated under the brand Orange, and in Norway which is not operational yet.[1] As of 4 August 2010, ed 3 customers worldwide numbered over 27.8 million. Contents [hide] 

1 Internet access



2 3 Skypephones



3 3 Like Home (No Charge Roaming)



4 3 worldwide o

o

4.1 Australia 

4.1.1 Three Australia



4.1.2 Vodafone Australia



4.1.3 VHA Ownership

4.2 Austria 

o

4.3 Denmark and Sweden 

o

o

o

4.4.1 Hong Kong and Macau Ownership

4.5 Indonesia 

4.5.1 3 HT Indonesia



4.5.2 Ownership

4.6 Ireland 

o

4.3.1 Ownership

4.4 Hong Kong 

o

4.2.1 Austrian Ownership

4.6.1 Irish ownership

4.7 Italy 

4.7.1 Italian Ownership



4.7.2 3 Power



4.7.3 Possible sale of 3 Italia

4.8 United Kingdom 

4.8.1 Ownership



4.8.2 Former Internet access restrictions in the UK



5 Related companies and brands



6 References



7 External links

[edit] Internet access

Australian Planet 3 webpage

Like other mobile-provider Internet homepages, 3's portal is 'free to browse' for some content in most 3 countries including Ireland, UK and Australia in most price plans; the pays a fixed price for each video, text or application ed. Besides that, 3 UK and also 3 Ireland initially made the decision to block direct Internet access from handsets, while 3 Austria allowed access to the internet since the beginning. In 2004, 3 released a PC card 3G Data Card ("NetConnect Card") for Windows-based laptops which allows Internet access through 3's network directly from the computer, accompanied by a

range of data and business tariffs. Later, more cards and USB modems for HSDPA were introduced. [edit] 3 Skypephones Main article: 3 Skypephone Series

In November 2007, 3 started to sell the Skypephone, which was developed in conjunction with the Chinese phone manufacturer Amoi (夏新) and Skype, combining the functionality of a UMTS handset with free voice calls and instant messages from Skype. The phones were sold exclusively by 3 on contract and on a prepaid basis. [edit] 3 Like Home (No Charge Roaming)

In February 2007 3 introduced '3 Like Home': a service that in theory allows subscribers to use any 3-branded network with the exception of 3 Indonesia without having to pay additional roaming charges, instead paying the same amount for voice, data, and messaging services as they would do on their home network. This also allows s to use their free or inclusive bundles and allowances while abroad. However, pre-pay customers do not benefit fully, as they can not yet use each 3 branded network for '3 Like Home'. 3 Australia confirm that calls made using '3 Like Home' are not included in any "cap" plan or inclusive bundles. This arrangement is possible because of the roaming agreements between the networks. Each of the networks provides service to other partners networks free of internal roaming charges. This means that the marginal cost of a roaming call is much the same as a call on the home network. At the end of April 2009 3UK announced that '3 Like Home' would no longer be available to customers of the 3UK network from the 30 June 2009. No such announcement has yet been made for customers of other 3 networks. [edit] 3 worldwide [edit] Australia

Hutchison introduced the "Three" network in Australia in 2003, through its majority ownership of Hutchison Telecom Australia Ltd (HTAL). As of June 2009, HTAL now owns 50% of the merged Vodafone Hutchison Australia Pty Ltd, containing both the "Three" and "Vodafone" networks.[2] The 3 and Vodafone networks remained separate as of August 2009. On 9 February 2009 HTAL and Vodafone announced that they would be merging their Australian operations into a 50-50 t venture called VHA Pty Ltd. All products and services offered by VHA would be marketed under the Vodafone brand,[citation needed] and VHA would hold exclusive

rights to use the 3 brand. This merger was expected to be completed by mid-2009, subject to shareholder and regulatory approval,[3] As of 29 May 9, shareholder and regulatory approval is granted.[4] and was completed in June 2009. [edit] Three Australia

Three operates a 2100 MHz 3G network in a 50/50 partnership with Telstra[2] (the radio networks are shared, the core networks are separate), covering approximately 56% of Australia's population. The 3G network covers Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide, Perth, the Gold Coast, Canberra, Geelong, Frankston and Wollongong. 

15 April 2003 - Three launched its services in Sydney and Melbourne



June, 2003 - coverage extended to Brisbane, Adelaide, Perth, and the Gold Coast.



2005 - Telstra 50/50 partnership commenced. 3 Australia spun off its 3G radio network into a 50/50 partnership with Telstra. Hutchison continued to own its separate core network, application and service platforms, and their retail 3G business independently and in competition with Telstra. [3]



2005 - Coverage in Canberra added



2006 - Geelong, Frankston, Wollongong coverage added.



March 2007 - HSDPA was activated on the entire 3G footprint bringing peak speeds of up to 3.6 Mbit/s.



Mid 2007 - 3 launched a series of Service Centres,[5] which service customers' handsets dispatched from retailers, or those of walk-in customers (with 90% of the latter being available for collection within an hour of drop-off).



June 2009 - Merges with Vodafone Australia to form new t venture operation named Vodafone Hutchison Australia. 3 Mobile remains a separate network to Vodafone at the commencement.

In areas not covered by 3's 3G network, customers roam on Telstra's GSM/GPRS/EDGE or UMTS networks. This agreement allows 3 to offer coverage to up to 96% of the population. In certain areas, customers may roam on Vodafone Australia's GSM/GPRS/EDGE network. Unlike roaming on Telstra's network however, data charges are inclusive to one's data plan, and is not charged separately. When roaming on Vodafone's network, '3 2G' will appear on a customer's handset. 3's total number of Australian subscribers reached 2,000,000 as of April 2009[6] Hutchison formerly operated an Australian CDMA network under the Orange brand name. On 1 February 2006, it was re-branded as 3 CDMA, and this network was closed as of 9 August 2006.

3 CDMA customers were offered special tariffs and incentives to continue as customers on the 3G network, all customers either moved over to 3's 3G network or to other network providers. 3 has sponsored Big Brother Australia from 2005 to 2008 (when it was canceled), The Australian Cricket Team and Essendon Football Club. [edit] Vodafone Australia

The Vodafone Australia's GSM mobile service on 900 MHz and 1800 MHz covers 94.52% of Australia's population. The 3G 2100 MHz UMTS network is available in metro areas of major cities and some larger regional centres covering 80% of the population. Expansion of the 3G UMTS network using 900 MHz to equal or sur the GSM coverage is due to be completed by 31 August 2009 [4] [5]. In a media release issued on the 27 May 2008, Vodafone claimed 4.031 million mobile telephone customers connected across Australia (including 0.341 million connected to MVNOs).[7] [edit] VHA Ownership

Vodafone Hutchison Australia is owned by: 

Vodafone: 50% - as of July 2009



Hutchison Telecoms Australia Ltd (HTAL) - 50% o

Note: HTAL is owned by: [8]



Hutchison Whampoa: 52.03% - as of 16th 9 Mar



Public shareholders: 26.84%



Telecom NZ: 10% (with an option for a further 9.94%)



Leanrose Pty Limited: 11.13%

[edit] Austria

3 Austria started operations in May 2003. The company promised to have 95% population coverage with HSDPA end of 2007. Currently, 3's 3G coverage appears to be limited to 94% of the population.[9] It lost a lawsuit in 2007 against Mobilkom Austria when it claimed to have the largest 3G network in Austria, as Mobilkom Austria had a coverage of 80% while 3 had 83% and the difference between the two was too small to on it.[10]

Outside the coverage of its own 3G-network (UMTS/HSDPA) it relies on national roaming on the network of 2G-market leader Mobilkom Austria. 3 Austria is the first in Austria to offer its customers so called "HD Mobile TV" based on the H.264 encoding standard, and won IIR telcon awards for their eBay (2006)[11] and X-Series Gold (2007)[12] offerings. 3 Austria won a DVB-H license and launched the service in June 2008, with three devices and free usage of Mobile TV.[13][14] [edit] Austrian Ownership 

Hutchison Whampoa: 100%

[edit] Denmark and Sweden

3 Danmark and 3 Sverige have a common network covering most of the two countries. Customers are "at home" on both networks, i.e. Danish customer receive calls from Denmark without paying roaming when they are on 3 Sverige's network and it does not cost extra to call Danish telephone numbers. 3 Scandinavia also has a license to build a network in Norway, but currently 3 Danmark and 3 Sverige have to have positive financials. In 2008 both operations showed a positive EBITDA. In Sweden the mobile network is shared with Telenor, but this practise is not allowed in Denmark. [edit] Ownership 




Investor AB: 40%

[edit] Hong Kong

An ment for 3 in which Leon Lai, a Hong Kong-based Cantopop singer, is the pinup.

In May 2004, its d 2G operator Orange re-branded its services and changed its name to "3 Dualband", referring to the GSM product, and "3 CDMA", referring to the CDMA product. On 29 May 2008, Hutchison Telecommunications (Hong Kong) Limited announced that it has signed an agreement with Apple Inc. to bring the iPhone to Hong Kong and Macau later that year under 3.[15] [edit] Hong Kong and Macau Ownership 

HTIL: 70.9%



NTT DoCoMo: 24.1%



NEC: 5%

Note: Hutchison Whampoa owns 50.003% of HTIL (Hutchison Telecommunications International Limited) [edit] Indonesia [edit] 3 HT Indonesia

The 3 service was launched commercially in Indonesia on 30 March 2007 with the company name is Hutchison Charoen Pokphand Telecommunications (HT). Only after 9 months of operations, 3 acquired about 2.2 million GSM customers. 3 achieved high customer mindshare maintaining at about 90% of awareness level as of April 2009.[16]

3 Store, Plaza Semanggi, Jakarta, Indonesia

As of April 2009, 3 Indonesia had about 4.5 million customers on its GSM network. 3 offers both pre-paid and post-paid (contract) services. Currently, the post-paid service is available in Jakarta, Bandung, and Surabaya area.

3 Indonesia slogan is "Jaringan GSM-mu (Your GSM Network)", formerly "Jaringan Selularmu (Your Cellular Network)". Sometimes, 3 use "Mau? (Want it?)" and "Hanya di 3 (Only on 3)" slogan in their ads. 3 currently has full GSM coverage in Java, Sumatera, Bali, Lombok, and Riau Islands. And as of April 2009, Kalimantan is covered in South Kalimantan and Sulawesi is covered in South Sulawesi. The 3 UMTS/HSDPA service is currently available in Jakarta and Puncak area, and in some parts of Java only [17]. 3 Indonesia just launched new unlimited text and MMS service at a certain fee with Facebook on 8 April 2009, so ed 3 customers can update status, write on wall, or new pictures freely without any more charges. Beside with Facebook, 3 also cooperate with Yahoo to give unlimited chat at a certain fee by SMS and able mobile program using Yahoo Messenger service. Both of this is the first of its kind in Indonesia. [edit] Ownership 

HTIL: 60%



Charoen Pokphand: 40%

Note: Hutchison Whampoa owns 50.003% of HTIL

3 Store, Grafton Street, Dublin, Ireland. [edit] Ireland

3 has a license for operation in the Republic of Ireland using the access code 083 (although numbers can be ported over from other networks.) The service was launched on 26 July 2005 as Ireland's fourth mobile network operator behind Vodafone, O2 and Meteor. 3's coverage is made up of a single 2100 MHz band UMTS network, with claims of 94% population coverage[citation

needed]

and 500,000 subscribers[18]. A roaming agreement with Vodafone Ireland provides GSM coverage where no UMTS signal is available. Service was initially offered as post-paid only, but on 16 May 2006 the introduction of a pre-paid service, known as 3Pay, was announced. A pre-paid mobile broadband service was launched on 29 February 2008 under the name 3Pay Broadband, with vouchers available for durations of one day, one week, or one month. On 13 May 2010, 3 Ireland announced the launch of the world's first commercial voice and data I-HSPA network. The company operates 28 "3Stores" throughout the Republic, with plans to have 50 by the end of 2010[18]. On 5 August 2010, 3 Ireland announced a four year, €7 500 000 deal with the Football Association of Ireland to become the primary sponsor of all Irish international football teams[19]. In August 2010, 3 Ireland itted it has been overstating its subscriber numbers since 2006. As per its latest released mid year statements about 56 per cent of 3’s 554,000 ed subscribers are considered active . This is about 244,000 short of the figure supplied to ComReg. [edit] Irish ownership 


[edit] Italy

In Italy, 3 was formerly known as Andala 3G SpA[20], a company founded in November 1999 and controlled by Sardinian internet company Tiscali. It was the first mobile operator to offer 3G services (UMTS), launched in March 2003. As of December 2007, 3 Italia had 8 million ed customers, thus being the local leader in the 3G telecommunications market. 3 Italy is the largest company in the 3-group measured in number of subscribers. It has a roaming agreement with TIM which allows its customers to get a 2G service when they move out of 3G coverage. On 22 February 2006, 3 announced the first launch of (HSDPA) technology in Italy, with initial coverage of Rome. The HSDPA service, which provides wireless broadband access with speed up to 14.4 Megabit/s, has been initially launched offering connection speeds up to 3.6 Megabit/s. The service has been called ADSM (as a contraction for ADSL Mobile). On 14 May 2006 3 was the 1st in Italy to launch the Digital Mobile TV with the DVB-H technology (70% of population); this service is currently available with three mobile models LG U900, LG U960 & Samsung SGH-P910. 3 Italy's slogan is: Meglio cambiare, no? (It's better to change, isn't it?). The company's success is also due to its commercial policies (it was the 1st mobile operator which introduced mobile phone with SIM lock in Italy, which has prevented customers from successfully moving to a different network) and its advertising campaigns. From November 2006 to March 2007, 3 Italy's testimonial has been Paris Hilton, followed by Luciana Littizzetto.

From 6 June 2008 3 Italy offers free of charge the vision of Rai Uno, Rai Due, Canale 5, Italia 1, Rete 4, SKY Meteo24, Current TV and La7 television channels with DVB-H technology. Since late November 2010, 3 Italy offers one of the most convenient data plans available in Italy under the name of SuperInternet, offering 3 gigabytes of Internet navigation at the price of 5 € per month.[21] [edit] Italian Ownership 

Hutchison Whampoa: 95.4%



NHS Investments (Sanpaolo IMI): 3,9%



RCS MediaGroup: 0.5%



Gemina: 0.2%



3G Mobile Investments (Franco Bernabè): 0.0002%

[edit] 3 Power

3 Power is an international business unit of 3 Italia. As the first DVB-H operator worldwide, 3 Italia is clearly established as a strategic leader in the convergence of communication, information and entertainment. It has now more than 720,000 DVB-H clients. 3 Power provides DVB-H and UMTS services to operators and broadcasters worldwide based on the knowledge and expertise acquired by 3 Italia throughout the past years. [edit] Possible sale of 3 Italia

Speculation from the UK newspaper The Times in 2007 claimed that 3 Italia had sent out an information memorandum in the hope of attracting potential bidders. Hutchison tried to sell up to 25% of 3 Italia in an initial public offering (IPO) in 2005 that it hoped would value the operator at around EUR10bn. However, the planned listing was cancelled in early 2006 after valuations failed to live up to Hutchison's expectations.[22] It was also speculated that this sale, if it went ahead, could lead to the further sale of 3 Group assets, including 3(UK) and 3 Ireland. [edit] United Kingdom

A 3 store in Banbury.

The 3 service was launched in the UK on 3 March '03 (3/3/3). After 33 months of operations, 3 had more than 3 million 3G customers, more than the other UK mobile operators' 3G subscribers combined. In '03, 3 launched the UK’s first video mobile network to bring new services to the mobile media market. Given 3G was a new technology, 3 undertook one of the fastest 3G network rollouts in UK history and met their license regulatory requirements 3 years ahead of schedule. 3 has a roaming agreement with Orange which allows its customers to use their handsets on the GSM network when they move out of 3G coverage. Before January 2007, their partner network was O2.[23] At the end of 2005, 3 UK had nearly 4 million customers on its network and was the largest 3G network in the UK with more 3G subscribers than all the other networks together. The UK offers both pre- and post-pay (contract) services. 3 has used a number of different TV, print and radio advertising campaigns since their launch. Their pre-September 2007 slogan is "Welcome to our Network". Its next slogan is "Fresh on 3", promoting the new "Mix and Match" price plans. 3 has launched a major marketing campaign in May 2009, with the slogan "Changing Mobile Forever", as 3 is offering free unlimited Skype-toSkype calls to all customers. 3's first retail stores (3Store) opened at the same time as the network launched, on Oxford Street and High Street Kensington, both in London, and at the Birmingham Mailbox. 3 has an agreement with Superdrug, which stocks exclusively 3's mobile phones. Many Superdrug stores also host a ThreePoint, a separately-staffed, glass-walled kiosk. This agreement came about after Superdrug was purchased by Watson's, a large Asian retailer also owned by Hutchison Whampoa. 3's handsets and contracts are also sold by mobile telephony chains and independents throughout the UK, as well as online retailers. In October 2005, the second wave of 3Stores opened in larger malls throughout the UK, such as the Harlequin Shopping Centre in Watford, the Bluewater Shopping Centre, and The Mall in Bristol Cribbs Causeway. These stores are now 3's flagship high street shops. On 24 October 2006, 3 announced that it had purchased

95 high street shops from O2, 274 The Link outlets, and 22 shops branded under the O2 banner. 3 announced that these would be rebranded as 3Stores "within weeks", in time for the important Christmas season. On Friday 11 January 2007, 3 announced it will be closing 107 of its concession stores, leaving only 20. 3 launched SeeMeTV at the end of 2005, allowing its customers to submit their own video content that other subscribers could watch. s pay a small micropayment (the price decided by the video's creator) to watch these videos. The who created the videos will get paid 10% of the amount of money that is paid by other s to watch the video. This service does allow some adult content, but this is protected by a PIN to prevent minors accessing it. s are paid once they have made £10 using PayPal. It is the most popular -generated mobile service created - since launch there have been over four million s of videoclips and it is set to be launched through MSN Spaces. 3 currently has the highest level of 3G coverage in the UK and went live with HSDPA in September 2007. 3 currently has with full HSDPA coverage in place in north of Manchester and in London. Other UK locations will gradually be HSDPA enabled, with completion in July 2008. Until 30 June 2009, 3UK subscribers could use their service on 3 networks around the world for no extra charge (Ireland, Austria, Italy, Denmark, Sweden, Hong Kong and Australia) with '3 Like Home.'

“

3 UK and T-Mobile (UK) have signed an agreement to combin broadband services and deliver substantial cost savings as w

By combining their 3G access networks (the mobile masts and infrast

Although masts and the 3G access networks are being combined, eac

High-speed mobile broadband and data services are set for rapid grow the more sparsely populated areas of the country. —Press release by Hutchison Whampoa Limited[24]

In June 2010 3 UK became the 4th network to launch the iPhone after O2, Orange and Vodafone. T-Mobile became the fifth network in the UK. In September 2010, 3 UK won the Broadband Expert Mobile Broadband Award Winners 2010 - Best Overall Provider.(ref: 25)

[edit] Ownership 


(20% and 15% equity interests were re-purchased from NTT DoCoMo and KPN Mobile respectively in 2005 when both decided to exit the UK venture shouldering heavy investment losses). [edit] Former Internet access restrictions in the UK

The result of the decision in the UK to block direct Internet access from the handsets was that, unlike the UK's other leading networks, arbitrary web and email servers could not be accessed from a handset on their network. Only outgoing access to T port 80 (and DNS) were allowed. Since 2006 however, full internet access became possible with an internet add-on. [edit] Related companies and brands 

3 Skypephone Series - a t venture between 3 and Skype to manufacture a range of phones.The phones use the smartphone operating system BREW, and are made by Amoi.



INQ - a related company, through 3's parent company, Hutchinson Whampoa.

[edit] References 1. ^ Hutchison Whampoa Limited: Telecommunications 2. ^ "About 3". http://www.three.com.au/cs/ContentServer? pagename=Three/Page/ServiceTemplate&cid=1154931042504&c=Page. Retrieved 2009-06-20. 3. ^ "Hutchison and Vodafone agree to merge Australian Telecom operations" (PDF). http://www.vodafone.com.au/stelprd/groups/webcontent/documents/webcont ent/merger.pdf. Retrieved 2009-02-09.[dead link] 4. ^ Staff. "ACCC not to oppose proposed merger of Vodafone and Hutchison". Australian Competition and Consumers Commission. http://www.accc.gov.au/content/index.phtml/itemId/874495. Retrieved 200908-21. 5. ^ 3 Australia Website 6. ^ Staff (2009). "Three - About 3 - Who we Are". Vodafone Hutchison Australia Pty Ltd (Three). http://www.three.com.au/cs/ContentServer? pagename=Three/Page/ServiceTemplate&cid=1154931042504&c=Page. Retrieved 2009-08-21.

7. ^ Vodafone Australia exceeds 4 million customers and counting 8. ^ Annual Report 2008 http://hutchar08.designate.com.au/shareholder_information.php 9. ^ DerStandard: 3-Chef Thoma: Mobiles Breitband löst ADSL und Co. ab, 2 May 2008 (German) 10.^ DerStandard.at: Streit um größeres UMTS-Netz: Mobilkom Austria gewinnt Verfahren gegen "3", 14 November 2007 (german) 11.^ Computerwelt: Telekombranche guten Mutes, 4 October 2006 (german) 12.^ IIR: Award für “10. Jahreskongress für die Telekom Branche - TEL.CON 2007” (german) 13.^ Telecom Paper: 3 Austria to offer 3 DVB-H devices, free mobile TV use until year-end, 30 May 2008 14.^ Heise: DVB-H startet in Österreich, 1 June 2008 (German) 15.^ 3 to bring iPhone to Hong Kong and Macau 16.^ [1] 17.^ 3 Indonesia coverage map 18.^

a b

3 Ireland reaches 500,000 customers

19.^ "3 becomes FAI primary sponsor". 5 August 2010. http://fai.ie/index.php? option=com_content&view=article&id=101133:3-becomes-fai-primarysponsor&catid=1:senior-men&Itemid=8. 20.^ http://edia.com/wiki? q=Andala&guess_ambig=Tiscali+SpA+Hong+Hutchison Andala 3G SpA 21.^ "3". http://www.tre.it/public/scheda_opzioni.php? id=22&idOF=184&ref=22_1. Retrieved 02/05/2010. 22.^ The UK Times - "Italian mobile sale may signal Hutchison Whampoa’s exit from UK" 23.^ "3 selects Orange as new national roaming partner". 2006-05-10. http://www.threemediacentre.co.uk/Press-Releases/3-selects-Orange-as-newnational-roaming-partner-7a.aspx. Retrieved 2010-06-30. 24.^ HWL: T-Mobile and 3 create Britain's largest 3G network, 18 December 2007

25. http://www.broadband-expert.co.uk/mobile-broadband/awards-2010/ [edit] External links 3's International home page

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Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutchison_3G" Categories: Hutchison Whampoa | Mobile phone companies of Hong Kong | Multinational companies headquartered in Hong Kong | Companies established in 2002 | Mobile phone companies of Italy | Mobile phone companies of Sweden | Mobile phone companies of Austria Hidden categories: All articles with dead external links | Articles with dead external links from October 2010 | Articles needing additional references from September 2010 | All articles needing additional references | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010 | Articles with unsourced statements from August 2010 Personal tools 

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Mobile World Congress From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search This article does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2009)

GSM Association Mobile. WorldCongress

Status

Active

Genre

Mobile communications

Venue

Fira de Barcelona

Location

Barcelona

Country

Spain

First held

1987

Organizer

GSM Association

Attendance

47,000 (2009)

Official Website

http://www.mobileworldcongress.com/

The GSMA GSM Association Mobile. WorldCongress is the combination of the world's largest exhibition for the mobile industry and a congress featuring prominent Chief Executives representing mobile operators, vendors and content owners from across the world. The event, initially named as GSM World Congress and later renamed as the 3GSM World Congress, is still often referred to as the GSM World Congress or simply the 3GSM.

[edit] Further info In 2007, approximately 55,000 people attended. The GSM Associations - Mobile World Congress takes place at the Fira de Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain, in February. Up until 2006, it took place in Cannes.

GSMA Mobile. WorldCongress The 2009 GSM Association Mobile World Congress took place from Monday, February 16, to Thursday, February 19. The first day was dominated by Microsoft-related announcements, such as their increased partnership with LG and demonstrations of their new Windows Mobile 6.5 Operating System. Mobile World Congress 2010 was held on February 15, 2010. One of the biggest news stories that came out of the event was the announcement of Microsoft's new revamped mobile operating system, Windows Phone 7.

[edit] References [edit] External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to: 3GSM World Congress 

Official site



Mobile Asia Congress



Global Mobile Awards



Asia Mobile Awards



GSM World

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_World_Congress" Categories: Wireless | Business organizations | Trade shows

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Sony Ericsson Xperia X10 Mini From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search

Sony Ericsson XPERIA X10 Mini Manufacturer

Sony Ericsson

Available

Q2 2010[1]

Screen

240 x 320 pixels (QVGA) 16M color TFT

Camera

Operating

5 MP with Auto focus, Geo tagging,and Touch focus Android 2.1

system Android 1.6 (Shipped)[2] Input

Touchscreen

U

600 MHz Qualcomm MSM7227

Networks 2G Quad-band GSM/GPRS Class 10 (4+1/3+2 slots), 32 - 48 kbit/s/EDGE: 850/900/1800/1900 MHz 3G

Tri-band UMTS/HSDPA/HSUPA: 850/1900/2100/900 MHz Bluetooth 2.0 with A2DP microUSB 2.0 Connectivity

3.5mm audio jack aGPS Wi-Fi 802.11 b/g no IR Standard battery: Li-Po 1500 mAh (BST-

Battery

41). Extended batteries available [3]

Physical size

83.0 x 50.0 x 16.0 mm

Weight

88 g with battery

Series

Sony Ericsson Xperia series

The Sony Ericsson XPERIA X10 Mini is a smartphone by Sony Ericsson in the Xperia series. It is the second Sony Ericsson smartphone to run the Android operating system[2] and also the smallest Android handset to date. The X10 Mini was first revealed on 14 February 2010.[1] Apart from the physical dimensions, the phone also differs feature-wise as compared to the X10. Text input is done via a virtual keypad and not a Qwerty keyboard like on the Xperia X10. It also comes with a T9 dictionary which makes it easy to use the keypad. Also, there are tabs for easily accessing symbols and numbers.[4]

Contents [hide] 

1 Awards



2 See also



3 References



4 External links

[edit] Awards "2010 red dot product design award" [5]

"European Mobile Phone 2010-2011" [6]

[edit] See also 

Sony Ericsson XPERIA X10 Mini Pro




[edit] References 1. ^ a b "Get Compact and Clever with Sony Ericsson Xperia™ X10 mini and Xperia™ X10mini pro". Sony Ericsson. 14 February 2010. http://www.sonyericsson.com/cws/corporate/press/pressreleases/pressreleasedetails/sonye ricssonx10miniandminifinal-20100214. 2. ^ a b "Sony Ericsson Xperia X10 Mini / Mini Pro review". Engadget. 8 July 2010. http://www.engadget.com/2010/07/08/sony-ericsson-xperia-x10-mini-mini-pro-review/. Retrieved November 20, 2009. 3. ^ "Mugen Power Batteries Releases 3600mAh Extended Battery for Sony-Ericsson Xperia X10". PRWeb.com. 12 May 2010. http://www.prweb.com/releases/2010/05/prweb3982044.htm. 4. ^ Xperia X10 mini: Reviewed 5. ^ ""Compact and clever"". Sony Ericsson. http://www.sonyericsson.com/cws/companyandpress/aboutus/awards/award/x10miniawar d?cc=gb&lc=en. 6. ^ ""Xperia™ X10 mini - European Mobile Phone 2010-2011"". Sony Ericsson. http://www.sonyericsson.com/cws/companyandpress/aboutus/awards/award/x10minieisaa ward?cc=gb&lc=en.


Xperia X10 Mini website [show]

v•d•e

Principal Sony Ericsson/Ericsson mobile phone models by series

[show] v•d•e


Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Ericsson_Xperia_X10_Mini" Categories: Android devices | Sony Ericsson mobile phones | GPS navigation devices | Touchscreen mobile phones Personal tools

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Sony Ericsson Xperia X10 Mini Pro From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search The Sony Ericsson Xperia X10 Mini Pro is a mobile telephone released by Sony Ericsson on the 24 May 2010. The device is an upgrade of the similar X10 Mini with many of the internal specifications being identical. The major differences between the X10 Mini and X10 Mini Pro are a slide-out full QWERTY Keyboard, and the Pro having slightly larger dimensions (3.5 × 2.0 × 0.7 inches opposed to 3.3 × 2.0 × 0.6 inches). The X10 Mini and X10 Mini Pro are designed to look similar and share functionality with the larger Xperia X10, but are internally very different devices. The X10 Mini and X10 Mini Pro lack Sony Ericsson's "Mediascape" media-management software, but include "Timescape" as well as the proprietary "Rachael" UI.

The X10 Mini Pro (as well as the X10 and X10 Mini) runs on Android 1.6, with an update to 2.1 being rolled out from Sunday 31st October 2010, to Tuesday 30th November 2010.

[edit] References 

Sony Ericsson X10 Mini Official Page



Sony Ericsson X10 Mini Pro Official Page [show]

v•d•e

Principal Sony Ericsson/Ericsson mobile phone models by series

[show] v•d•e


This mobile phone-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Ericsson_Xperia_X10_Mini_Pro" Categories: Sony Ericsson mobile phones | Wireless stubs Personal tools

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Windows Mobile From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Not to be confused with Windows Phone 7.

Windows Mobile

Windows Mobile 6.5.3 Today Screen Company / developer

Microsoft

Programmed in

C++[1]

OS family

Windows CE

Working state

Current

Initial release

19 April 2000; 10 years ago

Latest stable release

6.5.3 / 2 February 2010; 9 months ago

Latest unstable release 6.5.5 Marketing target

Mobile devices

Kernel type

Windows CE 5.2 (released in 2004)

Default interface

Graphical

License

Proprietary (Microsoft EULA)

Official website

Windows Mobile

Windows Mobile is a mobile operating system developed by Microsoft that was for use in smartphones and mobile devices, but is being phased out to specialized markets.[2] The current version is called "Windows Mobile 6.5". It is based on the Windows CE 5.2 kernel, and features a suite of basic applications developed using the Microsoft Windows API. It is designed to be somewhat similar to desktop versions of Windows, feature-wise and aesthetically. Additionally, third-party software development is available for Windows Mobile, and software applications can be purchased via the Windows Marketplace for Mobile. Originally appearing as the Pocket PC 2000 operating system, most Windows Mobile devices come with a stylus pen, which is used to enter commands by tapping it on the screen.[3] Microsoft announced a completely new phone platform, Windows Phone 7, at the Mobile World Congress in Barcelona on February 15, 2010. Phones running Windows Mobile 6.x will not be upgradeable to version 7.[4] Windows Mobile's share of the Smartphone market has fallen year-on-year,[5] decreasing 20% in Q3 2009.[6] It is the 5th most popular smartphone operating system, with a 5% share of the worldwide smartphone market (after Symbian, BlackBerry OS, Android and iPhone).[7] In the United States, it is the 3rd most popular smartphone operating system for business use (after BlackBerry OS and iPhone), with a 24% share among enterprise s.[8] Microsoft is phasing out Windows Mobile to specialized markets, such as rugged devices, and focusing on its new mobile platform, Windows Phone 7.[2]

Contents [hide] 

1 Common features



2 Hardware

o 2.1 Windows Mobile Classic devices (Pocket PC) o 2.2 Windows Mobile Smartphones 

3 Version history o 3.1 Pocket PC 2000 o 3.2 Pocket PC 2002 o 3.3 Windows Mobile 2003 o 3.4 Windows Mobile 2003 SE o 3.5 Windows Mobile 5 o 3.6 Windows Mobile 6 o 3.7 Windows Mobile 6.1 o 3.8 Windows Mobile 6.5 o 3.9 Windows Mobile 6.5.1 o 3.10 Windows Mobile 6.5.3 o 3.11 Windows Mobile 6.5.5



4 Successor o 4.1 Windows Phone 7



5 Microsoft Kin



6 Naming conventions



7 Market share o 7.1 History o 7.2 Possible trends



8 Software development



9 Criticism



10 See also



11 References



12 External links

[edit] Common features Windows Mobile for Pocket PC carries these standard features in most of its versions: 

Today Screen shows the current date, owner information, appointments, e-mail messages, and tasks. (Is now Home screen in later WM6.5 builds)



The taskbar shows the current time and the volume.



Office Mobile a suite of Mobile versions of Microsoft Office applications



Outlook Mobile comes with Windows Mobile.



Internet Explorer Mobile is an Internet browser developed by Microsoft for Pocket PC and Handheld PC that comes loaded by default with Windows Mobile and Windows CE for Handheld PC.



Windows Media Player for Windows Mobile.



Client for PPTP VPNs.



Internet Connection Sharing (ICS) which in mobile phones allows attached computers to share internet connections via USB and Bluetooth.



Coherent file system similar to that of Windows 9x/Windows NT and for many of the same file types.



Ability to multitask.

[edit] Hardware

See also: List of Windows Mobile devices There are three versions of Windows Mobile for various hardware devices:[9] 

Windows Mobile Professional runs on (smartphones) with touchscreens



Windows Mobile Standard runs on phones with regular screens



Windows Mobile Classic which runs on 'Windows Mobile Classic devices' (Pocket PCs).

An O2 Pocket PC phone

A Smartphone (T-Mobile Dash)

[edit] Windows Mobile Classic devices (Pocket PC) Main article: Pocket PC A 'Windows Mobile Classic device' is a Windows Mobile personal digital assistant (PDA) that does not have telephone functionality. It was formerly known as the Pocket PC. It was the original intended platform for the Windows Mobile operating system. These devices consisted of both standalone Pocket PC devices without mobile phone capabilities, and those that included mobile phone capabilities. The most current name of Windows Mobile intended for use on

Pocket PCs is officially "Windows Mobile 6 Professional" for devices with mobile phone capabilities and "Windows Mobile 6 Classic" for devices without mobile phone capabilities.

[edit] Windows Mobile Smartphones Main article: Smartphone The 'Windows Mobile' (Microsoft's term for its range of smartphones) became the next hardware platform after the Pocket PC to run Windows Mobile, and debuted with the release of Pocket PC 2002. Although in the broad sense of the term "Smartphone", both Pocket PC phones and Microsoft branded Smartphones each fit into this category, it should be noted that Microsoft's use of the term "Smartphone" includes only more specific hardware devices that differ from Pocket PC phones. Such Smartphones were originally designed without touchscreens, intended to be operated more efficiently with only one hand, and typically had lower display resolution than Pocket PCs. Microsoft's focus for the Smartphone platform was to create a device that functioned well as a phone and data device in a more integrated manner.[10]

[edit] Version history [edit] Pocket PC 2000

Typical Pocket PC 2000 Today Screen. Pocket PC 2000, originally codenamed "Rapier",[11] was released on April 19, 2000, and was based on Windows CE 3.0. It was the debut of what was later dubbed the Windows Mobile operating system, and meant to be a successor to the operating system aboard Palm-Size PCs. Backwards compatibility was retained with such Palm-Size PC applications. Pocket PC 2000 was intended mainly for Pocket PC devices, however several Palm-Size PC devices had the ability to be updated as well. In addition, several Pocket PC 2000 phones were released, however Microsoft's "Smartphone" hardware platform was not yet created. The only resolution ed by this release was 240 x 320 (QVGA). Removable storage card formats that were ed were CompactFlash and MultiMediaCard. At this time Pocket PC devices had not been

standardized with a specific U architecture. As a result, Pocket PC 2000 was released on multiple U architectures; SH-3, MIPS, and ARM. Aesthetically, the original Pocket PC operating system was similar to Windows 98, Windows Me, and Windows 2000 operating systems. Features/built-in applications for Pocket PC 2000 included the following:[12] 

Pocket Office o Pocket Word o Pocket Excel o Pocket Outlook



Pocket Internet Explorer



Windows Media Player



Microsoft Reader



Microsoft Money



Notes, a note taking application



Character recognition



Infrared (IR) File beaming capability

[edit] Pocket PC 2002

Typical Pocket PC 2002 Today Screen. Pocket PC 2002, originally codenamed "Merlin",[11] was released in October 2001. Like Pocket PC 2000, it was powered by Windows CE 3.0. Although targeted mainly for 240 × 320 (QVGA) Pocket PC devices, Pocket PC 2002 was also used for Pocket PC phones, and for the first time, Smartphones.[13] These Pocket PC 2002 Smartphones were mainly GSM devices. With future releases, the Pocket PC and Smartphone lines would increasingly collide as the licensing were relaxed allowing OEMs to take advantage of more innovative, individual design ideas. Aesthetically, Pocket PC 2002 was meant to be similar in design to the then newly released Windows XP. New features/built-in applications included the following:[14][15][16][17] 

Enhanced UI with theme



Spell checker and Word count tool in Pocket Word



Savable s and WAP in Pocket Internet Explorer



Virtual Private Networking



Synchronization of folders



MSN Messenger



Terminal Services



Windows Media Player 8 with streaming capability



Microsoft Reader 2



Palm OS for file beaming



Improved Pocket Outlook



Digital rights management (DRM) in Microsoft Reader

[edit] Windows Mobile 2003

Typical Windows Mobile 2003 for Pocket PC Today Screen Windows Mobile 2003 (aka wm2003 and WM2003), originally codenamed "Ozone",[11] was released on June 23, 2003, and was the first release under the Windows Mobile banner. It came in four editions: "Windows Mobile 2003 for Pocket PC Edition", "Windows Mobile 2003 for Pocket PC Professional Edition", "Windows Mobile 2003 for Smartphone" and "Windows Mobile 2003 for Pocket PC Phone Edition". The last was designed especially for Pocket PCs which include phone functionalities. The Professional Edition was used in Pocket PC budget models. It lacked a number of features that were in the Edition, such as a client for L2TP/IPsec VPNs. Windows Mobile 2003 was powered by Windows CE 4.20. New features/built-in applications included the following:[18] 

for add-on keyboards



Enhanced communications interface with Bluetooth device management



Bluetooth file beaming



Bluetooth headset



Pictures application with viewing, cropping, e-mail, and beaming



Jawbreaker game



Enhanced Pocket Outlook with vCard and vCal



Improved Pocket Internet Explorer



Windows Media Player 9.0 with streaming optimization



SMS reply options for Phone Edition



MIDI file as ringtones in Phone Edition

[edit] Windows Mobile 2003 SE Windows Mobile 2003 Second Edition, also known as "Windows Mobile 2003 SE", was released on March 24, 2004 and first offered on the Dell Axim x30. This was the last version which allowed s to backup and restore an entire device through ActiveSync. New features/built-in applications included the following: 

Portrait and Landscape switching for Pocket PCs



Single-Column layout in Pocket Internet Explorer



VGA (640×480), 176х220, 240x240, 480x480 Screen resolution



Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA)


Typical Windows Mobile 5.0 for Pocket PC Today Screen Windows Mobile 5.0, originally codenamed "Magneto",[11] was released at Microsoft's Mobile and Embedded Developers Conference 2005 in Las Vegas, May 9–May 12, 2005. Microsoft plans to offer mainstream for Windows Mobile 5 through October 12, 2010, and extended through October 13, 2015.[19] It was first offered on the Dell Axim x51. It used the .NET Compact Framework 1.0 SP3 — an environment for programs based on .NET. 

Windows Mobile 5.0 included Microsoft Exchange Server "push" functionality improvements that worked with Exchange 2003 SP2.[20] The "push" functionality also required vendor/device [21] With AKU2 software upgrades all WM 5.0 devices ed DirectPush.



WM 5.0 featured increased battery life due to Persistent storage capability. Previously up to 50% (enough for 72 hours of storage) of battery power was reserved just to maintain data in volatile RAM. This continued the trend of Windows-based devices moving from using RAM as their primary storage medium to the use of a combination of RAM and flash memory (in use, there's no distinction between the two apparent to the ). Programs and frequently accessed data run in RAM, while most storage is in the flash memory. The OS seamlessly moves data between the two as needed. Everything is backed up in the flash memory, so unlike previous devices, WM5 devices do not lose any data if power is lost.



With Windows Mobile 5.0, OS updates were released as Adaptation kit upgrades. AKU 3.5 is the most recent release for WM 5.0.

Further new features and built-in applications included: 

New version of Office called "Office Mobile" o PowerPoint Mobile o Graphing capability in Excel Mobile o Tables and graphics insertion in Word Mobile



Windows Media Player 10 Mobile



Photo Caller ID



DirectShow



Picture and Video package, which converged the management of videos and pictures



Enhanced Bluetooth



Global Positioning System (GPS) management interface



Default QWERTY keyboard-



Error reporting facility similar to that present in desktop and server Windows systems



ActiveSync 4.2 with 15% increased synchronization speed


Windows Mobile 6.1 Standard Today Screen Windows Mobile 6, formerly codenamed "Crossbow",[11] was released on February 12, 2007[22] at the 3GSM World Congress 2007. It comes in three different versions: "Windows Mobile 6 Standard" for Smartphones (phones without touchscreens), "Windows Mobile 6 Professional" for Pocket PCs with phone functionality, and "Windows Mobile 6 Classic" for Pocket PCs without cellular radios.[23] Windows Mobile 6 is powered by Windows CE 5.0 (version 5.2) and is strongly linked to Windows Live and Exchange 2007 products. Windows Mobile 6 Standard was first offered on the Orange's SPV E650,[24] while Windows Mobile 6 Professional was first offered on the O2's Xda Terra.[25] Aesthetically, Windows Mobile 6 was meant to be similar in design to the then newly released Windows Vista. Functionally, it works much like Windows Mobile 5, but with much better stability. New features/built-in applications include the following:[26] 

320x320 and 800x480 (WVGA) screen resolution (The S01SH or "Em One" by Sharp was the first and only device to have a 800x480 screen on WM5)[27]



Office Mobile for Smartphones



Operating System Live Update[28]



Improved Remote Desktop access[29] (Available for only certain Pocket PCs)[30]



VoIP (Internet calling) with AEC (Acoustic Echo Cancelling) and MSRT Audio Codec



Windows Live for Windows Mobile[31]



Customer option[32]



Enhanced Microsoft Bluetooth Stack



Storage Card Encryption (encryption keys are lost if device is cold-booted).



Smartfilter for searching within programs



Improved Internet Sharing



HTML email in Outlook Mobile



Search ability for s in an Exchange Server Address Book



AJAX, JavaScript, and XMLDOM on Internet Explorer Mobile



Out of Office Replies with Microsoft Exchange 2007



Unlicensed Mobile Access (UMA) for select operators



Server Search on Microsoft Exchange 2007



.NET Compact Framework v2 SP2 Preinstalled in ROM



Microsoft SQL Server 2005 Compact Edition Preinstalled in ROM



OneNote Mobile as a companion to Microsoft Office OneNote



Office Mobile 6.1 announced[33] with for Office 2007 document formats (pptx, docx, xlsx).

[edit] Windows Mobile 6.1

Windows Mobile 6.1 Professional Today Screen

Windows Mobile 6.1 was announced April 1, 2008. It is a minor the existing Windows Mobile 6 platform which brings with it various performance enhancements, a redesigned Home screen featuring horizontal tiles that expand on clicking to display more information, although this new home screen is featured only on Windows Mobile Standard edition. This feature was inexplicably left out of the Professional edition.[34] Several other changes such as threaded SMS, full page zooming in Internet Explorer and 'Domain Enroll' have also been added, along with a "mobile" version of the Microsoft OneNote program and an interactive "Getting Started" wizard. Domain Enroll is functionality to connect the device to System Center Mobile Device Manager 2008, a product to manage mobile devices.[35] There are other differences as well. The most prominent difference for the is that the Standard version (like earlier versions) still creates automatic links for telephone numbers in Tasks and Appointments, which allows for the easier click and dial of stored telephone numbers within these Outlook items. For some reason, the Professional version has eliminated this important feature. Windows Mobile 6.1 also featured improved bandwidth efficiency in its push-email protocol "Activesync" of "up to 40%",[36] this reduced data usage was the cause of considerably improved battery life in many devices. Aside from the visual and feature distinctions, the underlying CE versions can be used to differentiate WM6.0 from WM 6.1. The version of Windows CE in WM 6.0 is 5.2.*, with the final number being a 4 digit build ID (e.g. 5.2.1622 on HTC Wing). In WM 6.1, the CE version is 5.2.* with a 5 digit build number (e.g. 5.2.19216 on Palm Treo 800w).


A screenshot of the Windows Mobile 6.5 Today Screen, 'Titanium' Windows Mobile 6.5 was never part of Microsoft's mobile phone roap, and has been described by its chief executive, Steve Ballmer, as "not the full release [Microsoft] wanted" until the multi-touch enabled Windows Mobile 7 (now replaced by Windows Phone 7) arrives in 2010. [37] Version 6.5 is an Windows Mobile 6.1 that was released to manufacturers on May 11, 2009, and the first devices running the operating system debuted in late October '09.[38] This incremental update includes some significant new added features, such as a revamped GUI, new today screen with vertically scrollable labels (called 'Titanium'); though is generally regarded as

a minor upgrade.[39] It also includes the new Internet Explorer Mobile 6 browser, which has an improved interface over previous versions.[40] Microsoft unveiled this version at the 2009 Mobile World Congress in February,[41] and several devices now run this Windows Mobile version,[42] those devices running Windows Mobile 6.5 onwards are marketed as "Windows phones". Along with Windows Mobile 6.5, Microsoft announced several Cloud computing services codenamed "SkyBox","SkyLine","SkyMarket".[43] "SkyBox" has been confirmed as My Phone,[44] while "SkyMarket" has been confirmed as Windows Marketplace for Mobile.[45] Some aspects of the interface have been redesigned with the home screen resembling that of Microsoft's Zune player and the sliding interface of Windows Mobile 6.1 Standard. This version was designed mainly for easier finger usage.[46][47] Whilst this version of Windows Mobile does not natively capacitive screens, mobile manufacturers have been able to successfully implement it on their devices [48] Several phones currently running Windows Mobile 6.1 are updatable to Windows Mobile 6.5.[49]

[edit] Windows Mobile 6.5.1 Builds of Windows Mobile 6.5.1 have been unofficially ported to several Windows Mobile phones.[50] Windows Mobile 6.5.1 brings a more finger-friendly interface,[51] including icon based soft buttons (rather than text based),[52] an updated s app,[53] Microsoft (rather than the mobile carrier) for A-GPS,[51] improved threaded text messaging,[54] and performance improvements.[55]

[edit] Windows Mobile 6.5.3

A Screenshot of the Windows Phone 6.5.3 Today Screen 'Titanium' (notice the new location of the start button) On February 2, 2010, the Sony Ericsson Aspen with Windows Mobile 6.5.3 was officially announced, making it the first Windows Phone 6.5.3 smartphone.[56] Since November 2009, several 6.5.3 builds had leaked (28nnn) and had been unofficially ported to some Windows Phones.

Windows Mobile 6.5.3 brings a more finger-friendly interface with several new ease of use features such as for multitouch, complete touch control i.e. no need for a stylus, and drag and drop start menu icons. Touchable tiles now replace soft keys."[57] Internet Explorer Mobile 6 has also received some major updates including decreased page load time, improved memory management and gesture smoothing.[58] Additional features of newer Windows Mobile 6.5.3 builds include threaded email and Office Mobile 2010.[58]

[edit] Windows Mobile 6.5.5 Several builds of Windows Mobile 6.5.x have leaked since January 2010 and have been unofficially ported to some Windows Mobile phones.[59] The name Windows Mobile 6.5.5 has been applied to these newer builds. However, this naming scheme remains unconfirmed by Microsoft.

[edit] Successor [edit] Windows Phone 7 Main article: Windows Phone 7

The Start screen of Windows Phone 7 Microsoft had originally planned to continue the Windows Mobile line to Windows Mobile 7, based on an the Windows Mobile platform, codenamed Photon. The original Photon and Windows Mobile 7 have since been scrapped, however, Microsoft decided to create a new mobile OS platform and officially announced Windows Phone 7 Series in its place.[60] Microsoft has since renamed the operating system from Windows Phone 7 Series to Windows Phone 7.[61]

Windows Phone 7 was initially intended to be released during 2009, but several delays, likely due to the move away from Photon and to building an entirely different and new platform, prompted Microsoft to develop Windows Mobile 6.5 as an interim release. During the Mobile World Congress 2010 in Barcelona, Microsoft revealed details of Windows Phone 7, which features a new operating system and integration with Xbox Live and Zune services.[62] Phones currently running Windows Mobile 6.x will not be upgradeable to Windows Phone 7.[63]

[edit] Microsoft Kin Main article: Microsoft Kin Microsoft Kin evolved from Microsoft's purchase of Danger Hiptop in 2008.[64] Details are scarce, but a ZDNet source said that Microsoft Kin brings an entirely new software stack and services.[65] Some reports say that the new mobile phone platform is based around the Zune media device.[66] Microsoft Kin was developed inside Microsoft's Mobile Experiences (PMX) division. [67] Microsoft brought in employees from Danger Inc., with the intention of infusing industry talent and mobile experience into the project. The goal was said to be to create a mobile platform far superior to that of the Danger Sidekick. Reports say that Microsoft Kin was originally going to be based on Windows Phone 7. However, due to delays with the latter, it was built directly upon Windows CE. It will feature the Zune marketplace, and uses XNA as a game platform.[67] The platform was aimed at producing phones designed for s who are heavily into social networking and instant messaging.[68] The technology acquired from Danger Hiptop has been described as a family of mobile devices running a bespoke operating system as part of a client– server system that is then licenced to mobile carriers.[69] Microsoft debuted two new handsets based on Microsoft Kin, codenamed Turtle and Pure, possibly to debut at the Consumer Electronics Show.[70] The Microsoft designed phones were manufactured by Sharp and co-branded.[71] According to the MobileTechWorld website, Microsoft Kin is a software service running on top of Windows Phone 7 devices.[72] Microsoft announced the discontinuation of the KIN line on June 30, 2010, only six weeks after it was launched.[73]

[edit] Naming conventions Pocke Windows Windows Windows Pocket Windows t PC Mobile Mobile Mobile PC 2002 Mobile 6 2000 2003 2003 SE 5.0 Pocket PC Windows Windows Pocke Windows (Without Pocket PC Mobile Mobile t PC N/A Mobile 6 Mobile 2002 2003 for 5.0 for 2000 Classic Phone) Pocket PC Pocket PC Pocket PC Pocke Pocket PC Windows Windows Windows Windows

Windows Windows Mobile Mobile 6.1 6.5 Windows Mobile 6.1 N/A Classic Windows Windows

(With Mobile Phone)

t PC 2000 2002 Phone Phone Editio Edition n

Smartpho ne (Without N/A Touch Screen)

Mobile Mobile Mobile 2003 for 2003 SE 5.0 for Mobile 6 Pocket PC for Pocket Pocket PC Profession Phone PC Phone Phone al Edition Edition Edition Windows Windows Windows Mobile Mobile Mobile Windows Smartpho 2003 SE 2003 for 5.0 for Mobile 6 ne 2002 for Smartpho Smartpho Standard Smartpho ne ne ne

Mobile 6.1 Mobile 6.5 Profession Profession al al

Windows Windows Mobile 6.1 Mobile 6.5 Standard Standard

Other: Windows Mobile for Automotive 1.0, Windows Mobile software for Portable Media Centers

[edit] Market share [edit] History

A Ford Territory with Windows Mobile advertising seen in Auckland, New Zealand in 2008. Windows Mobile's share of the smartphone market has been in decline year-on-year. Gartner research data showed that while the total smartphone industry grew 27% between 2008 and 2009, Windows Mobile's share of the smartphone market fell 2.7% in that same period.[5] In 2004, Windows Mobile ed for 23% of worldwide smartphone sales.[74] By 2008, its share had dropped to 14%.[75] Microsoft licensed Windows Mobile to four out of the world's five largest mobile phone manufacturers, with Nokia being the exception.[76] Although Microsoft apparently has 50 handset partners,[77] 80% of the 50 million Windows Mobile devices made have been built by one contract manufacturing group, HTC, which makes handsets for several major companies under their brands, as well as under its own brand.[78] In February 2009 Microsoft signed a deal with the third largest mobile phone maker, LG Electronics, to license Windows Mobile OS on 50 LG smartphone models.[79] But in September, 2009, Palm, Inc. announced it would drop Windows Mobile from its smartphone line-up.[80] An October 2009 report in DigiTimes said that Acer will shift its focus from Windows Mobile to Google Android.[81]

Windows Mobile used to be the most popular handset for business use, but 2009 saw this position depreciate. An InformationWeek survey found that 24% of planned business deployments of mobile application were for Windows Mobile, putting it in 3rd place, behind Blackberry (61%) and iPhone (27%).[8] In October, 2009, Gartner predicted that by 2012, Windows Mobile will remain the 4th most popular smartphone platform during the rise of Android only due to BlackBerry falling from 2nd to 5th.[82] The New York Times said that cellular telephone manufacturers are moving away from Windows Mobile, and instead shifting towards Android and Microsoft's new mobile platform, Windows Phone 7.[83] Taiwan's Intelligence & Consulting Institute (MIC) predicted that Android's popularity may force Microsoft to reduce the Windows Mobile licensing fees it charges handset makers, in order to reduce further market share losses.[84] Windows Mobile's loss of market share became more rapid in Q3 2009. It suffered a 20% drop in Q3 compared to the previous quarter, at a time when total smartphone sales with all operating systems rose 13%. Gartner estimated that in Q3, 2009, Windows Mobile share of worldwide smartphone sales was 7.9%.[6] Samsung announced in November 2009 that it will phase out the Windows Mobile platform,[85] to concentrate on its own Bada operating system, as well as Google's Android and Microsoft's new mobile platform, Windows Phone 7.[86]

[edit] Possible trends In late 2009, many industry analysts and media reports began to express concerns about the future viability of the Windows Mobile platform, and whether Microsoft will keep ing it into the future. ZDnet said that "for all practical purposes, Windows Mobile is a dead platform",[87] while CNET said "Windows Mobile has now been relegated resolutely to has-been status."[88] ABI Research said: "Heading into 2010, the momentum (for Windows Mobile) has dissipated."[89] Gartner analysts questioned whether Windows Mobile had a future beyond version 7, due to its poor performance and falling market share. However, Gartner said that while Windows Mobile may be discontinued for consumer-focused smartphones, it still had a future in specialized industrial applications, such as for ruggedized devices used in warehousing and delivery trucks. [89] Gartner said that Windows Mobile 7 could be "the last throw of the dice."[90] Analysts J.Gold Associates said in BusinessWeek that Microsoft will likely exit the mobile operating system market sometime between 2010 and 2011, saying "There are better ways for Microsoft to make money from smartphones than to keep investing in a mobile operating system that's losing share and relevance."[91]

The New York Times reported that Windows Mobile "is foundering", as cellphone makers desert it in favor of Google's Android phone platform.[83] It cited the difficulties in Microsoft's business model, which involves charging handset manufacturers up to $25 for each copy of Windows Mobile, while rival Google gives away Android for free.[92] The Washington Post said Windows Mobile is "bleeding market share in the space, and the future looks grim." It said that Google is using Android to "kill" Windows Mobile.[93] In February 2010 Microsoft announced a new mobile operating system platform: Windows Phone 7. It has been built from scratch and bears no resemblance to its predecessors. It was released on October 21, 2010 in Europe and is scheduled for a November 8 release in the United States.

[edit] Software development See also: Windows Marketplace for Mobile Third-party software development is available for the Windows Mobile operating system. There are several options for developers to use when deploying a mobile application. This includes writing native code with Visual C++, writing Managed code that works with the .NET Compact Framework, or Server-side code that can be deployed using Internet Explorer Mobile or a mobile client on the 's device. The .NET Compact Framework is actually a subset of the .NET Framework and hence shares many components with software development on desktop clients, application servers, and web servers which have the .NET Framework installed, thus integrating networked computing space (a.k.a. "The Cloud").[94] Microsoft typically releases Windows Phone Software Development Kits (SDKs) that work in conjunction with their Visual Studio development environment. These SDKs include emulator images for developers to test and debug their applications while writing them. Microsoft also distributes Visual Studio 2008 / 2005 Professional Editions, and server / database counterparts to students as s free of charge via its DreamSpark program.[95] Developer communities have used the SDK to port later versions of Windows Mobile OS to older devices and making the OS images available for free, thus providing the devices with the current feature set. Microsoft has tolerated this procedure for some time but decided in February 2007 to ask developers to take their OS images off the net, which in turn raised discussions.[96] At the same time Microsoft offered upgrades to Windows Mobile 6 versions to manufacturers for free.[97] Lazarus, Lexico, NS Basic and Basic4ppc provide an alternative development environment; they allow for development on the desktop, which is then ed to the device. NS Basic and Basic4ppc[98] allow for development on the actual device itself. Some 3rd party development tools such as Basic4ppc use the .NET Compact Framework. This has been possible only for the last couple years. Prior to the release of Windows Mobile 2003, third-party software was developed using Microsoft's eMbedded Visual Tools, eMbedded Visual

Basic (eVB) and eMbedded Visual C (eVC).[99] eVB programs can usually be converted fairly easily to NS Basic/CE.[100] or to Basic4ppc. There is also a GCC port called CeGCC. For scripting language, there is a Python port named PythonCE and a Tcl-Tk port called eTcl. It can be used to develop applications on Windows Mobile phone itself. Satellite Forms is a RAD tool that can produce Windows Phone compatible applications that use an RDK runtime engine. Extension libraries extend the functionality for various hardware. On 5 July 2009, Microsoft opened a third-party application distribution service called Windows Marketplace for Mobile.[101]

[edit] Criticism This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2010)



Versions of Windows Mobile prior to 6.5.3 did not recognize multi-touch screens. Device maker HTC Corporation created some work-arounds to allow multi-touch to work on some applications it installed on its HD2 handset. However, Microsoft applications on this handset, such as the Internet Explorer web browser, do not multi-touch.[102]



Windows Mobile does not allow s to view file properties from File Explorer and so it is impossible to remove the "read-only" or "Hidden File" attributes applied to files, although third-party software is available to do this. Hidden files can be viewed.



Windows Mobile does not allow s to view file extensions of unknown file types, although third-party software is available to do this.



Windows Mobile devices can easily be used and reset by unauthorised s, such as thieves, as the "Clear Storage" command can be invoked without the need for a so long as the keypad is not locked and the phone is not turned off, because the CLEAR STORAGE is applied by using embedded, unmodifiable key sequence of "1234" which is also visibly shown in the phone.



The interface of Windows Mobile 6.5 shows jarring inconsistencies, with some applications requiring the to hold a Stylus to make them operate.[103]



Many Windows Mobile business applications were designed for a stylus-pen input, and are difficult or impossible to use on a capacitative multi-touch screen.[104]



Unlike Windows for desktop computers, the Windows Mobile operating system cannot be upgraded by the . Upgrades can only be supplied by telephone service providers or

hardware providers. As this requires considerable resource to produce a custom upgrade for each device, generates no income (upgrades have not been chargeable), and extends the life of older equipment instead of encouraging purchase of new, Windows Mobile upgrades are rarely released.[105] However, expert s have developed unofficial, sometimes modified, firmware; this unofficial firmware, or newer Windows Mobile or Phone firmware intended for other devices with the risk of possible incompatibility, can be installed if available with flashing software. 

Several analysts from both Gartner and J.Gold Associates have expressed concern about the long-term future of Windows Mobile.[106] Motorola and Fedex said that Microsoft had given a commitment to continue ing Windows Mobile, at least for use in rugged industrial devices.[107]



On 25 September 2009, Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer indicated that the company "screwed up with Windows Mobile". He lamented that Windows Mobile version 7 was not yet available. He said he had recently changed the Windows Mobile team to try to recoup losses.[108]



The kernel of Windows Mobile has not been updated for over 6 years. As of January 2010 Windows Mobile 6.5.x was based on the Windows CE 5.2 kernel, the same kernel that was running in Windows Mobile 5.0 in 2004. The Windows Mobile OS has not been optimized for more modern processors, such as the Snapdragon processors.[104]



A 2009 survey by CFI Group showed that Windows Mobile s had a low level of customer satisfaction when compared to s of other smartphones. Out of a possible 100 points, Windows Mobile rated only 66, compared with BlackBerry (73), Palm Pre (77), Google Android (77), and iPhone (83).[109]

[edit] See also 

ActiveSync



Adaptation kit upgrade



Handheld PC



List of Windows Mobile devices



Windows Phone 7



Microsoft data loss 2009



Microsoft Office Mobile



Windows Mobile Device Center



Radio Interface Layer

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11. ^ a b c d e De Herrera, Chris. Windows CE/Windows Mobile Versions. pocketpcfaq.com. Retrieved 6 September 2007. 12. ^ De Herrera, Chris. More Than a PDA!. Pocket PC Magazine. Retrieved 14 September 2007. 13. ^ Morris, John; Taylor, Josh, Microsoft jumps in the all-in-one game, zdnet.com, Retrieved from the Internet Archive 6 September 2007. 14. ^ Announcing the New Pocket PC 2002, Microsoft, Retrieved from the Internet Archive 6 September 2007. 15. ^ Gray, Douglas. HP to unveil Jornada 560 series of handhelds. ITWorld.com. Retrieved 14 September 2007. 16. ^ Gray, Douglas. Palming new handhelds: Pocket PC 2002. CNN. Retrieved 14 September 2007. 17. ^ De Herrera, Chris. The Pocket PC 2002 Gets More Features for Work and Play. Pocket PC Magazine. Retrieved 14 September 2007. 18. ^ De Herrera, Chris. Windows Mobile 2003. Pocket PC Magazine. Retrieved 14 September 2007. 19. ^ "Microsoft Lifecycle". Microsoft. January 2009. http://.microsoft.com/lifecycle/?p1=11906. Retrieved 2009-01-09. 20. ^ "New Mobility Features in Exchange Server 2003 SP2". Microsoft Technet. October 2005. http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa995996.aspx. Retrieved 2007-06-04. 21. ^ Boulton, Clint (October 19, 2005). "Microsoft Looks to Mobilize With Exchange SP2". internetnews. http://www.palmblvd.com/articles/2005/10/2005-10-19-Microsoft-Looksto.html. Retrieved 2007-06-04. 22. ^ Microsoft (February 7, 2007). "Windows Mobile 6 press release". Press release. http://www.microsoft.com/press/press/2007/feb07/02-11WM6SoftwarePR.mspx. 23. ^ Langridge, Jason. "Differences between platforms" (png). Microsoft MSDN blogs. http://blogs.msdn.com/blogfiles/jasonlan/WindowsLiveWriter/WindowsMobile6whatsthe differencebetweent_9738/clip_image001.png. 24. ^ Langridge, Jason (April 11, 2007). "Windows Mobile 6 offered on Orange, HTC Vox". Microsoft MSDN. http://blogs.msdn.com/jasonlan/archive/2007/04/11/orange-announcethe-spv-e650-windows-mobile-6-device.aspx.

25. ^ Hess, Arne (April 24, 2007). "Windows Mobile 6 offered on Xda, HTC Herald". The Unwired. http://www.theunwired.net/?itemid=3786. Retrieved 2007-06-04. 26. ^ Langridge, Jason (February 8, 2007). "Summary of Windows Mobile 6 Specs". Microsoft MSDN blogs. http://blogs.msdn.com/jasonlan/archive/2007/02/08/windowsmobile-6-what-s-new-and-what-s-cool.aspx. 27. ^ "Sharp EM-ONE S01SH Specs | Technical Specifications". PDAdb.net. http://pdadb.net/index.php?m=specs&id=725&c=sharp_em-one_s01sh. Retrieved 201004-27. 28. ^ "Image Gallery: Windows Mobile 6 Professional screenshots, Windows Update, screen 1". ZDNet. Retrieved 10 October 2007. 29. ^ Improved Remote Desktop access 30. ^ RDP Client is not included in many WM6 devices 31. ^ Windows Live 32. ^ Customer Option 33. ^ "Office Mobile 2007 to be offered on Q3 2007". CNET. June 6, 2007. http://asia.cnet.com/reviews/handhelds/ontheradar/0,39050970,62019010,00.htm. 34. ^ Experiencing the goodness that is Windows Mobile 6.1 35. ^ Microsoft Press release 36. ^ "GerardoDada : Windows Mobile 6.1 Key Features". Blogs.msdn.com. http://blogs.msdn.com/devmktg/archive/2008/04/04/windows-mobile-6-1announced.aspx. Retrieved 2010-04-27. 37. ^ "Ballmer: Win Mobile 6.5 an unwanted stopgap". Electronista. 5 March 2009. http://www.electronista.com/articles/09/03/05/ballmer.on.win.mobile.6.5/. 38. ^ "Windows Mobile: What’s coming when - All about microsoft - ZDNet.com". http://blogs.zdnet.com/microsoft/?p=1908. 39. ^ "Windows Mobile 6.5 Arrives, Mostly Disappoints". http://www.pcworld.com/article/173186/windows_mobile_65_arrives_mostly_disappoint s.html. 40. ^ "IE 6 for Windows phones: Interface improved". http://reviews.cnet.com/830112261_7-10367686-10356022.html.

41. ^ "Windows Mobile 6.5 walkthrough with Engadget (now with video!)". http://www.engadget.com/2009/02/16/windows-mobile-6-5-walkthrough-with-engadget/. 42. ^ "Browse and Buy Windows Phones". http://www.microsoft.com/windowsmobile/enus/devices/devices.mspx. 43. ^ "Microsoft set to unveil MobileMe competitor next month". http://www.neowin.net/news/main/09/01/19/microsoft-set-to-unveil-mobilemecompetitor-next-month. 44. ^ "Microsoft My Phone beta - Microsoft". http://www.microsoft.com/windowsmobile/myphone/myphone.aspx. 45. ^ "Microsoft announces Windows Marketplace and My Phone for Windows Mobile". http://www.engadget.com/2009/02/16/microsoft-announces-windows-marketplace-forwindows-mobile/. 46. ^ "Windows Mobile 6.5 powers new phones". http://techviewz.org/2009/10/windowsmobile-65-powers-new-phones.html. 47. ^ "MWC: Your Definitive Windows Mobile 6.5 Post-Release Guide - Pocketnow". http://pocketnow.com/index.php?a=portal_detail&t=news&id=6855. 48. ^ "HTC HD2 Review on CNET UK". http://reviews.cnet.co.uk/mobiles/0,39030107,49304197,00.htm. 49. ^ "Updating your phone to Windows Mobile 6.5". Microsoft. 2010-03-04. http://www.microsoft.com/windowsmobile/en-us/meet/wm65-upgrade.mspx. Retrieved 2010-06-20. 50. ^ "Windows Mobile 6.5 Build 23409". WMExperts. http://www.wmexperts.com/windows-mobile-65-build-23409. Retrieved 2010-04-27. 51. ^ a b WMPower.com (2009-07-20). "Windows Phone 6.5 build 21925 in video". Wmpower.com. http://wmpower.com/?p=5849. Retrieved 2010-04-27. 52. ^ WMPower.com. "Latest Windows Mobile 6.5 build out". Wmpower.com. http://wmpower.com/?p=7508. Retrieved 2010-04-27. 53. ^ WMPower.com. "windows mobile 6.5". Wmpower.com. http://wmpower.com/?tag=windows-mobile-65. Retrieved 2010-04-27. 54. ^ "New Text Message Screen on Windows Phone 6.5.1". Pocketnow.com. http://pocketnow.com/tech-news/new-text-message-screen-buttons-on-windows-mobile651. Retrieved 2010-04-27.

55. ^ WMPower.com. "Windows Phone 6.5.1 just become smoother". Wmpower.com. http://wmpower.com/?p=9670. Retrieved 2010-04-27. 56. ^ "the::unwired - RELEASE: Microsoft introduces Windows Mobile 6.5.3 Professional for Windows Phones". unwired. http://www.theunwired.net/?item=release-microsoftintroduces-windows-mobile-6-5-3-professional-for-windows-phones. Retrieved 2010-0427. 57. ^ "Developing Widgets for Windows Phone 6.5". Msdn.microsoft.com. http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd721906.aspx#CreatingWidgetMenus. Retrieved 2010-04-27. 58. ^ a b "What's new in Windows Phone 6.5.3". http://blogs.zdnet.com/microsoft/?p=5111. 59. ^ "WM6.5.5|101m|6.5 kernel|Full Roms By jjblaster3|upd 23529|translatable| 16/Feb/2010". http://forum.xda-developers.com/showthread.php?t=567850. Retrieved 2010-06-20. 60. ^ "PocketNow.com: Thoughts on Windows Phone 7 Series (BTW: Photon is Dead)". http://pocketnow.com/thought/thoughts-on-windows-phone-7-series-btw-photon-is-dead. 61. ^ "Neowin.net: Microsoft renames 'Windows Phone 7 Series', drops the 'Series'". http://www.neowin.net/news/microsoft-renames-039windows-phone-7-series039-dropsthe-039series039. 62. ^ "What is new in Windows mobile 7". http://techviewz.org/2010/03/what-is-new-inwindows-mobile-7.html. 63. ^ "Windows Phone 7 will not run Windows Mobile apps". http://www.v3.co.uk/v3/news/2259001/windows-phone-run-windows. Retrieved 201003-20. 64. ^ Channel Insider. 2 October 2009. http://www.channelinsider.com/c/a/Microsoft/DoesWindows-Mobile-7-Delay-Portend-Zune-Phone-281499/. 65. ^ "Microsoft Pink: 'Just a Sidekick' or more?". ZDNet. 24 September 2009. http://blogs.zdnet.com/microsoft/?p=4068. 66. ^ "Microsoft's Sidekick/Pink problems blamed on dogfooding and sabotage". AppleInsider. 12 October 2009. http://www.appleinsider.com/articles/09/10/12/microsofts_sidekick_pink_problems_blam ed_on_dogfooding_and_sabotage.html. 67. ^ a b "Microsoft's Pink Struggles Spill Over To Sidekick". ChannelWeb (UMB). 12 October 209.

http://www.crn.com/software/220600334;jsessionid=KCFRRMAUPYH2NQE1GHOSK H4ATMY32JVN?pgno=1. 68. ^ Ina Fried (23 September 2009). "Microsoft's 'Pink' emerges from Danger's shadow". CNET. http://news.cnet.com/8301-13860_3-10360516-56.html. 69. ^ "Microsoft buys maker of Sidekick and Hiptop smartphones". APC Magazine. 12 February 2008. http://apcmag.com/microsoft_buys_maker_of_sidekick_and_hiptop_smartphones.htm. 70. ^ "Pink Haze Surrounds Microsoft Smartphone Rumors". TechNewsWorld. 21 September 2009. http://www.technewsworld.com/story/68171.html. 71. ^ "Spy shots reveal Microsoft’s ‘Microsoft Kin’ smartphones". APC Magazine. 24 September 2009. http://apcmag.com/spy-shots-reveal-microsofts-project-pinksmartphones.htm. 72. ^ "More Porject Pink and Windows Mobile 7 info - MobileTechWorld". http://www.mobiletechworld.com/2009/10/13/more-porject-pink-and-windows-mobile-7info/. 73. ^ "Microsoft Kills Kin". Gizmodo. 30 June 2010. http://gizmodo.com/5576764/microsoft-kills-kin. Retrieved 30 June 2010. 74. ^ "Windows Mobile market share changes" 75. ^ Smartphones strong, despite recession Feb. 06, 2009 - LinuxDevices.com 76. ^ "Sony Ericsson makes major move" 77. ^ "We Learned Just How Great Of A Partner HTC Is To Microsoft". mocoNews. 17 February 2009. http://moconews.net/article/419-mwc-we-learned-just-how-great-of-apartner-htc-is-to-microsoft/. 78. ^ "Microsoft: HTC has made 80% of all Windows Mobile phones" 79. ^ O'Brien, Kevin J. (17 February 2009). "More LG Phones to Use Microsoft System". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/17/technology/17soft.html?hp. Retrieved 9 April 2010. 80. ^ "Palm dumps Windows Mobile". The Inquirer. 18 September 2009. http://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/1534016/palm-dumps-windows-mobile. Retrieved 18 September 2009. 81. ^ "Acer to shift focus to Android smartphones". DigiTimes. 2 October 2009. http://www.digitimes.com/news/a20091002PD211.html.

82. ^ "Android to grab No. 2 spot by 2012, says Gartner". ComputerWorld. 6 October 2009. http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9139026/Android_to_grab_No._2_spot_by_201 2_says_Gartner. 83. ^ a b Saul Hansell (25 October 2009). "Big Cellphone Makers Shifting to Android System". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/26/technology/26android.html. 84. ^ "Android Shippments to Top 32 Million Units in 2013". Softpedia. 23 October 2009. http://news.softpedia.com/news/Android-Shippments-to-Top-32-Million-Units-in-2013125136.shtml. 85. ^ "Samsung to Discard Windows Phone". Telecoms Korea. 9 November 2009. http://www.telecomskorea.com/market-8281.html. 86. ^ "Samsung mobile platform to challenge Google's Android". The Korea Herald. 10 November 2009. http://www.koreaherald.co.kr/NEWKHSITE/data/html_dir/2009/11/11/200911110032.as p. 87. ^ Jason Perlow (8 November 2009). "In Smartphone Wars, Darwinism Triumphs Over Intelligent Design". ZDNet. http://blogs.zdnet.com/perlow/?p=11516. 88. ^ Brooke Crothers (8 November 2009). "First iPhone, now Droid. Who needs Windows?". CNET. http://news.cnet.com/8301-1001_3-10392926-92.html? tag=col1;post-11516. 89. ^ a b Matt Hamblen (26 October 2009). "Windows Mobile worries mount as competition heats up". ComputerWorld. http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9139841/Windows_Mobile_worries_mount_as_ competition_heats_up?taxonomyId=75&pageNumber=1. 90. ^ "Microsoft, Nokia team up to put Office on smartphones". Computer Business Review. 9 August 2009. http://www.cbronline.com/news/microsoft_nokia_team_up_to_put_office_on_smartphon es_090812. 91. ^ Jack Gold (9 August 2009). "Microsoft's Windows Mobile: Time to Hang Up?". BusinessWeek. http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/aug2009/tc2009087_110164.htm. 92. ^ Saul Hansell (26 October 2009). "Microsoft, Google and the Bear". The New York Times. http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/10/26/microsoft-google-and-the-bear/.

93. ^ Siegler, MG (26 October 2009). "The Problem With iPhone Killers?". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wpdyn/content/article/2009/10/26/AR2009102600648.html. Retrieved 9 April 2010. 94. ^ Differences Between the .NET Compact Framework and the .NET Framework 95. ^ Microsoft Gives Students Access to Technical Software at No Charge to Inspire Success and Make a Difference 96. ^ xda-developers: ROM image archive will be taken down 97. ^ squad: Windows Mobile 6 free to PDA manufacturers 98. ^ Anywhere Software, Basic4ppc 99. ^ Learn Windows Mobile: Overview. Microsoft. Retrieved 5 October 2007. 100. ^ "Tech Note 25: eVB2NSB". Nsbasic.com. 2009-09-21. http://www.nsbasic.com/ce/info/technotes/TN25.htm. Retrieved 2010-04-27. 101. ^ "Windows Mobile app store starts with just 34 apps". Electronista. 5 October 2009. http://www.electronista.com/articles/09/10/05/windows.marketplace.for.mobile.launches/ . 102. ^ "HTC HD2 Leo lacks universal multi-touch". KnowYourMobile. 25 September 2009. http://www.knowyourmobile.com/blog/326530/htc_hd2_leo_lacks_universal_multitouch. html. 103. ^ "Windows Mobile 6.5 UI a big improvement; more work needed". Ars Technica. 16 February 2009. http://arstechnica.com/microsoft/news/2009/02/ballmerwindows-mobile-65-phones-are-just-windows-phones.ars. Retrieved 27 September 2009. 104. ^ a b "HTC HD2 Review: The best smartphone ever?". MobileTechWorld. 18 December 2009. http://www.mobiletechworld.com/2009/12/18/htc-hd2-review-the-bestsmartphone-ever/comment-page-1/. Retrieved 25 December 2009. 105. ^ "Windows Mobile Update Story Gets Better". InformationWeek. 25 September 2009. http://www.informationweek.com/blog/main/archives/2009/09/windows_mobile_14.html ;jsessionid=F2NGQEOLSIUPLQE1GHRSKHWATMY32JVN. Retrieved 26 September 2009. 106. ^ "Nokia alliance may spell doom for Windows Mobile". Computerworld. 12 August 2009.

http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9136601/Nokia_alliance_may_spell_doom_for_ Windows_Mobile?taxonomyId=15&pageNumber=1. 107. ^ "Motorola exec says Microsoft won't end Windows Mobile ". InfoWorld. 16 September 2009. http://www.infoworld.com/d/mobilize/motorola-exec-saysmicrosoft-wont-end-windows-mobile--904?source=rss_infoworld_news. 108. ^ "Ballmer: We 'screwed up with Windows Mobile'". Computerworld. 25 September 2009. http://news.idg.no/cw/art.cfm?id=F2F7C35E-1A64-67EAE4BC04F120F0B898. 109. ^ "Survey: Windows Mobile s 'have no idea' they use it". Seattle PostIntelligencer. 30 September 2009. http://blog.seattlepi.com/microsoft/archives/180639.asp.


Official UK site of Windows Phone



MSDN UK Windows Phone developer resource



Official site of Windows Phone



Windows Mobile Team Blog



Windows Mobile Developer portal



List of Windows Mobile Communities



xda-developers Forum



.Net CF Controls for Windows Mobile at http://beemobile4.net/ [show]

v•d•e

Windows Mobile / Windows Phone (Microsoft Corporation)

Windows810-F · A3100 · Ace · Athena · BlackJack · BlackJack II · Dash · DX900 · eXpo ·

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Mobile operating systems

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Microsoft

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Surface · Zune (4 / 8 / 16 · 30 · 80 / 120 · HD) · Kin · MSN TV · Natural Keyboard · Jazz · Keyboard · Mouse · LifeCam · LifeChat · SideWinder · Ultra-Mobile PC · Released Fingerprint · Audio System · Cordless Phone · Pocket PC · RoundTable · Response Point Prototype Courier · Venus s

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Microsoft Windows family

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Windows NT 3.1 · Windows NT 3.5 · Windows NT 3.51 · Windows NT 4.0 · Windows 2000

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Windows XP (editions [x64 · Media Center] · development) · Windows Vista (editions · development) · Windows 7 (editions · development)

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Server 2003 · Server 2008 · Server 2008 R2 · HPC Server 2008 · Home Server · Small Business Server · Essential Business Server

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Operating systems by Microsoft Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Mobile" Categories: Windows CE | Windows Mobile Hidden categories: Articles needing additional references from July 2010 | All articles needing additional references | Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2010 | All articles containing potentially dated statements | Good articles | Use mdy dates from August 2010

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us

Windows Mobile From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Not to be confused with Windows Phone 7.

Windows Mobile

Windows Mobile 6.5.3 Today Screen Company / developer

Microsoft

Programmed in

C++[1]

OS family

Windows CE

Working state

Current

Initial release

19 April 2000; 10 years ago

Latest stable release

6.5.3 / 2 February 2010; 9 months ago

Latest unstable release 6.5.5 Marketing target

Mobile devices

Kernel type

Windows CE 5.2 (released in 2004)

Default interface

Graphical

License

Proprietary (Microsoft EULA)

Official website

Windows Mobile

Windows Mobile is a mobile operating system developed by Microsoft that was for use in smartphones and mobile devices, but is being phased out to specialized markets.[2] The current version is called "Windows Mobile 6.5". It is based on the Windows CE 5.2 kernel, and features a suite of basic applications developed using the Microsoft Windows API. It is designed to be somewhat similar to desktop versions of Windows, feature-wise and aesthetically. Additionally, third-party software development is available for Windows Mobile, and software applications can be purchased via the Windows Marketplace for Mobile.

Originally appearing as the Pocket PC 2000 operating system, most Windows Mobile devices come with a stylus pen, which is used to enter commands by tapping it on the screen.[3] Microsoft announced a completely new phone platform, Windows Phone 7, at the Mobile World Congress in Barcelona on February 15, 2010. Phones running Windows Mobile 6.x will not be upgradeable to version 7.[4] Windows Mobile's share of the Smartphone market has fallen year-on-year,[5] decreasing 20% in Q3 2009.[6] It is the 5th most popular smartphone operating system, with a 5% share of the worldwide smartphone market (after Symbian, BlackBerry OS, Android and iPhone).[7] In the United States, it is the 3rd most popular smartphone operating system for business use (after BlackBerry OS and iPhone), with a 24% share among enterprise s.[8] Microsoft is phasing out Windows Mobile to specialized markets, such as rugged devices, and focusing on its new mobile platform, Windows Phone 7.[2]

Contents [hide] 

1 Common features



2 Hardware o 2.1 Windows Mobile Classic devices (Pocket PC) o 2.2 Windows Mobile Smartphones



3 Version history o 3.1 Pocket PC 2000 o 3.2 Pocket PC 2002 o 3.3 Windows Mobile 2003 o 3.4 Windows Mobile 2003 SE o 3.5 Windows Mobile 5 o 3.6 Windows Mobile 6 o 3.7 Windows Mobile 6.1

o 3.8 Windows Mobile 6.5 o 3.9 Windows Mobile 6.5.1 o 3.10 Windows Mobile 6.5.3 o 3.11 Windows Mobile 6.5.5 

4 Successor o 4.1 Windows Phone 7



5 Microsoft Kin



6 Naming conventions



7 Market share o 7.1 History o 7.2 Possible trends



8 Software development



9 Criticism



10 See also



11 References



12 External links

[edit] Common features Windows Mobile for Pocket PC carries these standard features in most of its versions: 

Today Screen shows the current date, owner information, appointments, e-mail messages, and tasks. (Is now Home screen in later WM6.5 builds)



The taskbar shows the current time and the volume.



Office Mobile a suite of Mobile versions of Microsoft Office applications



Outlook Mobile comes with Windows Mobile.



Internet Explorer Mobile is an Internet browser developed by Microsoft for Pocket PC and Handheld PC that comes loaded by default with Windows Mobile and Windows CE for Handheld PC.



Windows Media Player for Windows Mobile.



Client for PPTP VPNs.



Internet Connection Sharing (ICS) which in mobile phones allows attached computers to share internet connections via USB and Bluetooth.



Coherent file system similar to that of Windows 9x/Windows NT and for many of the same file types.



Ability to multitask.

[edit] Hardware See also: List of Windows Mobile devices There are three versions of Windows Mobile for various hardware devices:[9] 

Windows Mobile Professional runs on (smartphones) with touchscreens



Windows Mobile Standard runs on phones with regular screens



Windows Mobile Classic which runs on 'Windows Mobile Classic devices' (Pocket PCs).

An O2 Pocket PC phone

A Smartphone (T-Mobile Dash)

[edit] Windows Mobile Classic devices (Pocket PC) Main article: Pocket PC A 'Windows Mobile Classic device' is a Windows Mobile personal digital assistant (PDA) that does not have telephone functionality. It was formerly known as the Pocket PC. It was the original intended platform for the Windows Mobile operating system. These devices consisted of both standalone Pocket PC devices without mobile phone capabilities, and those that included mobile phone capabilities. The most current name of Windows Mobile intended for use on Pocket PCs is officially "Windows Mobile 6 Professional" for devices with mobile phone capabilities and "Windows Mobile 6 Classic" for devices without mobile phone capabilities.

[edit] Windows Mobile Smartphones Main article: Smartphone The 'Windows Mobile' (Microsoft's term for its range of smartphones) became the next hardware platform after the Pocket PC to run Windows Mobile, and debuted with the release of Pocket PC 2002. Although in the broad sense of the term "Smartphone", both Pocket PC phones and Microsoft branded Smartphones each fit into this category, it should be noted that Microsoft's use of the term "Smartphone" includes only more specific hardware devices that differ from Pocket PC phones. Such Smartphones were originally designed without touchscreens, intended to be operated more efficiently with only one hand, and typically had lower display resolution than Pocket PCs. Microsoft's focus for the Smartphone platform was to create a device that functioned well as a phone and data device in a more integrated manner.[10]

[edit] Version history [edit] Pocket PC 2000

Typical Pocket PC 2000 Today Screen. Pocket PC 2000, originally codenamed "Rapier",[11] was released on April 19, 2000, and was based on Windows CE 3.0. It was the debut of what was later dubbed the Windows Mobile operating system, and meant to be a successor to the operating system aboard Palm-Size PCs. Backwards compatibility was retained with such Palm-Size PC applications. Pocket PC 2000 was intended mainly for Pocket PC devices, however several Palm-Size PC devices had the ability to be updated as well. In addition, several Pocket PC 2000 phones were released, however Microsoft's "Smartphone" hardware platform was not yet created. The only resolution ed by this release was 240 x 320 (QVGA). Removable storage card formats that were ed were CompactFlash and MultiMediaCard. At this time Pocket PC devices had not been standardized with a specific U architecture. As a result, Pocket PC 2000 was released on multiple U architectures; SH-3, MIPS, and ARM. Aesthetically, the original Pocket PC operating system was similar to Windows 98, Windows Me, and Windows 2000 operating systems. Features/built-in applications for Pocket PC 2000 included the following:[12] 

Pocket Office o Pocket Word o Pocket Excel o Pocket Outlook



Pocket Internet Explorer



Windows Media Player



Microsoft Reader



Microsoft Money



Notes, a note taking application



Character recognition



Infrared (IR) File beaming capability

[edit] Pocket PC 2002

Typical Pocket PC 2002 Today Screen. Pocket PC 2002, originally codenamed "Merlin",[11] was released in October 2001. Like Pocket PC 2000, it was powered by Windows CE 3.0. Although targeted mainly for 240 × 320 (QVGA) Pocket PC devices, Pocket PC 2002 was also used for Pocket PC phones, and for the first time, Smartphones.[13] These Pocket PC 2002 Smartphones were mainly GSM devices. With future releases, the Pocket PC and Smartphone lines would increasingly collide as the licensing were relaxed allowing OEMs to take advantage of more innovative, individual design ideas. Aesthetically, Pocket PC 2002 was meant to be similar in design to the then newly released Windows XP. New features/built-in applications included the following:[14][15][16][17] 

Enhanced UI with theme



Spell checker and Word count tool in Pocket Word



Savable s and WAP in Pocket Internet Explorer



Virtual Private Networking



Synchronization of folders



MSN Messenger



Terminal Services



Windows Media Player 8 with streaming capability



Microsoft Reader 2



Palm OS for file beaming



Improved Pocket Outlook



Digital rights management (DRM) in Microsoft Reader


Typical Windows Mobile 2003 for Pocket PC Today Screen Windows Mobile 2003 (aka wm2003 and WM2003), originally codenamed "Ozone",[11] was released on June 23, 2003, and was the first release under the Windows Mobile banner. It came in four editions: "Windows Mobile 2003 for Pocket PC Edition", "Windows Mobile 2003 for Pocket PC Professional Edition", "Windows Mobile 2003 for Smartphone" and "Windows Mobile 2003 for Pocket PC Phone Edition". The last was designed especially for Pocket PCs which include phone functionalities. The Professional Edition was used in Pocket PC budget models. It lacked a number of features that were in the Edition, such as a client for L2TP/IPsec VPNs. Windows Mobile 2003 was powered by Windows CE 4.20. New features/built-in applications included the following:[18] 

for add-on keyboards



Enhanced communications interface with Bluetooth device management



Bluetooth file beaming



Bluetooth headset



Pictures application with viewing, cropping, e-mail, and beaming



Jawbreaker game



Enhanced Pocket Outlook with vCard and vCal



Improved Pocket Internet Explorer



Windows Media Player 9.0 with streaming optimization



SMS reply options for Phone Edition



MIDI file as ringtones in Phone Edition

[edit] Windows Mobile 2003 SE Windows Mobile 2003 Second Edition, also known as "Windows Mobile 2003 SE", was released on March 24, 2004 and first offered on the Dell Axim x30. This was the last version which allowed s to backup and restore an entire device through ActiveSync. New features/built-in applications included the following: 

Portrait and Landscape switching for Pocket PCs



Single-Column layout in Pocket Internet Explorer



VGA (640×480), 176х220, 240x240, 480x480 Screen resolution



Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA)


Typical Windows Mobile 5.0 for Pocket PC Today Screen Windows Mobile 5.0, originally codenamed "Magneto",[11] was released at Microsoft's Mobile and Embedded Developers Conference 2005 in Las Vegas, May 9–May 12, 2005. Microsoft plans to offer mainstream for Windows Mobile 5 through October 12, 2010, and extended through October 13, 2015.[19] It was first offered on the Dell Axim x51. It used the .NET Compact Framework 1.0 SP3 — an environment for programs based on .NET. 

Windows Mobile 5.0 included Microsoft Exchange Server "push" functionality improvements that worked with Exchange 2003 SP2.[20] The "push" functionality also required vendor/device [21] With AKU2 software upgrades all WM 5.0 devices ed DirectPush.



WM 5.0 featured increased battery life due to Persistent storage capability. Previously up to 50% (enough for 72 hours of storage) of battery power was reserved just to maintain data in volatile RAM. This continued the trend of Windows-based devices moving from using RAM as their primary storage medium to the use of a combination of RAM and flash memory (in use, there's no distinction between the two apparent to the ). Programs and frequently accessed data run in RAM, while most storage is in the flash memory. The OS seamlessly moves data between the two as needed. Everything is backed up in the flash memory, so unlike previous devices, WM5 devices do not lose any data if power is lost.



With Windows Mobile 5.0, OS updates were released as Adaptation kit upgrades. AKU 3.5 is the most recent release for WM 5.0.

Further new features and built-in applications included: 

New version of Office called "Office Mobile" o PowerPoint Mobile o Graphing capability in Excel Mobile

o Tables and graphics insertion in Word Mobile 

Windows Media Player 10 Mobile



Photo Caller ID



DirectShow



Picture and Video package, which converged the management of videos and pictures



Enhanced Bluetooth



Global Positioning System (GPS) management interface



Default QWERTY keyboard-



Error reporting facility similar to that present in desktop and server Windows systems



ActiveSync 4.2 with 15% increased synchronization speed


Windows Mobile 6.1 Standard Today Screen Windows Mobile 6, formerly codenamed "Crossbow",[11] was released on February 12, 2007[22] at the 3GSM World Congress 2007. It comes in three different versions: "Windows Mobile 6 Standard" for Smartphones (phones without touchscreens), "Windows Mobile 6 Professional" for Pocket PCs with phone functionality, and "Windows Mobile 6 Classic" for Pocket PCs without cellular radios.[23] Windows Mobile 6 is powered by Windows CE 5.0 (version 5.2) and is strongly linked to Windows Live and Exchange 2007 products. Windows Mobile 6 Standard was first offered on

the Orange's SPV E650,[24] while Windows Mobile 6 Professional was first offered on the O2's Xda Terra.[25] Aesthetically, Windows Mobile 6 was meant to be similar in design to the then newly released Windows Vista. Functionally, it works much like Windows Mobile 5, but with much better stability. New features/built-in applications include the following:[26] 

320x320 and 800x480 (WVGA) screen resolution (The S01SH or "Em One" by Sharp was the first and only device to have a 800x480 screen on WM5)[27]



Office Mobile for Smartphones



Operating System Live Update[28]



Improved Remote Desktop access[29] (Available for only certain Pocket PCs)[30]



VoIP (Internet calling) with AEC (Acoustic Echo Cancelling) and MSRT Audio Codec



Windows Live for Windows Mobile[31]



Customer option[32]



Enhanced Microsoft Bluetooth Stack



Storage Card Encryption (encryption keys are lost if device is cold-booted).



Smartfilter for searching within programs



Improved Internet Sharing



HTML email in Outlook Mobile



Search ability for s in an Exchange Server Address Book



AJAX, JavaScript, and XMLDOM on Internet Explorer Mobile



Out of Office Replies with Microsoft Exchange 2007



Unlicensed Mobile Access (UMA) for select operators



Server Search on Microsoft Exchange 2007



.NET Compact Framework v2 SP2 Preinstalled in ROM



Microsoft SQL Server 2005 Compact Edition Preinstalled in ROM



OneNote Mobile as a companion to Microsoft Office OneNote



Office Mobile 6.1 announced[33] with for Office 2007 document formats (pptx, docx, xlsx).


Windows Mobile 6.1 Professional Today Screen Windows Mobile 6.1 was announced April 1, 2008. It is a minor the existing Windows Mobile 6 platform which brings with it various performance enhancements, a redesigned Home screen featuring horizontal tiles that expand on clicking to display more information, although this new home screen is featured only on Windows Mobile Standard edition. This feature was inexplicably left out of the Professional edition.[34] Several other changes such as threaded SMS, full page zooming in Internet Explorer and 'Domain Enroll' have also been added, along with a "mobile" version of the Microsoft OneNote program and an interactive "Getting Started" wizard. Domain Enroll is functionality to connect the device to System Center Mobile Device Manager 2008, a product to manage mobile devices.[35] There are other differences as well. The most prominent difference for the is that the Standard version (like earlier versions) still creates automatic links for telephone numbers in Tasks and Appointments, which allows for the easier click and dial of stored telephone numbers within these Outlook items. For some reason, the Professional version has eliminated this important feature. Windows Mobile 6.1 also featured improved bandwidth efficiency in its push-email protocol "Activesync" of "up to 40%",[36] this reduced data usage was the cause of considerably improved battery life in many devices. Aside from the visual and feature distinctions, the underlying CE versions can be used to differentiate WM6.0 from WM 6.1. The version of Windows CE in WM 6.0 is 5.2.*, with the final number being a 4 digit build ID (e.g. 5.2.1622 on HTC Wing). In WM 6.1, the CE version is 5.2.* with a 5 digit build number (e.g. 5.2.19216 on Palm Treo 800w).


A screenshot of the Windows Mobile 6.5 Today Screen, 'Titanium' Windows Mobile 6.5 was never part of Microsoft's mobile phone roap, and has been described by its chief executive, Steve Ballmer, as "not the full release [Microsoft] wanted" until the multi-touch enabled Windows Mobile 7 (now replaced by Windows Phone 7) arrives in 2010. [37] Version 6.5 is an Windows Mobile 6.1 that was released to manufacturers on May 11, 2009, and the first devices running the operating system debuted in late October '09.[38] This incremental update includes some significant new added features, such as a revamped GUI, new today screen with vertically scrollable labels (called 'Titanium'); though is generally regarded as a minor upgrade.[39] It also includes the new Internet Explorer Mobile 6 browser, which has an improved interface over previous versions.[40] Microsoft unveiled this version at the 2009 Mobile World Congress in February,[41] and several devices now run this Windows Mobile version,[42] those devices running Windows Mobile 6.5 onwards are marketed as "Windows phones". Along with Windows Mobile 6.5, Microsoft announced several Cloud computing services codenamed "SkyBox","SkyLine","SkyMarket".[43] "SkyBox" has been confirmed as My Phone,[44] while "SkyMarket" has been confirmed as Windows Marketplace for Mobile.[45] Some aspects of the interface have been redesigned with the home screen resembling that of Microsoft's Zune player and the sliding interface of Windows Mobile 6.1 Standard. This version was designed mainly for easier finger usage.[46][47] Whilst this version of Windows Mobile does not natively capacitive screens, mobile manufacturers have been able to successfully implement it on their devices [48] Several phones currently running Windows Mobile 6.1 are updatable to Windows Mobile 6.5.[49]

[edit] Windows Mobile 6.5.1 Builds of Windows Mobile 6.5.1 have been unofficially ported to several Windows Mobile phones.[50] Windows Mobile 6.5.1 brings a more finger-friendly interface,[51] including icon based soft buttons (rather than text based),[52] an updated s app,[53] Microsoft (rather than the mobile carrier) for A-GPS,[51] improved threaded text messaging,[54] and performance improvements.[55]

[edit] Windows Mobile 6.5.3

A Screenshot of the Windows Phone 6.5.3 Today Screen 'Titanium' (notice the new location of the start button) On February 2, 2010, the Sony Ericsson Aspen with Windows Mobile 6.5.3 was officially announced, making it the first Windows Phone 6.5.3 smartphone.[56] Since November 2009, several 6.5.3 builds had leaked (28nnn) and had been unofficially ported to some Windows Phones. Windows Mobile 6.5.3 brings a more finger-friendly interface with several new ease of use features such as for multitouch, complete touch control i.e. no need for a stylus, and drag and drop start menu icons. Touchable tiles now replace soft keys."[57] Internet Explorer Mobile 6 has also received some major updates including decreased page load time, improved memory management and gesture smoothing.[58] Additional features of newer Windows Mobile 6.5.3 builds include threaded email and Office Mobile 2010.[58]

[edit] Windows Mobile 6.5.5 Several builds of Windows Mobile 6.5.x have leaked since January 2010 and have been unofficially ported to some Windows Mobile phones.[59] The name Windows Mobile 6.5.5 has been applied to these newer builds. However, this naming scheme remains unconfirmed by Microsoft.

[edit] Successor [edit] Windows Phone 7 Main article: Windows Phone 7

The Start screen of Windows Phone 7 Microsoft had originally planned to continue the Windows Mobile line to Windows Mobile 7, based on an the Windows Mobile platform, codenamed Photon. The original Photon and Windows Mobile 7 have since been scrapped, however, Microsoft decided to create a new mobile OS platform and officially announced Windows Phone 7 Series in its place.[60] Microsoft has since renamed the operating system from Windows Phone 7 Series to Windows Phone 7.[61] Windows Phone 7 was initially intended to be released during 2009, but several delays, likely due to the move away from Photon and to building an entirely different and new platform, prompted Microsoft to develop Windows Mobile 6.5 as an interim release. During the Mobile World Congress 2010 in Barcelona, Microsoft revealed details of Windows Phone 7, which features a new operating system and integration with Xbox Live and Zune services.[62] Phones currently running Windows Mobile 6.x will not be upgradeable to Windows Phone 7.[63]

[edit] Microsoft Kin Main article: Microsoft Kin Microsoft Kin evolved from Microsoft's purchase of Danger Hiptop in 2008.[64] Details are scarce, but a ZDNet source said that Microsoft Kin brings an entirely new software stack and services.[65] Some reports say that the new mobile phone platform is based around the Zune media device.[66] Microsoft Kin was developed inside Microsoft's Mobile Experiences (PMX) division. [67] Microsoft brought in employees from Danger Inc., with the intention of infusing industry talent and mobile experience into the project. The goal was said to be to create a mobile platform far superior to that of the Danger Sidekick. Reports say that Microsoft Kin was originally going

to be based on Windows Phone 7. However, due to delays with the latter, it was built directly upon Windows CE. It will feature the Zune marketplace, and uses XNA as a game platform.[67] The platform was aimed at producing phones designed for s who are heavily into social networking and instant messaging.[68] The technology acquired from Danger Hiptop has been described as a family of mobile devices running a bespoke operating system as part of a client– server system that is then licenced to mobile carriers.[69] Microsoft debuted two new handsets based on Microsoft Kin, codenamed Turtle and Pure, possibly to debut at the Consumer Electronics Show.[70] The Microsoft designed phones were manufactured by Sharp and co-branded.[71] According to the MobileTechWorld website, Microsoft Kin is a software service running on top of Windows Phone 7 devices.[72] Microsoft announced the discontinuation of the KIN line on June 30, 2010, only six weeks after it was launched.[73]

[edit] Naming conventions Pocke Windows Windows Windows Pocket Windows t PC Mobile Mobile Mobile PC 2002 Mobile 6 2000 2003 2003 SE 5.0 Pocket PC Windows Windows Pocke Windows (Without Pocket PC Mobile Mobile t PC N/A Mobile 6 Mobile 2002 2003 for 5.0 for 2000 Classic Phone) Pocket PC Pocket PC Pocke Windows Windows Windows Pocket PC t PC Pocket PC Mobile Mobile Mobile Windows (With 2000 2002 2003 for 2003 SE 5.0 for Mobile 6 Mobile Phone Phone Pocket PC for Pocket Pocket PC Profession Phone) Editio Edition Phone PC Phone Phone al n Edition Edition Edition Windows Smartpho Windows Windows Mobile ne Mobile Mobile Windows Smartpho 2003 SE (Without N/A 2003 for 5.0 for Mobile 6 ne 2002 for Touch Smartpho Smartpho Standard Smartpho Screen) ne ne ne

Windows Windows Mobile Mobile 6.1 6.5 Windows Mobile 6.1 N/A Classic Windows Windows Mobile 6.1 Mobile 6.5 Profession Profession al al

Windows Windows Mobile 6.1 Mobile 6.5 Standard Standard

Other: Windows Mobile for Automotive 1.0, Windows Mobile software for Portable Media Centers

[edit] Market share [edit] History

A Ford Territory with Windows Mobile advertising seen in Auckland, New Zealand in 2008. Windows Mobile's share of the smartphone market has been in decline year-on-year. Gartner research data showed that while the total smartphone industry grew 27% between 2008 and 2009, Windows Mobile's share of the smartphone market fell 2.7% in that same period.[5] In 2004, Windows Mobile ed for 23% of worldwide smartphone sales.[74] By 2008, its share had dropped to 14%.[75] Microsoft licensed Windows Mobile to four out of the world's five largest mobile phone manufacturers, with Nokia being the exception.[76] Although Microsoft apparently has 50 handset partners,[77] 80% of the 50 million Windows Mobile devices made have been built by one contract manufacturing group, HTC, which makes handsets for several major companies under their brands, as well as under its own brand.[78] In February 2009 Microsoft signed a deal with the third largest mobile phone maker, LG Electronics, to license Windows Mobile OS on 50 LG smartphone models.[79] But in September, 2009, Palm, Inc. announced it would drop Windows Mobile from its smartphone line-up.[80] An October 2009 report in DigiTimes said that Acer will shift its focus from Windows Mobile to Google Android.[81] Windows Mobile used to be the most popular handset for business use, but 2009 saw this position depreciate. An InformationWeek survey found that 24% of planned business deployments of mobile application were for Windows Mobile, putting it in 3rd place, behind Blackberry (61%) and iPhone (27%).[8] In October, 2009, Gartner predicted that by 2012, Windows Mobile will remain the 4th most popular smartphone platform during the rise of Android only due to BlackBerry falling from 2nd to 5th.[82] The New York Times said that cellular telephone manufacturers are moving away from Windows Mobile, and instead shifting towards Android and Microsoft's new mobile platform, Windows Phone 7.[83] Taiwan's Intelligence & Consulting Institute (MIC) predicted that Android's popularity may force Microsoft to reduce the Windows Mobile licensing fees it charges handset makers, in order to reduce further market share losses.[84] Windows Mobile's loss of market share became more rapid in Q3 2009. It suffered a 20% drop in Q3 compared to the previous quarter, at a time when total smartphone sales with all operating systems rose 13%. Gartner estimated that in Q3, 2009, Windows Mobile share of worldwide smartphone sales was 7.9%.[6]

Samsung announced in November 2009 that it will phase out the Windows Mobile platform,[85] to concentrate on its own Bada operating system, as well as Google's Android and Microsoft's new mobile platform, Windows Phone 7.[86]

[edit] Possible trends In late 2009, many industry analysts and media reports began to express concerns about the future viability of the Windows Mobile platform, and whether Microsoft will keep ing it into the future. ZDnet said that "for all practical purposes, Windows Mobile is a dead platform",[87] while CNET said "Windows Mobile has now been relegated resolutely to has-been status."[88] ABI Research said: "Heading into 2010, the momentum (for Windows Mobile) has dissipated."[89] Gartner analysts questioned whether Windows Mobile had a future beyond version 7, due to its poor performance and falling market share. However, Gartner said that while Windows Mobile may be discontinued for consumer-focused smartphones, it still had a future in specialized industrial applications, such as for ruggedized devices used in warehousing and delivery trucks. [89] Gartner said that Windows Mobile 7 could be "the last throw of the dice."[90] Analysts J.Gold Associates said in BusinessWeek that Microsoft will likely exit the mobile operating system market sometime between 2010 and 2011, saying "There are better ways for Microsoft to make money from smartphones than to keep investing in a mobile operating system that's losing share and relevance."[91] The New York Times reported that Windows Mobile "is foundering", as cellphone makers desert it in favor of Google's Android phone platform.[83] It cited the difficulties in Microsoft's business model, which involves charging handset manufacturers up to $25 for each copy of Windows Mobile, while rival Google gives away Android for free.[92] The Washington Post said Windows Mobile is "bleeding market share in the space, and the future looks grim." It said that Google is using Android to "kill" Windows Mobile.[93] In February 2010 Microsoft announced a new mobile operating system platform: Windows Phone 7. It has been built from scratch and bears no resemblance to its predecessors. It was released on October 21, 2010 in Europe and is scheduled for a November 8 release in the United States.

[edit] Software development See also: Windows Marketplace for Mobile Third-party software development is available for the Windows Mobile operating system. There are several options for developers to use when deploying a mobile application. This includes

writing native code with Visual C++, writing Managed code that works with the .NET Compact Framework, or Server-side code that can be deployed using Internet Explorer Mobile or a mobile client on the 's device. The .NET Compact Framework is actually a subset of the .NET Framework and hence shares many components with software development on desktop clients, application servers, and web servers which have the .NET Framework installed, thus integrating networked computing space (a.k.a. "The Cloud").[94] Microsoft typically releases Windows Phone Software Development Kits (SDKs) that work in conjunction with their Visual Studio development environment. These SDKs include emulator images for developers to test and debug their applications while writing them. Microsoft also distributes Visual Studio 2008 / 2005 Professional Editions, and server / database counterparts to students as s free of charge via its DreamSpark program.[95] Developer communities have used the SDK to port later versions of Windows Mobile OS to older devices and making the OS images available for free, thus providing the devices with the current feature set. Microsoft has tolerated this procedure for some time but decided in February 2007 to ask developers to take their OS images off the net, which in turn raised discussions.[96] At the same time Microsoft offered upgrades to Windows Mobile 6 versions to manufacturers for free.[97] Lazarus, Lexico, NS Basic and Basic4ppc provide an alternative development environment; they allow for development on the desktop, which is then ed to the device. NS Basic and Basic4ppc[98] allow for development on the actual device itself. Some 3rd party development tools such as Basic4ppc use the .NET Compact Framework. This has been possible only for the last couple years. Prior to the release of Windows Mobile 2003, third-party software was developed using Microsoft's eMbedded Visual Tools, eMbedded Visual Basic (eVB) and eMbedded Visual C (eVC).[99] eVB programs can usually be converted fairly easily to NS Basic/CE.[100] or to Basic4ppc. There is also a GCC port called CeGCC. For scripting language, there is a Python port named PythonCE and a Tcl-Tk port called eTcl. It can be used to develop applications on Windows Mobile phone itself. Satellite Forms is a RAD tool that can produce Windows Phone compatible applications that use an RDK runtime engine. Extension libraries extend the functionality for various hardware. On 5 July 2009, Microsoft opened a third-party application distribution service called Windows Marketplace for Mobile.[101]

[edit] Criticism This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2010)



Versions of Windows Mobile prior to 6.5.3 did not recognize multi-touch screens. Device maker HTC Corporation created some work-arounds to allow multi-touch to work on some applications it installed on its HD2 handset. However, Microsoft applications on this handset, such as the Internet Explorer web browser, do not multi-touch.[102]



Windows Mobile does not allow s to view file properties from File Explorer and so it is impossible to remove the "read-only" or "Hidden File" attributes applied to files, although third-party software is available to do this. Hidden files can be viewed.



Windows Mobile does not allow s to view file extensions of unknown file types, although third-party software is available to do this.



Windows Mobile devices can easily be used and reset by unauthorised s, such as thieves, as the "Clear Storage" command can be invoked without the need for a so long as the keypad is not locked and the phone is not turned off, because the CLEAR STORAGE is applied by using embedded, unmodifiable key sequence of "1234" which is also visibly shown in the phone.



The interface of Windows Mobile 6.5 shows jarring inconsistencies, with some applications requiring the to hold a Stylus to make them operate.[103]



Many Windows Mobile business applications were designed for a stylus-pen input, and are difficult or impossible to use on a capacitative multi-touch screen.[104]



Unlike Windows for desktop computers, the Windows Mobile operating system cannot be upgraded by the . Upgrades can only be supplied by telephone service providers or hardware providers. As this requires considerable resource to produce a custom upgrade for each device, generates no income (upgrades have not been chargeable), and extends the life of older equipment instead of encouraging purchase of new, Windows Mobile upgrades are rarely released.[105] However, expert s have developed unofficial, sometimes modified, firmware; this unofficial firmware, or newer Windows Mobile or Phone firmware intended for other devices with the risk of possible incompatibility, can be installed if available with flashing software.



Several analysts from both Gartner and J.Gold Associates have expressed concern about the long-term future of Windows Mobile.[106] Motorola and Fedex said that Microsoft had given a commitment to continue ing Windows Mobile, at least for use in rugged industrial devices.[107]



On 25 September 2009, Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer indicated that the company "screwed up with Windows Mobile". He lamented that Windows Mobile version 7 was not yet available. He said he had recently changed the Windows Mobile team to try to recoup losses.[108]



The kernel of Windows Mobile has not been updated for over 6 years. As of January 2010 Windows Mobile 6.5.x was based on the Windows CE 5.2 kernel, the same kernel that was running in Windows Mobile 5.0 in 2004. The Windows Mobile OS has not been optimized for more modern processors, such as the Snapdragon processors.[104]



A 2009 survey by CFI Group showed that Windows Mobile s had a low level of customer satisfaction when compared to s of other smartphones. Out of a possible 100 points, Windows Mobile rated only 66, compared with BlackBerry (73), Palm Pre (77), Google Android (77), and iPhone (83).[109]

[edit] See also 

ActiveSync



Adaptation kit upgrade



Handheld PC



List of Windows Mobile devices



Windows Phone 7



Microsoft data loss 2009



Microsoft Office Mobile



Windows Mobile Device Center



Radio Interface Layer

[edit] References 1. ^ Lextrait, Vincent (February 2010). "The Programming Languages Beacon, v10.0". http://www.lextrait.com/Vincent/implementations.html. Retrieved 12 February 2010. 2. ^ a b http://www.infoworld.com/d/hardware/microsoft-phase-out-pocket-pc-smartphonebrands-232 3. ^ Charles Arthur (20 October 2009). "Windows Mobile: where's the love? And where's the sales figure?". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/blog/2009/oct/20/windows-mobile-reviewsnegative.

4. ^ "Microsoft: “No Windows Phone 7 upgrade for Windows Mobile 6.x devices”". APC Magazine. 1 March 2009. http://apcmag.com/microsoft-no-windows-phone-7-upgradefor-windows-mobile-6x-devices.htm. 5. ^ a b "Windows Mobile loses 2.7% of smartphone market in Q209". Ars Technica. 12 August 2009. http://arstechnica.com/microsoft/news/2009/08/windows-mobile-loses-27of-smartphone-market-in-q2.ars. Retrieved 20 September 2009. 6. ^ a b "Windows Mobile smartphone sales plunge 20% in Q3". ComputerWorld. 12 November 2009. http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9140761/Windows_Mobile_smartphone_sales_ plunge_20_in_Q3. 7. ^ "Gartner: Android has overtaken iPhone worldwide". Electronista. 12 August 2010. http://www.electronista.com/articles/10/08/12/analysts.say.android.ing.ios.near.black berry/. 8. ^ a b "Air Pressure: Why IT Must Sort Out App Mobilization Challenges". InformationWeek. 5 December 2009. http://www.informationweek.com/news/mobility/business/showArticle.jhtml? articleID=222000504. 9. ^ "Windows Mobile Editions Get Less Confusing Names: Professional, Standard and Classic". Gizmodo. 29 January 2007. http://gizmodo.com/232300/windows-mobileeditions-get-less-confusing-names-professional-standard-and-classic. Retrieved 4 October 2009. 10. ^ Mobile Phones|Smartphone - Software Features Overview. Microsoft. Retrieved 6 September 2007 from the Internet Archive. 11. ^ a b c d e De Herrera, Chris. Windows CE/Windows Mobile Versions. pocketpcfaq.com. Retrieved 6 September 2007. 12. ^ De Herrera, Chris. More Than a PDA!. Pocket PC Magazine. Retrieved 14 September 2007. 13. ^ Morris, John; Taylor, Josh, Microsoft jumps in the all-in-one game, zdnet.com, Retrieved from the Internet Archive 6 September 2007. 14. ^ Announcing the New Pocket PC 2002, Microsoft, Retrieved from the Internet Archive 6 September 2007. 15. ^ Gray, Douglas. HP to unveil Jornada 560 series of handhelds. ITWorld.com. Retrieved 14 September 2007.

16. ^ Gray, Douglas. Palming new handhelds: Pocket PC 2002. CNN. Retrieved 14 September 2007. 17. ^ De Herrera, Chris. The Pocket PC 2002 Gets More Features for Work and Play. Pocket PC Magazine. Retrieved 14 September 2007. 18. ^ De Herrera, Chris. Windows Mobile 2003. Pocket PC Magazine. Retrieved 14 September 2007. 19. ^ "Microsoft Lifecycle". Microsoft. January 2009. http://.microsoft.com/lifecycle/?p1=11906. Retrieved 2009-01-09. 20. ^ "New Mobility Features in Exchange Server 2003 SP2". Microsoft Technet. October 2005. http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa995996.aspx. Retrieved 2007-06-04. 21. ^ Boulton, Clint (October 19, 2005). "Microsoft Looks to Mobilize With Exchange SP2". internetnews. http://www.palmblvd.com/articles/2005/10/2005-10-19-Microsoft-Looksto.html. Retrieved 2007-06-04. 22. ^ Microsoft (February 7, 2007). "Windows Mobile 6 press release". Press release. http://www.microsoft.com/press/press/2007/feb07/02-11WM6SoftwarePR.mspx. 23. ^ Langridge, Jason. "Differences between platforms" (png). Microsoft MSDN blogs. http://blogs.msdn.com/blogfiles/jasonlan/WindowsLiveWriter/WindowsMobile6whatsthe differencebetweent_9738/clip_image001.png. 24. ^ Langridge, Jason (April 11, 2007). "Windows Mobile 6 offered on Orange, HTC Vox". Microsoft MSDN. http://blogs.msdn.com/jasonlan/archive/2007/04/11/orange-announcethe-spv-e650-windows-mobile-6-device.aspx. 25. ^ Hess, Arne (April 24, 2007). "Windows Mobile 6 offered on Xda, HTC Herald". The Unwired. http://www.theunwired.net/?itemid=3786. Retrieved 2007-06-04. 26. ^ Langridge, Jason (February 8, 2007). "Summary of Windows Mobile 6 Specs". Microsoft MSDN blogs. http://blogs.msdn.com/jasonlan/archive/2007/02/08/windowsmobile-6-what-s-new-and-what-s-cool.aspx. 27. ^ "Sharp EM-ONE S01SH Specs | Technical Specifications". PDAdb.net. http://pdadb.net/index.php?m=specs&id=725&c=sharp_em-one_s01sh. Retrieved 201004-27. 28. ^ "Image Gallery: Windows Mobile 6 Professional screenshots, Windows Update, screen 1". ZDNet. Retrieved 10 October 2007. 29. ^ Improved Remote Desktop access

30. ^ RDP Client is not included in many WM6 devices 31. ^ Windows Live 32. ^ Customer Option 33. ^ "Office Mobile 2007 to be offered on Q3 2007". CNET. June 6, 2007. http://asia.cnet.com/reviews/handhelds/ontheradar/0,39050970,62019010,00.htm. 34. ^ Experiencing the goodness that is Windows Mobile 6.1 35. ^ Microsoft Press release 36. ^ "GerardoDada : Windows Mobile 6.1 Key Features". Blogs.msdn.com. http://blogs.msdn.com/devmktg/archive/2008/04/04/windows-mobile-6-1announced.aspx. Retrieved 2010-04-27. 37. ^ "Ballmer: Win Mobile 6.5 an unwanted stopgap". Electronista. 5 March 2009. http://www.electronista.com/articles/09/03/05/ballmer.on.win.mobile.6.5/. 38. ^ "Windows Mobile: What’s coming when - All about microsoft - ZDNet.com". http://blogs.zdnet.com/microsoft/?p=1908. 39. ^ "Windows Mobile 6.5 Arrives, Mostly Disappoints". http://www.pcworld.com/article/173186/windows_mobile_65_arrives_mostly_disappoint s.html. 40. ^ "IE 6 for Windows phones: Interface improved". http://reviews.cnet.com/830112261_7-10367686-10356022.html. 41. ^ "Windows Mobile 6.5 walkthrough with Engadget (now with video!)". http://www.engadget.com/2009/02/16/windows-mobile-6-5-walkthrough-with-engadget/. 42. ^ "Browse and Buy Windows Phones". http://www.microsoft.com/windowsmobile/enus/devices/devices.mspx. 43. ^ "Microsoft set to unveil MobileMe competitor next month". http://www.neowin.net/news/main/09/01/19/microsoft-set-to-unveil-mobilemecompetitor-next-month. 44. ^ "Microsoft My Phone beta - Microsoft". http://www.microsoft.com/windowsmobile/myphone/myphone.aspx. 45. ^ "Microsoft announces Windows Marketplace and My Phone for Windows Mobile". http://www.engadget.com/2009/02/16/microsoft-announces-windows-marketplace-forwindows-mobile/.

46. ^ "Windows Mobile 6.5 powers new phones". http://techviewz.org/2009/10/windowsmobile-65-powers-new-phones.html. 47. ^ "MWC: Your Definitive Windows Mobile 6.5 Post-Release Guide - Pocketnow". http://pocketnow.com/index.php?a=portal_detail&t=news&id=6855. 48. ^ "HTC HD2 Review on CNET UK". http://reviews.cnet.co.uk/mobiles/0,39030107,49304197,00.htm. 49. ^ "Updating your phone to Windows Mobile 6.5". Microsoft. 2010-03-04. http://www.microsoft.com/windowsmobile/en-us/meet/wm65-upgrade.mspx. Retrieved 2010-06-20. 50. ^ "Windows Mobile 6.5 Build 23409". WMExperts. http://www.wmexperts.com/windows-mobile-65-build-23409. Retrieved 2010-04-27. 51. ^ a b WMPower.com (2009-07-20). "Windows Phone 6.5 build 21925 in video". Wmpower.com. http://wmpower.com/?p=5849. Retrieved 2010-04-27. 52. ^ WMPower.com. "Latest Windows Mobile 6.5 build out". Wmpower.com. http://wmpower.com/?p=7508. Retrieved 2010-04-27. 53. ^ WMPower.com. "windows mobile 6.5". Wmpower.com. http://wmpower.com/?tag=windows-mobile-65. Retrieved 2010-04-27. 54. ^ "New Text Message Screen on Windows Phone 6.5.1". Pocketnow.com. http://pocketnow.com/tech-news/new-text-message-screen-buttons-on-windows-mobile651. Retrieved 2010-04-27. 55. ^ WMPower.com. "Windows Phone 6.5.1 just become smoother". Wmpower.com. http://wmpower.com/?p=9670. Retrieved 2010-04-27. 56. ^ "the::unwired - RELEASE: Microsoft introduces Windows Mobile 6.5.3 Professional for Windows Phones". unwired. http://www.theunwired.net/?item=release-microsoftintroduces-windows-mobile-6-5-3-professional-for-windows-phones. Retrieved 2010-0427. 57. ^ "Developing Widgets for Windows Phone 6.5". Msdn.microsoft.com. http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd721906.aspx#CreatingWidgetMenus. Retrieved 2010-04-27. 58. ^ a b "What's new in Windows Phone 6.5.3". http://blogs.zdnet.com/microsoft/?p=5111. 59. ^ "WM6.5.5|101m|6.5 kernel|Full Roms By jjblaster3|upd 23529|translatable| 16/Feb/2010". http://forum.xda-developers.com/showthread.php?t=567850. Retrieved 2010-06-20.

60. ^ "PocketNow.com: Thoughts on Windows Phone 7 Series (BTW: Photon is Dead)". http://pocketnow.com/thought/thoughts-on-windows-phone-7-series-btw-photon-is-dead. 61. ^ "Neowin.net: Microsoft renames 'Windows Phone 7 Series', drops the 'Series'". http://www.neowin.net/news/microsoft-renames-039windows-phone-7-series039-dropsthe-039series039. 62. ^ "What is new in Windows mobile 7". http://techviewz.org/2010/03/what-is-new-inwindows-mobile-7.html. 63. ^ "Windows Phone 7 will not run Windows Mobile apps". http://www.v3.co.uk/v3/news/2259001/windows-phone-run-windows. Retrieved 201003-20. 64. ^ Channel Insider. 2 October 2009. http://www.channelinsider.com/c/a/Microsoft/DoesWindows-Mobile-7-Delay-Portend-Zune-Phone-281499/. 65. ^ "Microsoft Pink: 'Just a Sidekick' or more?". ZDNet. 24 September 2009. http://blogs.zdnet.com/microsoft/?p=4068. 66. ^ "Microsoft's Sidekick/Pink problems blamed on dogfooding and sabotage". AppleInsider. 12 October 2009. http://www.appleinsider.com/articles/09/10/12/microsofts_sidekick_pink_problems_blam ed_on_dogfooding_and_sabotage.html. 67. ^ a b "Microsoft's Pink Struggles Spill Over To Sidekick". ChannelWeb (UMB). 12 October 209. http://www.crn.com/software/220600334;jsessionid=KCFRRMAUPYH2NQE1GHOSK H4ATMY32JVN?pgno=1. 68. ^ Ina Fried (23 September 2009). "Microsoft's 'Pink' emerges from Danger's shadow". CNET. http://news.cnet.com/8301-13860_3-10360516-56.html. 69. ^ "Microsoft buys maker of Sidekick and Hiptop smartphones". APC Magazine. 12 February 2008. http://apcmag.com/microsoft_buys_maker_of_sidekick_and_hiptop_smartphones.htm. 70. ^ "Pink Haze Surrounds Microsoft Smartphone Rumors". TechNewsWorld. 21 September 2009. http://www.technewsworld.com/story/68171.html. 71. ^ "Spy shots reveal Microsoft’s ‘Microsoft Kin’ smartphones". APC Magazine. 24 September 2009. http://apcmag.com/spy-shots-reveal-microsofts-project-pinksmartphones.htm.

72. ^ "More Porject Pink and Windows Mobile 7 info - MobileTechWorld". http://www.mobiletechworld.com/2009/10/13/more-porject-pink-and-windows-mobile-7info/. 73. ^ "Microsoft Kills Kin". Gizmodo. 30 June 2010. http://gizmodo.com/5576764/microsoft-kills-kin. Retrieved 30 June 2010. 74. ^ "Windows Mobile market share changes" 75. ^ Smartphones strong, despite recession Feb. 06, 2009 - LinuxDevices.com 76. ^ "Sony Ericsson makes major move" 77. ^ "We Learned Just How Great Of A Partner HTC Is To Microsoft". mocoNews. 17 February 2009. http://moconews.net/article/419-mwc-we-learned-just-how-great-of-apartner-htc-is-to-microsoft/. 78. ^ "Microsoft: HTC has made 80% of all Windows Mobile phones" 79. ^ O'Brien, Kevin J. (17 February 2009). "More LG Phones to Use Microsoft System". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/17/technology/17soft.html?hp. Retrieved 9 April 2010. 80. ^ "Palm dumps Windows Mobile". The Inquirer. 18 September 2009. http://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/1534016/palm-dumps-windows-mobile. Retrieved 18 September 2009. 81. ^ "Acer to shift focus to Android smartphones". DigiTimes. 2 October 2009. http://www.digitimes.com/news/a20091002PD211.html. 82. ^ "Android to grab No. 2 spot by 2012, says Gartner". ComputerWorld. 6 October 2009. http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9139026/Android_to_grab_No._2_spot_by_201 2_says_Gartner. 83. ^ a b Saul Hansell (25 October 2009). "Big Cellphone Makers Shifting to Android System". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/26/technology/26android.html. 84. ^ "Android Shippments to Top 32 Million Units in 2013". Softpedia. 23 October 2009. http://news.softpedia.com/news/Android-Shippments-to-Top-32-Million-Units-in-2013125136.shtml. 85. ^ "Samsung to Discard Windows Phone". Telecoms Korea. 9 November 2009. http://www.telecomskorea.com/market-8281.html.

86. ^ "Samsung mobile platform to challenge Google's Android". The Korea Herald. 10 November 2009. http://www.koreaherald.co.kr/NEWKHSITE/data/html_dir/2009/11/11/200911110032.as p. 87. ^ Jason Perlow (8 November 2009). "In Smartphone Wars, Darwinism Triumphs Over Intelligent Design". ZDNet. http://blogs.zdnet.com/perlow/?p=11516. 88. ^ Brooke Crothers (8 November 2009). "First iPhone, now Droid. Who needs Windows?". CNET. http://news.cnet.com/8301-1001_3-10392926-92.html? tag=col1;post-11516. 89. ^ a b Matt Hamblen (26 October 2009). "Windows Mobile worries mount as competition heats up". ComputerWorld. http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9139841/Windows_Mobile_worries_mount_as_ competition_heats_up?taxonomyId=75&pageNumber=1. 90. ^ "Microsoft, Nokia team up to put Office on smartphones". Computer Business Review. 9 August 2009. http://www.cbronline.com/news/microsoft_nokia_team_up_to_put_office_on_smartphon es_090812. 91. ^ Jack Gold (9 August 2009). "Microsoft's Windows Mobile: Time to Hang Up?". BusinessWeek. http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/aug2009/tc2009087_110164.htm. 92. ^ Saul Hansell (26 October 2009). "Microsoft, Google and the Bear". The New York Times. http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/10/26/microsoft-google-and-the-bear/. 93. ^ Siegler, MG (26 October 2009). "The Problem With iPhone Killers?". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wpdyn/content/article/2009/10/26/AR2009102600648.html. Retrieved 9 April 2010. 94. ^ Differences Between the .NET Compact Framework and the .NET Framework 95. ^ Microsoft Gives Students Access to Technical Software at No Charge to Inspire Success and Make a Difference 96. ^ xda-developers: ROM image archive will be taken down 97. ^ squad: Windows Mobile 6 free to PDA manufacturers 98. ^ Anywhere Software, Basic4ppc 99. ^ Learn Windows Mobile: Overview. Microsoft. Retrieved 5 October 2007.

100. ^ "Tech Note 25: eVB2NSB". Nsbasic.com. 2009-09-21. http://www.nsbasic.com/ce/info/technotes/TN25.htm. Retrieved 2010-04-27. 101. ^ "Windows Mobile app store starts with just 34 apps". Electronista. 5 October 2009. http://www.electronista.com/articles/09/10/05/windows.marketplace.for.mobile.launches/ . 102. ^ "HTC HD2 Leo lacks universal multi-touch". KnowYourMobile. 25 September 2009. http://www.knowyourmobile.com/blog/326530/htc_hd2_leo_lacks_universal_multitouch. html. 103. ^ "Windows Mobile 6.5 UI a big improvement; more work needed". Ars Technica. 16 February 2009. http://arstechnica.com/microsoft/news/2009/02/ballmerwindows-mobile-65-phones-are-just-windows-phones.ars. Retrieved 27 September 2009. 104. ^ a b "HTC HD2 Review: The best smartphone ever?". MobileTechWorld. 18 December 2009. http://www.mobiletechworld.com/2009/12/18/htc-hd2-review-the-bestsmartphone-ever/comment-page-1/. Retrieved 25 December 2009. 105. ^ "Windows Mobile Update Story Gets Better". InformationWeek. 25 September 2009. http://www.informationweek.com/blog/main/archives/2009/09/windows_mobile_14.html ;jsessionid=F2NGQEOLSIUPLQE1GHRSKHWATMY32JVN. Retrieved 26 September 2009. 106. ^ "Nokia alliance may spell doom for Windows Mobile". Computerworld. 12 August 2009. http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9136601/Nokia_alliance_may_spell_doom_for_ Windows_Mobile?taxonomyId=15&pageNumber=1. 107. ^ "Motorola exec says Microsoft won't end Windows Mobile ". InfoWorld. 16 September 2009. http://www.infoworld.com/d/mobilize/motorola-exec-saysmicrosoft-wont-end-windows-mobile--904?source=rss_infoworld_news. 108. ^ "Ballmer: We 'screwed up with Windows Mobile'". Computerworld. 25 September 2009. http://news.idg.no/cw/art.cfm?id=F2F7C35E-1A64-67EAE4BC04F120F0B898. 109. ^ "Survey: Windows Mobile s 'have no idea' they use it". Seattle PostIntelligencer. 30 September 2009. http://blog.seattlepi.com/microsoft/archives/180639.asp.

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Comparison of Android devices From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from List of Android devices) Jump to: navigation, search This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. 

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This page seeks to list and compare hardware devices that are shipped with either Google's Android operating system or its OPhone derivative from China Mobile.

Contents [hide] 

1 Officially Released o 1.1 Smartphones o 1.2 Tablet computers o 1.3 E-reader devices

o 1.4 Other devices 

2 Future o 2.1 Android smartphones o 2.2 Future tablet computers o 2.3 Future e-reader devices o 2.4 Other future devices



3 Unofficial and community ports



4 See also



5 References

[edit] Officially Released The following are lists of devices that have been released with Google's Android operating system installed. Multiple names for the same device would be entered in the same row where applicable.

[edit] Smartphones Relea android.os. Manufac Name se Versi Build.MOD turer Date on EL Acer Inc beTouc h E110

1.5 Febru ary 15, 2010

Display 2.8", 240x320 (QVGA, portrait mode)

Carrier

Notes

Connectivity GSM850, GSM900, GSM1800, GSM1900, UMTS850, UMTS1900, CSD, GPRS, EDGE, UMTS, HSDPA, HSUPA, Bluetooth 2.0 + EDR, GPS with

Liquid Acer Inc A1 Liquid (S100)

A-GPS GSM850, GSM900, GSM1800, GSM1900, UMTS850, UMTS1900, CSD, GPRS, EDGE, UMTS, HSDPA, HSUPA, Bluetooth 2.0 + EDR, Wi-Fi 802.11g, GPS with A-GPS

Nove mber 28, 1.6 2009 (UK) [1]

Liquid E

June 2.1 2010

Liquid Acer Inc E Ferrari

June 2.1 2010

Acer Inc

Acer Inc Liquid Stream S110

2.1 3.7 inch Augus with AMOLED t 2010 updat WVGA e to

Smartphon e with Rogers underclock Wireless ed (Canada) 768 MHz [2] Snapdrago n processor[3] A customized version of Liquid E with Ferrari visual styling [4] 768 MHz SnapDrago n U, 3.5 inch TFT WVGA capacitive touch screen, 5MP camera. 1 GHz SnapDrago n U, capacitive

2.2

Bluelans Scipho Commun ne N19 ication

Nove 1.5 mber 2009

2.8", 240x320 (QVGA, portrait mode)

touch screen, 5MP camera with 720p video recording, HDMI output 128 MB ROM, 128 MB RAM, 2 MP camera[5][6] [7][8][9][10]

Bluelans SciPho Commun ne N21 ication

Nove 1.6 mber 2009

3", 240x400 (WQVGA, portrait mode)

Marvell PXA 310 624 MHz processor, 256 MB ROM, 128 MB RAM, 5 MP camera. Like the DSTL1, it is a rebranded Yuhua Tel X2 [7][11][12] [13]

Cherry Mobile

Magnu A400 m HD

2.2 Octob er 11, 2010

4.1" (WVGA, 480x800)

1 GHz GSM Qualcomm 850/900/1800/1 Snapdrago 900 MHz, n HSDPA, processor, EDGE, GPRS; multiWi-Fi touch, (802.11b/g); 5MP Bluetooth 2.1 camera+fro with A2DP nt cam. Stereo and This is one EDR; A-GPS; of the first FM Tuner, Android 3.5 mm stereo

Cherry Mobile

Nova A100

2.1 Octob er 11, 2010

3.2"

phones of Cherry Mobile and one of the first Philippine Android phone. 512 MB audio jack RAM. 2 GB internal memory HDMI-D type Proximity sensor/GSensor. Qualcomm GSM MSM 7227 850/900/1800/1 600 MHz 900 MHz, processor. HSDPA, MultiEDGE, GPRS; touch, Wi-Fi 5 MP (802.11b/g); camera+fro Bluetooth 2.1 nt cam. with A2DP This is one Stereo and of the first EDR; A-GPS; Android FM Tuner, phones of 3.5 mm stereo Cherry audio jack, Mobile and of the first Philippine Android phone. GSensor. 256 MB RAM. 2 GB internal memory and expandable to 32 GB.

CSL

CSL Spice[14 ]

Dell

Garmin

Augus 1.6 t 2010

3.2", 240x640 (HVGA, portrait mode), capacitive

Dell Nove Mini 3, Dell Mini 3 1.5 mber Mini 3i 2009

3.5", 360x640 (nHD, portrait mode)

June 9, 1.6 2010

3.5", 320x480 (HVGA, portrait mode)

Garmi nfone

Geeks Febru GeeksPh Geeksphone Phone ary 1.6 one ONE [1 One 2010 5]

3.2", 320×240 (WQVGA)

Proximity sensor/GSensor. First Malaysian mobile phone to run Android OS China Mobile China using the Mobile, OPhone AT&T OS, and (USA), AT&T is Claro using (Brazil) Android OS Qualcomm MSM7227, 4 GB Flash, 256 MB SDRAM, T-Mobile 256 MB USA ROM, microSD, 3 MP Camera, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, GPS 528 MHz ARM11 processor, GPS, and 3.1 MP camera.[16] [17][18][19]

General Genera Mobile l Mobile DSTL1 Imagin ary

1.6 Augus t 2009

First mobile phone on the market that s

both dual SIM technology and Android platform. Rebranded Yuhua Tel X2 Highscre PP542 en 0

July 11, 2009 (Russi a)

HKC

HKC Pearl

2009

HKC

HKC Imobil e v413

2009

HTC HTC Corporati Aria on

HTC Liberty June 2.1 20, with 2010 HTC Sense UI

Formerly Windows Mobile phone[20]


AT&T

Claims to dual-boot Windows Mobile 6.1 and Android. It is an HTC clone device.[21] An Android phone which is a clone of the HTC Touch.[22] A midGSM range 850/900/1800/1 AT&T 900 MHz, exclusive, HSDPA, running on EDGE, GPRS; Android Wi-Fi 2.1 with (802.11b/g); HTC Bluetooth 2.1 Sense; uses with A2DP 600 MHz Stereo and MSM 7227 EDR; A-GPS; processor, FM Tuner, 5 MP 3.5 mm stereo Camera; audio jack, Similar to micro-USB HTC

HTC HTC Corporati Desire on

2.1/2. 3.7", 2 with 480x800 March HTC (WGA, 26, Sense portrait 2010 UI mode)

HTC HTC HTC+Dream 1.0 3.2", Corporati Dream, TOctob throu 320x480 on TMobile+G1 er 22, gh 2.1 (HVGA, Mobile Era+G1 2008 portrait G1, mode) Era G1

Legend U.S. Cellular, Vodafone , T-Mobile UK, Virgin, Telus Europe/Asia Mobility Similar to Pacific: (Canada), Nexus One HSPA/WCDM O2, but adds A: Orange, HTC's 900/2100 MHz Three, Sense UI, or Telstra Optical 850/2100 MHz (Australia trackpad (Telstra ), and Hard Australia); Mobitel buttons but GSM: (Slovenia does not 850/900/1800/1 ), have dual 900 MHz; WiPlay microphon Fi (802.11b/g); Mobile, es as the Bluetooth 2.1 Softbank Nexus with EDR; (Japan), One. Micro USB Meteor (Ireland), SK Telecom (S.Korea) , SFR () T-Mobile The first Wi-Fi USA, phone on (802.11b/g), T-Mobile the market Bluetooth UK, to use the 2.0+EDR, Telefónic Android ExtUSB, Aa, platform. GPS Quad T-Mobile [23][24] The band GSM 850 (German phone is 900 1800 850 y), part of an 900 1800 850 Singtel open 900 1800 850 Singapor standards 900 1800 e, effort of 1900 MHz Rogers the Open GPRS/EDGE Wireless Handset Dual band

HTC HTC HTC+Hero July Corporati Hero, HERO200 2009 on HTC T(Euro Droid Mobile+G2+ pe, Eris, Touch Asia, TERA+G2+T Canad Mobile ouch a) G2 Touch Octob er 2009 (US)

1.5, 2.1 with HTC Sense UI


(Canada), MTN Group UMTS 1700 (South 2100 MHz Alliance.[25] Africa), [26] HSDPA/HSUP Era A (US/Europe) (Poland), (7.2/2 Mbit/s) SFR () Meteor The Hero Wi-Fi (Ireland), has two (802.11b/g), Optimus design Bluetooth (Portugal versions.T 2.0+EDR, ), he original ExtUSB, ASprint design is GPS GSM Nextel similar version: Quad (USA), form factor band GSM T-Mobile to the 850; 900; UK, Magic, the 1,800; and T-Mobile U.S. 1,900 MHz (German release GPRS/EDGE, y), design is and Dual band Orange more UMTS 900; Mobile, curved at and 2,100 MHz Telecom the edges HSPA Italia and has the (Europe), or Mobile controversi Dual band (Brazil), al "chin" UMTS 850; Telus removed. and 1,900 MHz Mobility Both use HSPA (North (Canada), HTC's America) Singtel customized CDMA Singapor UI called version: Dual e, HTC Sense band Swissco which CDMA2000/E m looks V-DO Rev. A (Switzerl considerabl 800; and and), y different 1,900 MHz Starhub compared Singapor to HTC e, Dream and Mobitel Magic (Slovenia phones.[27] [28] ), Play Mobile,

Orange (), MTS, Verizon Wireless (USA), Orange (Spain)

HTC Droid Corporati Incredi ADR6300 on ble

2.12.2 April with 29, HTC 2010 Sense UI

HTC HTC Corporati Legend on

2.1 with March HTC 16, Sense 2010 UI

HTC HTC HTC+Magic April 1.5Corporati Magic, HTC+Sapph 27, 1.6 on HTC ire 2009- 2.2.1

Successor to the HTC Droid Eris; CDMA2000/E sports an V-DO Rev. A; 8.0 MP Wi-Fi camera (802.11b/g) with dual (802.11n is also flash LED, ed with 3.7", FM radio 2.2 update); 480x800 tuner, and Bluetooth 2.1 (WGA, Verizon 8 GB with A2DP portrait Wireless onboard Stereo and mode), (USA)[29] flash EDR; A-GPS; AMOLED or memory. FM Tuner, SLCD 3.7" 3.5 mm stereo AMOLED audio jack, or SLCD micro-USB, screen, Mobile Wi-Fi native (with 2.2 resolution update) of 480x800px . Wi-Fi (802.11 Vodafone b/g), Bluetooth exclusive v2.1 + EDR , Announced 3.2", with Enhanced SFR, at Mobile 320x480 Data Rate, Bell World (HVGA, GSM 850 900 (Canada), Congress portrait 1800 Mobitel 2010 in mode), 1900 MHz (Slovenia Barcelona. AMOLED HSPA/WCDM [30] ), A 900 Meteor 2100 MHz, (Ireland) GPS 3.2", NTT Similar to 320x480 Docomo, the Dream (HVGA, T-Mobile but without

Sapphi July re, 28, TT2009 Mobile Mobile+my (depen myTou Touch+3G ding ch 3G, Docomo+HT on docom -03A countr o HTy) 03A

HTC HTC HTC+Tattoo 1.6[33] Corporati Tattoo Octob on er 19, 2009

portrait mode)


USA, Vodafone , Vodafone (Australia ), Vodafone (New Zealand), Vodafone Portugal, the slideVodafone out UK, keyboard, Vodafone instead Spain, using an Vodafone on-screen Italy, keyboard. Singtel HTC Singapor branded e, Magic Rogers (32A Wireless version) (Canada), can SFR, officially TMN get the (Portugal HTC Sense ), Orange interface. Polska, [31][32] Telecom Italia Mobile, Vodafone Egypt, Vodacom (South Africa), Saudi Telecom Company unlocked, A lower[34] end Vodafone Android Portugal phone, includes the HTC

HTC HTC Corporati Evo on 4G

PC36100

June 2.2 4, with 2010 HTC Sense UI

4.3", 480x800 (WGA, portrait mode), 217ppi

Sprint Nextel

Sense UI, similar form factor to the Magic. A 3.2MP camera.[35] A high-end Android phone, includes the HTC Sense UI, similar form factor to the Droid Incredible and HTC HD2. Contains many advanced phone features, including an 8 MP rear facing camera along with a 1.3 MP front facing camera.[36] The Evo 4G is currently (as of 5/22/10) the only phone to offer 4G internet access (Currently using

Clearwire WiMAX).

3.7", 480x800 HTC Google Januar (WGA, Corporati Nexus Nexus+One 2.2.1 y 5, portrait on One 2010 mode), 252ppi

Desire HD, HTC TCorporati HTC Ace Mobile on myTou ch 4G

2.2 Septe with mber Sense 15, 2 2010

4.3", 480x800 (WVGA, portrait mode), 252ppi

Desire HTC Z, Corporati Ton Mobile G2

Q4 2.2 2010

3.7" SuperLCD 800x480 WVGA

HTC

June 2.1

3.4",

myTou

T-Mobile USA, The first Wind phone to Mobile(C be sold anada), directly by AT&T, Google, Rogers the Nexus (Canada), One was Bell initially (Canada), available Telus exclusively (Canada), online, Videotron unlocked. (Canada), It can now Vodafone be bought (coming on Q2 2010) subsidized Orange contract , with KTF various (July 10, networks. 2010) 8 Mp camera Unlocked with HD , video T-Mobile (720p), USA Wi-Fi 802.11 n 800 MHz Qualcomm Snapdrago n MSM7230, 900/2100MHz Unlocked 5 MP HSPA/WCDM , camera A, T-Mobile with HD 850/900/1800/1 USA video 900MHz GSM (720p), with the New HTC Sense T-Mobile 5 MP

Corporati ch 3G on Slide

with HTC 2, Espre 2010 sso Sense UI

320x480 (HVGA, portrait mode)

USA

camera, QWERTY four row keyboard, and a Swype onscreen keyboard. [37]

HTC HTC Corporati Wildfir on e

2.1 June with 14, HTC 2010 Sense UI


5 MP autofocus camera with LED T-Mobile flash, UK, 802.11b/g 3 UK, Wi-Fi, Vodafone GPS/AGP U.K., S, Virgin Blueooth Mobile 2.1+EDR, UK, 512 MB O2 Flash and Mobile 384 MB of UK RAM, microSD expansion[3 8]

TMobile Pulse, Pulse Huawei U8220 U8220 CHT80 00 Huawei U8230 U8230

1.5 Octob (2.1 er beta) 2009 [39]

Octob 1.5 er 2009

i-Mobile 6010 Kogan Agora Technolo standar gies d/Pro

1.0 Octob er 15,

T-Mobile UK

[40][41][42]

Bouygues Telecom, TMN (Portugal ) 3.0", 240x400 (WQVGA, portrait mode), TFT 2.5", model Pro 240x320 name is version: 2 (QVGA, now used Megapixel

portrait mode), 160ppi

2008

Lenovo

OPhon e

Android, 3.7 Septe LePho Lenovo custom mber 2.1 ne ophone 29, 2010

LG Group LG Group

GW62 0 Eve, Nove GW62 LG-GW620 mber 0 5, Linkm 2009 e GT540 LG-GT540 May Optim 31, us, 2010 GT540 Swift

1.5

for camera, notebook Wi-Fi and s GPS First handset to use the OPhone OS platform developed China by China Mobile Mobile on Android. It s the local TDSCDMA 3G standard.[43]

AMOLED Touchscreen 3.7 inches (94 mm) WVGA (800x480)To uchscreen Type: Capacitive

WCDMA/HSP A: 850/1900/2100 MHz GSM: 850/900/1800/1 900 MHz Rogers Wireless First LG (Canada), Android T-Mobile, phone. Vodafone [citation needed]

1.6, upgad eble to 2.1

Orange UK, O2 (Ireland)

Smartphon e with 3 MP camera, 320 x 480 pixel touchscree n display, 3G HSDPA, Wi-Fi, GPS,

Bluetooth, a 3.5mm headphone s jack, and MicroSD card ,[44] LG Group

KH520 0 March LG-KH5200 1.6 Andro1, 1 2010

LG Group

LU230 June 0 LG-LU2300 5, 1.6 Optim 2010 us Q

LG Group

VS740 May Ally, LG-VS740 20, 2.1 Aloha 2010

LG Group

KU950 0 Q3 LG-SU950 2.1 Optim 2010 us Z

Motorola Charm

2.1

3.0", 320x480 Slide, KTF (HVGA, QWERTY (S.Korea) portrait Keypad mode), LCD Slide, QWERTY keuboard, WVGA AMOLED touchscree 3.5", n, 1 GHz 480x800 LG CortexA8 (WVGA, Telecom U, 5MP portrait (S.Korea) camera mode), LCD capable of recording 720p videos, and Mobile TV Tuner.[45] 3.2", 480x800 Verizon Slide, (WVGA, Wireless QWERTY portrait (USA) Keypad mode), LCD 1 GHz Qualcomm Snapdrago 3.5", n U, 480x800 5MP (WVGA, camera portrait capable of mode), recording AMOLED, 720p touchscreen videos, and Mobile TV Tuner. 2.8", T-Mobile, It is the

240x320 (QVGA, portrait mode)

Quenc h, CLIQ XT, Motorola MB501 Motoro la MB50 1

Motorola

Milest Droid one (Verizon)

8]

Motorola Droid DROIDX X

Spinoff of T-Mobile, Motorola Rogers CLIQ, Wireless without a (Canada), physical Optus keyboard[47

1.5 (2.1 March Not 17, Yet 2010[4 Relea 6] sed)

Nove mber 2.06, 2.2[49] [4 2009

July 2.2 15, 2010

first Motorola Android phone to feature the updated Telus Motoblur (Canada) UI. Processor: Qualcomm MSM7201 A 528 MHz.

]

3.7", 480x854 (FWVGA, portrait mode), 265ppi

4.3", 480x854 (FWVGA, portrait mode), 240ppi

Verizon Wireless, Arm Telus Cortex A8 Mobility processor (Canada), underclock SK ed to save Telecom battery (S.Korea) (Clocked , @550Mhz Cellcom can reach (Israel), speeds of O2 over 1Ghz , with True appropriate Move kernel) (Thailand ) Verizon CDMA Wireless 800/1900 MHz EVDO Rev. A, 802.11b/g/n, Stereo Bluetooth v2.1 + EDR with A2DP and

Droid 2, Motorola Milest one 2[50]

Augus 2.2 t 12, 2010

Motoro Motorola la i1

2010 1.5

Motorola Backfli MB300 p, Motoro la MB30 0

1.5 March (2.1 7, Not 2010[5 Relea 1][52] sed Yet)

3.7", 480x854 (FWVGA, portrait mode)

Verizon Wireless


Boost Mobile, SprintNextel AT&T AT&T's (USA), first Telus smartphon (Canada), e running Optus Android.[53] [54] The phone has had Google search replaced by Yahoo! search; AT&T has also preloaded its own apps that are currently not removable, and has had the capability to install apps via

AVR, 3.5mm TRRS audio jack, USB 2.0 HS, OTA, HDMI, Over the Air Sync, PC Sync, DLNA 3,7", 1 GHz U, 512 MB RAM, 8 GB ROM, 8 GB flash, microSD, 5 MP primary camera

the web browser removed. [55] (Optus versions use standard google search and apps can be e d by through the web Browser).

Backfli p, Motorola Motoro ME600 la ME600

Motorola Devour

Milest Motorola one XT701 XT701 Motorola

MOTO MT710

Motorola XT720 , Motoro i

March 2010 (China 1.5 ), with June Moto 22, blur 2010 (Taiw an) 1.6 March with 25, Moto 2010 blur May 11, 2010 2.1 (Taiw an) OPho ne OS 1.5 2.1 Febru ary 2010, July 2010

Taiwan version has Chinese physical keyboard.

Verizon Formerly Wireless the (USA) Calgary.

China Mobile

[56]

SK 8 MP Telecom Camera(Fl (S.Korea) ash), , HDMI, FM T-Mobile Radio, TUSA, DMB, Wind available Mobile only in

Motorola XT800

(Canada), Vidéotron Korea (Canada) China Telecom[5 [58]

2.0

7]

Octob er 7, 2009 (UK), Motorola

CLIQ, MB200 DEXT

[59]

T-Mobile USA, Orange UK, Orange (), Bell (Canada)

1.5

Octob er 2, 2009 (US)

[61][62]

[60]

Motorola

Motoro la Defy

Motoro Motorola la Flipout

Nexian

A980, Journe y

Pantech Sirius IM-A600S Sky

Septe 2.1 mber 2010

3.7" 480 x 854

Septe 2.1 mber 2010

2.8" 320 x 240

July 2010 May 2.1 1, 2010

3.2", 320x480 (HVGA, portrait mode) 3.7", 480x800 (WVGA, portrait mode)

Telkomse l Released Hutchiso in n 3G Indonesia (Indonesi a) SK 1 GHz Telecom Snapdrago (S.Korea) n processor, 3.7"(WVG A 480*800, AMOLED) , 5 MP camera, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, GPS, and microSD

expansion. [63]

Pantech

Sirius July IM-A630K 2.1 Izar 2010

3.7", 480x800 (WVGA, portrait mode)

Qualcomm MSM7227 (600 MHz) , 3.2"(WVG A 480*800, LCD), KTF 5 MP (S.Korea) camera(AF ), Wi-Fi, Bluetooth T-DMB and microSD expansion. [64]

Sirius Pantech IM-A650S Vega

Qigi

i6

July 2.1 2010

3.7", 480x800 (WVGA, portrait mode)

Minor SK upgrade of Telecom Sirius (S.Korea) Sky[65] (formerly Windows Mobile) device running Android in December 2008.[66] The device is manufactur ed by Chinese ODM TechFaith.

2009

[67]

Samsung Behold Behold+II Group II

3.2", 1.6 320x480 Nove with (HVGA, mber Touch portrait 18, wiz mode), 2009 AMOLED

T-Mobile USA

[68][69]

Samsung i7500 Galaxy Group Galaxy

June 1.6 2009

3.2", 320x480 (HVGA, portrait mode), AMOLED

Bouygues Telecom, O2 (UK), Telecom Italia Mobile i7500L is (Brazil), released in SmarTon Canada as ea slight Vodafone difference , from i7500 O2 from (German Europe and y), is in Cellcom Android (Israel), 1.5. First Orange Samsung (Israel), Android Turkcell device. (Turkey), Bell Mobility (Canada) [70]

M900 Nove Samsung 1.5, Mome SPH-M900 mber Group 2.1 nt 1, 2009

Samsung i5700 GT-I5700 Group Spica[72 ]

1.6, 3.2", Octob 2.1[73] 320x480 er (HVGA,

Sprint Nextel (USA),[71] Bouygues Telecom, O2 (UK), Telecom Italia Mobile (Brazil), SmarTon eVodafone , O2 (German y), Cellcom (Israel) Mobitel (Slovenia ),

2009

Samsung i5800 GT-I5800 Group Teos

portrait mode), 180ppi

Si.mobil, O2 Ireland, Rogers Wireless (Canada)

July 2.1 2010

5 MP camera, TDMB, GPS, Bluetooth, 3.2", 802.11n April 320x480 SK Samsung Galaxy SHWWi-Fi, and 29, 2.1 (HVGA, Telecom Group A M100S video 2010 portrait (S.Korea) calling. mode) Will only be available in South Korea.[74] Samsung i9000 GT-I9000 June 2.1 4.0", Vodafone 1 GHz Dual band Group Galaxy SHW15, with 480x800 UK,[75] processor[77 CDMA2000/E ][78] S, M110S(S.Ko 2010, Touch (WVGA, SK V-DO Rev. A AT&T rea) June wiz portrait Telecom Exclusive 800/1900 MHz Captiv 24, 3.0, mode), Super (S.Korea) USA CDMA ate, 2010 2.2 AMOLED , versions 800/1900 MHz T(S.Kor with Movistar vary (such EVDO Rev. A, Mobile ea), updat (Spain), as camera, WiMAX 2.5 to Vibrant July e. Optus,[76] flash, 2.7 GHz; , 1, AT&T internal 802.16e Verizo 2010 (USA), memory) 2.5G(GSM/GP n (Austr T-Mobile depending RS/EDGE): Fascin alia), (USA), on the 850/ 900/ 1800/ ate, July Bell carrier.[79] 1900 MHz; 3G Sprint 18, (Canada). (HSDPA Epic 2010 Verizon 7.2 Mbit/s, 4G (USA) Wireless HSUPA (USA), 5.76 Mbps): Sprint 900/ 1900/ Nextel 2100 MHz; Wi(USA) Fi (802.11b/g/n); Bluetooth 3.0; USB 2.0,

DLNA, Radio FM Samsu Samsung ng SCH-r880 Group Acclai m

July 9, 2.1 2010 (USA)

M910 Interce pt, Samsung Samsu M910 Group ng Mome nt II

July 11, 2.1 2010 (USA)

Xperia Sony X10 mini X10 Ericsson E10i (UK) Mini

1.6 with Febru Times ary cape 2010 UI

1.6 (to be Xperia X10 Mini May updat Sony X10 Pro 24, ed to Ericsson Mini U20i (India) 2010 2.1 in Pro Q4 2010)

Sony Xperia X10i Ericsson X10

1.6 March with

3.2", HVGA U.S. 320x480 Cellular

3.0" TFT, 240x400 (WQVGA, portrait mode)

Sprint Nextel (USA)

Small modificatio ns to stock Android UI + landscape QWERTY slider + 3.2 megapixel cam

Rogers Wireless (Canada) Timescape with Rachael UI, Qualcomm MSM 7227 600 MHz processor, 256 MB 2.55" RAM, Capacitive 256 MB Touchscreen, ROM, 240X320 Slide out (QVGA), QWERTY TFT keypad, 5 MegaPixel Auto focus Camera, proximity and ambient lighting sensors. 4.0", NTT Smartphon 480x854 DoCoMo e with

Times cape UI (to 22, be (FWVGA, 2010 updat portrait (UK) ed to mode), TFT [80] 2.1 in Q4 2010) Sony Xperia X8 Ericsson X8

Vibo

A688

Septe mber 1.6 1, 2010 Januar y 18, 1.6 2010[8 4]

3.0" Touchscreen, 320X480 3.2", 320x480 Vibo (HVGA, (Taiwan) portrait mode), TFT

8cms (3.2") Multi-touch Capacitive TFT screen Videocon V7500

Vodafone 845

2.1

April 2.1 2010

(Japan), Rogers Wireless Rachael UI (Canada), [81][82][83] AT&T (USA)

480x320 pixel screen with 262K Colour

71mm (2.8") resistive touchscreen, 240x320 resolution, 24 bit/pixel, optical touch pad

GSM850, GSM900, GSM1800, GSM1900, UMTS850, UMTS1900, UMTS2100 3.5G (HSDPA 7.2 Mbit/s /HSUPA 2 Mbit/s), Quadband 2G: 850/900/1800/1 900 with UMTS 2100, WCDMA, Multiple Bluetooth profiles: A2DP, GAP, HFP, HSP; GPS and Geo-Tagging, Wi-Fi, USB 2.0 3.2 MP 3.5G HSDPA auto-focus 7.2 Mbit/s, camera WCDMA with 4x 900/2100 MHz, digital Quadband zoom, GSM 2G: QVGA 850/900/1800/1 320x240 900 MHz, Wicamcorder, Fi 802.11b/g

FM radio with RDS, 16bit stereo sound, 3.5mm plug, 528MHz Qualcomm (54Mbit/s), U, 512 Bluetooth 2.0, MB RAM, GPS, USB 2.0 256 MB (480Mbit/s). ROM, microSD (Max up to 16GB), 1200 mAh removable Lithiumion battery. ZTE

Q2 1.6 2010

Link


Released Bouygues in China Telecom with v2.1 () OS

[edit] Tablet computers This category includes tablet (mainly ARM powered tablets) or slate computers as well as PMPs and MIDs. Manufact Name urer

android.os Touch Scree . Release Version Screen n Size Resolut Build.MO Date Technol (Inch ion DEL ogy es)

Advent

Vega

Archos

Archos 5 Archos5

Novemb 2.2 er 1, 2010[85]

Septemb 1.6 er 15, 2009[87]

Notes

Andro id Mark et

1 GHz Dual-core Capaciti 1024x6 ARM 10.1 ve 00 Cortex-A9 MPCore processor.[86] 800 MHz ARM Resistiv 800x48 4.8 Cortex A8 No e 0 processor.[88] [89]

Archos

Archos 7

June 1.5 2010[90]

Archos

Archos 8

June 2010

Archos

Archos 28

Archos

Archos 32

Archos

Archos 43

October 2.2 2010

Archos

Archos 70

2.2

Archos

Archos 101

1.5

Septemb 2.2 er 2010 Septemb 2.2 er 2010

Novemb 2.2 er 2010[93]

AUGEN Gentouch Electronics 78

July 2.1 2010[94]

Camangi

2010

WebStati on

1.5

600 MHz 800x48 ARM 9 No 0 processor.[91] tech specs 800 MHz Resistiv 800x48 8 ARM 9 No e 0 [91] processor. 320 x 800 MHz 240 ARM 2.8 No screen Cortex A8 tablet processor [92] 800 MHz ARM 3.2 No Cortex A8 processor [92] 1 GHz 480x85 ARM 4.3 No 4 Cortex A8 processor [92] 1 GHz Capaciti 800x48 ARM 7 No ve 0 Cortex A8 U 1 GHz Capaciti 1024x6 ARM 10.1 No ve 00 Cortex A8 U 800 MHz U, 256 MB RAM, WiResistiv 800x48 7 Fi, 2 GB e 0 storage + SD slot; sold at KMart 7 Marvell 624 MHz PXA303 processor, with onboard WiFi b/g, Bluetooth 2.0 and Resistiv 7 e

CSL

Spice Mi700 DroidPad

October 2.2 2010

Capaciti 7 ve

[95]

GPS. The first nonWindows tablet computer to be sold in Malaysia before arrival of Apple iPad and Samsung Galaxy Tab to Malaysia

Cherry Mobile

Superion A700

idoPAD Maverick Corporatio M7 7 n

October 2.2 10, 2010

Capaciti 7 ve

October 2.2 10, 2010

Capaciti 7 ve

Dell

Dell Streak/Mi ni5

August 1.6 13, 2010

5

Eken

M001

March 1.5/1.6

7

3G/Wi-Fi, 3 megapixel cam+front cam, GPS/BT. 16 GB internal memory. The first Philippine Android tablet. 800x600, HiFi stereo loudspeaker s and mic, 4000 mAh Li-poly battery. 1 GHz Snapdragon processor. Front facing camera. 5MP camera w/ dual flash.[96][97] tech specs 800x48 VIA

(TP701)

24, 2010

0

WM8505 600 MHz processor, 2 GB of storage, and Wi-Fi b/g.[98] [99][100]

Flat FlatPad Computing A10

July 2010

2.1

Hardkernel ODROID -T

2010

2.1

ARM v6 U (Rev 5) ZT-180 – 1 GHz+(not the same processor as Apple's iPad), 2 GB flash memory, microSD memory card slot up to 32 GB, Resistiv 1024x6 10.2 USB port 1e 00 USB 2.0 Host port and 1-USB 2.0 OTG port, Wi-Fi, Accelerome ter, Battery 2400 HAh, Work time Max 5 hours Wi-Fi on, 7 hours Wi-Fi off Tech Specs Capaciti 10.1 1366×7 1 GHz ve 68 Cortex A8 processor, 512 MB moblie DDR memory, 1080p Full HD video, with

onboard WiFi b/g, Bluetooth 2.0, Accelerome ter, Com sensor and external USB GPS. hardware and software open project. s Android 2.1. tech specs [101]

Eken

M003

May 2010

1.6

8

VIA WM8505 533 MHz 800x60 processor, 0 2 GB of storage, and Wi-Fi b/g/n. [102]

Enso

zenPad

Lenovo

LePad

Mastone

Mastone Lifepad 3G I850

667 MHz Samsung 6410 processor, 800x48 8 GB of 0 microSD storage, WiFi, optional GPS, and 3G.[104][105]

March 1.5[103] 20, 2010

Resistiv 5 e

Summer 3.0 2011[106] 2010 2.1

Capaciti 10.1 Multi-touch ve Resistiv 7 800x60 1 GHz e 0 ARM Cortex A8 Freescale i.MX515

processor, 512 MB DDR 2 memory, front camera, with onboard WiFi b/g, onboard 3G (CDMA200 0 module), onboard Bluetooth 2.1, onboard GPS. [107]

MoonSE

E7001

Nationite MIDnite (Wits A81E)

May 2010

1.5

Resistiv 7 e

August 2.2 2010

Resistiv 7 e

Rockchip RK2808 600 MHz processor, 500-600 M Hz DSP processor 800x48 capable of 0 720P video playback, 2 GB to 32 GB of storage, WiFi b/g, 1.3 MP camera[108] 800x48 800 MHz 9 Texas Instruments OMAP3 3530 processor, 256 MB RAM, 2 GB Flash built in and up to 16 GB

microSD expansion. [109]

Smart Devices

SmartQV5

2009

2.0 Resistiv 4.3 upgrade e

Smart Devices

SmartQV7

2009

2.0 Resistiv upgrade[ 7 e 111]

Tech

JAND70 0

2010

1.5

Resistiv 7 e

600 MHz ARM11 processor. s Ubuntu 800x48 Linux and 0 Windows CE 6.0 in addition to Android.[110] tech specs 600 MHz ARM11 processor. s Ubuntu 800x48 Linux and 0 Windows CE 6.0 in addition to Android.[112] tech specs Based on Arm11 Processor. [113]

1&1

1&1 SmartPad

2010

1.6

Resistiv 7 e

LED back 800x48 light, 0 500 MHz [114]

Generic design Utopia rebranded Technolog [115] as y Co., Ltd. aPad/iPed Shenzhen , Moonse aka Utopia E7001, Tech Encipher Shenzhen One, Sanxi Fujian Orphan Orphan 1.5[117] Electronics iRobot

2010

2010

7

1.5

7

600 MHz ARM Rockchip 2808A 800x48 processor, 0 Wi-Fi, 2 GB flash, up to 32 GB SDCard.[116] 800x48 600 MHz 0 ARM

M003 aPad/iPed

Orphan M16 2.1[118] Electronics aPad/iPed

Orphan M800 1.7.2 Electronics aPad/iPed

Velocity Micro

Cruz

2010

2010[119] [120]

2010

Dawa

D7

2010

ViewSonic

ViewPad 7

2010

Samsung

Galaxy Tab

Novemb er 10, 2010

2.1

1.7.2

2.1

2.1

Rockchip 2808A processor, Wi-Fi, 2 GB flash, up to 32 GB SDCard. 1 GHz ARM Cortex A8 processor, 10.2 Wi-Fi, 2 GB flash, SDCard up to 32 GB. tech specs 800 MHz ARM 800x48 Cortex A8 7 0 processor, Wi-Fi, 1 GB flash.[121][122] Capaciti ve 7 multitou ch

Resistiv 7 e

7 7

800 MHz processor. [123][124]

600 MHz Processor, Wi-Fi 802.11b/g, 800x48 720P HDMI 0 video output, 3G external module tech specs 800x48 0 1024x6 00

[edit] E-reader devices These devices are designed for reading e-books and feature E Ink or similar technology.

Manufactur er

Name

Barnes & Noble

nook

Barnes & Noble

Barnes_&_Noble_Nook_C olor

enTourage

eDGe

Spring Design

Alex

android.os. Release Versio Carrier Build.MODE Date n L

Novemb 1.5 er 30, 2009

Novemb er 19, 2010

February 2010[127]

April 14, 2010

Notes

An e-Ink ebook reading device. Uses AT&T 3G or WiAT&T[125 Fi for the ] purpose of in g content, with no charge to use either. A vividview lcd reading device. Uses Wi-Fi NONE for the [126] purpose of in g content, with no charge to use either. A Dualscreen ereader with a 9.7-inch (250 mm) e-ink display and 10.1-inch (260 mm) LCD.[128][129] a Dualscreen ereader with a 6inch (150 mm) e-ink display and a 3.5-inch

(89 mm) LCD.[130][131]

[edit] Other devices These devices include netbooks. Manufacturer

Acer Inc HardKernel Philips Augen

Name

android.os. Release Version Carrier Build.MODEL Date

Aspire One D250

Q1 2010 2.1

Netbook with dualboot Windows XP and Android[132] Handheld console

Q3 2010 2.1

MP4 player

Q3 2009

Odroid-S GoGear Connect[133] GenBook 108[134][135]

Notes

2.1

netbook

[edit] Future [edit] Android smartphones Manufacturer

Acer Inc Acer Inc Acer Inc

Dell

Name

Release Date

Version

Carrier

Notes

SIM-free smartphone with a 600 MHz U, 3.2 inch beTouch E400 2.1 resistive touch screen, and a 3.1 MP camera.[136] SIM-free smartphone with beTouch E110 1.5 2.8 MP camera.[136] 800 MHz SnapDragon U, August 3.6 inch WVGA capacitive Liquid Metal 2.2 2010 touch screen, 5 MP camera, Bluetooth 3.0. 3.5-inch multitouch screen with 1.5 (expected nHD resolution, a 5 MP to change to Aero Q2 2010 AT&T camera, Wi-Fi, GPS, and a 2.1 shortly 624 MHz Marvell processor.[137] after launch) [138][139]

Dell

Thunder

Q4 2010 2.1

Dell

Flash

Q1 2011 2.2 (Froyo)

4.1-inch WVGA OLED screen, and an 8MP camera.[140] AT&T 3.5-inch WVGA LCD screen, 5 MP autofocus cam, 512 MB AT&T

Lumigon

T1

October 2.2 (Froyo) 2010

of RAM and ROM with microSD expansion up to 64 GB, Wi-Fi, TV-out, a 800 MHz Qualcomm MSM7230 processor.[141] 3.5-inch TFT capacitive touchscreen, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, A-GPS, 720P HDMI out, accelerometer, 5 MP autofocus cam with flash, Freescale 1 GHz i.MX51 3D processor and 3.5 mm jack for audio, FM receiver and FM transmitter.[142] [143]

Dell

Smoke

HTC Corporation

Merge/Lexicon Q4 2010 2.2

HTC Corporation

Scorpion

INQ

Kyocera

LG LG Motorola

Q2 2011 2.2 (Froyo)

2.8-inch QVGA touchscreen, 5 MP autofocus cam, microSD expansion to 32 GB, Wi-Fi, AT&T Bluetooth, and a 800 MHz Qualcomm MSM7230 processor.[144] Verizon 3.8" SuperLCD, keyboard

4.3" SuperLCD, 1.5 GHz Qualcomm Snapdragon, 8 MP camera INQ announced it is developing Q4 phones on the Android platform 2010[145] with a release date in 2010.[146] Low-priced smartphone with 3.5" 800x480 capacitive 1.6 (touchscreen, 600 MHz Zio M6000 Q2 2010 upgradeable Qualcomm MSM7227 to 2.1 *) processor, 3.2 MP camera, stereo Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, and 512 MB RAM.[147][148] 3.2" HVGA, 3 MP Camera, Optimus One Oct 2010 2.2 600 MHz U, micro SD 3,2" HVGA, 5 MP Camera, Optimus Chic Oct 2010 2.2 600 MHz U, micro SD Droid Pro 2010 2.2 Verizon 5 megapixel auto-focus camera, 3.1-inch display, 1 GHz processor -- and a dual-mode CDMA/GSM chip for worldwide roaming. It'll be available in the first week of Q4 2010 2.3

Motorola

Olympus

Orange

San Francisco 2010

Samsung Group

i8520 Beam

2.1

Q3 2010 2.1

Samsung Group Samsung Group Samsung Group Sony Ericsson

i9100 Galaxy S Q3 2010 Pro Google Nexus Nov 8 Two 2010 i9200 Galaxy Q4 2010 S2 XPERIA X8 Q3 2010 XPERIA X12 Sony Ericsson Q4 2010 ANZU

T-Mobile

November. 4" 3,5", 3 MP Camera, micro SDO[149] 3.7" AMOLED, 8 MP Camera, 800 MHz Snapdragon, Touchwiz 3, projector wvga

Q1 2011 2.3

Pulse Mini

2.1

4.0" SuperAMOLED, keyboard

2.3

4.0" SuperAMOLED [150]

2.3

4.3" SuperAMOLED

1.6 4.3" [151][152]

2.3

Smartphone with 2.8-inch (71 mm) QVGA resistive touch screen, 3.2 MP camera, GPS, Wi-Fi, stereo Bluetooth, FM radio, 3.5 mm headphone jack, THSDPA and MicroSD card Mobile (2 GB included). Sub £100 price point is arguably a feature. Announced by TMobile on 16 February 2010.

Released 2.1 in UK.

[153]

ZTE

Smooth

Low-end smartphone with 2.8inch 240×320 QVGA display, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, GPS, and for UMTS and GMS radios. Retail price expected to be under 1000 Yuan.[154]

Q3 2010 1.6

[edit] Future tablet computers Manufacture Name r Acer

Liquid 5

Acer

Liquid 7

android.os. Release Version Carrier Build.MODE Date L March 2011

Notes

3.0

5" screen tablet[155]

Decembe 2.2 r 2010

7" screen tablet[156]

Androi d Market

Acer

Liquid 10

Decembe 2.2 r 2010

Aigo

E500

May 2010

1.6

Aigo

E700

May 2010

1.6

Archos

Archos 28

Septembe 2.2 r 2010

Archos

Archos 32

Septembe 2.2 r 2010

Archos

Archos 43

October 2.2 2010

Archos

Archos 70

October 2.2 2010

Archos

Archos 101

October 2.2 2010

Asus

Eee Pad EP101TC

March 2011

Cisco Cius

January 2.2 2011

Cisco

3.0

10.1" screen tablet[156] MID with a 5-inch (130 mm) multitouch capacitive touchscreen with a Rockchip 2808 processor.[157] MID with a 7-inch (180 mm) multitouch capacitive touchscreen with a Rockchip 2808 processor.[157] 2.8" 320 x 240 screen tablet with 800 MHz ARM No Cortex A8 processor [92] 3.2" screen tablet with 800 MHz No ARM Cortex A8 processor [92] 4.3" screen tablet with 1 GHz ARM No Cortex A8 processor [92] 7" screen tablet with 1 GHz ARM No Cortex A8 processor [92] 10.1" screen tablet 1 GHz ARM No Cortex A8 processor [92] 10.1" screen tablet with Nvidia Tegra[158][159] Focused on business requirements including HD

Dell

Looking Glass

EAFT

MagicTile

GiiNii

GiiNii Movit Mini

HardKernel

ODROID

video conferencing.[160] Has a 7-inch 800x480 touchscreen, 4 GB of RAM, 4 GB of flash memory, a Novembe 2.1 AT&T SDHC slot for up r 2010 to 32 GB of expansion, a 1.3 MP camera, and a Tegra 2 processor.[161] Tablet with 7-inch (180 mm) touchscreen (1,024 x 600 resolution), a front-mounted 1.3 MP webcam, Q3 2010 1080p video encoding/decodin g abilities, optional 3G, accelerometer, Bluetooth, HDMI output and a USB socket.[162][163] An Internet device based on Google's Android operating system with a 4.31.6 inch (480x272) October (rumored LCD screen, 1, 2010 ) 256 MB of storage, MicroSD slot, Micro USB slot and Bluetooth.[164][165] June 2.1 Gaming device 2010 with 3.5-inch (89 mm) touch screen, Samsung CortexA8 833 Mhz ARM V7 U, 512 MB memory,

Hivision

SpeedPad

Hott

MD500

Huawei

SmaKit S7

2010

1.6

1.5 [167]

2010

2.1

720p HD video, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Accelerometer. Tablet with 7-inch (180 mm) screen, Samsung ARM11 800 MHz U, 256 MB RAM, 2 GB internal storage, Wi-Fi, for external Bluetooth, 3G, GPS modules and 6 hours battery life. Expected to retail for about $100.[166] Tablet with 4.8 inch 800 x 480 screen.[168] Tablet with 7 inch 800 x 480 screen, 1 GHz MSM8250 Snapdragon processor, 720p playback, and 3G connectivity.[169] [170]

ICD

Gemini

2010

ICD

Vega

2010

2.0

11.2" resistive/capacitiv e 1366 x 768 touchscreen, 1 GHz Tegra 2 SOC processor, SD card reader, FM radio, GPS, 802.11n Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, MicroUSB, dual webcams (2 and 5 MP).[171] First Internet tablet to run Android with 15.6" screen,

Inbrics

M1

Q4 2010 2.1

LG

Optimus Pad

Q1 20110 3.0

Marvell

Moby

NEC

LifeTouc h

accelerometer, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, 1366x768.[172][173] MID that was announced at CES 2010 and has a 3.7-inch (94 mm) WVGA AMOLED display, 3 MP camera, frontfacing VGA camera, 16 GB of built-in storage, microSD slot, 1 GHz Samsung processor.[174][175] 8.9" tablet with NVidia Tegra 2 [176]

October 2.1 2010

10-inch tablet with Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, FM radio, GPS and both Android and Windows Mobile platforms.[177][178] Has a 7in TFT LCD touchscreen (800×480), ARM Cortex A8 processor, 256 MB of RAM, GPS, accelerometer, Bluetooth, SDHC card slot, and a 3 MP camera. Japanese-language Android is used. [179][180]

Neofonie

WeTab (former WePad)

August 2010[181]

Tablet with 11.6inch (1366 x 768) display, a 1.66 GHz Intel Atom N450

processor, GMA 3150 graphics, webcam, two USB ports, flash card reader, and UMTS modem[182] [183]

Notion Ink

Adam

Pasen

MID5

2010

10" screen tablet with dual core Nvidia Tegra 2 processor.[184] MID with 5-inch (800 x 480) LTPS LCD touchscreen, Wi-Fi, HDMI out. [185][186]

Philips

GoGear Connect

RAmos

RAmos W7

Samsung Electronics

Galaxy Tab

Sharp

LYNX SH-10B

PMP with 3.2inch (81 mm) July HVGA 2010 touchscreen, GPS, Bluetooth, and Wi-Fi.[187] MID with 600 MHz 1.6 Rockchip U and 4.8-inch (120 mm) screen[188][189] Mobile tablet with 1024x600 7-inch 2.2 (3.0 SK (180 mm) TFT2010 version Teleco LCD screen, later) m camera and Samsung's Touch Wiz UI. July 23, 1.6 NTT MID with 5" 960 2010 Docom x 480 o touchscreen, (Japan) QSD8250 1 GHz Snapdragon processor, 5.3 MP and 4.3 MP cameras, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth 2.1 + EDR, microSD slot, and 3.4 GB of internal

Sharp

IS01

October 1.6 2010

Sharp

Galapago s5

July 23, 2.2 2010

Sharp

Galapago s 10

October 2.2 2010

Sungworld

Sungworl d MID

Toshiba

Folio 100

2.2 Decembe r 2010

storage.[190][191] MID with 5" 960 x 480 capacitive touchscreen, Snapdragon processor, 5.27 and 0.43 MP cameras, Wi-Fi, au Bluetooth 2.1 + (Japan) EDR, microSD slot, 1Seg mobile TV tuner, IrDA, 4 GB of internal storage, and Qualcomm 3G CDMA data.[192] NTT Docom MID with 5.5" o touchscreen (Japan) MID with 10.8" (Japan) touchscreen MID with 7-inch (180 mm) touchscreen, ARM926 U, 128 MB of memory, 2 GB of storage, and two USB ports[193] 10.1-inch 1024 x 600 screen, NVidia Tegra 2, 16 GB internal memory, 802.11b/g/n, Bluetooth, 3G, SD and MMC card readers, HDMI and USB 2.0 ports, a 1.3 megapixel webcam, and a 1020 mAh battery with a battery life of up to 7 hours

with mixed use (browsing and video playback). [194]

ZiiLABS

Creative Zii

Ministry of Human Resource Sakshat Development (India) Viliv X10

1.6

The consumer version of the Zii EGG.

2.1

10"

2011

[edit] Future e-reader devices Manufacturer

Name

LiSeng

VBook Astri MyID

1Cross Tech

MIDhybrid

Barnes & Noble

Nook Color

android.os. Build.MODEL

Release Date

Version Carrier

2010 (production 1.6 started Q2)

1.6

2010, November 19

2.3

Notes Dual-screen 5″ E-Ink screen and 4.8″ (800x600) LCD touchscreen with a 624 MHz Marvell PXA310 processor, 128 MB of RAM, 2 GB of Flash storage, and built-in Wi-Fi.[195][196] E-reader with an EInk screen on the left and a LCD plus keypad on the right, with 3G, Bluetooth, and a front-facing webcam.[197] E-reader with 7" color screen

[edit] Other future devices Form factor Netbook

Manufacturer Skytone

Name Alpha-680

Release Date

Notes Netbook with 533 MHz ARM-11

Netbook

Hivision

Smartbook Mobinnova TV

NG

Netbook

Toshiba

TV

Sony

processor, 128 MB RAM, and 7-inch 800x480 LCDTV display.[198][199] Netbook with 7 inch 800×480 screen, No Rockchip RK2808 600 MHz ARM926 PWS700CA distributor processor, 128SDRAM, Wi-Fi, Ethernet, as yet and audio input/output.[200] Smartbook with 8.9-inch (230 mm) Beam Q2 2010 screen with Tegra 2.[201] 55 inch HD television with Android 1.5. Late 2010 Powered by an 833 MHz Cortex A8 processor.[202] Android version 2.1, 512 MB of DDR2 RAM, 8 GB of flash NAND memory with AC100 Aug 2010 more optional space coming from the SD/MMC card reader, 1.3 MP webcam[203] Sony Q4 2010 No details available yet.[204] Internet TV

[edit] Unofficial and community ports Android has appeared on a number of third party devices ported by the of that device's community rather than being an "official" OS delivered by the manufacturer of the device. Project NITdroid Openmoko ZaurusAndroid

ed Devices Nokia Tablets GTA02 FreeRunner[205] Sharp Zaurus HTC Kaiser, Rhodium, Titan, Android on HTC Vogue Wing Linux

T-Mobile Wing

Android-x86 project

most ASUS Eee PC models and similar x86-32 netbooks

iDroid Project

Apple iPhone

[edit] See also 

Comparison of ARM tablets

[edit] References

Notes

s other OMAP 850 devices such as the HTC Herald and the HTC Startrek Have released Android 1.6, 2.1 & 2.2 builds Based on Android 2.2. Currently works for iPhone 2G & 3G.

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Prev Next You're browsing: Gadgets | Technology Simplified » Android,Eclair,Firmware, Rumors,Sony Ericsson,Xperia X10 » Finally Eclair,Android 2.1 firmware update rolls out for Xperia X10-Flash Files Soon Best Free Android Apps for Xperia X10-Top 20 Posted in Android, Apps, Free, Must Have, Reviews, Xperia X10 on May 12 by Manish Kumar | Print 1

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This is in continuation to my Last Post, Top 10 Free Android Apps for Your Xperia X10, a must have list. I thought, with the huge amount of Free apps on the Android Market, it’s just unfair to Scale it down to just Top 10 best, it should be something like Top 100. Well the list will continue, as i keep finding the most spectacular Free Android Apps for the Xperia X10. For now the list will continue from no. 11 and to have a look at the 1 to 10 list of Must Have Best Android Apps for Xperia X10, head here.

11. MyBackUp

As i mentioned in my post here, that it is very Essential to BackUp your Data Frequently and there are a few android apps that help you do this job pretty eaisly. MyBackUp by Rerware does the job pretty quickly for you and would backup almost anything for you on your Xperia X10. It backups your Applications with not only the Ones you installed on your Xperia X10, it also give the choice to backup pre-installed apps on your Xperia X10. It also Backs up your data which includes a lot of things, - s - Call Log - BookMarks - SMS - MMS - System Settings - Android Home

- Calender - Music Playlist - Notes So, it does seem to be most complete BackUp solution on Your Xperia X10 or any other Android Device for that purpose. Latest Version : MyBackUp v2.3.4 Author’s Website : MyBackUp v2.3.4 by RerWare ment

12. ThaiDail Pad

The most complete Smart Dialing Solution on your Xperia X10 is perhaps the ThaiDail Pad. It would eaisly take over the Default Dialer on your Xperia X10, unless you are in love with it’s look and feel. ThaiDial Pad searches for your as you start tapping the Numbers on the Number Dial of the ThaiDial Pad. It not only searches for the T9 keyboard key combination of letters for the First and Last name of your s, but it also tries to match the number irrespective of where it appears ( which part ) on the Number. Like it would also search for the if the ending digits of his mobile number are 99. To read

more about it or find more detailed solution for Smart Dialing on Xperia X10, head over to this post. Latest Version : ThaiDial Pad v1.1.4 Author’s Website : ThaiDial Pad v1.1.4 13. Sim Checker

In the last post i mentioned about Where’s My Droid?, but it doesn’t that well when your phone is actually stolen. So, you might want to get a Total Anti-Theft Solution For your Xperia X10. Sim checker almost does that completely! I said almost as if the thief is smart enough, no App can stop him from Flashing the Phone to some another Firmware or even factory resetting it. So, don’t get me wrong and think that this is not a good app. It does it’s job quite perfectly. Incase your Xperia X10 is stolen, you’ll receive a message from the sim that the Thief tries to use it on the Xperia X10, and as soon as he connects to the internet, you would get an email with

the Geographical co-ordinates based on GPS as well as Mobile networks cell co-ordinates PLUS the call log of your Xperia X10. So, that would be more than enough for you to identify and track your Lost Xperia X10. Although, there are a few limitations on the Trail Version of the app and you wouldn’t get the call log either, if it’s not the PRO version. So, give it a try and if you like it do, buy it to ensure the Security of your Xperia X10. Latest Version : Sim Checker v1.5.2 Author’s Website : Sim Checker v1.5.2 by TackDroid 14. Color Dict

Color Dict is a Universal Dictionary for your Android Phones, so you don’t have to look for Different Apps for Translation from one language to another or even thesaurus. Like if you want to have a German to English Dictionary for your Xperia X10, just install a German to English

Dictionary File which is saved on your SD card and then you can search the word in English or German without going through multiple menus and you have the dictionary at the same place as well. The Best part of this app is that it s Quick Search Boxes, so you need not Open up the App every time you want to look for a word, just start searching from the Google search widget on your Homepage and you would get your word from the dictionary as well. Latest Version : Color Dict Universal Dictionary v2.3.6 Author’s Website : Color Dict Universal Dictionary by Social&Mobile 15. handyCalc

The most complete Calculator Solution for your Xperia X10. I was a bit disappointed by the PreInstalled Calculator of the Xperia X10. Sony Ericsson tried to modify the look of it as well to not match the original stock Android Version, but why did they leave it so ugly. And no Functions

added either. So, i looked for few apps in the market which does the same job but in a better way. I found quite a few of them, but HandyCalc does it like a scientific calculator, and not only that, it has a lot of other features like Currency conversion and others. It’s a must have app on your Xperia X10, even if you use Calculator once a week. Latest Version : handyCalc v0.41 Author’s Website : handyCalc v0.41 by mmin 16. Zedge Ringtones & Wallpapers

How many times do you find yourself looking for good Wallpapers for your Xperia X10 or even better how many times do you ask your friends to transfer the latest Sms tone or the Ringtone that he is Flauting off. Well, that happens and we do search a lot for those ringtones and wallpapers in lots of websites full of ads and other stuff. How bout a pp that gives you the best wallpapers and Ringtone that shared by around a million people worldwide.

And who else can do that, it’s the Zedge Community. They came up with Fantastic app to put your search to wallpapers and Rngtones to an end. Try it, you’ll be amazed by the shares people do around the world. This one too goes as a must have app for your Xperia X10. Latest Version : Zedge Ringtones & Wallpapers v1.12.1 Author’s Website : Zedge Ringtones & Wallpapers v1.12.1 by Zedge Community 17. ColorNote Notepad Notes

The most beautiful Notepad application on the Android Market. It does the it’s job pretty neatly and cleanly but it makes to this list out of several other Notepad Applications with much more features than this because, it give you the option to have colorful sticky notes on your HomeScreen of your Xperia X10. And that is what is most important to me from functionality and usability point of view. ( There are several other Notepad apps in the market, which offers

much more specific options for notepad application, and i’ll try to cover all of them for you in another post. ) Latest Version : ColorNote Notepad Notes v1.6.6 Author’s Website : ColorNote Notepad Notes by Social&Mobile 18. Google Goggles

In last post i mentioned that Google’s Gesture Search makes it to the Top 10 List, so Google goggles is not Far Behind either. With the Update that Google’s Goggle got a few days ago, this one certainly makes to the Top 20 apps for Xperia X10. Now with the Update, you can actually translate from one language to another. And thats a really cool feature to have in a phone as many a times you get a picture of something described in another language and you simply can’t use any Translation tools to translate that, but with Google Goggles you can do that. Latest Version : Goggle Goggles v1.1 Author’s Website : Goggle Goggles v1.1 by Goggle

19. Voice Recorder

There is no Voice Recording App pre-installed on the Xperia X10. So, it becomes more of a necessity to find one good voice Recorder for the Xperia X10. There are a two Apps which does the job equally well, but Voice Recorder wins just because of the Interface. Voice Recorder for android is pretty simple in basic and you can send the recoded voice directly to Gmail. Well, you can still try Virtual Recorder by androiX, and you would be pleased with it’s performance. Latest Version : Voice Recorder v2.0.4 Author’s Website : Voice Recorder v2.0.4 by Mamoru Tokasiki

20. Fring for Android

The most comprehensive Instant Messaging solution for the Xperia X10. And it does the Viop Calls too. Making free Skype calls from a Wi-Fi connection on your handset is a pretty neat feature in itself, but Fring aims to be a universal call and chat coordinator. It pulls in your phone’s s and matches up names with the add-on services you plug in, making it easy to call someone on Skype, and then chat them over AIM if they don’t pick up. If you give up on free services and just want to call that person, you can do that too. Latest Version : Fring for Android v2.0.0.13 Author’s Website : Fring for Android v2.0.0.13 by Fring So, do you like it! Do you also think that these apps makes the Top 20 List on your Xperia X10? Mind you, i tried strictly to keep the List to only the Free Android Apps.

The list will continue and will also post some Cool Games for your Xperia X10. Stay Tuned and for the time being share your thoughts about the list and you can ofcourse add your own! Find the Tips and Tricks For Xperia X10 and Discover how to Unlock the Secret Menu inside the Xperia X10. 1

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Related posts: 1. 2. Top 10 Free Android Apps for Xperia X10- Now 3. 4. BackUp Apps and SMS on Xperia X10 before Upgrading 5. 6. Welcome to Android Market Apps-Detailed Walkthrough, Reviews, Tips and Tricks! 7. 8. Handcent SMS-Complete Messaging Solution on Android Xperia X10 9.

10.Complete Smart Dialing Solution for Android Xperia X10 Share

About Manish Kumar

M an engineering student in India. I have a ion bout Softwares and Technology. Am a Facebook Application Developer. Recently started developing for Android as well. Follow me @Manishalexin. Entry Details: This entry was posted on Wednesday, May 12th, 2010 at Wed, 12:51 am, by Manish Kumar, and is filed under Android, Apps, Free, Must Have, Reviews, Xperia X10. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site. Print This!

Related posts: 1. 2. Top 10 Free Android Apps for Xperia X10- Now 3. 4. BackUp Apps and SMS on Xperia X10 before Upgrading 5. 6. Welcome to Android Market Apps-Detailed Walkthrough, Reviews, Tips and Tricks! 7. 8. Handcent SMS-Complete Messaging Solution on Android Xperia X10 9. 10.Complete Smart Dialing Solution for Android Xperia X10 30 Commentsleave a comment

David says:

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Tue, September 28th 2010

Why not include app Called Note Everything? I think is the best!! It makes notes typed or voice… OR BOTH!!! You can also make Paint Notes, and in pro version even photo notes and others… This is the best note app so for to me! try it! Reply

Manish Kumar says:

o

Tue, September 28th 2010

I guess i need to make another Top 10, there are a whole lot of apps coming that is a must now and you simply can’t miss it! Will try to compile this weekend! Thanks for the tip, anyways! Reply

J says:

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Tue, October 12th 2010

Hi, I’ve been looking at all the different apps in market, but was wondering about why certain apps need access to my coarse location, if i don’t check anything for my location settings on my x10, will that prevent them from getting access? Thanks! Reply

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mahsa says:

Sun, October 31st 2010

hi how can i read farsi language on facebook with my x10 mini pro?all persian language on net is coming with square shap. Reply

Manish Kumar says:

o

Sun, October 31st 2010

If you want to just view it in Facebook, then search Android Market for some farsi web browser. An if you want to change the whole system on your Xperia X10 with farsi language, Search the blog from Top right corner for How to change fonts on Xperia X10 and follow the tutorial to put farsi language font on your Xperia X10. Reply « Older Comments Leave a Reply Click here to cancel reply. Name (required)

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Tips and Tricks for Xperia X10-Reveal the Secret Menu » Gadgets ... May 26, 2010 ... Find Cool Tips and Tricks for Xperia X10 with a secret Menu in the settings. ... Manish Kumar on Review-Social Phonebook on Xperia X10 with ... gadgets.apnafundaz.com gadgets.apnafundaz.com/2010/05/tips-and-tricks-for-xperia-x10-reveal-the-secretmenu/ clipped from Google - 11/2010 Few Faqs and tricks for Sony Ericsson Xperia X10 » Gadgets ... Inside are few tips and tricks for your Xperia X10. ... is not compatible ... gadgets.apnafundaz.com gadgets.apnafundaz.com/2010/04/few-faqs-and-tricks-for-sony-ericsson-xperia-x10/ clipped from Google - 11/2010 Top 10 Free Android Apps for Xperia X10- Now » Gadgets ... And if you are looking for some tricks and Tips for Your Xperia X10, ... gadgets.apnafundaz.com gadgets.apnafundaz.com/2010/04/top-10-free-android-apps-for-xperia-x10-musthave--now/ clipped from Google - 11/2010 Manish Kumar (Manishalexin) on Twitter Get short, timely messages from Manish Kumar. ... Random from GTS: ReviewSocial Phonebook on Xperia X10 with Eclair,Android ... How to get 3D Image Gallery on Rooted Xperia X10 with Android 2.1,Eclair-Tips & Tricks http://bit.ly/a78FzR ... twitter.com twitter.com/manishalexin clipped from Google - 11/2010

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Prev Next You're browsing: Gadgets | Technology Simplified » Android,Eclair,Firmware, Rumors,Sony Ericsson,Xperia X10 » Finally Eclair,Android 2.1 firmware update rolls out for Xperia X10-Flash Files Soon BackUp Apps and SMS on Xperia X10 before Upgrading Posted in Android, Apps, Free, Must Have, Tutorial, Xperia X10 on May 11 by Manish Kumar | Print 1

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It is very important to backup your critical data before you update your Xperia X10 to the latest firmware R1FB001 as the update process requires flashing your device and if something goes wrong, you might loose all your critical and important data on your Xperia X10. Although the update from Firmware version R1FA016 to R1FB001 is smart enough to ask you if want to keep your data such as Apps and SMSes or you want to do a Factory Reset before you the latest firmware, still you should be take your preventive measures. And you guessed it right, unfortunately this wasn’t the case when you first upgraded your Xperia X10 from Firmware R1FA014 to R1FA016, and it simply clean wiped your data off your Xperia X10. Yet, it is recommened to backup your data and do a Factory Reset Before you Upgrade your Xperia X10 to the Latest Firmware R1FB001. Here are the Few options that i list to you for the Backup of your apps and data on your Xperia X10, choose the one you like as all of them are free apps on the Android Market.

- Astro File Manager

If you followed my Top 10 list of Must Have Free Android Apps for Xperia X10, you might be knowing that Astro File Manager is a Must Have app and it’s not only a File Manager with superb Features, it can also install and uninstall apps for you which are not from the Android Market and it can also BackUp Your Important Data and Apps and restore them for you when you need it. Steps to backup on Xperia X10 : - Open Astro File Manager - Press Menu key or the left most button on your Xperia X10 button.

- Out of the options presented press the Tools Icon. - Now you would be presented with 3 Different Options – Application Manager and Backup – SD Card Usage and – Process Manager. - Select Application Manager and Backup to Backup almost all your applications including the apps you installed on your Xperia X10 and also the ones that came pre-installed. The only Drawback is that it can’t make a Backup of SMS, s and Calender entries on your Xperia X10. ment

- MyBackUp v2.3.4

RerWare’s MyBackUp comes a with a 30 day trail of the Free version. And thats enough for you

when you are planing to use it for just when you are upgrading your Xperia X10 and not on regular basis. There is also one Paid version of the Application MyBackUp PRO v2.3.4 which costs 4.99USD can even if you can’t access the Full Market on your Xperia X10, you can but it from the Google Checkout from their website. Steps to backup on Xperia X10 : - Run MyBackup application and select “Backup”. - Choose to backup to “SD Card”, or “Online”. - Select all the information you would like to backup. - It gives a PIN at the backup so that your backup can’t be used by anyone. - To restore your backup just follow the same steps and select the Restore option and to provide the PIN. It works perfect for me and it can backup almost anything on your Xperia X10. In my Case it offered me - Data - Applications In data - s - Call Log - BookMarks - SMS - MMS - System Settings - Android Home - Calender - Music Playlist - Notes Ah, do i have anything left to backup? I don’t think so! So, this is one of the most complete solutions to Backup on your Xperia X10.

- Sprite BackUP v2.0.6.125

You might be thinking that why m I looking for other alternatives when i got the complete solution for Backing up my data on Xperia X10? Well, you need to try this app to get to know that why is this app so special! It takes backing up almost anything on your Phone to another level by integrating it with your DropBox . The paid version of this app is only for 4.95USD. Give it a try if you need to back up your data on your Xperia X10 frequently and on a regular interval. Let me know in the comments section if you’ve any other better solutions for Backing up data on your Xperia X10 or something you might want to backup and these apps don’t do that. And if you’re done with choosing the app which best suits you, then take a backup of all your personal data and head to the section where i’ve explained in detailed the steps to Upgrade your Xperia X10 to the Latest Firmware, which is Currently R1FB001.

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About Manish Kumar

M an engineering student in India. I have a ion bout Softwares and Technology. Am a Facebook Application Developer. Recently started developing for Android as well. Follow me @Manishalexin. Entry Details: This entry was posted on Tuesday, May 11th, 2010 at Tue, 8:33 pm, by Manish Kumar, and is filed under Android, Apps, Free, Must Have, Tutorial, Xperia X10. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site. Print This!

Related posts: 1. 2. Top 10 Free Android Apps for Xperia X10- Now 3. 4. Xperia X10 Updated to Firmware R1FB001 from R1FA016 5. 6. Handcent SMS-Complete Messaging Solution on Android Xperia X10 7. 8. Welcome to Android Market Apps-Detailed Walkthrough, Reviews, Tips and Tricks! 9. 10.New Firmware update for Xperia X10 – R1FA016 17 Commentsleave a comment

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Kaushal Mehta says:

Mon, June 28th 2010

I install My backup from their site, the 30 days trial period. and one 1st day itself it says, your trial period is over…:((( what to do? Reply

Manish Kumar says:

o

Mon, June 28th 2010

I don’t exactly know why Backup app from the Site expired in one day. But I would recommend you to use SpriteBackUP! It would backup almost all the things you need. And it uses Dropbox as well. http://gadgets.apnafundaz.com/2010/05/dropbox-for-android-xperia-x10-solutionto-online-storage-backup/ Reply



jihong says: Fri, July 2nd 2010

does spiritebackup backs up apps settings? and when i restore apps, how would i get updates for them



Manish Kumar says: Sat, July 3rd 2010

Yes, it backs up the App Settings as well. And you are not supposed to back up your apps that you ed from the market or bought from the market. As, in that case, you won’t get updates from the market.

jihong says:



Sat, July 3rd 2010

then do i have to re all the apps? and how do i re paid apps

Stephen Reilly says:



Thu, July 1st 2010

Please help. I have installed MyBackup & saved all my data, apps etc as advised. I have saved them to my SD card. I tried to upgrade firmware but it didn’t work & now phone has been reset!!! All apps etc are found on SD card when phone is plugged into PC but no apps can be found when trying to restore them on my phone. What can I do to recover all my apps, s etc? Reply

Manish Kumar says:

o

Thu, July 1st 2010

You need to install MyBackUP app again and then you can restore all your settings and apps from there. Reply



jihong says: Fri, July 2nd 2010

hi, is there any backup app that will back up my app settings? also after wiping out my phone, how would i re my paid apps and how to upgrade them after?

Reply

jihong says:



Fri, July 2nd 2010

does spiritebackup backs up apps settings? and when i restore apps, how would i get updates for them Reply

jihong says:



Sat, July 3rd 2010

then do i have to re all the apps? and how do i re paid apps Reply

Manish Kumar says:

o

Sat, July 3rd 2010

I guess paid apps are associated with your Google checkout . So, once you re- them, it won’t charge you again. I don’t have access to paid apps in the Android Market here in India so, i might not be the best person to tell you about it. Reply



Karan Patel says: Mon, July 5th 2010

Hi Manish. if i follow your steps to upgrade the firmware will the warranty be VOID ?

Reply

Manish Kumar says:

o

Mon, July 5th 2010

No, it doesn’t! You can always Downgrade to the original Firmware! ( to take the backup of original Firmware Files! ) http://gadgets.apnafundaz.com/2010/06/sorting-problems-with-xperia-x10s-latestfirmware-r2ba020-and-downgrading-tutorial/ Reply

e11world says:



Sat, August 28th 2010

SpriteBackup is not free. MyBackup sucks because after installing, it just says it expired and won’t do anything.. useless. ASTRO is great and backup worked perfect and I guess I would go into the Backed Up Apps to re install all.. I use SMS Backup+ to backup all my sms to gmail (really nice feature) and my calendar and s are synced with google so its already backed up. Reply Leave a Reply Click here to cancel reply. Name (required)



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Tips and Tricks for Xperia X10-Reveal the Secret Menu » Gadgets ... May 26, 2010 ... Find Cool Tips and Tricks for Xperia X10 with a secret Menu in the settings. ... Manish Kumar on Review-Social Phonebook on Xperia X10 with ... gadgets.apnafundaz.com gadgets.apnafundaz.com/2010/05/tips-and-tricks-for-xperia-x10-reveal-the-secretmenu/ clipped from Google - 11/2010 Few Faqs and tricks for Sony Ericsson Xperia X10 » Gadgets ... Inside are few tips and tricks for your Xperia X10. ... is not compatible ... gadgets.apnafundaz.com gadgets.apnafundaz.com/2010/04/few-faqs-and-tricks-for-sony-ericsson-xperia-x10/ clipped from Google - 11/2010 Top 10 Free Android Apps for Xperia X10- Now » Gadgets ... And if you are looking for some tricks and Tips for Your Xperia X10, ... gadgets.apnafundaz.com gadgets.apnafundaz.com/2010/04/top-10-free-android-apps-for-xperia-x10-musthave--now/ clipped from Google - 11/2010 Manish Kumar (Manishalexin) on Twitter

Get short, timely messages from Manish Kumar. ... Random from GTS: ReviewSocial Phonebook on Xperia X10 with Eclair,Android ... How to get 3D Image Gallery on Rooted Xperia X10 with Android 2.1,Eclair-Tips & Tricks http://bit.ly/a78FzR ... twitter.com twitter.com/manishalexin clipped from Google - 11/2010 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Blog

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Prev Next You're browsing: Gadgets | Technology Simplified » Android,Eclair,Firmware, Rumors,Sony Ericsson,Xperia X10 » Finally Eclair,Android 2.1 firmware update rolls out for Xperia X10-Flash Files Soon Xperia X10 Updated to Firmware R1FB001 from R1FA016 Posted in Android, Firmware, Xperia X10 on May 11 by Manish Kumar | Print 1

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Looks like the minor firmware update to Xperia X10 has been finally rolled out. It’s Firmware version R1FB001 But only to few markets again. India is NOT in that list as of now. Will let you know as soon as i can upgrade my Xperia X10. For those who want to upgrade can follow this step by step tutorial to Upgrade their Xperia X10 and please backup you apps and other data before you proceed. ( Will Post a Tutorial to Backup Apps and Data on Xperia X10, stay tuned. )

ment

Guess we might have to wait another few weeks before we get the R2FB013 firmware which might not be as minor as this one is. As, People at Sweden and some parts of UK are already having this new firmware on their Xperia X10, they are claiming that theres nothing noticeable in this Firmware update too, as was the case with Update from R1FA014 to R1FA016. But few people are saying that theres a tiny bit of sharpness added in the Newer firmware and Colors looks more natural. Timescape also seemed a bit snappier to them. But no Creattouch app still, wonder if that would be available in the R2FB013 firmware or not. I wish i got the firmware now and investigated every part to squeeze out the differences. In the mean time Sony Ericsson also updated their PC Companion to a newer version 2.00.134. It’s newer than what it was when Sony Ericsson Got Firmware update of R1Fa016 from firmware R1FA014. This new PC Companion has a new tab in it which says File Manager. So, i was delighted that i finally got a File Manager in the PC Companion to better manage the Files on my Xperia X10. But to utter disappointment, it’s just a link to the Memory Card Drive.

If you are looking for Smart Dialing Solution on Xperia X10, please head over here to choose the one you like from a list of Best Free Android Smart Dialing Apps for your Xperia X10. Or you can head over here to find the Top 10 Free and must have Android apps for your Xperia X10. 1

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8. Complete Smart Dialing Solution for Android Xperia X10 9. 10.Xperia X10 is Upgradeable to Android 2.1-Does it really Need to? Share

About Manish Kumar

M an engineering student in India. I have a ion bout Softwares and Technology. Am a Facebook Application Developer. Recently started developing for Android as well. Follow me @Manishalexin. Entry Details: This entry was posted on Tuesday, May 11th, 2010 at Tue, 1:05 am, by Manish Kumar, and is filed under Android, Firmware, Xperia X10. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site. Print This!

Related posts: 1. 2. New Firmware update for Xperia X10 – R1FA016 3. 4. Xperia X10 will be upgraded to Android 2.1 in Q4 with HD Recording 5. 6. MTV Sony Ericsson App exclusive for Xperia X10 7. 8. Complete Smart Dialing Solution for Android Xperia X10 9. 10.Xperia X10 is Upgradeable to Android 2.1-Does it really Need to? 25 Commentsleave a comment

Ramesh says:



Thu, November 4th 2010

After using the xperiax10mini in india suddenly network disconnected, i’m using vodafone. Let me know how to use uninterrupted network? Reply

Manish Kumar says:

o

Fri, November 5th 2010

Try ing Vodafone Care and ask them to raise your network timeout limit. Reply « Older Comments Leave a Reply Click here to cancel reply. Name (required)



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Tips and Tricks for Xperia X10-Reveal the Secret Menu » Gadgets ... May 26, 2010 ... Find Cool Tips and Tricks for Xperia X10 with a secret Menu in the settings. ... Manish Kumar on Review-Social Phonebook on Xperia X10 with ... gadgets.apnafundaz.com gadgets.apnafundaz.com/2010/05/tips-and-tricks-for-xperia-x10-reveal-the-secretmenu/ clipped from Google - 11/2010 Few Faqs and tricks for Sony Ericsson Xperia X10 » Gadgets ... Inside are few tips and tricks for your Xperia X10. ... is not compatible ... gadgets.apnafundaz.com gadgets.apnafundaz.com/2010/04/few-faqs-and-tricks-for-sony-ericsson-xperia-x10/ clipped from Google - 11/2010 Top 10 Free Android Apps for Xperia X10- Now » Gadgets ... And if you are looking for some tricks and Tips for Your Xperia X10, ... gadgets.apnafundaz.com gadgets.apnafundaz.com/2010/04/top-10-free-android-apps-for-xperia-x10-musthave--now/ clipped from Google - 11/2010 Manish Kumar (Manishalexin) on Twitter Get short, timely messages from Manish Kumar. ... Random from GTS: ReviewSocial Phonebook on Xperia X10 with Eclair,Android ... How to get 3D Image Gallery on Rooted Xperia X10 with Android 2.1,Eclair-Tips & Tricks http://bit.ly/a78FzR ... twitter.com twitter.com/manishalexin clipped from Google - 11/2010

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